ÿWPCø V“¿BøêõFËéLEûݲ`Àæµµopãu:ÓÒóäC¾¿BøïqµÛÅ åg¹‡0ãhâµìt…j¶(cGãªÇl…À~²£S4§IÉtÓ‰ùÄ%œ¹š›±QÀ纵þÝ\+&¯(º2,Èõö2;ø$Ïf?ÜÎez§j4’Š,aA$ôÞLòTÍÐ éÅ'^÷ûð˶Ò6e| y«}¥ÈÛ0'¥‹wÐâ"ˆ¼€tOá#o›3¾‘yع8ºÐ›oHûü8€¨(øÉ1b&ÕúVx!,ÕëP–K†—¥èdc¢Šî1¸øâцûÔú¼!3±W»Ð˜«|W<‚ü½kÂd@(š“Ðnxc6–/9™ i¢\‰#jHmî–b«ºY©öµ:ù¨øëOC«þº÷„úüNcF6„y”œ'qæb*Ôœ­9t÷å#0ÍÊ3œK½õîì„ gC -¨È>}ß•´ àk¡aÆ9±ßœ¢OCNöp2*sãìÌ€Ù”PO–2Á‘âš_UäfÖðüÖû€ÀˆGÁ9½™üD°ÑœUȶŠü¢PÀ£¿ḟ›ë¹Gçn%O×Ù3@¯½ ¨¡Ïö” >;Ž¿Ó-B× («¥12ïI²/h`( 0(0 0CX 0=› 03Ø B  B*( BR Bo BŒ B©U2Æ %øÆþ D+Ä AIïÆ8 D+þ AI)Ær D+8 AIc #ɬ UBu N· w¹ 4½ Ñ à mâ 1‡ù 1‡€ 1u 0c|^ ß 0wë 72bUN”fâaä(ÿÿ$¡¡(ÿÿ$òòÚ  ÚÚ  Úóó(ÿÿ$Ú  ÚÚ  Ú( ÿÿ$Ó  Ó d&ÿÿ0 d dþÿ dýÿ düÿP Pdûÿ   d< Œ p`+‹CourierTT X Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5)ÈÈÈÈdd Aþÿ°°Cÿÿ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5)ÈÈÈÈddA°°Cÿÿ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5)ÈÈÈÈddAüÿ°°Cÿÿ˜\\green\csb3031ØÈÈØØÈØÈ0< Œ p`‹*Times New RomanTTB¹2.XTDO~1Äu3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ(EhCEKQW]cioAutoList21.1.1.1.1.1.1.1. нCEKQW]cioAutoList1A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  àÂ4.— (Oé;$µµà0  àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` (#(#à i)(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularTABLE AÔ_ÔÔ€XM)XX XÔUNITED€NATIONSÐ ° ÐÓ ª°œXÓGeneral€AssemblyÐ œì ÐÓÆÓÓ ªªÓForty„fourth€sessionÐ ˆØ ÐÌÓ ªªÓA/44/98Ð d ÐÓ ªªÓ3€February€l989Ð Ú* ÐÌÓ ªªÓò òÌÓ ªªÓó óÌÌÓÆÓà@  ìàò òREPORTING€OBLIGATIONS€OF€STATES€PARTIES€TO€THEˆÐ ¸   Ðà@¥ ¥ ìàUNITED€NATIONS€INSTRUMENTS€ON€HUMAN€RIGHTSˆÐ ¤ ô  Ðà€(#(#K(#àˆÌà@ÚÚìàòòNote€by€the€Secretary„Generaló óóóˆÐ |Ì  ÐÌÌÓÆÓÓ ªÓÓ ÓÓ  ÓThe€Secretary„General€transmits€to€the€General€Assembly€herewith€the€report€of€the€meetingÐ @  Ðof€Chairpersons€of€human€rights€treaty€bodies€convened€pursuant€to€General€Assembly€resolutionÐ V Ð42/105€of€7€December€1987.Ð Ì ÐÓ ÓÓ ÓÓÆÓà@(ìàANNEXˆÐ ’â ÐÌà@G G ìàòòReport€of€the€meeting€of€Chairpersons€of€human€rights€treaty€bodiesóóˆÐ jº ÐÌÌà@ââ&ìàCONTENTSˆÐ .~ ÐÓ'°°ÅÝz ÿÿ'ÓÔ*’ƒ&'*ddd Xdd Xdd X°(#°(#’ÔÔ,¥d ÔÔ,˜dd ÔÔ,<dd ÔÔ,mdd ÔÔ,dd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ jj ……ÐÐ ! ~Î „„!ÐòòParagraphsóóÐ "~Î ……"ÐÐ  þN ÐÓ' x  ‰X°°ÅÝ'ÓIÐ  ~Î ……ÐINTRODUCTIONÐ ! ~Î „„!Ð1€„€3Ð ~Î Ðà @* àIIÐ  þN  ……ÐORGANIZATION€OF€THE€MEETINGÐ ! þN! „„!Ð4€„€9Ð þN" ÐIIIÐ  ~ Î# ……ÐIDENTIFICATION€AND€REVIEW€OF€PROBLEMSÐ  ~ Î$ Ð10€„€45Ð  ~ Î% ÐÐ  þ!N& ÐA.Ð  þ!N' ……ÐHuman€Rights€CommitteeÐ  þ!N( Ð10€„€18Ð  þ!N) ÐÐ  ~#Î* ÐB.Ð  ~#Î+ ……ÐCommittee€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€RightsÐ  ~#Î, Ð19€„€24Ð  ~#Î- ÐÐ  þ$N . ÐC.Ð  þ$N / ……ÐCommittee€on€the€Elimination€of€Racial€Discrimination€Ð  þ$N 0 Ð25€„€35Ð  þ$N 1 ÐÐ  ~&Î!2 ÐD.Ð  ~&Î!3 ……ÐCommittee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€WomenÐ  ~&Î!4 Ð36€„€40Ð  ~&Î!5 ÐÐ  þ'N#6 ÐE.Ð  þ'N#7 ……ÐGroup€of€Three€established€under€the€International€Ó! ¬}ÿÿx  ‰X!ÓConvention€onÐ þ'N#8 Ðthe€Suppression€and€Punishment€of€theÓ*°°ï} K Â$ÿÿ¬}*Ó€Crime€of€òòApartheidóóÐ  ê(:$9 ÐÌ41€„€42Ð  ê(:$; ÐÐ  j*º%< ÐF.Ð  j*º%= ……ÐCommittee€against€TortureÐ  j*º%> Ð43€„€45Ð  j*º%? ÐIVÐ  ê+:'@ ……ÐREMEDIAL€ACTIONÐ  ê+:'A Ð46€„€62Ð  ê+:'B ÐÐ  j-º(C ÐA.Ð  j-º(D ……ÐHarmonization€and€consolidation€of€reporting€guidelinesÐ  j-º(E Ð46€„€53Ð  j-º(F ……ÐÓ  ÓÐ !d  !ÐCONTENTS€(continued)Ð  d „„ÐòòParagraphsóóÐ d ÐÓŒ ÓÐ P ÐÐ  €Ð ÐB.Ð  €Ð ……ÐCo„ordination€of€periodicity€of€reporting€under€the€various€UnitedÐ €Ð ÐNations€instrumentsÐ  l¼ ÐÌ54€„€56Ð  l¼  ÐÐ  ì <  ÐC.Ð  ì <  ……ÐMeasures€for€expediting€consideration€of€periodic€reportsÐ  ì <  Ð57€„€59Ð  ì < ÐÐ  l ¼ ÐD.Ð  l ¼ ……ÐProjects€for€technical€assistance€and€advisory€services€with€a€viewÐ l ¼ Ðto€assisting€States€parties€to€fulfil€theirÓ9°°ï| K Â$ÿÿ°°ï} K Â$9Ó€reporting€obligationsÐ  X ¨ ÐÌ60€„€62Ð  X ¨ ÐVÐ  Ø (  ……ÐCO„ORDINATION€OF€FUTURE€ACTIVITIESÐ  Ø (  Ð63€„€69Ð  Ø (  ÐÐ  X¨  ÐA.Ð  X¨  ……ÐExchange€of€information€and€documentationÐ  X¨  Ð63„€66Ð  X¨  ÐÐ  Ø(  ÐB.Ð  Ø(  ……ÐEnhancing€co„operation€with€specialized€agencies€Ð 8. Ø(   ÀP@67‰ÀP@‰8ÐÔ_Ô67Ð 4*(Ø(   ÀP@67 ÀP@ 4ÐÐ  X¨  ÐC.Ð  X¨ ! ……ÐCommunication€among€ChairpersonsÐ  X¨ " Ð68€„€69Ð  X¨ # ÐVIÐ  Ø($ ……ÐOTHER€MATTERS€Ð ' Ø(% „„ˆˆ'Ð70€„€77Ð $Ø(& $ÐÐ  X¨' ÐA.Ð  X¨( ……ÐFinancingÐ  X¨) Ð70€„€71Ð  X¨* ÐÐ  Ø(+ ÐB.Ð  Ø(, ……ÐSecretariat€servicingÐ  Ø(- Ð72€„€74Ð  Ø(. ÐÐ  X¨/ ÐC.Ð  X¨0 ……ÐPublicity€Ð 8. X¨1  ÀR@75‰ÀR@‰8Ð75Ð 4*(X¨2  ÀR@75 ÀR@ 4ÐÐ  Ø(3 ÐD.Ð  Ø(4 ……ÐComposition€of€the€committees€Ð 8. Ø(5  S@76‰S@‰8Ð76Ð 4*(Ø(6  S@76 S@ 4ÐÐ  X¨7 ÐE.Ð  X¨8 ……ÐMore€effective€use€of€time€between€sessions€Ð 8. X¨9  @S@77‰@S@‰8Ð77Ð 4*(X¨:  @S@77 @S@ 4ÐVIIÐ  Ø(; ……ÐCONCLUSIONS€AND€RECOMMENDATIONS€Ð ' Ø(< „„ˆˆ'Ð78€„€100Ð $Ø(= $ÐÐ  X¨> ÐA.Ð  X¨? ……ÐMatters€requiring€urgent€actionÐ  X¨@ Ð79€„€85Ð  X¨A ÐÐ  Ø(B ÐB.Ð  Ø(C ……ÐOther€matters€requiring€attentionÐ  Ø(D Ð86€Ô_Ô„Ô_Ô€100Ð Ø(E  ÐÌÌÌÌÓÓà@­­#ìàI.€INTRODUCTIONˆÐ ¤$ôI ÐÌÌÓÆÓÓ* þ°°ï| K Â$*ÓÓ  ÓÓ  Ó1.à ® àAt€its€thirty„eighth€session,€the€General€Assembly€had€before€it€a€report€of€the€Secretary„Ð h'¸"L ÐGeneral€on€the€functioning€of€reporting€procedures€under€international€conventions€in€the€field€ofÐ .(~#M Ðhuman€rights€as€well€as€questions€regarding€the€rationalization€and€co„ordination€of€those€proceduresÐ ô(D$N Ðin€the€future€(A/38/393).€After€considering€that€report,€the€General€Assembly,€in€its€resolutionÐ º) %O Ð38/117€of€16€December€1983,€requested€the€Secretary„General,€òòinter€aliaóó,€to€consider€the€possibilityÐ €*Ð%P Ðof€convening€a€meeting€of€the€Chairmen€of€the€bodies€entrusted€with€the€consideration€of€reportsÐ F+–&Q Ðsubmitted€under€the€relevant€human€rights€instruments.€The€results€of€the€first€meeting€of€theÐ  ,\'R ÐChairmen€of€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights,€the€Human€Rights€Committee,€the€SessionalÐ Ò,"(S ÐWorking€Group€of€Governmental€Experts€on€the€Implementation€of€the€International€Covenant€onÐ ˜-è(T ÐÔ_ÔEconomic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights€and€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€RacialÐ ° ÐDiscrimination,€which€was€held€at€Geneva€on€16€and€17€August€1984,€were€presented€by€theÐ vÆ ÐSecretary„General€to€the€General€Assembly€at€its€thirty„ninth€session€(A/39/484,€annex)€and€wereÐ <Œ Ðnoted€by€the€Assembly€with€interest€in€its€resolution€39/138€of€14€December€1984.Ð R ÐÌÓ þþÓ2.à ® àSince€1984,€the€General€Assembly€has€continued€to€consider€the€problems€relating€to€theÐ ŽÞ Ðreporting€obligations€of€States€parties€at€each€of€its€succeeding€sessions.€The€problems€have€alsoÐ T ¤ Ðreceived€attention€during€the€various€sessions€of€the€treaty€bodies,€at€some€of€the€meetings€of€StatesÐ  j Ðparties,€and€at€meetings€of€such€other€organs€as€the€Economic€and€Social€Council€and€theÐ à 0 ÐCommission€on€Human€Rights.€However,€many€of€the€problems€are€still€unresolved€and€the€numberÐ ¦ ö  Ðof€overdue€reports€has€continued€to€grow.Ð l ¼  ÐÌÓ þþÓ3.à ® àPursuant€to€General€Assembly€resolutions€41/121€of€4€December€1986€and€42/105€of€7Ð ø H  ÐDecember€1987,€the€Secretary„General€convened€a€second€meeting€of€the€Chairpersons€of€the€bodiesÐ ¾  Ðentrusted€with€the€consideration€of€reports€under€the€relevant€human€rights€instruments.Ð „Ô  ÐÌÌÓÆÓà@? ? ìàII.€ORGANIZATION€OF€THE€MEETINGˆÐ Ö&  ÐÌÓÆÓÓ þþÓ4.à ® àThe€meeting€was€held€at€the€United€Nations€Office€at€Geneva€from€10€to€14€October€1988€andÐ ®þ Ðwas€attended€by€the€following€participants:€the€Chairman€of€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights€(Mr.Ð tÄ ÐÔ_ÔAliouneÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSneÔ_Ô),€the€Chairman€and€Vice„Chairman€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€(Mr.€Julio€PradoÐ :Š ÐVallejo€and€Mr.€Fausto€Ô_ÔPocarÔ_Ô),€the€Rapporteur€of€the€Committee€on€Economic,€Social€and€CulturalÐ P ÐRights€(Mr.€Philip€Alston),€the€Chairman€of€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€RacialÐ Æ ÐDiscrimination€(Mr.€George€O.€Ô_ÔLampteyÔ_Ô),€the€representative€of€the€Committee€on€the€EliminationÐ ŒÜ Ðof€Discrimination€against€Women€(Ms.€Ô_ÔZagorkaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔIlicÔ_Ô),€the€Chairman€of€the€Group€of€ThreeÐ R¢ Ðestablished€under€the€Convention€on€the€Suppression€and€Punishment€of€the€Crime€of€òòApartheidóóÐ h Ð(Mr.€Ô_ÔGustavoÔ_Ô„Adolfo€Vargas)€and€the€Chairman€of€the€Committee€against€Torture€(Mr.€JosephÐ Þ. ÐÔ_ÔVoyameÔ_Ô).Ð ¤ô ÐÌÓ þþÓ5.à ® àDr.€Jonathan€Mann,€Director€of€the€Global€Ô_ÔProgrammeÔ_Ô€on€acquired€immunodeficiencyÐ 0€ Ðsyndrome€(AIDS)€of€the€World€Health€Organization,€and€Ó ªþÓMr.€Ô_ÔHuuÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔTuongÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔDaoÔ_Ô,€Co„ordinator€forÐ öF ÐHuman€Rights€Questions€of€the€International€Ô_ÔLabourÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔOrganisationÔ_Ô,€also€participated€in€one€of€theÐ ¼   Ðmeetings.Ð ‚Ò! ÐÌÓÆÓÓ ôªÓÓ ôÓÓ  þÓ6.à ¤ àThe€agenda€f€or€the€meeting€was€as€follows:Ð  ^# ÐÓ ôÓÓ  þÓÌÓ$°°Ô¬& ô$Óà Ô à1.à ¬ àOpening€of€the€meeting.Ð æ!6% ÐÌÓ*°°Ô¬ÿÿ°°Ô¬z*Óà Ô à2.à ¬ àElection€of€the€Chairman.Ð ¾#' ÐÌà Ô à3.à ¬ àAdoption€of€the€agenda.Ð –%æ ) ÐÌÓ$ ü°°ÔØ$ÓÓ üÓÓ þÓ4.à ¬ àIdentification€and€review€of€problems€encountered€in€the€operation€of€the€reportingÐ n'¾"+ Ðsystems,€in€particular€those€relating€to€the€preparation,€submission€and€considerationÐ Z(ª#, Ðof€States€partiesðð€reports.Ð F)–$- ÐÓ üÓÓ þÓÌÓ$ üç$ÓÓ üÓÓ þÓ5.à ¬ àRemedial€actions:Ð +n&/ ÐÓ üÓÓ þÓÌÓ$ üç$ÓÓ ÓÓ øýÓ(a)à ´ àHarmonization€and€consolidation€of€reporting€guidelines;Ð ö,F(1 ÐÓ ÓÓ øýÓÐ â-2)2 ÐÓ$ üü$ÓÓ ÓÓ øýÓ(b)à ´ àCo„ordination€of€periodicity€of€reporting€under€the€various€United€NationsÐ ° Ðinstruments;Ð œì ÐÓ ÓÓ øýÓÌÓ$ üü$ÓÓ ÓÓ øýÓÔ_Ô(cÔ_Ô)à ´ àMeasures€for€expediting€consideration€of€periodic€reports;Ð tÄ ÐÓ ÓÓ øýÓÌÓ$ üü$ÓÓ ÓÓ øýÓ(d)à ´ àProjects€for€technical€assistance€and€advisory€services€with€a€view€to€assistingÐ L œ ÐStates€parties€to€fulfil€their€reporting€obligations.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÓ ÓÓ øýÓÌÓ$ üü$ÓÓ üÓÓ þÓ6.à ¬ àCo„ordination€of€future€activities:Ð  ` ÐÓ üÓÓ þÓÌÓ$ üç$ÓÓ ÓÓ øýÓ(a)à ´ àExchange€of€information€and€documentation;Ð è 8  ÐÓ ÓÓ øýÓÌÓ$ üü$ÓÓ ÓÓ øýÓ(b)à ´ àEnhancing€co„operation€with€specialized€agencies;Ð À  ÐÓ ÓÓ øýÓÌÓ$ üü$ÓÓ ÓÓ øýÓÔ_Ô(cÔ_Ô)à ´ àCommunication€among€chairmen.Ð ˜è  ÐÓ ÓÓ øýÓÌÓ$ üü$ÓÓ üÓÓ þÓ7.à ¬ àOther€matters.Ð pÀ ÐÓ üÓÓ þÓÌÓ$ üç$ÓÓ üÓÓ þÓ8.à ¬ àConclusions€and€recommendations.Ð H˜ ÐÓ üÓÓ þÓÌÓ! ç!ÓÓ ÓÓ ëýÓ7.à Å àThe€following€documentation€was€made€available€to€participants:Ð  p ÐÓ ÓÓ ëýÓÌÓÆÓÓ ÓÓ ÓProvisional€agenda€(Ô_ÔHRIÔ_Ô/MC/1988/L.1)Ð øH ÐÓ ÓÌÓ ÓÓ ÓReport€of€the€Secretary„General€(Ô_ÔHRIÔ_Ô/MC/1988/L.2)Ð „Ô ÐÓ ÓÌÓ! ü!ÓÓ üÓÓ þÓ„à ¬ àUpdated€information€on€the€general€situation€of€overdue€reports€(1€June€1988)Ð ` ÐÐ Ö& ÐÓ üÓÓ þÓà Å àReport€of€the€Secretaryð"ðGeneral€(Ô_ÔHRIÔ_Ô/MC/1988/L.3)Ð œì ÐÌÓ$ íç$ÓÓ íÓÓ þÓ„à  àList€of€articles€showing€the€nature€and€extent€of€overlapping€under€six€internationalÐ (x Ðhuman€rights€instrumentsÐ î> ÐÓ íÓÓ þÓÌÓ! æ!ÓÓ ÓòòBackground€documentsóóÐ z!Ê! ÐÓ ÓÌÓ ÓÓ ÓReport€of€the€Secretary„General€(A/39/484)Ð #V# ÐÓ ÓÌÓ! í!ÓÓ íÓÓ þÓ„à  àMeeting€of€chairmen€of€treaty€bodies€in€1984Ð ’$â% ÐÓ íÓÓ þÓÌÓ! æ!ÓÓ ÓReport€of€the€Secretary„General€(A/40/600)Ð &n!' ÐÓ ÓÌÓ! í!ÓÓ íÓÓ þÓ„à  àUpdated€information€on€the€general€situation€of€the€submission€of€reports€(1€June€1985)Ð ª'ú") ÐÓ íÓÓ þÓÌÓ! æ!ÓÓ ÓReport€of€the€Secretary„General€(A/40/600/Ô_ÔAdd.lÔ_Ô)Ð 6)†$+ ÐÓ ÓÌÓ! í!ÓÓ íÓÓ þÓ„à  àCompilation€of€guidelines€under€five€human€rights€instrumentsÐ Â*&- ÐÓ íÓÓ þÓÌÓ! æ!ÓÓ ÓReport€of€the€Secretary„General€(A/41/510)Ð N,ž'/ ÐÓ ÓÌÓ! í!ÓÓ íÓÓ þÓ„à  àUpdated€information€on€the€general€situation€of€overdue€reports€(1€June€1986)Ð Ú-*)1 ÐÓ íÓÓ þÓÌÓ! æ!ÓÓ ÓGeneral€Assembly€resolutions€relating€to€reporting€obligationsÐ vÆ ÐÓ ÓÌÓ)ÆÓÓ! í!ÓÓ íÓÓ þÓ„à  à40/116€of€13€December€1985;€41/121€of€4€December€1986;€and€42/105€of€7€DecemberÐ R Ð1987Ð +{ ÐÓ íÓÓ þÓÌÓÆ)ÓÓ! æ!ÓÓ ÓEconomic€and€Social€Council€resolutionsÐ } Í ÐÓ ÓÌÓ! í!ÓÓ íÓÓ þÓ„à  àInternational€Covenant€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights€1988/4€of€24€MayÐ  Y Ð1988Ð Ï   ÐÓ íÓÓ þÓÌÓ$ íæ$ÓÓ íÓÓ þÓ„à  àEffective€implementation€of€international€instruments€on€human€rights€1988/42€of€27Ð [«  ÐMay€1988Ð !q  ÐÓ íÓÓ þÓÌÓ! æ!ÓÓ ÓReport€of€the€Secretary„General€to€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights€at€its€forty„fourthÐ ­ý  Ðsession€(E/CN.4/1988/40)Ð sà  ÐÓ ÓÌÓ! í!ÓÓ íÓÓ þÓ„à  àAdvisory€services€in€the€field€of€human€rightsÐ ÿO ÐÓ íÓÓ þÓÌÓ! æ!ÓÓ ÓReport€of€the€Netherlands€human€rights€and€Foreign€Policy€Advisory€CommitteeÐ ‹Û ÐÓ ÓÌÓ! í!ÓÓ íÓÓ þÓ„à  àHuman€Rights€conventions€under€United€Nations€supervision.Ð g ÐÓ íÓÓ þÓÌÓ! æ!Ó8.à · àThe€meeting€was€opened€by€the€representative€of€the€Secretary„GeneralÐ £ó ÐÓ ªÓ(Mr.€Ô_ÔEnayatÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔHoushmandÔ_Ô,€Chief,€International€Instruments€Section,€Centre€for€HumanÐ i¹ ÐÓ ªªÓRights).Ð / ÐÌÓ ªÓ9.à · àThe€following€officers€were€elected:Ð »  ÐÌÓ 2ÓÓ ÕûÓòòChairmanóó:à â àMr.€Julio€Prado€VallejoÐ G— ÐÓ 2ÓÓ ÕûÓÌòòà · àVice„Chairmanóó:€€€€Mr.€George€0.€Ô_ÔLampteyÔ_ԀРÓ# ÐÌà · àòòRapporteuróó:€€€Mr.€Philip€AlstonÐ _¯! ÐÌÌà@ü ü ìàIII.€IDENTIFICATION€AND€REVIEW€OF€PROBLEMSˆÐ ±!$ ÐÌà@XXìàA.€òòHuman€Rights€CommitteeóóˆÐ =#& ÐÌÓ Ó10.à · àThe€Chairman€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€said€that,€unlike€some€of€the€other€treatyÐ É$ ( Ðbodies,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€had€not€yet€accumulated€a€backlog€of€reports.€Nevertheless,Ð %ß ) Ðit€had€sought€to€expedite€the€consideration€of€reports€by€encouraging€the€representatives€of€StatesÐ U&¥!* Ðparties€to€keep€their€introductory€remarks,€as€well€as€their€oral€responses€to€questions,€as€germaneÐ 'k"+ Ðand€concise€as€possible.Ð á'1#, ÐÌÓ Ó11.à · àThe€representatives€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€also€explained€that€the€Committee€hadÐ m)½$. Ðencountered€very€serious€delays€in€the€submission€of€reports€by€States€parties.€That€was€partly€dueÐ 3*ƒ%/ Ðto€the€fact€that€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€covered€many€wide„rangingÐ ù*I&0 Ðrights,€which€rendered€the€preparation€of€the€report€more€difficult€than€for€some€of€the€otherÐ ¿+'1 ÐConventions.€The€situation€had€worsened€over€the€years,€particularly€since€second€periodic€reportsÐ …,Õ'2 Ðhad€become€due,€and€the€total€number€of€overdue€reports€had€reached€54€as€at€1€June€1988.€The€factÐ K-›(3 Ðthat€third€periodic€reports€had€also€started€to€become€due€in€February€1988€was€expected€to€lead€toÐ .a)4 Ða€further€increase€in€overdue€reports.Ð ° ÐÌÓ Ó12.à · àRegarding€remedial€action€to€improve€compliance€by€States€parties€with€their€reportingÐ <Œ Ðobligations,€it€was€stated€that€the€Human€Rights€Committee€had€already€resorted€to€such€measuresÐ R Ðas€dispatching€written€reminders€to€States€parties€whose€reports€were€overdue,€inviting€theÐ È Ðpermanent€representatives€of€States€parties€to€discuss€their€countriesð ð€reporting€difficulties,€with€theÐ ŽÞ ÐCommittee,€designating€members€of€the€Bureau€to€contact€permanent€representatives€on€theÐ T ¤ ÐCommitteeð ðs€behalf,€and€arranging€for€the€Chairman€of€the€Committee€to€dispatch€special€letters€toÐ  j Ðthe€Foreign€Ministers€of€States€parties€whose€reports€had€been€overdue€for€a€long€period.€It€was€alsoÐ à 0 Ðmentioned€that€a€member€of€the€Committee€had€visited€one€of€the€States€parties€to€provide€expertiseÐ ¦ ö  Ðand€advice,€with€a€view€to€facilitating€its€discharge€of€its€reporting€obligations.Ð l ¼  ÐÌÓ Ó13.à · àTurning€to€possible€remedial€action€in€the€future,€the€representatives€explained€that,€in€theÐ ø H  ÐCommitteeð ðs€view,€efforts€aimed€at€harmonizing€and€consolidating€reporting€guidelines€shouldÐ ¾  Ðremain€within€reasonable€limits.€They€pointed€out€that,€if€reporting€guidelines€were€to€be€fullyÐ „Ô  Ðstandardized,€the€treaty€bodies€would€undoubtedly€receive€a€great€deal€of€information€of€little€or€noÐ Jš  Ðrelevance€to€their€concerns,€whereas€States€parties€would€not€be€relieved€of€the€necessity€ofÐ `  Ðproviding€additional€specific€information.€In€their€view,€such€problems€could€not€be€avoided,€evenÐ Ö&  Ðif€only€the€introductory€parts€of€reports€of€Ó ªÓState€parties€were€consolidated.€They€also€recalled€thatÐ œì  Ðthe€reporting€guidelines€under€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€covered€aÐ b² Ðbroad€range€of€human€rights€and€had€already€been€well€tested.€Nevertheless,€the€CommitteeÐ (x Ðremained€open€to€new€approaches€for€harmonizing€reporting€guidelines,€provided€such€proposalsÐ î> Ðwere€compatible€with€the€considerations€mentioned.Ð ´ ÐÌÓ ªÓ14.à · àIt€was€also€the€Committeeð ðs€belief€that€efforts€to€achieve€harmonization€might€find€anÐ @ Ðappropriate€solution€within€a€State€party,€particularly€through€the€creation€of€a€co„ordinationÐ V Ðmechanism.€It€also€felt€that€the€establishment€of€a€repository€of€basic€legal€documents€of€the€StatesÐ Ì Ðparties€within€the€Secretariat€would€be€highly€desirable.Ð ’â ÐÌÓ Ó15.à · àReferring€to€the€co„ordination€of€periodicity,€the€representatives€stated€that,€in€theÐ n ÐCommitteeð ðs€view,€it€would€help€States€parties€that€had€acceded€to€or€ratified€instruments€at€differentÐ ä4 Ðtimes€to€avoid€having€to€submit€reports€each€year€if€a€five„year€periodicity€were€applied€by€all€treatyÐ ªú Ðbodies.€Compliance€by€States€parties€with€their€periodic€reporting€obligations€would€be€furtherÐ pÀ  Ðfacilitated€if€duplication€were€reduced€through€such€means€as€utilizing€in€one€report€informationÐ 6†! Ðsubmitted€in€reports€to€other€treaty€bodies,€provided€that€the€Committeeð ðs€competence€was€notÐ üL" Ðrestricted€in€any€way.Ð Â# ÐÌÓ Ó16.à · àIn€connection€with€the€consideration€of€periodic€reports,€the€Committee€was€of€the€view€thatÐ N!ž% Ðthe€Chairpersons€should€appeal€to€States€parties€to€adhere€closely€to€reporting€guidelines€so€that€theÐ "d& Ðconsideration€of€reports€could€be€conducted€in€an€orderly€and€efficient€manner.€The€length€of€reportsÐ Ú"*' Ðhad€not€presented€major€problems€in€itself,€but€it€was€important€to€emphasize€the€need€to€presentÐ  #ð( Ðinformation€that€was€both€relevant€and€complete.€It€would€also€be€helpful€if€State€party€delegationsÐ f$¶) Ðcould€keep€their€introductory€remarks€and€oral€responses€to€questions€as€relevant€and€concise€asÐ ,%| * Ðpossible.Ð ò%B!+ ÐÌÓ Ó17.à · àConcerning€the€possibilities€for€providing€assistance€to€States€parties,€the€CommitteeÐ ~'Î"- Ðconsidered€that€technical€assistance€efforts€should€be€expanded,€including€Ô_ÔsubregionalÔ_Ô€and€nationalÐ D(”#. Ðtraining€courses€on€reporting€and,€where€reporting€problems€were€particularly€serious,€missions€byÐ  )Z$/ Ðexperts€to€furnish€practical€assistance€in€areas€such€as€the€preparation€of€reports€and€the€elaborationÐ Ð) %0 Ðof€a€human€rights€infrastructure,€and€that€a€manual€on€report€writing€should€be€prepared€andÐ –*æ%1 Ðdistributed€to€States€parties.Ð \+¬&2 ÐÌÓ Ó18.à · àFinally,€the€representatives€suggested,€in€respect€of€co„ordination,€that€the€Secretariat€shouldÐ è,8(4 Ðmake€State€party€reports€submitted€to€the€other€supervisory€bodies€available€to€each€supervisoryÐ ®-þ(5 Ðbody,€as€it€was€already€doing€in€the€case€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee.€More€frequent€exchangesÐ ° Ðand€contacts€between€members€of€the€various€treaty€bodies,€as€well€as€between€the€secretariat€of€theÐ vÆ ÐCentre€for€Human€Rights€and€the€Centre€for€Social€Development€and€Humanitarian€Affairs,€shouldÐ <Œ Ðalso€be€encouraged.Ð R ÐÓ ªÓÌòòÓ$X2Ö  ª$ÓÓ ÚÓóóÔ‡%XM)XXXM)ÔB.€€òòCommittee€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€RightsÐ ŽÞ ÐÓ ÚÓóóÌÓÓÓ' XOW#X2Ö  'ÓÓ  Ó19.€€€€€The€representative€of€the€Committee€pointed€out€that€some€of€the€problems€that€had€beenÐ  j Ðencountered€were€due€to€the€fact€that€the€Committee€had€so€far€held€only€two€sessions,€while€othersÐ à 0 Ðwere€due€to€the€specific€nature€of€the€rights€with€which€it€was€dealing.€Although€the€Committee€hadÐ ¦ ö  Ð"inherited"€the€considerable€experience€of€its€predecessor€(the€Working€Group€of€GovernmentalÐ l ¼  ÐExperts),€he€said,€it€had€proved€necessary€to€revise€most€procedures€followed€previously,€tailoringÐ 2 ‚  Ðthem€to€reflect€the€unique€nature€of€the€Committee's€task.€Thus,€in€the€course€of€its€two€sessions€toÐ ø H  Ðdate,€the€Committee€had€agreed€to€relatively€strict€time„limits€on€oral€statements€and€had€encouragedÐ ¾  Ðrepresentatives€of€States€parties€who€wished€to€submit€very€detailed€introductory€information€or€toÐ „Ô  Ðrespond€to€questions€at€great€length€to€consider€doing€so€in€writing.€The€Committee€had€also€soughtÐ Jš  Ðto€minimize€duplication€in€questioning€and€had€established€a€pre„sessional€working€group€to€identifyÐ `  Ðin€advance€those€questions€that€might€most€usefully€be€discussed€with€the€representatives€of€StatesÐ Ö&  Ðparties.€In€addition,€the€Committee€had€recommended€to€the€Economic€and€Social€Council€(whichÐ œì  Ðhad€subsequently€endorsed€the€request€in€its€resolution€1988/4)€that€the€periodicity€of€reporting€beÐ b² Ðchanged€so€that€States€parties€would€henceforth€be€required€to€submit€only€one€report€every€fiveÐ (x Ðyears.€Finally,€the€Committee€had€agreed€to€revise€and€simplify€its€reporting€guidelines€so€as€toÐ î> Ðreduce€the€burden€on€States€parties€and€provide€them€with€a€clearer€and€more€precise€indication€of€Ð ´ Ðwhat€was€required.Ô#†XM)XX%XM)h#ÔÔ‡%XM)XXXM)ÔÐ zÊ ÐÓµhÓÓÓÌÒ°ÒÓ$ XVW#XOW#$Ó20.€€€€€The€representative€also€informed€the€meeting€that€the€Committee€had€decided€to€undertake€theÐ V Ðpreparation€of€general€comments,€based€on€specific€provisions€of€the€Covenant.€Their€purpose€wouldÐ Ì Ðbe€to€make€available€to€all€States€parties€the€experience€gained€so€far€through€the€examination€ofÐ ’â Ðreports€in€order€to€promote€more€effective€further€implementation€of€the€Covenant,€to€draw€theÐ X¨ Ðattention€of€the€States€parties€to€insufficiencies€present€in€a€large€number€of€reports,€and€to€suggestÐ n Ðto€the€States€parties€and€the€relevant€international€organizations€and€specialized€agencies€measuresÐ ä4 Ðdesigned€to€promote€the€full€realization€of€the€rights€recognized€in€the€Covenant.Ð ªú ÐÔ#†XM)XX%XM)gp#Ôà @ àÌÓ$ X_W#XVW#$Ó21.€€€€€The€Committee€also€decided€that,€at€each€of€its€future€sessions,€it€would€devote€one€day€to€aÐ 6†! Ðgeneral€discussion€of€one€specific€right€or€of€a€particular€article€of€the€Covenant,€in€order€to€developÐ üL" Ðin€greater€depth€its€understanding€of€the€relevant€issues.€At€its€third€session,€the€focus€would€be€onÐ Â# Ðthe€rights€contained€in€article€11€of€the€Covenant.€That€would€also€provide€the€Committee€with€anÐ ˆ Ø$ Ðopportunity€to€review€and€discuss€various€relevant€reports€and€studies€prepared€by€intergovernmentalÐ N!ž% Ðas€well€as€non„governmental€organizations.€The€representative€of€the€Committee€noted€in€that€regardÐ "d& Ðthat,€as€a€subsidiary€body€of€the€Economic€and€Social€Council,€the€Committee€on€Economic,€SocialÐ Ú"*' Ðand€Cultural€Rights€had€encouraged€non„governmental€organizations€in€consultative€status€to€submitÐ  #ð( Ðwritten€statements€on€issues€of€relevance€to€the€work€of€the€Committee.Ð f$¶) ÐÌÓ$ XPW#X_W#$Ó22.€€€€€At€each€of€its€sessions,€the€Committee€had€expressed€its€serious€concern€about€the€failure€toÐ ò%B!+ Ðsubmit,€and€extended€delays€in€the€submission€of,€reports€by€States€parties€to€the€Covenant.€TheÐ ¸&", Ðmeeting€was€informed€that,€as€of€1€October€1988,€there€were€139€overdue€reports.€Accordingly,€theÐ ~'Î"- ÐCommittee€had€recommended€that€the€Council€request€the€Secretary„General€to€send€appropriateÐ D(”#. Ðreminders€to€those€States€parties€that€had€failed€to€meet€their€reporting€obligations€under€theÐ  )Z$/ ÐCovenant.€The€Committee€had€also€decided€to€continue€to€mention€in€its€own€reports€those€StatesÐ Ð) %0 Ðparties€that€had€failed€to€submit€reports€or€had€submitted€them€late.€Ð –*æ%1 ÐÌÓ! XPW#!Ó23.à ¤ àIn€that€connection,€and€in€view€of€the€difficulties€a€number€of€States€parties€might€beÐ ",r'3 Ðexperiencing€in€submitting€reports€on€a€timely€basis,€the€Committee€emphasized€the€need€for€theÐ è,8(4 ÐSecretary„General€to€devise€and€implement€a€Ô_ÔprogrammeÔ_Ô€of€advisory€services€and€technicalÐ ®-þ(5 Ðassistance€that€would€be€available€on€request.Ð ° ÐÌÓ Ó24.à ¤ àIt€was€also€emphasized€that€the€Committee€attached€particular€importance€to€problems€relatingÐ <Œ Ðto€the€adequacy€of€State€party€reports.€In€that€connection,€the€Council,€upon€the€recommendation€ofÐ R Ðthe€Committee,€invited€State€parties€to€the€Covenant€to€review€the€process€followed€in€theÐ È Ðpreparation€of€their€periodic€reports€on€the€implementation€of€the€Covenant,€including€such€steps€asÐ ŽÞ Ðconsultation€and€co„ordination€with€appropriate€governmental€departments€and€agencies,€compilationÐ T ¤ Ðof€data€and€training€of€staff€and€consultations€with€interested€non„governmental€organizations.Ð  j ÐÌÌÓ! ^þ!ÓÓ þÓÓ aþÓC.à › àòòCommittee€on€the€Elimination€of€Racial€DiscriminationóóÐ l ¼  ÐÓ þÓÓ aþÓÌÓ! ^ !Ó25.à ¤ àThe€Chairman€of€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Racial€Discrimination€pointed€out€that,Ð ø H  Ðduring€the€18€years€that€the€Committee€had€met€for€six€weeks€a€year,€it€had€handled€all€the€reportsÐ ¾  Ðsubmitted€by€the€States€parties€under€article€9€of€the€Convention€on€time.€He€stated€that€the€recentÐ „Ô  Ðbacklog€was€due€solely€to€the€fact€that€the€duration€and€frequency€of€meetings€of€the€Committee€hadÐ Jš  Ðbeen€drastically€curtailed.€The€thirty„fifth€session,€in€August€1987,€had€been€reduced€to€one€weekÐ `  Ðinstead€of€three,€and€in€1988,€the€Committee€had€Ô_ÔhadÔ_Ô€only€one€reduced€session€of€two€weeks,€insteadÐ Ö&  Ðof€two€sessions€of€three€weeks€each€as€scheduled.Ð œì  ÐÌÓ Ó26.à ¤ àHe€further€pointed€out€that€one€of€the€main€problems€facing€the€Committee€was€the€failure€toÐ (x Ðsubmit€reports,€and€stressed€that€a€number€of€States€parties€had€not€submitted€a€single€report€sinceÐ î> Ðbecoming€a€party€to€the€Convention.€That€was€probably€due€to€a€lack€of€political€will€on€the€part€ofÐ ´ Ðthe€States€parties€concerned.€In€an€effort€to€resolve€the€problem,€the€Committee€had€listed€theÐ zÊ Ðdefaulting€States€parties€in€its€reports€to€the€General€Assembly,€had€delegated€some€of€its€membersÐ @ Ðto€raise€the€matter€with€the€representatives€of€the€States€parties€concerned€and€had€requested€theÐ V ÐSecretary„General€to€send€reminders€on€behalf€of€the€Committee€to€those€States€that€had€not€satisfiedÐ Ì Ðtheir€reporting€obligations.Ð ’â ÐÌÓ Ó27.à ¤ àThe€Chairman€of€the€Committee€informed€the€meeting€that€another€problem€encountered€byÐ n Ðthe€Committee€was€that€of€late€submission€of€reports.€However,€he€stressed€that€the€problem€wasÐ ä4 Ðprobably€not€due€to€a€lack€of€political€will€but€rather€to€the€burden€of€complying€with€the€increasedÐ ªú Ðnumber€of€human€rights€instruments€involving€reporting€obligations.€To€overcome€that€problem,€theÐ pÀ  ÐCommittee€had€adopted€the€practice€of€requesting€the€submission€of€multiple€overdue€reports€in€oneÐ 6†! Ðconsolidated€report.€Although€that€practice€had€helped€some€of€the€States€parties,€the€problem€hadÐ üL" Ðnot€yet€been€solved.Ð Â# ÐÌÓ Ó28.à ¤ àHe€informed€the€meeting€that€the€Committee€had€found€some€of€the€reports€submitted€to€itÐ N!ž% Ðinconsistent€with€the€guidelines€and€inadequate€in€content.€In€its€early€years,€the€Committee€hadÐ "d& Ðfollowed€the€practice€of€pronouncing€itself€on€the€adequacy€or€otherwise€of€the€reports€submitted€byÐ Ú"*' ÐStates€parties,€but€that€had€not€been€well€received€in€the€Third€Committee€of€the€General€AssemblyÐ  #ð( Ðbecause€States€parties€did€not€want€to€be€criticized.€As€the€practice€might€also€have€discouraged€someÐ f$¶) ÐStates€parties€from€presenting€reports€regularly,€it€had€eventually€been€discontinued.€It€was€pointedÐ ,%| * Ðout€that€the€provision€of€advisory€services€to€assist€States€parties€unable€to€submit€adequate€reportsÐ ò%B!+ Ðhad€been€pioneered€by€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Racial€Discrimination.€The€membersÐ ¸&", Ðof€that€Committee€had€also€indicated€their€willingness€to€assist€in€seminars€and€workshops€to€trainÐ ~'Î"- Ðofficials€responsible€for€the€preparation€of€human€rights€reports.Ð D(”#. ÐÌÓ Ó29.à ¤ àIn€that€context,€the€Chairman€of€the€Committee€informed€the€meeting,€it€had€been€proposedÐ Ð) %0 Ðthat€the€drafters€of€reports€be€invited€to€a€special€session€to€observe€the€work€of€the€Committee€inÐ –*æ%1 Ðthe€consideration€of€reports.€Unfortunately,€due€to€financial€problems,€the€proposal€„€although€stillÐ \+¬&2 Ðworth€pursuing€„€had€never€been€implemented.Ð ",r'3 ÐÌÓ Ó30.à ¤ àOn€the€question€of€periodicity,€he€informed€the€meeting€that€the€issue€had€been€raised€veryÐ ®-þ(5 Ðearly€in€the€work€of€the€Committee,€which€had,€however,€long€been€reluctant€to€vary€the€periodicityÐ ° Ðcalled€for€in€the€Convention.€In€the€Committeeð ðs€view,€such€a€step€would€have€required€anÐ vÆ Ðamendment€and,€in€any€event,€it€was€crucial€to€have€frequent€and€regular€reports€since€the€problemÐ <Œ Ðof€racial€discrimination€was€so€critical.€However,€with€the€subsequent€establishment€of€a€number€ofÐ R Ðother€Committees,€the€reporting€obligations€of€States€parties€to€several€of€the€instruments€hadÐ È Ðbecome€a€heavy€burden€for€them.€As€a€result,€the€Committee€had€decided€to€vary€the€periodicity€ofÐ ŽÞ Ðsubmission€of€comprehensive€reports€such€that€after€the€submission€of€a€comprehensive€initial€reportÐ T ¤ ÐStates€parties€would€need€to€submit€further€comprehensive€reports€only€on€every€second€occasionÐ  j Ðthereafter€when€reports€were€due€(i.e.€every€four€years),€presenting€brief€updating€reports€on€eachÐ à 0 Ðintervening€occasion.Ð ¦ ö  ÐÌÓ Ó31.à ¤ àThe€Chairman€informed€the€meeting€that,€except€in€connection€with€matters€falling€underÐ 2 ‚  Ðarticle€15€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Racial€Discrimination€had€up€toÐ ø H  Ðnow€been€working€in€plenary€sessions.€However,€due€to€the€curtailment€and€cancellation€of€some€ofÐ ¾  Ðits€meetings€as€a€result€of€the€failure€by€a€number€of€States€parties€to€pay€their€assessed€contributionsÐ „Ô  Ð(see€the€Convention,€art.€8,€para.€6),€the€Committee€had€decided€to€rationalize€and€streamline€itsÐ Jš  Ðwork€by€instituting€a€system€of€Ô_ÔrapporteursÔ_Ô€on€a€trial€basis€beginning€at€its€next€session.€He€pointedÐ `  Ðout€that€Ô_ÔthatÔ_Ô€step€had€been€taken€despite€the€fact€that€the€method€used€by€the€Committee€on€theÐ Ö&  ÐElimination€of€Racial€Discrimination€in€consideration€of€reports€to€date€had€been€very€successful.Ð œì  ÐÌÓ Ó32.à ¤ àThe€Chairman€of€the€Committee€pointed€out€that€many€States€had€been€uneasy€about€theÐ (x Ðreporting€procedure€when€the€Convention€was€adopted.€In€the€Committees€early€years,€however,€itsÐ î> Ðmembers€had€recognized€that€fact€and€had€dealt€with€the€reports€in€a€cautious€and€prudent€fashion,Ð ´ Ðwith€the€result€that€the€earlier€fears€were€soon€allayed.€The€procedure€had€later€been€followed€in€otherÐ zÊ ÐCommittees,€and€the€Convention€had€become€the€one€with€the€highest€number€of€ratifications.Ð @ ÐÌÓ Ó33.à ¤ àThe€Chairman€informed€the€meeting€that€the€financial€problems€the€Committee€faced€due€toÐ Ì Ðthe€failure€by€a€number€of€States€parties€to€pay€assessed€contributions€had€affected€its€ability€toÐ ’â Ðdischarge€its€monitoring€functions€under€the€Convention.€He€said€that€such€financial€problems€wereÐ X¨ Ðlikely€to€be€experienced€by€other€self„financing€committees€as€well,€such€as€the€Committee€againstÐ n ÐTorture.€When€the€International€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€RacialÐ ä4 ÐDiscrimination€was€being€drafted,€the€prevailing€view€had€been€that€the€Committee€should€be€self„Ð ªú Ðfinancing€so€as€to€maintain€its€independence.Ð pÀ  ÐÌÓ Ó34.à ¤ àThe€Chairman€stated€that€since€the€human€rights€Ô_ÔprogrammeÔ_Ô€was€one€of€the€majorÐ üL" Ðresponsibilities€of€the€United€Nations€and€since€the€international€human€rights€instruments€wereÐ Â# Ðadopted€by€the€General€Assembly,€in€which€all€the€States€Members€of€the€United€Nations€took€partÐ ˆ Ø$ Ðin€the€consideration€of€reports€from€the€human€rights€treaty€bodies,€the€financing€of€such€bodiesÐ N!ž% Ðshould€come€under€the€regular€budget€of€the€United€Nations.€That€view€currently€prevailed€in€manyÐ "d& ÐMember€States€of€the€United€Nations.€In€his€view,€unless€a€solution€to€the€financing€problem€wasÐ Ú"*' Ðfound,€the€human€rights€Ô_ÔprogrammeÔ_Ô€would€disintegrate.Ð  #ð( ÐÌÓ Ó35.à ¤ àAt€its€last€session,€the€Committee€had€adopted€a€decision€requesting€the€General€AssemblyÐ ,%| * Ðto€authorize€the€Secretary„General,€on€a€temporary€basis,€to€ensure€the€financing€of€the€expenses€ofÐ ò%B!+ Ðthe€Committee€members€from€the€United€Nations€regular€budget€until€such€time€as€a€more€permanentÐ ¸&", Ðsolution€to€the€problem€was€found.Ð ~'Î"- ÐÌÌÓ! í^!ÓÓ ^ÓÓ þÓD.à û àòòCommittee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€WomenóóÐ Ð) %0 ÐÓ ^ÓÓ þÓÌÓ! íq!Ó36.à ¤ àDuring€the€general€debate,€the€representative€of€the€Committee€referred€to€a€list€of€issues€thatÐ \+¬&2 Ðthe€Committee€wished€to€bring€to€the€attention€of€the€meeting,€which€were€included€in€its€annualÐ ",r'3 Ðreport€to€the€General€Assembly€at€its€forty„third€session.€òò1óó/€With€regard€to€problems€encountered€inÐ è,8(4 Ðits€activities,€the€Committee€had€felt€that€it€was€necessary,€in€particular:€to€strengthen€its€secretariat,Ð ®-þ(5 Ðespecially€with€regard€to€technical€and€legal€advice;€to€improve€the€level€of€servicing€provided€to€theÐ ° ÐCommittee€and€to€bring€it€to€the€level€of€servicing€of€other€treaty€bodies;€to€consider€ways€and€meansÐ vÆ Ðto€expedite€the€work€of€the€Committee€and€improve€the€reporting€system;€to€take€measures€in€respectÐ <Œ Ðof€delays€in€the€submission€by€States€parties€of€initial€reports€and€second€periodic€reports€to€theÐ R ÐCommittee;€and€to€assist€States€parties€that€appeared€to€experience€difficulties€in€fulfilling€theirÐ È Ðreporting€obligations.Ð ŽÞ ÐÌÓ Ó37.à ¤ àThe€representative€emphasized€that€certain€problems€were€common€to€all€reporting€proceduresÐ  j Ðunder€human€rights€instruments,€while€other€problems€were€specific€to€a€particular€reportingÐ à 0 Ðprocedure,€and€that€the€latter€should€also€be€taken€into€account€in€the€formulation€of€finalÐ ¦ ö  Ðrecommendations€by€the€meeting.Ð l ¼  ÐÌÓ Ó38.à ¤ àShe€explained€that€the€main€problems€specifically€concerning€the€reporting€procedure€underÐ ø H  Ðthe€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€Discrimination€against€Women€could€beÐ ¾  Ðclassified€in€two€categories:€(1)€difficulties€encountered€by€States€parties€in€preparing€their€reports;Ð „Ô  Ðand€(2)€difficulties€encountered€by€the€Committee€in€its€consideration€of€reports€submitted€by€StatesÐ Jš  Ðparties.Ð `  ÐÌÓ Ó39.à ¤ àRegarding€the€first€issue,€she€pointed€out€that€in€many€cases€States€parties€to€the€ConventionÐ œì  Ðwere€also€parties€to€many€other€human€rights€instruments€with€reporting€obligations.€Furthermore,Ð b² Ðvarious€United€Nations€resolutions€and€Ô_ÔprogrammesÔ_Ô€requested€Governments€to€report€or€provideÐ (x Ðinformation€on€numerous€issues,€and€the€work„load€imposed€on€Governments€by€all€the€reportingÐ î> Ðprocedures€was€one€of€the€main€causes€of€delay€in€submitting€reports.€In€addition,€when€preparingÐ ´ Ðtheir€reports€under€the€Convention,€States€parties€had€to€take€into€account€the€information€providedÐ zÊ Ðby€their€national€machineries€or€institutions€dealing€with€the€problems€of€discrimination€againstÐ @ Ðwomen€and€of€the€advancement€of€their€status,€and€had€to€provide€the€relevant€demographic€statisticsÐ V Ðessential€to€understanding€the€role€of€women€in€society.€It€was€emphasized€that€such€demographicÐ Ì Ðand€other€statistics€should€be€broken€down€according€to€sex.€The€co„ordination€or€compilation€ofÐ ’â Ðdifferent€inputs€often€caused€a€further€delay€in€the€submission€of€government€reports.€The€experienceÐ X¨ Ðof€the€Committee€had€shown€that€Governments€were€willing€to€co„operate€with€the€Committee.Ð n ÐHowever,€the€lack€of€experience€or€training€in€international€procedures€on€the€part€of€many€officialsÐ ä4 Ðmade€it€necessary€to€provide€for€technical€assistance€and€advisory€services€from€the€United€NationsÐ ªú ÐSecretariat.Ð pÀ  ÐÌÓ Ó40.à ¤ àRegarding€the€second€issue,€she€pointed€out€that€under€the€terms€of€the€Convention€theÐ üL" ÐCommittee€could€meet€only€once€a€year€for€two€weeks€(10€working€days)€and€that,€as€a€result,€theÐ Â# Ðtime€available€to€the€Committee€to€consider€States€partiesð ð€reports€was€insufficient.€A€thoroughÐ ˆ Ø$ Ðexamination€of€a€report€and€a€genuinely€constructive€dialogue€with€a€State€party€required€at€least€twoÐ N!ž% Ðmeetings€of€the€Committee.€A€backlog€in€the€consideration€of€reports€by€the€Committee€was€thusÐ "d& Ðcreated,€as€a€result€of€which€the€Committee€might€well€find€itself€in€the€position€of€considering€initialÐ Ú"*' Ðreports€which€had€already€become€obsolete€because€they€had€been€submitted€a€long€time€earlier.Ð  #ð( ÐAdditional€meeting€time€would€be€necessary€to€enable€the€Committee€to€carry€out€its€obligationsÐ f$¶) Ðunder€the€Convention.€It€was€pointed€out€that€the€Committee€and€the€Secretariat€had€already€adoptedÐ ,%| * Ða€number€of€measures€designed€to€improve€the€Committeeð ðs€methods€of€work.Ð ò%B!+ ÐÌÌÓ«pÓÓ! í^!ÓÓ  ÓE.€òòGroup€of€Three€established€under€the€International€Convention€on€the€Suppression€andÐ D(”#. ÐPunishment€of€the€Crime€of€ApartheidóóÐ  )Z$/ ÐÓ±ºÓÓfÓÌÓ! íq!Ó41.à ¤ àThe€Chairman€of€the€Group€of€Three€stated€that€the€main€problem€facing€the€Group€was€thatÐ –*æ%1 Ðof€non„submission€of€reports.€As€at€1€June€1988,€there€were€87€States€parties€to€the€Convention€andÐ \+¬&2 Ð176€overdue€reports.€Moreover,€it€was€considered€significant€that€38€States€parties€had€not€yetÐ ",r'3 Ðsubmitted€their€initial€reports€and€that€12€of€those€had€been€overdue€for€10€years€or€more.€In€viewÐ è,8(4 Ðof€the€paucity€of€reports€received,€the€Group€had€not€built€up€a€backlog,€although€it€met€for€only€oneÐ ®-þ(5 Ðweek€a€year.€In€addition,€the€reports€submitted€by€States€parties€did€not€adhere€to€the€generalÐ ° Ðguidelines€and€contained€insufficient€information.Ð vÆ ÐÌÓ Ó42.à ¤ àThe€Chairman€of€the€Group€of€Three€said€that€the€high€rate€of€non„submission€of€reports€noÐ R Ðdoubt€resulted€from€the€view€of€many€States€parties€that€the€ð ðcrime€of€òòapartheidóóðð€was€not€likely€toÐ È Ðarise€in€their€territories.€He€emphasized€that€it€was€important€to€submit€reports€nevertheless,Ð ŽÞ Ðparticularly€in€order€to€monitor€the€activities€of€transnational€corporations,€which€operated€in€allÐ T ¤ Ðcountries.€He€Ó ªÓsuggested€that€to€overcome€the€problem€the€Group€of€Three€should€in€future€followÐ  j Ðthe€practice€of€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Racial€Discrimination€(i.e.,€after€having€providedÐ à 0 Ðinitial€reports,€States€parties€should€be€requested€to€submit€further€comprehensive€reports€only€onÐ ¦ ö  Ðevery€second€occasion€thereafter€when€reports€were€due€„€every€four€years€„€and€to€present€briefÐ l ¼  Ðupdating€reports€on€each€intervening€occasion€when€reports€were€due€under€the€Convention).Ð 2 ‚  ÐÌÌÓÆÓà@EEâàF.€òòCommittee€against€TortureóóˆÐ „Ô  ÐÌÓÆÓÓ ªÓ43.à ¤ àThe€Chairman€of€the€Committee€stated€that€it€was€premature€to€try€to€identify€problemsÐ \¬  Ðrelating€to€the€reporting€procedure€established€under€article€19€of€the€Convention€against€Torture€andÐ "r  ÐOther€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€since€States€parties€to€the€ConventionÐ è8 Ðhad€been€requested€to€submit€their€initial€reports€for€the€first€time€in€the€course€of€1988€or€1989,€andÐ ®þ Ðthe€Committee€against€Torture€could€not€begin€its€consideration€of€those€initial€reports€until€itsÐ tÄ Ðsecond€session€in€April€1989.Ð :Š ÐÌÓ Ó44.à ¤ àHowever,€the€Committee€had€already€encountered€a€problem€that€would€arise€again€in€itsÐ Æ Ðfuture€activities€and€might€also€affect€the€operation€of€the€reporting€system€under€the€Convention:Ð ŒÜ Ðthe€lack€of€financial€resources.€He€recalled€that€States€parties€were€responsible€for€expenses€relatingÐ R¢ Ðto€the€implementation€system€of€the€Convention,€as€provided€in€its€article€17,€paragraph€7,€and€articleÐ h Ð18,€paragraph€5.€The€activities€of€the€Committee€thus€required€that€the€contributions€of€States€partiesÐ Þ. Ðbe€set€at€appropriate€levels€and€be€paid€in€good€time.€The€financial€decisions€of€the€first€meeting€ofÐ ¤ô ÐStates€parties€held€in€November€1987€had€prevented€the€Committee€from€meeting€for€a€secondÐ jº Ðsession€in€1988,€thus€creating€a€situation€in€which€reports€submitted€by€States€parties€in€June€1988Ð 0€ Ðcould€not€be€considered€by€the€Committee€until€April€1989.Ð öF ÐÌÓ Ó45.à ¤ àHe€stated€that€the€attention€of€States€parties€should€be€drawn€to€the€fact€that€without€their€co„Ð ‚Ò! Ðoperation€in€faithfully€discharging€their€financial€obligations€the€longð"ðterm€viability€of€all€theÐ H˜" Ðactivities€envisaged€under€the€Convention,€including€its€reporting€procedures,€could€not€beÐ  ^# Ðguaranteed.Ð Ô $$ ÐÌÌÓÆÓà@¹¹!âàIV.€REMEDIAL€ACTIONˆÐ &#v' ÐÌÓÆÓÓ! ¹2!ÓÓ 2ÓÓ ‡þÓA.à Ï àòòHarmonization€and€consolidation€of€reporting€guidelinesóóÐ þ$N ) ÐÓ 2ÓÓ ‡þÓÌÓ! ¹y!Ó46.à ¤ àIt€was€noted€that€the€possibility€of€achieving€some€consolidation€of€the€various€reportingÐ Š&Ú!+ Ðguidelines€had€already€been€discussed€at€the€meeting€of€Chairmen€held€in€1984.€In€the€course€of€theÐ P' ", Ðdiscussion,€it€was€stressed€that€the€reporting€procedure€under€each€of€the€human€rights€instrumentsÐ (f#- Ðhad€its€own€specific€requirements€and€that€it€would€therefore€not€be€possible€fully€to€harmonize€andÐ Ü(,$. Ðconsolidate€all€of€the€reporting€guidelines.€However,€general€basic€information€and€data€on€eachÐ ¢)ò$/ Ðcountry,€which€would€be€of€common€interest€to€all€treaty€bodies,€could€be€requested.€It€was€suggestedÐ h*¸%0 Ðthat€such€a€ð ðcore€documentðð€should€contain€relevant€background€information€on€each€State€party€andÐ .+~&1 Ðbe€available€to€the€members€of€the€committees€during€the€consideration€of€the€report€of€the€StateÐ ô+D'2 Ðconcerned.€Ó ªÓParticular€attention€should€be€paid€in€such€a€document€to€information€concerning€theÐ º, (3 Ðpolitical€system,€the€main€features€of€the€legal€order,€the€legal€status€of€international€instrumentsÐ €-Ð(4 Ðwithin€the€national€legal€system,€the€recourse€procedures€for€the€protection€of€human€rights,Ð ° Ðdemographic€data€and€other€relevant€economic,€social€and€cultural€data€that€the€State€party€believedÐ vÆ Ðto€be€important.Ð <Œ ÐÌÓ ªÓ47.à ¤ àVarious€suggestions€were€put€forward€as€to€how€such€a€core€document€might€best€be€prepared.Ð È ÐOne€proposal€was€that€the€document€should€be€prepared€by€each€State€party€and€submitted€to€theÐ ŽÞ ÐCentre€for€Human€Rights€so€that€it€could€be€made€available,€as€appropriate,€to€each€of€the€treatyÐ T ¤ Ðbodies.€The€document€could€be€updated€every€five€years€or€more€frequently,€at€the€discretion€of€theÐ  j ÐState€concerned.€A€related€suggestion€called€for€the€relevant€information€to€be€contained€in€the€initialÐ à 0 Ðpart€of€any€report€sent€for€consideration€to€a€treaty€body€and€then€updated€in€each€subsequent€reportÐ ¦ ö  Ðto€that€body.€A€third€suggestion€was€that€a€questionnaire€could€be€submitted€to€all€States€partiesÐ l ¼  Ðindicating€the€information€needed€by€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights,€which€would€then€be€responsibleÐ 2 ‚  Ðfor€the€preparation€and€production€of€the€document.Ð ø H  ÐÌÓ Ó48.à ¤ àIt€was€noted€that€several€of€the€committees€had€requested€that€relevant€statistical€data,€drawnÐ „Ô  Ðfrom€authoritative€sources,€should€be€made€available€to€them€in€connection€with€their€considerationÐ Jš  Ðof€States€partiesð ð€reports.€The€importance€of€the€availability€of€such€data€was€generally€recognized,Ð `  Ðand€it€was€suggested€that€the€committees€should€have€available€to€them€at€least€the€relevant€dataÐ Ö&  Ðcontained€in€the€òòStatistical€Yearbookóó€of€the€United€Nations€and€the€annual€statistical€report€of€theÐ œì  ÐInternational€Monetary€Fund,€entitled€ð ðòòInternational€Financial€Statisticsððóó,€as€well€as€all€of€theÐ b² Ðstatistical€tables€appended€to€the€òòWorld€Development€Reportóó€of€the€World€Bank€and€òòThe€State€ofÐ (x Ðthe€Worldð ðs€Childrenóó€of€the€United€Nations€Childrenð ðs€Fund€(UNICEF),€each€of€which€were€updatedÐ î> Ðannually.€It€was€also€noted€that€as€far€as€possible,€and€whenever€appropriate,€use€should€be€made€ofÐ ´ Ðstatistics€and€other€information€available€from€relevant€international€organizations,€includingÐ zÊ Ðagencies€such€as€the€International€Ô_ÔLabourÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔOrganisationÔ_Ô€(ILO),€the€United€Nations€Educational,Ð @ ÐScientific€and€Cultural€Organization€(UNESCO),€the€World€Health€Organization€(WHO)€and€theÐ V ÐFood€and€Agriculture€Organization€of€the€United€Nations€(Ô_ÔFAQÔ_Ô).Ð Ì ÐÌÓ Ó49.à ¤ àWith€particular€reference€to€the€Committee€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights,€it€wasÐ X¨ Ðobserved€that€the€existing€reporting€guidelines€were€excessively€complicated€and€demanding€andÐ n Ðaccordingly€very€difficult,€if€not€impossible,€to€comply€with.€For€that€reason,€the€Committee€hadÐ ä4 Ðagreed€to€their€revision€and€simplification.€However,€it€was€suggested€that,€in€carrying€out€such€aÐ ªú Ðrevision,€the€Committee€might€need€to€consult€experts€from€the€specialized€agencies€and€elsewhere.Ð pÀ  ÐÌÓ Ó50.à ¤ àAnother€suggestion,€which€was€prefaced€by€an€Ô_ÔacknowledgementÔ_Ô€that€it€would€requireÐ üL" Ðconsiderably€more€reflection€and€refinement€before€being€acted€upon,€was€that€consideration€shouldÐ Â# Ðbe€given€in€the€longer€term€to€the€possibility€of€each€State€party€preparing€a€single€overall€report.Ð ˆ Ø$ ÐEach€body€would€then€have€to€deal€with€that€part€of€the€report€which€fell€within€its€competence.€TheÐ N!ž% Ðpreparation€of€the€report€could,€if€so€requested,€be€undertaken€with€the€assistance€of€experts€from€theÐ "d& ÐCentre€for€Human€Rights.Ð Ú"*' ÐÌÓ Ó51.à ¤ àSupport€was€expressed€for€the€preparation€of€a€manual€to€assist€States€parties€in€fulfilling€theirÐ f$¶) Ðreporting€obligations,€and€it€was€noted€that€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights,€in€collaboration€with€theÐ ,%| * ÐUnited€Nations€Institute€for€Training€and€Research€(Ô_ÔUNITARÔ_Ô),€was€currently€working€towards€thatÐ ò%B!+ Ðgoal.€While€it€would€be€desirable€to€consult€with€each€of€the€relevant€treaty€bodies€in€the€process€ofÐ ¸&", Ðdrafting€the€manual,€it€was€noted€that€the€committees€themselves€were€ultimately€responsible€forÐ ~'Î"- Ðdetermining€the€adequacy€or€otherwise€of€reports€and€that€the€manual€should€not€be€considered€toÐ D(”#. Ðbe€a€definitive,€or€in€any€way€binding,€statement€as€to€the€relevant€requirements.Ð  )Z$/ ÐÌÓ Ó52.à ¤ àIt€was€also€suggested€that€greater€uniformity€in€reporting€might€be€achieved€by€each€State€partyÐ –*æ%1 Ðif€it€were€to€establish€a€unit€for€the€preparation€of€all€of€the€reports€submitted€to€the€internationalÐ \+¬&2 Ðhuman€rights€treaty€bodies.€Such€an€initiative€would€render€the€technical€assistance€provided€by€theÐ ",r'3 ÐCentre€for€Human€Rights€more€effective€and€would€help€to€reduce€duplication€in€the€submission€ofÐ è,8(4 Ðinformation.Ð ®-þ(5 ЇÓ Ó53.à ¤ àIt€was€generally€agreed€that€whenever€a€State€party€had€dealt€with€an€issue€in€considerableÐ ° Ðdetail€in€reporting€to€one€committee,€it€need€not€reproduce€exactly€the€same€information€in€reportingÐ vÆ Ðto€another€committee.€Rather,€it€was€preferable€to€include€a€cross„reference€to€the€original€documentÐ <Œ Ðon€the€assumption€that€the€Secretariat€would€have€made€available€to€committee€members€copies€ofÐ R Ðall€of€the€relevant€reports.€Such€a€practice€was€already€followed€by€some€States€in€their€reporting€toÐ È Ðthe€Human€Rights€Committee€and€could€achieve€considerable€savings€of€time€and€materials.Ð ŽÞ ÐÌÌÓ! ^þ!ÓÓ þÓÓ aþÓB.à › àòòCo„ordination€of€periodicity€of€reporting€under€the€Ð à 0 Ðà › àvarious€United€Nations€instrumentsóóÐ ¦ ö  ÐÓ þÓÓ aþÓÌÓ! ^ !Ó54.à ¤ àThe€meeting€took€note€of€the€fact€that€significant€changes€had€recently€taken€place€in€respectÐ 2 ‚  Ðto€the€timing€and€nature€of€the€reporting€requirements€under€both€the€International€Covenant€onÐ ø H  ÐEconomic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights€and€the€International€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€AllÐ ¾  ÐForms€of€Racial€Discrimination.€It€was€generally€agreed€that€those€changes€would€reduce€the€burdenÐ „Ô  Ðimposed€on€reporting€States€and€would€further€enable€States€that€were€parties€to€several€of€theÐ Jš  Ðprincipal€treaties€to€arrange€the€preparation€of€their€reports€so€as€to€distribute€the€burden€more€evenlyÐ `  Ðover€time.€It€was€also€agreed€that€each€treaty€body€should€keep€the€matter€under€review€in€the€hopeÐ Ö&  Ðthat€further€improvements€might€be€identified€in€the€future.Ð œì  ÐÌÓ Ó55.à ¤ àThe€problem€of€the€non„submission,€or€excessively€late€submission,€of€reports€was€underlined.Ð (x ÐIt€was€noted€that€the€failure€to€report€significantly€undermined€the€objectives€of€the€treaties€and€thatÐ î> Ðevery€effort€should€be€made€by€the€States€parties€concerned€to€fulfil€the€reporting€obligations€thatÐ ´ Ðthey€had€undertaken.€The€discussion€on€positive€measures€of€assistance€that€might€be€provided€toÐ zÊ ÐStates€is€reflected€in€section€D€below.€It€was€generally€agreed€that€the€treaty€bodies€should€exploreÐ @ Ðall€possible€means€to€promote€the€submission€of€overdue€reports.€In€that€regard,€it€was€said€thatÐ V Ðconsideration€might€be€given€to€the€following€measures,€for€example,€which€had€already€been€usedÐ Ì Ðby€the€Human€Rights€Committee:Ð ’â ÐÌÓ! !ÓÓ Ó(a)à ¢ àDispatching€written€reminders€(twice€yearly);Ð n ÐÓ ÓÌÓ$ íþ$ÓÓ Ó(b)à Š àCalling€attention€to€the€problem€through€personal€contacts€by€individual€members€(fromÐ ªú Ðthe€relevant€region)€with€representatives€of€the€States€parties€concerned;Ð pÀ  ÐÓ ÓÌÓ$ íæ$ÓÓ Ó(c)à Š àListing€in€the€committeesð ð€annual€reports€to€the€General€Assembly€the€names€of€StatesÐ üL" Ðparties€with€overdue€reports;Ð Â# ÐÓ ÓÌÓ$ íæ$ÓÓ Ó(d)à Š àInviting€the€permanent€representatives€of€the€States€parties€concerned€to€discuss€withÐ N!ž% Ðthe€committee€(in€closed€meetings)€their€countriesð ð€difficulties€in€respect€of€reporting;Ð "d& ÐÓ ÓÌÓ$ íæ$ÓÓ Ó(e)à Š àDesignating€members€of€the€Bureau€to€contact€the€permanent€representatives€of€theÐ  #ð( ÐStates€parties€concerned;Ð f$¶) ÐÓ ÓÌÓ$ íæ$ÓÓ Ó(f)à Š àDispatching€special€letters€from€the€Chairman€to€the€Foreign€Ministers€of€States€partiesÐ ò%B!+ Ðwith€long„overdue€reports;Ð ¸&", ÐÓ ÓÌÓ$ íæ$ÓÓ Ó(g)à Š àArranging€for€a€visit€by€a€member€of€the€committee€to€a€State€party€to€provide€expertiseÐ D(”#. Ðand€advice.Ð  )Z$/ ÐÓ ÓÌÓ! æ!Ó56.à ¤ àMention€was€also€made€of€the€possibility€of€the€committees€establishing€a€ð ðspecial€listðð€thatÐ –*æ%1 Ðwould€serve€to€highlight€the€names€of€those€States€parties€that€had€been€particularly€unresponsiveÐ \+¬&2 Ðto€repeated€requests€to€submit€overdue€reports.Ð ",r'3 ÐÌÐ ®-þ(5 ÐÓÆÓÓ! !ÓÓ ÓÓ ïýÓC.à ³ àòòMeasures€for€expediting€consideration€of€periodic€reportsóóÐ ° ÐÓ ÓÓ ïýÓÌÓÆÓÓ! !Ó57.à ¤ àIn€order€to€expedite€the€consideration€of€reports,€there€was€general€agreement€on€the€potentialÐ ˆØ Ðusefulness€of€the€increasingly€widely€used€practice€of€nominating€Ô_ÔrapporteursÔ_Ô,€co„ordinators€or€aÐ Nž Ðworking€group€to€undertake€a€preliminary€analysis€of€the€reports€or€of€certain€issues€to€be€discussedÐ d Ðduring€the€consideration€of€a€report,€and€to€prepare€a€list€of€principal€issues€to€be€raised€with€theÐ Ú* Ðreporting€State.Ð   ð ÐÌÓ Ó58.à ¤ àIt€was€also€noted€that€most,€if€not€all,€of€the€committees€had,€on€occasion,€experiencedÐ , | Ðdifficulties€with€delegations€speaking€at€undue€length,€either€when€introducing€a€report€or€whenÐ ò B  Ðresponding€to€questions.€One€committee€had€adopted€relatively€strict€time„limits,€but€it€was€generallyÐ ¸   Ðagreed€that€the€appropriate€limits€would€have€to€be€decided€by€each€committee€in€the€light€of€its€ownÐ ~ Î  Ðcircumstances€and€that,€in€any€event,€there€would€always€be€instances€where€additional€time€wasÐ D”  Ðrequired€to€ensure€adequate€presentation€and€discussion€of€a€report.€Particular€emphasis€was€placedÐ  Z  Ðon€the€need€for€committee€members€to€exert€self„restraint€and€to€pose€questions€as€precisely€andÐ Ð  Ðconcisely€as€possible.Ð –æ  ÐÌ59.à ¤ àThere€was€some€discussion€as€to€whether€the€completion€by€the€various€committees€of€theÐ "r  Ðconsideration€of€initial€reports€by€States€parties€would€lead€to€a€reduction€or€an€increase€in€theÐ è8 Ðamount€of€time€required€for€their€consideration€of€follow„up€reports.€Some€speakers€expressed€theÐ ®þ Ðhope€that€less€time€would€be€necessary,€while€others€felt€that€the€discussion€would€require€more€timeÐ tÄ Ðas€the€committees€began€to€tackle€issues€in€greater€depth€and€with€more€sophistication.Ð :Š Ðà@ââ*âàˆÌÌÌÓ! ¹2!ÓÓ 2ÓÓ ‡þÓD.à Ï àòòProjects€for€technical€assistance€and€advisory€services€with€a€view€to€assistingÐ R¢ ÐStates€parties€to€fulfil€their€reporting€obligationsóóÐ h ÐÓ ‡þÓÓÆÓÓ! ¹y!ÓÓ 2Óòòreporting€obligationsóóÐ Þ. ÐÓ ÓÌÓÆÓÓ Ó60.à ¤ àIt€was€generally€agreed€that€the€provision€of€technical€assistance€and€advisory€services€toÐ ¶ ÐStates€parties€having€acknowledged€difficulties€in€preparing€their€reports€was€highly€desirable.€In€thatÐ |Ì Ðregard,€the€meeting€welcomed€the€proposals€contained€in€the€relevant€report€by€the€Secretary„GeneralÐ B’ Ðto€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights€(E/CN.4/l988,40).€It€was€felt€that€the€regional€and€Ô_ÔsubregionalÔ_ÔÐ X  Ðtraining€courses€on€reporting€issues€had€been€of€great€value€and€should€be€continued€on€a€regularÐ Î! Ðbasis.€For€that€purpose,€it€would€be€desirable€for€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights€to€obtain€theÐ ”ä" Ðappropriate€expertise€for€undertaking€training€activities.€It€was€asked€whether€individual€fellowshipsÐ Z ª# Ðwere€a€cost„efficient€way€of€providing€training€for€reporting€purposes€in€view€of€their€cost€and€theÐ  !p$ Ðhigh€rotation€of€the€national€officials€concerned.Ð æ!6% ÐÌÓ Ó61.à ¤ àAnother€dimension€of€advisory€services€to€which€reference€was€made€concerned€the€possibilityÐ r#Â' Ðof€the€committees€being€encouraged€to€make€recommendations€for€specific€activities€to€be€fundedÐ 8$ˆ( Ðon€the€basis€of€their€examination€of€a€Stateð ðs€report.€Thus,€for€example,€assistance€could€beÐ þ$N ) Ðrecommended€for€the€drafting€of€necessary€human€rights€legislation,€for€particular€educationalÐ Ä%!* Ðactivities€or€for€the€establishment€of€appropriate€national€institutions.€It€was€pointed€out,€however,Ð Š&Ú!+ Ðthat€the€latter€activity€should€be€undertaken€only€with€great€care€since€in€some€cases€national€humanÐ P' ", Ðrights€institutions€had€been€created€mainly€in€order€to€conceal€continuing€violations€by€theÐ (f#- ÐGovernment€concerned.Ð Ü(,$. ÐÌÓ Ó62.à ¤ àIt€was€suggested€that€consideration€might€be€given€to€establishing€a€board€of€trustees€toÐ h*¸%0 Ðadminister€the€Voluntary€Fund€for€Advisory€Services€and€Technical€Assistance€in€the€Field€ofÐ .+~&1 ÐHuman€Rights,€to€ensure€appropriate€expert€input€and€to€protect€the€Secretary„General€from€politicalÐ ô+D'2 Ðpressures.€Were€such€an€initiative€taken,€it€would€seem€appropriate€to€include€one€or€two€membersÐ º, (3 Ðdrawn€from€any€of€the€committees€on€the€board.€In€any€event,€the€hope€was€expressed€that€in€futureÐ €-Ð(4 Ðthere€would€be€greater€consultation€with€the€committees€on€the€question€of€the€provision€of€advisoryÐ ° Ðservices€in€treaty„related€matters.Ð vÆ ÐÌÌÓÆÓà@á á âàV.€CO„ORDINATION€OF€FUTURE€ACTIVITIESˆÐ È ÐÌà@n n âàA.€òòExchange€of€information€and€documentationóóˆÐ   ð ÐÌÓÆÓÓ Ó63.à ¤ àIn€general€terms,€it€was€noted€that€the€number€of€relevant€bodies€and€the€amount€ofÐ x È Ðdocumentation€in€the€human€rights€field€had€increased€dramatically€in€the€past€decade.€As€a€result,Ð > Ž  Ðthe€treaty€bodies€should€not€be€viewed€in€isolation,€but€as€part€of€an€overall€system€that€included€notÐ  T  Ðonly€other€United€Nations€organs,€such€as€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights€and€the€Sub„Ð Ê   ÐCommission€on€Prevention€of€Discrimination€and€Protection€of€Minorities,€but€also€the€principalÐ à  Ðregional€Ó ªÓbodies.€While€there€was€no€question€of€seeking€to€impose€ð ðuniformityðð€on€the€differentÐ V¦  Ðbodies,€it€was€nevertheless€important€for€the€treaty€bodies€to€be€aware€of€the€activities€andÐ l  Ðapproaches€of€other€relevant€bodies.€Thus,€with€respect€to€the€regional€organizations,€it€wasÐ â2  Ðsuggested€that€occasional€meetings€should€be€arranged€between€the€persons€chairing€the€African,Ð ¨ø  ÐEuropean€and€Inter„American€commissions€and€those€chairing€the€United€Nations€treaty€bodies.€ItÐ n¾  Ðwas€also€suggested€that€each€member€of€the€various€treaty€bodies€should€receive€a€copy€of€the€annualÐ 4„ Ðreport€of€the€Inter„American€Commission€on€Human€Rights€and€of€the€annual€publication€entitledÐ úJ ÐòòStock„taking€on€the€European€Convention€on€Human€Rightsóó,€issued€by€the€Council€of€Europe.Ð À ÐSimilarly,€occasional€exchanges€should€be€arranged€at€the€working€level€of€the€relevant€secretariats.Ð †Ö ÐÌÓ ªÓ64.à ¤ àWith€respect€to€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights€and€the€Sub„Commission€on€PreventionÐ b Ðof€Discrimination€and€Protection€of€Minorities,€it€was€noted€that€special€Ô_ÔrapporteursÔ_Ô€were€sometimesÐ Ø( Ðengaged€in€activities€that€were€of€direct€and€immediate€relevance€to€the€work€of€the€treaty€bodies.Ð žî ÐExamples€cited€included€the€Commissionð ðs€Special€Rapporteur€on€torture€and€the€Sub„Commissionð ðsÐ d´ ÐSpecial€Rapporteur€on€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights.€It€was€suggested€that,€if€possible€andÐ *z Ðappropriate,€an€effort€should€be€made€to€facilitate€an€exchange€of€views€between€the€relevant€entities,Ð ð@ Ðperhaps€on€an€informal€basis€(i.e.€with€interpretation€but€without€summary€records).Ð ¶ ÐÌÓ Ó65.à ¤ àIt€was€noted€that€the€greatly€increased€number€of€reports€by€States€parties,€together€with€theÐ B’ Ðenormous€volume€of€other€relevant€documentation,€already€made€it€very€difficult€for€committeeÐ X  Ðmembers€to€keep€track€of,€let€alone€synthesize,€the€diverse€sources€of€information.€That€problemÐ Î! Ðwould€probably€be€further€compounded€in€the€future€as€more€ratifications€were€received€and€newÐ ”ä" Ðinstruments€entered€into€force.€For€those€reasons,€it€was€said€to€be€essential€to€make€use€of€theÐ Z ª# Ðopportunities€provided€by€computerization€in€order€to€reduce€unnecessary€work,€increase€efficiencyÐ  !p$ Ðand€assist€States€parties€in€their€own€Ô_ÔendeavoursÔ_Ô.€While€it€was€recognized€that€a€greater€use€ofÐ æ!6% Ðcomputers€would€entail€costs,€it€was€suggested€that€considerable€savings€in€money€and€staff€timeÐ ¬"ü& Ðcould€result€in€the€long€term.€It€was€proposed€that€a€small€task€force€be€established,€consisting€of€anÐ r#Â' Ðexpert€from€one€of€the€committees,€a€computer€expert€and€a€Secretariat€member€to€be€appointed€byÐ 8$ˆ( Ðthe€Secretary„General,€to€explore€the€costs€and€benefits€of€making€greater€use€of€computers€to€assistÐ þ$N ) Ðthe€committees€in€their€work.Ð Ä%!* ÐÌÓ Ó66.à ¤ àAnother€proposal€was€to€establish€a€ð ðcommittee€resource€roomðð€in€the€Centre€for€HumanÐ P' ", ÐRights€in€which€the€principal€documentation€of€the€relevant€committees€could€be€kept,€along€withÐ (f#- Ðcopies€of€the€constitutions€and€other€basic€legislation€of€States€parties.€In€addition,€relevant€reportsÐ Ü(,$. Ðfrom€other€United€Nations€bodies€and€other€sources€could€be€made€available€for€the€information€ofÐ ¢)ò$/ Ðexperts.€Such€a€facility€would€also€encourage€greater€interaction€among€committee€members,€whichÐ h*¸%0 Ðwas€considered€highly€desirable.€It€was€noted€that€virtually€all€of€the€documents€could€be€obtainedÐ .+~&1 Ðfree€of€charge€and€that€interns€could€be€responsible€for€arranging€and€cataloguing€the€materials€soÐ ô+D'2 Ðas€not€to€incur€additional€staffing€costs.Ð º, (3 ÐÐ €-Ð(4 ÐÓÆÓÓ! 2­!ÓÓ ­ÓÓ †þÓB.à J àòòEnhancing€co„operation€with€specialized€agenciesóóÐ ° ÐÓ ­ÓÓ †þÓÌÓÆÓÓ! 2{!Ó67.à ¤ àIt€was€noted€that€on€many€occasions€the€various€specialized€agencies,€particularly€ILO€andÐ ˆØ ÐUNESCO,€had€provided€considerable€assistance€to€the€various€treaty€bodies.€It€was€agreed€thatÐ Nž Ðenhanced€co„operation€was€desirable€and€it€was€suggested€that€it€might€help€if€requests€forÐ d Ðinformation€were€made€in€as€precise€terms€as€possible.€It€was€also€suggested€that€experts€from€theÐ Ú* Ðagencies€might€occasionally€be€asked€in€future€to€appear€before€one€or€other€of€the€committees€inÐ   ð Ðorder€to€provide€a€technical€briefing€on€a€specific€issue,€perhaps€in€private€session€(i.e.€withoutÐ f ¶ Ðsummary€records),€if€that€would€facilitate€a€more€productive€dialogue.€Similarly,€committees€couldÐ , | Ðdelegate€one€of€their€members€to€spend€a€day€or€two€in€consultations€with€relevant€agency€officialsÐ ò B  Ðand€report€back€to€their€committee€on€a€particular€issue.€It€was€thought€that€such€procedures€mightÐ ¸   Ðbe€useful€in€connection€with€preparing€general€comments€or€revising€guidelines.Ð ~ Î  ÐÌÓÆÓà@  âàC.€€òòCommunication€among€ChairpersonsóóˆÐ  Z  ÐÌÓÆÓÓ Ó68.à ¤ àIt€was€generally€agreed€that€the€meetings€of€Chairpersons€should€be€convened€on€a€regularÐ â2  Ðbasis€every€one€or€two€years.€It€was€also€suggested€that€consideration€be€given€to€inviting€the€personsÐ ¨ø  Ðchairing€the€principal€regional€commissions,€the€Sub„Commission€on€Prevention€of€DiscriminationÐ n¾  Ðand€Protection€of€Minorities,€the€ILO€and€UNESCO€committees€on€conventions€andÐ 4„ Ðrecommendations€and€other€competent€bodies.€It€was€agreed€that€the€chairpersons€should€seek€toÐ úJ Ðremain€in€contact€with€one€another€as€appropriate.Ð À ÐÌÓ Ó69.à ¤ àIn€order€to€enhance€communication€among€the€different€committees,€it€was€suggested€thatÐ Lœ Ðconsideration€be€given€to€scheduling€sessions€to€allow€overlapping€so€that€the€members€of€oneÐ b Ðcommittee€could€interact€with€their€counterparts€on€another€committee.Ð Ø( ÐÌÌÓÆÓà@"âàVI.€OTHER€MATTERSˆÐ *z Ðà@ââ*âàˆÌA.€€€òòFinancingóóÐ R ÐÌÓÆÓÓ Ó70.à ¤ àThere€was€considerable€discussion€of€the€difficulties€that€had€arisen€as€a€result€of€factors€suchÐ Ú* Ðas€the€financial€crisis€of€the€United€Nations,€the€non„payment€of€assessed€dues€by€States€parties€toÐ  ð  Ðthe€International€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€Racial€Discrimination,€and€theÐ f¶! Ðmethod€of€ð ðself„financingðð€provided€for€in€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€InhumanÐ , |" Ðor€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment.€it€was€strongly€emphasized€that€all€of€the€existing€treatyÐ ò B# Ðbodies€were€indispensable€components€in€the€overall€international€system€for€the€promotion€andÐ ¸!$ Ðprotection€of€human€rights,€and€that€any€action€that€jeopardized€or€actually€prevented€their€effectiveÐ ~"Î% Ðfunctioning€must€be€countered€by€appropriate€measures€on€the€part€of€the€United€Nations.€It€was€saidÐ D#”& Ðthat€the€failure€of€a€limited€number€of€States€parties€to€fulfil€their€financial€obligations€under€theÐ  $Z' Ðrelevant€treaties€must€not€be€permitted€to€obstruct€or€otherwise€undermine€the€work€of€theÐ Ð$ ( Ðcommittees.€To€accept€such€unilateral€interference€would€be€tantamount€to€providing€a€right€of€vetoÐ –%æ ) Ðto€any€State€party€Ó ªÓthat,€for€whatever€reason,€wished€to€Ô_ÔparalyseÔ_Ô€an€entire€committee.€That€would€beÐ \&¬!* Ðcontrary€to€the€fundamental€assumptions€on€which€the€provisions€of€the€Charter€of€the€UnitedÐ "'r"+ ÐNations€on€human€rights,€as€well€as€the€various€treaty€obligations,€are€predicated.€It€was€noted€thatÐ è'8#, Ðthe€United€Nations,€above€all€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights€(as€the€relevant€functional€organ)Ð ®(þ#- Ðand€the€General€Assembly€(as€the€highest€organ),€had€a€responsibility€to€ensure€the€efficientÐ t)Ä$. Ðfunctioning€of€the€mechanisms€established€under€the€human€rights€instruments,€in€which€theÐ :*Š%/ ÐOrganization€had€invested€considerable€effort€and€financial€resources€and€which€had€been€adoptedÐ +P&0 Ðby€the€General€Assembly.€The€experience€with€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€RacialÐ Æ+'1 ÐDiscrimination€and€the€Committee€against€Torture€suggested€that€the€self„financing€system€did€notÐ Œ,Ü'2 Ðcontribute€to€ensuring€the€effective€operation€of€those€mechanisms€or€to€promoting€the€acceptanceÐ R-¢(3 Ðof€the€obligations€inherent€in€the€instruments.€It€was€therefore€agreed€that€the€General€AssemblyÐ .h)4 Ðshould,€as€a€matter€of€the€highest€priority,€ensure€the€financing€of€the€committees€from€the€UnitedÐ ° ÐNations€regular€budget€or€make€other€financial€arrangements€as€necessary€in€order€to€enable€each€ofÐ vÆ Ðthe€committees€to€operate€effectively.Ð <Œ ÐÌÓ ªÓ71.à ¤ àBy€the€same€token,€it€was€acknowledged€that€the€possible€creation€of€additional€committeesÐ È Ðin€the€future,€as€a€result€of€the€entry€into€force€of€new€treaties,€would€have€potentially€significantÐ ŽÞ Ðfinancial€implications.€It€was€suggested€that€the€General€Assembly€might€consider€entrusting€one€orÐ T ¤ Ðtwo€experts€with€the€task€of€preparing€a€study€on€possible€long„term€approaches€to€the€supervisionÐ  j Ðof€new€instruments€in€the€light€of€all€relevant€considerations.Ð à 0 ÐÌÌÓÆÓà@>>âàB.€òòSecretariat€servicingóóˆÐ 2 ‚  ÐÌÓÆÓÓ Ó72.à ¤ àIt€was€agreed€that€the€level€and€amount€of€services€that€the€Secretariat€was€able€to€provide€toÐ  Z  Ðthe€various€committees€was€an€important€determinant€of€how€efficiently€and€effectively€they€wereÐ Ð  Ðable€to€function.€While€the€meeting€was€fully€aware€of€the€financial€difficulties€currently€facing€theÐ –æ  ÐUnited€Nations,€it€was€noted€that€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€againstÐ \¬  ÐWomen€had€not€even€been€able€to€adopt€its€report€during€its€last€session€because€of€inadequateÐ "r  ÐSecretariat€services€in€New€York.€As€a€result,€the€report€had€Ô_ÔhadÔ_Ô€to€be€adopted€by€correspondence,Ð è8 Ðan€entirely€unsatisfactory€arrangement.€In€addition,€that€Committee€had,€in€the€report€on€its€seventhÐ ®þ Ðsession,€òò2/óó€requested€the€current€meeting€to€note€the€need€to€strengthen€the€secretariat€of€theÐ tÄ ÐCommittee€in€general,€especially€with€regard€to€technical€and€legal€advice.Ð :Š ÐÌÓ Ó73.à ¤ àIt€was€generally€agreed€that,€in€order€to€maintain€the€current€high€level€of€Secretariat€services,Ð Æ ÐSecretariat€services€should€be€strengthened€in€both€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights€and€the€Branch€forÐ ŒÜ Ðthe€Advancement€of€Women.€It€was€emphasized€that€Ô_ÔthatÔ_Ô€was€not€an€attempt€to€undermine€effortsÐ R¢ Ðto€limit€or€reduce€United€Nations€staffing€levels,€but€a€request€that€appropriate€consideration€be€givenÐ h Ðto€the€rapidly€expanding€work„load€of€the€various€committees€as€a€result€of€increasing€numbers€ofÐ Þ. Ðratifications€and€accessions€and€a€major€increase€in€the€number€of€communications€being€submittedÐ ¤ô Ðto€the€relevant€bodies.Ð jº ÐÌÓ Ó74.à ¤ àIn€the€course€of€the€discussions,€it€was€proposed€that€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€ofÐ öF ÐDiscrimination€against€Women€meet€occasionally€in€Geneva€to€Ó ªÓfacilitate€interaction€with€otherÐ ¼   Ðcommittees,€the€specialized€agencies€and€the€extensive€Geneva„based€community€of€non„Ð ‚Ò! Ðgovernmental€organizations.€It€was€also€suggested€that€consideration€be€given€to€merging€theÐ H˜" Ðsecretariat€of€that€Committee€with€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights€to€save€costs€and€to€facilitate€andÐ  ^# Ðenhance€co„ordination€among€all€of€the€human€rights€treaty€bodies.€Alternatively,€it€was€suggestedÐ Ô $$ Ðthat€the€relevant€parts€of€the€United€Nations€Secretariat€should€provide€the€necessary€assistance€toÐ š!ê% Ðenable€the€secretariat€of€the€Branch€for€the€Advancement€of€Women€to€provide€the€Committee€withÐ `"°& Ðthe€level€of€services€it€requires.Ð &#v' Ðà@ââ*âàˆÌC.€€€òòPublicityóóÐ ²$ ) ÐÌÓ ªÓ75.à ¤ àIt€was€agreed€that€every€effort€should€be€made€to€enhance€media€coverage€of€the€work€of€theÐ >&Ž!+ Ðtreaty€bodies.€It€was€noted€with€regret,€however,€that€the€deliberately€unsensational€nature€of€theirÐ 'T", Ðwork€made€them€comparatively€uninteresting€to€much€of€the€media.€It€was€suggested€that,€wheneverÐ Ê'#- Ðthe€report€of€a€State€party€was€under€consideration,€the€text€of€the€report€and€a€summary€of€theÐ (à#. Ðcommittee€proceedings€should€be€disseminated€as€widely€as€possible€by€the€United€NationsÐ V)¦$/ Ðinformation€Ô_ÔcentreÔ_Ô,€if€any,€located€in€the€State€concerned.€Holding€press€conferences€at€the€end€ofÐ *l%0 Ðcommittee€sessions,€writing€in€academic€journals€and€the€issuing€of€press€releases€were€all€supportedÐ â*2&1 Ðas€publicity€options.€In€addition,€emphasis€was€placed€on€the€need€for€widespread€dissemination€ofÐ ¨+ø&2 Ðall€relevant€instruments€at€the€national€level,€on€the€importance€of€human€rights€teaching€at€all€levelsÐ n,¾'3 Ð(including€in€police€and€military€training€schools)€and€on€the€vital€role€of€non„governmentalÐ 4-„(4 Ðorganizations€in€such€Ô_ÔendeavoursÔ_Ô.Ð ú-J)5 ЇÌÓÆÓà@}}âàD.€òòComposition€of€the€committeesóóˆÐ vÆ ÐÌÓÆÓÓ Ó76.à ¤ àIt€was€noted€that€all€the€members€of€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€DiscriminationÐ Nž Ðagainst€Women€were€female.€By€contrast,€only€seven€of€a€total€of€64€members€in€the€other€fourÐ d Ðexpert€committees€were€female.€The€view€was€expressed€that€a€better€balance,€in€terms€of€gender,Ð Ú* Ðwas€desirable€in€the€membership€of€all€the€committees.€It€was€noted€that€Ô_ÔthatÔ_Ô€was,€of€course,€a€matterÐ   ð Ðfor€individual€Governments€to€take€into€account€when€making€nominations€and€casting€votes€inÐ f ¶ Ðelections.Ð , | ÐÌÓÆÓÓ! (¿!ÓÓ ¿ÓÓ jþÓE.à \ àòòMore€effective€use€of€time€between€sessionsóóÐ ¸   ÐÓ ¿ÓÓ jþÓÌÓÆÓÓ! (—!Ó77.à ¤ àIt€was€observed€that€one€of€the€most€valuable€resources€of€the€committees€was€the€expertiseÐ à  Ðof€their€members.€For€that€reason,€it€was€suggested€that€greater€use€should€be€made€of€membersð ðÐ V¦  Ðexpertise€by€assigning€tasks€to€be€performed€between€committee€meetings.€It€was€noted€that€severalÐ l  Ðof€the€committees€were€already€making€use€of€such€opportunities€and€that€they€essentially€entailedÐ â2  Ðno€costs€to€the€United€Nations.€It€was€suggested,€for€example,€that€an€individual€committee€memberÐ ¨ø  Ðcould€be€designated€to€prepare€the€first€draft€of€proposed€general€comments,€to€undertake€the€revisionÐ n¾  Ðof€guidelines€or€to€brief€a€committee€on€a€topic€of€general€interest.€His€or€her€work€would€not€in€anyÐ 4„ Ðway€commit€the€Committee€to€a€particular€position,€but€it€would€ensure€an€active€and€continuing€roleÐ úJ Ðfor€members,€relieve€time€pressures€during€sessions,€enhance€the€quality€of€inputs€and€avoid€the€needÐ À Ðfor€interpretation€and€travel€costs€incurred€when€a€working€group€was€involved.€Ð †Ö ÐÌÓx»ÓÓ  ÓVII.€CONCLUSIONS€AND€RECOMMENDATIONSÐ b ÐÓ+YÓÓsÓÌ78.€à0 ¤ àThe€following€conclusions€and€recommendations€are€respectfully€submitted€to€the€GeneralОî¤(#¤(# ÐAssembly€for€its€consideration€in€accordance€with€its€resolutions€41/121€and€42/105.€Some€concernÐ d´ Ðaction€that€might€be€taken€by€the€General€Assembly€itself€or€by€other€appropriate€organs€of€theÐ *z ÐUnited€Nations,€while€others€fall€within€the€competence€of€the€respective€treaty€bodies€or€of€theÐ ð@ ÐStates€parties€to€the€treaties.€However,€no€distinction€is€drawn€in€this€regard€for€the€purposes€of€theÐ ¶ Ðpresent€report,€since€the€mandate€of€the€meeting€is€to€propose€diverse€means€to€improve€theÐ |Ì Ðfunctioning€of€the€treaty€supervisory€system.€Ð B’ ÐÌÓ€YÓØ!N !ØÓ€ (Eh8N3 ÓÓ  ÓA.€òòMatters€requiring€urgent€actionÐ Î! ÐóóÓY]ÓÓ]ÓÌÓ²]ÓÓ  Ó79.€à ¤ àThe€respective€treaty€bodies€should€be€required€to€consider,€on€the€basis€of€a€proposal€preparedÐ Z ª# Ðby€the€Secretariat€(see€A/40/600,€para.€21),€a€possible€consolidation€of€their€respective€guidelinesÐ  !p$ Ðgoverning€the€initial€part€of€each€State€partyððs€report.€Ð æ!6% ÐÓÓ]ÓÌÓ  Ó80.à ¤ àEach€treaty€body€should€use€all€appropriate€means€to€promote€the€submission€of€overdueÐ r#Â' Ðreports.€For€this€purpose,€the€Secretary„General€should€consider€instituting€a€regularly€Ô_ÔscheduledÐ 8$ˆ( Ðconsultation€with€the€representatives€of€States€concerned€while€they€are€in€attendance€at€the€annualÐ þ$N ) Ðsession€of€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights€and€the€General€Assembly€or€other€appropriateÐ Ä%!* Ðoccasions.Ð Š&Ú!+ ÐÓ?_ÓÓ  ÓÌ81.€à ¤ àTechnical€assistance€and€advisory€services€should€be€provided€on€a€regular€basis€by€theÐ (f#- ÐSecretary„General€to€assist€States€parties€in€fulfilling€their€reporting€obligations.€Regional€andÐ Ü(,$. ÐÔ_ÔsubregionalÔ_Ô€training€courses€in€the€preparation€and€submission€of€reports€by€States€parties€are€ofÐ ¢)ò$/ Ðparticular€value€in€this€regard.€Priority€should€also€be€given€to€the€provision€of€assistance,€uponÐ h*¸%0 Ðrequest,€to€States€contemplating€ratification€of€the€relevant€instruments.€Ð .+~&1 ÐÌ82.€à ¤ àA€task€force€on€computerization€should€be€appointed€by€the€Secretary„General€to€explore€theÐ º, (3 Ðcosts€and€benefits€of€computerizing€the€work€of€the€committees.€A€member€of€one€of€the€expertÐ €-Ð(4 Ðcommittees€should€be€a€part€of€the€task€force.€€Ð ° ÐÌ83.€à ¤ àThe€General€Assembly,€in€carrying€out€its€responsibility€relating€to€the€proper€functioning€ofÐ <Œ Ðthe€human€rights€treaty€bodies€established€to€monitor€the€implementation€of€instruments€adopted€byÐ R Ðthe€Assembly€itself,€and€as€a€matter€of€the€highest€priority,€should€ensure€the€financing€of€each€of€theÐ È Ðcommittees€from€the€United€Nations€regular€budget€or€make€any€other€financial€arrangements€thatÐ ŽÞ Ðmay€be€necessary€to€enable€each€of€the€committees€to€operate€effectively.Ð T ¤ ÐÌ84.€à ¤ àThe€General€Assembly€should€entrust€one€or€two€experts€with€preparing€a€study€on€possibleÐ à 0 Ðlong„term€approaches€to€the€supervision€of€new€instruments€in€the€light€of€all€relevant€considerations.€Ð ¦ ö  ЀÌÓ Ó85.à ¤ àMore€adequate€staffing€resources€should€be€provided€immediately€to€service€the€CommitteeÐ 2 ‚  Ðon€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women€and,€as€soon€as€the€overall€financial€situationÐ ø H  Ðpermits,€additional€resources€should€be€provided€to€the€other€committees€to€enable€them€to€dischargeÐ ¾  Ðall€of€their€responsibilities.Ð „Ô  ÐÌÌÓÆÓà@OOâàB.€òòOther€matters€requiring€attentionóóˆÐ Ö&  ÐÌÓÆÓÓ Ó86.à ¤ àThe€Secretariat€should€provide€the€members€of€each€committee€with€relevant€statisticalÐ ®þ Ðinformation€whenever€it€is€readily€available€from€an€intergovernmental€body.€Committee€membersÐ tÄ Ðshould€have€access€to€at€least€a€copy€of€the€òòStatistical€Yearbookóó€of€the€United€Nations€and€the€annualÐ :Š Ðstatistical€report€of€the€International€Monetary€Fund,€entitled€ððInternational€financial€statisticsðð,€andÐ P Ðshould€each€receive€annually€a€copy€of€the€statistical€tables€appended€to€the€òòWorld€DevelopmentÐ Æ ÐReportóó€of€the€World€Bank€and€òòThe€State€of€the€Worldððs€Childrenóó€byÐ ŒÜ ÐÓ ªÓUNICEF.Ð R¢ ÐÌÓ ªÓ87.à ¤ àThe€detailed€reporting€manual€intended€to€assist€States€in€the€fulfilment€of€their€reportingÐ Þ. Ðobligations,€which€is€being€prepared€by€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights€in€collaboration€with€Ô_ÔUNITARÔ_Ô,Ð ¤ô Ðshould€be€given€high€priority.€Each€of€the€committees€should€be€given€an€opportunity€to€commentÐ jº Ðon€a€draft€of€the€manual.Ð 0€ ÐÌÓ Ó88.à ¤ àEach€Government€should€be€encouraged€to€consider€establishing€a€unit€that€would€prepare€allÐ ¼   Ðof€the€reports€submitted€by€that€State€to€the€treaty€bodies.Ð ‚Ò! ÐÌÓ Ó89.à ¤ àIn€drafting€their€reports,€States€parties€are€urged€to€refer,€whenever€appropriate,€to€informationÐ  ^# Ðcontained€in€reports€submitted€to€other€treaty€bodies,€rather€than€repeating€the€same€information.Ð Ô $$ ÐÌÓ Ó90.à ¤ àEach€treaty€body€should€continue€to€review€the€possibility€of€revising€its€requirements€as€toÐ `"°& Ðthe€periodicity€of€reporting,€taking€into€account€the€burden€on€States€and€the€need€for€an€effectiveÐ &#v' Ðreporting€procedure.Ð ì#<( ÐÌÓ Ó91.à ¤ àTreaty€bodies€should€consider€how€best€to€make€use€of€individual€Ô_ÔrapporteursÔ_Ô€or€co„ordinatorsÐ x%È * Ðand€working€groups,€in€order€to€expedite€the€timely€and€effective€consideration€of€periodic€reports.Ð >&Ž!+ ÐÌÓ Ó92.à ¤ àEach€treaty€body€should€consider€imposing€some€general€time„limits€on€speakers,€whileÐ Ê'#- Ðacknowledging€that€exceptions€will€have€to€be€made€in€particular€cases.Ð (à#. ÐÌÓ Ó93.à ¤ àThe€treaty€bodies€should€be€consulted€when€drawing€up€the€relevant€parts€of€the€advisoryÐ *l%0 Ðservices€Ô_ÔprogrammeÔ_Ô€and,€if€a€board€of€trustees€is€established€to€advise€the€Secretary„General€on€theÐ â*2&1 Ðfunctioning€of€the€Voluntary€Fund€for€Advisory€Services€and€Technical€Assistance€in€the€Field€ofÐ ¨+ø&2 ÐHuman€Rights,€consideration€should€be€given€to€including€one€or€more€experts€from€the€treatyÐ n,¾'3 Ðbodies.Ð 4-„(4 ÐÐ ú-J)5 ÐÓ Ó94.à ¤ àIn€order€to€facilitate€a€more€efficient€exchange€of€information€and€documentation,€occasionalÐ ° Ðmeetings€should€be€convened€between€the€Chairpersons€of€the€United€Nations€treaty€bodies€and€thoseÐ vÆ Ðof€the€relevant€regional€commissions€and€Ó ªÓthe€ILO€and€UNESCO€committees€on€conventions€andÐ <Œ Ðrecommendations€and€other€competent€bodies.Ð R ÐÌÓ ªÓ95.à ¤ àThe€treaty€bodies€should€consider€establishing€procedures€designed€to€facilitate€regularÐ ŽÞ Ðmeetings€with€special€Ô_ÔrapporteursÔ_Ô€of€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights€or€the€Sub„Commission€onÐ T ¤ ÐPrevention€of€Discrimination€and€Protection€of€Minorities€who€are€working€on€directly€relevantÐ  j Ðsubjects,€whenever€this€would€be€useful.Ð à 0 ÐÌÓ Ó96.à ¤ àRequests€for€information€directed€to€the€specialized€agencies€by€the€treaty€bodies€should€beÐ l ¼  Ðas€precise€as€possible.€Efforts€should€also€be€made€to€develop€direct€dialogue€with€competentÐ 2 ‚  Ðofficials€from€the€agencies€concerned,€where€appropriate.Ð ø H  ÐÌÓ Ó97.à ¤ àThe€meetings€of€Chairpersons€should€be€scheduled€regularly€on€an€annual€or€biennial€basisÐ „Ô  Ðwith€a€view€to€exchanging€experience€and€improving€the€implementation€of€the€different€instruments.Ð Jš  ÐÌÓ Ó98.à ¤ àContinuing€efforts€should€be€made€to€ensure€publicity€for€the€work€of€the€Ó ªÓtreaty€bodies€at€bothÐ Ö&  Ðinternational€and€national€levels.€The€United€Nations€Ó ªªÓinformation€Ô_ÔcentreÔ_Ô€in€each€country€should€beÐ œì  Ðdirected€to€distribute€copies€of€the€Ó ªªÓreport€itself,€along€with€details€of€the€Committeeððs€considerationÐ b² Ðof€it,€whenever€Ó ªªÓa€report€of€a€particular€State€party€is€considered.Ð (x ÐÌÓ ªÓ99.à ¤ àA€better€gender€balance€in€the€composition€of€the€various€committees€would€be€desirable.Ð ´ ÐÌÓ Ó100.à ¤ àEach€treaty€body€should€consider€how€best€to€make€use€of€the€expertise€of€its€members€duringÐ @ Ðthe€periods€between€sessions.Ð V ÐÌÌÓÆÓà@ùù(âàòòNotesóóˆÐ X¨ ÐÌÓÆÓÓ! !ÓÓ Óòò1óó/à ¢ àòòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„second€session,€Supplement€No.€38óóÐ 0€ Ð(A/42/38).Ð öF Ðò òÓ ÓÌÓ! þ!ÓÓ Óòòó óòòóó2óó/€òòà « àIbidóó.,€òòForty„third€session.€Supplement€No.€38óó€(A/43/38),€para.€53€(a).Ð ‚Ò! ÐÓ Ó