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ÐÌÐ  &#à  ÐÙÙØØÓW.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!+ +Wƒ ÿóƒ WÓà@–àCore€document€on€Romania€drawn€up€in€accordance€with€General€AssemblyˆÐ F Ðà@–àresolution€45/85€and€the€Consolidated€guidelines€for€the€initialˆÐ 5ï Ðà@  –àpart€of€the€reports€of€States€parties€(document€Ô_ÔHRIÔ_Ô/1991/1)ˆÐ $Þ ÐÌÌà@àà+–àI.€€LAND€AND€PEOPLEˆÐ ñ « ÐÌ1.à b àRomania€a€country€situated€in€central€Europe,€with€a€land€areaÐ Ï ‰ Ðof237,500Ô_Ôkmòò2Ô_Ôóó€and€a€population€of€22,760,449€inhabitants€(according€toÐ ¾ x Ðthepreliminary€results€of€the€census€taken€on€7€January€1992)€has€commonÐ ­ g  Ðfrontiers€with€the€Republic€of€Moldova,€Ukraine,€Hungary,€the€Federal€RepublicÐ œV  Ðof€Yugoslavia€and€Bulgaria.€€The€country€has€a€continental€climate€and€aÐ ‹E  Ðlandscape€of€surprising€diversity,€from€Alpine€peaks€to€the€beaches€of€theÐ z4  ÐBlack€Sea€and€the€Danube.Ð i#  ÐÌ2.à b àWhile€nature€has€been€generous€to€Romanians,€history€has€dealt€ratherÐ G Ðharshly€with€this€country.€€Living€for€centuries€at€the€crossroads€of€theÐ 6ð Ðmigrations€of€peoples,€then€at€the€intersection€of€the€interests€of€threeÐ %ß Ðgreat€empires,€the€Romanian€people€have€not€been€able€to€develop€fully€theÐ Î Ðmaterial€and€human€resources€at€their€disposal.Ð ½ ÐÌ3.à b àAfter€45€years€of€communism€and€foreign€political€and€economicÐ á› Ðdomination,€the€main€economic€indicators€and€the€statistical€data€for€theРЊ Ðyear1991€are€as€follows:Ð ¿y ÐÌà b àà ™ àÌà b àPer€capita€incomeà > àà u àlei€44,987€(provisional€data)Ð ŒF ÐÌà b àGross€national€productà u àlei€2,065€billion€(provisional€data)Ð j$ Ðà b àà ™ àà Ð àà  àà > àà u àà ¬ à(US$€25.77€billion)Ð Y  ÐÌà b àPer€capita€GNPà  àà > àà u àUS$€1,132€(provisional€data€calculatedÐ 7"ñ Ðà b àà ™ àà Ð àà  àà > àà u àby€the€National€Statistical€Commission)Ð &#à  ÐÌà b àInflation€rate:€€monthly€à u à10.3€per€centÐ %¾" Ðà b àaverageÐ ó%­ # ÐÌà b àForeign€debtà  àà > àà0 u àUS$€1,121€million€(medium„€and€long„termÐ Ñ'‹"% Ðdebts)ÐÀ(z#&u$u$ ÐÌà b àUnemployment€rateà > àà u à3.0€per€centÐ ž*X%( ÐÌà b àLiteracy€rateà  àà > àà u à95€per€centÐ |,6'* ÐÐ k-%(+ Ðà b àReligion€(per€capita)à > àà0 u àPreliminary€data€taken€from€the€census€ofÐ F Ð7January€1992Ð5ïu$u$ ЀÌà b àOrthodoxà Ð àà  àà > àà u à86.8€per€cent€Ð Í Ðà b àCatholicà Ð àà  àà > àà u à€5.0€per€centÐ  ¼ Ðà b àProtestantà Ð àà  àà > àà u à€3.5€per€centÐ ñ « Ðà b àUniateà Ð àà  àà > àà u à€1.0€per€centÐ à š Ðà b àOther€religionsà  àà > àà u à€4.5€per€centÐ Ï ‰ Ðà b àNo€religionà  àà > à€à u à€0.2€per€centÐ ¾ x ÐÌà b àÓB.++b™ Ð >¬ãQˆ¿ö!++7BÓStructure€of€the€populationà  àProvisional€data€taken€from€the€census€ofÐ œV  Ðà b àby€mother€tongueà0  àà > àà  à7January€1992ЋE $$ ÐÌà b àRomanianà Ð àà  àà > àà  à89.4€per€centÐ i#  Ðà b àHungarianà Ð àà  àà > à€à  à7.1€per€centÐ X  Ðà b àGermanà Ð àà  àà > à€à  à0.5€per€centÐ G Ðà b àOther€languagesà  àà > à€à  à3.0€per€centÐ 6ð ÐÌà b àLife€expectancyÐ Î ÐÌà b àMenà ™ àà Ð àà  àà > àà  à66.6€yearsÐ ò¬ Ðà b àWomenà Ð àà  àà > àà  à72.7€yearsÐ á› ÐÌà b àInfant€mortality€rateà > àà0  à22.7€per€1,000€births€of€children€under€oneÐ ¿y Ðyear€oldà ã àЮh$$ ÐÌà b àMaternal€mortality€rateà  à0.66€per€1,000€birthsÐ ŒF ÐÌà b àFertility€rateà  àà > àà0  à48.7€per€1,000€births€for€women€of€15„49Ð j$ Ðyears€oldÐY $$ ÐÌà b àPercentage€of€the€entire€Ð 7"ñ Ðà b àpopulation€under€15€yearsÐ &#à  Ðà b àold€and€over€65€years€oldà  à33.7€per€centÐ $Ï! ÐÌà b àUrban€populationà  àà > àà0  à54.4€per€cent€(provisional€data€taken€fromÐ ó%­ # Ðthe€census€of€7€January€1992)Ðâ&œ!$$$ ÐÌà b àRural€populationà  àà > àà0  à45.6€per€cent€(provisional€data€from€theÐ À(z#& Ðcensus€of€7€January€1992)Я)i$'$$ ÐÌà b àPercentage€of€women€whoÐ +G&) Ðà b àare€heads€of€householdsà  à8.0€per€centÐ |,6'* ÐÐ k-%(+ ÐÓK.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!++…7¬†7KÓÌà@VV$–àII.€€GENERAL€POLITICAL€STRUCTUREˆÐ 5ï ÐÌà@´´(–àA.€€òòHistorical€backgroundóóˆÐ Í ÐÌ4.à b àIn€106€AD,€after€the€second€Ô_ÔDacianÔ_Ô€war,€the€Emperor€Ô_ÔTrajanÔ_Ô€succeeded€inÐ ñ « Ðconquering€Ô_ÔDaciaÔ_Ô€which€he€organized€as€the€province€of€Ô_ÔDaciaÔ_Ô.€€He€paid€specialÐ à š Ðattention€to€the€new€province;€sending€troops€to€colonize€it€on€a€large€scale.Ð Ï ‰ ÐÌ5.à b àIn€271€AD,€the€Emperor€Ô_ÔAurelianÔ_Ô€withdrew€his€army€as€well€as€theÐ ­ g  Ðadministration€from€the€Province€of€Ô_ÔDaciaÔ_Ô€under€the€pressure€of€the€migratoryÐ œV  Ðpeoples.€€After€the€intensive€Ô_ÔRomanizationÔ_Ô€process,€a€stable€Ô_ÔDacianÔ_Ô„RomanÐ ‹E  Ðpopulation€remained.Ð z4  ÐÌ6.à b àThe€period€from€the€third€to€the€ninth€centuries€saw€large€migratoryÐ X  Ðmovements€which€had€a€major€political€and€ethnic€impact€on€the€Ô_ÔCarpathianÔ_Ô„Ð G ÐÔ_ÔDanubianÔ_Ô„Ô_ÔPonticÔ_Ô€area.€€By€the€end€of€this€period,€the€formation€of€theÐ 6ð ÐRomanian€people€was€complete.Ð %ß ÐÌ7.à b àBetween€the€ninth€and€thirteenth€centuries,€the€Hungarian€tribesÐ ½ Ðpenetrated€central€Europe,€the€kingdom€of€the€Hungarians€was€set€up€andÐ ò¬ ÐTransylvania€was€gradually€conquered€from€the€north„east€to€the€south„eastÐ á› Ðfollowing€protracted€conflicts€with€the€Romanian€political€groupings.РЊ ÐÌ8.à b àThe€fourteenth€century€saw€the€formation€of€the€feudal€Romanian€States€ofÐ ®h ÐÔ_ÔWalachiaÔ_Ô€and€Moldavia€east€and€the€south€of€the€Carpathians.€€This€process€wasÐ W Ðthe€result€of€the€unification€of€previously€existing€groups€of€States.€€TheÐ ŒF Ðfirst€conflicts€occurred€between€Romanians€and€Ottomans.Ð {5 ÐÌ9.à b àIn€the€fifteenth€and€sixteenth€centuries,€major€military€conflictsÐ Y  Ðoccurred€between€Romanians€and€the€Ottomans€and€the€suzerainty€of€the€OttomanÐ H! Ðempire€was€finally€accepted,€in€exchange€for€the€internal€autonomy€of€theÐ 7"ñ ÐRomanian€States.Ð &#à  ÐÌ10.à b àBetween€1600€and€1601€the€first€political€union€of€the€Romanian€StatesÐ %¾" Ðwas€formed€under€Michael€the€Brave€and€the€common€anti„Ottoman€front€wasÐ ó%­ # Ðorganized.Ð â&œ!$ ÐÌ11.à b àDuring€the€eighteenth€century,€the€Romanian€principalities€were€theÐ À(z#& Ðtheatre€of€the€wars€between€Russians,€Austrians€and€Turks.€€In€1775€theÐ ¯)i$' Ðnorthern€part€of€Ô_ÔBukovinaÔ_Ô€was€annexed€by€the€Ô_ÔHapsburgÔ_Ô€Empire€acting€asÐ ž*X%( Ðmediator€for€peace€between€Russia€and€Turkey,€following€the€1768„1774€war.Ð +G&) Ðâ âÐ |,6'* Ð12.à b àIn€1812,€there€was€another€flagrant€violation€of€the€autonomous€status€ofÐ F Ðâ âthe€Romanian€States.€€After€the€Ô_ÔRussoÔ_Ô„Turkish€War€of€1806„1812,€which€ended€inÐ 5ï Ðthe€defeat€of€the€Sublime€Porte,€the€Tsarist€Empire€proceeded€to€annex€theÐ $Þ Ðterritory€located€between€the€Ô_ÔPrutÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔDnestrÔ_Ô€(Bessarabia),€which€was€anÐ Í Ðintegral€part€of€the€autonomous€principality€of€Moldavia.Ð  ¼ ÐÌ13.à b àIn€1848,€the€Ottoman€and€Russian€armies€crushed€the€revolution€forÐ à š Ðnational€liberation.Ð Ï ‰ ÐÌ14.à b àIn€1859,€Moldavia€and€Ô_ÔWalachiaÔ_Ô€was€united€under€Prince€AlexanderÐ ­ g  ÐIonÔ_ÔCuzaÔ_Ô.Ð œV  ÐÌ15.à b àBetween€1859€and€1866€the€united€principalities€were€unifiedÐ z4  Ðadministratively€and€legislatively€and€organized€on€a€modern€basis.Ð i#  ÐÌ16.à b àIn€1866,€Prince€Carol€I€of€Hohenzollern€was€crowned€and€the€firstÐ G ÐConstitution€of€modern€Romania€adopted.€€This€Constitution€established€theÐ 6ð Ðprinciple€of€separation€of€the€powers€of€the€State.Ð %ß ÐÌ17.à b àIn€1877€and€1878,€Romania€took€part€in€the€Ô_ÔRussoÔ_Ô„Turkish€war.€€ItÐ ½ Ðproclaimed€its€independence,€which€was€recognized€by€the€Congress€of€BerlinÐ ò¬ Ðin1878.€€The€territory€of€Ô_ÔDobrujaÔ_Ô€situated€between€the€Danube€and€theÐ á› ÐBlackSea€was€ceded€to€Romania.РЊ ÐÌ18.à b àOn€10€May€1881,€the€Kingdom€of€Romania€was€proclaimed.Ð ®h ÐÌ19.à b àIn€1916,€Romania€entered€the€First€World€War€on€the€side€of€theÐ ŒF ÐEntentePowers.Ð {5 ÐÌ20.à b àIn€1918,€following€the€exercise€of€the€right€to€self„determination€by€theÐ Y  Ðmajority€of€the€population€of€the€Romanian€provinces€(Transylvania,€Ô_ÔBanatÔ_Ô,Ð H! Ðnorthern€Ô_ÔBukovinaÔ_Ô€and€Bessarabia)€the€formation€of€the€national€unitarianÐ 7"ñ ÐRomanian€State€was€completed€by€means€of€the€freely€expressed€will€of€theÐ &#à  Ðrepresentative€assemblies.Ð $Ï! ÐÌ21.à b à1919„1920:à Ð àThe€Paris€Peace€Conference€endorsed€the€new€political€andÐ ó%­ # Ðterritorial€situation€in€central€and€eastern€Europe€also€including€theÐ â&œ!$ Ðformation€of€the€national€and€unitary€Romanian€State,€following€the€RomanianÐ Ñ'‹"% Ðpeople's€exercise€of€their€right€to€self„determination,€and€of€their€territoryÐ À(z#& Ð(Treaty€of€Ô_ÔTrianonÔ_Ô).Ð ¯)i$' ÐÌ22.à b àIn€1923,€the€new€Constitution€of€Romania€was€adopted.Ð +G&) Ðâ âÐ |,6'* Ð23.à b àIn€June€1940,€following€an€ultimatum€issued€by€the€USSR,€on€the€basis€ofÐ F Ðâ âthe€Molotov„Ô_ÔRibbentropÔ_Ô€Pact,€and€that€country's€threats€to€resort€to€the€useÐ 5ï Ðof€force,€Romania€was€compelled€to€evacuate€Ô_ÔBasserabð7ðaÔ_Ô€and€northernÔ_ÔBukovinaÔ_Ô,Ð $Þ Ðwhich€were€occupied€by€the€USSR.Ð Í ÐÌ24.à b àIn€the€same€year,€Romania€was€forced€to€cede€to€Bulgaria€southernÐ ñ « ÐÔ_ÔDobrujaÔ_Ô,€an€area€which€had€reverted€to€Romania€in€1913.Ð à š ÐÌ25.à b àIn€August€1940,€after€the€Vienna€Award€imposed€by€Nazi€Germany€andÐ ¾ x Ðfascist€Italy,€Romania€was€compelled€to€cede€north„western€Transylvania€toÐ ­ g  ÐÔ_ÔHorthyÔ_Ô's€Hungary.Ð œV  ÐÌ26.à b àIn€June€1941,€Romania€entered€the€war€against€the€USSR.Ð z4  ÐÌ27.à b àIn€August€1944,€Romania€went€over€to€the€side€of€the€Allied€Powers€andÐ X  Ðfought€against€the€Axis€powers€until€the€end€of€the€war.Ð G ÐÌ28.à b àIn€March1945,€under€Soviet€pressure,€a€communist„dominated€GovernmentÐ %ß Ðwas€imposed€on€Romania.Ð Î ÐÌ29.à b àOn€30December1947,€King€Michael€I€was€compelled€to€abdicate.€Ð ò¬ ÐARepublic€was€Ô_ÔproclaimnedÔ_Ô€and€a€full€communist€dictatorship€established.Ð á› ÐÌ30.à b àIn€1948€and€1965,€communist„inspired€Constitutions€were€adopted.Ð ¿y ÐÌ31.à b àIn€1965,€Nicolae€Ô_ÔCeaucescuÔ_Ô€became€Secretary„General€of€the€Party€andÐ W Ðin1967,€Head€of€State.Ð ŒF ÐÌ32.à b àIn€1977,€a€big€strike€was€staged€by€the€miners€of€the€Jiu€Valley.Ð j$ ÐÌ33.à b àIn€1987,€the€revolt€by€the€workers€of€Ô_ÔBrasovÔ_Ô€was€quelled.Ð H! ÐÌ34.à b àFrom€16€to€22December1989,€there€were€widespread€popularÐ &#à  Ðdemonstrations,€at€Ô_ÔTimisoaraÔ_Ô,€then€at€Bucharest€which€were€brutally€put€downÐ $Ï! Ðby€the€forces€of€law€and€order.€€On€22December,€Nicolae€Ô_ÔCeaucescuÔ_Ô€fled€andÐ %¾" Ðthe€Provisional€Council€of€the€National€Salvation€Front€took€power.€€TheÐ ó%­ # Ð"historical"€parties€reappeared€on€the€political€scene€and€other€partiesÐ â&œ!$ Ðemerged€as€well.Ð Ñ'‹"% ÐÌ35.à b àOn€20May1990,€elections€were€held€for€the€Constituent€Assembly€andÐ ¯)i$' ÐIonÔ_ÔIliescuÔ_Ô€was€elected€President€of€the€Romanian€State.Ð ž*X%( Ðâ âÐ +G&) Ð36.à b àOn€8December1991,€the€new€Constitution€came€into€force.€€It€had€beenÐ F Ðadopted€by€Parliament,€the€Constituent€Assembly,€on€21November1991€andÐ 5ï Ðapproved€by€a€national€referendum.Ð $Þ Ðâ âÌÔ   ååÔB.€€òòStructure€of€the€State;€organization€of€the€legislativeóóÐ  ¼ ÐòòÔœ œ œ qqÔand€executive€powersóóÐ ñ « ÐÌ37.à b àIn€accordance€with€article1€of€the€Constitution:Ð Ï ‰ ÐÌà0 b à"1.à ™ àRomania€is€a€national€State,€sovereign€and€independent,€unitary€andÐ ­ g  Ðindivisible.МV b$b$ ÐÌà b à2.à ™ àThe€form€of€government€of€the€Romanian€State€is€the€republic.Ð z4  ÐÌà b à3.à ™ àRomania€is€a€social€and€democratic€State€of€law€..."Ð X  ÐÌArticle€2€(1)€provides€that€"National€sovereignty€belongs€to€the€RomanianÐ 6ð Ðpeople€who€exercise€it€through€their€representative€bodies€and€throughÐ %ß Ðreferendums".Ð Î ÐÌ38.à b àBecause€of€Romania's€unhappy€experience€with€the€one„party€system€inÐ ò¬ Ðrecent€decades,€the€new€Constitution€has€established€special€provisions€toÐ á› Ðguarantee€a€multi„party€system.€€To€that€end,€article8€(1)€of€theРЊ ÐConstitution€provides:€€"Pluralism€is€a€condition€and€a€guarantee€ofÐ ¿y Ðconstitutional€democracy€in€Romanian€society".Ð ®h ÐÌ39.à b àParliament€is€the€highest€representative€body€of€the€Romanian€people€andÐ ŒF Ðthe€sole€legislative€authority€of€the€country,€being€made€up€of€the€Chamber€ofÐ {5 ÐDeputies€and€the€Senate€(art.58€(1)€and€(2)).€€The€Chamber€of€Deputies€andÐ j$ Ðthe€Senate€are€elected€by€universal€equal,€direct,€secret€and€freely€expressedÐ Y  Ðvote€for€a€term€of€four€years,€which€can€be€extended€by€statutory€law€in€case€Ð H! Ðof€war€or€disaster€(arts.59€(1)€and€60(1)).Ð 7"ñ ÐÌ40.à b àThe€Chamber€of€Deputies€and€the€Senate€meet€in€separate€sessions€and€inÐ $Ï! Ðjoint€sessions.€€The€two€chambers€meet€in€two€regular€sessions€a€year€and€alsoÐ %¾" Ðin€extraordinary€sessions,€at€the€request€of€the€President€of€Romania,€theÐ ó%­ # Ðpermanent€bureau€of€each€chamber€or€at€least€one„third€of€the€deputies€orÐ â&œ!$ Ðsenators€(arts.62(1)€and€63(1)€and€(2)).€€The€Chamber€of€Deputies€and€ofÐ Ñ'‹"% Ðthe€Senate€adopt€laws,€decisions€and€motions,€in€the€presence€of€a€majority€ofÐ À(z#& Ðthe€members.€€The€sessions€of€the€two€chambers€are€public.€€The€chambers€canÐ ¯)i$' Ðdecide€to€hold€certain€sessions€in€camera€(arts.64€and€65).Ð ž*X%( Ðâ âÐ +G&) Ð41.à b àLegislative€initiative€can€be€taken€by€the€Government,€the€deputies,€andÐ F Ðthe€senators,€as€well€as€at€least€250,000€citizens€with€the€right€to€voteÐ 5ï Ð(art.73€(1)).€Ð $Þ Ðâ âÌ42.à b àIn€accordance€with€its€programme€for€governing€approved€by€Parliament,Ð  ¼ Ðthe€Government€ensures€the€implementation€of€the€domestic€and€foreign€policyÐ ñ « Ðof€the€country€and€exercises€the€general€management€of€the€publicÐ à š Ðadministration€(art.101€(1)).Ð Ï ‰ ÐÌ43.à b àThe€Prime€Minister€directs€the€Government€and€coordinates€the€activity€ofÐ ­ g  Ðits€members,€respecting€the€powers€assigned€to€them€(art.106€(1)).€€TheÐ œV  ÐGovernment€adopts€decisions€and€rulings.€€Decisions€are€issued€for€the€purposeÐ ‹E  Ðof€organizing€the€implementation€of€laws.€€Rulings€are€issued€on€the€basis€ofÐ z4  Ða€special€enabling€law,€within€the€limits€and€in€the€conditions€specified€byÐ i#  Ðthe€law€(art.107€(1),€(2)€and€(3)).Ð X  ÐÌ44.à b àThe€Government€and€the€other€organs€of€public€administration,€within€theÐ 6ð Ðframework€of€the€monitoring€of€their€activity€by€Parliament,€must€provide€theÐ %ß Ðinformation€and€documents€requested€by€the€Chamber€of€Deputies,€the€Senate€or€Ð Î Ðthe€parliamentary€commissions,€through€their€chairmen.€€The€members€of€theÐ ½ ÐGovernment€have€access€to€the€proceedings€of€Parliament;€if€their€presence€isÐ ò¬ Ðrequested,€their€attendance€is€mandatory€(art.110).Ð á› ÐÌ45.à b àThe€President€of€Romania€acts€as€a€mediator€between€the€powers€of€theÐ ¿y ÐState€as€well€as€between€the€State€and€society;€the€President€represents€theÐ ®h ÐRomanian€State€and€is€the€guarantor€of€the€country's€national€independence,Ð W Ðunity,€and€territorial€integrity€(art.80).€€The€term€of€the€President€is€forÐ ŒF Ðfouryears€and€it€begins€on€the€day€that€he€is€sworn€in€(art.83).€€No€one€canÐ {5 Ðserve€as€President€of€Romania€for€more€than€twoterms.€€These€terms€can€beÐ j$ Ðsuccessive€(art.81€(4)).Ð Y  ÐÌà@* * !–àC.€€òòOrganization€of€the€judicial€poweróóˆÐ 7"ñ ÐÌ46.à b àThe€fundamental€principles€for€the€organization€and€functioning€of€theÐ $Ï! Ðjudicial€authority€are€established€by€the€Constitution€of€Romania:Ð %¾" ÐÌà b à„ÓE1++bŽ™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!++7EÓà0 Ž àThe€independence€of€judges€(art.123);Ðâ&œ!$Ž$Ž$ ÐÌà b à„à0 Ž àThe€Ô_ÔirremovabilityÔ_Ô€of€judges€(art.124€(1));ÐÀ(z#&Ž$Ž$ ÐÌà b à„à0 Ž àThe€incompatibility€of€the€position€of€judge€with€any€other€public€orÐ ž*X%( Ðprivate€position,€with€the€exception€of€teaching€positions€in€higherÐ +G&) Ðeducation€(art.124€(2));Ð|,6'*Ž$Ž$ ÐÐ k-%(+ Ðà b à„à0 Ž àThe€prohibition€of€the€establishment€of€extraordinary€courtsÐ F Ð(art.125(2));Ð5ïŽ$Ž$ ÐÌà b à„à0 Ž àThe€role€of€the€Prosecutor's€Department€which€represents€the€generalÐ Í Ðinterests€of€society€and€defends€the€legal€order€as€well€as€the€rightsÐ  ¼ Ðand€freedoms€of€the€citizens€in€judicial€activities€(art.130);Ðñ «Ž$Ž$ ÐÌà b à„à0 Ž àThe€status€of€the€prosecutors€who€carry€out€their€activities€on€theÐ Ï ‰ Ðbasis€of€the€principles€of€legality,€impartiality€and€hierarchicalÐ ¾ x Ðmonitoring€under€the€authority€of€the€Minister€of€Justice€(art.131);Э g Ž$Ž$ ÐÌà b à„à0 Ž àThe€incompatibility€of€the€position€of€judge€and€prosecutor€withÐ ‹E  Ðmembership€of€a€political€party€(art.37€(3)).Ðz4 Ž$Ž$ ÐÌMost€of€these€principles€were€not€included€in€the€previous€legislation€andÐ X  Ðtherespective€provisions€(arts.124,€125€(2),€130,€131€and€37€(3))€have€noÐ G Ðcounterpart€in€the€Constitutions€of€the€communist€era.Ð 6ð ÐÌà@¬¬–àD.€€òòRespect€for€human€rights€in€the€administration€of€justiceóóˆÐ Î ÐÌ47.à b àThis€principle€is€guaranteed€by€the€Constitution€in€the€following€terms:Ð ò¬ ÐÌà b à(a)à ™ àEquality€of€rights:€€"Citizens€are€equal€before€the€law€and€beforeРЊ Ðpublic€authorities,€with€no€privileges€and€with€no€discrimination"Ð ¿y Ð(art.16(1));Ð ®h ÐÌà b à(b)à ™ àThe€supremacy€of€the€law:€€"No€one€is€above€the€law"€(art.16€(2);Ð ŒF ÐÌà b à(c)à ™ àFree€access€to€justice:€€"Any€person€may€appeal€to€the€organs€ofÐ j$ Ðjustice€for€the€protection€of€his€legitimate€rights,€freedoms€and€interests"Ð Y  Ð(art.21(1);Ð H! ÐÌà b à(d)à ™ à"A€person's€right€to€life€and€to€physical€and€mental€well„beingÐ &#à  Ðareguaranteed.€€No€one€shall€be€subjected€to€torture€or€to€any€kind€ofÐ $Ï! Ðinhuman€or€degrading€punishment€or€treatment.€€Capital€punishment€isÐ %¾" Ðprohibited"€(art.22€(1),€(2)€and€(3));Ð ó%­ # ÐÌà b à(e)à ™ àIndividual€freedom:€€"Individual€freedom€and€personal€security€areÐ Ñ'‹"% Ðinviolable.€€The€searching,€detention€or€arrest€of€a€person€is€allowed€only€inÐ À(z#& Ðcases€specified€by€law€and€according€to€the€procedure€specified€by€law"Ð ¯)i$' Ð(art.23(1)€and€(2));Ð ž*X%( ÐÌà b à(f)à ™ àThe€presumption€of€innocence€(art.23(8));Ð |,6'* ÐÐ k-%(+ Ðà b à(g)à ™ àThe€right€to€defence€counsel€by€a€counsel€chosen€by€him€orÐ F Ðappointed€by€the€court€is€guaranteed€for€everyone€(arts.24€and23€(5));Ð 5ï ÐÌà b à(h)à ™ àThe€right€to€an€interpreter,€for€citizens€belonging€to€nationalÐ Í Ðminorities€as€well€as€persons€who€do€not€understand€or€speak€the€RomanianÐ  ¼ Ðlanguage€(art.127);Ð ñ « ÐÌà b à(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)à ™ àThe€public€nature€of€the€court€sessions€(art.126);Ð Ï ‰ ÐÌà b à(j)à ™ àThe€right€to€contest€court€decisions€(art.128);Ð ­ g  ÐÌà b à(k)à ™ àThe€right€of€a€person€who€has€suffered€damage€at€the€hands€of€aÐ ‹E  Ðpublic€authority€to€compensation€and€the€material€responsibility€of€the€StateÐ z4  Ðfor€the€damages€caused€by€judicial€errors€occurring€in€criminal€trialsÐ i#  Ð(art.48).Ð X  ÐÌ48.à b àThe€Constitution€€provides€that€"justice€shall€be€dispensed€by€theÐ 6ð ÐSupreme€Court€of€Justice€and€the€other€bodies€established€by€law"€(art.125).€Ð %ß ÐAt€present,€the€courts€function€according€to€the€law€on€the€organization€ofÐ Î Ðthe€judiciary€No.58/1968€which€stipulates€the€following:Ð ½ ÐÌà@®®*–à1.€€òòThe€civil€courtsˆÐ á› ÐóóÌ49.à b àCourts€with€overall€competence,€of€first€instance€(first€level€ofÐ ¿y Ðjurisdiction).Ð ®h ÐÌ50.à b àDepartmental€courts€exercise€overall€competence€as€courts€of€appeal€orÐ ŒF Ðcourts€of€first€instance€for:Ð {5 ÐÌà b à(a)à ™ àAdministrative€litigation;Ð Y  ÐÌà b à(b)à ™ àExtremely€serious€offences:€€slavery,€piracy,€murder€and€otherÐ 7"ñ Ðoffences€having€caused€death;Ð &#à  ÐÌà b à(c)à ™ àOffences€against€public€property€(theft,€embezzlement,€fraud,Ð %¾" Ðabuse)€if€they€have€had€extremely€serious€consequences;Ð ó%­ # ÐÌà b à(d)à ™ àOffences€committed€by€judges€of€the€courts,€the€staff€of€the€localÐ Ñ'‹"% Ðprosecution€service€and€by€state€notaries.Ð À(z#& ÐÌà@àà+–à2.€€òòMilitary€courtsóóˆÐ ž*X%( ÐÌ51.à b àMilitary€courts€of€major€units€exercise€primary€jurisdiction€over€theÐ |,6'* Ðfollowing:Ð k-%(+ Їà b à(a)à ™ àOffences€committed€by€military€personnel€up€to€the€rank€of€captain;Ð F ÐÌà b à(b)à ™ àOffences€committed€by€civilians:Ð $Þ ÐÌà b àà Ž àà ™ à(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)à Ð àCertain€offences€against€state€security;Ð  ¼ ÐÌà b à€€€€€(ii)à Ð àOffences€against€property€administered€by€military€units;Ð à š ÐÌà b à€€€€(iii)à Ð àCertain€military€offences:€€jeopardizing€state€secrecy,€Ð ¾ x Ðà b àà Ž àà ™ àà Ð àdisclosing€certain€economic€secrets;Ð ­ g  ÐÌà b àà Ž à€€(iv)à0 Ð àCertain€offences€against€the€country's€defence€capacity,Ð ‹E  Ðrefusal€to€perform€compulsory€military€service,€etc.Ðz4 Ð $Ð $ ÐÌà b à(c)à ™ àOffences€committed€in€the€course€of€their€duties€by€civilianÐ X  Ðemployees€of€military€units.Ð G ÐÌ52.à b àTerritorial€military€courts€exercise€jurisdiction€as€appeal€courts€overÐ %ß Ðthe€decisions€of€the€military€courts€of€major€units,€as€well€as€primaryÐ Î Ðjurisdiction€over€the€following:Ð ½ ÐÌà b à(a)à ™ àOffences€committed€by€higher„ranking€officers;Ð á› ÐÌà b à(b)à ™ àCertain€extremely€serious€offences€committed€by€military€personnelÐ ¿y Ðup€to€the€rank€of€captain;Ð ®h ÐÌà b à(c)à ™ àOffences€committed€by€civilians:Ð ŒF ÐÌà b àà Ž àà ™ à(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)à0 Ð àOffences€against€the€State€(treason,€hostile€acts,€espionage,Ð j$ Ðdiversion,€conspiracy);ÐY Ð $Ð $ ÐÌà b à€€€€€(ii)à0 Ð àOffences€against€peace€and€mankind€(propaganda€in€favour€ofÐ 7"ñ Ðwar,€genocide);Ð&#à Ð $Ð $ ÐÌà b à(d)à ™ àOffences€committed€by€the€judges€of€military€courts€of€major€unitsÐ %¾" Ðand€by€the€staff€of€military€courts;Ð ó%­ # ÐÌà b à(e)à ™ àOffences€against€the€State€committed€by€the€(civilian)€judges€ofÐ Ñ'‹"% Ðthe€courts,€by€the€staff€of€the€local€(civilian€courts)€and€by€notaries.Ð À(z#& Ðâ âÐ ¯)i$' ÐÔ& ¼ Ôâ âà@||*–à3.€€òòThe€Supreme€CourtóóˆÐ F ÐÌ53.à b àThe€Supreme€Court€exercises€the€following€jurisdiction:Ð $Þ ÐÔ'¼F‹ÔÌà b à(a)à ™ àAppeal€jurisdiction€against€decisions€of€primary€jurisdiction€byÐ  ¼ Ðthe€departmental€courts,€the€territorial€military€courts€and€by€the€civil,Ð ñ « Ðcriminal€and€military€divisions,€as€appropriate;Ð à š ÐÌà b à(b)à ™ àOverall€supervisory€jurisdiction,€exercised€through€special€appealÐ ¾ x Ðagainst€final€decisions;Ð ­ g  ÐÌà b à(c)à ™ àPrimary€jurisdiction€over€the€following:Ð ‹E  ÐÌà b àà Ž àà ™ à(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)à Ð àOffences€committed€by€generals,€admirals€and€marshals;Ð i#  ÐÌà b à€€€€€(ii)à0 Ð àOffences€committed€by€judges€(civilian€and€military),Ð G Ðprosecutors€(civil€and€military)€other€than€those€mentionedÐ 6ð Ðabove;Ð%ßÐ $Ð $ ÐÌà b à€€€€(iii)à0 Ð àOther€actions€over€which€it€has€jurisdiction€pursuant€to€law.нР$Ð $ ÐÌà@ÚÚ-–à4.€€òòThe€futureóóˆÐ á› ÐÌ54.à b àNew€legislation€for€the€reorganization€of€the€judicial€system€isÐ ¿y Ðcurrently€being€adopted;€it€provides€for:Ð ®h ÐÌà b à(a)à ™ àThe€restoration€of€three€levels€of€jurisdiction€(primary,€remedialÐ ŒF Ðand€appeal)€and€the€restoration€of€the€courts€of€appeal€which€operated€inÐ {5 ÐRomania€until€1952;Ð j$ ÐÌà b à(b)à ™ àThe€restriction€of€the€jurisdiction€of€the€military€courts€solelyÐ H! Ðto€offences€committed€by€or€against€military€personnel;Ð 7"ñ ÐÌà b à(c)à ™ àThe€dissolution€of€the€military€division€of€the€Supreme€Court;Ð $Ï! Ðcases€which€normally€came€under€its€jurisdiction€will€in€the€future€be€handledÐ %¾" Ðby€the€criminal€division;Ð ó%­ # ÐÌà b à(d)à ™ àThe€reorganization€of€the€prosecutors€into€prosecution€servicesÐ Ñ'‹"% Ðattached€to€the€courts.Ð À(z#& ÐÌÐ  ž*X%( Ðà@–àIII.€€GENERAL€LEGAL€FRAMEWORK€WITHIN€WHICH€HUMAN€RIGHTS€ARE€PROTECTEDˆÐ F ÐÌÔ ÕÕÔA.€€òòJudicial,€administrative€or€other€authoritiesÐ $Þ ÐÔ‘ ‘ ‘ ffÔÔ‘ ‘ ‘ Ôwith€jurisdiction€over€human€rights€issuesóóÐ Í ÐÌà@®®*–à1.€€òòThe€civil€courtsóóˆÐ ñ « ÐÌ55.à b àThe€local€courts,€the€departmental€courts€and€the€Supreme€Court.Ð Ï ‰ ÐÌà@)–à2.€€òòThe€military€courtsóóˆÐ ­ g  ÐÌ56.à b àThe€military€courts€exercise€jurisdiction€if€the€offence€involving€aÐ ‹E  Ðviolation€of€human€rights€has€been€committed€by€a€member€of€the€military€orÐ z4  Ðbya€civilian€employee€of€a€military€unit€during€or€in€connection€with€hisÐ i#  Ðduties.€€In€addition,€in€accordance€with€the€current€procedural€rules,Ð X  Ðmilitary€courts€exercise€jurisdiction€over€offences€against€the€State€andÐ G Ðagainst€peace€and€mankind€„€regardless€of€whether€the€accused€was€a€member€ofÐ 6ð Ðthe€military€or€a€civilian€when€he€committed€the€offence.Ð %ß ÐÌà@  –à3.€€òòAuthorities€with€jurisdiction€over€criminal€prosecutionóóˆÐ ½ ÐÌ57.à b à(a)à ™ àIn€the€case€of€offences€that€come€under€the€jurisdiction€of€theÐ á› Ðcivil€courts:РЊ ÐÌà b àThe€prosecution€service€exercises€overall€and€exclusive€jurisdiction,Ð ®h Ðalthough€only€over€certain€serious€offences;Ð W ÐÌà b àThe€police€forces,€under€the€supervision€of€the€prosecution€service.Ð {5 ÐÌ58.à b à(b)à ™ àIn€the€case€of€offences€coming€within€the€jurisdiction€of€theÐ Y  Ðmilitary€courts:Ð H! ÐÌà b àThe€military€prosecution€service;Ð &#à  ÐÌà b àThe€specially€appointed€officers€whose€jurisdiction€is€restricted€by€law.Ð %¾" ÐÌà@¸¸–à4.€€òòAdministrative€and€fiscal€litigation,€breaches€of€regulations,€etc.ˆÐ â&œ!$ ÐÌóó59.à b àThere€are€no€special€courts€to€deal€with€administrative€and€fiscalÐ À(z#& Ðlitigation,€breaches€of€regulations€or€labour€litigation€and€no€juvenileÐ ¯)i$' Ðcourts.€€If€a€person€considers€that€any€of€his€rights€has€been€infringed€byÐ ž*X%( Ðanadministrative€authority€he€must€file€a€suit€with€the€administrativeÐ +G&) Ðlitigation€division€of€the€departmental€civil€court€competent€to€resolve€theÐ |,6'* Ðdispute.Ð k-%(+ Ї60.à b àWhere€breaches€of€regulations€are€concerned,€it€should€be€emphasized€thatÐ F Ðcomplaints€relating€to€official€reports€as€well€as€against€the€penaltiesÐ 5ï Ðapplied€are€decided€either€by€the€administrative€body€immediately€senior€toÐ $Þ Ðthe€official€who€reported€the€offence,€or€directly€by€the€local€court€in€casesÐ Í Ðspecifically€stipulated€by€law.€€An€appeal€may€also€be€made€before€the€courtsÐ  ¼ Ðagainst€the€decision€of€the€administrative€body€that€rules€on€a€complaintÐ ñ « Ðrelating€to€a€breach€of€regulations.Ð à š Ðà b àÌ61.à b àIn€the€case€of€labour€litigation,€the€law€entitles€employees€to€apply€toÐ ¾ x Ðthe€courts,€and€the€action€comes€within€the€jurisdiction€of€the€civil€courts.Ð ­ g  ÐÌ62.à b àCases€in€which€the€offenders€are€minors€are€heard€by€specially€appointedÐ ‹E  Ðjudges.€€€€à Ð àà  àà > àà u àà ¬ àÐ z4  ÐÌà@&–à5.€€òòThe€Constitutional€CourtóóˆÐ X  ÐÌ63.à b àIn€conformity€with€and€within€the€six€months€following€the€entry€intoÐ 6ð Ðforce€of€the€new€Constitution€(art.€152)€the€Ô_ÔConstiutionalÔ_Ô€Court€wasÐ %ß Ðestablished€with€jurisdiction€"to€pronounce€on€the€Ô_ÔconstitionalityÔ_Ô€of€laws,Ð Î Ðbefore€their€promulgation"€(art.€144)€and€"to€decide€on€exceptions€broughtÐ ½ Ðbefore€the€courts€in€regard€to€the€unconstitutionality€of€laws€and€rulingsÐ ò¬ Ð(art.€144€(c)).Ð á› ÐÌ64.à b àAccordingly,€the€Constitutional€Court€also€exercises€jurisdiction€overÐ ¿y Ðthe€regulation,€by€a€specific€act€or€ruling,€of€certain€human€rights€whichÐ ®h Ðareguaranteed€by€the€Constitution.€€Article€20€of€the€Constitution€will€beÐ W Ðapplied,€it€provides€that€"Constitutional€provisions€on€the€rights€andÐ ŒF Ðfreedoms€of€citizens€shall€be€interpreted€and€applied€in€accordance€with€theÐ {5 ÐUniversal€Declaration€of€Human€Rights,€and€with€the€other€Covenants€andÐ j$ Ðtreaties€to€which€Romania€is€a€party".€€In€the€case€of€"lack€of€conformityÐ Y  Ðbetween€the€human€rights€covenants€and€treaties€to€which€Romania€is€a€partyÐ H! Ðand€domestic€law,€the€international€legislation€shall€have€priority".Ð 7"ñ Ðà@––4–àˆÌà@DD,–à6.€€òòThe€OmbudsmanóóˆÐ $Ï! ÐÌ65.à b àAnother€institution€which€is€to€be€introduced€under€article55€of€theÐ ó%­ # ÐConstitution€is€that€of€the€Ombudsman.€€The€stated€purpose€of€the€institutionÐ â&œ!$ Ðof€the€Ombudsman€is€"to€defend€the€rights€and€freedoms€of€citizens".Ð Ñ'‹"% ÐÓK.++b¯Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!++bŽ™ ‹7KÓÌà b àB.à ¯ àòòRemedies€available€to€an€individual€who€claims€that€his€rightsÐ ¯)i$' Ðà b àà ¯ àhave€been€violated€and€systems€of€compensation€andÐ ž*X%( Ðà b àà ¯ àrehabilitation€available€to€victimsóóÐ +G&) Ðâ âÐ |,6'* Ð66.à b àIf€the€injurious€act€constitutes€an€offence,€the€victim€may:€€(a)€file€aÐ F Ðâ âsuit€with€the€criminal€prosecution€body€by€lodging€a€complaint€in€person€or€byÐ 5ï Ðproxy,€in€writing€or€orally,€to€the€police€or€prosecution€service€(Code€ofÐ $Þ ÐPenal€Procedure,€art.222);€(b)€bring€criminal€indemnification€proceedings€toÐ Í Ðestablish€the€civil€liability€of€the€accused€and/or€of€the€party€that€bearsÐ  ¼ Ðcivil€liability€(art.14).Ð ñ « ÐÌ67.à b àIf€the€act€is€a€breach€of€regulations,€the€person€whose€rights€have€beenÐ Ï ‰ Ðinfringed€may:Ð ¾ x ÐÓK.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!++b¯Ð Š7KÓÌà b à(a)à ™ àrequest€the€appropriate€administrative€body€formally€to€report€theÐ œV  Ðbreach,€and€if€he€fails€to€obtain€satisfaction€from€the€body's€decision,€bringÐ ‹E  Ða€suit€against€it€through€administrative€litigation€proceedings;Ð z4  ÐÌà b à(b)€bring€a€civil€action€to€compel€the€offender€to€make€good€the€damage.Ð X  ÐÐ  G Ð68.à b àCivil€liability€arising€from€an€offence€may€be€determined€and€damagesÐ F Ðgranted€for€the€violation€of€a€right,€through€the€civil€courts€(pursuant€toÐ 5ï Ðarticle€998€òòet€seqóó.€of€the€Civil€Code)€directly€without€their€being€subject€toÐ $Þ Ðany€criminal€proceedings€or€to€proceedings€to€determine€and€punish€the€breachÐ Í Ðof€regulations.Ð  ¼ ÐÌ69.à b àIf€the€person€considers€that€any€of€his€legally€recognized€rights€haveÐ à š Ðbeen€infringed€by€an€administrative€act€or€by€an€unjustified€refusal€by€anÐ Ï ‰ Ðadministrative€body€to€act€on€his€application€relating€to€one€of€his€legallyÐ ¾ x Ðrecognized€rights,€he€may€bring€a€suit€through€the€administrative€litigationÐ ­ g  Ðdivision€of€the€appropriate€departmental€court€to€obtain€recognition€of€theÐ œV  Ðright,€to€have€the€administrative€act€in€question€quashed€and/or€to€obtainÐ ‹E  Ðredress€for€the€injury€suffered.Ð z4  ÐÌ70.à b àIf€the€person's€rights€have€been€injured€by€acts€or€measures€relatingÐ X  Ðtocriminal€proceedings,€he€may€file€a€complaint€with€the€prosecutor.€Ð G ÐTheprosecutor€is€required€to€settle€the€complaint€within€20days€of€itsÐ 6ð Ðsubmission,€and€to€inform€the€person€of€his€decision,€as€well€as€of€theÐ %ß Ðmeansby€which€the€complaint€has€been€settled€(Code€of€Penal€Procedure,Ð Î Ðarts.275-277).Ð ½ ÐÌ71.à b àIn€accordance€with€the€amendments€made€to€the€Code€of€Penal€Procedure€byÐ á› ÐActNo.32/1990,€if€an€arrested€person€contests€the€lawfulness€of€the€measuresРЊ Ðtaken€against€him€(by€which€he€has€been€arrested€or€his€freedom€has€beenÐ ¿y Ðrestricted),€he€may€lodge€a€complaint€with€the€judge.€€If€the€competent€courtÐ ®h Ðfinds€that€the€act€is€unlawful,€the€person€who€has€been€arbitrarily€arrestedÐ W Ðis€entitled€to€redress€for€the€injury€suffered€(Code€of€Penal€Procedure,Ð ŒF Ðart.5).Ð {5 ÐÌ72.à b àIn€the€case€of€a€judicial€error,€anyone€who€has€been€finally€convictedÐ Y  Ðshall€be€entitled€to€compensation€from€the€State€for€the€damages€sustained,Ð H! Ðif,€following€the€re„trial€of€the€case,€it€is€established€under€a€finalÐ 7"ñ Ðdecision€that€the€person€has€not€committed€the€act€attributed€to€him€or€thatÐ &#à  Ðthe€act€in€question€was€non„existent€(Code€of€Penal€Procedure,€art.50€(1).€Ð $Ï! ÐIn€order€to€obtain€redress€for€the€damages€sustained,€the€person€concernedÐ %¾" Ðmust€bring€proceedings€before€the€departmental€court€of€his€place€of€residenceÐ ó%­ # Ðand€the€State€shall€appear€as€a€defendant€in€the€case€(art.506).Ð â&œ!$ ÐÌ73.à b àIn€all€cases,€the€amount€of€compensation€for€the€injury€shall€be€decidedÐ À(z#& Ðin€accordance€with€the€law.€€Accordingly,€even€if€the€criminal€indemnityÐ ¯)i$' Ðaction€is€decided€in€a€criminal€case,€financial€compensation€may€be€awarded,Ð ž*X%( Ðincluding€compensation€for€"loss€of€earnings"€(Code€of€Penal€Procedure,Ð +G&) Ðâ âart.14,€last€para.).€€The€category€of€damages€sustained€for€which€persons€areÐ |,6'* Ðentitled€to€compensation€also€includes€the€cost€of€treatment€to€restore€healthÐ F Ðand€capacity€for€work.Ð 5ï Ðâ âÌ74.à b àRegardless€of€the€right€to€financial€compensation,€anyone€who€at€the€timeÐ Í Ðof€his€arrest€was€in€employment€is€also€entitled€to€have€the€period€of€hisÐ  ¼ Ðarrest€counted€as€part€of€his€period€of€continuous€employment€(Code€of€PenalÐ ñ « ÐProcedure,€art.504€(4));€this€is€extremely€important,€particularly€for€theÐ à š Ðcalculation€of€certain€salary€entitlements,€sickness€benefits€and€pensions,Ð Ï ‰ Ðunder€the€present€social€security€system.Ð ¾ x ÐÌÓB.++bÖ f >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!++7BÓà b àà Ö àC.à f àòòProtection€of€the€rights€referred€to€in€the€various€humanóóÐ œV  Ðà b àà Ö àà f àòòrights€instruments€and€possible€derogations€from€themóóÐ ‹E  ÐÌÓN.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!++bÖ f ‰7NÓ75.à b àThe€human€rights€covered€by€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€andÐ i#  ÐPolitical€Rights,€as€well€as€by€the€other€United€Nations€conventions€to€whichÐ X  ÐRomania€is€a€party,€and€by€the€documents€relating€to€the€human€dimension€ofÐ G Ðthe€Conference€on€Security€and€Cooperation€in€Europe,€which€have€been€acceptedÐ 6ð Ðby€Romania,€and€by€the€Convention€for€the€Protection€of€Human€Rights€andÐ %ß ÐFundamental€Freedoms€(to€which€Romania€wishes€to€accede€as€soon€as€possible)Ð Î Ðare€specifically€regulated€by€the€new€Romanian€Constitution.€€They€are€set€outÐ ½ Ðin€TitleII,€ChapterII,€which€is€devoted€entirely€to€fundamental€rights€andÐ ò¬ Ðfreedoms€(arts.22„48).Ð á› ÐÌ76.à b àSuch€derogations€as€are€provided€for€by€the€Romanian€Constitution€areÐ ¿y Ðthesame€as€those€referred€to€by€the€international€instruments;€possibleÐ ®h Ðrestrictions€on€the€exercise€of€certain€rights€or€freedoms€are€specified€inÐ W Ðarticle€49,€which€reads:€Ð ŒF Ðà0 b àÐ b$b$ Ðà0 b à"1.€€The€exercise€of€certain€rights€or€freedoms€may€be€restricted€only€byÐ j$ Ðlaw€and€only€if€this€is€necessary€depending€on€the€circumstances,€inÐ Y  Ðorder€to€defend€national€security,€public€order,€health€or€public€morals,Ð H! Ðthe€rights€and€freedoms€of€citizens;€to€investigate€a€crime;€to€preventÐ 7"ñ Ðthe€consequences€of€a€natural€disaster€or€a€particularly€severeÐ &#à  Ðcatastrophe.Ð$Ï!b$b$ ÐÌà0 b à2.€€The€restriction€must€be€in€proportion€to€the€situation€that€caused€itÐ ó%­ # Ðand€it€may€not€impinge€on€the€existence€of€justice€or€freedom".Ðâ&œ!$b$b$ ÐÓB.++b¯Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!++7BÓÌÔxxxMMÔD.€€òòWay€in€which€human€rights€instruments€are€made€part€of€theÐ À(z#& ÐÔ ßßÔnational€legal€systemóó€Ð ¯)i$' ÐÌ77.à b àThe€relationship€between€international€and€national€law€is€governed€byÐ +G&) Ðarticle11€of€the€Constitution:Ð |,6'* Ðà0 b àÐk-%(+b$b$ Ðà0 b à"1.€€The€Romanian€State€undertakes€to€discharge,€fully€and€in€good€faith,Ð F Ðits€obligations€under€the€treaties€to€which€it€is€a€party.Ð5ïb$b$ Ðà0 b àÐ b$b$ Ðà0 b à2.€€The€treaties€ratified€by€Parliament,€in€accordance€with€the€law,€areÐ Í Ðpart€of€domestic€law".Ð ¼b$b$ ЀÌThe€provision€contained€in€paragraph€2€is€new€and€is€intended€to€solve€theÐ à š Ðdilemma€that€arose€in€the€past€over€the€hierarchy€of€national€or€internationalÐ Ï ‰ Ðsources€of€law.Ð ¾ x ÐÌ78.à b àAs€far€as€the€international€instruments€relating€to€human€rights€areÐ œV  Ðconcerned,€the€Constitution€establishes€the€principle€of€their€primacyÐ ‹E  Ðwhenever€there€is€non-conformity€between€the€covenants€and€treaties€to€whichÐ z4  ÐRomania€is€a€party€and€its€domestic€law.€€Accordingly,€article€20€states:Ð i#  ЀÌà0 b à"1.€€Constitutional€provisions€on€the€rights€and€freedoms€of€citizensÐ G Ðshall€be€interpreted€and€applied€in€accordance€with€the€Ô_ÔUnviersalÔ_ÔÐ 6ð ÐDeclaration€of€Human€Rights,€and€with€the€other€covenants€and€treaties€toÐ %ß Ðwhich€Romania€is€a€party.ÐÎb$b$ ÐÌà0 b à2.à ¯ àIn€the€case€of€non„conformity€between€the€human€rights€covenants€andÐ ò¬ Ðtreaties€to€which€Romania€is€a€party€and€domestic€law,€the€internationalÐ á› Ðlegislation€shall€have€priority".ÐЊb$b$ ÐÌ79.à b àDepending€on€the€area€of€the€international€legislation,€it€may€also€beÐ ®h Ðincorporated€in€domestic€law€by€means€of€a€special€act.€€This€solution€wasÐ W Ðadopted€by€the€Romanian€Parliament€in€1990,€after€Romania's€accession€to€theÐ ŒF ÐConvention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€orÐ {5 ÐPunishment,€adopted€in€New€York€on€10€December€1984.€€The€fact€that€at€theÐ j$ Ðtime€the€Constitution€had€not€yet€been€adopted€was€not€the€only€reason.€Ð Y  ÐConsideration€was€also€given€to€the€question€of€punishment€for€acts€which,Ð H! Ðunder€the€Convention,€constitute€torture.€€It€was€felt€that€there€was€a€needÐ 7"ñ Ðto€prescribe€heavier€sentences€in€accordance€with€the€objectives€of€theÐ &#à  ÐConvention.€€Accordingly,€ActNo.€20€of€9€November€1990€introduced€into€theÐ $Ï! ÐPenal€Code€the€offence€of€torture,€which€carries€a€sentence€of€from€two€toÐ %¾" Ðseven€years'€or€even€life€imprisonment€if€the€torture€has€caused€the€death€ofÐ ó%­ # Ðthe€victim.Ð â&œ!$ ÐÌ80.à b àIn€accordance€with€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€theÐ À(z#& ÐChild,€to€which€Romania€acceded€on€27€October€1990,€Romanian€legislation€willÐ ¯)i$' Ðbe€completed€by€measures€to€implement€the€rights€recognized€by€articles€12Ð ž*X%( Ðto19€of€the€Convention.Ð +G&) Ðâ âÐ |,6'* Ð81.à b àSimilarly,€pursuant€to€Act€No.€46€of€4€July€1991€concerning€Romania'sÐ F Ðâ âaccession€to€the€Convention€relating€to€the€Status€of€Refugees€and€itsÐ 5ï ÐProtocol,€a€bill€on€the€regulation€of€the€procedure€for€granting€refugeeÐ $Þ Ðstatus€and€for€issuing€identity€documents€to€refugees€lawfully€on€RomanianÐ Í Ðterritory€has€been€brought€before€Parliament.Ð  ¼ ÐÌÔs s s HHÔE.€€òòCan€the€provisions€of€the€human€rights€instruments€beÐ à š ÐÔ ÕÕÔinvoked€directly€or€must€they€be€transformed€intoÐ Ï ‰ ÐÔ ÕÕÔinternal€laws€in€order€to€be€enforced€by€theÐ ¾ x ÐÔ ÕÕÔauthorities€concernedóó?Ð ­ g  ÐÌ82.à b àThe€terms€of€article€11€(2)€of€the€Constitution,€pursuant€to€whichÐ ‹E  Ð"Thetreaties€ratified€by€Parliament,€according€to€the€law,€are€part€ofÐ z4  Ðdomestic€law"€mean€that€the€provisions€of€those€international€instrumentsÐ i#  Ðtowhich€Romania€is€a€party€may€be€invoked€directly€before€the€courts€andÐ X  Ðadministrative€authorities.€€However,€domestic€law€must€be€taken€into€accountÐ G Ðwhenever€the€treaty€itself€refers€to€domestic€law€or€whenever€the€provisionsÐ 6ð Ðof€the€treaty€do€not€establish€the€procedures€for€its€implementation€(seeÐ %ß Ðpara.77).Ð Î ÐÌÔxxxMMÔF.€€òòInstitutions€or€national€machinery€with€responsibility€foróóÐ ò¬ ÐòòÔ ßßÔoverseeing€the€implementation€of€human€rightsóóÐ á› ÐÌÓK.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!++b¯Ð Š7KÓ83.à b àThe€replies€to€the€foregoing€questions€show€that€the€ConstitutionÐ ¿y Ðdesignates€several€categories€of€national€institutions€and€public€authoritiesÐ ®h Ðas€having€responsibility€for€overseeing€the€implementation€of€human€rights:Ð W ÐÌà b à(a)à ™ àThe€Constitutional€Court,€in€Ô_ÔconnectonÔ_Ô€with€monitoring€theÐ {5 Ðconstitutionality€of€laws;Ð j$ ÐÌà b à(b)à ™ àThe€Ombudsman,€whose€responsibilities€relate€exclusively€to€theÐ H! Ðprotection€of€human€rights;Ð 7"ñ ÐÌà b à(c)à ™ àThe€Prosecutor's€Department€whose€role€is€to€represent€the€generalÐ $Ï! Ðinterest€of€society€and€to€defend€the€rights€and€freedoms€of€citizens€beforeÐ %¾" Ðthe€courts€so€that€anyone€guilty€of€an€offence€which€violates€another€person'sÐ ó%­ # Ðrights€is€punished;Ð â&œ!$ ÐÌà b à(d)à ™ àThere€are€also€numerous€national€non„governmental€organizationsÐ À(z#& Ðincluding€the€League€of€Human€Rights,€the€Association€for€the€Defence€of€HumanÐ ¯)i$' ÐRights,€the€Romanian€Helsinki€Committee€and€the€Romanian€Amnesty€InternationalÐ ž*X%( ÐCommittee.€Ð +G&) ÐÌà@ºº%–àIV.€€INFORMATION€AND€PUBLICITYˆÐ k-%(+ ÐÔ_Ô‡84.à b àIn€order€to€familiarize€both€the€general€public€and€the€authoritiesÐ F Ðresponsible€for€their€implementation€with€the€rights€contained€in€the€variousÐ 5ï Ðhuman€rights€instruments,€the€international€covenants€and€conventions,€as€wellÐ $Þ Ðas€domestic€legislation€are€published€and€distributed.€Ð Í ÐÌ85.à b àThe€following€have€been€published€in€the€òòMonitoral€Oficialóó€of€Romania:€Ð ñ « ÐòòóóÌà b à(a)à ™ àThe€Convention€against€Torture€(a€translation€of€the€full€text),Ð Ï ‰ Ðratified€by€Act€No.€19/19,€of€19€October€1990;Ð ¾ x ÐÌà b à(b)à ™ àAct€No.€20,€of€9€October€1990,€establishing€the€offence€of€tortureÐ œV  Ðin€the€Romanian€Penal€Code;Ð ‹E  ÐÌà b à(c)à ™ àAct€No.€32,€of€16€November€1990€amending€and€completing€the€Code€ofÐ i#  ÐCriminal€Procedure€(specifically€relating€to€the€guarantee€of€individualÐ X  Ðfreedom€and€the€right€to€a€defence);Ð G ÐÌà b à(d)à ™ àThe€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child,€which€entered€into€forceÐ %ß Ðin€Romania€on€28€October€1990;Ð Î ÐÌà b à(e)à ™ àThe€Second€Optional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€CivilÐ ò¬ Ðand€Political€Rights,€aiming€at€the€abolition€of€capital€punishment,€ratifiedÐ á› Ðby€Act€No.€7€of€25€January€1991;РЊ ÐÌà b à(f)à ™ àThe€Convention€and€Protocol€relating€to€the€Status€of€Refugees,€toÐ ®h Ðwhich€Romania€acceded€by€Act€No.€46,€of€4€July€1991;Ð W Ðà b àÌà b à(g)à ™ àThe€Charter€of€Paris€for€a€New€Europe€and€the€1991€Vienna€Document;Ð {5 ÐÌà b à(h)à ™ àThe€Statutes€of€the€Hague€Conference€on€Private€International€Law,Ð Y  Ðaccepted€by€Romania€in€Act€No.€25,€of€6€March€1991;Ð H! Ðà b àÌà b à(i)à ™ àThe€Convention€on€the€Recovery€Abroad€of€Maintenance,€to€whichÐ &#à  ÐRomania€acceded€through€Act€No.€26,€of€6€March€1991.Ð $Ï! ÐÌ86.à b àThe€Constitution€was€published€in€draft€form€and€submitted€forÐ ó%­ # Ðpublicdebate€in€the€press,€on€radio€and€television.€€After€its€adoptionÐ â&œ!$ Ðbythe€Constitutive€Assembly€it€was€published€in€the€òòMonitoral€OficialóóÐ Ñ'‹"% Ðof21November1991€and€as€a€brochure€in€order€to€enable€the€population€toÐ À(z#& Ðparticipate€in€the€referendum€organized€on€8€December€1991€in€an€informedÐ ¯)i$' Ðmanner.Ð ž*X%( ÐÌ87.à b àIt€should€also€be€mentioned€that€the€Romanian€Human€Rights€Institute€wasÐ |,6'* Ðestablished€at€the€beginning€of€1991€in€order€to€"foster€a€better€awareness€Ô_ÔonÐ k-%(+ Ðthe€part€of€Romanian€public€bodies,€non„governmental€organizations€and€privateÐ F Ðcitizens€of€human€rights€problems,€as€well€as€of€the€manner€in€which€humanÐ 5ï Ðrights€are€guaranteed€in€other€countries"€(Act€No.€9€of€29€January€1991,Ð $Þ Ðart.2)Ð Í ÐÌ88.à b àIt€has€also€been€decided€to€publish€a€human€rights€bulletin,€which€wouldÐ ñ « Ðbe€widely€distributed.€However,€the€rise€in€the€price€of€paper€and€printingÐ à š Ðcosts€are€factors€inhibiting€its€publication.Ð Ï ‰ ÐÌ89.à b àOn€1€October€1991,€the€Government€of€Romania€decided€to€establish€theÐ ­ g  ÐCentre€for€European€Studies€of€Ethnic€Problems€(Ô_ÔCEEPEÔ_Ô)€as€an€institute€of€theÐ œV  ÐRomanian€Academy.€€Pursuant€to€its€constituent€instrument,€Ô_ÔCEEPEÔ_Ô's€objectiveÐ ‹E  Ðis€to€study€various€issues€relating€to€Europe's€ethnic,€linguistic€orÐ z4  Ðreligious€groups,€their€evolution€and€communications€between€them,€as€well€asÐ i#  Ðto€promote€common€standards€relating€to€the€rights€of€persons€belonging€toÐ X  Ðethnic,€religious€or€linguistic€minorities€and€the€preservation€of€theirÐ G Ðidentity.Ð 6ð ÐÌ90.à b àIt€has€been€proposed€that€the€òòÔ_ÔMonitoralÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔOficialÔ_Ôóó€should€publish€theÐ Î ÐUnitedNations€instruments€to€which€Romania€acceded€almost€20years€ago,Ð ½ Ðsuchas€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€or€theÐ ò¬ ÐInternational€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€RacialÐ á› ÐDiscrimination,€the€details€of€which€are€not€familiar€to€the€Romanian€public.€€Ð Њ Ð91.à b àSimilar€efforts€are€also€being€made€by€the€press,€which€has€published€aÐ ¿y Ðnumber€of€extracts€from€the€Universal€Declaration€of€Human€Rights.Ð ®h ÐÌ92.à b àThe€periodic€reports€on€the€implementation€of€international€covenants€andÐ ŒF Ðconventions€are€drafted€by€groups€of€experts€from€the€human€rights€units€andÐ {5 Ðdivisions€set€up€in€1991€within€the€Ministry€of€Foreign€Affairs,€the€MinistryÐ j$ Ðof€the€Interior€and€the€Ministry€of€Justice,€assisted€by€specialists€from€theÐ Y  Ðresearch€and€documentation€departments€of€the€Supreme€Court€and€theÐ H! Ðprosecution€service.€€As€a€rule,€these€agencies€do€not€encounter€obstacles€inÐ 7"ñ Ðcollecting€the€information€required€from€throughout€Romania.Ð &#à  ÐÌ93.à b àDuring€the€1990„1991€period,€the€transmission€of€reports€to€the€CentreÐ %¾" Ðfor€Human€Rights€in€Geneva€was€held€up€in€order€to€enable€comprehensiveÐ ó%­ # Ðdocuments€based€on€the€new€Constitution€to€be€prepared.€€When€the€reports€haveÐ â&œ!$ Ðbeen€finalized,€they€will€be€issued€to€the€national€bodies€to€whom€they€are€ofÐ Ñ'‹"% Ðinterest€and€public€debates€will€be€organized€through€the€press,€in€meetingsÐ À(z#& Ðof€experts,€symposia€and€lectures€in€Bucharest€and€other€towns.Ð ¯)i$' ÐÌÌà@œœ2–à„„„„„ˆÌ