ÿWPC} úúäÖ¶z²5ù¿ƒ,´üžÉÁH‹Òlcú1R­’ùArÅ%sOGZÎ!Ëx k’xÍ —T ÏW`6 A=–ArPºmOpÅbA#xSÁ«ÜVu–u i€ð@_¾hƒZN”çLû­ a%ÓúPÈYàÂu¿ñï Ä¶[jÀKåØõïÚA (&ÓÃÐÞ?\—Ë¥F'9Ò³V3)ÄæoYŒ¡¯tÁ8&è>ˆÇ â3¢¸½­ÍéÉù<‚ÃM*èö1Ò†ê $ÿÞmëF¼ù²€£œ„æyP~ñ‡ÿüy"ÏEÌœ¿qW寔=¢;`Z"‚W|Š&)‚Ÿ4DNÓÕõÛnÿô/±W…ú‰2ƒë2À‰ä–"_:÷)&¸y±ZüÒS\ŒÇ³ä`"›šU:4n­n %À!"ás 0©vÁ 0©à 0‰ 0 · 0ŽÇ#ÁU(N>^ @wL4Pd mf<þ6X9`("Courier 12cpi«<þ6X9`("Courier 12cpiôÂdþ6X@Ƀ8Ç;ô@ô' È  G:\ENGF\17933 2 ,HRI/CORE/1/Add.160nb .    Ñ b ÑÑ ‰ Ñ iÝ ƒ]B'ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÔ€ôÖ¶òòôÔÔ€ôÖ¶òòôÖ¶ÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒŰÒÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÝ  ÝÓ*++»Koÿw"++7*ÓHRI/CORE/1/Add.16Ð Ø Ðpage€Ú  Ú1Ú  ÚÐ Çï Ð(2]B$§§Ý ƒ ÓÊ!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRX<Ð6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ë6Æ&A4ÿ3Ø'TÑÔ€ôÖ¶òòôÔÔ€ôÖ¶òòôÖ¶ÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒŰÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÝ  Ý ·Ý ƒ ]B(ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÔ€ôÖ¶òòôÔÔ€ôÖ¶òòôÖ¶ÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒŰÒÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÝ  ÝÓ*++»Koÿw"++7*ÓÓ  ÓÓ* ++P++»Koÿx*Óà P àHRI/CORE/1/Add.16Ð Ø Ðà P àpage€Ú  Ú1Ú  ÚÐ Çï Ð(2]B$¨¨Ý ƒ ÓÊ!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRX<Ð6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ë6Æ&A4ÿ3Ø'TÑÔ€ôÖ¶òòôÔÔ€ôÖ¶òòôÖ¶ÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒŰÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÝ  Ý(Î!2N$¤¤Ý ƒ ÓÊ!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRX<Ð6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ë6Æ&A4ÿ3Ø'TÑÔ€ôÖ¶òòôÔÔ€ôÖ¶òòôÖ¶ÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒŰÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÝ  ÝÓ33ÓÔ€=bXòôÖ¶ÔÒ°+ÒÒ°ÅÒ€€€€òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó/(Î!2PÏ$¥¥Ý ƒ ÓÊ!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRX<Ð6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ë6Æ&A4ÿ3Ø'TÑÔ€ôÖ¶òòôÔÔ€ôÖ¶òòôÖ¶ÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒŰÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÝ  ÝÓ3333ÓÔ€=bXòôÖ¶ÔÒ°+ÒÒ°ÅÒ€€€€òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó/#|d (fÓÊ$¡¡ÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRX<Ð6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ë6Æ&A4ÿ3Ø'TÑÔ€ôÖ¶òòôÔÔ€ôÖ¶òòôÖ¶ÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒŰÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈјHP LaserJet 4P,ü,,,,,ü0!œ}. 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V  Ðà ± àà “ à16€October€1992Ð  E  ÐÌà ± àà “ àENGLISHÐ û #  Ðà ± àà “ àOriginal:€€FRENCHÐ ê  ÐÌÌÌÌà@zz–àCORE€DOCUMENT€FORMING€THE€INITIAL€PART€OF€STATES€PARTY€REPORTSˆÐ •½ ÐÌà@881–àBURUNDIˆÐ s› ÐÌà€ÁÁL$à[8€October€1992]ˆÐ Qy ÐÌÌà@0–àCONTENTSˆÐ F ÐÌÓ' ++õw"+{‚X±â'Óà õ àòòParagraphsóó€€òòPageóóÐ ü$ ÐÌÓ-++»Koÿw"++õ‚-Óà‘óó»àI.ˆà K àLand€and€people€à“ooFo.‹‹%àˆà ÿ àÓ6++»Koÿw"++»Koÿx6Ó€€1€„€€6à w" à1Ð Ú ÐÌà‘»»»àˆà K àA.€€The€land€à“ooFo._ _ "àˆà ÿ à€€1€„€€2à w" à1Ð ¸à  ÐÌà‘»»»àˆà K àB.€€Population€€à“ooFo.‹‹%àˆà ÿ à€€3€„€€4à w" à1Ð –!¾" ÐÌà‘»»»àˆà K àC.€€Ethnic€characteristics€à“ooFo.××0àˆà ÿ à€€€€€5à w" à1Ð t#œ!$ ÐÌà‘»»»àˆà K àD.€€Social€and€economic€indicators€à“ooFo.÷÷8àˆà ÿ à€€€€€6à w" à1Ð R%z#& ÐÌà‘»àII.ˆà K àGeneral€political€structure€à“ooFo.;;1àˆà ÿ à€€7€„€51à w" à3Ð 0'X%( ÐÌà‘»»»àˆà K àA.€€Political€history€of€Burundi€à“ooFo.//6àˆà ÿ à€€7€„€39à w" à3Ð )6'* ÐÌà‘»»»àˆà K àB.€€Type€of€government€à“ooFo.GG,àˆà ÿ à€40€„€43à w" à8Ð ì*), ÐÌà‘»»»àˆà K àC.€€Organization€of€the€executive,€legislativeÐ Ê,ò*. 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V  Ðà‘»»»àˆà K à€€€€competent€authorities€with€jurisdictionÐ  E  Ðà‘»»»àˆà K à€€€€affecting€human€rights€à“ooFo.××0àˆà ÿ à€52€„€60à w" à11Ð  4  ÐÌà‘»»»àˆà K àB.€€Remedies€available€to€an€individual€whoÐ ê  Ðà‘»»»àˆà K à€€€€claims€that€any€of€his€rights€have€beenÐ Ù Ðà‘»»»àˆà K à€€€€violated,€and€systems€of€compensationÐ Èð Ðà‘»»»àˆà K à€€€€and€rehabilitation€à“ooFo.GG,àˆà ÿ à€61€„€63à w" à13Ð ·ß ÐÌà‘»»»àˆà K àC.€€Protection€of€the€rights€referred€to€inÐ •½ Ðà‘»»»àˆà K à€€€€the€various€human€rights€instruments€à“ooFo.OO>àˆà ÿ à€€€€64€€à w" à13Ð „¬ ÐÌà‘»»»àˆà K àD.€€Way€in€which€human€rights€instruments€areÐ bŠ Ðà‘»»»àˆà K à€€€€made€part€of€the€national€legal€system€à“ooFo.@àˆà ÿ à€€€€65à w" à14Ð Qy ÐÌà‘»»»àˆà K àE.€€Application€of€the€international€Ð /W Ðà‘»»»àˆà K à€€€€instruments€to€internal€law€€à“ooFo.//6àˆà ÿ à€€€€66à w" à14Ð F ÐÌà‘»»»àˆà K àF.€€National€institutions€or€machinery€withÐ ü$ Ðà‘»»»àˆà K à€€€€responsibility€for€overseeing€theÐ ë Ðà‘»»»àˆà K à€€€€implementation€of€human€rights€à“ooFo.÷÷8àˆà ÿ à€67€„€72à w" à14Ð Ú ÐÌà‘»àIV.ˆà K àInformation€and€publicity€à“ooFo.ss/àˆà ÿ à€73€„€76à w" à15Ð ¸à  ÐÌÐ  –!¾" ÐÔ_ÔØØÖ€ÿÿÖÖ€ÿÿÖÑ}¥ÑÓ3++»Kÿw"++»Koÿx3Óà@àà+–àI.€€LAND€AND€PEOPLEˆÐ F ÐÌà@>>.–àA.€€òòThe€landóóˆÐ $Þ ÐÌ1.à » àBurundi€is€in€Central€Africa,€in€the€region€of€the€Great€Lakes,€astrideÐ  ¼ Ðthe€3rdparallel€South.€€It€lies€2,000€kilometres€from€the€Atlantic€Ocean€andÐ ñ « Ð1,200€kilometres€from€the€Indian€Ocean.€€In€other€words,€it€is€a€land-lockedÐ à š Ðcountry,€27,834€square€kilometres€in€area,€bounded€on€the€north€by€Rwanda,€onÐ Ï ‰ Ðthe€west€by€Zaire€and€on€the€south€and€south-east€by€Tanzania.Ð ¾ x ÐÌ2.à » àBurundi€has€five€differing€areas€from€west€to€east.€€The€average€altitudeÐ œV  Ðof€this€varied€landscape€ranges€from€770€metres€in€the€west,€which€is€theÐ ‹E  Ðlowest„lying€area,€to€2,000€metres€at€the€highest€elevation.€€In€the€westernÐ z4  Ðpart€is€a€flat€area€bounded€on€one€side€by€Lake€Tanganyika.€€Bujumbura,€theÐ i#  Ðcapital,€is€situated€in€this€region.€€Rising€from€the€plain€is€a€series€ofÐ X  Ðspurs€called€the€òòMirwaóó,€followed€by€a€mountain€chain€running€from€north€toÐ G Ðsouth.€€This€chain€is€the€crest€of€the€Zaire€and€Nile€Rivers,€which€forms€theÐ 6ð Ðarea€of€highest€elevation€in€the€country,€and€is€the€watershed€of€the€mainÐ %ß Ðrivers.€€East€of€this€crest€lies€the€central€plateaux€region.€€East€andÐ Î Ðsouth-east€of€the€country€is€the€depression€that€makes€up€flatlands.Ð ½ ÐÌà@ÚÚ-–àB.€€òòPopulationˆÐ á› ÐÌóó3.à » àThe€total€population€of€Burundi€in€1990€was€5,292,793.€€The€ruralÐ ¿y Ðpopulation€(1990)€was€4,959,749€and€the€urban€population€333,044.€€TheseÐ ®h Ðfigures€show€that€the€majority€of€the€population€is€rural€and€lives€offÐ W Ðagriculture.€€The€population€growth€rate€is€3.06percent.Ð ŒF ÐÌ4.à » àThis€population€has€a€feature€unique€in€Africa.€€It€is€culturally€andÐ j$ Ðlinguistically€homogeneous.€€Burundi€has€one€single€language,€Kirundi,€whichÐ Y  Ðis€spoken€and€understood€by€everyone,€from€east€to€west,€and€from€north€toÐ H! Ðsouth€transmitting€one€single€culture,€which€has€been€preserved€from€timeÐ 7"ñ Ðimmemorial.Ð &#à  ÐÌà@‚‚'–àC.€€òòEthnic€characteristicsˆÐ %¾" ÐÌóó5.à » àIt€is€difficult€to€speak€of€the€country's€"ethnic"€characteristics€becauseÐ â&œ!$ Ðthe€term€would€be€misleading€if€used€to€refer€to€the€composition€of€theÐ Ñ'‹"% Ðpopulation€of€Burundi.€€If€an€ethnic€group€is€a€group€of€human€beings€whoseÐ À(z#& Ðunity€is€based€on€a€common€economic€and€social€family€structure,€then€theÐ ¯)i$' Ðusual€terminology€cannot€be€used€in€the€case€of€the€people€of€Burundi.€€TheÐ ž*X%( ÐBurundi€are€Hutu,€Tutsi€and€Twa€òòUbwokoóó€(this€word€has€no€equivalent€in€FrenchÐ +G&) Ðor€English).€€They€all€speak€the€same€language,€are€linked€by€one€and€the€sameÐ |,6'* Ðculture€and€live€in€any€region€and€under€the€same€conditions.Ð k-%(+ Їà@ò ò #–àD.€€òòSocial€and€economic€indicatorsˆÐ F ÐÌóó6.à » àThe€social€and€economic€indicators€are€as€follows:Ð $Þ ÐÌÓQ7+{Ó+bK™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!++‚ÿxQÓà b àà0 K àGross€domestic€product€in€1991€(millions€of€Burundi€francs):Ð  ¼ Ð210,300.0;Ðñ «K$K$ ÐÌà b àà0 K àGross€national€income€(millions€of€Burundi€francs):€€2,208,613.5;ÐÏ ‰K$K$ ÐÌà b àà0 K àPopulation:€€5,544,400;Э g K$K$ ÐÌà b àà0 K àGross€national€income€per€capita€(US€dollars)€in€1991:€€207.3;ЋE K$K$ ÐÌà b àà0 K àGross€national€income€per€capita€(Burundi€francs):€€37,626.0;Ði# K$K$ ÐÌà b àà0 K àIndirect€income€less€operating€subsidies€(millions€of€Burundi€francs)Ð G Ðin€1991:€€31,638.7;Ð6ðK$K$ ÐÌà b àà0 K àGross€national€product€(millions€of€Burundi€francs)€in€1991:€Ð Î Ð176,974.8;нK$K$ ÐÌà b àà0 K àRate€of€inflation€in€1991:€€8.9percent;Ðá›K$K$ ÐÌà b àà0 K àAmount€of€foreign€debt€in€1991:€€177,022€million€Burundi€francs;пyK$K$ ÐÌà b àà0 K àLiteracy€rate:€€36.1percent;ÐWK$K$ ÐÌà b àà0 K àPercentage€of€children€attending€school:€€68percent;Ð{5K$K$ ÐÌÓZ:+{Ó+bK™ £ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!+{‚XbK™ ‹7ZÓà b àà0 K àReligion€of€the€inhabitants:ÐY K$K$ ÐÌà b àà K àà ™ à„à £ àRoman€Catholic:€€78percent;Ð 7"ñ ÐÌà b àà K àà ™ à„à0 £ àProtestant:€€5percent;Ð$Ï!£ $£ $ ÐÌà b àà K àà ™ à„à0 £ àTraditional€beliefs:€€13percent;Ðó%­ #£ $£ $ ÐÌà b àà K àà ™ à„à0 £ àMuslim:€€4percent;ÐÑ'‹"%£ $£ $ ÐÌà b àà0 K àLife€expectancy:€€50€years;Я)i$'K$K$ ÐÌà b àà0 K àGeneral€mortality€rate:€€16percent;Ð+G&)K$K$ ÐÌà b àà0 K àInfant€mortality€rate:€€110percent;Ðk-%(+K$K$ Їà b àà0 K àBirth€rate:€€47percent;ÐFK$K$ ÐÌà b àà0 K àFertility€rate:€€6.8€children€per€woman€(1990);Ð$ÞK$K$ ÐÌà b àà0 K àTotal€number€of€households€throughout€the€country:€€1,445,479€(inÐ  ¼ Ð1990);Ðñ «K$K$ ÐÌà b àà0 K àNumber€of€male€heads€of€household:€€862,938€in€1990;ÐÏ ‰K$K$ ÐÌà b àà0 K àNumber€of€women€heads€of€families:€€282,541€in€1990;Э g K$K$ ÐÌà b àà0 K àWorking€population:€€50percent;ЋE K$K$ ÐÌà b àà0 K àMother€tongue:€€one€single€language€is€spoken€by€all€the€people€ofÐ i#  ÐBurundi:€€Kirundi;ÐX K$K$ ÐÌà b àà0 K àPrimary€education:€€boys€55percent;€girls€45percent;Ð6ðK$K$ ÐÌà b àà0 K àSecondary€education:€€boys€64percent;€girls€36percent;ÐÎK$K$ ÐÌà b àà0 K àHigher€education:€€boys€74percent;€girls€27percent.Ðò¬K$K$ ÐÌà@VV$–àII.€€GENERAL€POLITICAL€STRUCTUREˆÐ Њ ÐÌà@VV$–àA.€€òòPolitical€history€of€BurundióóˆÐ ®h ÐÌ7.à b àThe€political€history€of€Burundi€can€be€subdivided€into€four€periods:€Ð ŒF Ðthe€pre„colonial€period,€the€colonial€and€trust€territory€period,€independentÐ {5 ÐBurundi€with€a€monarchical€period,€and€the€republican€period.Ð j$ ÐÌà@À À #–à1.€€òòPre„colonial€period€(1500„1800)óóˆÐ H! ÐÌ8.à b àThe€sources€of€information€on€the€pre„colonial€period€are€oral,€andÐ &#à  Ðconsequently€a€great€deal€of€study€remains€to€be€done.€€During€this€period,Ð $Ï! Ðthe€country's€institutions€were€regulated€by€customary€law.€€From€theÐ %¾" Ðsixteenth€century,€Burundi€was€governed€by€a€king€and€its€systems€of€operationÐ ó%­ # Ðand€administration€were€hierarchical.€€Burundi€had€a€structuredÐ â&œ!$ Ðadministration,€a€system€of€justice,€an€army,€and€so€on.€€At€the€top€of€theÐ Ñ'‹"% Ðadministrative€pyramid€was€the€king€or€òòMwamióó.Ð À(z#& ÐÌ9.à b àThe€òòMwamióó€was€the€centre€of€the€entire€system€and€the€point€of€referenceÐ ž*X%( Ðfor€all€the€other€levels.€€Everything€was€subject€to€the€authority€of€theÐ +G&) Ðking.€€The€decentralized€administrative€bodies€were€placed€under€the€authorityÐ |,6'* Ðof€the€òòAbagwanaóó,€or€chiefs,€who€were€direct€descendants€of€the€king.€€ThereÐ k-%(+ Ðwere€also€sub„chiefs,€the€òòAbatwareóó,€who€administered€the€regions€situatedÐ F Ðoutside€of€the€royal€domains,€and€the€òòAbishikiraóó,€who€administered€the€royalÐ 5ï Ðdomains.€€Authorities€were€assigned€to€administer€the€people€who€lived€on€theÐ $Þ Ðterritorial€units€called€the€hills€(òòIvyarihoóó)€and€the€leading€citizens€of€theÐ Í Ðhills€were€the€òòAbashingantaheóó.€€From€the€sixteenth€to€the€nineteenthÐ  ¼ Ðcenturies,€in€other€words€up€to€the€colonial€period,€the€òòMwamióó€enjoyedÐ ñ « Ðtraditional€legitimacy.€€As€far€as€the€exercise€of€power€was€concerned,€theÐ à š Ðking€held€the€executive€power,€which€he€delegated€in€part€to€the€òòAbaganwaóó€andÐ Ï ‰ Ðthe€other€officials€of€the€administration.Ð ¾ x ÐÌ10.à b àThe€counterpart€to€what€is€now€the€legislative€power€can€be€said€to€haveÐ œV  Ðbeen€exercised€essentially€by€the€population€because€all€the€laws,€even€theÐ ‹E  Ðmost€general€ones,€originated€in€custom€and€custom€is€created€spontaneously€byÐ z4  Ðsociety.Ð i#  ÐÌ11.à b àFurthermore,€justice€was€administered€by€the€òòMwamióó€inasmuch€as€disputesÐ G Ðwere€settled€at€the€Royal€Court.€€However,€the€king,€as€the€final€arbiter€andÐ 6ð Ðjudge€reserved€for€his€judgement€only€disputes€of€major€importance€such€asÐ %ß Ðthose€involving€land€ownership€on€cattle,€and€criminal€and€political€cases.€Ð Î ÐThe€other€cases€were€settled€at€lower€levels€by€courts€presided€over€by€theÐ ½ Ðchiefs€(òòAbaganwaóó),€the€sub„chiefs€(òòAbatwareóó),€as€well€as€the€òòAbashingantaheóó€onÐ ò¬ Ðthe€hills.€€The€society€of€Burundi€set€great€store€on€the€right€to€life€andÐ á› Ðthe€right€to€justice.€€The€right€of€appeal€was€therefore€acknowledged€as€aРЊ Ðlegal€right.Ð ¿y ÐÌ12.à b àThere€were€mechanisms€that€limited€the€scope€for€arbitrary€exercise€ofÐ W Ðpower.€€One€such€mechanism€was€the€òòAbanyarurimbióó,€who€were€the€political€andÐ ŒF Ðjudicial€advisers€to€the€king€and€sat€at€the€Royal€Court.€€The€king€could€notÐ {5 Ðact€contrary€to€a€decision€unanimously€taken€by€them.€€The€same€applied€to€theÐ j$ Ðrole€played€by€the€òòAbashingantaheóó.€€The€òòAbanyarurimbióó€and€the€òòAbashingantaheóóÐ Y  Ðadministered€justice€in€the€courts,€but€they€also€served€as€bodies€forÐ H! Ðregulating€social€peace.Ð 7"ñ ÐÌ13.à b àThere€are€two€salient€features€of€the€way€in€which€the€monarchical€systemÐ $Ï! Ðoperated€during€the€pre„colonial€period.Ð %¾" ÐÌà b à(a)à ™ àThe€monarchy€had€succeeded,€on€the€one€hand,€in€forming€a€nation,€Ð â&œ!$ Ðpreserving€national€unity€and€social€peace€and,€on€the€other,€in€establishingÐ Ñ'‹"% Ðan€institution€that€was€essentially€democratic€namely,€the€institution€ofÐ À(z#& ÐòòUbushingantaheóó.€€Furthermore,€the€power€of€the€monarchy€was€not€perceived€asÐ ¯)i$' Ðbeing€exercised€exclusively€in€the€interest€of€the€rulers,€but€also€in€theÐ ž*X%( Ðinterest€of€the€population€and€of€the€maintenance€of€order€in€society;Ð +G&) Ðâ âÐ |,6'* Ðà b à(b)à ™ àOn€the€negative€side,€although€the€entire€population€lived€underÐ F Ðâ âmuch€the€same€conditions,€the€monarchical€system€harboured€inequalities€thatÐ 5ï Ðwere€linked€to€the€privileges€of€birth,€which€were€acknowledged€as€the€rightÐ $Þ Ðof€the€ruling€class.€€Besides,€the€monarch's€power€could€be€arbitrary,€despiteÐ Í Ðthe€existence€of€institutions€for€social€regulation.Ð  ¼ ÐÌà@h h –à2.€€òòColonial€and€trusteeship€period€(1889„1962)óóˆÐ à š ÐÌ14.à b àFor€the€colonial€and€trusteeship€period,€one€advantage€is€that€it€isÐ ¾ x Ðcovered€by€written€records.€€In€this€connection,€a€common€feature€of€some€ofÐ ­ g  Ðthe€records€is€the€classification€of€the€population€of€Burundi€into€Hutu,Ð œV  ÐTutsi€and€Twa,€on€the€basis€of€pseudo„scientific€criteria€inspired€by€racialÐ ‹E  Ðideology.Ð z4  ÐÌ15.à b àThis€period€can€be€subdivided€into€two:€€the€German€period€and€theÐ X  ÐBelgian€period.€€The€period€of€German€occupation€lasted€from€1889€to€1916€andÐ G Ðthe€significant€event€of€this€period€was€the€signing€of€the€Treaty€of€KigandaÐ 6ð Ðin€1903,€a€treaty€whereby€the€country€lost€its€sovereignty.Ð %ß ÐÌ16.à b àGerman€domination€was€replaced€by€Belgian€domination,€which€lastedÐ ½ Ðfrom1916€to€1962,€the€year€in€which€Burundi€regained€its€sovereignty.€€FromÐ ò¬ Ð1916€to€1923,€Burundi€was€placed€under€Belgian€military€occupation;€from€1926Ð á› Ðto€1946,€Burundi€was€held€under€a€Belgian€mandate.€€In€1946,€by€virtue€of€anРЊ Ðagreement€between€Belgium€and€the€United€Nations,€Burundi€was€made€a€trustÐ ¿y Ðterritory€under€Belgian€administration.Ð ®h ÐÌ17.à b àThe€period€of€the€mandate€and€the€trusteeship€can€be€divided€into€twoÐ ŒF Ðsub„periods,€the€first€lasting€from€1925€to€1960€and€the€second€from€1960€toÐ {5 Ð1July1962.€€During€the€first€sub„period,€the€Belgian€administrationÐ j$ Ðproceeded€to€make€a€number€of€changes€in€the€political€and€administrative€lifeÐ Y  Ðof€the€country.€€The€effect€of€these€changes€was€to€restrict€and€weaken€theÐ H! Ðroyal€power,€to€strengthen€the€power€of€the€òòAbaganwaóó,€who€were€made€civilÐ 7"ñ Ðservants€in€the€Belgian€administration,€and€the€gradual€removal€of€the€BatutsiÐ &#à  Ðand€Bahutu€chiefs€and€sub„chiefs.€€In€1952,€the€Belgian€administration€set€upÐ $Ï! Ðadvisory€bodies€elected€at€all€levels€of€the€traditional€administration,Ð %¾" Ðincluding€the€Higher€National€Council.€€In€1959,€other€reforms€wereÐ ó%­ # Ðcontemplated€and€specified€in€the€provisional€decree€of€25December:€€"theÐ â&œ!$ Ðelimination€of€the€administrative€duality€between€the€administeringÐ Ñ'‹"% Ðauthorities€and€traditional€authorities,€the€creation€among€the€communes€ofÐ À(z#& Ðcouncils€elected€by€universal€suffrage,€the€creation,€countrywide,€of€anÐ ¯)i$' Ðassembly€composed€of€members€elected€by€the€second€degree€and€of€membersÐ ž*X%( Ðrepresenting€the€interests€of€the€leading€citizens".Ð +G&) Ðâ âÐ |,6'* Ð18.à b àDuring€the€second€sub„period,€Burundi€prepared€for€the€transition€fromÐ F Ðâ âcolonization€to€independence.€€A€mark€of€this€period€was€the€large€number€ofÐ 5ï Ðpolitical€parties€on€the€national€political€scene:€€some€called€for€immediateÐ $Þ Ðindependence€and€others€were€opposed€to€gaining€independence€so€rapidly;€otherÐ Í Ðparties,€motivated€by€ethnic€considerations€or€manipulated€by€foreigners,€hadÐ  ¼ Ðno€programmes.€€The€competition€between€the€parties€was€characterized€by€theÐ ñ « Ðviolence€and€intolerance€which€remain€imprinted€on€the€Burundi€people's€memoryÐ à š Ðof€the€1959„1962€period.Ð Ï ‰ ÐÌ19.à b àAt€the€institutional€level,€a€provisional€constitution€was€adoptedÐ ­ g  Ðon26November1961.€€This€constitution€gave€wide€powers€to€the€king,€theÐ œV  ÐòòMwamióó,€who€exercised€the€legislative€power€jointly€with€Parliament.€€The€kingÐ ‹E  Ðalso€had€the€right€to€dissolve€Parliament.€€His€decisions€under€the€powersÐ z4  Ðvested€in€him€by€the€Constitution€could€not€become€effective€without€the€priorÐ i#  Ðapproval€of€the€representative€of€the€administering€authority.Ð X  Ѐ€Ð G Ð20.à b àDuring€these€periods€of€German€and€Belgian€control,€the€colonialÐ 6ð Ðadministration€dominated€the€country's€politics.€€Human€rights€were€notÐ %ß Ðrespected.€€For€example,€whipping€was€practised€and€the€formation€ofÐ Î Ðassociations€was€forbidden.€€Freedom€of€worship€was€violated€because€there€wasÐ ½ Ða€virtual€imposition€of€the€Catholic€religion,€and€other€beliefs€wereÐ ò¬ Ðdespised,€so€to€speak.Ð á› ÐÌà@ææ(–à€3.€€òòIndependent€BurundióóˆÐ ¿y ÐÌ21.à b àThis€period€includes€the€monarchical€regime€and€the€republican€regime.€Ð W ÐThe€latter€covers€the€First€Republic,€the€Second€Republic€and€the€ThirdÐ ŒF ÐRepublic.€€The€people€of€Burundi€became€aware€of€their€right€toÐ {5 Ðself-determination€as€a€people€upon€Burundi's€accession€to€independence.€€Ð j$ ÐÌ(a)€€òòMonarchical€periodóó€Ð H! ÐÌ22.à b àThis€was€a€relatively€short€period€(1€July€1962„28€November€1966),€butÐ &#à  Ðone€with€an€abundance€of€political€events.€€Shortly€after€independenceÐ $Ï! Ð(1July1962),€a€new€Constitution€was€promulgated€(16€October€1962),€whichÐ %¾" Ðannulled€those€provisions€which€gave€the€Belgian€administering€authority€theÐ ó%­ # Ðpower€to€dictate€the€acts€of€the€kingdom.€òòóóÐ â&œ!$ ÐÌ23.à b àThe€new€Constitution€made€provision€for€the€three€powers:€€executive,Ð À(z#& Ðlegislative€and€judicial.€€The€executive€power€lay€with€the€king,€whoÐ ¯)i$' Ðappointed€and€dismissed€his€ministers.€€The€legislative€power€was€exercisedÐ ž*X%( Ðjointly€by€Parliament€and€the€king.Ð +G&) Ðâ âÐ |,6'* Ð24.à b àAt€the€institutional€level,€this€period€was€characterized€by€greatÐ F Ðâ âpolitical€instability€and€by€the€absence€of€any€real€participation€by€theÐ 5ï Ðpeople€in€the€conduct€of€the€affairs€which€determined€their€destiny.Ð $Þ ÐÌ25.à b àIt€should€be€noted€that€the€substance€of€the€Constitution€was€notÐ  ¼ Ðrespected,€inasmuch€as€the€period€was€marked€by€many€serious€violations€ofÐ ñ « Ðhuman€rights.€€For€example,€political€representatives€were€arrested€andÐ à š Ðimprisoned,€political€leaders€were€assassinated,€people€were€killed€during€theÐ Ï ‰ Ðattempted€coup€in€October€1965€and€the€ensuing€severe€repression,€and€plotsÐ ¾ x Ðwere€hatched€to€oust€rivals.Ð ­ g  ÐÌ(b)à b àòòRepublican€periodóóÐ ‹E  ÐÌ(i)à b àòòFirst€RepublicóóÐ i#  ÐÌ26.à b àThe€First€Republic€was€established€after€a€òòcoup€d'tatóó€and€lastedÐ G Ðfrom28November1966€to€1€November€1976.€€When€this€regime€was€proclaimed,Ð 6ð Ðthe€Constitution€was€suspended,€and,€pending€the€drafting€of€a€new€one€aÐ %ß Ðdecree-law€vested€the€Head€of€State€with€the€executive€and€legislative€powers,Ð Î Ðwhich€were€exercised€with€the€participation€of€the€Government.€€The€Head€ofÐ ½ ÐState€tried€to€restore€the€unity€which€had€been€shattered€by€the€bloody€eventsÐ ò¬ Ðof€1965.Ð á› ÐÌ27.à b àHowever,€after€the€attempted€òòcoupóó€in€1969,€the€President€allowed€himselfÐ ¿y Ðto€be€easily€influenced€by€his€associates,€and€the€ruling€class€embarked€uponÐ ®h Ða€pernicious€struggle€for€influence.€€In€1974,€a€new€Constitution€wasÐ W Ðpromulgated€and€established€the€principle€of€the€Single€Party.€€The€SingleÐ ŒF ÐParty€controlled€the€Government€and€the€judiciary.€€The€Head€of€the€ExecutiveÐ {5 Ðwas€both€the€General€Secretary€of€the€Single€Party,€the€President€of€theÐ j$ ÐRepublic€and€the€Head€of€State€and€of€Government.€€Even€the€legislative€powerÐ Y  Ðwas€placed€in€the€hands€of€the€President€of€the€Republic.€Ð H! Ѐ€Ð 7"ñ Ð28.à b àAs€to€human€rights,€the€First€Republic€was€marked€by€serious€disturbancesÐ &#à  Ðat€close€intervals,€in€1969,€1971,€1972€and€1973.€€These€events€wereÐ $Ï! Ðpunctuated€by€decisions€handed€down€by€courts€of€special€jurisdiction€andÐ %¾" Ðseriously€impaired€respect€for€the€individual,€his€freedoms€and€rights.€Ð ó%­ # ÐCertain€groups€took€advantage€of€the€absence€of€authority€during€these€periodsÐ â&œ!$ Ðof€crisis€to€settle€scores€with€their€"opponents".€Ð Ñ'‹"% ÐÌ(ii)€€òòSecond€RepublicóóÐ ¯)i$' ÐÌ29.à b àThe€Second€Republic€was€also€the€result€of€a€òòcoup€d'tatóó€and€lastedÐ +G&) Ðfrom1November1976€to€3September1987.€€When€the€Republic€was€proclaimed,Ð |,6'* Ðthe€1974€Constitution€was€suspended€in€what€was€called€the€transitional€stageÐ k-%(+ Ðand€the€executive€and€legislative€powers€were€assigned€to€the€President€of€theÐ F ÐRepublic,€who€operated€by€decree-laws€and€decrees€issued€after€deliberation€byÐ 5ï Ðthe€Council€of€Ministers.Ð $Þ ÐÌ30.à b àDuring€the€Second€Republic€there€were€two€contradictory€movements:€€aÐ  ¼ Ðmovement€for€national€renewal€and€a€movement€for€authoritarian€administration.€Ð ñ « ÐThe€movement€for€national€renewal€lasted€until€1982.€€During€that€period€theÐ à š Ðnation's€life€was€characterized€by€a€process€of€democratization.€€The€newÐ Ï ‰ Ðleaders€made€outstanding€efforts€to€set€the€Government€on€its€feet€again€andÐ ¾ x Ðimprove€the€political,€economic€and€social€situation.€€Development€projectsÐ ­ g  Ðwere€launched€and€new€public€and€semi-public€enterprises€were€established.Ð œV  ÐÌ31.à b àMore€importantly,€the€Government€got€down€to€the€task€of€restoring€peaceÐ z4  Ðand€social€justice,€in€particular€by€involving€all€the€people€of€Burundi,Ð i#  Ðwithout€distinction€on€ethnic€or€regional€grounds€in€the€conduct€of€publicÐ X  Ðaffairs,€by€eliminating€the€institution€of€òòUbugererwaóó,€and€by€reintegratingÐ G Ðthe€refugees€from€Burundi€who€had€been€called€upon€to€return€to€their€country.€Ð 6ð Ð32.à b àIn€November€1981,€a€new€Constitution€was€promulgated€and€democraticÐ %ß Ðinstitutions€such€as€the€National€Assembly€were€established.€€The€ConstitutionÐ Î Ðprovided€for€the€executive€power,€the€legislative€power€and€the€judiciary.€Ð ½ ÐThe€supremacy€of€the€President€of€the€Republic€was€evident:€€in€particular,€heÐ ò¬ Ðcould€dissolve€the€National€Assembly,€whereas€the€Assembly€could€not€censureÐ á› Ðthe€Government.РЊ ÐÌ33.à b àHuman€rights€were€proclaimed€in€the€Constitution,€but€they€were€notÐ ®h Ðalways€respected.€€Freedom€of€expression€gradually€gave€way€to€the€law€ofÐ W Ðsilence.€€An€atmosphere€of€distrust€developed,€and€exclusion€on€ethnic,Ð ŒF Ðregional€and€other€grounds€became€an€established€practice.€€The€conflictÐ {5 Ðbetween€church€and€State€took€on€considerable€proportions,€particularly€as€aÐ j$ Ðresult€of€the€constraints€placed€on€freedom€of€worship.€€By€seeking€to€remainÐ Y  Ðin€power€and€to€dominate€the€entire€system,€the€regime€became€authoritarianÐ H! Ðand€could€no€longer€respect€or€ensure€respect€for€human€rights€and€fundamentalÐ 7"ñ Ðfreedoms.Ð &#à  ÐÌ(iii)€€òòThird€RepublicóóÐ %¾" ÐÌ34.à b àAnother€military€òòcoupóó€on€3€September€1987€established€the€Third€Republic.€Ð â&œ!$ ÐThe€main€concerns€of€the€ThirdRepublic€(its€new€leaders)€are€to€restoreÐ Ñ'‹"% Ðpublic€confidence,€to€reconcile€the€people€of€Burundi,€to€improve€theÐ À(z#& Ðmanagement€of€the€State,€to€ensure€better€protection€of€human€rights.€€AfterÐ ¯)i$' Ðthe€tragic€events€of€Atega€and€Marangara€in€August1988,€the€ThirdRepublicÐ ž*X%( Ðredoubled€its€efforts€to€achieve€these€aims.Ð +G&) Ðâ âÐ |,6'* Ð35.à b àAt€the€institutional€level,€the€1981Constitution€was€suspended€and,Ð F Ðâ âpending€the€introduction€of€the€permanent€institutions,€legislative€andÐ 5ï Ðregulatory€powers€were€assigned€to€the€President€of€the€Republic,€who€operatesÐ $Þ Ðby€decree„laws€and€decrees€issued€after€deliberation€by€the€Council€ofÐ Í ÐMinisters.Ð  ¼ ÐÌ36.à b àOut€of€a€concern€to€share€power,€a€post€of€prime€minister€was€created€inÐ à š ÐOctober1988.€€The€Prime€Minister€is€responsible€for€coordinating€andÐ Ï ‰ Ðsupervising€the€activities€of€the€Government€and€for€executing€other€tasksÐ ¾ x Ðallocated€to€him€by€the€President€of€the€Republic.Ð ­ g  ÐÌ37.à b àThe€important€issue€of€national€unity,€a€subject€which€had€long€beenÐ ‹E  Ðtaboo,€was€opened€up€for€debate€and€discussed€without€equivocation€orÐ z4  Ðprevarication€in€all€quarters,€in€meetings,€seminars€and€other€forums.€€TheÐ i#  Ðelaboration€and€adoption€of€the€Charter€of€National€Unity€on€5February1991Ð X  Ðand€of€the€Constitution€on€9March1992€represented€the€continuation€of€thisÐ G Ðbroad„ranging€process€of€popular€consultation€and€one€of€its€results.€€ThisÐ 6ð Ðstep€was€an€actual€demonstration€of€the€politics€of€dialogue€and€consultationÐ %ß Ðadvocated€by€the€ThirdRepublic.Ð Î ÐÌ38.à b àThe€principle€of€respect€for€the€freedom€of€the€individual€and€for€humanÐ ò¬ Ðrights€has€been€affirmed€and€has€in€the€main€been€applied€in€practice.€€SomeÐ á› Ðexamples€have€been:РЊ ÐÌà b à(a)à ™ àThe€normalization€of€relations€between€Church€and€State;Ð ®h ÐÌà b à(b)à ™ àThe€change€in€the€work€methods€of€the€departments€responsible€forÐ ŒF Ðpublic€security€and€intelligence;Ð {5 ÐÌà b à(c)à ™ àThe€setting€up€of€the€National€Security€Council;Ð Y  ÐÌà b à(d)à ™ àThe€ratification€of€a€number€of€international€conventions€andÐ 7"ñ Ðagreements€such€as€the€International€Covenant€on€Economic,€Social€and€CulturalÐ &#à  ÐRights,€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€the€AfricanÐ $Ï! ÐCharter€on€Human€and€Peoples'€Rights,€the€UnitedNations€Convention€on€theÐ %¾" ÐRights€of€the€Child€and€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€ofÐ ó%­ # ÐDiscrimination€against€Women;Ð â&œ!$ ÐÌà b à(e)à ™ àThe€approval€by€the€Government€of€independent€associations€for€theÐ À(z#& Ðprotection€of€human€rights;Ð ¯)i$' ÐÌà b à(f)à ™ àThe€establishment€of€a€disciplinary€board€to€investigate€any€abusesÐ +G&) Ðcommitted€by€the€members€of€the€police€force;Ð |,6'* ÐÐ k-%(+ Ðà b à(g)à ™ àThe€implementation€of€a€policy€of€voluntary€repatriation,Ð F Ðresettlement€and€social€and€occupational€reintegration€of€Burundi€refugees;Ð 5ï ÐÌà b à(h)à ™ àThe€recognition€of€a€multi„party€political€system;Ð Í ÐÌà b à(i)à ™ àThe€establishment€of€the€Centre€for€the€Promotion€of€Human€Rights.Ð ñ « ÐÌ39.à b àAlthough€there€are€occasional€cases€of€prolonged€preventive€custody€orÐ Ï ‰ Ðcorruption,€the€regime€of€the€Third€Republic€is€none€the€less€making€an€effortÐ ¾ x Ðto€establish€democracy€in€the€country,€to€institute€the€best€methods€of€publicÐ ­ g  Ðadministration,€to€ensure€the€participation€of€the€population€in€the€processÐ œV  Ðof€decision„making,€development€and€the€protection€and€defence€of€human€rightsÐ ‹E  Ðand€freedoms.Ð z4  ÐÌà@JJ)–àB.€€òòType€of€governmentóóˆÐ X  ÐÌ40.à b àThe€Government€establishment€may€be€considered€from€three€angles:€€theÐ 6ð ÐGovernment€as€a€collegiate€body,€the€Prime€Minister,€and€the€other€MinistersÐ %ß Ðand€the€Secretaries€of€State.Ð Î ÐÌà@ø ø !–à1.€€òòThe€Government€as€a€collegiate€bodyóóˆÐ ò¬ ÐÌ41.à b àThe€Government€comprises€the€Prime€Minister,€the€Ministers€and€theРЊ ÐSecretaries€of€State.€€The€Council€of€Ministers€is€the€mandatory€forum€forÐ ¿y Ðdebate€by€the€Government€of€the€decisions€concerning€the€general€policy€of€theÐ ®h ÐState,€as€well€as€the€bills,€presidential€decrees,€decisions€of€the€PrimeÐ W ÐMinister€and€ordinances€of€the€ministers€which€are€in€the€nature€of€generalÐ ŒF Ðregulations.€€Articles80€to€90€of€the€Constitution€deal€with€the€Government.Ð {5 ÐÌà@JJ)–à2.€€òòThe€Prime€MinisteróóˆÐ Y  ÐÌ42.à b àThe€Prime€Minister€is€appointed€by€the€President€of€the€Republic€fromÐ 7"ñ Ðamong€the€eminent€persons€who€meet€the€approval€of€the€parliamentary€majority.€Ð &#à  ÐThe€President€of€the€Republic€has€the€power€both€to€appoint€and€dismiss€theÐ $Ï! ÐPrime€Minister.€€The€powers€and€functions€of€the€Prime€Minister€are€set€forthÐ %¾" Ðin€article91€of€the€Constitution:€€to€direct€the€business€of€the€Government,Ð ó%­ # Ðto€take€all€the€measures€for€the€implementation€of€presidential€decrees,€toÐ â&œ!$ Ðpreside€over€the€Council€of€Ministers€and€to€make€appointments€to€civilian€andÐ Ñ'‹"% Ðmilitary€posts.Ð À(z#& ÐÌà@DD,–à3.€€òòThe€MinistersóóˆÐ ž*X%( ÐÌ43.à b àThe€Ministers€are€appointed€by€the€President€of€the€Republic€on€theÐ |,6'* Ðproposal€of€the€Prime€Minister.€€Their€powers€are€set€out€in€articles92,€93,Ð k-%(+ Ð94€and€95€of€the€Constitution.€€Regarding€the€status€of€the€ministers,Ð F Ðincluding€the€Prime€Minister,€ministerial€office€is€incompatible€with€anyÐ 5ï Ðother€function,€particularly€the€position€of€member€of€parliament.€€Ð $Þ ÐÌà@²²–àC.€€òòOrganization€of€the€executive,€legislative€and€judicial€organsóóˆÐ  ¼ ÐÌà@DD,–à1.€€òòThe€ExecutiveóóˆÐ à š ÐÌ44.à b àThe€Executive€consists€of€the€President€of€the€Republic€on€the€one€handÐ ¾ x Ðand€the€Government€on€the€other.€€Articles61€to€85€of€the€Constitution€dealÐ ­ g  Ðwith€the€President€of€the€Republic€and€in€particular€with€the€followingÐ œV  Ðmatters:€€the€appointment€of€the€President€of€the€Republic;€the€nature€of€theÐ ‹E  Ðvote;€the€number€of€candidatures€for€the€presidential€elections;€theÐ z4  Ðnomination€of€the€candidates;€the€conditions€of€eligibility,€the€method€ofÐ i#  Ðendorsement;€the€duration€of€the€term€of€office€and€the€number€of€terms;€theÐ X  Ðoath€of€the€elected€President;€the€mandatory€statement€of€personal€assets€andÐ G Ðwealth;€the€powers€of€the€President;€the€status€of€the€President;€theÐ 6ð Ðresponsibility€of€the€President;€the€temporary€inability€of€the€President€toÐ %ß Ðdischarge€his€duties€and€the€vacancy€of€the€Office€of€the€President.Ð Î ÐÌà@àà+–à2.€€òòThe€LegislatureóóˆÐ ò¬ ÐÌ45.à b àThe€future€Parliament€of€Burundi€shall€consist€of€one€chamber€called€theРЊ ÐNational€Assembly.€€TitleV,€articles96€to125,€of€the€current€ConstitutionÐ ¿y Ðdeals€with€the€legislative€organ€in€respect€of:€€Ð ®h ÐÌà b à(a)à ™ àThe€composition€of€Parliament:€€the€number€of€chambers,€the€numberÐ ŒF Ðof€members€of€parliament;Ð {5 ÐÌà b à(b)à ™ àThe€nomination€of€the€members€of€parliament;€the€nature€of€theÐ Y  Ðvote,€the€nomination€of€the€candidates,€the€conditions€of€eligibility,€theÐ H! Ðconstituencies,€the€method€of€vote;Ð 7"ñ ÐÌà b à(c)à ™ àThe€term€of€office€of€the€members€of€parliament;Ð $Ï! ÐÌà b à(d)à ™ àThe€status€of€the€members€of€parliament:€€parliamentary€immunity,Ð ó%­ # Ðregulations€concerning€incompatibility;Ð â&œ!$ ÐÌà b à(e)à ™ àThe€powers€of€the€National€Assembly:€€the€legislative€function€andÐ À(z#& Ðfunction€of€monitoring€government€action;Ð ¯)i$' ÐÌà b à(f)à ™ àThe€functioning€of€the€National€Assembly;Ð +G&) ÐÌà b à(g)à ™ àThe€Court€of€Audit.Ð k-%(+ Ї46.à b àThe€relationship€between€the€Executive€power€and€the€Legislature€is€alsoÐ F Ðprovided€for€in€TitleVI,€articles126€to199,€of€the€Constitution.€€In€thisÐ 5ï Ðrelationship,€it€can€be€seen€how€the€Executive€power€can€influence€theÐ $Þ ÐLegislature,€namely,€the€right€to€request€a€special€session€of€the€NationalÐ Í ÐAssembly€be€convened;€the€legislative€initiative;€the€right€to€amend€theÐ  ¼ ÐAssembly's€bills;€the€right€to€veto€legislation;€the€right€to€resort€to€aÐ ñ « Ðreferendum;€the€right€of€communication;€the€right€to€introduce€a€motion€ofÐ à š Ðconfidence€in€Parliament;€the€right€to€dissolve€the€National€Assembly.Ð Ï ‰ ÐÌ47.à b àConversely,€the€means€by€which€the€Legislature€can€influence€theÐ ­ g  ÐExecutive€are€also€recognized€in€the€Constitution:€€the€right€to€amendÐ œV  ÐGovernment€bills;€the€right€to€debate€the€action€and€policy€of€the€Government;Ð ‹E  Ðthe€right€to€submit€written€or€oral€questions€to€the€members€of€theÐ z4  ÐGovernment;€the€right€to€constitute€commissions€of€inquiry€on€specificÐ i#  Ðsubjects;€the€right€to€pass€a€vote€of€no€confidence;€the€right€to€charge€theÐ X  ÐPresident€with€high€treason.Ð G ÐÌà@DD,–à3.€€òòThe€JudiciaryˆÐ %ß ÐÌóó48.à b àAs€to€judiciary€in€Burundi,€two€important€questions€analysed€inÐ ½ ÐTitleVII,€articles140€to159,€of€the€Constitution€are€worthy€of€note:€€theÐ ò¬ Ðguiding€principles€of€the€judiciary€and€the€country's€higher€judicial€organs.Ð á› ÐÌ(a)à b àòòGuiding€principles€of€the€judiciaryóóÐ ¿y ÐÌ49.à b à€€(i)€€Justice€is€rendered€by€the€courts€and€tribunals€throughout€theÐ W Ðterritory€of€the€Republic€in€the€name€of€the€people€of€Burundi.€€The€dutiesÐ ŒF Ðand€powers€of€the€Public€Prosecutor's€Department€are€performed€and€exercisedÐ {5 Ðby€the€Prosecuting€Counsels.Ð j$ ÐÌà b à€(ii)€€Court€hearings€are€public,€unless€there€is€a€judicial€decision€toÐ H! Ðhold€them€in€camera€when€publicity€would€endanger€public€order€or€morals.Ð 7"ñ ÐÌà b à(iii)€€All€judicial€decisions€are€substantiated;€their€terms€areÐ $Ï! Ðannounced€in€public€hearings€and,€in€the€exercise€of€their€functions,€judgesÐ %¾" Ðare€bound€only€by€the€Constitution€and€the€law.Ð ó%­ # ÐÌà b à€(iv)€€The€President€of€the€Republic€is€the€guarantor€of€the€independenceÐ Ñ'‹"% Ðof€the€judiciary.€€He€is€assisted€in€that€task€by€the€Higher€Council€of€theÐ À(z#& ÐJudiciary,€the€composition,€organization€and€operation€of€which€are€specifiedÐ ¯)i$' Ðby€law.Ð ž*X%( ÐÌ50.à b àIt€will€be€observed€that,€in€keeping€with€the€first€principle,€evenÐ |,6'* Ðjudicial€authority€emanates€from€the€people€and€has€to€be€exercised€in€theirÐ k-%(+ Ðname.€€The€second€and€third€principles„€that€court€hearings€are€public€andÐ F Ðthat€judicial€decisions€are€substantiated„€are€intended€to€guarantee€theÐ 5ï Ðtransparency€of€the€actions€of€the€judge€for€persons€before€the€courts€and€toÐ $Þ Ðavoid€any€arbitrariness€on€his€part,€which€are€important€criteria€if€theÐ Í Ðpeople€are€to€have€confidence€in€the€system€of€justice.€€The€fourth€principleÐ  ¼ Ðis€the€independence€of€the€judiciary;€in€the€performance€of€their€duties,€theÐ ñ « Ðjudges€are€bound€only€by€the€law.€€The€President€of€the€Republic,€in€hisÐ à š Ðcapacity€as€Head€of€State,€is€the€guarantor€of€the€independence€of€the€judgesÐ Ï ‰ Ðand€he€is€assisted€by€the€HigherCouncil€of€the€Judiciary.Ð ¾ x ÐÌ(b)à b àòòThe€country's€higher€judicial€organsÐ œV  ÐÌóó51.à b àThree€higher€judicial€organs€are€recognized€by€the€Constitution:€€theÐ z4  ÐSupremeCourt€(arts.145€to148),€the€ConstitutionalCourt€(arts.149€to155)Ð i#  Ðand€the€Parliamentary€Court€of€Justice€(arts.156€to159).Ð X  ÐÌà@–àIII.€€GENERAL€LEGAL€FRAMEWORK€WITHIN€WHICH€HUMAN€RIGHTS€ARE€PROTECTEDˆÐ 6ð ÐÌÔ   ååÔA.€€òòJudicial,€administrative€or€other€competent€authoritiesóóÐ Î ÐòòÔœ œ œ qqÔwith€jurisdiction€affecting€human€rightsÐ ½ ÐÌà@ææ(–àóó1.€€òòJudicial€authoritiesˆÐ á› ÐÌóó52.à b àIn€the€event€of€a€violation€of€human€rights€or€infringement€of€a€right,Ð ¿y Ðthe€injured€citizen€is€entitled€to€appeal€to€the€courts€and€tribunals€forÐ ®h Ðrestoration€of€his€rights.€€Similarly,€when€a€citizen€is€prosecuted,€he€isÐ W Ðguaranteed€the€right€to€a€defence€and€to€a€fair€trial.Ð ŒF ÐÌ53.à b àThe€competent€authorities€are€the€following:Ð j$ ÐÌà b à(a)€€The€Prosecuting€Counsels€of€the€Prosecutor's€Office.Ð H! ÐÌà b à(b)€€ÓT.++bV Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!+{‚XbK™ £ Ð Š7TÓThe€officers€of€various€police€forces:Ð &#à  ÐÌà b àà V àThe€judicial€police€of€the€prosecutor's€offices;Ð %¾" ÐÌà b àà V àThe€public€safety€police;Ð â&œ!$ ÐÌà b àà V àThe€State€police;Ð À(z#& ÐÌà b àà V àThe€national€security€police;Ð ž*X%( ÐÌà b àà V àThe€air,€borders€and€aliens€police.Ð |,6'* ÐÐ k-%(+ Ðà b à(c)€€The€ordinary€courts€and€tribunals:Ð F ÐÌà b àà V àThe€resident€tribunals;Ð $Þ ÐÌà b àà V àThe€courts€of€first€instance;Ð  ¼ ÐÌà b àà V àThe€courts€of€appeal;Ð à š ÐÌà b àà V àThe€Supreme€Court.Ð ¾ x ÐÌÐ  œV  Ðà b à(d)€€The€special€courts:Ð F ÐÌà b àà V àThe€labour€courts;Ð $Þ ÐÌà b àà V àThe€commercial€courts;Ð  ¼ ÐÌà b àà V àThe€administrative€courts;Ð à š ÐÌà b àà V àThe€Court€of€Audit;Ð ¾ x ÐÌà b àà V àThe€Constitutional€Court;Ð œV  ÐÌà b àà V àThe€Parliamentary€Court€of€Justice;Ð z4  ÐÌà b àà V àThe€military€courts€(courts€martial,€military€appeal€courts).Ð X  ÐÌThese€courts€are€bound,€in€conformity€with€the€regulations,€to€protect€certainÐ 6ð Ðrights€and€these€include€human€rights.Ð %ß ÐÌ54.à b àWith€regard€to€the€ordinary€courts€mentioned€above,€Act€No.004Ð ½ Ðof14January1987,€amending€the€Code€of€Judicial€Organization€andÐ ò¬ ÐJurisdiction€defined€the€limits€of€both€the€civil€and€criminal€jurisdiction€ofÐ á› Ðeach€court€or€tribunal.€€These€courts€work€within€the€law.РЊ ÐÌ55.à b àIn€addition,€the€traditional€institution€of€òòAbashingantaheóó€(notables)Ð ®h Ðmeans€many€local€disputes€can€be€settled;€these€persons€are€mediators€on€theirÐ W Ðhills.Ð ŒF Ðà@ºº%–à2.€€òòAdministrative€authoritiesˆÐ {5 ÐÌóó56.à b àAnyone€may€bring€his€grievances€to€the€civil€service€authorities€and€theÐ Y  Ðlocal€administration€in€the€event€of€violations.€€Since€abuses€of€power€orÐ H! Ðabuses€by€these€civil€service€authorities€can€occur,€other€bodies€have€beenÐ 7"ñ Ðestablished.Ð &#à  ÐÌ(a)à b àòòEconomic€and€Social€CouncilÐ %¾" ÐÌóó57.à b àThe€establishment€of€this€Council€was€dictated€by€the€need€to€create€aÐ â&œ!$ Ðframework€within€which€to€assess€and€discuss€important€economic€and€socialÐ Ñ'‹"% Ðproblems€so€as€to€enable€the€authorities,€on€the€one€hand,€to€take€decisionsÐ À(z#& Ðon€these€issues€after€consultation€and€agreement,€and€on€the€other,€to€involveÐ ¯)i$' Ðall€the€partners€in€economic€and€social€development€in€the€process€ofÐ ž*X%( Ðdiscussion.Ð +G&) ÐÌ(b)à b àòòNational€Security€CouncilóóÐ k-%(+ Ї58.à b àThe€establishment€of€this€Council€was€dictated€by€the€need€for€a€body€toÐ F Ðassist€the€President€in€formulating€and€following€up€the€execution€of€theÐ 5ï Ðnational€security€policy.€€This€policy€should€be€the€concern€not€of€the€forcesÐ $Þ Ðof€law€and€order€alone€but€rather€of€all€citizens.Ð Í ÐÌÐ  ñ « Ð(c)à b àòòNational€Children's€and€Young€People's€CouncilÐ F ÐÌóó59.à b àThis€body€is€responsible€for€protecting€the€rights€of€children€and€evenÐ $Þ Ðfor€promoting€them€within€the€framework€of€the€international€Convention€on€theÐ Í ÐRights€of€the€Child.Ð  ¼ ÐÌ(d)à b àòòRefugee€Return€and€Reintegration€CommissionÐ à š ÐÌóó60.à b àAll€citizens€have€equal€rights€and€duties:€€the€refugees€are€citizens€andÐ ¾ x Ðthe€country€has€obligations€towards€them.€€Refugees,€for€their€part,€can€alsoÐ ­ g  Ðcontribute€to€the€country's€development€efforts.€€An€appeal€was€made€to€themÐ œV  Ðto€return€to€their€native€country.€€The€fundamental€idea€underlying€Burundi'sÐ ‹E  Ðpolicy€to€refugees€is€that€all€the€refugees€who€wish€to€build€their€nativeÐ z4  Ðcountry€should€be€encouraged€to€keep€to€the€policy€of€national€reconciliation.Ð i#  ÐÌÔ²²²‡‡ÔB.€€òòRemedies€available€to€an€individual€who€claims€that€any€of€hisóóÐ G ÐòòÔ? ? ? Ôrights€have€been€violated,€and€systems€of€compensation€andóóÐ 6ð ÐòòÔ? ? ? ÔrehabilitationÐ %ß ÐÌóó61.à b àAnyone€who€feels€that€his€rights€have€been€violated€is€entitled€to€appealÐ ½ Ðto€the€bodies€referred€to€in€the€preceding€paragraphs,€namely:€€the€ordinaryÐ ò¬ Ðor€special€courts,€the€civil€service€authorities€and€the€local€administration.Ð á› ÐÌ62.à b àThe€public€or€private€associations€with€responsibility€for€ensuringÐ ¿y Ðrespect€for€human€rights,€mentioned€in€section€F€below,€may€also€assist€anÐ ®h Ðindividual€in€recovering€his€rights.Ð W ÐÌ63.à b àThe€systems€of€compensation€and€rehabilitation€are€based€upon€theÐ {5 Ðfollowing€elements:Ð j$ ÐÌà b à(a)€€Compensation:€€any€act€committed€by€a€person€which€causes€harm€toÐ H! Ðanother€places€an€obligation€to€compensate€for€such€harm€on€the€person€atÐ 7"ñ Ðfault€(Civil€Code,€III,€art.€258).Ð &#à  ÐÌà b à(b)€€Damages:€€any€obligation€to€act€or€refrain€from€acting€requiresÐ %¾" Ðdamages€in€the€event€of€non„fulfilment€by€the€person€who€contracted€theÐ ó%­ # Ðobligation€(Civil€Code,€LIII,€art.€40).Ð â&œ!$ ÐÌÔÖ Ö Ö ««ÔC.€€òòProtection€of€the€rights€referred€to€in€the€variousÐ À(z#& ÐÔh h h ==Ôhuman€rights€instrumentsÐ ¯)i$' ÐÌóó64.à b àThe€rights€referred€to€in€the€various€international€human€rightsÐ +G&) Ðinstruments€are€protected€by€the€Constitution€of€Burundi.€€This€fundamentalÐ |,6'* Ðlaw,€promulgated€on€13€March€1992,€contains€many€provisions€on€human€rights€asÐ k-%(+ Ðproclaimed€in€the€Universal€Declaration€of€Human€Rights,€the€African€CharterÐ F Ðon€Human€and€Peoples'€Rights€and€the€Charter€of€National€Unity.€€Burundi'sÐ 5ï Ðpolitical€charter€contains€both€a€declaration€of€human€rights€and€aÐ $Þ Ðproclamation€of€the€duties€of€the€individual.€€The€declaration€concerning€theÐ Í Ðduties€of€the€individual€and€the€citizen€is€contained€in€articles41€to52€ofÐ  ¼ Ðthe€Constitution.€Ð ñ « ÐÌÔ? ? ? ÔÐ  Ï ‰ Ѐ.Ô? ? ? LLÔD.€€òòWay€in€which€human€rights€instruments€are€made€part€ofÐ F ÐÔÐ Ð Ð ¥¥Ôthe€national€legal€systemóóÐ 5ï ÐÌ65.à b àThe€President€of€the€Republic€signs€and€ratifies€international€treatiesÐ Í Ðand€agreements.€€Such€treaties€can€only€be€ratified€by€virtue€of€a€law.€€InÐ  ¼ Ðaddition,€many€internal€laws€are€enacted€for€the€implementation€of€theÐ ñ « Ðinternational€instruments€in€Burundi.Ð à š ÐÌà@–àE.€€òòApplication€of€the€international€instruments€to€internal€lawˆÐ ¾ x ÐÌóó66.à b àThe€provisions€of€the€various€human€rights€instruments€may€be€invokedÐ œV  Ðbefore€the€courts€or€the€administrative€authorities€and€directly€applied€byÐ ‹E  Ðthem.Ð z4  ÐÌÔxxxMMÔF.€€òòNational€institutions€or€machinery€with€responsibility€forÐ X  ÐÔ ßßÔoverseeing€implementation€of€human€rightsÐ G ÐÌóó67.à b àPublic€and€private€institutions€and€associations€actively€participate€inÐ %ß Ðthe€defence€of€human€rights.Ð Î ÐÌà@$$$–à1.€€òòNational€human€rights€leaguesˆÐ ò¬ ÐÌóó68.à b àThere€are€two€human€rights€leagues€in€Burundi,€the€Burundi€League€ofРЊ ÐHuman€Rights€"ITEKA"€and€the€Burundi€League€for€the€Defence€and€Promotion€ofÐ ¿y ÐHuman€Rights€"SONERA".€€They€are€both€independent€organizations€which€fightÐ ®h Ðagainst€arbitrary€violations€of€individual€rights.Ð W ÐÌà@vv,–à2.€€òòTrade€unionsˆÐ {5 ÐÌóó69.à b àThe€Association€of€Trade€Unions€of€Burundi€(CSB)€defends€the€workers€ofÐ Y  ÐBurundi,€and€in€particular€their€social,€occupational,€material,€moral€andÐ H! Ðcultural€interests.Ð 7"ñ ÐÌà@À À #–à3.€€òòUnion€of€Women€of€Burundi€(UFB)ˆÐ $Ï! ÐÌóó70.à b àThis€movement€organizes€women€to€defend€their€rights,€improve€theirÐ ó%­ # Ðliving€conditions€and€combat€discriminatory€practices€against€women.Ð â&œ!$ ÐÌà@Ò Ò –à4.€€òòMartin€Luther€King€Foundation€for€Non„ViolenceˆÐ À(z#& ÐÌóó71.à b àThis€association€works€for€the€peaceful€settlement€of€conflicts,€becauseÐ ž*X%( Ðviolence€is€an€affront€to€the€integrity€of€the€individual.Ð +G&) ÐÌà@þ þ –à5.€€òòCentre€for€the€Promotion€of€Human€RightsˆÐ k-%(+ Їóó72.à b àThe€Centre€was€set€up€to€serve€as€an€appropriate€instrument€for€teachingÐ F Ðand€promoting€human€rights€in€Burundi.Ð 5ï ÐÌà@PP'–à6.€€òòFoundation€for€ChildrenˆÐ Í ÐÌóóÐ  ñ « Ðà@ºº%–àIV.€€INFORMATION€AND€PUBLICITYˆÐ F ÐÌ73.à b àIn€Burundi,€efforts€are€regularly€made€to€acquaint€the€public€and€theÐ $Þ Ðcompetent€authorities€with€the€rights€established€in€the€various€human€rightsÐ Í Ðinstruments.€€Symposia€and€lectures€on€human€rights€have€been€organized€andÐ  ¼ Ðseminars€on€human€rights€have€been€held€for€educators,€judges€of€the€policeÐ ñ « Ðcourts€and€the€administration.€€Furthermore,€training€in€human€rights€is€givenÐ à š Ðin€primary,€secondary€and€higher€schools€within€the€framework€of€civics€andÐ Ï ‰ Ðethics€courses.€€On€each€occasion,€copies€of€the€human€rights€instruments€areÐ ¾ x Ðdistributed;€the€texts€are€usually€written€in€the€two€official€languages,Ð ­ g  ÐKirundi€and€French.€€The€media€also€play€an€important€role€in€publicizing€andÐ œV  Ðeducating€people€in€human€rights.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð ‹E  ÐÌ74.à b àThe€government€agencies€responsible€for€preparing€the€reports€are€theÐ i#  ÐMinistries€of€Justice€and€Foreign€Affairs€in€collaboration€with€the€otherÐ X  Ðcivil€service€departments,€such€as€the€Ministry€of€the€Interior€and€the€CentreÐ G Ðfor€the€Promotion€of€Human€Rights.Ð 6ð ÐÌ75.à b àOther€organizations€for€the€defence€of€human€rights€may€also€prepareÐ Î Ðreports€on€the€human€rights€situation€in€Burundi.€€These€include€the€agenciesÐ ½ Ðmentioned€in€sectionF€above€(paras.67„72).Ð ò¬ ÐÌ76.à b àThe€reports€are€usually€delivered€to€the€relevant€person€and€the€authorРЊ Ðof€the€document€may€not€divulge€its€contents€before€that€person's€approval€hasÐ ¿y Ðbeen€given.€€If€the€report€becomes€an€official€document,€it€may€be€given€toÐ ®h Ðthe€press€for€wide€publicity.Ð W ÐÌÌà@œœ2–à„„„„„