ÿWPCi l?M ùóua—ÛÀ—S;ÙNÄwDÙ¹–ŽëÝßéàŸíŽ!D²:ÛiL|͈E3t…RÒajßéJV凶p axèÏ@ *öiROú>îªFzo~:*¯2cAjnÛÔ`˜Ë£ŸbT_?ö‚¢žXÖöN_ŸÑ7ögËqx1æ8ɉœ&åõö¢åzö±]Æùº‘LžÜaªÌêðÝ6€ÒJÃòH:U|Ü€•<çiгÊ[yˆ£¬Ä”ÊÝÝ¿[ ß,æ f¥3k ð-äàmÞ=½MsºžkƒlKš‚NòÄ^ëõÙ-Jiáçöf”uÀv2HÒ¢0±ý1ÿÔäwVÔ$–êþµæ›ŒñWwO*u¨¤u_DQnÞC,ñcýY%]Y÷î…«°öÂÆd ôêj© bÆ+¹-ß円÷ÁaÏäU…®ÕDw6CbØÜ"zº\÷"íÖî¨ç1%·’§® û¬³ƒpÿµt±k“]Í»E„‹@†Öa‹+"mPšå¢§_óîÑÅõ¹)M¹ôòá4Ý‹œ{ íux¾Ê=|I\w—áλHJc¢”¦R¿t²N'÷×&ô§)PÉ3G[çGU:&n­` % ÆšÙ 0·sj* 0·” 0%K 0%p• 0œ¥#ÁA(N*^ ,w84<P mR<þ6X9`("Courier 12cpi«<þ6X9`("Courier 12cpiôÂdþ6X@Ƀ8Ç;ô@ô' É %15881 2 ,HRI/CORE/1/Add.210MEC .19   Ý ƒš3(ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÔ€ôÇŽòòôÔÔ€ôÇŽòòôÇŽÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒŰÒÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÝ  ÝÓ! ++ŒP++7!Óà Œ àà P àHRI/CORE/1/Add.21Ð Ø Ðà Œ àà P àpage€Ú  Ú3Ú  ÚÐ Çï Ð(2š3$¨¨Ý ƒ õß!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRX<Ð6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ë6Æ&A4ÿ3Ø'TÑÔ€ôÇŽòòôÔÔ€ôÇŽòòôÇŽÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒŰÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÑÈÑÝ  Ý `Ý ƒš3'ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÔ€ôÇŽòòôÔÔ€ôÇŽòòôÇŽÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒŰÒÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÝ  ÝÓ! ++ŒP++7!ÓHRI/CORE/1/Add.21Ð Ø Ðpage€Ú  Ú3Ú  ÚÐ Çï Ð(2š3$§§Ý ƒ õß!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRX<Ð6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ë6Æ&A4ÿ3Ø'TÑÔ€ôÇŽòòôÔÔ€ôÇŽòòôÇŽÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒŰÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÑÈÑÝ  Ý(Ü!2¼‰$¤¤Ý ƒ õß!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRX<Ð6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ë6Æ&A4ÿ3Ø'TÑÔ€ôÇŽòòôÔÔ€ôÇŽòòôÇŽÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒŰÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÑÈÑÝ  ÝÓ3333ÓÔ€*úXòôÇŽÔÒ°+ÒÒ°ÅÒ€€€€òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó/(Ü!2¾©$¥¥Ý ƒ õß!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRX<Ð6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ë6Æ&A4ÿ3Ø'TÑÔ€ôÇŽòòôÔÔ€ôÇŽòòôÇŽÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒŰÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÑÈÑÝ  ÝÓ3333ÓÔ€*úXòôÇŽÔÒ°+ÒÒ°ÅÒ€€€€òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó/#|d (tõß$¡¡ÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRX<Ð6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ë6Æ&A4ÿ3Ø'TÑÔ€ôÇŽòòôÔÔ€ôÇŽòòôÇŽÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒŰÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÑÈјHP LaserJet 4P,ü,,,,,ü0!¸}. Jc.Oru' (IÈP¡ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒ õß!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRX<Ð6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ë6Æ&A4ÿ3Ø'TÑÔ€ôÇŽòòôÔÔ€ôÇŽòòôÇŽÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒŰÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÑÈÑÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑbØÑщ¥ÑÓ! ++±“++7!Óà ± àà “ àDistr.Ð b Ðà ± àà “ àGENERALÐ Qï ÐÌà ± àà “ àÔ_ÔHRIÔ_Ô/CORE/1/Add.21Ð / Í Ðà ± àà “ à18€March€1993Ð  ¼ ÐÌà ± àà “ àENGLISHÐ ü š Ðà ± àà “ à¼à ± àOriginal:€€CHINESE€Ð Úx ÐÌÌÌÌÌÌÓE.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!++±âEÓà@  –àCORE€DOCUMENT€FORMING€PART€OF€THE€REPORTS€OF€STATES€PARTIESˆÐ c ÐÌà@œœ2–àCHINAˆÐ Aß ÐÌà€]]K$à[3€February€1993]ˆÐ ½ ÐÌà@0–àCONTENTSˆÐ ý› ÐÌà b àà ™ àà Ð àà  àà > àà u àà ¬ àà ã àà  àà Q àà ˆ àòòParagraphsóóà ö! àÐ Ûy Ðà b àòòPageóóÐ Êh ÐÌÓ'++bܯá"++7'ÓÌSECTION€I.€€THE€LAND€AND€PEOPLE௃ .GG,àà‘••Ná"à1€„€12€€€€3ˆÐ — 5 ÐÌà b àA.à Ü àThe€land€and€people௃ .HH)àà‘••Ná"à1€„€€6€€€€3ˆÐ u" Ðà b àà Ü à௃ .ÜÜàÌÌà b àB.à Ü àStatus€of€national€minorities௃ .003àà‘••Ná"à7€„€11€€€€4ˆÐ B%à  ÐÌà b àC.à Ü àReligious€belief௃ .&àà‘]]Pá"à12€€€€€€5ˆÐ  '¾" ÐÌSECTION€II.€€POLITICAL€STRUCTURE௃ .««-àà‘11Má"à13€„€29€€€€5ˆÐ þ(œ!$ ÐÌà b àA.à Ü àPolitical€history௃ .€€'àà‘]]Pá"à13€€€€€€5ˆÐ Ü*z#& ÐÌà b àB.à Ü àThe€pattern€of€political€organization௃ .PP;àà‘11Má"à14€„€29€€€€6ˆÐ º,X%( ÐÌSECTION€III.€€THE€LEGAL€SYSTEM€FOR€PROTECTING€HUMAN€RIGHTSà‘11Má"à30€„€60€€€10ˆÐ ˜.6'* ÐÌà b àA.à Ü àJudicial,€administrative€and€other€bodies€withÐ v0), ÐÔ_Ôà b àà Ü àjurisdiction€over€human€rights௃ .””4àà‘11Má"à30€„€42€€€10ˆÐ b ÐÌà b àB.à Ü àCompensatory€measures€for€injury€to€individualÐ @ Þ Ðà b àà Ü àrights€and€compensation€and€rehabilitationÐ / Í Ðà b àà Ü àsystems€for€victims௃ .HH)àà‘11Má"à43€„€47€€€13ˆÐ  ¼ ÐÌÌÌÌGE.93„15881€€(E)Ð Ég  ÐÐ  ¸V  ÐÑØbÑÑ}‰ÑÖ€ÿÿÖÖ€ÿÿÖÓK.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!++bܯá"KÓà b àà ™ àà Ð àà  àà > àà u àà ¬ àà ã àà  àà Q àà ˆ àòòParagraphsóóà ö! àòòPageóóÐ F ÐÌÓ'++bܯá"++7'Óà b àC.à Ü àHow€the€Constitution€and€other€laws€protect€theÐ $Þ Ðà b àà Ü àvarious€rights€laid€down€in€human€rightsÐ Í Ðà b àà Ü àinstruments௃ .( ( !àà‘11Má"à48€„€50€€€14ˆÐ  ¼ ÐÌÔ& Þ Ôà b àD.à Ü àHow€human€rights€instruments€fit€into€theÐ à š Ðà b àà Ü àState€legal€systemÔ'Þà ¹Ô௃ .ää(àà‘11Má"à51€„€52€€€15ˆÐ Ï ‰ ÐÌà b àE.à Ü àCan€human€rights€instruments€be€directly€invokedÐ ­ g  Ðà b àà Ü àor€enforced€through€the€courts€and€administrativeÐ œV  Ðà b àà Ü àmachinery,€or€must€they€be€transformed€intoÐ ‹E  Ðà b àà Ü àdomestic€law€or€regulations€before€they€can€beÐ z4  Ðà b àà Ü àapplied€by€the€competent€authorities?௃ .PP;àà‘]]Pá"à53€€€€€16ˆÐ i#  ÐÌà b àF.à Ü àIs€there€any€machinery€or€State€systemÐ G Ðà b àà Ü àresponsible€for€supervising€the€enforcementÐ 6ð Ðà b àà Ü àof€human€rights?௃ .&àà‘11Má"à54€„€60€€€16ˆÐ %ß ÐÌSECTION€IV.€€PUBLICIZING€HUMAN€RIGHTS€INSTRUMENTS௃ .OO>àà‘11Má"à61€„€67€€€18ˆÐ  ½ ÐÓK.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!++bܯá"KÓÓÿ¿33Óà@\ \ "–àGENERAL€SURVEY€OF€CONDITIONS€IN€CHINAˆÐ F Ðà@ˆˆ%–àSECTION€I.€€THE€LAND€AND€PEOPLEˆÐ £] Ðà@)–àA.€€òòThe€land€and€peopleóóˆÐ º Ð1.à b àThe€People's€Republic€of€China€is€a€long-established€unitary€State€ofÐ ]  Ðmany€nationalities,€situated€in€Eastern€Asia€on€the€western€shores€of€theÐ º t ÐPacific€Ocean€and€covering€an€area€of€9,600,000€square€kilometres,€includingÐ  Ñ  Ðsome€1,430million€òòmuóó€of€cultivated€land€(one€òòmuóó€=€0.0667€hectares).€Ð t .  Ð2.à b àAdministratively,€the€People's€Republic€of€China€is€divided€up€asÐ Ñ‹  Ðfollows:Ð .è  Ðà b à(a)à ™ àThe€country€is€divided€into€provinces€(òòxingóó),€autonomous€regionsÐ ‹E  Ð(òòzi-zhi€quóó)€and€directly€governed€municipalities€(òòzhixia€shióó);Ð è¢  Ðà b à(b)à ™ àThe€provinces€and€autonomous€regions€are€divided€into€autonomousÐ Eÿ Ðprefectures€(òòzi-zhi€zhouóó),€counties€(òòxianóó),€autonomous€counties€(òòzi-zhi€xianóó)Ð ¢\ Ðand€cities€(òòshióó);Ð ÿ¹ Ðà b à(c)à ™ àThe€counties€and€autonomous€counties€are€divided€into€townshipsÐ \ Ð(òòxiangóó),€nationality€townships€(òòminzu€xiangóó)€and€towns€(òòzhenóó).Ð ¹s Ðà b àThe€directly€governed€municipalities€and€large€cities€are€divided€intoÐ Ð  Ðdistricts€(òòquóó)€and€counties.€€The€autonomous€prefectures€are€divided€intoÐ s-" Ðcounties,€autonomous€counties€and€cities.€€Ð Њ$ Ð3.à b àBy€the€end€of€1991,€the€population€of€China€stood€at€1,158,230million€orÐ -ç& Ða€fifth€of€the€world€total,€making€China€the€world's€most€populous€country.€Ð Š D( ÐPopulation€density€is€120€inhabitants€per€square€kilometre.€€PopulationÐ ç!¡* Ðdistribution€is€uneven,€tending€to€be€concentrated€in€the€east€along€theÐ D#þ, Ðmiddle€and€lower€reaches€of€the€Yangtze€River,€the€Pearl€River€delta,€theÐ ¡$[. Ðmiddle€and€lower€reaches€of€the€Yellow€River€and€the€Sichuan€(Szechuan)€basin.€Ð þ%¸ 0 ÐRural€dwellers€make€up€73.63percent€of€the€total€population€and€urbanÐ ['"2 Ðdwellers,€26.37percent.Ð ¸(r#4 Ð4.à b àGross€national€product€in€1991€was€1,985,500€million€yuan€(renminbi),€upÐ *Ï$6 Ð7.7percent€on€the€previous€year.€€Average€peasant€household€income€in€1991Ð r+,&8 Ðwas€708.5€yuan€(renminbi),€and€average€urban€household€income,€1,544yuanÐ Ï,‰': Ð(renminbi).€€Retail€price€levels€in€1991€were€2.9percent€up€on€1990.€€OfÐ F Ðworkers€in€urban€areas,€2.3percent€were€awaiting€job€assignments.€€In€1990,Ð £] ÐChina€borrowed€18,000€million€yuan€(renminbi)€from€abroad.€à ˆ à€Ð º Ð5.à b àThe€birth€rate€in€China€in€1991€was€19.68€per€thousand,€the€mortalityÐ ]  Ðrate,€6.7€per€thousand,€and€natural€population€growth,€12.98€per€thousand.€€Ð º t ÐChildren€under€14€made€up€27.71€per€cent€of€the€population;€persons€aged€64Ð  Ñ  Ðand€over€made€up€5.99percent.Ð t .  Ð6.à b àAccording€to€the€fourth€population€census,€taken€in€1990,€15.88percentÐ Ñ‹  Ðof€the€population€aged€14€years€and€older€were€illiterate€or€semi„literate.Ð .è  Ðà@$$$–àB.€€òòStatus€of€national€minoritiesóóˆÐ ‹E  Ð7.à b àAmong€China's€many€nationalities,€the€Han€are€the€largest€group,Ð è¢  Ðnumbering€1,040€million€or€91.96percent€of€the€total€population;€besides€theÐ Eÿ ÐHan€there€are€a€further€55€separate€minority€nationalities€together€numberingÐ ¢\ Ð91,200,000€people€or€8.04percent€of€the€population,€including€Mongols,€Hui,Ð ÿ¹ ÐZang€(Tibetans),€Uighurs,€Miao,€Yi,€Zhuang,€Puyi,€Koreans,€Mon,€Dong,€Yao,Ð \ ÐBai,€Tuchia,€Hani,€Kazakhs,€Dai€and€Li,€all€of€which€number€over€1€million.€Ð ¹s ÐThere€are€24€different€nationalities€living€in€Yunnan€Province,€and€12€in€theÐ Ð  ÐXinjiang€Uighur€Autonomous€Region.€€Han€Chinese€is€spoken€throughout€theÐ s-" Ðcountry,€but€in€areas€where€large€numbers€of€any€particular€minority€live,€theРЊ$ Ðlanguage€and€script€of€that€minority€are€also€used.Ð -ç& Ð8.à b àArticle€4€of€the€Chinese€Constitution€states€that€all€nationalities€inÐ Š D( Ðthe€People's€Republic€of€China€are€equal.€€The€State€protects€the€lawfulÐ ç!¡* Ðrights€and€interests€of€the€minority€nationalities€and€upholds€and€developsÐ D#þ, Ðties€of€equality,€unity€and€mutual€assistance€between€the€variousÐ ¡$[. Ðnationalities.€€Discrimination€against€or€oppression€of€any€nationality€isÐ þ%¸ 0 Ðprohibited,€as€is€any€action€injurious€to€ethnic€unity€or€causing€ethnicÐ ['"2 Ðdivisions.Ð ¸(r#4 Ð9.à b àGiven€the€extent€and€degree€to€which€Chinese€minority€nationalities€liveÐ *Ï$6 Ðin€compact€communities€and€their€political,€economic,€cultural€and€other€ties,Ð r+,&8 Ðthe€State€applies€a€system€of€regional€autonomy€in€areas€inhabited€byÐ Ï,‰': Ðminorities,€with€autonomous€authorities€practising€self„rule.€€NationalÐ F Ðautonomous€areas€are€divided€into€autonomous€regions,€autonomous€prefecturesÐ £] Ðand€autonomous€counties.€€At€present€there€are€159€minority€districts€andÐ º Ðautonomous€areas€(5€autonomous€districts,€30€autonomous€prefectures€andÐ ]  Ð124autonomous€counties€(banners))€which€together€account€for€64percent€ofÐ º t Ðthe€total€land€area€of€China.€€In€areas€inhabited€by€two€or€more€nationalitiesÐ  Ñ  Ðthe€State€has€set€up1,700€nationality€townships,€making€it€even€easier€forÐ t .  Ðthe€minorities€living€there€to€enjoy€equal€rights.Ð Ñ‹  Ð10.à b àEvery€national€autonomous€area€is€an€inalienable€part€of€the€People'sÐ .è  ÐRepublic€of€China.€€The€authorities€set€up€in€national€autonomous€areas€areÐ ‹E  Ðthe€people's€congresses€and€governments€of€the€regions,€prefectures€andÐ è¢  Ðcounties€concerned.€€The€autonomous€authorities€are€a€kind€of€State€politicalÐ Eÿ Ðorgan.€€They€exercise€the€authority€bestowed€on€local€State€organs€underÐ ¢\ Ðchapter3,€sectionV€of€the€Constitution,€while€at€the€same€time€exercisingÐ ÿ¹ Ðautonomy€in€accordance€with€the€Constitution,€the€law€on€regional€nationalÐ \ Ðautonomy€and€other€legislation.€Ð ¹s Ð11.à b àThe€people's€government€in€national€autonomous€areas€operates€under€aÐ Ð  Ðsystem€whereby€responsibility€is€borne€by€the€regional€chairmen,€prefects€andÐ s-" Ðcounty€chiefs;€these€are€accountable€to€the€people's€assemblies€at€theirРЊ$ Ðrespective€levels€and€to€higher€State€organs.€€The€people's€government€in€eachÐ -ç& Ðnational€autonomous€area€is€a€State€organ€under€the€direction€of€the€StateÐ Š D( ÐCouncil.€€The€law€also€specifies€that€those€in€charge€of€the€variousÐ ç!¡* Ðadministrative€and€other€bodies€in€national€autonomous€areas€(the€chairman€andÐ D#þ, Ðvice„chairmen€of€the€standing€committees€of€people's€congresses€in€autonomousÐ ¡$[. Ðregions,€prefectures€and€counties,€the€chairmen€of€autonomous€regions,Ð þ%¸ 0 Ðprefects,€county€chiefs€and€so€forth)€must€be€of€the€nationality€exercisingÐ ['"2 Ðregional€autonomy.Ð ¸(r#4 Ðà@®®*–àC.€€òòReligious€beliefóóˆÐ *Ï$6 Ð12.à b àChina€is€home€to€many€different€religions,€including€Buddhism,€Daoism,Ð r+,&8 ÐIslam,€Catholicism,€and€Christianity.€€Buddhism,€Daoism€and€Islam€are€fairlyÐ Ï,‰': Ðwidespread.€€As€there€are€no€strict€procedural€restrictions€on€taking€up€orÐ F Ðabandoning€a€religion,€it€is€hard€to€put€a€number€on€the€country's€BuddhistÐ £] Ðand€Daoists;€the€Hui,€Uighur,€Kazakh,€Tatar,€Tadjik,€Uzbek,€Kirghiz,€TongxiangÐ º Ð(Tunghsiang),€Salar€and€Paoan€(Bonan)€peoples,€among€others,€practise€Islam,Ð ]  Ðand€together€number€over€17€million€people;€Catholics€and€Christians€in€ChinaÐ º t Ðnumber€between€3.5€and€4.5€million.Ð  Ñ  Ðà@VV$–àSECTION€II.€€POLITICAL€STRUCTUREˆÐ t .  Ðà@||*–àA.€€òòPolitical€historyóóˆÐ Ñ‹  Ð13.à b àAs€a€nation,€China€is€one€of€the€oldest€on€Earth.€€Together€the€country'sÐ .è  Ðvarious€nationalities€have€built€a€bright€and€glorious€history.€€China€was€oneÐ ‹E  Ðof€the€first€nations€on€Earth€with€a€developed€economy€and€culture€and€has€hadÐ è¢  Ða€written€history€for€nearly€4,000€years.€€The€forebears€of€all€China'sÐ Eÿ Ðpeoples€together€built€up€a€rich€and€varied€culture€in€ancient€times,€andÐ ¢\ Ðshared€a€long€lasting,€originally€clan„based€society.€€In€the€twenty-firstÐ ÿ¹ Ðcentury€BC€it€was€already€a€slave-owning€society.€€In€the€Warring€StatesÐ \ Ðperiod,€beginning€in€475BC,€a€feudal€society€began€to€emerge.€€In€1911€AD€aÐ ¹s Ðrevolution€overthrew€the€Ch'ing€Dynasty,€putting€an€end€to€2,000€years€ofÐ Ð  Ðfeudal€empire.€€On€1October€1949€the€Chinese€people,€after€a€long€and€arduousÐ s-" Ðstruggle,€founded€the€People's€Republic€of€China.€€Since€then,€State€power€hasРЊ$ Ðbeen€directly€in€the€hands€of€the€Chinese€people,€making€them€the€masters€ofÐ -ç& Ðthe€country.Ð Š D( Ðà@” ” –àB.€€òòThe€pattern€of€political€organizationóóˆÐ ç!¡* Ð14.à b àThe€Constitution€of€the€People's€Republic€of€China€is€based€on€aÐ D#þ, Ðsumming-up€of€the€historical€experiences€of€China's€peoples,€and€was€draftedÐ ¡$[. Ðafter€extensive€consultation€of€the€views€of€the€masses.€€It€regulates€theÐ þ%¸ 0 Ðmost€fundamental€points€of€principle€relating€to€State€affairs€and€life€inÐ ['"2 Ðsociety;€the€State€political€system,€the€economic€system,€the€pattern€ofÐ ¸(r#4 Ðpolitical€organization,€citizens'€rights€and€obligations€and€other€suchÐ *Ï$6 Ðimportant€matters.€€The€Constitution€was€passed€and€is€subject€to€amendment€byÐ r+,&8 Ðthe€National€People's€Congress,€and€the€rules€it€lays€down€override€andÐ Ï,‰': Ðunderpin€all€other€laws€and€regulations.€€The€present€Constitution€was€adoptedÐ F Ðby€the€Fifth€National€People's€Congress€at€its€fifth€session,€onÐ £] Ð4December1982,€and€contains€a€preamble€and€four€chapters,€togetherÐ º Ðcomprising€138€articles,€dealing€with€general€principles,€the€fundamentalÐ ]  Ðrights€and€duties€of€citizens,€the€structure€of€the€State,€and€the€nationalÐ º t Ðflag,€the€national€emblem€and€the€capital.Ð  Ñ  Ð15.à b àUnder€the€Constitution,€politics€in€the€People's€Republic€of€China€isÐ t .  Ðorganized€in€the€form€of€people's€congresses€operating€on€the€principle€ofÐ Ñ‹  Ðdemocratic€centralism,€its€essence€consisting€in€the€fact€that€all€the€powerÐ .è  Ðof€the€State€belongs€to€the€entire€body€of€the€people.€€The€National€People'sÐ ‹E  ÐCongress€is€made€up€of€deputies€elected€for€five-year€terms€by€the€provinces,Ð è¢  Ðautonomous€regions€and€directly€administered€municipalities.Ð Eÿ Ð16.à b àThe€apparatus€of€State€comprises€the€National€People's€Congress€and€itsÐ ¢\ ÐStanding€Committee,€the€presidency€of€the€People's€Republic€of€China,€theÐ ÿ¹ ÐState€Council,€the€Central€Military€Commission,€the€Supreme€People's€Court,Ð \ Ðthe€Supreme€People's€Procuratorate,€people's€congresses€and€people'sÐ ¹s Ðgovernments€at€every€local€tier,€and€the€autonomous€organs,€people's€courtsÐ Ð  Ðand€people's€procuratorates€of€the€national€autonomous€areas.Ð s-" Ð17.à b àThe€National€People's€Congress€is€the€supreme€nationwide€body€whereby€theРЊ$ Ðpeople€exercise€State€power.€€It€has€the€power€to€pass€laws€and€to€decide€onÐ -ç& Ðother€important€matters€relating€to€the€life€of€the€State.€€It€elects€and€canÐ Š D( Ðrecall€the€President€and€Vice„President€of€the€People's€Republic€of€China,€theÐ ç!¡* ÐChairman€of€the€Central€Military€Commission,€the€President€of€the€SupremeÐ D#þ, ÐPeople's€Court€and€the€Procurator-General€of€the€Supreme€People'sÐ ¡$[. ÐProcuratorate,€and€appoints€and€can€dismiss€the€Premier€and€Vice-Premiers,Ð þ%¸ 0 ÐState€Councillors,€Ministers€and€commission€chairmen,€the€Auditor-General€andÐ ['"2 Ðthe€Secretary-General€of€the€State€Council.Ð ¸(r#4 Ð18.à b àThe€specific€duties€of€the€National€People's€Congress€include:€€amendingÐ *Ï$6 Ðthe€constitution€and€overseeing€its€implementation;€passing€and€amending€otherÐ r+,&8 Ðnational€legislation;€electing,€appointing€and€recalling€senior€StateÐ Ï,‰': Ðofficials;€deciding€on€important€matters€of€State;€overseeing€the€activitiesÐ F Ðof€other€State€organs€it€establishes,€and€exercising€such€other€functions€asÐ £] Ðmay€be€required.Ð º Ð19.à b àThe€Standing€Committee€of€the€National€People's€Congress€is€the€permanentÐ ]  Ðorgan€of€the€Congress,€and€is€empowered€to€exercise€certain€powers€of€State€inÐ º t Ðaccordance€with€the€Constitution€when€the€Congress€is€not€in€session.€€ItÐ  Ñ  Ðcomprises€a€chairman€and€a€number€of€vice„chairmen,€a€secretary-general€andÐ t .  Ðother€members€elected€by€the€Congress.Ð Ñ‹  Ð20.à b àThe€powers€of€the€Standing€Committee€include:€€interpreting€theÐ .è  ÐConstitution€and€overseeing€its€implementation;€enacting€legislation€withinÐ ‹E  Ðthe€bounds€laid€down€by€the€Constitution;€interpreting€the€law;€examining€andÐ è¢  Ðensuring€that€administrative€rules€and€local€regulations€are€in€accordanceÐ Eÿ Ðwith€the€Constitution€and€national€legislation;€reviewing€and€approvingÐ ¢\ Ðadjustments€to€the€plan€for€national€economic€and€social€development€and€otherÐ ÿ¹ ÐState€Budget€Department€proposals;€overseeing€the€activities€of€the€StateÐ \ Ðorgans;€and€exercising€such€other€functions€as€are€conferred€upon€it€by€theÐ ¹s ÐNational€People's€Congress.Ð Ð  Ð21.à b àThe€presidency€is€a€crucial€part€of€the€machinery€of€State€in€theÐ s-" ÐPeople's€Republic€of€China;€pursuant€to€decisions€by€the€National€People'sРЊ$ ÐCongress€and€its€Standing€Committee,€the€President€promulgates€laws,€appointsÐ -ç& Ðthe€Premier€and€Vice-Premiers,€ministers€and€commission€chairmen€on€the€StateÐ Š D( ÐCouncil,€declares€war,€proclaims€mobilizations,€and€ratifies€and€abrogatesÐ ç!¡* Ðtreaties€and€important€agreements€with€other€countries.Ð D#þ, Ð22.à b àThe€State€Council€(or€the€Central€People's€Government)€is€the€executiveÐ ¡$[. Ðarm€of€the€highest€organ€of€State€authority,€the€supreme€State€executiveÐ þ%¸ 0 Ðorgan.€€Under€the€Constitution,€the€State€Council€is€responsible€to€and€mustÐ ['"2 Ðreport€on€its€activities€to€the€National€People's€Congress€and€its€StandingÐ ¸(r#4 ÐCommittee.€€It€comprises€the€Premier,€several€Vice-Premiers,€several€StateÐ *Ï$6 ÐCounsellors,€the€heads€of€each€government€Ministry€and€Commission,€theÐ r+,&8 ÐAuditor„General,€and€the€Secretary„General,€ultimate€authority€residing€withÐ Ï,‰': Ðthe€Premier.€€The€State€Council€is€responsible€to€the€highest€organ€of€StateÐ F Ðauthority,€but€the€PrimeMinister€is€not€personally€responsible.€€The€localÐ £] Ðpeople's€government€at€every€level€is€a€State€executive€organ€under€theÐ º Ðunified€leadership€of,€and€subordinate€to,€the€State€Council.€€The€CouncilÐ ]  Ðmeets€in€plenary€and€in€executive€session.€€The€plenary€comprises€all€membersÐ º t Ðof€the€Council.€€Under€the€organizational€law€on€the€State€Council,€importantÐ  Ñ  Ðmatters€on€the€Council's€agenda€must€be€decided€upon€after€discussion€in€anÐ t .  Ðexecutive€session€or€the€plenary€Council.Ð Ñ‹  Ð23.à b àThe€responsibilities€of€the€State€Council€include:€€enacting€andÐ .è  Ðpromulgating€regulations;€adopting€measures;€submitting€motions€to€theÐ ‹E  ÐNational€People's€Congress€or€its€Standing€Committee;€directing€andÐ è¢  Ðsupervising€the€activities€of€its€subsidiary€ministries€and€commissions€andÐ Eÿ Ðlocal€bodies€at€every€level;€directing€and€administering€national€defence,Ð ¢\ Ðcivil€affairs,€cultural€and€educational€activities,€and€conducting€foreignÐ ÿ¹ Ðaffairs;€appointing€and€dismissing€administrative€personnel;€and€fulfillingÐ \ Ðsuch€other€responsibilities€as€are€assigned€to€it€by€the€supreme€organ€ofÐ ¹s ÐState€power.Ð Ð  Ð24.à b àEach€of€the€ministries€under€the€State€Council€has€one€minister€and€twoÐ s-" Ðtofourdeputy€ministers.€€Each€commission€has€one€chairman€and€two€toРЊ$ Ðfourvice-chairmen,€plus€five€to€tenmembers.€€Every€ministry€and€commissionÐ -ç& Ðis€required€to€exercise€leadership,€organization€and€management€within€theÐ Š D( Ðlimits€of€its€jurisdiction,€and€the€instructions,€directives€and€regulationsÐ ç!¡* Ðit€issues€must€be€in€keeping€with€the€law€and€the€administrative€instructionsÐ D#þ, Ðand€decisions€issued€by€the€State€Council.Ð ¡$[. Ð25.à b àThe€Central€Military€Commission€is€the€highest€guiding€body€of€theÐ þ%¸ 0 Ðnational€defence€forces,€and€ultimate€responsibility€for€it€rests€with€itsÐ ['"2 ÐChairman;€the€Commission€is€responsible€to€the€National€People's€Congress€andÐ ¸(r#4 Ðits€Standing€Committee.Ð *Ï$6 Ð26.à b àLocal€people's€congresses€are€the€organs€of€power€at€each€levelÐ r+,&8 Ðthroughout€the€country;€they€guarantee€respect€for€and€compliance€with€theÐ Ï,‰': ÐConstitution,€law€and€administrative€regulations€within€their€respectiveÐ F Ðdistricts,€and€exercise€such€other€authority€as€is€entrusted€to€them€by€theÐ £] ÐConstitution€and€laws.€€The€people's€government€at€every€level€is€the€localÐ º Ðexecutive€arm€of€the€national€organs€of€State€power€and€of€the€StateÐ ]  Ðadministration;€within€the€limits€laid€down€by€the€law€it€manages€economic,Ð º t Ðeducational,€scientific,€cultural€and€other€administrative€matters€within€theÐ  Ñ  Ðdistrict€concerned.Ð t .  Ð27.à b àThe€people's€government€at€every€level€is€subordinate€and€accountable€toÐ Ñ‹  Ðthe€people's€congress€at€the€corresponding€level€but€is€also€accountable€toÐ .è  Ðthe€people's€government€at€the€next€higher€level;€the€people's€governments€atÐ ‹E  Ðevery€level€are€State€administrative€organs€under€the€unified€leadership€ofÐ è¢  Ðthe€State€Council,€and€must€obey€its€unified€leadership.Ð Eÿ Ð28.à b àThe€people's€courts€are€judicial€organs€of€the€State.€€Under€theÐ ¢\ ÐConstitution€and€the€Organization€of€the€People's€Courts€Act,€the€People'sÐ ÿ¹ ÐRepublic€has€established€the€Supreme€People's€Court,€local€people's€courts€andÐ \ Ðspecial€people's€courts.€€Local€people's€courts€are€divided€into€basic-level,Ð ¹s Ðintermediary€and€higher€courts.€€Special€courts€are€courts€set€up€by€the€StateÐ Ð  Ðto€hear€specially€designated€cases€in€specific€domains:€€military€courts,Ð s-" Ðrailway€courts,€marine€courts,€etc.€€Ordinary€and€special€people's€courts€atРЊ$ Ðevery€level€are€made€up€of€a€president€and€a€vice„president,€a€presiding€judgeÐ -ç& Ðand€deputy€presiding€judge€and€a€number€of€judicial€personnel,€and€has€aÐ Š D( Ðjudicial€committee.€€People's€courts€include€criminal,€economic,€civil€andÐ ç!¡* Ðadministrative€chambers.€€The€Supreme€People's€Court€is€the€highest€judicialÐ D#þ, Ðorgan€in€China.€€It€oversees€the€judicial€activities€of€people's€courts€andÐ ¡$[. Ðspecial€people's€courts€at€every€local€level.€€It€is€responsible€to,€andÐ þ%¸ 0 Ðreports€on€its€activities€to,€the€National€People's€Congress€and€its€StandingÐ ['"2 ÐCommittee.€€Local€people's€courts€at€every€level€are€responsible€and€mustÐ ¸(r#4 Ðreport€on€their€activities€to€the€corresponding€people's€congress€and€itsÐ *Ï$6 ÐStanding€Committee,€and€are€also€subject€to€supervision€by€courts€at€higherÐ r+,&8 Ðlevels.€€Under€the€law,€people's€courts€operate€independently€and€are€notÐ Ï,‰': Ðsubject€to€interference€by€administrative€bodies,€social€groups€orÐ F Ðindividuals.€€The€people's€courts€apply€the€principle€that€the€court€of€secondÐ £] Ðinstance€is€the€court€of€final€judgement.Ð º Ð29.à b àThe€people's€procuratorates€are€State€legal€supervisory€bodies€and€partÐ ]  Ðof€the€State€judicial€machinery.€€Under€the€Constitution€and€the€OrganizationÐ º t Ðof€the€People's€Procuratorate€Act,€the€People's€Republic€of€China€hasÐ  Ñ  Ðestablished€the€Supreme€People's€Procuratorate,€local€people's€procuratoratesÐ t .  Ðat€each€level€and€military€and€other€specialized€people's€procuratorates.€Ð Ñ‹  ÐLocal€people's€procuratorates€are€divided€into€provincial,€autonomous-regionÐ .è  Ðand€directly-administered-municipality€main€and€sub„procuratorates;Ð ‹E  Ðautonomous-prefecture€and€provincially„managed€municipal€people'sÐ è¢  Ðprocuratorates;€and€county,€municipal,€autonomous-county€andÐ Eÿ Ðmunicipally-administered€district€people's€procuratorates.€€The€SupremeÐ ¢\ ÐPeople's€Procuratorate€oversees€the€activities€of€the€local€and€specialÐ ÿ¹ Ðprocuratorates€and€the€higher€procuratorates€oversee€the€activities€of€theÐ \ Ðlower.€€The€Supreme€People's€Procuratorate€is€responsible€to€the€NationalÐ ¹s ÐPeople's€Congress€and€its€Standing€Committee,€and€the€local€people'sÐ Ð  Ðprocuratorates€are€responsible€to€the€State€judicial€bodies€which€establishedÐ s-" Ðthem€and€to€higher-level€procuratorates.РЊ$ ÐÌà@B B –àSECTION€III.€€THE€LEGAL€SYSTEM€FOR€PROTECTING€HUMAN€RIGHTSˆÐ Š D( ÐÓ33ÿ¿Óà@Ò Ò –àA.€€òòJudicial,€administrative€and€other€bodies€withˆÐ ç!¡* ÐÔb b b 77ÔÓÿ¿33Ójurisdiction€over€human€rightsóóÐ Ö"+ Ð30.à b àThe€judicial,€administrative€and€other€bodies€with€jurisdiction€overÐ 3$í- Ðhuman€rights€in€China€are€the€people's€courts€and€people's€procuratorates,Ð %J / Ðtogether€with€the€public€security,€law€enforcement,€administrative€andÐ í&§!1 Ðinvestigative€organs€subordinate€to€the€State€Council€and€local€government.Ð J(#3 Ð31.à b àThe€duties€of€the€people's€courts€are€to€hear€criminal,€civil€andÐ §)a$5 Ðadministrative€cases€and€economic€disputes€independently,€in€accordance€withÐ +¾%7 Ðthe€law,€and€by€means€of€such€hearings€to€punish€all€criminals,€rule€on€allÐ a,'9 Ðmatters€raised€in€litigation,€uphold€respect€for€the€laws€and€legal€system€ofÐ F Ðthe€State,€protect€the€social€order,€and€ensure€that€citizens'€lawful€propertyÐ £] Ðand€personal,€democratic€and€other€rights€are€not€infringed.Ð º Ð32.à b àBasic„level€people's€courts€serve€as€the€courts€of€first€instance€inÐ ]  Ðcriminal,€civil,€economic€and€administrative€cases€except€where€the€law€orÐ º t Ðregulations€specify€that€higher€people's€courts€or€special€people's€courtsÐ  Ñ  Ðshall€have€jurisdiction;€they€deal€with€civil€disputes€which€do€not€need€to€beÐ t .  Ðbrought€to€formal€trial,€and€with€petty€criminal€cases;€and€they€direct€theÐ Ñ‹  Ðactivities€of€people's€conciliation€committees.Ð .è  Ð33.à b àIntermediate€people's€courts€serve€as€the€courts€of€first€instance€inÐ ‹E  Ðthose€cases€where€the€law€specifies€that€they€have€jurisdiction,€and€in€casesÐ è¢  Ðreferred€to€them€by€basic-level€people's€courts;€they€hear€appeals€andÐ Eÿ Ðcounterappeals€against€verdicts€and€rulings€by€basic-level€people's€courts;Ð ¢\ Ðand€they€hear€counterappeals€brought€by€the€people's€procuratorates€under€theÐ ÿ¹ Ðadjudication€supervisory€procedure.Ð \ Ð34.à b àThe€higher€people's€courts€serve€as€courts€of€first€instance€in€thoseÐ ¹s Ðcases€over€which€the€law€stipulates€that€they€have€jurisdiction,€and€overÐ Ð  Ðcases€referred€to€them€by€lower€people's€courts;€they€hear€appeals€andÐ s-" Ðcounterappeals€against€decisions€and€rulings€issued€by€intermediate€people'sРЊ$ Ðcourts;€and€they€hear€counterappeals€brought€by€the€people's€procuratoratesÐ -ç& Ðunder€the€adjudication€supervisory€procedure.Ð Š D( Ð35.à b àThe€Supreme€People's€Court€is€by€law€assigned€jurisdiction€over€importantÐ ç!¡* Ðcriminal€cases€of€a€national€nature,€over€civil€suits,€economic€disputes€andÐ D#þ, Ðadministrative€suits€of€national€significance€and€over€cases€in€which€itÐ ¡$[. Ðconsiders€that€it€should€serve€as€the€court€of€first€instance;€it€hearsÐ þ%¸ 0 Ðappeals€and€counterappeals€against€decisions€and€rulings€by€higher€and€specialÐ ['"2 Ðpeople's€courts;€and€it€hears€counterappeals€brought€by€the€Supreme€People'sÐ ¸(r#4 ÐProcuratorate€under€the€adjudication€supervisory€procedure.€€It€is€alsoÐ *Ï$6 Ðempowered€to€interpret€for€judicial€purposes€the€specific€points€of€law€usedÐ r+,&8 Ðby€the€courts€in€their€judicial€activity.Ð Ï,‰': Ð36.à b àAmong€the€special€courts,€the€military€tribunal€was€set€up€as€theÐ F Ðjudicial€organ€of€the€People's€Liberation€Army,€to€adjudicate€on€militaryÐ £] Ðoffences€committed€by€serving€personnel€and€other€criminal€cases;€the€marineÐ º Ðtribunals€adjudicate€as€courts€of€first€instance€in€marine€and€merchant€marineÐ ]  Ðcases,€including€cases€involving€foreign€nationals;€the€rail€transportÐ º t Ðtribunals€adjudicate€in€criminal€cases€occurring€on€the€railways€and€disputesÐ  Ñ  Ðover€infringements€of€rights.€€Appeals€from€marine€tribunals€are€heard€by€aÐ t .  Ðhigher€court€in€the€same€district.€€Appeals€from€rail€transport€tribunals€areÐ Ñ‹  Ðheard€by€intermediate€rail€transport€tribunals.Ð .è  Ð37.à b àUnder€the€Organization€of€the€People's€Procuratorates€Act,€the€duties€ofÐ ‹E  Ðthe€people's€procuratorates€are:Ð è¢  Ðà b à(a)à ™ àTo€investigate€cases€of€treason,€separatist€activity€and€otherÐ Eÿ Ðserious€offences€imperilling€the€political,€legal,€statutory€and€governmentalÐ ¢\ Ðunity€of€the€State;Ð ÿ¹ Ðà b à(b)à ™ àTo€investigate€criminal€cases€it€receives€directly;Ð \ Ðà b à(c)à ™ àTo€screen€cases€investigated€by€the€public€security€organs€andÐ ¹s Ðdecide€whether€to€arrest€and€prosecute€the€culprits€or€to€drop€the€case;€andÐ Ð  Ðto€supervise€the€public€security€organs'€handling€of€the€investigation€andÐ s-" Ðensure€that€it€is€lawful€and€effective;РЊ$ Ðà b à(d)à ™ àTo€bring€and€conduct€the€prosecution€in€criminal€cases;€and€toÐ -ç& Ðsupervise€the€activities€of€the€people's€courts€to€ensure€that€they€are€lawfulÐ Š D( Ðand€effective;Ð ç!¡* Ðà b à(e)à ™ àTo€supervise€the€execution€of€sentence€and€rulings€in€criminalÐ D#þ, Ðcases€and€the€activities€of€prison,€custodial€and€reform-through-labourÐ ¡$[. Ðauthorities€to€ensure€that€they€are€lawful€and€effective.Ð þ%¸ 0 Ð38.à b àIn€accordance€with€the€law,€the€people's€procuratorates€guarantee€theÐ ['"2 Ðrights€of€the€citizen€to€lodge€complaints€against€State€employees€who€breakÐ ¸(r#4 Ðthe€law,€and€investigate€and€apportion€responsibility€for€violations€ofÐ *Ï$6 Ðâ âcitizens'€personal,€democratic€and€other€rights.Ð r+,&8 Ð39.à b àThe€public€security€organs€in€China€are€State€authorities€that€protectÐ F Ðâ âthe€social€order€and€public€security,€and€belong€within€the€system€ofÐ £] Ðadministrative€authorities€in€the€Chinese€machinery€of€State,€but€under€theÐ º Ðlaw€they€also€have€certain€judicial€powers;€they€are€responsible€in€the€caseÐ ]  Ðof€criminal€prosecutions€for€investigating€the€facts,€making€arrests€andÐ º t Ðconducting€preliminary€hearings€and€for€coercive€measures€such€as€holdingÐ  Ñ  Ðpeople€in€custody.€€Besides€fulfilling€their€judicial€functions€under€the€CodeÐ t .  Ðof€Criminal€Procedure,€the€public€security€organs€must€also€comply€with€theÐ Ñ‹  ÐPeople's€Police€regulations,€the€Security€Administration€PunishmentÐ .è  ÐRegulations€and€the€public€order€regulations€issued€by€the€Ministry€of€PublicÐ ‹E  ÐSecurity,€and€with€the€various€local€regulations€and€rules€covering€publicÐ è¢  Ðsecurity€issued€by€local€people's€congresses€and€governments.Ð Eÿ Ð40.à b àAs€the€law€assigns€different€functions€to€people's€courts,€people'sÐ ¢\ Ðprocuratorates€and€the€public€security€organs,€so€they€divide€theirÐ ÿ¹ Ðresponsibilities,€cooperating€and€interacting€in€the€prosecution€of€criminalÐ \ Ðcases€as€the€law€dictates,€for€only€within€the€bounds€of€sharedÐ ¹s Ðresponsibilities€can€they€exercise€their€own€powers:€€they€cannot€substituteÐ Ð  Ðfor€one€another.€€Article3€of€the€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure€states€that€Ð s-" Ðresponsibility€for€investigation,€detention€and€conducting€preliminaryРЊ$ Ðhearings€in€criminal€matters€rests€with€the€public€security€organs.€Ð -ç& ÐAuthorizing€arrests€and€investigations€(including€inquiries),€and€bringingÐ Š D( Ðprosecutions€is€the€responsibility€of€the€people's€procuratorates.€€Trials€areÐ ç!¡* Ðthe€responsibility€of€the€people's€courts.€€There€are€special€provisions€toÐ D#þ, Ðguarantee€the€independence€of€the€courts€and€procuratorial€organs,€in€theÐ ¡$[. ÐChinese€Constitution,€the€Organization€of€the€People's€Courts€Act€and€theÐ þ%¸ 0 ÐOrganization€of€the€People's€Procuratorates€Act.Ð ['"2 Ð41.à b àThe€judicial€organs€are€part€of€the€State€executive€machinery„€theÐ ¸(r#4 ÐMinistry€of€Justice€and€the€judicial€organs€and€criminal€reform€authorities€atÐ *Ï$6 Ðeach€tier€of€local€government,€under€the€authority€of€the€State€Council.€Ð r+,&8 ÐTheir€main€responsibilities€are€to€carry€out€punishments€and€reform€underÐ Ï,‰': Ðdetention,€to€oversee€reeducation€through€labour€and€legal€education,€and€toÐ F Ðsupervise€lawyers€and€notaries;€to€direct€the€activities€of€the€people'sÐ £] Ðmediation€committees;€to€supervise€and€direct€the€legal€faculties€in€politicalÐ º Ðand€legal€colleges€and€in€institutes€of€higher€education;€and€to€provideÐ ]  Ðguidance€in€international€judicial€assistance€efforts€and€the€production€ofÐ º t Ðjudicial€and€legal€publications€and€periodicals.Ð  Ñ  Ð42.à b àTo€ensure€full,€timely€and€effective€administrative€supervision,€theÐ t .  ÐState€has€established€a€special€procuratorial€authority€responsible€forÐ Ñ‹  Ðsupervising€and€checking€up€on€how€State€bodies€and€their€employees€implementÐ .è  ÐState€law,€regulations,€decisions€and€rulings;€it€receives€and€hearsÐ ‹E  Ðcomplaints€and€reports€of€unlawful€or€undisciplined€behaviour€by€StateÐ è¢  Ðauthorities€and€their€employees;€in€accordance€with€the€law€it€registers€andÐ Eÿ Ðinvestigates€cases€and,€based€on€the€results€of€its€inquiries,€makesÐ ¢\ Ðrecommendations€to€the€competent€administrative€organ€or€issues€warnings€andÐ ÿ¹ Ðwritten€demerits€or€orders€demotions,€dismissals€and€other€such€sanctions.€Ð \ ÐThis€authority€is€not€the€same€as€the€administrative€chambers€set€up€by€theÐ ¹s Ðpeople's€courts€under€the€Administrative€Suits€Act.€€The€function€of€theÐ Ð  Ðadministrative€chambers€is€to€hear€administrative€cases,€in€particular€casesÐ s-" Ðbrought€by€individuals,€bodies€corporate€and€other€organizations€who€considerРЊ$ Ðthat€a€State€body€or€its€employees€have€by€their€specific€actions€infringedÐ -ç& Ðtheir€lawful€rights€and€interests.Ð Š D( ÐÔ¨¨¨}}ÔÓ33ÿ¿Óà@¬¬–àB.€€òòCompensatory€measures€for€injury€to€individual€rights€andˆÐ ç!¡* ÐÔ9 9 9 ÔÓÿ¿33Ócompensation€and€rehabilitation€systems€for€victimsóóÐ Ö"+ Ð43.à b àIn€China,€citizens'€personal€rights€and€liberties€are€protected€by€theÐ 3$í- ÐConstitution€and€the€law.€€Broadly€speaking,€there€are€two€aspects€to€StateÐ %J / Ðprotection€for€personal€rights€and€freedoms:€€the€first€consists€in€preventingÐ í&§!1 Ðcitizens'€personal€rights€and€freedoms€from€injury€by€strictly€applying€theÐ J(#3 Ðlaw€relating€to€investigations,€arrests€and€other€encroachments€on€personalÐ §)a$5 Ðâ ârights;€the€second,€in€the€fact€that€if€a€citizen's€personal€rights€areÐ +¾%7 Ðviolated,€he€may€by€law€register€a€complaint,€file€a€report€or€lodge€anÐ F Ðappeal.Ð £] Ðâ â44.à b àArticle€41€of€the€Constitution€states:€€"Citizens€who€have€sufferedÐ º Ðlosses€through€infringement€of€their€civic€rights€by€any€State€organ€orÐ ]  Ðfunctionary€have€the€right€to€compensation€in€accordance€with€the€law";Ð º t Ðarticles€2€and€67€of€the€Administrative€Suits€Act€state€that€citizens,€bodiesÐ  Ñ  Ðcorporate€or€other€organizations€which€consider€that€their€lawful€rights€andÐ t .  Ðinterests€have€been€infringed€through€the€specific€actions€of€anÐ Ñ‹  Ðadministrative€organ€or€an€employee€thereof€are€entitled€under€the€Act€toÐ .è  Ðbring€suits€before€the€people's€courts,€and€may€also€seek€compensation.€Ð ‹E  ÐArticle68€of€the€same€Act€states:€€"A€State€administrative€organ€or€employeeÐ è¢  Ðthereof€who€deliberately€or€through€grave€error€causes€a€citizen€injury€shallÐ Eÿ Ðbe€held€responsible€for€making€compensation,€and€the€costs€of€suchÐ ¢\ Ðcompensation€shall€be€met€out€of€local€government€resources.€€The€people'sÐ ÿ¹ Ðgovernment€at€each€level€may€require€the€administrative€body€responsible€toÐ \ Ðmeet€some€or€all€of€the€costs€of€compensation."Ð ¹s Ð45.à b àFurthermore,€articles€53€and€54€of€the€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure€alsoÐ Ð  Ðstipulate€that€the€victim€of€a€crime€who€has€suffered€injury€as€a€result€ofÐ s-" Ðcriminal€action€by€the€defendant€is€entitled€to€bring€a€concomitant€civil€suitРЊ$ Ðduring€the€hearing€of€the€criminal€case.€€Where€necessary,€the€people's€courtÐ -ç& Ðmay€seal€or€confiscate€the€accused's€property.€€The€concomitant€civil€suitÐ Š D( Ðmust€be€heard€together€with€the€criminal€case.€€Only€where€a€combined€hearingÐ ç!¡* Ðmight€excessively€delay€the€criminal€trial€is€it€permissible€to€try€theÐ D#þ, Ðcriminal€case€first€and€thereafter€proceed,€using€the€same€trial€arrangements,Ð ¡$[. Ðto€hear€the€concomitant€civil€suit.€€In€the€event€of€refusal€to€honourÐ þ%¸ 0 Ðliability€to€make€compensation,€the€law€permits€the€plaintiff€to€apply€to€theÐ ['"2 Ðpeople's€courts€for€enforcement€of€execution.Ð ¸(r#4 Ð46.à b àChinese€law€also€contains€provisions€on€reparation€for€moral€injury,€asÐ *Ï$6 Ðfor€example€in€article€32€of€the€Penal€Code,€which€states:€€"Where€a€crime€isÐ r+,&8 Ðtoo€trivial€to€warrant€criminal€penalties,€punishment€may€be€waived€but,Ð Ï,‰': Ðdepending€on€the€circumstances€of€the€case,€a€reprimand€may€be€issued€or€theÐ F Ðculprit€may€be€ordered€to€sign€a€statement€of€repentance,€make€an€apology,€payÐ £] Ðreparations,€or€compensate€for€the€loss,€or€be€subjected€by€the€competentÐ º Ðdepartment€to€an€administrative€penalty."€€The€Security€AdministrationÐ ]  ÐPunishment€Regulations€contain€corresponding€provisions€on€moral€compensation.€Ð º t ÐSuch€compensation€is€for€the€loss€suffered€by€the€injured€party,€not€a€form€ofÐ  Ñ  Ðpunishment€for€the€culprit.€€The€extent€of€the€compensation€depends€on€theÐ t .  Ðcircumstances€of€each€case.Ð Ñ‹  Ð47.à b àThe€State€judicial€and€administrative€organs€currently€base€compensationÐ .è  Ðto€victims€on€the€principle€of€full€and€fair€redress.€€There€are€no€specificÐ ‹E  Ðprovisions€in€law€relating€to€the€amount€or€manner€of€compensation:€€these€areÐ è¢  Ðdetermined€by€the€judicial€organs€in€accordance€with€the€nature€of€eachÐ Eÿ Ðspecific€case.€€If€the€victim€does€not€receive€compensation€or€insufficientÐ ¢\ Ðcompensation€is€paid,€the€courts€can€apply€coercive€measures€in€accordanceÐ ÿ¹ Ðwith€the€law.€€To€promote€the€use€of€compensation,€the€Chinese€legislature€isÐ \ Ðcurrently€pressing€ahead€with€the€formulation€of€a€compensation€act.€€UntilÐ ¹s Ðthe€Act€is€passed,€it€is€important€to€note€that€by€means€of€an€administrativeÐ Ð  Ðor€judicial€ruling€payment€of€costs€such€as€medical€expenses,€lost€earnings€orÐ s-" Ðfood€subsidies€may€be€negotiated€or€ordered€by€the€administrative€authorities,РЊ$ Ðor€a€concomitant€civil€suit€may€be€brought€along€with€a€criminal€case€so€thatÐ -ç& Ðthe€court€can€order€compensation€to€be€paid.Ð Š D( ÐÓ33ÿ¿Óà@²²–àC.€€òòHow€the€Constitution€and€other€laws€protect€the€various€rightsˆÐ ç!¡* ÐÔ? ? ? ÔÓÿ¿33Ólaid€down€in€human€rights€instrumentsÐ Ö"+ Ðóó48.à b àChina€has€always€respected€and€acknowledged€the€purposes€and€principlesÐ 3$í- Ðof€the€Charter€of€the€UnitedNations€concerned€with€the€protection€andÐ %J / Ðpromotion€of€human€rights.€€It€admires€and€supports€efforts€by€theÐ í&§!1 ÐUnitedNations€to€promote€human€rights€and€fundamental€freedoms€generally,€andÐ J(#3 Ðplays€a€constructive€part€in€work€within€the€UnitedNations€system€to€draftÐ §)a$5 Ðand€adopt€human€rights€legal€instruments.€€Since€1980,€it€has€signed,€ratifiedÐ +¾%7 Ðand€acceded€to€a€series€of€international€human€rights€agreements,€includingÐ a,'9 Ðthe€Convention€on€the€Prevention€and€Punishment€of€the€Crime€of€Genocide,€theÐ F ÐInternational€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€RacialÐ £] ÐDiscrimination,€the€Convention€relating€to€the€Status€of€Refugees,€theÐ º ÐProtocol€relating€to€the€Status€of€Refugees,€the€International€Convention€onÐ ]  Ðthe€Suppression€and€Punishment€of€the€Crime€of€Apartheid,€the€Convention€onÐ º t Ðthe€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€Discrimination€against€Women,€the€ConventionÐ  Ñ  Ðagainst€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€PunishmentÐ t .  Ðand€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child.Ð Ñ‹  Ð49.à b àAll€the€rights€set€forth€in€human€rights€instruments€are€protected€by€theÐ .è  ÐChinese€Constitution€and€separate€regulations.€€For€instance,€the€ChineseÐ ‹E  ÐConstitution€specifies€that€all€citizens€are€equal€before€the€law€(art.33);Ð è¢  Ðcitizens'€personal€freedom€is€not€subject€to€violation€(art.37);€their€homesÐ Eÿ Ðare€inviolable€(art.39);€the€State€protects€their€right€to€own€lawfullyÐ ¢\ Ðearned€income,€savings,€houses€and€other€lawful€property€(art.13);€citizens'Ð ÿ¹ Ðpersonal€dignity€is€inviolable€(art.38);€citizens€have€freedom€of€speech,€ofÐ \ Ðthe€press,€of€assembly,€of€association,€of€procession€and€of€demonstrationÐ ¹s Ð(art.35);€they€have€freedom€of€religious€belief€(art.36);€they€have€the€dutyÐ Ð  Ðas€well€as€the€right€to€receive€an€education€(art.46);€they€have€the€right€toÐ s-" Ðlodge€complaints€and€lay€charges€against€State€organs€and€their€personnel,€andРЊ$ Ðto€obtain€compensation€(art.41);€and€every€nationality€has€the€right€to€useÐ -ç& Ðand€develop€its€own€language€and€script.Ð Š D( Ð50.à b àOther€individual€statutes€and€regulations€such€as€the€Marriage€Act,€theÐ ç!¡* ÐGeneral€Principles€of€Civil€Law,€the€National€Regional€Autonomy€Act,€theÐ D#þ, ÐAssemblies,€Marches€and€Demonstrations€Act,€the€Civil€Suits€Act,€the€PenalÐ ¡$[. ÐCode,€the€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure,€the€Administrative€Suits€Act,€theÐ þ%¸ 0 ÐCompulsory€Education€Act€and€the€Environmental€Protection€Act€contain€specificÐ ['"2 Ðprovisions€protecting€the€rights€of€Chinese€citizens.Ð ¸(r#4 Ðà@–àD.€€òòHow€human€rights€instruments€fit€into€the€State€legal€systemóóˆÐ *Ï$6 Ð51.à b àTo€render€international€human€rights€agreements€consistent€with€domesticÐ r+,&8 Ðlaw€and€make€them€a€part€of€the€domestic€legal€system,€under€article67,Ð Ï,‰': Ðsubsection€14,€of€the€Constitution,€accession€by€China€to€an€internationalÐ F Ðhuman€rights€agreement€must€be€approved€by€the€Standing€Committee€of€theÐ £] ÐNational€People's€Congress.€€Once€approved,€the€instrument€is€binding€underÐ º ÐChinese€law€and€China€must€honour€the€corresponding€obligations:€€no€furtherÐ ]  Ðspecial€legal€transformation€is€required€to€turn€it€into€domestic€law.Ð º t Ð52.à b àCan€an€international€convention€cause€a€conflict€with€domestic€law?Ð  Ñ  ÐSimply€stated,€when€China€concludes€or€becomes€party€to€an€internationalÐ t .  Ðtreaty,€it€pays€very€close€attention€to€the€question€of€harmony€between€theÐ Ñ‹  Ðtreaty€and€domestic€law,€and€no€conflict€of€principle€can€arise.€€In€the€eventÐ .è  Ðof€a€discrepancy€between€the€international€treaty€and€domestic€law€on€anyÐ ‹E  Ðspecific€provision,€the€treaty€takes€precedence€unless€China€entered€aÐ è¢  Ðreservation€upon€ratifying€or€acceding€to€it.€€This€is€clearly€stated€in€aÐ Eÿ Ðnumber€of€pieces€of€legislation.€€As€regards€punishment,€where€anÐ ¢\ Ðinternational€human€rights€instrument€makes€no€specific€provision€a€domesticÐ ÿ¹ Ðlaw€corresponding€in€purpose€to€the€treaty€is€used€for€guidance€in€such€aÐ \ Ðmanner€as€to€preserve€the€thrust€of€the€human€rights€agreement.Ð ¹s ÐÔbbb77ÔÓ33ÿ¿ÓE.€€òòÔóóóÔCan€human€rights€instruments€be€directly€invoked€or€enforcedÐ Ð  ÐÔóóóÈÈÔthrough€the€courts€and€administrative€machinery,€or€mustÐ ¿! ÐÔóóóÈÈÔthey€be€transformed€into€domestic€law€or€regulations€beforeÐ ô®" ÐÔóóóÈÈÔÓÿ¿33Óthey€can€be€applied€by€the€competent€authoritiesóó?Ð ã# Ð53.à b àIn€China,€any€international€human€rights€agreement,€after€approval€by€theÐ @ú% Ðlegislature,€establishes€obligations€which€China€must€comply€with.€€TheÐ  W' Ðjudicial€and€executive€authorities€and€all€public€associations€concerned€thenÐ ú!´) Ðapply€the€agreement€within€their€respective€spheres€of€competence.€€To€resolveÐ W#+ Ðspecific€questions€of€penalties€for€which€an€agreement€makes€no€provision,€theÐ ´$n- Ðoverwhelming€majority€of€treaties€have€to€be€enforced€by€means€of€domesticÐ &Ë / Ðlaws€corresponding€in€purpose.€€In€the€event€of€discrepancies€between€domesticÐ n'("1 Ðlaw€and€an€international€human€rights€agreement€ratified€or€acceded€to€byÐ Ë(…#3 ÐChina,€the€international€agreement€will€take€precedence€unless€China€hasÐ (*â$5 Ðentered€a€reservation€to€it.Ð …+?&7 ÐÔ ßßÔÓ33ÿ¿ÓF.Ô— — — ÅÅÔòòIs€there€any€machinery€or€State€system€responsibleÐ â,œ'9 ÐÔ— — — llÔÓÿ¿33Ófor€supervising€the€enforcement€of€human€rightsóó?Ð F Ð54.à b àSupervision€of€the€enforcement€of€international€human€rights€agreementsÐ £] Ðin€China€is€of€a€piece€with€supervision€of€the€enforcement€of€domestic€law.€Ð º ÐThe€Chinese€legal€supervisory€system€includes€supervision€by€the€organs€ofÐ ]  ÐState€power,€by€administrative€bodies,€by€judicial€organs€and€by€the€public.Ð º t Ð55.à b àSupervision€by€the€organs€of€State€power€means€that€the€National€People'sÐ  Ñ  ÐCongress€and€its€Standing€Committee€supervise€the€enforcement€of€theÐ t .  ÐConstitution€and€laws:€€people's€congresses€at€every€level€and€the€standingÐ Ñ‹  Ðcommittees€of€people's€congresses€from€the€county€level€upwards€guaranteeÐ .è  Ðrespect€for€and€compliance€with€the€Constitution,€law,€administrativeÐ ‹E  Ðregulations€and€local€ordinances€within€their€respective€administrativeÐ è¢  Ðdistricts.€€There€are€two€aspects€to€supervision€of€the€way€the€ConstitutionÐ Eÿ Ðand€law€are€applied:€€the€first€entails€checking€whether€each€individual€law,Ð ¢\ Ðadministrative€regulation,€local€ordinance€and€rule€is€consistent€with€theÐ ÿ¹ Ðspirit€and€letter€of€the€Constitution;€the€second€entails€checking€to€seeÐ \ Ðwhether€the€Constitution€is€breached€by€the€actions€of€the€State€machinery,Ð ¹s Ðany€public€association€or€any€citizen.€€The€National€People's€Congress€isÐ Ð  Ðempowered€to€amend€or€rescind€any€law€or€regulation€in€breach€of€theÐ s-" ÐConstitution,€including€inappropriate€decisions€by€the€Standing€Committee;€theРЊ$ ÐStanding€Committee€of€the€National€People's€Congress€is€empowered€to€rescind€Ð -ç& Ðadministrative€regulations,€decisions€and€rulings€that€contradict€theÐ Š D( ÐConstitution€or€law,€and€local€regulations€and€resolutions€passed€by€theÐ ç!¡* Ðorgans€of€State€authority€in€provinces,€autonomous€regions€and€directlyÐ D#þ, Ðadministered€municipalities€which€contradict€the€Constitution,€law€orÐ ¡$[. Ðadministrative€regulations.€€Local€people's€congresses€and€their€standingÐ þ%¸ 0 Ðcommittees€at€the€county€level€and€above€are€empowered€to€rescindÐ ['"2 Ðinappropriate€decisions€and€rulings€by€the€people's€government€at€the€sameÐ ¸(r#4 Ðlevel€and€inappropriate€resolutions€passed€by€lower€level€people's€congresses.Ð *Ï$6 Ð56.à b àSupervision€by€administrative€bodies€means€that€higher„levelÐ r+,&8 Ðadministrative€organs€oversee€lower„level€ones,€and€administrative€organsÐ Ï,‰': Ðoversee€business€and€industrial€work„units€and€individual€citizens€to€ensureÐ F Ðthat€they€comply€with€and€respect€administrative€laws€and€regulations.Ð £] Ð57.à b àIn€1986,€a€resolution€passed€at€the€eighteenth€session€of€the€SixthÐ º ÐNational€People's€Congress€set€up€procuratorial€bodies€to€supervise€the€mannerÐ ]  Ðin€which€State€organs€and€their€employees€enforce€State€law,€regulations,Ð º t Ðdecisions€and€rulings,€to€receive€reports€and€complaints€about€State€bodiesÐ  Ñ  Ðand€their€employees€who€break€the€law€or€breach€discipline,€register€andÐ t .  Ðinvestigate€cases€in€accordance€with€the€law€and,€depending€on€the€results,€toÐ Ñ‹  Ðmake€recommendations€to€the€competent€administrative€body,€or€issue€cautionsÐ .è  Ðand€written€demerits€or€order€demotions,€dismissals€or€other€such€sanctions.Ð ‹E  Ð58.à b àUnder€the€heading€of€judicial€supervision,€the€Supreme€People's€CourtÐ è¢  Ðmonitors€verdicts€and€rulings€by€lower€people's€courts€which€have€alreadyÐ Eÿ Ðacquired€legal€force,€and€higher€people's€courts€monitor€verdicts€and€rulingsÐ ¢\ Ðby€people's€courts€below€them€which€have€already€acquired€legal€force.€€IfÐ ÿ¹ Ðthey€discover€an€error€in€fact€or€law€they€are€entitled€to€review€the€case€orÐ \ Ðorder€the€lower€court€to€rehear€it.€€If€the€president€of€a€people's€courtÐ ¹s Ðdiscovers€an€error€in€a€verdict€or€ruling€by€his€court€which€has€alreadyÐ Ð  Ðentered€into€force,€he€must€refer€the€matter€to€the€judicial€committee€forÐ s-" Ðaction.€€The€judicial€activities€of€lower€people's€courts€are€monitored€byРЊ$ Ðhigher€people's€courts.Ð -ç& Ð59.à b àThe€people's€procuratorates€are€special€legal€supervisory€bodies€whoseÐ Š D( Ðspecific€functions€include€overseeing€investigations,€trials€and€prisons,Ð ç!¡* Ðcriminal€abuse€of€their€position€by€State€employees,€and€supervising€civilÐ D#þ, Ðtrials€and€administrative€suits.€€They€oversee€the€law€through€the€exercise€ofÐ ¡$[. Ðtheir€procuratorial€authority.€€They€function€as€statutory€supervisory€bodiesÐ þ%¸ 0 Ðnot€by€monitoring€how€all€laws€are€enforced,€but€in€accordance€with€the€lawsÐ ['"2 Ðthemselves,€exercising€their€procuratorial€authority€within€definite€limits.€Ð ¸(r#4 ÐPeople's€procuratorates€at€each€level€supervise€State€organs€and€theirÐ *Ï$6 Ðemployees,€but€are€required€to€mount€investigations€and€apportionÐ r+,&8 Ðresponsibility€only€when€serious€breaches€of€the€law€occur.€€In€the€case€ofÐ Ï,‰': Ðordinary€breaches€of€policy€or€discipline,€it€is€the€supervisory€bodies€thatÐ F Ðintervene.Ð £] Ð60.à b àPublic€supervision€refers€to€the€extensive€and€unprompted€participation,Ð º Ðin€various€forms€by€the€masses€of€the€people,€in€supervising€enforcement€ofÐ ]  Ðthe€law€by€State€employees.€€It€may€take€the€following€forms:Ð º t Ðà b à„à0 ™ àSupervision€by€public€organizations:€€people's€politicalÐ  Ñ  Ðconsultative€conferences€oversee€the€exercise€of€State€affairs€andÐ t .  Ðcompliance€with€the€Constitution€and€law€by€means€of€consultations,Ð Ñ‹  Ðdiscussions,€criticisms€and€proposals;Ð.è ™ $™ $ Ðà b à„à0 ™ àSupervision€by€public€opinion:€€the€masses€of€the€people,€throughÐ ‹E  Ðnewspapers,€the€radio€and€other€media,€unmask€any€kind€of€unlawfulÐ è¢  Ðor€undisciplined€behaviour,€and€support€and€oversee€the€judiciaryÐ Eÿ Ðas€it€punishes€crimes€in€accordance€with€the€law;Т\™ $™ $ Ðà b à„à0 ™ àSupervision€by€the€masses:€€this€refers€to€direct€involvement€byÐ ÿ¹ Ðthe€masses€in€statutory€supervision,€including€the€enactment,Ð \ Ðapplication€and€enforcement€of€legislation.€€The€State€providesÐ ¹s Ðample€opportunity€and€safeguards€for€this,€for€example€by€settingÐ Ð  Ðup€reception€centres,€mail€offices€and€telephone€links.Ðs-"™ $™ $ Ðà@  –àSECTION€IV.€€PUBLICIZING€HUMAN€RIGHTS€INSTRUMENTSˆÐ Њ$ Ð61.à b àThe€Chinese€Government€extensively€publicizes€and€disseminates€theÐ -ç& Ðinternational€Human€Rights€instruments€it€recognizes€or€accedes€to,€toÐ Š D( Ðheighten€awareness€of€the€rights€they€proclaim€among€the€public€and€the€bodiesÐ ç!¡* Ðconcerned.Ð D#þ, Ð62.à b àAccording€to€statutory€procedure,€international€human€rights€instrumentsÐ ¡$[. Ðfor€ratification€or€accession€by€China€must€be€studied€and€discussed€by€theÐ þ%¸ 0 Ðrelevant€Government€departments€and€then€referred€to€the€Standing€Committee€ofÐ ['"2 Ðthe€National€People's€Congress€for€approval;€once€ratified,€the€GovernmentÐ ¸(r#4 Ðwill€publicize€them€throughout€the€country€and€the€departments€concerned€willÐ *Ï$6 Ðâ âbegin€to€put€them€into€effect.Ð r+,&8 Ð63.à b àHuman€rights€instruments€are€publicized€chiefly€through€the€daily€news,Ð F Ðâ âtelevision€and€news€broadcasts,€the€press€etc.€€Government€bodies€or€popularÐ £] Ðorganizations€may€hold€meetings,€print€and€distribute€material€on€the€subject,Ð º Ðorganize€one„day€city„wide€or€nationwide€publicity€campaigns,€produce€reports,Ð ]  Ðorganize€lecture€tours,€or€photographic€exhibitions,€artistic€displays€and€soÐ º t Ðforth€to€spread€the€word.€€The€rights€of€the€young,€the€elderly€and€theÐ  Ñ  Ðhandicapped€are€publicized€in€courses€on€the€legal€system€given€at€primary€andÐ t .  Ðsecondary€schools,€and,€in€the€case€of€the€elderly€and€disabled,€in€theÐ Ñ‹  Ðstreets€and€houses€where€they€live,€to€make€sure€that€they€are€aware€of€theirÐ .è  Ðrights;€tests,€and€compilations€such€as€the€"Survey€of€UnitedNations€materialÐ ‹E  Ðon€crime€prevention€and€related€subjects",€are€used€to€publicize€such€rightsÐ è¢  Ðamong€State€employees,€in€particular€public€security,€procuratorial,€court€andÐ Eÿ Ðjudicial€staff.Ð ¢\ Ð64.à b àMany€public€research€institutes€and€institutions€of€higher€learning€have€Ð ÿ¹ Ðin€recent€years€set€up€human€rights€faculties€to€conduct€specialized€researchÐ \ Ðon€human€rights,€and€they€often€run€local€or€national€seminars.Ð ¹s Ð65.à b àSuch€publicity€and€propaganda€activities,€when€held€in€areas€inhabited€byÐ Ð  Ðminority€nationalities,€tend€to€be€staged€in€the€language€of€the€nationalitiesÐ s-" Ðconcerned.€€Television€broadcasts€and€publications€in€such€areas€also€use€theРЊ$ Ðlanguages€of€the€local€minorities.Ð -ç& Ð66.à b àThe€Government€also€uses€publicity€designed€to€promote€the€generalÐ Š D( Ðpublic's€knowledge€of€the€legal€system,€including€international€human€rightsÐ ç!¡* Ðinstruments,€to€enhance€public€awareness€of€the€legal€system.€€In€1985€itÐ D#þ, Ðpassed€a€resolution€calling€for€a€five„year€nationwide€drive€to€extendÐ ¡$[. Ðpeople's€general€knowledge€of€the€law.€€According€to€the€statistics,€by€1988Ð þ%¸ 0 Ðamong€750million€subjects€of€ordinary€law,€520€million€had€received€someÐ ['"2 Ðgeneral€legal€education.€€To€consolidate€and€expand€upon€the€fruits€of€theÐ ¸(r#4 Ðfive„year€drive,€the€Government€has€passed€another€resolution€wherebyÐ *Ï$6 Ðâ âbeginning€in€1991,€again€for€a€five„year€period,€it€will€continue€to€mount€aÐ r+,&8 Ðwide€variety€of€publicity€and€educational€activities€concerned€with€the€legalÐ F Ðsystem.Ð £] Ðâ â67.à b àThe€Ministry€of€Foreign€Affairs€of€the€People's€Republic€of€China€isÐ º Ðresponsible€for€transmitting€reports€on€compliance€with€international€humanÐ ]  Ðrights€treaties€to€the€special€bodies€set€up€under€those€treaties.€€It€gathersÐ º t Ðthe€material€and€information€for€the€reports€from€the€domestic€news€media,Ð  Ñ  Ðpublic€associations€and€government€departments.€€What€goes€into€a€report€isÐ t .  Ðnot€normally€a€subject€for€public€discussion,€but€the€report,€once€finalizedÐ Ñ‹  Ðis€made€available€to€the€public.Ð .è  Ðà@œœ2–à„„„„„ˆÌ