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ÐÌà b àShare€of€population€under€15€years€and€over€64€years€(1980)à ¿ à€52%Ð &#à  ÐÌà b àUrban€population€as€share€of€total€population€(1990)à ˆ àà ¿ à€48%Ð %¾" ÐÌà b àFemale„headed€householdsà Q àà ˆ àà ¿ à€26„30%Ð â&œ!$ ÐÌà b àLife€expectancy€(1990)€(years)à Q àà ˆ àà ¿ à€54.4Ð À(z#& ÐÌà b àà  àMenà Q àà ˆ àà ¿ à€52Ð ž*X%( Ðà b àà  àWomenà Q àà ˆ àà ¿ à€55.5Ð +G&) ÐÌà b àInfant€mortality€per€1,000€births€(1990)à Q àà ˆ àà ¿ à100Ð k-%(+ Їà b àIlliteracy€„€share€of€population€over€15€years€(1985)à ˆ àà ¿ à€23.4%Ð F ÐÌà b àà  àMenà Q àà ˆ àà ¿ à€15.8%Ð $Þ Ðà b àà  àWomenà Q àà ˆ àà ¿ à€32.6%Ð Í ÐÌà b àà  àà Q à€€òòper€cent€of€totalóóÐ ñ « ÐÌà b àCentral€Government€expenditure€(1989)Ð Ï ‰ ÐÌà b àà  àMilitaryà Q àà ˆ à€0.0€(N.A.)€Ð ­ g  Ðà b àà  àEducation€sectorà Q àà ˆ à€8.6Ð œV  Ðà b àà  àHealth€sector€(1992)à Q àà ˆ à10.0Ð ‹E  ÐÌà b àIndex€of€per€capita€food€productionÐ i#  Ðà b à€€(1987„1989)€(1979„1981€=€100)à Q àà ˆ à97Ð X  ÐÌà b àDaily€per€capita€calorie€consumptionÐ 6ð Ðà b à€€(as€per€cent€of€requirements)à Q àà ˆ à93Ð %ß ÐÌÌÌÌÌÌà@VV$–àII.€€GENERAL€POLITICAL€STRUCTUREˆÐ ®h ÐÌ2.à b àZambia€is€a€unitary€State€with€a€President€elected€by€direct€franchise.€Ð ŒF ÐPreviously,€provinces€were€administered€by€a€member€of€the€Central€CommitteeÐ {5 Ðand€districts€were€administered€by€Governors,€both€officials€were€appointed€byÐ j$ Ðthe€President€and€had€to€be€members€of€UNIP€the€only€official€political€party.€Ð Y  ÐNow€provinces€are€run€by€a€Deputy€Minister,€who€must€be€a€Member€ofÐ H! ÐParliament,€and€districts€are€run€by€a€mayor€elected€from€among€the€localÐ 7"ñ Ðcouncillors.€€The€local€government€elections€were€scheduled€forÐ &#à  Ð30November1992.Ð $Ï! ÐÌ3.à b àAdministrators€in€the€various€provinces€and€districts€as€well€asÐ ó%­ # Ðgovernment€departments€are€appointed€on€merit€by€the€Civil€Service€Commission.€Ð â&œ!$ ÐThis€has€led€to€cultural€diffusion€with€many€administrators€and€teachersÐ Ñ'‹"% Ðknowing€more€than€one€local€language€because€of€being€posted€to€areas€not€ofÐ À(z#& Ðtheir€origin,€it€has€also€led€to€inter„marriages€between€tribes.€€English,Ð ¯)i$' Ðhowever,€has€been€retained€as€the€official€language.Ð ž*X%( ÐÌ4.à b àPrior€to€Zambia's€independence€two€social€evils€were€visible,€namelyÐ |,6'* Ðracial€discrimination€and€tribalism€based€on€the€South€African€model€ofÐ k-%(+ Ðapartheid.€€In€the€area€of€social€advancement,€residence€and€political€career,Ð F Ðracial€discrimination€was€practised€and€workers€in€urban€areas€were€grouped€onÐ 5ï Ðthe€basis€of€tribal€origin.€€It€would€be€truthful€to€say€that€these€practicesÐ $Þ Ðhave€been€dispensed€with€and€that€Zambia€is€an€example€of€a€multicultural€andÐ Í Ðmultiracial€country.€€Zambia€has€the€most€racially€and€culturally€mixedÐ  ¼ ÐCabinet€and€Parliament€in€Africa.€€Anybody€without€regard€to€race€or€tribalÐ ñ « Ðorigin€is€free€to€stand€for€any€political€office€in€the€land.Ð à š ÐÌ5.à b àOne€area€must€be€mentioned€though€regarding€the€status€of€chiefs.€€DuringÐ ¾ x Ðthe€Second€Republic€(i.e.€the€"One€Party€State"€era)€there€was€a€tendency€toÐ ­ g  Ðpoliticize€this€position.€€The€present€Government€wants€to€retain€thisÐ œV  Ðposition€more€as€a€cultural€entity€to€avoid€the€embarrassment€of€chiefs€losingÐ ‹E  Ðan€election€in€their€own€areas.€€Chiefs€can€stand€for€elections,€but€they€haveÐ z4  Ðlost€their€political€status€of€belonging€to€the€House€of€Chiefs.€€However,Ð i#  Ðthey€still€retain€their€arbitrative€powers€in€matters€relating€to€land€andÐ X  Ðcivil€matters€in€their€own€areas€(i.e.€you€cannot€get€land€title€deeds€in€aÐ G Ðchief's€area€without€his€consent.€€Chiefs€normally€settle€civil€disputes€underÐ 6ð Ðcustomary€law).Ð %ß ÐÌ6.à b àZambia€is€a€land„locked€country€bordered€by€Zimbabwe,€Botswana,€Namibia,Ð ½ ÐAngola,€Zaire,€Tanzania,€Mozambique€and€Malawi.€€As€a€result,€from€theÐ ò¬ Ðbeginning€Zambia€adopted€an€anti„colonial€and€an€anti„apartheid€stand.€€As€aÐ á› Ðconsequence€of€its€geopolitical€location,€Zambia€has€been€host€to€refugeesРЊ Ðfrom€neighbouring€countries€fighting€for€independence€and€those€fighting€toÐ ¿y Ðend€injustice,€namely:€€Zimbabwe,€Namibia,€Angola,€Mozambique€andÐ ®h ÐSouthAfrica.€€As€a€result€of€this,€Zambia€has€in€the€past€been€a€victim€ofÐ W Ðmilitary€incursions€from€the€colonial€regimes€and€South€Africa€aimed€atÐ ŒF Ðdestroying€its€infrastructure€and€has€experienced€serious€disruptions€to€itsÐ {5 Ðtransport€arteries€for€both€imports€and€exports€because€of€its€reliance€onÐ j$ Ðroutes€to€the€sea€through€Angola,€Mozambique€and€South€Africa€via€Zimbabwe.€Ð Y  ÐZambia€now€relies€on€the€Tazara€rail,€built€with€Chinese€aid€as€a€jointÐ H! Ðventure€between€Tanzania€and€Zambia,€to€have€access€to€the€sea€through€theÐ 7"ñ Ðnorthern€route.Ð &#à  ÐÌà@–àIII.€€GENERAL€LEGAL€FRAMEWORK€WITHIN€WHICH€HUMAN€RIGHTS€ARE€PROTECTEDˆÐ %¾" ÐÌ7.à b àThe€basic€framework€of€human€rights€protection€in€Zambia€is€provided€byÐ â&œ!$ Ðthe€Constitution€of€Zambia€Act,€1991,€part€III€entitled€"Protection€ofÐ Ñ'‹"% ÐFundamental€Rights€and€Freedoms€of€the€Individual"€(arts.€11„32).€€TheÐ À(z#& ÐConstitution€still€remains€the€foundation€of€all€official€practices,€itÐ ¯)i$' Ðdefines€the€powers€and€procedures€to€be€followed€in€the€execution€of€officialÐ ž*X%( Ðduties.Ð +G&) Ðâ âÐ |,6'* Ð8.à b àArticle€11€makes€general€provisions€for€the€rights€to€life,€liberty,Ð F Ðâ âsecurity€of€the€person€and€protection€of€the€law;€freedom€of€conscience,Ð 5ï Ðexpression,€assembly,€movement€and€association;€the€protection€of€youngÐ $Þ Ðpersons€from€exploitation;€and€protection€for€the€privacy€of€the€home€andÐ Í Ðother€property€and€from€deprivation€of€property€and€without€compensation.€Ð  ¼ ÐThese€rights€are€elaborated€in€subsequent€articles.€€Other€articles€prohibitÐ ñ « Ðslavery€(art.€14),€torture€and€inhuman€or€degrading€punishment€or€other€likeÐ à š Ðtreatment€(art.€15)€and€arbitrary€search€and€entry€(art.€17).€€Freedom€ofÐ Ï ‰ Ðconscience,€including€freedom€of€thought€and€religion€is€guaranteed€inÐ ¾ x Ðarticle19,€freedom€of€expression€is€elaborated€in€article€20,€freedom€ofÐ ­ g  Ðassembly€in€article€21€and€freedom€of€movement€in€article€22.Ð œV  ÐÌ9.à b àArticle€23€deals€with€protection€against€discrimination,€either€on€theÐ z4  Ðground€of€"race,€tribe,€sex,€place€of€origin,€marital€status,€politicalÐ i#  Ðopinions,€colour€or€creed€...".€€Discrimination€is€forbidden€either€in€itsÐ X  Ðexpress€form€in€law€or€in€its€effect€whether€in€the€execution€of€publicÐ G Ðfunctions€or€in€the€functions€of€any€public€authority.€€Exceptions€only€existÐ 6ð Ðin€respect€of€non„citizens,€and€to€matters€of€personal€law€such€as€marriage,Ð %ß Ðdivorce,€burial,€etc.€€Here€a€distinction€has€been€drawn€between€political€andÐ Î Ðcivil€rights€and€private€law€to€indicate€the€abrogation€to€the€right€toÐ ½ Ðprotection€from€discrimination.Ð ò¬ ÐÌ10.à b àDerogation€of€fundamental€rights€and€freedoms€is€provided€for€inРЊ Ðarticle25.€€These€rights€may€be€restricted€under€conditions€of€war€and€when€aÐ ¿y Ðstate€of€emergency€is€in€force,€provided€that€it€is€shown€that€the€measures€soÐ ®h Ðtaken€were€necessary€to€deal€with€the€situation€in€question.€€OtherÐ W Ðcircumstances€in€which€derogation€may€apply€is€in€the€execution€of€a€courtÐ ŒF Ðorder€in€which€a€person€has€been€convicted.€€Freedom€of€conscience,Ð {5 Ðassociation,€and€arbitrary€search€and€confiscation€of€property€may€be€limitedÐ j$ Ðin€the€interests€of€defence,€public€safety,€public€morality€or€public€health.Ð Y  ÐÌà@PP'–àA.€€òòInternational€CovenantsˆÐ 7"ñ ÐÌóó11.à b àIn€terms€of€international€human€rights€instruments,€Zambia€acceded€to€theÐ $Ï! ÐInternational€Covenant€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights€(CESCR)€and€theÐ %¾" ÐInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€and€its€Optional€ProtocolÐ ó%­ # Ðon€10€April€1984.€€Zambia,€however,€made€reservations€with€respect€toÐ â&œ!$ Ðarticle13(2)(a)€of€the€CESCR;€the€Government€accepted€the€principle€ofÐ Ñ'‹"% Ðuniversal€access€to€primary€education€and€that€it€would€undertake€to€implementÐ À(z#& Ðit,€but€would€not€guarantee€its€full€application€because€of€financialÐ ¯)i$' Ðconstraints.Ð ž*X%( ÐÌ12.à b àOther€human€rights€instruments€Zambia€has€acceded€to,€include€theÐ |,6'* ÐInternational€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€RacialÐ k-%(+ ÐDiscrimination,€the€International€Convention€on€the€Suppression€and€PunishmentÐ F Ðof€the€Crime€of€Apartheid,€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€ofÐ 5ï ÐDiscrimination€Against€Women,€the€Slavery€Convention€and€the€Protocol€amendingÐ $Þ Ðthe€Slavery€Convention,€signed€in€Geneva€on€25€September€1926,€theÐ Í ÐSupplementary€Convention€on€the€Abolition€of€Slavery,€the€Slave€Trade,€andÐ  ¼ ÐInstitutions€and€Practices€Similar€to€Slavery€and€the€Convention€on€theÐ ñ « ÐNationality€of€Married€Women.Ð à š ÐÌ13.à b àIt€has€also€acceded€to€the€Convention€relating€to€the€Status€of€StatelessÐ ¾ x ÐPersons€and€the€Convention€relating€to€the€Status€of€Refugees€but€has€retainedÐ ­ g  Ðsome€reservations:€€it€has€accepted€articles€dealing€with€the€rights€toÐ œV  Ðnational€treatment€in€elementary€education€as€recommendations,€not€bindingÐ ‹E  Ðobligations;€it€has€reserved€the€right€to€designate€the€place€of€residence€forÐ z4  Ðrefugees€and€stateless€persons;€it€is€not€bound€to€issue€travel€documents€withÐ i#  Ðthe€right€of€return€in€cases€where€a€country€of€second€asylum€has€shownÐ X  Ðwillingness€to€accept€the€persons€in€question;€and€with€regard€to€expulsion€itÐ G Ðis€not€willing€to€give€treatment€more€favourable€than€that€accorded€to€aliensÐ 6ð Ðgenerally.€€Zambia€has€yet€to€ratify€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€OtherÐ %ß ÐCruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€although€this€issue€wasÐ Î Ðunder€review.€€The€current€President€of€Zambia,€Mr.€Frederick€Chiluba,€on€hisÐ ½ Ðvisit€to€Geneva,€promised€he€would€ratify€protocols€by€the€InternationalÐ ò¬ ÐCommittee€of€the€Red€Cross€related€to€tracing€missing€or€imprisoned€personsÐ á› Ðduring€the€liberation€wars€in€neighbouring€countries.РЊ ÐÌà@ææ(–àB.€€òòSystem€of€governanceóóˆÐ ®h ÐÌ14.à b àThe€present€Government€intends€to€review€the€Constitution€with€a€view€toÐ ŒF Ðmaking€it€more€democratic.€€Considerable€democratic€changes,€however,€wereÐ {5 Ðalready€reflected€in€the€Constitution€of€Zambia€Act€of€24€August€1991:€Ð j$ ÐCabinet€Members€are€to€be€selected€from€amongst€the€150€elected€Members€ofÐ Y  ÐParliament;€the€President€is€required€to€consult€Parliament€before€declaring€aÐ H! Ðstate€of€emergency;€and€a€state€of€emergency€is€to€be€terminated€seven€daysÐ 7"ñ Ðfollowing€the€election€of€a€new€President.€€The€House€of€Chiefs€was€abolishedÐ &#à  Ðand€is€to€be€replaced€by€a€House€of€Representatives€which€would€includeÐ $Ï! Ðelected€chiefs€but€also€other€special€interest€groups.€€The€powers€of€theÐ %¾" ÐHouse€of€Representatives€are€still€undefined€but€are€a€subject€of€theÐ ó%­ # Ðconstitutional€review.Ð â&œ!$ ÐÌ15.à b àThe€growing€power€of€Parliament€in€national€life€can€be€seen€from€aÐ À(z#& Ðrecent€censure€of€the€President€when€he€appointed€the€Solicitor„General€andÐ ¯)i$' Ðmade€the€Minister€of€Justice€to€also€hold€the€office€of€Attorney„General.€Ð ž*X%( ÐBoth€appointments€were€objected€to€by€Parliament€because€they€were€notÐ +G&) Ðratified€by€it.€€When€the€proposed€candidates€were€referred€to€Parliament,€theÐ |,6'* Ðcandidature€of€the€Solicitor„General€was€accepted,€but€Parliament€rejectedÐ k-%(+ Ðthat€of€the€Attorney„General€on€grounds€that€there€was€a€veiled€attempt€by€theÐ F ÐPresident€to€appendage€an€institution€that€is€meant€to€uphold€the€law€to€theÐ 5ï Ðexecutive€branch€of€the€Government.€€This€is€despite€that€the€proposedÐ $Þ Ðcandidate,€Dr.€Roger€Chongwe,€is€a€renowned€human€rights€campaigner€and€wasÐ Í Ðeven€Chairman€of€the€African€Bar€Association.€€Another€candidate€was€proposedÐ  ¼ Ðby€the€President€and€Parliament€endorsed€him.€€There€have€been€calls€byÐ ñ « ÐParliament€that€all€Cabinet€Ministers€and€other€senior€government€officials€beÐ à š Ðsubject€to€Parliamentary€approval€in€any€future€constitution.Ð Ï ‰ ÐÌÌà@ºº%–àIV.€€ADMINISTRATION€OF€JUSTICEˆÐ œV  ÐÌ16.à b àThe€courts€act€as€the€main€human€rights€guarantor€but€are€supported€byÐ z4  Ðthree€other€bodies:€€the€Commission€of€Investigation,€the€Anti„CorruptionÐ i#  ÐCommission€and€the€Industrial€Relations€Court.Ð X  ÐÌ17.à b àDuring€the€transition€to€multi„party€democracy,€the€Zambian€judiciaryÐ 6ð Ðdemonstrated€its€independence€from€the€political€leadership€through€someÐ %ß Ðcritical€judgements€that€affirmed€basic€human€rights€including€freedom€ofÐ Î Ðexpression€and€association.€€In€February€1991,€the€High€Court€ruled€againstÐ ½ ÐGovernment€bans€on€media€coverage€of€the€opposition.€€As€a€result€of€thisÐ ò¬ Ðruling,€coverage€in€the€Government€and€UNIP„owned€newspapers€increased€andÐ á› Ðprivate€newspapers€and€magazines€emerged.€€In€September,€a€decision€forced€theРЊ ÐZambia€National€Broadcasting€Corporation€to€screen€opposition€advertisements.€Ð ¿y ÐAlso€important€was€the€Supreme€Court€decision€that€UNIP€could€not€force€UNIPÐ ®h ÐMembers€of€Parliament€to€resign€if€they€changed€their€party€affiliation.Ð W ÐÌ18.à b àUnder€article€93€of€the€Constitution,€the€President€appoints€theÐ {5 ÐChiefJustice€and€four€judges€of€the€Supreme€Court.€€Similarly,€the€PresidentÐ j$ Ðappoints€the€13€High€Court€Judges€on€the€advice€of€the€Judicial€ServiceÐ Y  ÐCommission€(which€comprises€the€Attorney„General,€Chief€Justice,€Secretary€toÐ H! Ðthe€Cabinet,€Chairman€of€the€Public€Service€Commission€and€one€other€member).€Ð 7"ñ ÐA€departure€from€the€past€is€that€now€these€appointments€are€subject€toÐ &#à  Ðratification€by€the€National€Assembly€while€under€Kaunda's€rule€they€were€theÐ $Ï! Ðprerogative€of€the€President€alone.€€This€practice€had€led€to€criticism€thatÐ %¾" Ðthe€President's€power€to€appoint€and€transfer€judges,€was€an€indirect€way€ofÐ ó%­ # Ðdetermining€the€outcome€of€trials.Ð â&œ!$ ÐÌ19.à b àThe€office€of€the€Supreme€Court€and€High€Court€Judge€cannot€be€abolishedÐ À(z#& Ðwhile€occupied.€€However,€judges€can€be€removed€from€office€on€grounds€ofÐ ¯)i$' Ðinability€to€perform€their€functions€and€misbehaviour€after€an€investigationÐ ž*X%( Ðby€a€tribunal€composed€of€judges€and€former€judges.€€The€recommendations€ofÐ +G&) Ðthe€tribunal€are€binding€on€the€President.Ð |,6'* ÐÐ k-%(+ Ð20.à b àAll€accused€persons€have€a€right€to€legal€representation€either€of€theirÐ F Ðchoice€or€provided€for€by€the€State€under€the€Legal€Aid€Act.€€State€assistanceÐ 5ï Ðto€accused€persons€has€in€the€past€not€been€sufficient€as€a€majority€of€LegalÐ $Þ ÐCounsellors€leave€the€department€due€to€low€pay€and€poor€conditions€ofÐ Í Ðservice.€€The€Zambian€Bar€has€instituted€a€system€to€supplement€GovernmentÐ  ¼ Ðlegal€aid.€€This€is€an€area€where€the€Government€would€appreciate€immediateÐ ñ « Ðtechnical€assistance€from€the€United€Nations€Commission€on€Human€Rights€for€aÐ à š Ðgeneral€educational€programme€aimed€at€improving€the€awareness€of€both€theÐ Ï ‰ Ðpolice€and€the€public€as€to€their€rights€and€limitations.Ð ¾ x ÐÌà@´´(–àA.€€òòSupportive€structuresóóˆÐ œV  ÐÌ21.à b àThe€Commission€of€Investigation€was€set€up€in€1974€upon€recommendation€byÐ z4  Ðthe€National€Commission€for€the€establishment€of€a€One€Party€State€as€theÐ i#  Ðprincipal€organ€to€protect€human€rights€in€the€country.€€It€is€headed€by€aÐ X  ÐCommissioner€and€its€six„member€committee€is€appointed€in€consultation€withÐ G Ðthe€Judicial€Service€Commission€which€is€a€semi„autonomous€body.€€It€isÐ 6ð Ðcharged€with€dealing€with€complaints€lodged€with€the€President€by€individuals€Ð  %ß Ðor€groups.€€It€handles€complaints€related€to€discrimination€or€bias,€such€asÐ F Ðtribalism,€nepotism,€favouritism,€abuse€of€power,€incompetence€andÐ 5ï Ðunreasonable€delay.Ð $Þ ÐÌ22.à b àThe€Commission€is€vested€with€wide€investigatory€powers€and€itsÐ  ¼ Ðinvestigations€are€always€òòin€cameraóó.€€When€the€Commission€is€satisfied€that€aÐ ñ « Ðfelony€has€been€committed,€a€report€with€recommendations€is€submitted€to€theÐ à š ÐPresident€for€a€decision€and€action.€€The€President€communicates€his€decisionÐ Ï ‰ Ðto€the€individual€or€institution€involved€and€to€the€complainant.€€ItsÐ ¾ x Ðrecommendations€are€not€binding€on€the€President.Ð ­ g  ÐÌ23.à b àThe€weakness€of€the€Commission€in€the€past€was€that€its€right€to€initiateÐ ‹E  Ðinvestigations€depended€on€the€President€and€the€recommendations€made€to€himÐ z4  Ðwere€not€binding.€€Our€experience€showed€the€President€rarely€acted€on€theseÐ i#  Ðrecommendations.€€While€in€opposition,€the€Chairman€of€the€MDD€LegalÐ X  ÐCommittee,€now€Vice„President,€Hon.€Levy€Mwanawasa,€suggested€that€such€organsÐ G Ðshould€come€under€the€office€of€the€Attorney„General€that€should€be€fundedÐ 6ð Ðindependently.€€This€recommendation€was€adopted.€€The€operative€clause€in€theÐ %ß Ðpresent€Constitution€regarding€the€Attorney„General's€powers€(art.€52,Ð Î Ðclause4)€is€that€the€Attorney„General€is€not€bound€by€any€authority€in€theÐ ½ Ðissuance€of€directives€to€the€Director€of€Public€Prosecutions€for€prosecution.€Ð ò¬ ÐThe€Attorney„General€cannot€hold€a€rank€less€than€that€of€a€High€Court€Judge.Ð á› ÐÌà@ò ò #–àB.€€òòImplementation€of€human€rightsˆÐ ¿y ÐÌóó24.à b àThe€main€institution€for€redressing€human€rights€abuses€and€interpretingÐ W Ðthe€constitution€is€the€High€Court€of€Zambia.€€An€appellant€has€the€right€ofÐ ŒF Ðappeal€to€the€Supreme€Court€if€he€deems€he€has€been€adjudged€unfairly.€Ð {5 ÐSubordinate€courts€do€not€deal€with€human€rights€matters.Ð j$ ÐÌ25.à b àThe€High€Court€has€therefore€the€ultimate€burden€of€interpreting€andÐ H! Ðelaborating€human€rights€provisions.€€The€implementation€of€human€rightsÐ 7"ñ Ðprovisions€does€not€require€recourse€to€extra€legislation€or€an€intermediateÐ &#à  Ðbody.€€A€distinction€must€however€be€made€between€categories€of€human€rightsÐ $Ï! Ðmatters€for€which€a€tribunal€appointed€by€the€President€is€provided€for€andÐ %¾" Ðthose€for€which€redress€is€sought€directly€from€the€courts.€€With€mattersÐ ó%­ # Ðarising€in€the€course€of€duty€in€the€civil€service,€such€as€matters€related€toÐ â&œ!$ Ðcorruption,€nepotism,€unreasonable€delay,€tribalism€and€the€like,€there€is€aÐ Ñ'‹"% Ðconstitutional€provision€for€a€Presidential€tribunal€to€be€appointed.€€TheÐ À(z#& Ðtribunal€must€constitute€members€of€the€Law€Commission€which€is€aÐ ¯)i$' Ðsemi-autonomous€body.€€The€recommendations€of€the€tribunal€which€is€heldÐ ž*X%( Ðòòincameraóó€are€not€binding€on€the€President€but€he€is€obliged€to€inform€theÐ +G&) Ðaggrieved€party€of€the€findings€of€the€tribunal€and€his€opinion.Ð |,6'* ÐÔ_ÔÐ k-%(+ Ð26.à b àRedress€may€also€be€sought€from€international€organizations€to€whichÐ F ÐZambia€is€a€signatory.€€This€remedy€is€available€in€the€area€of€civil€andÐ 5ï Ðpolitical€rights€but€also€in€matters€related€to€foreign€investment.€€In€casesÐ $Þ Ðof€dispute€with€the€Government,€investors€have€legal€recourse€to€a€specialÐ Í Ðarbitration€body€or€to€the€High€Court€of€Zambia,€and€beyond€that€to€theÐ  ¼ ÐInternational€Centre€for€the€Settlement€of€Investment€Disputes€(Ô_ÔICSIDÔ_Ô),€theÐ ñ « ÐUnited€Nations€Commission€on€International€Trade€Law€and€any€other€machineryÐ à š Ðagreed€to€by€the€parties€involved.Ð Ï ‰ ÐÌà@ìì&–àC.€€òòInformation€and€publicityˆÐ ­ g  ÐÌóó27.à b àThe€main€avenue€through€which€human€rights€are€publicised€still€remainsÐ ‹E  Ðthe€press.€€The€press€is€supported€in€this€endeavour€by€Parliament,€specialÐ z4  Ðinterest€groups€and€the€teaching€of€civics€in€secondary€schools.Ð i#  ÐÌ28.à b àDuring€the€campaign€for€elections€to€usher€in€the€Third€Republic,€theÐ G ÐHigh€Court€of€Zambia€made€a€historical€judgement€compelling€the€mass€media€toÐ 6ð Ðpublish€campaign€advertisements€by€the€opposition€parties.€€This€ruling,€apartÐ %ß Ðfrom€demonstrating€the€independence€of€the€judiciary,€led€to€a€relatively€freeÐ Î Ðpress€and€saw€the€emergence€of€new€newspapers€and€magazines.€€This€developmentÐ ½ Ðwas€followed€by€legislation€in€Parliament€enshrining€freedom€of€the€press€inÐ ò¬ Ðthe€Constitution.€€Due€to€the€High€Court€ruling€and€enabling€legislation,€theÐ á› Ðpress€is€relatively€free€in€Zambia€and€has€been€in€the€forefront€of€exposingРЊ Ðhuman€rights€abuses€and€corruption€in€society.Ð ¿y ÐÌ29.à b àParliament€has€played€its€role€in€bringing€to€public€attention€abuses€ofÐ W Ðauthority€and€human€rights€in€Zambia.€€Since€the€opposition€is€relatively€weakÐ ŒF Ð(24€per€cent€of€the€seats)€complaints€about€human€rights€abuses€are€alsoÐ {5 Ðraised€by€Members€of€Parliament€belonging€to€the€ruling€party.€€To€indicate€aÐ j$ Ðmeasure€of€the€role€of€Parliament€in€publicizing€human€rights€abuses,Ð Y  Ðrecently,€the€Government,€as€a€result€of€parliamentary€intervention,€wasÐ H! Ðforced€to€promise€Parliament€that€it€would€set€up€a€tribunal€to€investigateÐ 7"ñ Ðthe€incidence€of€suspects€having€died€in€police€custody,€which€it€was€felt€wasÐ &#à  Ðbecoming€frequent.Ð $Ï! ÐÌ30.à b àSince€the€advent€of€the€Third€Republic,€several€interest€groups€whoÐ ó%­ # Ðchampion€human€rights€in€Zambia€have€emerged.€€Of€particular€notice€is€the€LawÐ â&œ!$ ÐAssociation€of€Zambia€Human€Rights€Committee€(Ô_ÔLAZHRCÔ_Ô),€and€the€Women's€Lobby.€Ð Ñ'‹"% ÐÔ_ÔLAZHRCÔ_Ô€has€been€particularly€active€in€the€defence€of€human€rights€through€itsÐ À(z#& Ðrepresentation€to€Government€in€this€area,€offering€free€counsel€and€legal€aidÐ ¯)i$' Ðwhere€an€aggrieved€seeks€redress€from€a€Court€of€Law.€€They€also€hold€frequentÐ ž*X%( Ðseminars€and€act€as€monitors€in€national€and€local€elections€to€ensureÐ +G&) Ðimpartiality€in€the€electoral€process.€€The€Ô_ÔLAZHRCÔ_Ô€has€envisioned€an€ambitiousÐ |,6'* Ðproject€to€disseminate€information€to€the€public€and€security€forces€alike.€Ð k-%(+ ÐTo€this€end€they€have€sent€a€proposal€to€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights€forÐ F Ðpossible€funding€to€allow€them€to€begin€work.€€The€Women's€Lobby€is€engaged€inÐ 5ï Ðmaking€women€aware€of€their€political€and€civil€rights.€€They€hold€frequentÐ $Þ Ðseminars€including€meetings€at€markets.€€They€also€aim€to€have€fairÐ Í Ðrepresentation€in€the€Government.€€To€that€end,€they€support€female€candidatesÐ  ¼ Ðin€campaigns€in€the€event€of€an€election,€which€has€been€quite€successful.Ð ñ « ÐÌ31.à b àCivics€is€taught€in€secondary€schools€as€a€compulsory€subject.€€TheÐ Ï ‰ Ðsubject€teaches€the€general€framework€of€politics€and€the€rights€and€theÐ ¾ x Ðobligations€of€citizens.€€Pupils€are€also€made€conversant€with€the€variousÐ ­ g  ÐUnited€Nations€human€rights€instruments€to€which€Zambia€is€a€signatory.Ð œV  ÐÌÌà@œœ2–à„„„„„