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Jc.1993.wÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒ>üÁ!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRX<Ð6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ë6Æ&A4ÿ3Ø'TÑÔ€ôþÆòòôÔÔ€ôþÆòòôþÆÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒŰÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÑÈÑÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÔ €,İÔÓ! ++±“++7!ÓÑbØÑщ¥ÑÑ = Ñà ± àà “ àDistr.Ð bÄ Ðà ± àà “ àGENERALÐ 5— ÐÌà ± àà “ àÔ_ÔHRIÔ_Ô/CORE/1/Add.28Ð Û = Ðà ± àà “ à2€July€1993Ð ®  ÐÌà ± àà “ àOriginal:€€ENGLISHÐ T ¶  ÐÓE.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!++±âEÓÌÌÌÌÌà@” ” –àCORE€DOCUMENT€FORMING€PART€OF€THE€REPORTSˆÐ F¨  Ðà@DD,–àOF€STATES€PARTIESˆÐ {  ÐÌà@jj1–àCYPRUSˆÐ ¿! ÐÌà€ííO$à[31€May€1993]ˆÐ eÇ ÐÌà@0–àCONTENTSˆÐ  m ÐÌà€]]K$àòòParagraphsóó€€€òòPageóóˆÐ ± ÐÌÓ'+b 7ˆ"++7'ÓI.à b àLAND€AND€PEOPLE€à“77H7.¢ ¢ "àˆà ˆ à€€1€„€18à " à€€€2Ð W¹ Ðà b àÌÌà b àA.à  àGeography€à“77H7.û û !àˆà ˆ à€€€€1à " à€€€2Ð Ð2 ÐÌà b àB.à  àHistorical€background€à“77H7.««-àˆà ˆ à€€2€„€€7à " à€€€2Ð vØ  ÐÌà b àC.à  àPopulation€à“77H7._ _ "àˆà ˆ à€€8€„€11à " à€€€3Ð  ~" ÐÌà b àD.à  àEconomy€à“77H7.3 3 àˆà ˆ à€12€„€17à " à€€€4Ð Â!$$ ÐÌà b àE.à  àÔ_ÔSocioÔ_Ô„economic€indicators€à“77H7.;;1àˆà ˆ à€€€18à " à€€€5Ð h#Ê& ÐÌII.à b àGENERAL€POLITICAL€STRUCTUREà“77H7.îî-àˆà ˆ à€19€„€41à " à€€€5Ð %p( ÐÌà b àA.à  àRecent€political€history€and€developments€à“77H7.{{Aàˆà ˆ à€19€„€30à " à€€€5Ð ´&!* ÐÌà b àB.à  àThe€constitutional€structure€à“77H7.gg4àˆà ˆ à€31€„€41à " à€€€8Ð Z(¼", ÐÌIII.à b àGENERAL€LEGAL€FRAMEWORK€WITHIN€WHICHÐ *b$. Ðà b àHUMAN€RIGHTS€ARE€PROTECTED€à“77H7.îî-àˆà ˆ à€42€„€56à " à€€10€Ð Ó*5%/ ÐÌIV.à b àINFORMATION€AND€PUBLICITY€à“77H7.ŠŠ,àˆà ˆ à€57€„€59à " à€€14Ð y,Û&1 ÐÌÌÌÐ Å/'*5=¾ ÐÔ_ÔGE.93„17396€€(E)Ð b ÐÌÑ€-ÑÑ€.ÑÑ€0ÑÓK.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!+b 7ˆ‹KÓÌà@àà+–àI.€€LAND€AND€PEOPLEˆÐ Û y ÐÌà@  .–àA.€€òòGeographyóóˆÐ   ÐÌ1.à b àCyprus€is€the€third€largest€island€in€the€Mediterranean€with€an€areaÐ ' Å Ðof9,251€sq€km€and€a€population€of€just€over€714,000€inhabitants.€€It€isÐ ú ˜ Ðsituated€at€the€north„eastern€end€of€the€Mediterranean€basin€at€a€distance€ofÐ Ík  Ðapproximately€360€km€east€of€Greece,€300€km€north€of€Egypt,€105€km€west€ofÐ  >  ÐSyria€and€75€km€south€of€Turkey.€€It€is€a€mainly€mountainous€country€with€twoÐ s  Ðmountain€ranges.€€Pentadaktylos€in€the€north€and€Troodos€in€the€south„westÐ Fä  Ðculminating€in€the€peak€of€Mount€Olympus€(1,953€m).€€The€largest€plain€isÐ ·  Ðsituated€between€them.€€The€climate€is€temperate€(Mediterranean),€with€itsÐ ìŠ  Ðtypical€seasonal€rhythm€strongly€marked€in€respect€of€temperature,€rainfallÐ ¿]  Ðand€weather€generally.€€The€average€annual€rainfall€is€500€mm,€the€fall€fromÐ ’0  ÐDecember€to€February€being€nearly€two€thirds€of€the€yearly€total.€€From€timeÐ e Ðto€time€the€country€suffers€from€drought.Ð 8Ö ÐÌà@´´(–àB.€€òòHistorical€backgroundˆÐ Þ| ÐÌóó2.à b àCyprus€has€played€an€important€part€in€the€history€of€the€easternÐ „" ÐMediterranean.€€Its€history€spans€nine€millennia.€€In€the€second€millenniumÐ Wõ ÐB.C.€the€Achean€Greeks€established€city„kingdoms€in€the€island€on€theÐ *È ÐMycenaean€model€and€introduced€the€Greek€language€and€culture€which€areÐ ý› Ðpreserved€to€this€day€despite€the€vicissitudes€of€history.Ð Ðn ÐÌ3.à b àCyprus€was€well„known€to€the€ancients€for€its€copper€mines€and€forests.€Ð v ÐIts€geostrategic€position€and€wealth€accounted€for€a€succession€of€conquerorsÐ Iç Ðsuch€as€the€Assyrians,€the€Egyptians€and€the€Persians.€€During€the€fifthÐ  º Ðcentury€B.C.€there€was€considerable€interaction€between€Athens€and€CypriotÐ ï  Ðcity„states,€particularly€Salamis.òòÐ Â!`  ÐÌóó4.à b àOn€the€partition€of€the€empire€of€Alexander€the€Great,€who€liberated€theÐ h#" Ðisland€from€the€persians,€Cyprus€became€a€significant€part€of€the€empire€ofÐ ;$Ù# Ðthe€Ptolemies€of€Egypt;€the€Hellenistic€period€ended€in€58€B.C.€when€theÐ %¬$ ÐRomans€came€and€remained€until€the€fourth€century€A.D.,€making€Cyprus€part€ofÐ á%% Ðthe€Roman€Empire.€€The€introduction€of€Christianity€to€Cyprus€by€apostles€PaulÐ ´&R& Ðand€Barnabas€in€45€A.D.€was€the€most€important€event€during€the€period€of€theÐ ‡'% ' ÐRoman€rule.Ð Z(ø ( ÐÌ5.à b àIn€330€A.D.€Cyprus€became€part€of€the€eastern€section€of€the€Roman€EmpireÐ *ž"* Ðand€later€of€the€Byzantine€Empire€and€remained€so€until€the€twelfthÐ Ó*q#+ ÐcenturyA.D.€€During€the€period€of€the€Crusades,€it€was€conquered€by€RichardÐ ¦+D$, Ðthe€Lionheart€of€England€(1191)€who€sold€the€island€to€the€Knights€Templar.€Ð y,%- ÐThey€were€followed€by€the€Frankish€Lusignans€who€established€a€kingdom€on€theÐ L-ê%. Ðwestern€feudal€model€(1192„1489).€€It€then€came€under€the€rule€of€the€RepublicÐ .½&/ Ðof€Venice€until€1571,€when€it€was€conquered€by€the€Ottoman€Turks.€€The€OttomanÐ ò.'0 Ðoccupation€lasted€until€1878€when€Cyprus€was€ceded€to€the€United€Kingdom.€€InÐ Å/c(1 ÐÑ-.0Ñâ -âÑØbÑÑ}‰Ñâ .-âÖ€/ÿÿÖâ 0.âÖ€1ÿÿÖâ 0âÑ  Ñ1923,€under€the€Treaty€of€Lausanne,€Turkey€relinquished€every€right€to€CyprusÐ ö Ðand€recognized€its€annexation€to€the€United€Kingdom,€already€proclaimed€by€theÐ ÉÓ ÐBritish€Government€in€1914.Ð œ¦ ÐÌ6.à b àAfter€a€long€but€unsuccessful€peaceful€political€and€diplomatic€effort,Ð BL Ðwhich€included€a€referendum€for€self„determination€in€1950,€the€Greek€CypriotsÐ   Ðtook€up€arms€in€1955€against€the€colonial€power€to€attain€freedom.€€During€theÐ è ò Ðanticolonial€struggle,€Turkey€encouraged€the€Turkish€Cypriot€leaders€toÐ » Å Ðidentify€themselves€with€the€colonial€government€in€an€effort€to€thwart€theÐ Ž ˜ Ðstruggle€for€self„determination€of€the€people€of€Cyprus.€€The€"divide€andÐ a k  Ðrule"€policy€of€the€colonial€government€made€serious€incidents€between€the€twoÐ 4 >  Ðcommunities€inevitable.Ð   ÐÌ7.à b àThe€British€rule€lasted€until€August€1960€when,€on€the€basis€of€theÐ ­·  ÐZurich„London€Agreements,€the€island€became€independent€and€was€proclaimed€aÐ €Š  Ðrepublic.Ð S]  ÐÌà@ÚÚ-–àC.€€òòPopulationóóˆÐ ù ÐÌ8.à b àThe€population€of€Cyprus€at€the€end€of€1991€was€714,600€(males:€€356,700,Ð Ÿ© Ðfemales:€357,900).€€Population€distribution€by€ethnic€group€is€80.1€per€centÐ r| ÐGreek€(including€the€small€religious€groups€of€Maronites,€Armenians,€LatinsÐ EO Ðand€others),€18.6€per€cent€Turkish€and€1.3€per€cent€others,€mainly€British.€Ð " Ð(Settlers€transferred€from€Turkey€in€order€to€alter€the€demographic€structureÐ ëõ Ðof€Cyprus,€in€contravention€of€international€law,€as€well€as€the€TurkishÐ ¾È Ðoccupation€forces,€are,€of€course,€not€included.)€€As€a€result€of€the€TurkishÐ ‘› Ðinvasion€the€Greek€Cypriots€were€forcibly€expelled€by€the€invading€army€fromÐ dn Ðthe€area€it€occupied€and€are€now€living€in€the€Government„controlled€area;Ð 7A Ðalmost€all€the€Turkish€Cypriots€who€lived€in€this€area€were€forced€by€theirÐ   Ðleadership€to€move€to€the€area€occupied€by€Turkish€troops,€whereas€prior€toÐ Ýç Ðthe€invasion€the€two€communities€lived€together€in€roughly€the€same€proportionÐ °º Ðof€four€Greeks€to€one€Turk€in€all€the€six€administrative€districts.€Ð ƒ ÐTwenty-two€thousand€Greek€Cypriots,€who€remained€enclaved€in€the€KarpassÐ V`  Ðpeninsula€occupied€by€the€Turkish€army,€were€also€gradually€expelled.€€OnlyÐ ) 3! Ð500€Greek€Cypriots€now€remain€enclaved€in€the€Karpass€peninsula.Ð ü " ÐÌ9.à b àThis€was€the€first€case€of€ethnic€cleansing€in€post„Second€World€WarÐ ¢"¬$ ÐEurope.Ð u#% ÐÌ10.à b àThe€following€statistics€pertain€to€the€area€under€the€effective€controlÐ %% ' Ðof€the€Government€of€the€Republic:Ð î%ø ( ÐÌà0 b àPopulation€in€the€Government„controlled€area€(end€1991):€€581,300Ð ”'ž"* Ð(males:290,200;€females:€€291,100);Ðg(q#+b$b$ ÐÌà b àPercentage€of€population€under€15€years€(1991):€€26.1€per€centÐ  *%- Ðà b à(males:€€27.1€per€cent;€females:€€25.1€per€cent);Ð à*ê%. ÐÌà b àPercentage€of€population€65€years€and€over€(1991):€€10.1€per€centÐ †,'0 Ðà b à(males:€€9.0€per€cent;€females:€11.1€per€cent);Ð Y-c(1 Їà b àPercentage€of€population€in:€€urban€areas:€€66.5€per€cent;Ð ö Ðà b àrural€areas:€€33.5€per€cent;Ð ÉÓ ÐÌà b àNumber€of€inhabitants€per€kmòòÔ€øà-ø,ôþÆÔÔ€3øLgø,øà-Ô2óó€(1991):€€76.8;Ð oy ÐÌà b àWorking€population€as€a€percentage€of€the€total€population:€€48.3.Ð * 4 ÐÌ11.à b àThe€official€languages€of€the€country€are€Greek€and€Turkish.€€Nearly€allÐ ¸  ÐGreek€Cypriots€are€Orthodox€Christians,€Turkish€Cypriots,€Muslims,€and€membersÐ  ‰ Ðof€Armenian,€Maronite€and€Latin€minorities€adhere€to€their€own€ChristianÐ F P  Ðdenominations.€€Under€article€2,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Constitution€they€optedÐ    Ðfor€the€Greek€Community€of€Cyprus.Ð Ô Þ  ÐÌà@pp/–àD.€€òòEconomyóóˆÐ bl  ÐÌ12.à b àThe€economy€of€Cyprus€is€based€on€the€free€enterprise€system.€€TheÐ ðú  Ðprivate€sector€is€the€backbone€of€economic€activity€with€the€Government's€roleÐ ·Á  Ðlimited€to€safeguarding€the€system,€indicative€planning€and€the€provision€ofÐ ~ˆ  Ðpublic€utilities.Ð EO ÐÌ13.à b àAlthough€the€blow€inflicted€on€the€economy€by€the€Turkish€invasionÐ ÓÝ Ðof1974€was€devastating€(the€occupied€part€at€that€time€accounted€for€almostÐ š¤ Ð70per€cent€of€the€Gross€Domestic€Product),€recovery€was€remarkable.€€DeclinesÐ ak Ðin€GDP€during€1974€and€1975€were€quickly€reversed€and€by€1976,€it€surpassedÐ (2 Ðits€pre„1974€level.€€Business€confidence€returned€followed€by€a€sharp€upturnÐ ïù Ðin€investment.€€By€1979€economic€activity€had€reached€record€levels.€Ð ¶À ÐUnemployment,€which€approached€25€per€cent€of€the€economically€activeÐ }‡ Ðpopulation€in€1974„1975,€had€been€virtually€eliminated.Ð DN ÐÌ14.à b àIn€more€recent€years€(1985„1989)€the€economy€has€been€growing€at€anÐ ÒÜ Ðaverage€rate€of€6€per€cent.€€GDP€approaches€the€ð ðC2€billion€mark€and€the€rateÐ ™£ Ðof€inflation,€which€reached€a€record€13.5€per€cent€in€1980,€has€declinedÐ `j Ðsteadily€thereafter€to€a€level€below€5€per€cent.€€Full€employment€conditionsÐ '1  Ðprevail€(the€unemployment€rate€2„3€per€cent).€€The€per€capita€income€is€todayÐ îø! Ðone€of€the€highest€in€the€region€at€US$9,600€(1990),€an€impressiveÐ µ¿" Ðachievement€considering€the€economic€situation€of€the€country€15€yearsÐ | †# Ðearlier.Ð C!M$ ÐÌ15.à b àIn€the€post„1974€period€the€economy€underwent€major€structural€changes.€Ð Ñ"Û& ÐThe€manufacturing€and€services€sectors€have€become€increasingly€important,€asÐ ˜#¢' Ðindicated€by€their€contribution€to€GDP€and€their€share€in€employment,€whileÐ _$i( Ðthe€importance€of€agriculture€is€steadily€declining.Ð &%0 ) ÐÌ16.à b àInternational€trade€is€of€considerable€importance€to€the€economy€ofÐ ´&¾!+ ÐCyprus.€€On€the€production€side,€the€lack€of€raw€materials,€energy€resourcesÐ {'…", Ðand€heavy€industry€for€the€production€of€capital€goods€necessitate€the€importÐ B(L#- Ðof€such€inputs.€€On€the€demand€side,€because€of€the€small€size€of€the€domesticÐ  )$. Ðmarket,€exports€are€vital€in€supplementing€aggregate€demand€for€CypriotÐ Ð)Ú$/ Ðagricultural,€mineral€and€manufactured€products.€€The€main€trading€partners€Ð —*¡%0 Ðà b àà ™ àà Ð àà  àà > àà u àofCyprus€are€the€European€Community€andÐ ^+h&1 Ðneighbouring€countries€of€the€MiddleEast.Ð %,/'2 ÐÐ ì,ö'3 Ð17.à b àThe€main€characteristic€of€the€balance€of€payments€position€is€a€largeÐ ö Ðdeficit€in€the€trade€balance€which,€in€the€last€few€years,€was€more€thanÐ ½Ç Ðoffset€by€invisible€earnings€from€tourism,€international€transportation,Ð „Ž Ðoffshore€activities€and€other€services.Ð KU ÐÔ& q ÔÌà@ìì&–àE.€€òòSocio„economic€indicatorsóóˆÐ Ùã ÐÌ18.à b àThe€following€indicators*€are€provided:Ð g q ÐÌà b àLife€expectancy€(1987„1991):€€76.4€(males:€€74.1;€females:€€78.6);€Ð õ ÿ  ÐòòÔ'qu:ÔÌóóà b àInfant€mortality€(1991):€€10.4€per€1,000€live€birthsÐ ƒ   Ðà b à(males:€€11.2;€females:€€9.6);Ð JT  ÐÌà b àTotal€fertility€rate€(1991):€€2.45Ð Øâ  ÐÌà b àLiteracy€rate€for€ages€15€and€over:€€94.0€per€centÐ fp  Ðà b à(males:€€98.2€per€cent;€females:€€89.9€per€cent);Ð -7  Ðà b àÌà b àEstimated€per€capita€income€(1992):€€ð ðC5,304€(US$11,784);Ð »Å ÐÌà b àGross€National€Product€(1991):€€ð ðC2,708€million;Ð IS ÐÌà b àRate€of€inflation€1991:€€5.0€per€cent€1992:€€6.5€per€cent;€€Ð ×á ÐÌà b àExternal€debt€(1991):€€ð ðC491.4€million;Ð eo ÐÌà b àUnemployment€rate€(1991):€€3.0€per€centÐ óý Ðà b à(males:€€2.2€per€cent;€females:€€4.3€per€cent);Ð ºÄ ÐÌà b àPersons/doctor€(1990):€€476;Ð HR ÐÌà b àPersons/hospital€bed€(1990):€€168;Ð Öà  ÐÌà b àTelephone€lines/100€population€(1991):€€46;Ð dn" ÐÌà b àPassenger€cars/1,000€population€(1991):€€314.Ð ò ü$ ÐÌà@VV$–àII.€€GENERAL€POLITICAL€STRUCTUREˆÐ €"Š& ÐÌà@Ì Ì –àA.€€òòRecent€political€history€and€developmentsóóˆÐ $( ÐÌ19.à b àThe€Republic€of€Cyprus€was€set€up€on€16€August€1960€with€the€coming€intoÐ œ%¦ * Ðforce€of€three€main€treaties€and€its€Constitution€which€have€their€origin€inÐ c&m!+ Ðthe€Zurich€Agreement€of€11€February€1959€between€Greece€and€Turkey€and€the€Ð *'4", ÐLondon€Agreement€of€19€February€1959€between€Greece,€Turkey€and€theÐ ñ'û"- ÐUnitedKingdom.€€The€Constitution€of€the€Republic€together€with€theÐ ¸(Â#. Ðthreetreaties€provided€the€legal€framework€for€the€existence€andÐ )‰$/ Ðfunctioningof€the€new€State.Ð F*P%0 ÐÌÌÌòò€€€€€€€€€óóÐ b-l(4 Їà b à*€€Because€of€the€presence€of€the€Turkish€Army,€the€Government€of€theÐ ö ÐRepublic€of€Cyprus€has€no€access€to€the€occupied€area€and€therefore€figures€inÐ ½Ç Ðrespect€of€the€occupied€part€of€Cyprus€are€not€available.Ô €4°¦ÔÔ €5°¦ÔÐ „î  ÐÌÌ20.à b àThe€three€treaties€are:Ð ÙC  ÐÌà b à(a)à ™ àThe€Treaty€concerning€the€Establishment€of€the€Republic€of€CyprusÐ g Ñ Ðsigned€by€Cyprus,€Greece,€Turkey€and€the€United€Kingdom.€€It€provided€for€theÐ . ˜  Ðestablishment€of€the€Republic€of€Cyprus€and,€òòinter€aliaóó,€for€the€creation€andÐ õ _  Ðoperation€of€two€British€military€bases€in€Cyprus,€the€cooperation€of€theÐ ¼ &  Ðparties€for€the€common€defence€of€Cyprus€and€the€recognition€and€respect€ofÐ ƒ í  Ðhuman€rights€of€everyone€within€the€jurisdiction€of€the€Republic€comparable€toÐ J´  Ðthose€set€out€in€the€European€Convention€on€Human€Rights€(United€NationsÐ {  ÐòòTreaty€Seriesóó,€vol.€382€(1960),€No.€5476);Ð ØB ÐÌà b à(b)à ™ àThe€Treaty€of€Guarantee€signed€by€Cyprus,€the€United€Kingdom,Ð fÐ ÐGreece€and€Turkey€by€which€the€independence,€territorial€integrity€andÐ -— Ðsecurity€of€the€Republic€of€Cyprus,€as€well€as€the€state€of€affairsÐ ô^ Ðestablished€by€the€Basic€Articles€of€its€Constitution,€are€recognized€andÐ »% Ðguaranteed€(United€Nations€òòTreaty€Seriesóó,€vol.€382€(1960)€No.€5475);Ð ‚ì ÐÌà b à(c)à ™ àThe€treaty€of€Alliance€signed€by€Cyprus,€Greece€and€Turkey,€aimingÐ z Ðat€protecting€the€Republic€of€Cyprus€against€any€attack€or€aggression,€directÐ ×A Ðor€indirect,€directed€against€its€independence€or€its€territorial€integrityÐ ž  Ð(United€Nations€òòTreaty€Seriesóó,€vol.€397€(1961)€No.€5712).Ð eÏ! ÐÌ21.à b àWhilst€establishing€an€independent€and€sovereign€Republic,€theÐ ó]# ÐConstitution€of€Cyprus,€"unique€in€its€tortuous€complexity€and€in€theÐ º$$ Ðmultiplicity€of€the€safeguards€that€it€provides€for€the€principal€minority,Ð ë% Ð...€stands€alone€among€the€constitutions€of€the€world"€(S.A€de€Smith,€òòThe€NewÐ H²& ÐCommonwealth€and€its€Constitutionsóó,€London,€1964,€p.€296).€€Therefore,€it€wasÐ y' Ðno€surprise€that,€within€less€than€three€years,€abuse€of€safeguards€by€theÐ Ö@( ÐTurkish€Cypriot€leadership€led€to€total€unworkability€of€the€ConstitutionÐ ) Ðwhich€necessitated€the€proposals€for€constitutional€amendments€submitted€byÐ dÎ* Ðthe€President€of€the€Republic€and€which€were€immediately€rejected€by€theÐ + •+ ÐTurkish€Government.Ð ò \, ÐÌ22.à b àTurkey,€in€furtherance€of€its€designs€based€on€territorialÐ €"ê . Ðaggrandizement,€instigated€the€Turkish€Cypriot€leadership's€resort€toÐ G#±!/ Ðinsurrection€against€the€State,€forced€the€Turkish€Cypriot€members€of€theÐ $x"0 Ðexecutive,€legislature,€judiciary€and€civil€service€to€withdraw€from€theirÐ Õ$?#1 Ðposts€and€created€military€enclaves€in€Nicosia€and€other€parts€of€the€island.€Ð œ%$2 ÐAs€a€result€of€the€foregoing€and€the€intercommunal€violence€that€ensued€theÐ c&Í$3 ÐSecurity€Council€of€the€United€Nations€was€seized€with€the€situation€and€byÐ *'”%4 Ðresolution€186€(1964)€of€4€March€1964€a€peace-keeping€force€was€sent€to€CyprusÐ ñ'[&5 Ðand€a€mediator€appointed.€€In€his€report€(S/6253-A/6017)€the€Mediator,Ð ¸("'6 ÐDr.Galo€Plaza,€criticized€the€1960€legal€framework€and€proposed€necessaryÐ )é'7 Ðamendments€which€were€again€immediately€rejected€by€Turkey,€a€fact€whichÐ F*°(8 Ðresulted€in€serious€deterioration€of€the€situation€with€constant€threats€byÐ  +w)9 ÐTurkey€against€the€sovereignty€and€territorial€integrity€of€Cyprus€whichÐ Ô+>*: Ðnecessitated€a€series€of€United€Nations€resolutions€calling,€òòinter€aliaóó,€forÐ ›,+; Ðrespect€of€the€sovereignty,€independence€and€territorial€integrity€of€Cyprus.Ð b-Ì+< Ї23.à b àThe€Secretary-General€of€the€United€Nations€in€1965€described€the€policyÐ ö Ðof€the€Turkish€Cypriot€leaders€in€this€way:Ð ½Ç ÐÌà0 b à"The€Turkish€Cypriot€leaders€have€adhered€to€a€rigid€stand€against€anyÐ KU Ðmeasures€which€might€involve€having€members€of€the€two€communities€liveÐ  Ðand€work€together,€or€which€might€place€Turkish€Cypriots€in€situationsÐ Ùã Ðwhere€they€would€have€to€acknowledge€the€authority€of€Government€agents.€Ð   ª ÐIndeed,€since€the€Turkish€Cypriot€leadership€is€committed€to€physical€andÐ g q Ðgeographical€separation€of€the€communities€as€a€political€goal,€it€is€notÐ . 8 Ðlikely€to€encourage€activities€by€Turkish€Cypriots€which€may€beÐ õ ÿ  Ðinterpreted€as€demonstrating€the€merits€of€an€alternative€policy.€€TheÐ ¼ Æ  Ðresult€has€been€a€seemingly€deliberate€policy€of€self-segregation€by€theÐ ƒ   ÐTurkish€Cypriots"€(S/6426).ÐJT b$b$ ÐÌDespite€this€policy,€a€certain€degree€of€normality€gradually€returned€toÐ Øâ  ÐCyprus€and€by€1974,€with€the€active€encouragement€of€the€Government,€a€largeÐ Ÿ©  Ðproportion€of€Turkish€Cypriots€were€living€and€working€alongside€their€GreekÐ fp  ÐCypriot€fellow€citizens.Ð -7  ÐÌ24.à b àUsing€as€a€pretext€the€òòcoup€d'tatóó€of€15€July€1974,€instigated€by€theÐ »Å ÐGreek€military€junta€against€the€Cypriot€Government,€Turkey€invaded€the€islandÐ ‚Œ Ðon€20€July.€€Forty€thousand€Turkish€troops€landed€on€the€island,€in€violationÐ IS Ðof€the€Charter€of€the€United€Nations,€the€Treaties€of€Guarantee€and€AllianceÐ  Ðand€the€relevant€principles€and€norms€of€international€law.€€As€a€resultÐ ×á Ðapproximately€37€per€cent€of€the€island€was€occupied,€40€per€cent€of€the€GreekÐ ž¨ ÐCypriot€population,€representing€82€per€cent€of€the€population€of€that€area,Ð eo Ðwas€displaced€and€thousands€of€people,€including€civilians,€were€killed,Ð ,6 Ðill-treated€or€disappeared€without€trace€(there€are€still€1,619€Greek€CypriotsÐ óý Ðmissing€including€women€and€children€and€other€civilians,€many€of€whom€wereÐ ºÄ Ðknown€to€have€been€captured€by€the€Turkish€Army).Ð ‹ ÐÌ25.à b àThe€occupation€forces€resorted€to€the€systematic€destruction€of€theÐ  Ðcultural€and€religious€heritage€of€Cyprus€and€implanted€about€80,000€settlersÐ Öà  Ðfrom€mainland€Turkey€in€an€effort€to€alter€the€demographic€structure€of€theÐ §! Ðisland.€€This€also€led€to€the€shrinking€of€the€indigenous€Turkish€CypriotÐ dn" Ðpopulation€to€less€than€100,000€(from€120,000€in€1974)€through€the€emigrationÐ + 5# Ðof€more€than€35,000€Turkish€Cypriots€from€the€occupied€area€(report€of€theÐ ò ü$ ÐParliamentary€Assembly€of€the€Council€of€Europe,€"The€demographic€structure€ofÐ ¹!Ã% ÐCypriot€communities"€(Doc.€6589)).Ð €"Š& ÐÌ26.à b àAnother€series€of€United€Nations€General€Assembly€and€Security€CouncilÐ $( Ðresolutions€condemned€the€invasion€of€Cyprus,€the€continuing€militaryÐ Õ$ß) Ðoccupation,€the€colonization€and€the€secessionist€acts€that€followed;€demandedÐ œ%¦ * Ðthe€return€of€the€refugees€to€their€homes€in€safety,€as€well€as€the€tracing€ofÐ c&m!+ Ðthe€missing€persons;€urged€the€speedy€withdrawal€of€all€foreign€troops;€andÐ *'4", Ðcalled€for€respect€for€the€human€rights€of€the€Cypriots€(General€AssemblyÐ ñ'û"- Ðresolutions€3212€(XXIX)€1€November€1974,€3395€(XXX)€20€November€1975,€31/12Ð ¸(Â#. Ðof12€November€1976,€32/15€of€9€November€1977,€33/15€of€9€November€1978,€34/30Ð )‰$/ Ðof20€November€1979,€37/253€of€13€May€1983;€Security€CouncilÐ F*P%0 Ðresolutions353(1974)€of€20€July€1974,€354€(1974)€of€23€July€1974,€355€(1974)Ð  +&1 Ðof€1€August€1974,€357€(1974)€of€14€August€1974,€358€(1974)€of€15€August€1974,Ð Ô+Þ&2 Ðâ â359€(1974)€of€15€August€1974,€360€(1974)€of€16€August€1974,€361€(1974)€ofÐ ›,¥'3 Ð30August€1974,€365€(1974)€of€13€December€1974,€367€(1975)€of€12€March€1975,Ð ö Ð414€(1977)€of€15€September€1977,€440€(1978)€of€27€November€1978,€541€(1983)€of€Ð  ½Ç Ðâ â18€November€1983,€550€(1984)€of€11€May€1984,€649€(1990)€of€12€March€1990,Ð ö Ð716(1991)€of€11€October€1991,€750€(1992)€of€10€April€1992,€774€(1992)€ofÐ ½Ç Ð26August€1992,€789€(1992)€of€24€November€1992).Ð „Ž ÐÌ27.à b àMoreover,€the€European€Commission€of€Human€Rights€found€the€Government€ofÐ  ÐTurkey€responsible€for€gross€massive€and€continuing€violations€of€human€rightsÐ Ùã Ðin€Cyprus,€including€murders,€rapes,€expulsions€and€refusal€to€allow€more€thanÐ   ª Ð180,000€Greek€Cypriot€refugees€to€return€to€their€homes€and€properties€in€theÐ g q Ðoccupied€part€of€Cyprus€(cf.€Cyprus€against€Turkey,€report€of€10€July€1976€onÐ . 8 ÐApplications€No.€6780/74€and€6950/75,€and€report€of€4€October€1983€onÐ õ ÿ  ÐApplication€No.€8007/77€of€the€European€Commission€of€Human€Rights).Ð ¼ Æ  ÐÌ28.à b àOn€15€November€1983,€in€the€middle€of€yet€another€United€NationsÐ JT  Ðinitiative,€the€regime€in€the€part€of€Cyprus€occupied€by€Turkish€troopsÐ   Ðproclaimed€the€creation€of€a€so-called€"Turkish€Republic€of€Northern€Cyprus".€Ð Øâ  ÐTurkey€immediately€accorded€recognition€to€the€secessionist€entity€which,Ð Ÿ©  Ðhowever,€has€not€been€recognized€by€any€other€State.€€Further€secessionistÐ fp  Ðacts€followed.€€United€Nations€Security€Council€resolutions€541€(1983)€andÐ -7  Ð550(1984)€condemned€the€unilateral€declaration€and€all€subsequentÐ ôþ  Ðsecessionist€acts,€declared€them€illegal€and€invalid€and€called€for€theirÐ »Å Ðimmediate€withdrawal.€€The€resolutions€also€called€on€all€States€not€toÐ ‚Œ Ðrecognize€the€purported€State€and€not€to€facilitate€or€in€any€way€assist€it.Ð IS ÐÌ29.à b àIn€its€search€for€a€peaceful€solution,€the€Cypriot€Government,€despiteÐ ×á Ðthe€continuing€illegal€occupation,€agreed€to€intercommunal€talks€being€held€inÐ ž¨ Ðline€with€the€aforementioned€resolutions.€€These€talks€are€continuing€evenÐ eo Ðtoday.€€Success€was€not€possible€because€of€the€Turkish€intransigence€andÐ ,6 Ðpartitionist€designs.Ð óý ÐÌ30.à b àFrom€the€above€it€is€evident€that€the€Government€of€the€Republic€ofÐ ‹ ÐCyprus€is€prevented€by€armed€force€from€exercising€its€authority€over€andÐ HR Ðassuring€respect€of€human€rights€in€the€occupied€area€(see,€òòinter€aliaóó,Ð  ÐEuropean€Commission€of€Human€Rights,€Cyprus€against€Turkey,€op.€cit.:€€"TheÐ Öà  ÐCommission€concludes€that€Turkey's€jurisdiction€in€the€north€of€the€RepublicÐ §! Ðof€Cyprus,€existing€by€reason€of€the€presence€of€her€armed€forces€there€whichÐ dn" Ðprevents€exercise€of€jurisdiction€by€the€applicant€Government,€cannot€beÐ + 5# Ðexcluded€on€the€ground€that€jurisdiction€in€that€area€is€allegedly€exercisedÐ ò ü$ Ðby€the€'Turkish€Federated€State€of€Cyprus'").Ð ¹!Ã% ÐÌà@VV$–àB.€€òòThe€constitutional€structureóóˆÐ G#Q' ÐÌ31.à b àThe€Constitution€provides€for€a€presidential€system€of€government€with€aÐ Õ$ß) ÐPresident€who€has€to€be€Greek€and€a€Vice-President€who€has€to€be€a€Turk,Ð œ%¦ * Ðelected€by€the€Greek€and€Turkish€communities€of€Cyprus€respectively€for€aÐ c&m!+ Ðfixed€five-year€term€(art.€1).€€The€President€and€the€Vice-President€of€theÐ *'4", ÐRepublic€ensure€the€exercise€of€the€executive€power€by€the€Council€ofÐ ñ'û"- ÐMinisters€or€the€individual€Ministers.€€The€Council€of€Ministers,€whichÐ ¸(Â#. Ðcomprises€seven€Greek€and€three€Turkish€Cypriot€Ministers€nominated€by€theÐ )‰$/ ÐPresident€and€the€Vice-President€respectively€but€appointed€by€them€jointly,Ð F*P%0 Ðexercises€executive€power€in€all€matters€other€than€those€which€under€expressÐ  +&1 Ðprovisions€of€the€Constitution€are€within€the€competence€of€the€President€andÐ Ô+Þ&2 ÐVice-President€and€the€Communal€Chambers€(art.€54).Ð ›,¥'3 ÐÐ b-l(4 Ð32.à b àA€unicameral€House€of€Representatives€is€provided€for€by€the€ConstitutionÐ ö Ðas€the€legislative€organ€of€the€Republic€composed€of€50€representatives,€35Ð ½Ç Ðelected€by€the€Greek€Community€and€15€by€the€Turkish€Community€for€a€five-yearÐ „Ž Ðterm€with€a€Greek€Cypriot€President€and€a€Turkish€Cypriot€Vice-President,Ð KU Ðelected€separately.€€The€House€of€Representatives€exercises€the€legislativeÐ  Ðpower€in€all€matters€except€those€expressly€reserved€to€the€Communal€ChambersÐ Ùã Ðunder€the€Constitution€(art.€61).Ð   ª ÐÌ33.à b àTwo€Communal€Chambers€were€also€envisaged€by€the€Constitution€to€exerciseÐ . 8 Ðlegislative€and€administrative€power€in€certain€restricted€subjects,€such€asÐ õ ÿ  Ðreligious€affairs,€educational€and€cultural€matters€and€over€communal€taxesÐ ¼ Æ  Ðand€charges€levied€to€provide€for€the€needs€of€bodies€and€institutions€underÐ ƒ   Ðthe€control€of€the€Chamber€(arts.€86-90).Ð JT  ÐÌ34.à b àThe€Constitution€provided€for€a€Supreme€Constitutional€Court€consistingÐ Øâ  Ðof€a€neutral€President€and€a€Greek€and€a€Turkish€judge€appointed€by€theÐ Ÿ©  ÐPresident€and€the€Vice-President€of€the€Republic€and€a€High€Court€consistingÐ fp  Ðof€two€Greek€judges,€one€Turkish€judge€and€one€neutral€President,€allÐ -7  Ðsimilarly€appointed.€€The€Supreme€Constitutional€Court€was€vested€withÐ ôþ  Ðjurisdiction€in€all€constitutional€and€administrative€law€matters.€€The€HighÐ »Å ÐCourt€is€the€highest€appellate€court.€€It€has€revisional€jurisdiction€and€theÐ ‚Œ Ðpower€to€issue€orders€in€the€nature€of€habeas€corpus€and€other€prerogativeÐ IS Ðwrits.€€Ordinary€civil€and€criminal€jurisdiction€in€the€first€instance€isÐ  Ðvested€in€the€assize€and€district€courts.€€The€Constitution€prohibits€theÐ ×á Ðsetting€up€of€judicial€committees€or€exceptional€or€special€courts€under€anyÐ ž¨ Ðguise.Ð eo ÐÌ35.à b àThe€independent€officers€of€the€Republic€are€the€Attorney-General€and€hisÐ óý ÐDeputy,€the€Auditor-General€and€his€Deputy€and€the€Governor€andÐ ºÄ ÐDeputy-Governor€of€the€Central€Bank€who€are€also€appointed€by€the€PresidentÐ ‹ Ðand€Vice-President€on€a€community€basis.€€The€public€service€of€the€RepublicÐ HR Ðshould€be€composed€of€70€per€cent€Greek€Cypriots€and€30€per€cent€TurkishÐ  ÐCypriots€with€a€Public€Service€Commission€similarly€composed,€responsible€forÐ Öà  Ðappointments,€promotions,€discipline,€etc.Ð §! ÐÌ36.à b àBoth€communities€were€given€the€right€to€maintain€a€special€relationshipÐ + 5# Ðwith€Greece€and€Turkey,€including€the€right€to€receive€subsidies€forÐ ò ü$ Ðeducational,€cultural,€athletic€and€charitable€institutions,€and€of€obtainingÐ ¹!Ã% Ðand€employing€schoolmasters,€professors€or€clergymen€provided€by€the€Greek€orÐ €"Š& ÐTurkish€Government€(art.€108).Ð G#Q' ÐÌ37.à b àThe€entrenched€communal€character€of€the€Constitution€was€confirmed€byÐ Õ$ß) Ðthe€voting€system.€€All€elections€were€to€be€conducted€on€the€basis€ofÐ œ%¦ * Ðseparate€communal€electoral€lists€(arts.€63€and€94)€and€separate€votingÐ c&m!+ Ð(arts.1,€39,€62,€86,€173€and€178).€€Elections€are€now€based€on€theÐ *'4", Ðproportional€representation€principle.Ð ñ'û"- ÐÌ38.à b àThe€withdrawal€of€the€Turkish€Cypriot€officials€and€their€refusal€toÐ )‰$/ Ðexercise€their€functions€rendered€governance€in€accordance€with€certainÐ F*P%0 Ðconstitutional€provisions€impossible.€€Matters€came€to€a€head€when€the€neutralÐ  +&1 ÐPresidents€of€the€Supreme€Constitutional€and€High€Courts€resigned€in€1963€andÐ Ô+Þ&2 Ð1964€respectively€and,€therefore,€neither€Court€could€function.€€It€should€be€Ð  ›,¥'3 Ðnoted€that€the€Turkish€Cypriot€judges€in€both€the€superior€and€district€courtsÐ ö Ðremained€in€their€posts€until€1966€when€they€were€forced€by€the€TurkishÐ ½Ç ÐCypriot€leadership€to€leave€the€bench,€whereupon€half€of€them€fled€abroad.Ð „Ž ÐÌ39.à b àThe€situation€described€above€necessitated€the€introduction€of€remedialÐ  Ðlegislative€measures.€€Thus,€a€new€òòAdministration€of€Justice€(MiscellaneousÐ Ùã ÐProvisions)€Law€of€1964óó€was€enacted€creating€a€new€Supreme€Court€which€tookÐ   ª Ðover€the€jurisdiction€of€both€the€Supreme€Constitutional€Court€and€the€HighÐ g q ÐCourt.€€The€first€President€of€the€Supreme€Court€was€the€Turkish€Cypriot€mostÐ . 8 Ðsenior€judge€of€the€High€Court.€€The€same€law€reconstituted€the€SupremeÐ õ ÿ  ÐCouncil€of€the€Judicature€which€is€the€organ€that€ensures€the€independence€ofÐ ¼ Æ  Ðthe€judiciary.Ð ƒ   ÐÌ40.à b àThe€constitutionality€of€the€Administration€of€Justice€(MiscellaneousÐ   ÐProvisions)€Law,€1964€was€challenged€before€the€Supreme€Court€which,€in€theÐ Øâ  Ðcase€of€the€Attorney-General€of€the€Republic€v.€Mustafa€Imbrahim€(1964)Ð Ÿ©  Ð(òòCyprus€Law€Reportsóó€p.€195),€decided€that€the€Law€was€justified€under€theÐ fp  Ðdoctrine€of€necessity€in€view€of€the€abnormal€situation€prevailing€in€Cyprus.€Ð -7  ÐThereafter,€the€administration€of€justice€reverted€to€normal.Ð ôþ  ÐÌ41.à b àOther€main€areas€where,€on€the€basis€of€the€same€doctrine,€legislativeÐ ‚Œ Ðaction€remedied€similar€situations€were€the€Communal€Chamber,€the€PublicÐ IS ÐService€Commission€and€the€membership€of€the€House€of€Representatives.Ð  ÐÌà@–àIII.€€GENERAL€LEGAL€FRAMEWORK€WITHIN€WHICH€HUMAN€RIGHTS€ARE€PROTECTEDˆÐ ž¨ ÐÌ42.à b àThe€basis€of€the€legal€system€of€Cyprus€is€the€common€law€and€theÐ ,6 Ðprinciples€of€equity€applicable€at€the€time€of€independence€as€amended€orÐ óý Ðsupplemented€thereafter€by€the€Republic's€statutes€and€case€law.€€Also,Ð ºÄ Ðindependence€saw€the€introduction€and€development€of€the€continentalÐ ‹ Ðadministrative€and€constitutional€law.Ð HR ÐÌ43.à b àIt€was€natural€for€Cyprus,€a€country€with€a€long€history€and€tradition€ofÐ Öà  Ðcivilization€and€culture,€to€accord,€immediately€after€emancipation€fromÐ §! Ðcolonial€rule,€vital€importance€to€international€law€and€particularly€to€humanÐ dn" Ðrights€norms.€€Given€the€superior€force€of€international€instruments,Ð + 5# Ðinternational€human€rights€law€enriched€and€reinforced€the€body€of€municipalÐ ò ü$ Ðlaw€that€protects€human€rights€and€liberties.€€Therefore,€one€of€the€firstÐ ¹!Ã% Ðtasks€of€the€new€Republic€was€to€examine€treaties€extended€to€it€by€theÐ €"Š& ÐUnitedKingdom€and€notify,€as€appropriate,€succession€thereto,€whilstÐ G#Q' Ðexamining€existing€regional€and€universal€human€rights€instruments€andÐ $( Ðratifying€or€acceding€to€nearly€all€of€them,€a€policy€that€continues€to€date.Ð Õ$ß) ÐÌ44.à b àCentral€in€the€conduct€of€international€relations€of€Cyprus€is€theÐ c&m!+ Ðrecognition€of€the€predominance€of€international€law,€the€purposes€andÐ *'4", Ðprinciples€of€the€Charter€of€the€United€Nations€and€particularly€the€peacefulÐ ñ'û"- Ðsettlement€of€disputes€based€on€respect€of€human€rights€and€fundamentalÐ ¸(Â#. Ðfreedoms.€€As€a€result,€Cyprus€is€party€to€most€of€the€international€humanÐ )‰$/ Ðrights€and€humanitarian€law€treaties,€conventions€of€the€International€LabourÐ F*P%0 ÐOrganisation€and€other€instruments€including:Ð  +&1 ÐÌà0 b àInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€(1966);Л,¥'3b$b$ ÐÐ b-l(4 Ðà0 b àInternational€Covenant€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights€(1966);Ðöb$b$ ÐÌà0 b àInternational€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€RacialÐ „Ž ÐDiscrimination€(1965);ÐKUb$b$ ÐÌà0 b àConvention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€Discrimination€againstÐ Ùã ÐWomen€(1979);Р ªb$b$ ÐÌà0 b àConvention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€DegradingÐ . 8 ÐTreatment€or€Punishment€(1984);Ðõ ÿ b$b$ ÐÌà0 b àConvention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€(1989);Ѓ  b$b$ ÐÌà0 b àConvention€on€the€Prevention€and€Punishment€of€the€Crime€of€GenocideÐ   Ð(1948);ÐØâ b$b$ ÐÌÔ €6°¦ÔÔ €7°¦Ôà0 b àConvention€relating€to€the€Status€of€Refugees€(1951)€and€itsÐ fÐ ÐProtocol(1967);Ð-—b$b$ ÐÌà0 b àEuropean€Convention€on€Human€Rights€(1950)€and€most€of€its€Protocols;л%b$b$ ÐÌà0 b àEuropean€Social€Charter€(1961);ÐI³b$b$ ÐÌà0 b àEuropean€Convention€for€the€Prevention€of€Torture€and€Inhuman€andÐ ×A ÐDegrading€Treatment€or€Punishment€(1987);О b$b$ ÐÌ45.à b àThe€constitutional€structure€of€Cyprus,€whilst€embodying€all€normsÐ ,–" Ðnecessary€for€the€promotion€of€human€rights€and€securing€the€separation€ofÐ ó]# Ðpowers,€particularly€the€independence€of€the€judiciary,€is€permeatedÐ º$$ Ðbycommunalism€leading€to€separatism,€even€to€polarization.€Ð ë% ÐThe1960Constitution,€the€supreme€law€of€the€Republic,€is€the€mainÐ H²& Ðinstrumentthat€recognizes€and€protects€human€rights.€€PartII€of€theÐ y' ÐConstitution,€entitled€"Fundamental€rights€and€liberties",€incorporates€andÐ Ö@( Ðexpands€upon€the€Universal€Declaration€of€Human€Rights€and€the€EuropeanÐ ) ÐConvention€on€Human€Rights.Ð dÎ* ÐÌ46.à b àAlthough€the€legislative,€executive€and€judicial€authorities€are€allÐ ò \, Ðenjoined€by€article35€of€the€Constitution€to€secure,€within€the€limits€ofÐ ¹!# - Ðtheir€respective€competence,€the€efficient€application€of€human€rights,€it€isÐ €"ê . Ðthe€totally€independent€judiciary€that€is€the€ultimate€protector€of€humanÐ G#±!/ Ðrights€and€liberties.Ð $x"0 ÐÌ47.à b àAll€laws,€and€especially€criminal€law€and€procedure,€must€and€do€protectÐ œ%$2 Ðfundamental€rights.€€Any€law€or€provisions€thereof€that€violate€human€rightsÐ c&Í$3 Ðin€any€way€will€be€declared€unconstitutional€by€the€Supreme€Court;€this€hasÐ *'”%4 Ðoccurred€in€many€instances.€€Any€restrictions€or€limitations€of€the€humanÐ ñ'[&5 Ðrights€guaranteed€under€the€Constitution€have€to€be€provided€by€law€and€haveÐ ¸("'6 Ðto€be€absolutely€necessary€only€in€the€interests€of€the€security€of€theÐ )é'7 ÐRepublic,€or€the€constitutional€order,€or€public€safety,€or€public€order€orÐ F*°(8 Ðpublic€health,€or€for€the€protection€of€the€rights€guaranteed€by€theÐ  +w)9 ÐConstitution€to€any€person.€€Provisions€relating€to€such€limitations€orÐ Ô+>*: Ðrestrictions€should€be€interpreted€strictly.€€The€Supreme€ConstitutionalÐ ›,+; ÐCourt,€in€the€case€of€FinaCyprusLtd€v.€The€Republic€(RSCC,€vol.4,€p.33),Ð b-Ì+< Ðdecided€that€"òòlegislation€involving€interference€with€the€Fundamental€RightsÐ ö Ðand€Liberties€safeguarded€under€the€Constitution€...€and€their€construction€isÐ ½Ç Ðgoverned€by€the€settled€principle€that€such€provisions€should€be€construed€inÐ „Ž Ðcase€of€doubt€in€favour€of€the€said€rights€and€libertiesóó".Ð KU ÐÌ48.à b àWherever€positive€action€was€contemplated€by€the€Constitution€or€otherÐ Ùã Ðinstruments€in€respect€of€certain,€mainly€social,€economic€or€cultural,Ð   ª Ðrights,€such€action€should€be€taken€within€a€reasonable€time.Ð g q ÐÌ49.à b àThe€remedies€available€to€an€individual€who€claims€that€his€rights€haveÐ õ ÿ  Ðbeen€violated€are€the€following:Ð ¼ Æ  ÐÌà b à(a)à ™ àRight€of€petition€and€hierarchical€recourse;Ð JT  ÐÌà b à(b)à ™ àRecourse€to€the€Supreme€Court€for€the€annulment€of€any€decision,Ð Øâ  Ðact€or€omission€of€an€organ€or€authority€(both€original€and€revisionalÐ Ÿ©  Ðjurisdiction);Ð fp  ÐÌà b à(c)à ™ àRaising€by€a€party€to€any€judicial€proceedings€of€the€question€ofÐ ôþ  Ðunconstitutionality€of€any€law€or€decision,€whereupon€the€court€is€obliged€toÐ »Å Ðreserve€the€question€for€the€decision€of€the€Supreme€Court€and€stay€theÐ ‚Œ Ðproceedings;Ð IS ÐÌà b à(d)à ™ àCivil€action€for€compensation,€restitution€and€declaratoryÐ ×á Ðjudgement.€€In€cases€of€possible€irreparable€damage€an€injunction€may€beÐ ž¨ Ðgranted;Ð eo ÐÌà b à(e)à ™ àPrivate€criminal€prosecution;Ð óý ÐÌà b à(f)à ™ àRight€of€appeal€in€both€civil€and€criminal€cases;Ð ‹ ÐÌà b à(g)à ™ àThe€prerogative€writs€of€habeas€corpus,€òòcertiorarióó,€prohibition,Ð  Ðòòmandamusóó€and€òòquowarrantoóó;Ð Öà  ÐÌà b à(h)à ™ àCourts€exercising€criminal€jurisdiction€may€award€compensation€toÐ dn" Ðvictims€of€crimes€up€to,€in€the€case€of€assize€courts,€Cð ð3,000;Ð + 5# ÐÌà b à(i)à ™ àThe€Republic€is€liable€to€pay€compensation€or€grant€equitableÐ ¹!Ã% Ðremedy€in€respect€of€acts€or€omissions€declared€to€be€void€by€theÐ €"Š& ÐSupremeCourt;Ð G#Q' ÐÌà b à(j)à ™ àThe€Republic€is€also€liable€for€any€wrongful€act€or€omissionÐ Õ$ß) Ðcausing€damage€committed€in€the€exercise€or€purported€exercise€of€the€dutiesÐ œ%¦ * Ðof€its€officers€or€authorities;Ð c&m!+ ÐÌà b à(k)à ™ àThe€Council€of€Ministers€may€set€up€a€Commission€of€Enquiry€toÐ ñ'û"- Ðinvestigate€and€report€on€serious€allegations€of€misconduct€includingÐ ¸(Â#. Ðviolations€of€human€rights;Ð )‰$/ ÐÌà b à(l)à ™ àThe€House€of€Representatives€and€its€Committees€in€the€exercise€ofÐ  +&1 Ðtheir€functions,€including€parliamentary€control,€consider,€on€many€occasions,Ð Ô+Þ&2 Ðallegations€or€situations€that€involve€abuse€of€human€rights;Ð ›,¥'3 ÐÐ b-l(4 Ðà b à(m)à ™ àThe€Attorney„General€of€the€Republic€has€a€special€responsibilityÐ ö Ðto€ensure€the€observance€of€legality€and€the€rule€of€law€and€may€often,Ð ½Ç Ðòòproprio€motuóó€or€at€the€instance€of€a€complainant,€order€enquiries€or€advise€onÐ „Ž Ðremedies;Ð KU ÐÌà b à(n)à ™ àThe€Commissioner€for€Administration€(Ombudsman)€has,€òòinteraliaóó,Ð Ùã Ðcompetence€to€investigate€complaints€by€an€individual€that€the€AdministrationÐ   ª Ðhas€violated€his€individual€rights€or€acted€contrary€to€law€or€inÐ g q Ðcircumstances€amounting€to€maladministration;€Ð . 8 ÐÌà b à(o)à ™ àAn€individual,€having€exhausted€domestic€remedies,€may€haveÐ ¼ Æ  Ðrecourse€or€submit€a€communication€under€the€optional€procedures€of€variousÐ ƒ   Ðinternational€human€rights€instruments€such€as€the€European€Convention€onÐ JT  ÐHumanRights,€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€andÐ   ÐPolitical€Rights€and€the€International€Convention€against€Torture€and€OtherÐ Øâ  ÐCruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment;Ð Ÿ©  ÐÌà b à(p)à ™ àCyprus€has€also€accepted€the€compulsory€jurisdiction€of€theÐ -7  ÐEuropean€Court€of€Human€Rights€and€the€optional€clause€of€compulsoryÐ ôþ  Ðjurisdiction€of€article36€(2)€of€the€Statute€of€the€International€Court€ofÐ »Å ÐJustice.Ð ‚Œ ÐÌ50.à b àIn€case€of€war€or€public€danger€threatening€the€life€of€the€Republic€orÐ  Ðany€part€thereof,€certain€of€the€fundamental€rights€guaranteed€under€andÐ ×á Ðspecified€by€the€Constitution€may€be€suspended€during€the€period€of€theÐ ž¨ Ðemergency€by€a€proclamation€of€emergency€issued€by€the€Council€of€Ministers.€Ð eo ÐSuch€proclamation€must€be€laid€forthwith€before€the€House€of€RepresentativesÐ ,6 Ðwhich€has€the€power€to€reject€it.€€The€rights€that€may€be€suspended€are€theÐ óý Ðfollowing:Ð ºÄ ÐÌà b à(a)à ™ àThe€right€to€life€and€corporal€integrity,€only€in€so€far€as€itÐ HR Ðrelates€to€death€inflicted€by€a€permissible€act€of€war;Ð  ÐÌà b à(b)à ™ àProhibition€of€forced€and€compulsory€labour;Ð §! ÐÌà b à(c)à ™ àThe€right€to€liberty€and€security€of€person;Ð + 5# ÐÌà b à(d)à ™ àFreedom€of€movement;Ð ¹!Ã% ÐÌà b à(e)à ™ àInviolability€of€the€dwelling;Ð G#Q' Ðà b àÌà b à(f)à ™ àInterference€with€correspondence;Ð Õ$ß) ÐÌà b à(g)à ™ àFreedom€of€speech€and€expression;Ð c&m!+ ÐÌà b à(h)à ™ àThe€right€of€assembly€and€freedom€of€association;Ð ñ'û"- ÐÌà b à(i)à ™ àThe€right€to€property,€only€in€so€far€as€prompt€payment€ofÐ )‰$/ Ðcompensation€for€requisitioning€is€concerned;Ð F*P%0 ÐÌà b à(j)à ™ àThe€right€to€practise€any€profession€or€to€carry€on€any€business;Ð Ô+Þ&2 ÐÌà b à(k)à ™ àThe€right€to€strike.Ð b-l(4 Ї51.à b àIt€should€be€noted€that€Cyprus€has€never€proclaimed€a€state€of€emergencyÐ ö Ðsince€independence,€not€even€when€the€country€was€invaded€by€Turkey€and€partÐ ½Ç Ðof€it€was,€and€continues€to€be,€occupied.Ð „Ž ÐÌ52.à b àInternational€conventions€ratified€or€acceded€to€by€the€Republic€areÐ  Ðincorporated€into€the€Republic's€municipal€law€and€have,€as€from€theirÐ Ùã Ðpublication€in€the€òòOfficial€Gazetteóó,€superior€force€to€any€municipal€law.€Ð   ª ÐSuch€conventions€are€directly€applicable€in€the€Republic€and€can€be,€and€areÐ g q Ðin€fact,€invoked€before€and€directly€enforced€by€the€courts€and€administrativeÐ . 8 Ðauthorities€(cf.€decision€of€the€Supreme€Court€in€civil€appeal€No.6616,Ð õ ÿ  ÐMalachtou€v.€Aloneftis,€20January1986).€€When€an€international€conventionÐ ¼ Æ  Ðcontains€non„self„executing€provisions,€the€Legislature€has€a€legal€obligationÐ ƒ   Ðto€enact€appropriate€legislation€in€order€to€harmonize€the€municipal€law€withÐ JT  Ðthe€convention€and€make€the€latter€fully€enforcible.Ð   ÐÌ53.à b àFurther,€the€Law€Commissioner,€an€independent€officer,€now€a€formerÐ Ÿ©  Ðsenior€judge,€who€is€responsible€for€the€updating€of€legislation,€has€alsoÐ fp  Ðbeen€charged€with€ensuring€compliance€of€Cyprus'€reporting€obligations€underÐ -7  Ðinternational€human€rights€instruments,€as€well€as€identifying€areas€ofÐ ôþ  Ðinconsistency€of€municipal€law€and€administrative€practice€with€currentÐ »Å Ðinternational€law€standards€in€the€field€of€human€rights€and€proposingÐ ‚Œ Ðnecessary€action.Ð IS ÐÌ54.à b àCyprus€is€a€practising€pluralist€democracy€with€absolute€respect€for€theÐ ×á Ðrights€and€freedoms€of€the€individual.€€It€continuously€strives€to€achieveÐ ž¨ Ðmore€progress€in€the€field€of€human€rights€by€overcoming€difficulties€chief€ofÐ eo Ðwhich€is€the€continued€occupation€of€more€than€a€third€of€its€territory.€Ð ,6 ÐThrough€instruction€and€education€and€other€positive€action€by€the€State€itÐ óý Ðcombats€the€remnants€of€prejudice,€especially€in€respect€of€the€equality€ofÐ ºÄ Ðthe€sexes.Ð ‹ ÐÌ55.à b àThere€are€several€non„governmental€organizations€covering€all€sectors€ofÐ  Ðlife,€including€human€rights€associations.€€There€are€also€a€number€ofÐ Öà  Ðstatutory€bodies€such€as€the€one€for€the€promotion€and€protection€of€women'sÐ §! Ðrights,€the€tripartite€Labour€Advisory€Board€and€the€Prices€and€Incomes€Board.Ð dn" ÐÌ56.à b àThe€role€of€the€mass€media€in€the€promotion€and€protection€ofÐ ò ü$ Ðhumanrights€is€considerable.€€The€press€is€entirely€free€and€the€severalÐ ¹!Ã% Ðdaily,€weekly€and€other€newspapers€and€periodicals€are€privately€owned.€€TheÐ €"Š& Ðsame€applies€to€radio€and€television€broadcasting€where€only€one€radio€and€oneÐ G#Q' Ðtelevision€station€is€State€owned€but€is€run€by€an€independent€corporation.€Ð $( ÐÌà@ºº%–àIV.€€INFORMATION€AND€PUBLICITYˆÐ œ%¦ * ÐÌ57.à b àAll€international€conventions€and€treaties€to€which€Cyprus€becomes€partyÐ *'4", Ðare€published€in€the€òòOfficial€Gazetteóó.€€Appropriate€publicity€is€given€to€themÐ ñ'û"- Ðin€the€media,€printed€and€electronic€press€and€includes€the€acceptance€of€theÐ ¸(Â#. Ðright€under€optional€procedures€to€petition€or€address€communications€to€humanÐ )‰$/ Ðrights€organs.Ð F*P%0 ÐÌ58.à b àHuman€rights€are€considered€a€particularly€important€issue€and€specialÐ Ô+Þ&2 Ðaction€is€always€taken€to€promote€awareness€among€the€public,€and€the€relevantÐ ›,¥'3 Ðauthorities,€of€the€rights€contained€in€the€various€human€rights€instruments.€Ð b-l(4 ÐAwareness,€as€the€necessary€precondition€to,€òòinteraliaóó,€claiming€one's€rightsÐ ö Ðand€prevention€of€abuses,€is€pursued€mainly€through€education€by€including€theÐ ½Ç Ðteaching€of€human€rights€in€the€curricula€at€all€levels€of€education,Ð „Ž Ðteachers'€and€police€training€academies,€parents'€guidance€and€other€similarÐ KU Ðinstitutions.Ð  ÐÌ59.à b àThe€Government,€the€media€and€the€private€sector€publish€books€andÐ   ª Ðpamphlets€on€the€question€of€violation€of€human€rights€in€various€languages.€Ð g q ÐPosters€and€brochures€are€distributed€to€schools,€youth€centres€andÐ . 8 Ðorganizations.€€Special€press€releases€regarding€human€rights€are€issued€asÐ õ ÿ  Ðnecessary€covering€both€local€and€international€developments€includingÐ ¼ Æ  Ðconferences,€seminars,€lectures,€colloquies€and€other€similar€events.€Ð ƒ   ÐArticles€on€human€rights€frequently€appear€in€the€newspapers€and€inÐ JT  Ðspecialized€publications€including€those€of€the€Bar€Association€and€the€humanÐ   Ðrights€organizations.Ð Øâ  ÐÌÌà@œœ2–à„„„„„ˆÌÌÔ €8°¦Ô