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ÐÌà‘»»»àÓW.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!+ +»ç™ 7W»K!XWÓˆà b à*€€This€document€replaces€the€core€document€transmitted€by€the€GovernmentÐ x% #0 Ðof€Spain€on€29€October€1991€and€issued€as€document€Ô_ÔHRIÔ_Ô/CORE/1/Add.2.Ð ?&g$1 ÐÌÌÌGE.93„15024€€(E)Ð [)ƒ'5 ÐÌÑØbÑÑ}‰ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!++7BÓà@n n –àI.€€MAIN€DEMOGRAPHIC,€ECONOMIC€AND€SOCIAL€INDICATORSˆÐ é*)7 ÐÌ1.à b àSpain€has€an€area€of€505,000€Ô_Ôkmòò2Ô_Ôóó.€€In€1991,€the€population€stoodÐ w,Ÿ*9 Ðat38,425,679,€of€whom€48.96percent€were€males€and€51.04percent€females.Ð >-f+:= ÐÑ/Ñâ /âÑØØÑÑ¥}Ñâ /âÑ  ÑÔ_ÔÌ2.à b àIn€1991,€the€gross€national€product€of€Spain€at€market€prices€wasÐ ›Ç Ð54,249.7billion€pesetas.€€In€the€same€year,€percapita€income€wasÐ bŽ Ð1,244,482pesetas.€€The€rate€of€inflation€was€6.4percent€in€1991.Ð )U ÐÌ3.à b àThe€rate€of€unemployment:€€in€1991,€1,000,248€males€and€1,318,200Ð ·ã Ðfemales,€or€16.3€per€cent€of€the€working€population,€were€unemployed.€€Rate€ofÐ ~ ª Ðemployment:€€males:€€65.5percent€and€females:€€33.8percent.Ð E q ÐÌ4.à b àThe€external€debt€of€Spain€stands€at€58,012million€dollars.Ð Ó ÿ  ÐÌ5.à b àWith€regard€to€the€literacy€rate,€the€proportion€of€illiterate€personsÐ a   Ðover€15years€of€age€expressed€as€a€percentage€of€the€total€population€overÐ (T  Ð15years€of€age€is€estimated€at€4.2percent.€€Within€the€population€overÐ ï  Ð15years€of€age,€7.1percent€of€females€and€3.3percent€of€males€areÐ ¶â  Ðilliterate.€€If€we€break€down€the€population€over€15years€of€age€into€ageÐ }©  Ðgroups,€we€see€that€illiteracy€is€concentrated€among€the€elderly.€€Thus,€inÐ Dp  Ðthe€16€to€29€age€group,€0.6percent€of€females€and€0.7percent€of€males€areÐ  7  Ðilliterate.€€In€the€30€to€44€age€group,€1.7percent€of€females€andÐ Òþ  Ð1.3percent€of€males€are€illiterate.€€In€the€45€to€49€year€age€group,Ð ™Å Ð7.1percent€of€females€and€3.6percent€of€males€are€illiterate.€€After€theÐ `Œ Ðage€of€60€and€in€the€population€group€over€this€age,€17.3percent€of€womenÐ 'S Ðand€8.3percent€of€males€are€illiterate.Ð î ÐÌ6.à b àWith€regard€to€religion,€it€should€be€noted€that€article16€of€theÐ |¨ ÐSpanish€Constitution€guarantees€freedom€of€religion€and€proclaims€that€thereÐ Co Ðshall€be€no€State€religion.€€The€same€article€establishes€that€"Nobody€may€beÐ  6 Ðcompelled€to€make€declarations€regarding€his€religion,€beliefs€or€ideologies".€Ð Ñý ÐA€number€of€unofficial€surveys€conducted€by€private€institutions€put€theÐ ˜Ä Ðpercentage€of€Catholics€in€the€Spanish€population€at€90percent,€giving€noÐ _‹ Ðspecific€information€regarding€religious€practice.Ð &R ÐÌ7.à b àIn1986,€life€expectancy€for€females€was€79.99years€and€forÐ ´à  Ðmales73.97years.Ð {§! ÐÌ8.à b àInfant€mortality:€€in1989,€7.83€per€thousand:€€in1987,€by€sex,€itÐ  5# Ðwas7.57girls€per€thousand€and€10.09boys€per€thousand€and€8.88€per€thousandÐ Ð ü$ Ðfor€both€sexes.Ð —!Ã% ÐÌ9.à b àMaternal€mortality:€€4.92€per€100,000live€births€in1987.Ð %#Q' ÐÌ10.à b àFertility€rate:€€for€1989€the€average€number€of€children€per€womanÐ ³$ß) Ðwas1.36.€€The€birth€rate€was€10.40€and€the€average€age€at€the€birth€ofÐ z%¦ * Ðchildren€was€28.6years.Ð A&m!+ ÐÌÔ& ª Ô11.à b àPercentage€of€the€population€under€15years€of€age€and€over€65years€ofÐ Ï'û"- Ðage:€€in1990,€out€of€a€total€population€of€7,094,982persons€under€15yearsÐ –(Â#. Ðof€age,€there€were€3,666,868males€and€3,428,114females.€€Out€of€a€totalÐ ])‰$/ Ðpopulation€of€5,514,296€over€65years€of€age,€there€were€2,276,299males€andÐ $*P%0 Ð3,237,997females.Ð ë*&1 ÐÔ'ªÏ'ÛÔÌ12.à b àPopulation€living€in€rural€areas€and€in€urban€areas:€€50.83percent€ofÐ y,¥'3 Ðthe€population€of€Spain€is€legally€resident€in€municipalities€with€moreÐ @-l(4 Ðthan50,000inhabitants.Ð .3)5 ÐÐ Î.ú)6 ÐÔ_Ô13.à b àPercentage€of€households€headed€by€women:€€a€single-parent€family€isÐ Ô Ðonein€which€the€head€does€not€have€a€spouse€and€has€dependent€childrenÐ ›Ç Ðunder18years€of€age.€€In€the€third€quarter€of1991,€out€of€a€total€ofÐ bŽ Ð283,600families,€242,000€were€headed€by€women€and€41,600€by€males.€€Ð )U ÐÌà@VV$–àII.€€GENERAL€POLITICAL€STRUCTUREˆÐ ·ã ÐÌ14.à b àSpain€took€shape€as€a€State€in€the€fifteenth€century.€€The€Kingdom€ofÐ E q ÐSpain€is€a€social€and€democratic€State€subject€to€the€rule€of€law,€whoseÐ  8 ÐConstitution€dates€from€27€December€1978.€€The€political€form€of€the€SpanishÐ Ó ÿ  ÐState€is€the€parliamentary€monarchy.€€Ð š Æ  ÐÌà@>>.–àA.€€òòThe€KingóóˆÐ (T  ÐÌ15.à b àArticle€56€(1)€of€the€Constitution€states:Ð ¶â  ÐÌà0 b à€"The€King€is€the€Head€of€State,€the€symbol€of€its€unity€and€permanence.€Ð Dp  ÐHe€arbitrates€and€moderates€the€regular€working€of€the€institutions,Ð  7  Ðassumes€the€highest€representation€of€the€Spanish€State€in€internationalÐ Òþ  Ðrelations,€especially€with€those€nations€belonging€to€the€same€historicÐ ™Å Ðcommunity,€and€exercises€the€functions€expressly€conferred€on€him€by€theÐ `Œ ÐConstitution€and€the€law."Ð'Sb$b$ ÐÌ16.à b àArticle€62€of€the€Constitution€states:Ð µá ÐÌà b à€"It€is€incumbent€upon€the€King:Ð Co ÐÌà b àà0 ™ à(a)à Ð àTo€sanction€and€promulgate€the€laws.ÐÑý™ $™ $ ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à(b)à Ð àTo€summon€and€dissolve€the€Cortes€Generales€and€to€callÐ _‹ Ðelections€upon€the€terms€provided€for€in€the€Constitution.Ð&Rb$b$ ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à(c)à Ð àTo€call€a€referendum€in€the€cases€provided€for€in€theÐ ´à  ÐConstitution.Ð{§!b$b$ ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à(d)à Ð àTo€propose€a€candidate€for€the€President€of€the€GovernmentÐ  5# Ðand,€as€the€case€may€be,€appoint€him€or€move€him€from€office,€under€theÐ Ð ü$ Ðterms€provided€in€the€Constitution.З!Ã%b$b$ ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à(e)à Ð àTo€appoint€and€dismiss€members€of€the€Government€at€theÐ %#Q' Ðproposal€of€its€President.Ðì#(b$b$ ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à(f)à Ð àTo€issue€the€decrees€agreed€upon€by€the€Council€of€Ministers,Ð z%¦ * Ðto€confer€civil€and€military€employments€and€award€honours€andÐ A&m!+ Ðdistinctions€in€conformity€with€the€law.Ð'4",b$b$ ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à(g)à Ð àTo€keep€himself€informed€about€the€affairs€of€State€and€toÐ –(Â#. Ðpreside,€for€this€purpose,€the€Meeting€of€the€Council€of€Ministers€whenÐ ])‰$/ Ðhe€deems€opportune,€at€the€request€of€the€President€of€the€Government.Ð$*P%0b$b$ ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à(h)à Ð àTo€exercise€supreme€command€of€the€Armed€Forces.в+Þ&2b$b$ ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à(i)à Ð àTo€exercise€the€right€to€grant€pardons€in€accordance€with€theÐ @-l(4 Ðlaw,€which€may€not€authorize€general€pardons.Ð.3)5b$b$ ÐÐ Î.ú)6 Ðà0 b àà ™ à(j)à Ð àTo€exercise€the€High€Patronage€of€the€Royal€Academies."ÐÔb$b$ ÐÌà@´´(–àB.€€òòThe€legislative€poweróóˆÐ bŽ ÐÌ17.à b àArticle€66€of€the€Constitution€states:Ð ð ÐÌà0 b à"1.à ™ àThe€Cortes€Generales€represent€the€Spanish€people€and€consist€ofÐ ~ ª Ðthe€Congress€of€Deputies€and€the€Senate.€€ÐE qb$b$ ÐÌà0 b à2.à ™ àThe€Cortes€Generales€exercise€the€legislative€power€of€the€State,Ð Ó ÿ  Ðapprove€its€budgets,€control€government€action€and€hold€all€the€otherÐ š Æ  Ðpowers€vested€in€them€by€the€Constitution.Ða  b$b$ ÐÌà0 b à3.à ™ àThe€Cortes€Generales€are€inviolable."Ðï b$b$ ÐÌà b àThe€members€of€the€Cortes€Generales€are€elected€by€universal,€free,Ð }©  Ðequal,€direct€and€secret€ballot.Ð Dp  ÐÌà@)–àC.€€òòThe€executive€poweróóˆÐ Òþ  ÐÌ18.à b àArticle€97€of€the€Constitution€states:Ð `Œ ÐÌà0 b à"The€Government€directs€domestic€and€foreign€policy,€the€civil€andÐ î Ðmilitary€administration€and€the€defence€of€the€State.€€It€exercises€theÐ µá Ðexecutive€function€and€statutory€authority€in€accordance€with€theÐ |¨ ÐConstitution€and€the€law."ÐCob$b$ ÐÌ19.à b àArticle€99€of€the€Constitution€provides:Ð Ñý ÐÌà0 b à"1.à ™ àAfter€each€renewal€of€the€Congress€of€the€Deputies,€and€in€theÐ _‹ Ðother€cases€provided€for€in€the€Constitution,€the€King,€afterÐ &R Ðconsultation€with€the€representatives€appointed€by€the€political€groupsÐ í Ðwith€parliamentary€representation,€and€through€the€President€of€theÐ ´à  ÐCongress,€shall€put€forward€a€candidate€for€President€of€the€Government.Ð{§!b$b$ ÐÌà0 b à2.à ™ àThe€candidate€put€forward€in€accordance€with€the€provisions€of€theÐ  5# Ðforegoing€paragraph€shall€submit€to€the€Congress€of€the€Deputies€theÐ Ð ü$ Ðpolitical€programme€of€the€Government€that€he€intends€to€form€and€shallÐ —!Ã% Ðseek€the€competence€of€the€Chamber.Ð^"Š&b$b$ ÐÌÔ& q Ôà b à3.à ™ àIf€the€Congress€of€Deputies,€by€vote€of€the€absolute€majority€of€Ð ì#( Ðà b àits€members,€grants€its€confidence€to€the€said€candidate,€the€King€shall€Ð ³$ß) Ðà b àappoint€him€President.€€If€the€said€majority€is€not€obtained,€the€same€Ð z%¦ * Ðà b àproposal€shall€be€submitted€for€a€fresh€vote€48€hours€after€the€previous€Ð A&m!+ Ðà b àvote,€and€it€shall€be€considered€that€confidence€has€been€obtained€if€it€Ð '4", Ðà b àpasses€by€a€simple€majority.Ð Ï'û"- ÐÔ'qì#–8ÔÌà8 b à4.à ™ àIf,€after€the€said€voting,€confidence€for€the€investiture€hasÐ ])‰$/ Ðnot€been€obtained,€successive€proposals€shall€be€voted€upon€in€theÐ $*P%0 Ðmanner€provided€in€the€foregoing€paragraphs.Ðë*&1bÊ!bÊ! ÐÌà b à5.à ™ àIf,€within€two€months€from€the€first€vote€for€investiture,€no€Ð y,¥'3 Ðà b àcandidate€has€obtained€the€confidence€of€Congress,€the€King€shall€à ö! àÐ @-l(4 Ðdissolve€Congress€and€call€new€elections,€following€endorsement€by€the€à ö! àÐ .3)5 ÐPresident€of€the€Congress."Ð Î.ú)6 Ї20.à b àArticle€100€of€the€Constitution€stipulates:Ð Ô ÐÌà0 b à"The€other€members€of€the€Government€shall€be€appointed€and€dismissed€byÐ bŽ Ðthe€King€at€the€proposal€of€its€President."Ð)Ub$b$ ÐÌ21.à b àArticle€101€of€the€Constitution€states:Ð ·ã ÐÌà0 b à"1.à ™ àThe€Government€shall€resign€after€the€holding€of€general€elections,Ð E q Ðin€the€event€of€loss€of€parliamentary€confidence€as€provided€in€theÐ  8 ÐConstitution,€or€on€account€of€the€resignation€or€death€of€its€President.ÐÓ ÿ b$b$ ÐÌà0 b à2.à ™ àThe€outgoing€Government€shall€continue€to€exercise€its€functionsÐ a   Ðuntil€the€new€Government€takes€office."€€Ð(T b$b$ ÐÌà@JJ)–àD.€€òòThe€judicial€poweróóˆÐ ¶â  ÐÌ22.à b àArticle€117€of€the€Convention€states:Ð Dp  ÐÌà0 b à"1.à ™ àJustice€emanates€from€the€people€and€is€administered€on€behalf€ofÐ Òþ  Ðthe€King€by€judges€and€magistrates€of€the€Judiciary€who€shall€beÐ ™Å Ðindependent,€irremovable,€liable€and€subject€only€to€the€rule€of€law.Ð`Œb$b$ ÐÌà0 b à2.à ™ àJudges€and€magistrates€may€only€be€dismissed,€suspended,Ð î Ðtransferred€or€retired€for€one€of€the€reasons€and€with€the€guaranteesÐ µá Ðprovided€by€law.Ð|¨b$b$ ÐÌà0 b à3.à ™ àThe€exercise€of€jurisdictional€power€in€any€kind€of€action,€both€inÐ  6 Ðpassing€judgement€and€having€judgements€executed,€lies€exclusively€withÐ Ñý Ðthe€competence€of€the€courts€and€tribunals€laid€down€by€the€law,€inÐ ˜Ä Ðaccordance€with€the€rules€of€jurisdiction€and€procedure€which€may€beÐ _‹ Ðestablished€therein.Ð&Rb$b$ ÐÌà0 b à4.à ™ àThe€courts€and€tribunals€shall€exercise€only€the€functionsÐ ´à  Ðindicated€to€them€in€the€previous€paragraph€and€those€which€are€expresslyÐ {§! Ðallocated€to€them€by€law€as€a€guarantee€of€some€right.ÐBn"b$b$ ÐÌà0 b à5.à ™ àThe€principle€of€jurisdictional€unity€is€the€basis€of€theÐ Ð ü$ Ðorganization€and€operation€of€the€courts.€€The€law€shall€regulate€theÐ —!Ã% Ðexercise€of€military€jurisdiction€strictly€within€military€limits€and€inÐ ^"Š& Ðcases€of€state€of€siege,€in€accordance€with€the€principles€of€theÐ %#Q' ÐConstitution.Ðì#(b$b$ ÐÌà0 b à6.à ™ àCourts€of€exception€are€prohibited."Ðz%¦ *b$b$ ÐÌ23.à b àArticle€122€of€the€Constitution€provides:Ð '4", ÐÌà0 b à"1.à ™ àThe€Organic€Law€on€Judicial€Power€shall€determine€the€setting€up,Ð –(Â#. Ðoperation€and€control€of€the€courts€and€tribunals€as€well€as€the€legalÐ ])‰$/ Ðstatus€of€professional€judges€and€magistrates,€who€shall€form€a€singleÐ $*P%0 Ðbody,€and€of€the€staff€serving€in€the€administration€of€justice.Ðë*&1b$b$ ÐÌà0 b à2.à ™ àThe€General€Council€of€the€Judiciary€is€the€latter's€governingÐ y,¥'3 Ðbody.€€An€organic€law€shall€set€up€its€statutes€and€the€system€ofÐ @-l(4 Ðâ âincompatibilities€applicable€to€its€members€and€their€functions,Ð .3)5 Ðespecially€in€connection€with€appointments,€promotions,€inspection€andÐ Ô Ðthe€disciplinary€system.ЛÇb$b$ Ðâ âÌà0 b à3.à ™ àThe€General€Council€of€the€Judiciary€shall€consist€of€the€PresidentÐ )U Ðof€the€Supreme€Court,€who€shall€preside€it,€and€of€20€members€appointedÐ ð Ðby€the€King€for€a€five„year€period,€amongst€whom€shall€be€12€judges€andÐ ·ã Ðmagistrates€of€all€judicial€categories€under€the€terms€established€by€theÐ ~ ª Ðorganic€law;€4€nominated€by€the€Congress€of€Deputies€and€4€by€the€Senate,Ð E q Ðelected€in€both€cases€by€a€majority€of€three€fifths€of€their€members€fromÐ  8 Ðamongst€lawyers€and€other€jurists€of€acknowledged€competence€and€overÐ Ó ÿ  Ð15years'€experience€in€the€exercise€of€their€profession."К Æ b$b$ ÐÌ24.à b àFrom€the€viewpoint€of€territorial€organization€of€the€State,€the€KingdomÐ (T  Ðof€Spain€is€organized€territorially€into€municipalities,€provinces€andÐ ï  Ðautonomous€communities;€these€bodies€enjoy€self„government€for€the€managementÐ ¶â  Ðof€their€respective€interests.€€Title€VII€of€the€Constitution€regulates€thisÐ }©  Ðterritorial€organization€of€the€State,€in€articles€137€to€158.Ð Dp  ÐÌà@–àIII.€€GENERAL€LEGAL€FRAMEWORK€WITHIN€WHICH€HUMAN€RIGHTS€ARE€PROTECTEDˆÐ Òþ  ÐÌà@PP'–àA.€€òòGeneral€legal€frameworkóóˆÐ `Œ ÐÌ25.à b àThe€general€framework€within€which€the€civil€and€political€rightsÐ î Ðrecognized€by€the€Covenant€are€protected€in€Spain€is€the€Spanish€Constitution.€Ð µá ÐThe€civil€and€political€rights€recognized€internationally€are€essentiallyÐ |¨ Ðcontained€in€Title€I,€Section€1,€chapter€II€of€the€Spanish€ConstitutionÐ Co Ð("Fundamental€Rights€and€Duties").€€Article€53€of€the€Constitution€establishesÐ  6 Ðthe€system€of€guarantees€for€these€rights€which€is€arranged€as€follows.Ð Ñý ÐÌ26.à b àA€legislative€guarantee:€€Exercise€of€these€rights€may€only€be€regulatedÐ _‹ Ðby€law,€which€shall,€in€every€case,€respect€their€essential€contents.€€The€lawÐ &R Ðsetting€out€the€fundamental€rights€and€public€freedoms€must€be€a€fundamentalÐ í Ðlaw,€which€shall€require€a€majority€final€vote€of€the€Congress€on€the€bill€asÐ ´à  Ða€whole€if€it€is€to€be€adopted,€amended€or€waived€(art.39€(1)€and€(2)).€€TheÐ {§! Ðsubstantive€concept€of€fundamental€law€and€related€matters€has€been€defined€byÐ Bn" Ðthe€Constitutional€Court€(rulings€of€13February1981,€No.€76/1983€ofÐ  5# Ð5August1983,€No.€25/1984€of€23February1984€and€No.€160/1986€ofÐ Ð ü$ Ð16December1986).€€The€Constitutional€Court€ensures€the€effectiveness€of€thisÐ —!Ã% Ðguarantee€by€means€of€an€action€of€unconstitutionality€in€respect€of€laws€andÐ ^"Š& Ðenactments€(art.161€(1)€(a)),€which€may€be€brought€by€the€President€of€theÐ %#Q' ÐGovernment,€the€People's€Advocate,€50€deputies,€50€senators,€the€executiveÐ ì#( Ðcollegiate€bodies€of€the€autonomous€communities€and,€when€appropriate,€theirÐ ³$ß) Ðlegislative€assemblies€(art.162€(1)€(a)).€€In€addition,€the€State€is€requiredÐ z%¦ * Ðto€obtain€prior€authorization€from€the€Cortes€Generales€with€respect€toÐ A&m!+ Ðtreaties€or€agreements€affecting€the€fundamental€rights€and€duties€laid€downÐ '4", Ðin€TitleI€(art.94€(1)€(c))€of€the€Constitution.Ð Ï'û"- ÐÌ27.à b àJudicial€protection:€€Any€citizen€may€assert€his€claim€to€protection€ofÐ ])‰$/ Ðthe€freedoms€and€rights€recognized€in€article€14€and€section1€of€Chapter€IIÐ $*P%0 Ð(in€addition€to€the€right€to€conscientious€objection€recognized€by€article30)Ð ë*&1 Ðin€the€ordinary€courts.€€ActNo.62/1978€of€26€December€1978,€providing€"legalÐ ²+Þ&2 Ðprotection€of€the€fundamental€rights€of€the€individual",€lays€down€theÐ y,¥'3 Ðprocedure€for€such€protection.€€The€Second€Transitional€Provision€of€theÐ @-l(4 ÐConstitutional€Court€Organization€Act€extends€the€protection€provided€by€thatÐ .3)5 ÐAct€to€all€the€rights€included€in€article53€(2)€of€the€Constitution.€€TheÐ Î.ú)6 ÐJudiciary€Organization€Act€(No.6/1985)€of€1July1985€stipulates€that€theÐ Ô Ðrights€and€freedoms€recognized€in€Chapter€II€of€Title€I€of€the€ConstitutionÐ ›Ç Ðare€in€their€entirety€binding€upon€all€judges€and€courts€by€whose€effectiveÐ bŽ Ðprotection€they€are€guaranteed.€€In€this€respect,€article5€(4)€of€the€ActÐ )U Ðstipulates€that€"a€breach€of€the€Constitution€shall€provide€sufficient€groundsÐ ð Ðfor€an€appeal€to€vacate€in€all€cases€provided€for€by€the€law".Ð ·ã ÐÌ28.à b àOnce€they€have€exhausted€judicial€means,€citizens€may€apply€to€the€Ð E q ÐConstitutional€Court€by€an€application€for€òòamparoóó€(Constitution,€art.53€(2)).€Ð  8 ÐThis€principle€is€set€out€in€article€41€of€the€Constitutional€CourtÐ Ó ÿ  ÐOrganization€Act,€in€which€paragraph€1€states€that€the€rights€and€freedomsÐ š Æ  Ðrecognized€by€articles14€to€29€can€be€protected€by€the€constitutional€remedyÐ a   Ðof€òòamparoóó,€in€the€cases€and€in€the€manner€determined€by€the€Act,€withoutÐ (T  Ðprejudice€to€general€protection€by€the€courts€of€law.€€Similar€protectionÐ ï  Ðextends€to€conscientious€objection,€which€is€recognized€by€article30€(2)€ofÐ ¶â  Ðthe€constitution€whereby€"The€constitutional€remedy€of€òòamparoóó€protects€allÐ }©  Ðcitizens€under€the€terms€of€this€Act,€against€violations€of€the€rights€andÐ Dp  Ðfreedoms€referred€to€in€the€previous€paragraph€by€orders,€legal€acts€or€actsÐ  7  Ðof€violence€on€the€part€of€the€public€authorities€of€the€State,€the€autonomousÐ Òþ  Ðcommunities€or€other€territorial,€corporate€or€institutional€public€entitiesÐ ™Å Ðor€by€their€officials€or€agents".€€Consequently,€in€order€to€appeal€to€theÐ `Œ ÐConstitutional€Court€for€òòamparoóó,€judicial€means€must€first€have€been€exhaustedÐ 'S Ð(rulings€of€the€Constitutional€Court,€òòinter€aliaóó,€rulings€Nos.€73/1982,Ð î Ð29/1983€and€30/1984),€and€it€has€also€been€specified€that€the€remedy€inÐ µá Ðquestion€does€not€constitute€a€third€instance€(ruling€No.11/1982€of€theÐ |¨ ÐConstitutional€Court).€€The€persons€entitled€to€lodge€an€application€forÐ Co Ðòòamparoóó€are€those€directly€concerned€by€the€order€or€administrative€act€and€anyÐ  6 Ðparty€to€the€respective€court€proceedings,€as€well€as€the€People's€AdvocateÐ Ñý Ðand€the€Public€Prosecutor,€who€shall€always€be€a€party€to€any€òòamparoóóÐ ˜Ä Ðproceeding€(Constitutional€Court€Organization€Act,€art.46€(1)€(a)€and€(b)€andÐ _‹ Ðart.47(2)).Ð &R ÐÌ29.à b àPursuant€to€article54€of€the€Constitution,€the€People's€Advocate€isÐ ´à  Ð"aHigh€Commissioner€of€the€Cortes€Generales,€appointed€to€defend€the€rightsÐ {§! Ðof€the€individual€and€authorized€to€supervise€the€activities€of€theÐ Bn" ÐAdministration€and€to€report€on€them€to€the€Cortes€Generales".€€In€addition€toÐ  5# Ðthis€supervisory€role€over€the€activities€of€the€Administration,€the€People'sÐ Ð ü$ ÐAdvocate,€in€his€capacity€as€a€defender€of€the€rights€of€the€individual,€isÐ —!Ã% Ðauthorized€to€lodge€an€application€for€òòamparoóó€in€respect€of€those€rightsÐ ^"Š& Ð(Constitution,€art.162€(1),€and€Constitutional€Court€Organization€Act,Ð %#Q' Ðart.46).€€He€coordinates€with€the€parallel€institutions€in€the€autonomousÐ ì#( Ðcommunities€(Andalusian€People's€Advocate,€òòSindic€de€Greugesóó€in€Catalonia,Ð ³$ß) ÐòòValedor€do€Povoóó€in€Galacia,€etc.).€€This€institution€is€highly€effective€inÐ z%¦ * Ðprotecting€human€rights,€as€illustrated€by€the€number€of€complaints€with€whichÐ A&m!+ Ðit€has€dealt.€€For€the€purpose€of€organizing€the€relationship€between€theÐ '4", ÐPeople's€Advocate€and€his€opposite€numbers€in€the€various€autonomousÐ Ï'û"- Ðcommunities,€ActNo.36/1985€of€6€November€1985€lays€down€the€foundation€forÐ –(Â#. Ðan€orderly€relationship€with€a€view€to€the€better€achievement€of€theirÐ ])‰$/ Ðobjectives.Ð $*P%0 ÐÌ30.à b àIn€the€Spanish€legal€system,€the€Office€of€the€Public€Prosecutor€is€aÐ ²+Þ&2 Ðjudicial€body€and€its€role€is€laid€down€in€the€Constitution,€within€theÐ y,¥'3 Ðframework€of€the€Judiciary€(Constitution,€Title€VI,€art.124).€€Pursuant€toÐ @-l(4 Ðthis€article,€it€is€responsible€for€"promoting€the€working€of€justice€in€theÐ .3)5 Ðdefence€of€the€rule€of€law,€of€citizens'€rights€and€of€the€public€interest€asÐ Î.ú)6 Ðsafeguarded€by€the€law".€€In€accordance€with€the€Organizational€Statute€of€theÐ Ô ÐOffice€of€the€Public€Prosecutor€(ActNo.50/1981€of€30€December€1981)€itsÐ ›Ç Ðmission€is€to€"ensure€respect€for€the€constitutional€institutions€andÐ bŽ Ðfundamental€rights€and€public€freedoms€by€whatever€means€are€required€forÐ )U Ðtheir€defence"€(art.3€(3))€and€"to€take€part€in€any€court€proceedings€forÐ ð Ðòòamparoóó"€(art.3€(10)),€and€it€is€also€authorized€to€lodge€an€application€forÐ ·ã Ðòòamparoóó€with€the€Constitutional€Court€(art.3€(10)€relating€to€art.162€(1)€(b)Ð ~ ª Ðof€the€Constitution€and€arts.46€and€47€of€the€Constitutional€CourtÐ E q ÐOrganization€Act).Ð  8 ÐÌ31.à b àParliamentary€committee:€€The€Regulations€of€the€Congress€of€Deputies,Ð š Æ  Ðof10February1982€(arts.40€to€53)€govern€the€competence€of€the€StandingÐ a   ÐConstitutional€Committee€and€the€Standing€Petitions€Committee€and€authorizeÐ (T  Ðthe€latter€to€examine€individual€or€collective€petitions€received€by€CongressÐ ï  Ðand€to€decide€to€refer€them€either€to€the€People's€Advocate,€the€CongressionalÐ ¶â  ÐCommittee€dealing€with€the€issue€concerned,€the€Senate,€Government,€theÐ }©  Ðcourts,€the€Office€of€the€Public€Prosecutor€or€the€relevant€publicÐ Dp  Ðadministration.€€The€Regulations€of€the€Senate,€of€26€May€1982,€also€provideÐ  7  Ðfor€committees€to€promote€and€protect€human€rights€(arts.49€to€68).€€TheseÐ Òþ  Ðare€the€General€Petitions€Committee,€the€Constitutional€Committee,€theÐ ™Å ÐJudicial€Committee,€the€Standing€Committee€for€Relations€with€the€People'sÐ `Œ ÐAdvocate€and€the€Committee€for€Human€Rights.Ð 'S ÐÌà@þ þ –àB.€€òòInternational€Protection€of€these€rightsóóˆÐ µá ÐÌ32.à b àThe€system€of€protection€of€civil€and€political€rights€outlined€above€isÐ Co Ðcompleted€by€the€international€guarantee€deriving€from€Spain's€recognition€ofÐ  6 Ðthe€international€agreements€relating€to€the€protection€of€those€rights.€Ð Ñý ÐSpain€acceded€to€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€CivilÐ ˜Ä Ðand€Political€Rights,€adopted€in€New€York€by€the€United€NationsÐ _‹ ÐGeneralAssembly€on€16€December€1986.€€The€instrument€of€accession,Ð &R Ðdated17January€1985,€was€published€on€2€April€1985,€the€sole€interpretativeÐ í Ðstatement€concerned€article5,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Protocol€and€specified€thatÐ ´à  Ðthe€Human€Rights€Committee€should€not€consider€any€communication€unless€it€hadÐ {§! Ðascertained€that€it€was€not€being€examined€under€another€procedure€ofÐ Bn" Ðinternational€investigation€or€settlement.€€This€reservation,€similar€to€thoseÐ  5# Ðentered€by€Denmark,€France,€Iceland,€Italy,€Luxembourg,€Norway€and€Sweden€canÐ Ð ü$ Ðbe€explained€by€the€fact€that€Spain,€like€those€countries,€had€agreed€that€theÐ —!Ã% ÐEuropean€Commission€of€Human€Rights€is€competent€to€receive€petitions€fromÐ ^"Š& Ðindividuals€about€alleged€violations€of€the€rights€recognized€by€the€EuropeanÐ %#Q' ÐConvention€for€the€Protection€of€Human€Rights€and€Fundamental€Freedoms€and€hadÐ ì#( Ðagreed€to€the€jurisdiction€of€the€European€Court€of€Human€Rights.€€Ð ³$ß) ÐÌ33.à b àIn€particular,€and€with€regard€to€recognition€of€the€competence€of€theÐ A&m!+ ÐEuropean€Commission€of€Human€Rights,€on€18€October€1985,€Spain€renewed€itsÐ '4", Ðdeclaration€and€said€that€subsequently€"it€would€be€tacitly€renewed€forÐ Ï'û"- Ðfurther€five„year€periods€unless€otherwise€stated€prior€to€the€expiry€of€theÐ –(Â#. Ðcurrent€period".€€Similarly,€Spain€renewed€its€declaration€recognizing€theÐ ])‰$/ Ðjurisdiction€of€the€European€Court€of€Human€Rights.Ð $*P%0 ÐÌ34.à b àAs€to€regional€protection€of€human€rights,€in€an€instrumentÐ ²+Þ&2 Ðdated20December1984€(published€on€17€April€1985)€Spain€ratified€theÐ y,¥'3 ÐSixthProtocol€to€the€European€Convention€on€Human€Rights€concerning€theÐ @-l(4 ÐAbolition€of€the€Death€Penalty€done€at€Strasbourg€on€28€April€1983.Ð .3)5 ÐÔ_ÔÐ Î.ú)6 Ð35.à b àSpain€ratified€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€orÐ Ô ÐDegrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€adopted€in€New€York€on€10€December€1984,€byÐ ›Ç Ðan€instrument€dated€10€October€1987.€€In€its€instrument€of€ratification,€SpainÐ bŽ Ðdeclared,€under€articles21€(1)€and€22€(1)€of€the€Convention,€that€itÐ )U Ðrecognized€the€competence€of€the€Committee€against€Torture€to€receive€andÐ ð Ðconsider€communications€from€a€State€party€or€an€individual€allegingÐ ·ã Ðviolations€of€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€by€the€State€concerned.Ð ~ ª ÐÌ36.à b àSpain€has€also€ratified€the€European€Convention€for€the€Prevention€ofÐ  8 ÐTorture€and€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment.€€The€first€regularÐ Ó ÿ  Ðvisit€of€the€European€Committee€to€Spain€took€place€in€April€1991.€Ð š Æ  ÐÌà@ºº%–àIV.€€INFORMATION€AND€PUBLICITYˆÐ (T  ÐÌ37.à b àThe€dissemination€of€the€human€rights€instruments€ratified€by€the€KingdomÐ ¶â  Ðof€Spain€is€of€great€importance.€€In€conformity€with€the€Spanish€Constitution,Ð }©  Ðvalidly€concluded€international€treaties€are€published€in€the€òòÔ_ÔBoletnÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔOficialÔ_ÔÐ Dp  Ðdel€Ô_ÔEstadoÔ_Ôóó,€in€the€same€way€as€any€other€law€of€the€State.€€Ô_ÔSince,withÔ_Ô€effectÐ  7  Ðfrom€their€publication,€these€treaties€form€part€of€the€internal€order€ofÐ Òþ  ÐSpain€they€are€publicized€in€the€same€way€as€legislative€provisions,Ð ™Å Ðparticularly€when€they€deal€with€human€rights€concerning€which€theÐ `Œ ÐConstitution€prescribes€that€"The€standards€relative€to€the€fundamental€rightsÐ 'S Ðand€freedoms€recognized€by€the€Constitution€shall€be€interpreted€in€conformityÐ î Ðwith€the€Universal€Declaration€of€Human€Rights€and€the€international€treatiesÐ µá Ðand€agreements€thereon€ratified€by€Spain".Ð |¨ ÐÌÔ&  Ô38.à b àThese€instruments€on€human€rights€are€translated€into€the€languages€ofÐ  6 Ðthe€autonomous€communities.€€Ð Ñý ÐÌÔ' ÌŠÔ39.à b àThere€are€numerous€institutions,€both€public€and€private,€whose€main€taskÐ _‹ Ðis€the€study€and€dissemination€of€human€rights€at€the€level€of€the€nation€asÐ &R Ðwell€as€that€of€the€autonomous€communities€and€which€have€a€wide€range€ofÐ í Ðactivities.Ð ´à  ÐÌ40.à b àOne€of€the€very€important€activities€of€the€People's€Advocate,€the€HighÐ Bn" ÐCommissioner€of€the€Cortes€Ô_ÔGeneralesÔ_Ô€for€the€defence€of€fundamental€rights€andÐ  5# Ðhis€counterparts€in€the€autonomous€communities€is€the€preparation€of€an€annualÐ Ð ü$ Ðreport€concerning€their€activities€which€they€submit€to€the€Cortes€Ô_ÔGeneralesÔ_ÔÐ —!Ã% Ð(Legislative€Assemblies€in€the€autonomous€communities),€and€which€areÐ ^"Š& Ðpublished.Ð %#Q' ÐÌà@œœ2–à„„„„„ˆÌà@––4–àˆÌÌÌÌ