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ÐÌ2.à p àEl€Salvador€is€situated€in€the€south-west€of€the€Central€American€IsthmusÐ I%q#+ Ðon€the€Pacific€Coast€and€is€the€only€country€in€the€region€that€does€not€haveÐ &D$, Ða€Caribbean€coast.Ð ï&%- ÐÌ3.à p àEl€Salvador€is€in€the€torrid€zone€north€of€the€equator,Ð •(½&/ Ðbetween13ð$ð09'and14ð$ð27'€latitude€north€and€87ð$ð41'€and90ð$ð08'€longitude€west.Ð h)'0 ÐÌ4.à p àÓE.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!++pcEÓThe€territory€over€which€El€Salvador€exercises€complete€jurisdiction€andÐ +6)2 Ðsovereignty€includes,€in€addition€to€the€mainland:Ð á+ *3 Ðâ âÐ ´,Ü*4 ÐÖ€>ÿÿÖà b à(a)à ™ àThe€islands,€islets€and€cays€listed€in€the€judgement€of€the€CentralÐ ö ÐAmerican€Court€of€Justice,€delivered€on€9March1970,€which€are€alsoÐ ÉÓ Ðestablished€as€belonging€to€it€by€other€sources€of€international€law,€as€wellÐ œ¦ Ðas€other€islands,€islets€and€cays€which€belong€to€it€in€accordance€withÐ oy Ðinternational€law;Ð BL ÐÌà b à(b)à ™ àThe€territorial€waters,€and€the€common€waters€of€the€Gulf€ofÐ è ò ÐFonseca,€which€is€a€historic€bay€with€the€characteristics€of€a€closed€sea,€andÐ » Å Ðis€governed€by€a€regime€defined€by€international€law€and€by€the€judgementÐ Ž ˜ Ðreferred€to€above;Ð a k  ÐÌà b à(c)à ™ àThe€airspace,€the€subsoil€and€the€corresponding€continental€andÐ   Ðisland€shelf,€as€well€as€the€sea,€its€subsoil€and€seabed€to€a€distanceÐ Úä  Ðof200nautical€miles€from€the€baseline,€all€in€conformity€with€the€rules€ofÐ ­·  Ðinternational€law.Ð €Š  ÐÌ5.à b àThe€Salvadorian€territory€is€bounded:€Ð &0  ÐÌà b à(a)à ™ àTo€the€west,€by€the€Republic€of€Guatemala,€in€accordance€with€theÐ ÌÖ ÐTreaty€of€Territorial€Limits,€signed€in€Guatemala,€on€9€April€1938;€Ð Ÿ© ÐÌà b à(b)à ™ àTo€the€north€and€east,€partly€by€the€Republic€of€Honduras€inÐ EO Ðthosesections€delimited€by€the€General€Peace€Treaty€between€the€Republic€ofÐ " ÐElSalvador€and€Honduras,€signed€in€Lima,€Peru,€on€30October1980.€€As€to€theÐ ëõ Ðsections€that€are€still€to€be€delimited,€the€boundary€will€be€those€to€beÐ ¾È Ðdetermined€in€accordance€with€the€Treaty,€or€where€appropriate,€in€accordanceÐ ‘› Ðwith€any€measures€adopted€for€the€peaceful€settlement€of€internationalÐ dn Ðdisputes.€€In€this€connection,€the€International€Court€of€Justice€deliveredÐ 7A Ðits€judgement€on€11September1992,€and€El€Salvador,€in€fulfilment€of€itsÐ   Ðobligations€and€in€conformity€with€international€law,€shall€respect€it€inÐ Ýç Ðevery€sense;Ð °º Ðà b àÌà b à(c)à ™ àOn€the€remainder€of€the€eastern€border,€by€the€Republics€ofÐ V`  ÐHonduras€and€Nicaragua€along€the€Gulf€of€Fonseca;Ð ) 3! ÐÌà b à(d)à ™ àTo€the€south,€by€the€Pacific€Ocean.Ð Ï!Ù# ÐÌà@pp/–àC.€€òòHistoryˆÐ u#% ÐÌóó6.à b àThe€history€of€El€Salvador€dates€back€to€the€pre„Colombian€eraÐ %% ' Ðsome1,500years€B.C.,€as€can€be€seen€from€Mayan€remains€in€the€west€of€theÐ î%ø ( Ðcountry.Ð Á&Ë!) ÐÌ7.à b àThe€first€settlers€were€the€Pokomans,€Lencas€and€Chortis.€€They€wereÐ g(q#+ Ðfollowed€by€the€Uluas€and€the€Pipils,€who€settled€in€the€western€and€centralÐ :)D$, Ðparts€of€the€country€about€the€middle€of€the€eleventh€century.€€Ð  *%- ÐÌ8.à b àOn€31€May€1522,€the€Spaniard,€Andres€Nio,€headed€an€expedition€whichÐ ³+½&/ Ðlanded€on€Meanguera€Island€in€the€Gulf€of€Fonseca,€the€first€part€ofÐ †,'0 ÐSalvadorian€territory€to€be€visited€by€the€Spaniards.€Ð Y-c(1 Ї9.à b àIn€June€1524,€the€Spanish€captain€Pedro€de€Alvarado€launched€a€war€toÐ ö Ðconquer€the€Pipil€Indians€in€the€land€of€Cuscatlan,€which€means€"land€ofÐ ÉÓ Ðjewels€and€riches".€€After€17€days€of€bloody€fighting,€in€which€many€Indians,Ð œ¦ Ðincluding€Prince€Atlacatl,€chieftain€of€Cuscatlan,€lost€their€lives,Ð oy ÐPedrodeAlvarado,€defeated€and€wounded€in€the€left€thigh,€abandoned€the€fightÐ BL Ðand€withdrew€to€Guatemala,€ordering€his€brother€Gonzalo,€to€continue€theÐ   Ðconquest,€and€afterwards€his€cousin€Diego€de€Alvarado,€who€founded€the€town€ofÐ è ò ÐSanSalvador,€in€April€1528,€at€a€place€called€La€Bermuda.€€In€1540,€SanÐ » Å ÐSalvador€was€transferred€to€its€present€site€and€in€September1546€it€wasÐ Ž ˜ Ðgranted€the€status€of€a€city€by€the€emperors€Charles€V€and€PhilipII€of€Spain.Ð a k  ÐÌ10.à b àIn€the€years€that€followed,€the€country€developed€under€SpanishÐ   Ðdomination,€and€by€the€end€of€the€first€decade€of€the€nineteenth€century,€theÐ Úä  ÐSpanish€colonies€of€CentralAmerica€all€wanted€independence€and€autonomy.Ð ­·  ÐÌ11.à b àThe€first€proclamation€of€independence€was€made€in€SanSalvadorÐ S]  Ðon5November1811,€by€the€leader€of€the€independence€movement,€theÐ &0  Ðpriest,JosMatas€Delgado.Ð ù ÐÌ12.à b àAfter€much€internal€fighting,€the€Bill€of€Independence€of€CentralAmericaÐ Ÿ© Ðwas€signed€in€the€Palacio€de€los€Capitanes€in€Guatemala,€on€15September1821.Ð r| ÐÌ13.à b àIn€the€year€independence€was€proclaimed,€the€Government€was€establishedÐ " Ðin€Guatemala€City€and€it€decided€on€the€union€of€the€CentralAmericanÐ ëõ Ðprovinces€with€Mexico.€€ElSalvador,€however,€again€under€the€leadership€ofÐ ¾È ÐFatherDelgado,€opposed€the€annexation€until€1823,€when€the€Mexican€EmpireÐ ‘› Ðfell€and€the€five€CentralAmerican€provinces€agreed€to€separate€from€oneÐ dn Ðanother.Ð 7A ÐÌ14.à b àThese€five€provinces€remained€united€under€the€so-called€Federal€RepublicÐ Ýç Ðof€CentralAmerica€for€some€time,€but€they€soon€split€up€and€formed€theÐ °º ÐRepublics€of€Guatemala,€Honduras,€ElSalvador,€Nicaragua€and€CostaRica.€Ð ƒ ÐHowever,€the€federalist€feeling€has€never€died€and€in€recent€years€an€effortÐ V`  Ðhas€been€made€to€attain€this€ideal.Ð ) 3! ÐÌ15.à b àOn€12June1824,€ElSalvador€promulgated€its€own€Constitution,€which€wasÐ Ï!Ù# Ðthe€first€one€to€be€drawn€up€in€CentralAmerica.Ð ¢"¬$ ÐÌ16.à b àThroughout€the€nineteenth€century,€political€life€in€ElSalvador,€wasÐ H$R& Ðturbulent.€€Liberals€and€conservatives€fought€for€power€in€a€series€ofÐ %% ' Ðpolitical€intrigues€and€uprisings,€a€situation€which€often€aggravatedÐ î%ø ( Ðconflicts€in€the€neighbouring€States.€€The€Salvadorian€Governments€of€theÐ Á&Ë!) Ðtwentieth€century€for€the€most€part€maintained€order€and€peace€in€the€country.€Ð ”'ž"* ÐConsequently,€during€the€first€25€years€of€this€century,€the€country€achievedÐ g(q#+ Ðoutstanding€economic€development,€accompanied€by€notable€improvements€inÐ :)D$, Ðcommunications€and€transport.Ð  *%- ÐÌ17.à b àShortly€afterwards,€fresh€internal€difficulties€arose€and€continued€forÐ ³+½&/ Ðâ âsome€years,€until€the€Government€of€GeneralMaximiliano€HernandezMartinez€wasÐ †,'0 Ðestablished€by€force.€€He€assumed€the€office€of€President€in€1931€and€held€itÐ ö Ðuntil€1944,€when€he€was€deposed.Ð ÉÓ Ðâ âÌ18.à b àIn€1948,€a€revolutionary€movement€overthrew€the€regime€ofÐ oy ÐSalvadorCastaneda€Castro.€€ColonelOscarOsorio€held€power€from€1950€to1956,Ð BL Ðwhen€he€was€succeeded€by€ColonelJosMaraLemus.€€In€late€1960,€Lemus€wasÐ   Ðreplaced€by€a€leftist€Junta€that€was€overthrown€in€January€of€the€followingÐ è ò Ðyear€and€a€more€moderate€joint€civilian€and€military€directorate€took€controlÐ » Å Ðof€the€country.€€In€1962,€a€new€Constitution€was€promulgated€andÐ Ž ˜ ÐLieutenant-Colonel€Julio€A.Rivera€became€President€of€the€RepublicÐ a k  Ðuntil1967.€€He€was€succeeded€by€GeneralFidel€SanchezHernandez,€who€remainedÐ 4 >  Ðin€office€from€1967€to€1972.€€In€1972€ColonelArturo€ArmandoMelina€becameÐ   ÐPresident.€€In€1977,€GeneralCarlos€H.Romero€was€elected€President.€€He€wasÐ Úä  Ðousted€in€a€coup€on€15€October€1979€and€succeeded€by€a€Junta,€which€resignedÐ ­·  Ðin€1980€and€a€new€one€was€formed.€€In€1982,€elections€were€held€for€theÐ €Š  ÐConstituent€Assembly,€which€decreed,€ratified€and€proclaimed€the€1983Ð S]  ÐConstitution€of€the€Republic,€which€currently€governs€the€institutional€lifeÐ &0  Ðof€the€nation.€€In€1982€also,€a€Government€of€National€Unity€was€formedÐ ù ÐwithDr.Alvaro€Magaa€as€President.€€In€June€1984,€he€handed€over€politicalÐ ÌÖ Ðpower€to€Jos€Napoleð;ðn€Duarte,€who€remained€in€office€until€May€1989,€when€heÐ Ÿ© Ðwas€succeeded€by€the€current€President€of€the€Republic,€Alfredo€FelixÐ r| ÐCristiani€Burkard.€Ð EO ÐÌà@pp/–àD.€€òòEconomyóóˆÐ ëõ ÐÌ19.à b àAgriculture€is€the€mainstay€of€the€country's€economy€and€coffee€is€theÐ ‘› Ðprincipal€source€of€foreign€exchange.€€Other€products€include€cotton,Ð dn Ðsugar-cane,€cereals,€vegetables,€fruits€and€spices.Ð 7A ÐÌ20.à b àThe€famous€balsam,€used€in€the€manufacture€of€pharmaceutical€products€andÐ Ýç Ðcosmetics,€is€also€produced.Ð °º ÐÌ21.à b àThere€are€large€industries:€€textiles,€hides,€pharmaceuticals,€machinery,Ð V`  Ðelectrical€and€construction€equipment,€and€metal€furniture€and€much€more.Ð ) 3! ÐÌ22.à b àTables€showing€the€economic€indicators,€the€main€export€items€and€theÐ Ï!Ù# Ðtrade€balance€are€included€below.Ð ¢"¬$ ÐÌ23.à b àElectricity€is€produced€from€natural€resources€by€a€national€company€atÐ H$R& Ðfourhydroelectric€plants€and€one€geothermal€plant.Ð %% ' ÐÌ24.à b àThe€first€electric€lighting€service€was€inaugurated€in€SanSalvadorÐ Á&Ë!) Ðon17November1890,€with€a€62€kilowatt€generator€driven€by€an€internalÐ ”'ž"* Ðcombustion€engine.€€Ð g(q#+ Ð̆25.à b àIn€the€area€of€telecommunications,€advanced€technology€is€used,€includingÐ  *%- Ðmicrowave€systems,€digital€systems€and€artificial€satellites.€€There€are€alsoÐ à*ê%. Ðtelephone,€telegraph,€telex,€fax€systems,€teleprocessing€and€data€transmissionÐ ³+½&/ Ðnetworks€and€satellite€television.€€Telephone€calls€may€be€made€from€any€homeÐ †,'0 Ðto€any€part€of€the€world.Ð Y-c(1 Ї26.à b àThe€first€telegraph€service€was€inaugurated€in€SanSalvadorÐ ö Ðon27April1870.Ð ÉÓ ÐÐ  œ¦ ÐÑÑÑTR_(Â&Ð6X<Ð6Â&Æ&Ë6A4 Landscape Ë6Æ&A4TÑÑ  ÑÐ Ø ÐÌÌÌÌà@::F˜àòòTable€1óóˆÐ ¬Ô ÐÌà@ôô8˜àECONOMIC€INDICATORS€OF€EL€SALVADORˆÐ :b Ðà@ÖÖE˜à1986„1992ˆÐ ) ÐÌÔ*ƒƒ?@ ddd Xdd Xdd X+4+4ƒÔÔ,Ä „d ÔÔ,„d#ÔÔ,„d#ÔÔ,„d#ÔÔ,„d#ÔÔ,x„d#ÔÔ,x„d#ÔÔ,„„t#ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 6€AA' ·  · €€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„6ÐÐ 2€AA# ? AA „„2Ð1986€€€Ð 2€AA# ? AA „„2Ð1987€€€Ð 2€AA# ? 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Ð361€548Ð is / Ð298€438Ð œ¦ 1 Ð423€865Ð ÏÙ 3 Ð474€383Ð  5 Ð230€400Ð 4€AAA#5?7AAA „„4Ѐ4€674.4Ð  8 Ѐ4€970.3Ð 6@ : Ѐ5€034.9Ð is < Ѐ6€503.6Ð œ¦ > Ѐ9€594.8Ð ÏÙ @ Ð11€275.8Ð  B Ѐ4€235.6Ð 4€AAA#5?DAAA „„4Ð1€801€622Ð  E Ð1€985€439Ð 6@ G Ð1€921€585Ð is I Ð1€910€817Ð œ¦ K Ð2€359€888Ð ÏÙ M Ð2€501€267Ð  O Ѐ€845€840Ð 6€AAAA#5?QAAA „„6Ѐ€(899.8)Ð  R Ð(2€015.6)Ð 6@ T Ð(1€991.1)Ð is V Ð(3€717.4)Ð œ¦ X Ð(5€169.8)Ð ÏÙ Z Ð(6€560.0)Ð  \ Ð(2€491.9)Ð3)'5?^ ˜ ”  AAAA 3ÐÓ33ÿ¿ÓÌ€€€€€(*)€€Includes€the€period€January€to€April.Ð [e_ ÐÌ€€€€€òòSourceóó:€€Central€Reserve€Bank€of€El€Salvador.Ð  a ÐÌÌÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!++7BÓà@VV$–àII.€€GENERAL€POLITICAL€STRUCTUREˆÐ z„d ÐÌà@‚‚'–àA.€€òòPolitical€organizationóóˆÐ  *f ÐÌ27.à b àThe€life€of€the€political€institutions€of€ElSalvador€is€governed€by€theÐ ÆÐh ÐConstitution€which€entered€into€force€on€20December€1983€and€was€elaboratedÐ ™£i Ðby€the€Constituent€Assembly€elected€by€popular€vote€in€1982;€it€was€amendedÐ l vj Ðin1991€and€1992.Ð ?!Ik ÐÌ28.à b àThe€promulgation€of€the€present€Constitution€has€brought€about€aÐ å"ïm Ðremarkable€change€for€the€nation€by€placing€the€individual€at€the€centre€ofÐ ¸#Ân ÐState€activity.€€Unlike€the€previous€constitutional€instruments,€particularlyÐ ‹$•o Ðthe€more€recent€ones€of€1950€and€1962,€the€guiding€principle€of€the€presentÐ ^%h p ÐConstitution€is€protection€of€and€respect€for€the€individual€and€his€dignity,Ð 1&;!q Ðwith€the€appropriate€safeguards€for€the€rights€inherent€in€that€dignity,Ð '"r Ðthereby€showing€the€importance€attached€by€the€State€to€the€pursuit€of€theÐ ×'á"s Ðmajor€national€objectives.Ð ª(´#t ÐÌ29.à b àA€cursory€comparison€will€reveal€this€change.€€The€Constitutions€of€1950Ð P*Z%v Ðand€1962€gave€pride€of€place€to€the€provisions€on€the€State€and€the€form€ofÐ #+-&w ÐGovernment,€citizenship,€the€electorate€and€political€rights,€and€went€on€toÐ ö+'x Ðset€out€the€rules€on€the€public€authorities€and€other€organs€and€the€economicÐ É,Ó'y Ðsystem;€only€then€did€they€set€out€the€rules€on€the€rights€and€safeguards€ofÐ œ-¦(z Ðthe€individual,€the€family,€labour€matters€and€social€security,€culture,Ð o.y){ Ðpublic€safety€and€social€welfare.€€The€1983€Constitution,€on€the€other€hand,Ð ö Ðrests€on€philosophical€and€political€foundations€which€set€store€on€theÐ ÉÓ Ðindividual€and€the€aims€which€the€State€must€accordingly€endeavour€to€achieve.€Ð œ¦ ÐÌThe€Constitution€thus€begins€by€declaring€in€article€1€that€"ElSalvadorÐ BL Ðrecognizes€the€individual€as€the€source€and€the€object€of€the€activity€of€theÐ   ÐState,€which€is€organized€for€the€attainment€of€justice,€judicial€security,Ð è ò Ðand€the€common€good.€€In€consequence,€it€is€the€duty€of€the€State€to€ensureÐ » Å Ðthat€the€inhabitants€of€the€Republic€enjoy€liberty,€health,€culture,€economicÐ Ž ˜ Ðwell-being€and€social€justice".Ð a k  ÐÌ30.à b àThis€humanist€concept€based€on€the€human€being,€which€has€also€beenÐ   Ðembodied€in€the€preamble€of€the€Constitution,€provides€the€key€to€a€properÐ Úä  Ðinterpretation€of€the€whole€text€of€the€Constitution,€and€that€self-sameÐ ­·  Ðconcept€lends€substance€to€the€development€of€the€political,€economic,€socialÐ €Š  Ðand€cultural€programmes€that€the€organs€of€the€Government€are€required€toÐ S]  Ðimplement.Ð &0  ÐÌ31.à b àThis€difference€in€normative€structure€compared€with€earlierÐ ÌÖ ÐConstitutions€shows€the€legislature's€concern€to€draw€the€attention€of€thoseÐ Ÿ© Ðin€office€to€the€respect€and€consideration€that€must€always€be€displayedÐ r| Ðtowards€the€individual€and€the€safeguards€which€must€be€provided€for€hisÐ EO Ðfundamental€rights,€since€man€and€his€life€are€of€the€utmost€worth,€whileÐ " Ðobjects€are€only€of€instrumental€value.€€The€State€must€be€at€the€service€ofÐ ëõ Ðman,€thereby€ruling€out€any€system€which€tries€to€dehumanize€him€and€subjectÐ ¾È Ðhim€to€any€form€of€oppression€or€slavery.Ð ‘› ÐÌ32.à b àIn€November€1991€and€January€1992€the€present€Legislative€AssemblyÐ 7A Ðratifies€the€reforms€to€the€Constitution€which€had€been€adopted€under€earlierÐ   Ðlegislation.Ð Ýç ÐÌ33.à b àThe€merit€of€these€constitutional€amendments€is€twofold:€€first,€theyÐ ƒ Ðfollowed€under€the€constitutional€procedure€specified€in€the€ConstitutionÐ V`  Ðitself€in€article248,€and€second,€the€amendments€deal€with€human€rights,Ð ) 3! Ðelectoral€matters,€the€Judiciary€and€the€armed€forces,€the€purpose€being€toÐ ü " Ðestablish€or€strengthen€peace€and€to€consolidate€democracy.€€They€haveÐ Ï!Ù# Ðmoreover€been€the€subject€of€a€national€consensus.Ð ¢"¬$ ÐÌ34.à b àDetails€will€be€provided€below€on€each€of€the€amendments.Ð H$R& ÐÌà@)–àB.€€òòPolitical€structureóóˆÐ î%ø ( ÐÌ35.à b àElSalvador€is€a€sovereign€State.€€Sovereignty€is€vested€in€the€people,Ð ”'ž"* Ðwho€exercise€it€in€the€form€and€within€the€limits€laid€down€in€theÐ g(q#+ ÐConstitution.€€The€State€is€unitary.Ð :)D$, ÐÌ36.à b àThe€form€of€government€is€republican,€democratic€and€representative.Ð à*ê%. ÐÌ37.à b àThe€political€system€is€pluralist€and€is€reflected€in€political€parties,Ð †,'0 Ðâ âwhich€are€the€sole€instrument€for€representation€of€the€people€in€theÐ Y-c(1 ÐGovernment.€€Their€rules,€organization€and€operation€are€governed€by€theÐ ö Ðprinciples€of€representative€democracy.Ð ÉÓ Ðâ âÌ38.à b àThe€existence€of€a€single€official€party€is€incompatible€with€aÐ oy Ðdemocratic€system€and€with€the€form€of€government€established€in€theÐ BL ÐConstitution.Ð   ÐÌ39.à b àPublic€authority€emanates€from€the€people.€€The€various€branches€ofÐ » Å Ðgovernment€exercise€their€powers€independently,€within€their€respectiveÐ Ž ˜ Ðjurisdiction,€as€established€by€the€Constitution€and€the€law.€€The€duties€ofÐ a k  Ðthe€branches€of€government€may€not€be€delegated,€by€the€various€branches€mustÐ 4 >  Ðcooperate€with€one€another€in€performing€State€duties.Ð   ÐÌ40.à b àThe€basic€branches€of€the€Government€are€the€Legislature,€the€ExecutiveÐ ­·  Ðand€the€Judiciary.Ð €Š  ÐÌ41.à b àGovernment€officials€are€the€delegates€of€the€people€and€have€no€powersÐ &0  Ðgreater€than€those€expressly€conferred€on€them€by€law.Ð ù ÐÌ42.à b àFor€the€purpose€of€political€and€administrative€organization,€theÐ Ÿ© Ðterritory€of€the€Republic€is€divided€into€departments,€the€number€beingÐ r| Ðestablished€by€the€law;€there€are€14€at€present.Ð EO ÐÌà@¨¨-–à1.€€òòLegislatureóóˆÐ ëõ ÐÌ43.à b àThe€function€of€legislating,€in€other€words,€of€creating,€amending,Ð ‘› Ðinterpreting€and€repealing€laws,€is€vested€in€ElSalvador€in€the€LegislativeÐ dn ÐAssembly,€a€collegiate€body€consisting€of€deputies€elected€by€the€people€byÐ 7A Ðdirect,€secret€and€equal€vote.€€The€deputies€represent€the€whole€of€the€peopleÐ   Ðand€are€not€bound€by€mandatory€terms€of€reference.€€They€are€inviolable€andÐ Ýç Ðcannot€be€held€liable€at€any€time€for€the€opinions€they€express€or€the€votesÐ °º Ðthey€cast.Ð ƒ ÐÌ44.à b àDeputies€are€elected€for€a€term€of€three€years€and€can€be€re-elected.€Ð ) 3! ÐTheir€term€of€office€begins€on€1May€of€the€year€they€are€elected;€inÐ ü " Ðaccordance€with€article€12€of€the€Electoral€Code€there€are€84deputies.Ð Ï!Ù# ÐÌ45.à b àFor€the€purposes€of€a€decision,€the€vote€of€at€least€one-half€of€theÐ u#% Ðelected€deputies€plus€one€is€required;€since€there€are€84€deputies,€theÐ H$R& Ðmajority€is€43.€€However,€a€number€of€decisions€require€a€two-thirds€majority,Ð %% ' Ðsuch€as€election€of€the€Attorney-General€of€the€Republic,€theÐ î%ø ( ÐProsecutor-General€of€the€Republic€and€the€Procurator€for€the€Protection€ofÐ Á&Ë!) ÐHuman€Rights.Ð ”'ž"* ÐÌ46.à b àWhile€in€office,€deputies€may€not€occupy€any€paid€public€post€throughoutÐ :)D$, Ðthe€period€for€which€they€have€been€elected,€except€for€academic€or€culturalÐ  *%- Ðposts€or€those€connected€with€professional€social€welfare€services.Ð à*ê%. ÐÌà@  .–à2.€€òòExecutiveˆÐ †,'0 Ðâ âóóÐ Y-c(1 Ð47.à b àThe€Executive€consists€of€the€President€and€Vice-President€of€theÐ ö Ðâ âRepublic,€the€Ministers€and€Deputy€Ministers€of€State€and€their€subordinateÐ ÉÓ Ðofficials.€€This€branch€of€the€Government€acts€in€conformity€with€theÐ œ¦ Ðprovisions€of€the€Constitution€and€of€the€Regulations€of€the€Executive.Ð oy ÐÌ48.à b àThe€conduct€of€public€affairs€is€the€responsibility€of€the€SecretariatsÐ   Ðof€State,€which€are€assigned€the€various€sectors€of€the€administration.€€EachÐ è ò Ðsecretariat€is€headed€by€a€minister,€who€acts€in€cooperation€with€one€or€moreÐ » Å Ðdeputy-ministers.Ð Ž ˜ ÐÌ49.à b àDuring€the€present€presidential€term€of€office€ministries€andÐ 4 >  Ðsecretariats€are€as€follows:Ð   ÐÌà b àMinistry€of€the€PresidencyÐ ­·  Ðà b àMinistry€of€Foreign€AffairsÐ €Š  Ðà b àMinistry€of€Planning€and€Coordination€of€Economic€and€Social€DevelopmentÐ S]  Ðà b àMinistry€of€the€InteriorÐ &0  Ðà b àMinistry€of€JusticeÐ ù Ðà b àMinistry€of€FinanceÐ ÌÖ Ðà b àMinistry€for€Economic€AffairsÐ Ÿ© Ðà b àMinistry€of€EducationÐ r| Ðà b àMinistry€of€DefenceÐ EO Ðà b àMinistry€of€Labour€and€Social€InsuranceÐ " Ðà b àMinistry€of€AgricultureÐ ëõ Ðà b àMinistry€of€Health€and€Social€WelfareÐ ¾È Ðà b àMinistry€of€WorksÐ ‘› Ðà b àNational€Secretariat€for€the€FamilyÐ dn Ðà b àNational€Secretariat€for€CommunicationsÐ 7A Ðà b àSecretariat€for€National€ReconstructionÐ   Ðà b àExecutive€Secretariat€for€the€EnvironmentÐ Ýç ÐÌà@  .–à3.€€òòJudiciaryóóˆÐ ƒ ÐÌ50.à b àThe€Judiciary€is€the€branch€in€which€the€Constitution€has€vested€theÐ ) 3! Ðexclusive€power€to€adjudicate€and€to€execute€judicial€decisions€inÐ ü " Ðconstitutional,€civil,€criminal,€commercial,€labour,€and€agrarian€matters,€asÐ Ï!Ù# Ðwell€as€administrative€disputes;€it€is€governed€by€an€Organization€Act€thatÐ ¢"¬$ Ðdetermines€its€structure€and€the€way€it€operates.Ð u#% ÐÌ51.à b àUnder€the€Act,€the€Supreme€Court€of€Justice€-€which,€together€with€theÐ %% ' ÐCourts€of€Appeal€(or€second€tier€jurisdictions)€and€the€lower€courts,€makesÐ î%ø ( Ðupthe€Judiciary€-€consists€of€14€Supreme€Court€Justices,€assigned€toÐ Á&Ë!) Ð4Divisions:€€the€Constitutional,€Civil,€Criminal€and€Administrative€DisputesÐ ”'ž"* ÐDivisions.€€The€first€consists€of€five€specially€elected€justices€and€isÐ g(q#+ Ðheaded€by€the€President€of€the€Court,€who€is€at€the€same€time€President€of€theÐ :)D$, ÐJudiciary.Ð  *%- ÐÌ52.à b àThe€other€three€divisions€consist€of€three€justices€each,€designated€byÐ ³+½&/ Ðthe€Court€itself€from€among€the€remaining€members.€€The€courts€of€secondÐ †,'0 Ðinstance,€which€are€courts€of€appeal,€consist€of€two€judges;€the€Courts€ofÐ Y-c(1 Ðfirst€instance€and€the€courts€of€the€justices€of€the€peace€are€single-judgeÐ ,.6)2 Ðcourts.€€All€of€these€judges€are€appointed€by€the€Supreme€Court€of€JusticeÐ ö Ðfrom€three€candidates€submitted€in€each€case€by€the€National€Council€of€theÐ ÉÓ ÐJudicature.€€All€the€members€of€the€Judiciary€are€independent€in€the€dischargeÐ œ¦ Ðof€their€duties€and€subject€exclusively€to€the€Constitution€and€the€law;Ð oy Ðnevertheless,€they€are€empowered€by€the€Constitution,€in€the€cases€in€which€Ð BL Ðthey€are€called€upon€to€adjudicate,€to€declare€the€inapplicability€of€any€lawÐ   Ðor€any€measure€taken€by€another€branch€of€the€Government€on€the€grounds€of€aÐ è ò Ðbreach€of€constitutional€provisions.Ð » Å ÐÌ53.à b àThe€Judiciary€Organization€Act€lays€down€the€organization€of€the€courts,Ð a k  Ðdetermines€the€functions€of€the€President€of€the€Judiciary,€of€the€SupremeÐ 4 >  ÐCourt€of€Justice€and€its€divisions;€of€the€courts€of€appeal€and€of€the€lowerÐ   Ðcourts€and€also€determines€the€duties€of€other€judicial€officials€who€do€notÐ Úä  Ðexercise€jurisdiction€such€as€chiefs€of€section,€registrars,€chief€clerks,Ð ­·  Ðlegal€assistants€and€so€on.€€The€Act€also€establishes€the€actual€area€coveredÐ €Š  Ðby€each€court€and€its€jurisdiction.Ð S]  ÐÌ54.à b àUnder€the€Act,€the€Supreme€Court€of€Justice€has€the€following€sections:€Ð ù ÐNotarial€Section,€to€monitor€the€functions€of€notaries;€the€Probity€Section,Ð ÌÖ Ðto€keep€a€check€on€the€assets€of€public€officials€under€the€Law€on€the€IllicitÐ Ÿ© ÐEnrichment€of€Public€Officials€and€Employees;€the€Professional€InvestigationÐ r| ÐSection,€to€investigate€the€conduct€of€lawyers,€notaries,€law€studentsÐ EO Ðempowered€to€defend€or€represent,€bailiffs€and€other€officials€appointed€byÐ " Ðthe€court€who€are€not€members€of€the€Judiciary,€as€well€as€the€PublicationsÐ ëõ ÐSection,€to€issue€the€òòRevista€Judicialóó,€the€information€publication€of€theÐ ¾È ÐSupreme€Court€of€Justice,€also€used€in€particular€for€laws€and€regulationsÐ ‘› Ðrelating€to€the€Judiciary€and€on€academic€works€on€legal€subjects€by€nationalÐ dn Ðauthors.Ð 7A ÐÌ55.à b àThe€Judiciary€Organization€Act€also€specifies€the€system€of€leave€bothÐ Ýç Ðfor€officials€and€for€employees,€whether€with€or€without€pay,€on€grounds€ofÐ °º Ðillness€established€by€medical€certificate.€€In€an€emergency€it€also€hasÐ ƒ Ðmedical€personnel€for€the€exclusive€use€of€the€courts.Ð V`  ÐÌ56.à b àPursuant€to€the€same€Act,€the€Judiciary's€funds€have€been€used€toÐ ü " Ðestablish€the€Forensic€Medicine€Institutes€in€the€capital€cities€of€theÐ Ï!Ù# Ðprovinces€or€departments€of€the€Republic,€with€medical€staff€specializing€inÐ ¢"¬$ Ðforensic€medicine€and€with€the€necessary€equipment€to€run€these€institutions,Ð u#% Ðfor€their€work€is€of€inestimable€value€in€aiding€the€criminal€courts€inÐ H$R& Ðscientific€investigations.€€In€addition,€the€Department€of€Information€onÐ %% ' ÐDetainees,€keeps€€a€check€on€such€persons€in€order€to€guarantee€their€rightsÐ î%ø ( Ðand€to€provide€information€to€interested€applicants.€€For€these€purposes,Ð Á&Ë!) Ðevery€State€or€municipal€judicial€or€administrative€authority€or€auxiliaryÐ ”'ž"* Ðbody€in€the€administration€of€justice€or€military€or€subordinate€authoritiesÐ g(q#+ Ðmust,€within€24hours,€inform€the€Department€of€the€detention€of€any€personÐ :)D$, Ðcarried€out€on€their€own€initiative€or€pursuant€to€an€order€by€the€competentÐ  *%- Ðauthority.Ð à*ê%. ÐÌ€à@–àIII.€€GENERAL€LEGAL€FRAMEWORK€WITHIN€WHICH€HUMAN€RIGHTS€ARE€PROTECTEDˆÐ †,'0 ÐÌà@    –àA.€€òòInstitutions€for€the€protection€of€human€rightsóóˆÐ ,.6)2 Ї57.à b àThe€institutions€indicated€below€are€those€which€guarantee€the€effectiveÐ ö Ðexercise€of€human€rights€and€fundamental€freedoms:Ð ÉÓ ÐÌà b à(a)à ™ àòòSupreme€Court€of€JusticeóóÐ oy ÐÌà b àà ™ àCourts€of€the€Judicial€OrderÐ   ÐÌà b àà ™ à-à Ð àJustices€of€the€PeaceÐ » Å ÐÌà b àà ™ à-à Ð àCourts€of€First€InstanceÐ a k  ÐÌà b à(b)à ™ àòòMinistry€of€JusticeóóÐ   ÐÌÌÌà b à(c)à ™ àòòPresidential€Commissioner€for€Human€RightsóóÐ S]  ÐÌà b àà ™ à(Office€of€the€Executive)Ð ù ÐÌà b à(d)à ™ àòòDepartment€of€Public€ProsecutionsóóÐ Ÿ© ÐÌà b àà ™ à-à Ð àAttorney-General€of€the€RepublicÐ EO ÐÌà b àà ™ à-à Ð àProsecutor-General€of€the€RepublicÐ ëõ ÐÌà b àà ™ à-à Ð àOffice€of€the€Procurator€for€the€Protection€of€Human€Rights.Ð ‘› ÐÌ58.à b àThe€post€of€Deputy€Procurator€for€Human€Rights€has€been€established€inÐ 7A Ðthe€Office€of€the€Attorney-General€of€the€Republic,€and€the€Supreme€Court€ofÐ   ÐJustice€has€established€a€Department€of€Human€Rights,€under€the€Division€ofÐ Ýç ÐCriminal€Affairs.€€Similarly,€the€Legislative€Assembly€has€set€up€a€CommissionÐ °º Ðon€Justice€and€Human€Rights€and€the€Armed€Forces€have€set€up€the€Human€RightsÐ ƒ ÐCommission€as€a€part€of€the€Civil€Affairs€Section.Ð V`  ÐÌòòJudicial€authority€in€ElSalvadoróóÐ ü " ÐÌ59.à b àWe€consider€it€important€to€describe,€in€very€general€terms,€how€judicialÐ ¢"¬$ Ðauthority€is€exercised€in€ElSalvador.Ð u#% ÐÌ60.à b àJudicial€authority€lies€with€the€Judiciary,€consisting€of€the€SupremeÐ %% ' ÐCourt€of€Justice,€the€Divisions€of€the€Court,€the€appeal€courts,€the€courts€ofÐ î%ø ( Ðfirst€instance€and€the€courts€of€the€justices€of€the€peace.€€As€we€haveÐ Á&Ë!) Ðalready€seen,€this€branch€of€government€has€exclusive€powers€to€adjudicate€andÐ ”'ž"* Ðto€execute€judgements€in€all€matters;€this€is€established€by€article172€ofÐ g(q#+ Ðthe€Constitution.Ð :)D$, ÐÌ61.à b àIt€will€be€seen,€first,€that€the€exercise€of€judicial€authority€inÐ à*ê%. ÐElSalvador€lies€exclusively€with€the€courts;€and€second,€that€judges€areÐ ³+½&/ Ðindependent,€with€no€restrictions€other€than€those€established€by€theÐ †,'0 ÐConstitution,€as€the€supreme€norm,€and€by€the€law.€€Consequently,€jurisdictionÐ Y-c(1 Ðis€exercised€in€accordance€with€the€principles€of€constitutional€legalityÐ ,.6)2 Ðandthe€ordinary€rule€of€law,€a€principle€of€long€standing€that€hasÐ ö Ðbeenreiterated€by€a€number€of€provisions€of€ordinary€legislation.Ð ÉÓ ÐÌ62.à b àIt€is€also€established€that€justice€shall€be€administered€free€of€chargeÐ oy Ð(art.181€of€the€Constitution),€as€a€result€of€the€principle€of€access€toÐ BL Ðjustice.Ð   ÐÌ63.à b àMoreover,€the€Code€of€Civil€Procedure,€despite€the€fact€that€it€wasÐ » Å Ðframed€within€the€traditional€postulates€of€the€nineteenth€century,€contains€aÐ Ž ˜ Ðwhole€body€of€residual€procedural€rules€which€can€be€invoked€withoutÐ a k  Ðdistorting€the€provisions€of€special€legislation;€in€this€sense,€the€Code€ofÐ 4 >  ÐCivil€Procedure€contains€many€provisions€of€universal€application,€such€asÐ   Ðthose€which€regulate€the€exercise€of€jurisdiction.Ð Úä  ÐÌ64.à b àThe€jurisdiction€of€the€Courts€in€El€Salvador€tends€to€be€specialized€byÐ €Š  Ðsubject-matter.€€Accordingly,€there€are€the€courts€of€first€instance€forÐ S]  Ðcivil,€criminal€and€labour€cases,€tenancies,€traffic,€commerce,€juveniles€andÐ &0  Ðpublic€finances;€there€are€also€courts€of€appeal€in€civil,€labour€and€criminalÐ ù Ðmatters,€and€the€Supreme€Court€of€Justice,€includes€the€constitutional,€civil,Ð ÌÖ Ðcriminal€and€administrative€disputes€divisions.€€They€exercise€constitutionalÐ Ÿ© Ðjurisdiction,€deal€with€reviews€on€points€of€law€in€civil€and€criminal€casesÐ r| Ðand€with€administrative€disputes,€as€the€final€arbiter€for€a€check€on€theÐ EO Ðconstitutionality€and€legality€of€acts€by€any€public€authority.Ð " ÐÌ65.à b àIn€addition€to€the€Code€of€Civil€Procedure€there€is€the€Code€of€CriminalÐ ¾È ÐProcedure,€the€Commercial€Procedure€Act,€the€Cassation€Act,€the€ConstitutionalÐ ‘› ÐProcedure€Act,€the€Administrative€Disputes€(Procedure)€Act,€the€TrafficÐ dn ÐAccidents€(Special€Procedure)€Act,€the€Act€on€Guaranteed€Access€to€Justice€forÐ 7A ÐPublic€Officials€not€belonging€to€the€Established€Civil€Service,€the€NotarialÐ   ÐVoluntary€Jurisdiction€and€Other€Measures€Act,€the€Tenancy€Act€and€the€LabourÐ Ýç ÐCode€(the€last€two€contain€rules€of€procedure€for€application€in€court),€andÐ °º Ðother€special€laws€with€the€same€purpose.Ð ƒ ÐÌ66.à b àAll€the€actions€of€the€Judiciary€are€governed€by€the€JudiciaryÐ ) 3! ÐOrganization€Act;€the€Offices€of€the€Attorney-General€and€theÐ ü " ÐProsecutor-General€are€governed€by€the€Public€Prosecutions€Act;€theÐ Ï!Ù# Ðfunctioning€of€the€Office€of€the€Procurator€for€the€Protection€of€Human€RightsÐ ¢"¬$ Ðfalls€under€the€Constitution€and€the€Act€on€the€Office€of€the€Procurator€forÐ u#% Ðthe€Protection€of€Human€Rights.Ð H$R& ÐÌ67.à b àThe€activity€of€the€Presidential€Commissioner€for€Human€Rights€isÐ î%ø ( Ðregulated€by€Executive€DecreeNo.7.Ð Á&Ë!) ÐÌ68.à b àA€step€of€the€utmost€importance€for€the€system€of€guaranteeing€protectionÐ g(q#+ Ðof€human€rights€was€the€appointment€of€the€Procurator€for€the€Protection€ofÐ :)D$, ÐHuman€Rights,€pursuant€to€a€provision€inserted€in€the€Constitution€byÐ  *%- ÐLegislative€Decree€No.64€of€31October1991€as€a€result€of€the€implementationÐ à*ê%. Ðof€the€Peace€Agreement€reached€in€the€negotiations€between€the€Government€andÐ ³+½&/ Ðthe€òòFrente€Farabundo€Mart€para€la€Liberacið;ðn€Nacionalóó(FMLN).Ð †,'0 Ðâ âÐ Y-c(1 Ð69.à b àArticle194€of€the€Constitution€confers€the€following€powers€on€theÐ ö Ðâ âProcurator:Ð ÉÓ ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à"Article194.€€The€Procurator€for€the€Protection€of€Human€RightsÐ oy Ðand€the€Prosecutor-General€of€the€Republic€shall€have€the€followingÐ BL Ðpowers:Ð b$b$ ÐÌà0 b àI.à0™ b$b$àThe€Procurator€for€the€Protection€of€Human€Rights€shall:л Å™ $™ $ ÐÌà b à1.à0 ™ àEnsure€the€observance€of€human€rights;Ða k ™ $™ $ ÐÌà b à2.à0 ™ àInvestigate,€of€his€own€accord€or€on€complaints€received€by€him,Ð   Ðcases€of€human€rights€violations;ÐÚä ™ $™ $ ÐÌà b à3.à0 ™ àAssist€presumed€victims€of€human€rights€violations;Ð€Š ™ $™ $ ÐÌà b à4.à0 ™ àInitiate€judicial€or€administrative€proceedings€for€the€protectionÐ &0  Ðof€human€rights;Ðù™ $™ $ ÐÌà b à5.à0 ™ àMonitor€the€situation€of€persons€deprived€of€their€freedom.€€HeÐ Ÿ© Ðshall€be€notified€of€all€arrests€and€shall€ensure€that€the€legalÐ r| Ðlimits€for€administrative€detention€are€observed;ÐEO™ $™ $ ÐÌà b à6.à0 ™ àCarry€out€any€inspections€he€deems€necessary€in€order€to€ensureÐ ëõ Ðrespect€for€human€rights;оș $™ $ ÐÌà b à7.à0 ™ àSupervise€the€conduct€of€the€public€administration€towardsÐ dn Ðindividuals;Ð7A™ $™ $ ÐÌà b à8.à0 ™ àPromote€reforms€in€the€branches€of€the€State€for€the€advancement€ofÐ Ýç Ðhuman€rights;аº™ $™ $ ÐÌà b à9.à0 ™ àGive€advice€concerning€draft€legislation€which€affects€the€exerciseÐ V`  Ðof€human€rights;Ð) 3!™ $™ $ ÐÌà b à10.à0 ™ àPromote€and€propose€any€measures€he€deems€necessary€in€order€toÐ Ï!Ù# Ðprevent€human€rights€violations;Т"¬$™ $™ $ ÐÌà b à11.à0 ™ àFormulate€conclusions€and€recommendations,€publicly€or€privately;ÐH$R&™ $™ $ ÐÌà b à12.à0 ™ àPrepare€and€publish€reports;Ðî%ø (™ $™ $ ÐÌà b à13.à0 ™ àDevelop€a€continuing€programme€of€activities€to€foster€awareness€ofÐ ”'ž"* Ðand€respect€for€human€rights;Ðg(q#+™ $™ $ ÐÌà b à14.à ™ àAny€others€assigned€to€him€by€the€Constitution€or€the€lawÐ  *%- ÐÌ70.à b àThe€Office€of€the€Procurator€for€the€Protection€of€Human€Rights€is€a€partÐ ³+½&/ Ðof€the€Department€of€Public€Prosecutions.€€It€is€permanent€and€independent,Ð †,'0 Ðâ âwith€its€own€legal€personality€and€administrative€autonomy,€and€its€purpose€isÐ Y-c(1 Ðto€ensure€that€human€rights€are€promoted€and€taught€and€are€unconditionallyÐ ö Ðeffective.Ð ÉÓ Ðâ  Ð œ¦ Ð71.à b àThe€Office€is€headed€by€the€Procurator€for€the€Protection€of€HumanÐ oy ÐRights,€who€performs€his€duties€throughout€all€of€the€national€territory,Ð BL Ðeither€personally€or€through€his€deputies.€€The€Office€has€its€main€domicileÐ   Ðin€the€city€of€San€Salvador€and€may€establish€branches€anywhere€in€theÐ è ò Ðcountry.Ð » Å ÐÌ72.à b àFor€the€purposes€of€the€law,€which€determines€the€Office's€duties€andÐ a k  Ðoperation,€human€rights€means€civil,€political,€economic,€social€and€culturalÐ 4 >  Ðrights€and€the€rights€of€the€third€generation€set€out€in€the€Constitution,€theÐ   Ðlaws€and€the€treaties€in€force.Ð Úä  ÐÌ73.à b àThe€tenure€of€the€Procurator€is€independent€of€any€institution,€organ€orÐ €Š  Ðauthority€and€is€subject€only€to€the€Constitution€and€the€laws€of€theÐ S]  ÐRepublic.€€Ð &0  ÐÌ74.à b àThe€Procurator€for€the€Protection€of€Human€Rights€is€elected€by€theÐ ÌÖ ÐLegislative€Assembly,€by€a€clear€two„thirds€majority€of€the€elected€deputies,Ð Ÿ© Ðfor€a€three-year€term€and€he€may€be€re-elected.Ð r| ÐÌ75.à b àThe€holder€of€this€post€may€not€hold€any€other€public€office€or€exerciseÐ " Ðhis€profession,€with€the€exception€of€teaching€or€cultural€activities;€theÐ ëõ Ðpost€is€also€incompatible€with€active€participation€in€political€parties,Ð ¾È Ðexecutive€positions€in€trade€union€or€business€organizations€or€with€theÐ ‘› Ðposition€of€minister€of€any€religious€denomination.Ð dn ÐÌ76.à b àThe€Procurator€may€not€be€removed€from€office€during€the€period€for€whichÐ   Ðhe€has€been€elected,€and€during€that€time€he€shall€have€all€the€safeguards,Ð Ýç Ðrights,€prerogatives€and€guarantees€necessary€for€the€discharge€of€the€dutiesÐ °º Ðassigned€to€him€by€the€Constitution€and€the€law.Ð ƒ ÐÌ77.à b àIt€is€important€to€note€that€the€Procurator€may,€for€the€proper€dischargeÐ ) 3! Ðof€his€duties,€ask€the€branches€of€the€State,€the€civil,€military€or€policeÐ ü " Ðauthorities€or€officials€and€any€other€person€for€their€assistance,Ð Ï!Ù# Ðcooperation,€reports,€or€opinions€and€they€are€obliged€to€cooperate€with€himÐ ¢"¬$ Ðand€to€give€his€requests€and€recommendations€priority€and€immediate€attention.€Ð u#% ÐÌ78.à b àIn€addition€to€those€mentioned€above,€the€Procurator€has€the€followingÐ %% ' Ðduties:Ð î%ø ( ÐÌà b à(a)à ™ àTo€ensure€strict€compliance€with€the€legal€procedures€andÐ ”'ž"* Ðtime-limits€for€the€various€appeals€he€may€lodge€or€the€legal€proceedings€inÐ g(q#+ Ðwhich€he€may€be€involved;Ð :)D$, ÐÌà b à(b)à ™ àTo€ensure€respect€for€the€guarantees€of€due€process€and€to€preventÐ à*ê%. Ðdetainees€from€being€held€in€solitary€confinement;Ð ³+½&/ ÐÌà b à(c)à ™ àTo€keep€a€central€record€of€the€persons€deprived€of€their€freedomÐ Y-c(1 Ðand€of€the€authorized€detention€centres;Ð ,.6)2 Ðà b à€Ð ö Ðà b à(d)à ™ àTo€submit€draft€legislation€for€the€promotion€of€human€rights€inÐ ÉÓ ÐElSalvador;Ð œ¦ ÐÌà b à(e)à ™ àTo€promote€the€signature,€ratification€of€or€accession€toÐ BL Ðinternational€treaties€on€human€rights;Ð   ÐÌà b à(f)à ™ àTo€issue€statements€of€public€censure€against€persons€materially€orÐ » Å Ðintellectually€responsible€for€human€rights€violations;Ð Ž ˜ ÐÌà b à(g)à ™ àTo€endeavour€to€reconcile€persons€whose€rights€have€been€violatedÐ 4 >  Ðwith€the€authorities€or€officials€allegedly€responsible,€when€the€nature€ofÐ   Ðthe€case€so€permits;Ð Úä  ÐÌà b à(h)à ™ àTo€establish,€promote€and€develop€communication€and€cooperationÐ €Š  Ðlinks€with€governmental,€intergovernmental€and€non-governmental€agencies€forÐ S]  Ðthe€promotion€and€protection€of€human€rights,€both€national€and€international,Ð &0  Ðand€with€the€various€sectors€of€Salvadorian€society;Ð ù ÐÌà b à(i)à ™ àTo€issue€the€rules€and€regulations€for€the€application€of€this€ActÐ Ÿ© Ðand€any€rules€of€procedure€which€may€be€necessary;Ð r| ÐÌà b à(j)à ™ àTo€appoint,€remove,€grant€leave€to€and€accept€the€resignations€ofÐ " Ðofficials€and€employees€of€the€office;Ð ëõ ÐÌà b à(k)à ™ àTo€prepare€the€annual€budget€and€forward€it€to€the€relevantÐ ‘› Ðauthority;€andÐ dn ÐÌà b à(l)à ™ àAny€other€duties€assigned€to€him€by€the€Constitution€or€the€law.Ð   ÐÌ79.à b àIn€addition€to€the€Procurator,€the€Office€is€composed€of€the€DeputyÐ °º ÐProcurator€for€the€Protection€of€Human€Rights€and€the€Deputy€Procurators€forÐ ƒ Ðthe€Protection€of€the€Child,€Women,€the€Elderly€and€the€Environment€and€of€anyÐ V`  Ðother€Deputy€Procurators€which€the€Procurator€may€consider€necessary€to€enableÐ ) 3! Ðhim€to€discharge€his€constitutional€and€legal€duties€in€the€best€possibleÐ ü " Ðmanner.Ð Ï!Ù# ÐÌ80.à b àSince€its€establishment,€the€Office€of€the€Procurator€for€the€ProtectionÐ u#% Ðof€Human€Rights€has€gradually€assumed€a€more€prominent€role€in€national€life.€Ð H$R& ÐTo€date,€it€has€regional€offices€operating€in€the€eastern,€western€and€centralÐ %% ' Ðareas€of€the€country.Ð î%ø ( ÐÌà@HH–àB.€€òòNational€legal€framework€for€the€protection€of€human€rightsóóˆÐ ”'ž"* ÐÌ81.à b àThe€rights€established€in€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€andÐ :)D$, ÐPolitical€Rights€are€also€included€in€the€Constitution€and€further€developedÐ  *%- Ðin€subsidiary€legislation.€€The€relationship€of€this€instrument€to€nationalÐ à*ê%. Ðlegislation€should€be€explained.Ð ³+½&/ ÐÌ82.à b àThe€Constitution€of€1983,€which€is€currently€operative,€establishes€theÐ Y-c(1 Ðprinciple€that,€once€international€treaties€enter€into€force€in€accordanceÐ ,.6)2 Ðwith€their€own€provisions€and€the€Constitution,€they€become€laws€of€theÐ ö ÐRepublic.€€In€this€way€the€idea€has€been€accepted€that€treaties€that€have€beenÐ ÉÓ Ðlegally€concluded€and€ratified€form€part€of€Salvadorian€legislation.Ð œ¦ ÐÌ83.à b àThe€second€principle€found€in€this€Constitution,€a€new€feature€that€didÐ BL Ðnot€exist€in€the€previous€Constitution€of€1962,€is€that€treaties€are€given€aÐ   Ðplace€in€Salvadorian€law.€€Thus,€it€is€established,€beyond€any€doubt,€that€aÐ è ò Ðtreaty€has€a€higher€ranking€than€subsidiary€laws,€whether€enacted€before€orÐ » Å Ðafter€the€entry€into€force€of€the€treaty.€€In€this€way,€under€the€treaty,€theÐ Ž ˜ Ðearlier€subsidiary€law€may€be€repealed€but€no€further€legislation€may€repealÐ a k  Ðor€amend€the€provisions€of€a€treaty.Ð 4 >  ÐÌ84.à b àArticle144,€paragraph2,€of€the€Constitution€confirms€the€previousÐ Úä  Ðstatement€when€it€provides€that€in€the€event€of€a€conflict€between€the€treatyÐ ­·  Ðand€the€law,€the€treaty€shall€take€precedence.Ð €Š  ÐÌ85.à b àThe€Legislative€Assembly€has€the€power€to€ratify€international€treatiesÐ &0  Ðand€the€executive,€headed€by€the€President€of€the€Republic,€has€the€authorityÐ ù Ðto€conclude€them.€€The€Assembly€may€refuse€to€ratify€the€instrument€or€mayÐ ÌÖ Ðratify€it€with€reservations€if€it€considers€the€parts€to€which€it€objects€areÐ Ÿ© Ðunconstitutional€or€inappropriate.Ð r| ÐÌ86.à b àThe€word€"treaty"€in€the€Constitution,€has€an€extremely€broad€meaning€and€Ð " Ðcovers€agreement,€covenant,€convention,€protocol,€amendment,€etc.€Ð ëõ ÐConsequently,€a€treaty€is€a€subsidiary€law€which€takes€precedence€over€otherÐ ¾È Ðsubsidiary€law€per€se.Ð ‘› ÐÌ87.à b àIt€should€be€pointed€out€that,€in€drafting€the€Salvadorian€fundamentalÐ 7A Ðlaw,€i.e.€the€Constitution,€which,€as€stated€earlier€was€promulgated€inÐ   ÐDecember1983,€the€legislature€took€into€consideration€the€international€normsÐ Ýç Ðon€the€various€categories€of€instruments,€especially€those€on€human€rights,Ð °º Ðincluding€the€International€Covenants€on€Human€Rights€and€the€UniversalÐ ƒ ÐDeclaration€of€Human€Rights.Ð V`  ÐÌà@ –àC.€€òòConstitutional€reforms€of€1991€and€1992€in€respectˆÐ ü " ÐÔ— — — llÔof€the€administration€of€justiceóóÐ Ï!Ù# ÐÌ88.à b àChapterIII,€Heading€VI€of€the€Constitution,€which€deals€with€theÐ u#% ÐJudiciary,€has€undergone€substantial€amendments€that€will€greatly€help€toÐ H$R& Ðimprove€the€administration€of€justice.€€One€example€is€the€provision€that€theÐ %% ' ÐJudiciary€must€have€a€minimum€annual€allocation€of€6percent€of€the€StateÐ î%ø ( Ðbudget€revenue€(art.172,€final€paragraph).€€It€should€be€borne€in€mind€thatÐ Á&Ë!) Ðthe€system€of€administering€justice€is€now€being€fully€modernized€and€thatÐ ”'ž"* Ðsuch€an€allocation€will€strengthen€that€process.€€Again,€justices€of€the€peaceÐ g(q#+ Ðwill€be€lawyers€and€regarded€as€members€of€the€judicial€profession.€€Only€inÐ :)D$, Ðexceptional€cases€may€persons€be€appointed€if€they€are€not€lawyers€(art.€80);Ð  *%- Ðthe€period€of€tenure€of€the€justices€of€the€Supreme€Court€of€Justice€isÐ à*ê%. Ðextended,€thus€making€for€more€stability€and€thus€strengthening€theirÐ ³+½&/ Ðindependence€(art.€186).€€The€powers€of€the€National€Council€of€the€JudiciaryÐ †,'0 Ðhave€been€expanded€so€as€to€nominate€candidates€for€the€posts€as€justices€ofÐ Y-c(1 Ðthe€Supreme€Court€and€justices€of€the€peace€and€to€assume€responsibility€forÐ ,.6)2 Ðthe€organization€and€functioning€of€the€Judicial€Service€Training€CollegeÐ ö Ð(art.€187).Ð ÉÓ ÐÌà@þ þ –àD.€€òòIndependence€of€judges€and€the€JudiciaryóóˆÐ oy ÐÌ89.à b àArticle€172,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Constitution€provides€that€"In€mattersÐ   Ðpertaining€to€the€discharge€of€judicial€duties,€judges€shall€be€independentÐ è ò Ðand€subject€exclusively€to€the€Constitution€and€the€law".€€In€accordance€withÐ » Å Ðthat€provision,€every€judge€must€rely€only€on€the€Constitution€and€the€law,Ð Ž ˜ Ðwhich€shall€be€respected€in€the€judgements€handed€down.€€Consequently,€inÐ a k  ÐElSalvador,€judges€are,€irrespective€of€their€rank,€independent€when€tryingÐ 4 >  Ðthe€cases€brought€before€them.Ð   ÐÌ90.à b àIn€this€regard,€the€independence€enjoyed€by€judges€in€the€exercise€ofÐ ­·  Ðtheir€judicial€duties,€is€consistent€with€the€idea€of€due€process,€which€isÐ €Š  Ðalso€established€in€the€Constitution.€€Article€24€of€the€JudiciaryÐ S]  ÐOrganization€Act€also€conveys€this€idea€by€providing€that€"In€mattersÐ &0  Ðpertaining€to€the€discharge€of€their€judicial€duties,€judges€shall€beÐ ù Ðindependent€and€subject€exclusively€to€the€Constitution€and€the€law.€€They€mayÐ ÌÖ Ðnot€lay€down€any€rules€or€provisions€of€a€general€character€regarding€theÐ Ÿ© Ðapplication€or€interpretation€of€the€laws€nor€may€they€publicly€censure€theÐ r| Ðapplication€or€interpretation€by€other€courts€in€their€judgements,€whetherÐ EO Ðthey€are€of€higher€or€lower€courts.€€The€foregoing€shall€be€interpretedÐ " Ðwithout€prejudice€to€the€provisions€of€article€183€of€the€Constitution€and€toÐ ëõ Ðthe€fact€that€the€higher€courts€may€issue€to€the€lower€courts€any€warningsÐ ¾È Ðwhich€they€deem€appropriate€for€better€administration€of€justice".Ð ‘› ÐÌ91.à b àAs€a€result€of€these€provisions€in€his€decisions€a€judge€may€not€beÐ 7A Ðsubject€to€any€authority€other€than€the€terms€of€the€Constitution€and€of€theÐ   Ðlaws,€which€must€apply.Ð Ýç ÐÌ92.à b àThe€present€Constitution€in€force€has€guaranteed€the€independence€of€theÐ ƒ ÐJudiciary€òòvis„„visóó€the€other€branch€of€the€State,€in€a€series€of€provisionsÐ V`  Ðthat€cover€budget€and€operational€matters.€€Article182€of€the€ConstitutionÐ ) 3! Ðlays€down€it€is€the€duty€of€the€Supreme€Court€of€Justice€"To€prepare€theÐ ü " Ðbudget€for€salaries€and€expenditures€in€the€administration€of€justice€and€to€Ð Ï!Ù# Ðforward€it€to€the€Executive€for€inclusion€in€the€General€State€budget".€€TheÐ ¢"¬$ ÐLegislative€Assembly€shall€consult€the€Supreme€Court€of€Justice€about€anyÐ u#% Ðadjustments€to€the€budget€estimates€that€it€deems€necessary.Ð H$R& ÐÌ93.à b àArticle229€of€the€Constitution€provides€that€"The€Executive,€with€dueÐ î%ø ( Ðregard€for€legal€formalities,€may€make€transfers€between€items€of€the€sameÐ Á&Ë!) Ðadministrative€department€or€organ,€with€the€exception€of€those€declared€inÐ ”'ž"* Ðthe€budget€to€be€non-transferable".€€The€Judiciary€is€also€so€authorized€inÐ g(q#+ Ðrespect€of€the€items€of€its€budget,€with€due€regard€for€legal€formalities.Ð :)D$, ÐÌ94.à b àThe€organizational,€economic€and€operational€independence€of€the€judicialÐ à*ê%. Ðbody€of€ElSalvador€is€currently€guaranteed€under€the€various€constitutionalÐ ³+½&/ Ðprovisions€mentioned€in€this€document.€€As€to€its€operational€independence,Ð †,'0 Ðmention€should€also€be€made€of€the€Judicial€Profession€Act€and€the€NationalÐ Y-c(1 ÐCouncil€of€the€Judiciary€Act,€two€laws€which€strengthen€the€administration€ofÐ ,.6)2 Ðjustice€and€the€independence€of€the€officials€concerned.€€To€that€end,€theÐ ö Ðfirst€Act€sets€out€the€principle€of€security€of€tenure€and€promotion€ofÐ ÉÓ Ðjudges,€whereas€the€second€elaborates€the€principle€even€further,€making€it€Ð œ¦ Ðfeasible€to€assess€the€competence€of€the€judges,€by€establishing€the€JudicialÐ oy ÐService€Training€College.Ð BL ÐÌ95.à b àThe€above€is€also€based€on€the€Constitution,€specifically€articles186Ð è ò Ðand€187.€€Ð » Å ÐÌà@6 6 –àE.€€òòParticipation€of€the€Judiciary€in€law„makingóóˆÐ a k  ÐÌ96.à b àUnder€article172,€paragraph1,€of€part€I€of€the€Constitution,€theÐ   ÐJudiciary€is€composed€of€the€Supreme€Court€of€Justice,€the€courts€of€secondÐ Úä  Ðinstance,€and€any€other€courts€established€by€the€subsidiary€laws.€€TheÐ ­·  ÐSupreme€Court€may€in€certain€cases€intervene€in€the€law„making€process€and,Ð €Š  Ðsince€it€is€a€part€of€the€Judiciary,€this€should€be€taken€to€meanÐ S]  Ðparticipation€by€the€Judiciary€itself€in€that€process.Ð &0  ÐÌ97.à b àUnder€article133,€paragraph3,€of€the€Constitution,€the€Supreme€Court€ofÐ ÌÖ ÐJustice€has€the€power€to€draft€legislation€on€matters€concerning€theÐ Ÿ© ÐJudiciary,€the€practice€of€the€legal€profession€by€notaries€and€barristers€andÐ r| Ðthe€jurisdiction€and€competence€of€the€courts.€€Therefore,€the€Court€(as€aÐ EO Ðcollegiate€body)€may€submit€bills€to€the€Legislative€Assembly,€to€be€enactedÐ " Ðas€laws€of€the€Republic,€but€only€in€respect€of€the€matters€pertaining€to€theÐ ëõ Ðabove„mentioned€provision.€€These€include€matters€concerning€the€Judiciary€andÐ ¾È Ðthe€jurisdiction€of€the€courts,€something€that€implicitly€involves€theÐ ‘› Ðadministration€of€justice,€which€means€in€the€broad€sense€all€the€courtsÐ dn Ðresponsible€for€trying€cases€and€ensuring€the€execution€of€judgements€and€inÐ 7A Ðthe€strict€sense,€the€power€of€the€courts€to€apply€the€laws€to€particularÐ   Ðcases.Ð Ýç ÐÌ98.à b àUnder€article172,€paragraph1,€of€the€Constitution,€the€Judiciary€hasÐ ƒ Ðexclusive€authority€to€try€cases€and€ensure€the€execution€of€the€judgements,Ð V`  Ðin€constitutional,€civil,€criminal,€commercial,€labour€and€agrarian€andÐ ) 3! Ðadministrative€matters,€as€well€as€any€others€specified€by€the€law,€all€ofÐ ü " Ðwhich€constitutes€the€administration€of€justice.€€Article172,€paragraph2,Ð Ï!Ù# Ðprovides€that€the€organization€and€operation€of€the€Judiciary€shall€beÐ ¢"¬$ Ðspecified€by€law.Ð u#% ÐÌ99.à b àIt€was€under€the€1864€Constitution€that€the€power€to€draft€legislationÐ %% ' Ðwas€first€accorded€to€the€Supreme€Court€of€Justice€(which€in€the€ConstitutionÐ î%ø ( Ðof€that€year€and€in€the€Constitution€of€1865€was€called€"the€Court€of€Justice"Ð Á&Ë!) Ðand€in€the€Constitution€of€1883,€"the€Court€of€Cassation").€€In€all€of€theseÐ ”'ž"* ÐConstitutions€the€power€granted€was€unlimited.€€Not€until€the€Constitution€ofÐ g(q#+ Ð1983€was€any€restriction€placed€on€the€matters€on€which€the€Court€could€takeÐ :)D$, Ðdraft€legislation,€but€it€still€maintains€that€right€in€matters€concerning€theÐ  *%- Ðadministration€of€justice,€as€stated€earlier.Ð à*ê%. ÐÌ100.€€The€Supreme€Court€of€Justice€may€also€intervene€in€the€law„makingÐ †,'0 Ðprocess,€on€any€matter,€when€the€President€of€the€Republic€vetoes€a€bill€onÐ Y-c(1 Ðthe€grounds€of€unconstitutionality,€and€the€Legislature€confirms€it€by€atÐ ,.6)2 Ðleast€two„thirds€of€the€votes€of€the€elected€deputies.€€In€that€case,€theÐ ö ÐPresident€of€the€Republic€must,€within€threedays,€ask€the€Supreme€Court€ofÐ ÉÓ ÐJustice€to€decide€whether€or€not€the€bill€is€constitutional.Ð œ¦ ÐÌà@¢¢/–àF.€€òòJudgesóóˆÐ BL ÐÌ101.à b àAppointments€as€judges€in€El€Salvador€are€given€to€professionals€in€legalÐ è ò Ðscience€who€have€not€only€obtained€an€academic€degree€awarded€by€theÐ » Å Ðappropriate€university€but€have€also€been€admitted€as€practising€lawyers.€Ð Ž ˜ ÐThis€is€an€absolute€requirement€for€judges€of€the€court€of€first€instance€andÐ a k  Ðjustices€of€the€Supreme€Court€and€the€courts€of€second€instance€or€courts€ofÐ 4 >  Ðappeal.€€The€justices€of€the€peace,€as€an€exception,€are€not€lawyers,€byÐ   Ðvirtue€of€the€most€recent€amendments€to€the€Constitution.Ð Úä  ÐÌ102.à b àOf€all€the€officers€who€perform€judicial€duties,€a€judge€of€a€court€ofÐ €Š  Ðfirst€instance€is€the€most€important,€because€he€is€the€official€who€takesÐ S]  Ðfull€cognizance€of€the€cases€that€fall€within€his€jurisdiction;€the€higherÐ &0  Ðcourts€only€hear€cases€on€appeal€or€at€a€higher€level,€and€on€the€specificÐ ù Ðpoints€indicated€in€the€appeals.€€Thus,€cases€fall€completely€within€theÐ ÌÖ Ðjurisdiction€of€the€judges€of€the€court€of€first€instance€and€to€a€limitedÐ Ÿ© Ðextent€within€that€of€the€judges€of€the€higher€courts.€€Therefore,€the€formerÐ r| Ðare€very€important.Ð EO ÐÌ103.à b àJudges€of€the€courts€of€first€instance€have€been€established€in€all€theÐ ëõ Ðdepartmental€capitals€and€there€is€a€tendency€towards€specialization,€althoughÐ ¾È Ðmuch€remains€to€be€done€in€this€regard€because€of€the€lack€of€adequateÐ ‘› Ðeconomic€resources.€€Nevertheless,€there€are€judges€of€this€category€who€dealÐ dn Ðwith€civil€penal,€labour,€commercial,€financial,€tenancy,€traffic€and€juvenileÐ 7A Ðmatters.Ð   ÐÌà@)–àG.€€òòJudicial€professionóóˆÐ °º ÐÌ104.à b àArticle186€establishes€the€judicial€profession,€i.e.€a€career€in€theÐ V`  Ðjudiciary.€€The€justices€of€the€Supreme€Court€are€elected€by€the€LegislativeÐ ) 3! ÐAssembly€for€a€period€of€nine€years;€they€may€be€re-elected€and€one€third€ofÐ ü " Ðthem€are€replaced€every€three€years.€€They€may€be€removed€from€office€by€theÐ Ï!Ù# ÐLegislative€Assembly€on€specific€grounds€established€by€law.€€Both€theÐ ¢"¬$ Ðelection€and€the€removal€of€justices€require€the€vote€of€at€least€two€thirdsÐ u#% Ðof€the€elected€deputies.Ð H$R& ÐÌ105.à b àJustices€of€the€Supreme€Court€are€chosen€from€a€list€of€candidates€drawnÐ î%ø ( Ðup€by€the€National€Council€of€the€Judiciary€as€specified€by€law;€one€half€ofÐ Á&Ë!) Ðthe€candidates€must€be€put€forward€by€the€bodies€which€represent€the€lawyersÐ ”'ž"* Ðof€ElSalvador€and€must€be€representative€of€the€major€trends€in€legalÐ g(q#+ Ðthinking.Ð :)D$, ÐÌ106.à b àThe€judges€of€the€courts€of€appeal,€the€judges€of€the€courts€of€firstÐ à*ê%. Ðinstance€and€the€justices€of€the€peace€enjoy€security€of€tenure.Ð ³+½&/ ÐÌ107.à b àThe€law€must€afford€protection€to€judges€to€enable€them€in€the€casesÐ Y-c(1 Ðbrought€before€them,€to€perform€their€duties€freely,€impartially€and€withoutÐ ,.6)2 Ðany€pressure,€together€with€a€fair€remuneration€and€a€standard€of€living€inÐ ö Ðkeeping€with€their€responsibilities.€€The€law€specifies€the€substantive€andÐ ÉÓ Ðformal€requirements€for€entering€the€judicial€profession,€as€well€asÐ œ¦ Ðpromotion,€advancement,€transfers,€disciplinary€sanctions€and€other€relevantÐ oy Ðquestions.Ð BL ÐÌ108.à b àArticle€187€of€the€Constitution€specifies€that€the€National€Council€ofÐ è ò Ðthe€Judiciary€is€an€independent€institution€with€the€task€of€proposingÐ » Å Ðcandidates€for€posts€as€justices€of€Supreme€Court€judges€in€courts€of€appealÐ Ž ˜ Ðor€courts€of€first€instance,€as€well€as€justices€of€the€peace.€€The€NationalÐ a k  ÐCouncil€of€the€Judiciary€is€responsible€for€organizing€and€operating€theÐ 4 >  ÐJudicial€Service€Training€College,€the€purpose€of€which€is€to€enhance€theÐ   Ðabilities€of€judges€and€other€judicial€officers.€€The€members€of€the€NationalÐ Úä  ÐCouncil€of€the€Judiciary€are€elected€by€the€Legislative€Assembly€by€aÐ ­·  Ðqualified€majority€of€two€thirds€of€the€elected€deputies.€€The€law€shallÐ €Š  Ðdetermine€all€matters€concerning€this€subject.Ð S]  ÐÌ109.à b àUnder€article€188,€the€office€of€justice€or€judge€is€incompatible€withÐ ù Ðpractice€of€the€profession€of€lawyer€or€notary,€as€well€as€the€position€of€anÐ ÌÖ Ðofficial€of€other€organs€of€the€State,€except€for€teaching€posts€and€temporaryÐ Ÿ© Ðdiplomatic€missions.Ð r| ÐÌ110.à b àLegislative€Decree€No.536€of€12July€1990€was€issued€to€promulgate€theÐ " ÐJudicial€Profession€Act€and€it€shall€be€noted€that€it€goes€further€than€isÐ ëõ Ðrequired€by€the€Constitution.€€This€can€be€seen€from€article1,€which€statesÐ ¾È Ðthat€the€purpose€of€the€Act€is€to€organize€the€careers€in€the€judicialÐ ‘› Ðservice,€to€regulate€the€service€relations€of€the€officers€and€employees€ofÐ dn Ðthe€courts€with€the€Judiciary,€to€regulate€the€requirements€for€entry,Ð 7A Ðpromotions€and€advancement€on€the€basis€of€merit€and€aptitude,€transfers,€asÐ   Ðwell€as€the€rights,€duties,€benefits€and€disciplinary€sanctions€applicable€toÐ Ýç Ðthe€members.€€The€same€text€specifies€that€the€purpose€of€the€judicialÐ °º Ðprofession€is€to€ensure€professionalism€and€advancement€of€judicial€officersÐ ƒ Ðand€employees€as€well€as€security€of€tenure€and€functional€independence,Ð V`  Ðthereby€contributing€to€effective€administration€of€justice.Ð ) 3! ÐÌ111.à b àThe€Act€specifies€that€it€applies€to€the€judges€of€the€courts€of€appeal,Ð Ï!Ù# Ðand€of€the€courts€of€first€instance€and€in€general€to€all€servants€of€theÐ ¢"¬$ ÐJudiciary.€€It€states€moreover€that€it€applies€to€justices€of€the€peace€duringÐ u#% Ðthe€period€for€which€they€are€appointed€and€that€the€justices€of€the€SupremeÐ H$R& ÐCourt€are€not€subject€to€the€regime€established€by€that€law€but€that€theÐ %% ' Ðduties,€prohibitions€and€responsibilities€specified€in€the€Act€apply€to€them.Ð î%ø ( ÐÌ112.à b àMembers€of€the€judicial€profession€enjoy€security€of€tenure€and,Ð ”'ž"* Ðaccordingly,€may€not€be€removed,€suspended€or€transferred€except€in€the€casesÐ g(q#+ Ðand€by€the€procedures€specified€by€the€law.€€It€is€explained,€moreover,€thatÐ :)D$, Ðthe€security€of€tenure€of€justices€and€judges€starts€from€the€day€they€takeÐ  *%- Ðoffice€and€that,€in€the€case€of€other€servants€of€the€judiciary,€they€areÐ à*ê%. Ðappointed€on€an€interim€basis€for€a€probationary€period€of€60days,€afterÐ ³+½&/ Ðwhich€period,€in€the€absence€of€any€unfavourable€report€by€the€immediateÐ †,'0 Ðâ âsuperior,€they€continue€in€office€and€enjoy€security€of€tenure.€€However,Ð Y-c(1 Ðsecurity€staff€working€in€the€Judiciary€has€confidential€status€and€hence€doÐ ö Ðnot€enjoy€security€of€tenure.Ð ÉÓ Ðâ âÌ113.à b àThe€judicial€profession€is€supervised€by€the€Supreme€Court€of€Justice,Ð oy Ðwhich€has€the€following€powers:€€(i)to€appoint€members€of€the€judicial€staffÐ BL Ðworking€in€the€offices€and€sections€of€the€Court;€(ii)to€confirm€nominationsÐ   Ðof€judicial€officers€made€by€judges€of€the€courts€of€appeal€or€of€the€lowerÐ è ò Ðcourts,€as€well€as€to€remove€and€suspend€them€on€legal€grounds;€(iii)to€deal,Ð » Å Ðwhere€appropriate,€with€cases€of€disciplinary€action;€(iv)to€include€in€theÐ Ž ˜ Ðbudget€estimates€for€the€Judiciary€items€to€cover€the€salaries€of€the€membersÐ a k  Ðof€the€judicial€profession,€in€accordance€with€the€pay€schedule;€(v)to€takeÐ 4 >  Ðappropriate€measures€in€the€event€of€serious€disagreement€between€members€ofÐ   Ðthe€profession€when€it€causes€or€may€cause€harm€to€the€administration€ofÐ Úä  Ðjustice€or€to€the€order€and€good€name€of€the€courts€and€administrativeÐ ­·  Ðoffices;€(vi)to€order€transfers;€and€(vii)to€perform€any€other€functionsÐ €Š  Ðdetermined€by€law.Ð S]  ÐÌ114.à b àWithout€prejudice€to€these€duties,€which€are€incumbent€on€the€SupremeÐ ù ÐCourt,€the€President€of€the€Court€is€the€superior€officer€of€the€judicialÐ ÌÖ Ðstaff€working€in€its€offices€and€sections;€as€is€the€presiding€judge€of€eachÐ Ÿ© Ðcourt€of€appeal,€and€as€is€the€judge€in€the€courts€of€first€instance€and€theÐ r| Ðcourts€of€the€justices€of€the€peace.Ð EO ÐÌ115.à b àThe€posts€of€non-adjudicating€members€of€the€profession€are€likewiseÐ ëõ Ðgoverned€by€the€classification€laid€down€in€the€regulations€and€in€the€PostÐ ¾È ÐClassification€Manual.Ð ‘› ÐÌ116.à b àMembers€enter€the€profession€at€the€lowest€level€in€each€class.€Ð 7A ÐNevertheless,€if€a€candidate€fulfils€the€special€requirements€for€a€post,€heÐ   Ðmay€apply€and€undergo€the€corresponding€process€of€selection.€€In€the€event€ofÐ Ýç Ðequal€results,€preference€must€be€given€to€the€candidate€who€already€has€aÐ °º Ðcareer€in€the€profession.Ð ƒ ÐÌ117.à b àThe€law€sets€forth€in€clear€terms€the€rights€and€duties€of€members€of€theÐ ) 3! Ðprofession€and€enumerates€the€rights€as€follows:€€(i)security€of€tenure;Ð ü " Ð(ii)a€salary€corresponding€to€the€class€and€category,€with€appropriateÐ Ï!Ù# Ðallowances;€(iii)advancement€and€promotion;€(iv)immediate€protection€by€theÐ ¢"¬$ ÐState€authorities€when€his€life€or€personal€integrity€is€threatened€because€ofÐ u#% Ðhis€duties;€and€(v)other€rights€provided€for€in€the€Judicial€Profession€ActÐ H$R& Ðand€other€laws.Ð %% ' ÐÌ118.à b àIt€should€be€noted€that€judicial€office€is€incompatible€withÐ Á&Ë!) Ðparticipation€in€party€politics;€i.e.acting€as€an€executive€or€representativeÐ ”'ž"* Ðof€a€political€party€or€engaging€in€party€canvassing.Ð g(q#+ ÐÌ119.à b àSimilarly,€judicial€officers€and€employees€may€not€perform€any€dutiesÐ  *%- Ðother€than€those€corresponding€to€their€posts€and€may€not€act€as€informalÐ à*ê%. Ðexperts,€arbitrators,€court€receivers,€guarantors,€intermediary€bailiffs,Ð ³+½&/ Ðdefence€attorneys€or€court-designated€defence€lawyers,€mediators€inÐ †,'0 Ðmatrimonial€causes,€òòad€litemóó€receivers€or€administrators€of€unclaimed€estatesÐ Y-c(1 Ðor€any€other€function€as€an€auxiliary€of€the€courts,€except€that€of€anÐ ,.6)2 Ðexecuting€judge€in€habeas€corpus€proceedings.€€The€following€may€not€beÐ ö Ðappointed€to€judicial€office€or€exercise€such€office:€€those€whose€citizen'sÐ ÉÓ Ðrights€have€been€suspended€or€lost;€the€blind,€the€deaf€and€the€mute;€thoseÐ œ¦ Ðwho€do€not€enjoy€in€full€their€mental€faculties€and€those€who€have€beenÐ oy Ðpreviously€removed€from€judicial€office,€unless€rehabilitated.Ð BL ÐÌ120.à b àThe€law€requires€the€Supreme€Court€to€draw€up€a€Post€ClassificationÐ è ò ÐManual€and€a€pay€schedule€for€the€servants€of€the€judiciary.€€The€pay€scheduleÐ » Å Ðspecifies€the€commencing,€intermediate€and€maximum€salaries€for€each€post€orÐ Ž ˜ Ðgroup€of€posts,€with€due€observance€of€the€principle€that€equal€work€underÐ a k  Ðsimilar€conditions€must€involve€equal€pay.€€The€schedule,€which€must€beÐ 4 >  Ðrevised€at€least€once€a€year,€must€take€into€account€the€modalities€andÐ   Ðcomplexity€of€each€post,€the€degree€of€responsibility€involved€and€otherÐ Úä  Ðfactors€that€determine€fair€remuneration€so€that€the€officer€or€employeeÐ ­·  Ðconcerned€can€live€a€life€of€dignity.€€For€the€purpose€of€preparing€orÐ €Š  Ðrevising€the€plan,€the€Court€may€call€on€the€cooperation€of€the€Council€of€theÐ S]  ÐJudiciary€or€other€specialized€agencies€to€prepare€the€appropriate€draft.Ð &0  ÐÌ121.à b àIt€is€specified€that€the€ordinary€working€day€in€all€courts€lasts€atÐ ÌÖ Ðleast€5€hours€and€that€the€working€week€cannot€exceed€40hours,€but€theÐ Ÿ© ÐSupreme€Court,€in€addition€to€determining€the€timetable,€may€extend€theÐ r| Ðworking€day€to€up€to€8€hours€when€the€corresponding€budgetary€allocation€soÐ EO Ðpermits;€in€this€case,€provision€must€be€made€for€the€appropriate€overtime€payÐ " Ðor€differentials.€€Overtime€may€not€exceed€4€hours€in€a€single€working€day,Ð ëõ Ðexcept€if€performed€while€on€roster€or€in€case€of€need€and€it€must€then€beÐ ¾È Ðpaid€as€overtime€as€specified€by€law.Ð ‘› ÐÌ122.à b àConcerning€the€first€investigation€steps€to€be€carried€out€outsideÐ 7A Ðordinary€working€hours,€the€law€contains€rules€for€the€establishment€ofÐ   Ðrosters€for€the€courts€of€first€instance€and€for€the€justices€of€the€peace,€asÐ Ýç Ðwell€as€the€forensic€physicians.Ð °º ÐÌ123.à b àCourt€officers€and€employees€are€entitled€to€holidays€and€to€annual€leaveÐ V`  Ðin€accordance€with€the€law,€as€well€as€to€payment,€at€the€end€of€the€firstÐ ) 3! Ðfortnight€of€December,€of€a€bonus€in€respect€of€each€year€or€part€of€the€yearÐ ü " Ðworked€thereof;€the€amount€of€the€bonus€is€established€annually€in€the€budgetÐ Ï!Ù# Ðfor€the€Judiciary.Ð ¢"¬$ ÐÌ124.à b àThe€Supreme€Court€grants€sick€leave€with€pay€to€judicial€officers€andÐ H$R& Ðemployees.€€The€decision€on€the€subject€must€specify€the€period€of€leaveÐ %% ' Ðgranted€in€the€light€of€the€seriousness€of€the€illness,€but€sick€leave€may€notÐ î%ø ( Ðexceed€five€months€in€each€year€of€service.€€Female€staff€members€are€entitledÐ Á&Ë!) Ðto€12weeks'€maternity€leave€with€pay.€€For€this€purpose,€the€applicant€mustÐ ”'ž"* Ðproduce€the€necessary€medical€certificates.Ð g(q#+ ÐÌ125.à b àMembers€of€the€judicial€profession€may€be€transferred€to€a€post€of€theÐ  *%- Ðsame€category€in€the€Post€Classification€Manual,€on€the€ground€of€theÐ à*ê%. Ðinterests€of€the€service€as€assessed€by€the€court.€€Exchanges€of€posts€areÐ ³+½&/ Ðpossible€at€the€request€of€both€of€the€persons€concerned,€even€in€differentÐ †,'0 Ðcategories€within€the€same€class,€provided€the€Court€considers€that€theÐ Y-c(1 Ðadministration€of€justice€is€not€affected.Ð ,.6)2 Ї126.à b àIf€a€post€is€abolished,€the€person€left€unemployed€will€be€entitled€toÐ ö Ðcompensation€equivalent€to€onemonth's€salary€for€each€year€of€service.Ð ÉÓ ÐÌ127.à b àWithout€prejudice€to€benefits€established€in€other€legislation,€the€ActÐ oy Ðestablishes€that€the€Court€must€organize€an€insurance€scheme€to€provideÐ BL Ðjudicial€officers€and€employees€with€coverage€for€medical€care€and€hospitalÐ   Ðtreatment,€life€insurance,€personal€accident€insurance,€loans€for€theÐ è ò Ðpurchase,€restoration€or€conversion€of€housing€and€a€voluntary€earlyÐ » Å Ðretirement€bonus€equivalent€to€six€months€of€the€last€salary,€provided€that€atÐ Ž ˜ Ðleast€two€thirds€of€the€time€required€for€normal€retirement€has€been€served.Ð a k  ÐÌ128.à b àThe€courts€are€monitored€by€inspections€to€ensure€proper€administrationÐ   Ðof€justice€and€ascertain€the€shortcomings€and€the€needs€of€each€court.€Ð Úä  ÐWhenever€the€Supreme€Court€considers€it€appropriate,€and€at€least€once€a€year,Ð ­·  Ðit€visits€the€courts€of€appeal,€of€first€instance€and€of€justices€of€the€peaceÐ €Š  Ðfor€these€purposes;€it€may€also€assign€those€visits€to€the€Council,€to€theÐ S]  ÐDivisions€of€the€Court,€to€the€courts€of€appeal€or€to€judges€in€courts€ofÐ &0  Ðfirst€instance.Ð ù ÐÌ129.à b àInspection€follows€the€appropriate€technical€procedures€and€involves,€asÐ Ÿ© Ða€minimum,€an€analysis€of€the€operation€of€the€court€in€terms€ofÐ r| Ðadministrative€efficiency,€evaluation€and€utilization€of€human€and€materialÐ EO Ðresources,€scrutiny€of€the€discipline,€order€and€dignity€of€the€court€and€aÐ " Ðreview€of€the€files,€books,€archives€and€other€documents€and€registers€toÐ ëõ Ðdetermine€the€court's€observance€of€procedural€time„limits€and€its€output.€Ð ¾È ÐThose€in€charge€of€inspections€must€request€officials€and€employees€to€provideÐ ‘› Ðany€necessary€explanations€on€the€court's€administrative€rules€and€practicesÐ dn Ðas€well€as€its€shortcomings€and€needs.Ð 7A ÐÌ130.à b àThe€judicial€activity€of€the€members€of€the€judicial€profession€isÐ Ýç Ðsubject€to€continuing€performance€evaluation€to€determine€merits,€detectÐ °º Ðtraining€needs€or€recommend€methods€to€improve€the€administration€of€justice;Ð ƒ Ðthe€evaluation€must€be€made€as€often€as€the€Supreme€Court€considersÐ V`  Ðappropriate.€€It€must€be€made€on€an€individual€basis€in€the€case€of€justicesÐ ) 3! Ðand€judges.€€The€activity€of€the€other€officials€and€employees€may€beÐ ü " Ðevaluated€either€individually€or€in€general,€bearing€in€mind€the€duties€ofÐ Ï!Ù# Ðeach€class€or€category€of€employee.Ð ¢"¬$ ÐÌ131.à b àUnder€the€disciplinary€regime€established€by€law,€offences€are€classifiedÐ H$R& Ðas€less€serious,€serious€and€more€serious€and€the€penalties€consist€of€aÐ %% ' Ðverbal€or€written€warning,€suspension€from€duty€or€removal€from€office.€€InÐ î%ø ( Ðaddition,€a€superior€officer€may€address€to€subordinate€staff€any€warnings€heÐ Á&Ë!) Ðconsiders€appropriate€for€the€purpose€of€maintaining€discipline.Ð ”'ž"* ÐÌ132.à b àIn€the€case€of€a€less€serious€offence,€a€warning€may€be€issued,€in€theÐ :)D$, Ðevent€of€a€grave€offence,€suspension€from€office€for€a€period€of€3€to€15days,Ð  *%- Ðand€in€the€case€of€a€more€serious€offence,€suspension€for€over€15€and€lessÐ à*ê%. Ðthan€60days.€€All€these€cases€entail€loss€of€salary€for€the€period€involved,Ð ³+½&/ Ðwhich,€moreover,€does€not€count€for€purposes€of€seniority€in€the€service.Ð †,'0 Ðâ âÐ Y-c(1 Ð133.à b àSuspension€may€also€be€ordered€on€the€grounds€that€a€judicial€officer€orÐ ö Ðâ âemployee€is€the€subject€of€a€detention€order€or€a€decision€that€he€has€a€caseÐ ÉÓ Ðto€answer.€€In€all€these€cases€the€offender€is€not€entitled€to€a€salary€andÐ œ¦ Ðthe€period€of€suspension€is€not€counted€for€the€purposes€of€seniority.€€TheÐ oy Ðsuspension€lasts€for€the€period€of€the€detention€order€and€as€long€as€theÐ BL Ðperson€concerned€is€not€released€from€custody,€except€in€the€case€of€a€wilfulÐ   Ðwrong,€when€the€Supreme€Court€will€determine€whether€suspension€should€beÐ è ò Ðcontinued.€€In€the€event€of€suspension€lasting€more€than€sixmonths,€removalÐ » Å Ðfrom€office€applies€and€if€a€decision€is€then€taken€to€discharge€or€acquit€theÐ Ž ˜ Ðjudicial€officer€or€employee,€he€may,€at€the€discretion€of€the€Supreme€Court,Ð a k  Ðbe€considered€for€the€purposes€of€filling€a€vacancy€in€the€same€category€andÐ 4 >  Ðclass€as€the€one€he€previously€held.€€In€such€instances,€it€is€understood€thatÐ   Ðthe€judicial€officer€or€employee€appointed€to€fill€the€vacancy€holds€anÐ Úä  Ðinterim€appointment€until€the€member€of€the€judicial€profession€who€has€beenÐ ­·  Ðreplaced€is€removed€from€office.Ð €Š  ÐÌ134.à b àA€member€of€the€judicial€profession€is€removed€from€office€on€any€of€theÐ &0  Ðfollowing€grounds:Ð ù ÐÌà b à(a)à ™ àFor€having€been€suspended€for€more€than€twice€within€a€period€ofÐ Ÿ© Ðtwoyears;Ð r| ÐÌà b à(b)à ™ àFor€incapacity€or€inefficiency€in€the€performance€of€his€duties;Ð " ÐÌà b à(c)à ™ àFor€abuse€of€authority,€arrogating€to€himself€duties€not€assignedÐ ¾È Ðto€him€by€law;Ð ‘› ÐÌà b à(d)à ™ àFor€failure€to€attend€to€his€duties€for€more€than€eightconsecutiveÐ 7A Ðdays€without€justification;Ð   ÐÌà b à(e)à ™ àFor€having€been€convicted€of€an€offence;Ð °º ÐÌà b à(f)à ™ àFor€advocating,€sponsoring,€organizing€and€directing€strikes,€workÐ V`  Ðstoppages€or€collective€labour€action;Ð ) 3! ÐÌà b à(g)à ™ àFor€performing€the€duties€of€a€post€without€fulfilling€the€legalÐ Ï!Ù# Ðrequirements€for€that€purpose;Ð ¢"¬$ ÐÌà b à(h)à ™ àFor€soliciting€or€receiving€gifts,€promises€or€favours€from€personsÐ H$R& Ðinvolved€in€a€lawsuit,€either€directly€or€through€a€go„between;Ð %% ' ÐÌà b à(i)à ™ àFor€giving€advice€in€judicial€matters;Ð Á&Ë!) ÐÌà b à(j)à ™ àFor€recording€in€judicial€proceedings€events€that€have€not€occurredÐ g(q#+ Ðor€failing€to€report€events€that€have€occurred.Ð :)D$, ÐÌ135.à b àJudges€of€the€courts€of€appeal€or€courts€of€first€instance,€justices€ofÐ à*ê%. Ðthe€peace€and€other€members€of€the€judicial€servants,€may€be€neither€suspendedÐ ³+½&/ Ðnor€removed€from€office€except€on€established€legal€grounds.€€Suspension€orÐ †,'0 Ðremoval€without€prior€judgement€has€no€legal€effect€and€the€person€concernedÐ Y-c(1 Ðmay€continue€in€office€without€prejudice€to€his€entitlement€to€receive,€at€theÐ ,.6)2 Ðexpense€of€the€offender,€the€salaries€not€collected€by€him,€as€well€asÐ ö Ðcompensation€for€any€damage€caused€to€him.Ð ÉÓ ÐÌ136.à b àThe€Supreme€Court€is€alone€competent€to€impose€any€legal€penalty€onÐ oy Ðjudges€of€courts€of€appeal€or€lower€courts€or€on€justices€of€the€peace;€withÐ BL Ðregard€to€other€members€of€the€judicial€profession,€the€competent€authority€is€Ð   Ðthe€respective€superior€in€rank.€€The€Supreme€Court€may€assign€the€Council€orÐ è ò Ðthe€Professional€Investigation€Section€the€task€of€conducting€the€case€inÐ » Å Ðpreparation€for€a€final€decision.Ð Ž ˜ ÐÌ137.à b àMembers€of€the€judicial€profession€have€the€right€and€the€duty€to€trainÐ 4 >  Ðin€subjects€connected€with€their€duties,€in€accordance€with€the€programmesÐ   Ðestablished€for€the€purpose.Ð Úä  ÐÌ138.à b àWith€the€aim€of€implementing€the€objectives€of€the€judicial€profession,€aÐ €Š  Ðcollege€has€been€established€for€technical€and€practical€training,€updatingÐ S]  Ðskills€and€training€candidates€for€judicial€posts.Ð &0  ÐÌ139.à b àThis€Judicial€Seminar€Training€College€has€organized€and€maintains€aÐ ÌÖ Ðfellowships€scheme€to€enable€members€of€the€judicial€profession€to€followÐ Ÿ© Ðtraining€or€refresher€courses€in€El€Salvador€or€abroad€and,€for€that€purpose,Ð r| Ðthe€necessary€items€are€included€annually€in€the€budget.€€Recipients€ofÐ EO Ðfellowships€must€sign€a€contract€and€undertake€to€continue€to€serve€in€theÐ " ÐJudiciary€for€the€period€specified€by€the€Supreme€Court€of€Justice.Ð ëõ ÐÌ140.à b àThe€Supreme€Court€keeps€the€necessary€registers€to€administer€andÐ ‘› Ðsupervise€the€judicial€profession,€in€conformity€with€the€regulations€issuedÐ dn Ðpursuant€to€the€law€and€the€relevant€technical€rules.€€Information€relating€toÐ 7A Ðthe€services€performed€by€each€member€of€the€profession€is€included€in€hisÐ   Ðfile.Ð Ýç ÐÌ141.à b àJudges€of€courts€of€appeal,€courts€of€first€instance,€justices€of€theÐ ƒ Ðpeace,€the€Registrar€and€chief€clerk€of€the€Supreme€Court€of€Justice,€theÐ V`  Ðchief€clerks€of€the€courts€of€appeal€and€the€registrars€of€court€divisions€orÐ ) 3! Ðchambers€who€were€holding€their€posts€when€the€Act€entered€into€force,€wereÐ ü " Ðincorporated€òòipsofactoóó€into€the€judicial€profession.€€The€other€posts€will€beÐ Ï!Ù# Ðincorporated€gradually€by€decision€of€the€Supreme€Court€of€Justice.Ð ¢"¬$ ÐÌ142.à b àMatters€not€covered€by€the€provisions€of€the€Judicial€Profession€Act€areÐ H$R& Ðgoverned,€as€appropriate,€by€the€law€on€the€Civil€Service€Act,€the€NationalÐ %% ' ÐInstitute€of€Pensions€for€Public€Officials€Act,€the€Judiciary€OrganizationÐ î%ø ( ÐAct,€the€National€Council€of€the€Judiciary€Act€and€other€related€legislation.Ð Á&Ë!) ÐÌ143.à b àLastly,€certain€changes€were€made€with€regard€to€the€judicial€professionÐ g(q#+ Ðas€a€result€of€the€most€recent€amendments€to€the€Constitution,€theseÐ :)D$, Ðamendments,€based€by€the€way,€on€an€anxiety€to€secure€peace€throughout€theÐ  *%- Ðcountry,€have€been€made€in€articles186,€187€and€255,€which€read€as€follows:Ð à*ê%. ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à"The€Justices€of€the€Supreme€Court€of€Justice€are€elected€by€theÐ †,'0 ÐLegislative€Assembly€for€a€period€of€nineyears;€they€may€be€re„elected€Ð Y-c(1 Ðand€one€third€of€them€are€replaced€every€threeyears.€€They€may€beÐ ,.6)2 Ðremoved€from€office€by€the€Legislative€Assembly€on€specific€groundsÐ ö Ðestablished€by€law.€€Both€the€election€and€the€removal€of€justicesÐ ÉÓ Ðrequire€the€vote€of€at€least€two€thirds€of€the€elected€deputies.€Ð œ¦ ÐJustices€of€the€Supreme€Court€are€chosen€from€a€list€of€candidates€drawnÐ oy Ðup€by€the€National€Council€of€the€Judiciary€as€specified€by€law;€one€halfÐ BL Ðof€the€candidates€must€be€put€forward€by€the€bodies€which€represent€theÐ   Ðlawyers€of€ElSalvador€and€must€be€representative€of€the€main€trends€ofÐ è ò Ðlegal€thinking.€€The€judges€of€the€courts€of€appeal,€the€judges€of€courtsÐ » Å Ðof€first€instance€and€the€justices€of€the€peace€enjoy€security€of€tenure.€Ð Ž ˜ ÐThe€law€must€afford€protection€to€judges€to€enable€them,€in€the€casesÐ a k  Ðbefore€them,€to€perform€their€duties€freely,€impartially€and€without€anyÐ 4 >  Ðpressure,€together€with€a€fair€remuneration€and€a€standard€of€living€inÐ   Ðkeeping€with€their€responsibilities.€€The€law€specifies€the€substantiveÐ Úä  Ðand€formal€requirements€for€entering€the€judicial€profession,€as€well€asÐ ­·  Ðpromotion,€advancement,€transfers,€disciplinary€sanctions€and€otherÐ €Š  Ðrelevant€questions".ÐS] b$b$ ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à"The€National€Council€of€the€Judiciary€is€an€independentÐ ù Ðinstitution€with€the€task€of€proposing€candidates€for€posts€as€JusticesÐ ÌÖ Ðof€the€Supreme€Court,€judges€in€courts€of€appeal,€judges€of€courts€ofÐ Ÿ© Ðfirst€instance€as€well€as€of€the€peace.€€The€National€Council€for€theÐ r| ÐJudiciary€is€responsible€for€organizing€and€operating€the€JudicialÐ EO ÐService€Training€College,€the€purpose€of€which€is€to€enhance€theÐ " Ðprofessional€abilities€of€judges€and€other€judicial€officers.€€TheÐ ëõ Ðmembers€of€the€National€Council€of€the€Judiciary€are€elected€by€theÐ ¾È ÐLegislativeAssembly€by€qualified€majority€of€two€thirds€of€the€electedÐ ‘› Ðdeputies.€€The€law€shall€determine€all€matters€concerning€this€subject".Ðdnb$b$ ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à"The€present€organization€of€the€Supreme€Court€shall€continue€inÐ   Ðforce€until€30June1984€and€the€justices€elected€by€this€ConstituentÐ Ýç ÐAssembly€will€remain€at€their€posts€until€that€date,€when€the€lawsÐ °º Ðrelating€to€their€organization€and€competence€referred€to€in€articles173Ð ƒ Ðand€174€will€have€been€brought€into€line€with€this€Constitution.€€JudgesÐ V`  Ðof€courts€of€appeal€and€or/courts€of€first€instance€serving€at€theÐ ) 3! Ðpresent€time€shall€complete€their€respective€terms€of€office€and€newÐ ü " Ðjudges€elected€pursuant€to€the€provisions€of€this€Constitution€shallÐ Ï!Ù# Ðenjoy€security€of€tenure€and€must€comply€with€the€requirements€laidÐ ¢"¬$ Ðdown".Ðu#%b$b$ ÐÌà@||*–àH.€€òòJudicial€trainingóóˆÐ %% ' ÐÌ144.à b àThe€mandate€set€out€in€article€74€of€the€Judicial€Profession€Act,Ð Á&Ë!) Ðrequired€that€a€judicial€training€college€be€established€for€theoretical€andÐ ”'ž"* Ðpractical€training€of€members€of€the€school,€updating€their€skills€andÐ g(q#+ Ðtraining€persons€who€wished€to€become€judicial€officers.Ð :)D$, ÐÌòòEstablishment€of€the€Judicial€Service€Training€CollegeÐ à*ê%. ÐóóÌ145.à b àAccordingly,€the€Supreme€Court€of€Justice€issued€Decision€No.€51,€datedÐ †,'0 Ð5February€1991,€establishing€the€Judicial€Service€Training€College,€intendedÐ Y-c(1