ÿWPC ï¼*:‹&ÖK%厫‚:Hë%.±F+_Šæôlg†ùtœq–dÝ› èlS”Ú$¿x3&Uè›%JÆX6óõ€šogE¼j$±L#WÅœxl‹8¤¬„¸Üûm¢¡)gm—ÔPšò5qÿý©º¸·ãº›Ð(jz‚©&µ1{áÈŠ|fðNW!¦­È`ã„=äãSÀh^‰[x‹ù´d%püY~œâ·à63c·=^²OÌ tFŸa®Ô‚"6P8€?£AŽ’À%ä ˆu¯9V2ø&a+SŽ.U¥£Ó¿ë>¥’cõ§Šf}ù ”¥Ì6`l 1Œ¸1 c•_¹.)åarW ÄÕÌŠâ3MäLÕ+-$kH»û˜‘tTQˆ9UO Ipþ§d•” ó ¨/Å‚ÃýxØÃmÜê¤êG7ÖÔæ%^ž©¤œ£úhîÞx~ÍyGWM|;+É~ï}öKô $µpXÎIwvnÜ6à;+ i'˜â±(bgt+ýfcŒ©ô8HÉ',J{V¼™m‡Éæn¯¶t¬_+*=Ák»9sB¾Ø_pAÏÿgL–Î0¾TžAÑyÞ›"Ù>»€æà¬ÂU&n­> %ëÆñ· 0·Ïè† 0·n 0%% 0Je 0ru#Áç(¨NÐ^ ÒwÞ4âö mø<þ6X`(«<þ6X`(ôwdþ6X@ô@ô' Ê 15555 2final ,HRI/CORE/1/Add.380mdc .12   Ý ƒ{(ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÔ€ô4›òòôÔÔ€ô4›òòô4›ÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒŰÒÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÝ  ÝÓ-++»çw á-!é#++7-ÓÓQ.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!++»çw á-!¼QÓÓ! ++ŒP++7!Óà Œ àà P àHRI/CORE/1/Add.38Ð Ø Ðà Œ àà P àpage€Ú  Ú2Ú  ÚÐ «Ó Ð(2{$¨¨Ý ƒ ø)!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRX<Ð6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ë6Æ&A4ÿ3Ø'TÑÔ€ô4›òòôÔÔ€ô4›òòô4›ÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒŰÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÑÈÑÝ  Ý ÞÝ ƒ{'ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÔ€ô4›òòôÔÔ€ô4›òòô4›ÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒŰÒÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÝ  ÝÓ-++»çw á-!é#++7-ÓÓQ.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!++»çw á-!¼QÓÓ! ++ŒP++7!ÓHRI/CORE/1/Add.38Ð Ø Ðpage€Ú  Ú2Ú  ÚÐ «Ó Ð(2{$§§Ý ƒ ø)!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRX<Ð6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ë6Æ&A4ÿ3Ø'TÑÔ€ô4›òòôÔÔ€ô4›òòô4›ÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒŰÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÑÈÑÝ  Ý(Ü!2$ñ$¤¤Ý ƒ ø)!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRX<Ð6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ë6Æ&A4ÿ3Ø'TÑÔ€ô4›òòôÔÔ€ô4›òòô4›ÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒŰÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÑÈÑÝ  ÝÓ33ÓÔ€‰vXòô4›ÔÒ°+ÒÒ°ÅÒ€€€€€òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(Ü2¤¥$¥¥Ý ƒ ø)!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRX<Ð6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ë6Æ&A4ÿ3Ø'TÑÔ€ô4›òòôÔÔ€ô4›òòô4›ÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒŰÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÑÈÑÝ  ÝÓ33ÓÔ€‰vXòô4›ÔÒ°+ÒÒ°ÅÒÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.#|d (Jø)$¡¡ÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRX<Ð6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ë6Æ&A4ÿ3Ø'TÑÑÖ@dÂ&Ð6ÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRX<Ð6Â&ÖÑÔ€ô4›òòôÔÔ€ô4›òòô4›ÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒŰÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÑÈјHP LaserJet 4P,ü,,,,,ü0!}. Jc.SHAREŸ ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒ ø)!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRX<Ð6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ë6Æ&A4ÿ3Ø'TÑÔ€ô4›òòôÔÔ€ô4›òòô4›ÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒŰÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÑÈÑÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÓ! ++±“++7!ÓÑbØÑщ¥Ñà ± àà “ àDistr.Ð b Ðà ± àà “ àGENERALÐ 5Ó ÐÌà ± àà “ àÔ_ÔHRIÔ_Ô/CORE/1/Add.38Ð Û y Ðà ± àà “ à15€February€1994Ð ® L ÐÌà ± àà “ àENGLISHÐ T ò Ðà ± àà “ àOriginal:€€FRENCHÐ ' Å ÐÌÌÌÌÌà@¬¬–àCORE€DOCUMENT€FORMING€THE€INITIAL€PART€OF€STATE€PARTY€REPORTSˆÐ ·  ÐÌà@ÎÎ2–àTOGOˆÐ ¿]  ÐÌà€ùùJ$à[29€December€1993]ˆÐ e ÐÌà@0–àCONTENTSˆÐ  © ÐÌà€ÁÁL$àòòParagraphóó€€€òòPageóóˆÐ ±O ÐÌÓ0++»çw á-!é#++±â0ÓàÑWW»àIˆ.à ç àLAND€AND€PEOPLE€à“ááIá.''$àˆàÑqqM-!à€1€„€22ˆàÑ…#…#Zé#à2ˆÐ Wõ ÐàÑ»»»àˆÌÌàÑóó»àIIˆ.à ç àPOLITICAL€HISTORY€à“ááIá.ïï&àˆàÑqqM-!à23€„€44ˆàÑ…#…#Zé#à5ˆÐ Ðn ÐÌàÑ»àIIIˆ.à ç àGENERAL€LEGAL€FRAMEWORK€WITHIN€WHICH€HUMANÐ v ÐàÑ»»»àˆà ç àRIGHTS€ARE€PROTECTED€IN€TOGO€à“ááIá.;;1àˆàÑqqM-!à45€„€71ˆàÑ…#…#Zé#à8ˆÐ Iç ÐÌàÑ»»»àˆà ç àA.à w àThe€public€institutions€responsible€Ð ï  ÐàÑ»»»àˆà ç àà w àfor€human€rights€à“ááIá.)àˆàÑqqM-!à46€„€56ˆàÑ…#…#Zé#à8ˆÐ Â!`  ÐÌàÑ»»»àˆà ç àB.à w àThe€situation€of€human€rights€in€Togo€à“ááIá.OO>àˆàÑqqM-!à57€„€64ˆàÑ!#!#Yé#à10ˆÐ h#" ÐÌàÑ»»»àˆà ç àC.à w àIncorporation€of€international€humanÐ %¬$ ÐàÑ»»»àˆà ç àà w àrights€provisions€in€the€internalÐ á%% ÐàÑ»»»àˆà ç àà w àorder€and€remedies€à“ááIá.ãã+àˆàÑqqM-!à65€„€71ˆàÑ!#!#Yé#à11ˆÐ ´&R& ÐÌàÑóó»àIVˆ.à ç àINFORMATION€AND€PUBLICITY€à“ááIá..àˆàÑqqM-!à72€„€74ˆàÑ!#!#Yé#à12ˆÐ Z(ø ( ÐÌÌÔ:/:/Ø'Ó*q#ÔGE.94„15555€€(E)Ð :/Ø'+ ÐÐ  0«(, ÐÔ_ÔÑØbÑÑ}‰ÑÖ€ÿÿÖÖ€ÿÿÖÓQ.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!++»çw á-!¼QÓà@àà+–àI.€€LAND€AND€PEOPLEˆÐ ö ÐòòÌGeographical€situation€of€TogoóóÐ œ¦ ÐÌ1.à b àTogo€is€a€State€situated€in€west€Africa€to€the€south€of€the€Sahara.€€ItÐ BL Ðis€bounded€to€the€north€by€the€Republic€of€Burkina€Faso,€to€the€south€by€theÐ   ÐAtlantic€Ocean€(Gulf€of€Guinea),€to€the€east€by€the€Republic€of€Benin€and€toÐ è ò Ðthe€west€by€the€Republic€of€Ghana.€€It€has€a€surface€area€of€56,000kmòò2óóÐ » Å Ðand€an€estimated€population€of€3.5million,€with€an€average€density€ofÐ Ž ˜ Ð48inhabitants€per€kmòò2óó.€€This€population€has€diverse€characteristics€from€theÐ a k  Ðethnic,€religious€and€cultural€standpoints.Ð 4 >  Ѐ€Ð   ÐòòThe€ethnic€groupsóóÐ Úä  ÐÌ2.à b àThe€Togolese€population€is€composed€of€a€great€number€of€ethnic€groups.€Ð €Š  ÐThere€are€over€36,€which€are€generally€divided€into€six€major€categories:Ð S]  ÐÌà b à(a)à ™ àòòThe€Adja-Ewóó,€whose€most€important€subgroups€are€the€Ew,€theÐ ù ÐOuatchi€and€the€Guins;Ð ÌÖ ÐÌà b à(b)à ™ àòòThe€Akposso-Akbouóó,€who€are€mainly€made€up€of€the€Akposso€and€theÐ r| ÐAkbou;Ð EO ÐÌà b à(c)à ™ àòòThe€Ana-Ifóó,€who€comprise€the€Ana€and€the€If;Ð ëõ ÐÌà b à(d)à ™ àòòThe€Tem-Kabyóó,€who€are€dominated€numerically€by€the€Kaby,Ð ‘› ÐKotokoli,€Losso€and€Lamba€ethnic€groups;Ð dn ÐÌà b à(e)à ™ àòòThe€Para-N'gourmaóó,€who€are€made€up€of€several€ethnic€groups,€theÐ   Ðlargest€of€which€are€the€Moba€and€the€Gourma.Ð Ýç ÐÌ3.à b àOther€groups€include€the€Haoussa,€the€Peulhs€and€many€others€whoseÐ ƒ Ðaffinities€do€not€permit€them€to€be€classified€within€the€above-mentionedÐ V`  Ðgroups€(source:€€a€study€undertaken€by€researchers€from€the€demographicÐ ) 3! Ðresearch€unit€in€August1989).€€These€various€ethnic€groups€have€the€languageÐ ü " Ðor€dialect€of€the€peoples€concerned.Ð Ï!Ù# ÐÌòòReligionsóóÐ u#% ÐÌ4.à b àIn€Togo,€several€religions€are€practised,€the€most€important€being:Ð %% ' Ðanimism,€Christianity€and€Islam€(source:€€1989€study€on€the€TogoleseÐ î%ø ( Ðpopulation€carried€out€under€the€auspices€of€the€UnitedNations€PopulationÐ Á&Ë!) ÐFund€(UNFPA).€€In€recent€years,€there€has€been€a€proliferation€of€sects,€whichÐ ”'ž"* Ðare€not€always€easy€to€classify€in€a€particular€group.€€Among€all€these€otherÐ g(q#+ Ðreligions€mention€may€be€made€of€the€Jehovah's€Witnesses,€the€Aladura,€theÐ :)D$, ÐCelestial€Christianists,€the€Cherubim€and€Seraphim,€the€Brotherhoods,€theÐ  *%- ÐEternal€is€my€Shepherd,€the€Apostolic€Faith€and€the€Holy€Order€of€Deliverance.Ð à*ê%. ÐÌòòÌÐ Y-c(1 ЇÌÌDistribution€of€the€populationóóÐ œ¦ ÐÌ5.à b àTogo€has€a€very€young€population.€€Children€under€the€age€of€15€accountÐ BL Ðfor€49.8percent€of€the€total€population,€persons€over€the€age€of€15€makingÐ   Ðup€50.2percent,€while€persons€over€the€age€of€65€account€for€3.9percentÐ è ò Ð(source:€€Statistical€elements€of€the€1981€census,€p.18).Ð » Å ÐÌ6.à b àThe€male€population€represents€49percent€of€the€total€population€whileÐ a k  Ðthe€female€population€accounts€for€51percent.€€Ð 4 >  ÐÌ7.à b àThe€rural€population€accounts€for€75percent€of€the€total€population,Ð Úä  Ðthe€urban€population€being€only€25percent.€€This€inequality€in€distributionÐ ­·  Ðis€explained€by€the€fact€that€Togo€is€an€essentially€agricultural€countryÐ €Š  Ð(source:€€Statistical€elements€of€the€1981€census).Ð S]  ÐÌ8.à b àDistribution€by€regions€is€as€follows:Ð ù ÐÌà b àCoastal€regionà  àà > à39.5percentÐ Ÿ© ÐÌà b àPlateaux€regionà  àà > à23.7percentÐ EO ÐÌà b àCentral€regionà  àà > à10.8percentÐ ëõ ÐÌà b àKara€regionà  àà > à14.0percentÐ ‘› ІÌà b àSavanna€regionà  àà > à12.0percentÐ 7A ÐÌ(source:€€Statistical€estimates€for€1988€cited€in€a€survey€conducted€byÐ Ýç ÐUNFPA).Ð °º ÐÌòòPopulation€growthóóÐ V`  ÐÌ9.à b àThe€Togolese€population€is€growing€at€a€considerable€rate.€€The€growthÐ ü " Ðrate€during€the€period€1970-1981€was€2.9percent.€€In€1961€it€wasÐ Ï!Ù# Ð2.6percent,€in€1971€it€remained€the€same€and€in€1981€it€rose€toÐ ¢"¬$ Ð2.9percent.€€The€estimated€growth€rate€for€the€year€2000€is€3percentÐ u#% Ð(source:€€Statistical€elements€of€the€1981€census).Ð H$R& ÐÌ10.à b àThe€birth€rate€is€45per€thousand€as€opposed€to€a€mortality€rateÐ î%ø ( Ðof16perthousand.€€The€infant€mortality€rate€is€81per€thousand.€€LifeÐ Á&Ë!) Ðexpectancy€is€51€for€women€and€49€for€men.Ð ”'ž"* ÐÌ11.à b àThese€data€reveal€a€disparity€between€the€mortality€rate€and€the€birthÐ :)D$, Ðrate.€€This€is€the€result€of€the€progress€achieved€in€the€area€of€health€care,Ð  *%- Ðdrinking€water€and€the€practice€of€hygiene.€€These€efforts,€laudable€thoughÐ à*ê%. Ðthey€are,€do€not€mean€that€in€fact,€numbers€of€health€personnel€are€adequate.€Ð ³+½&/ ÐIn€fact,€only€61percent€of€the€population€have€access€to€health€services€andÐ †,'0 Ð71percent€to€drinking€water.Ð Y-c(1 Ї12.à b àThis€shortage€of€health€personnel€is€reflected€in€the€low€number€ofÐ ö Ðdoctors€per€inhabitant.€€Statistics€from€the€Directorate„General€for€PublicÐ ÉÓ ÐHealth€for€1989€show€one€doctor€for€every€12,423inhabitants,€while€theÐ œ¦ Ðfertility€rate€is€194€perthousand.Ð oy ÐÌòòSchool€enrolmentóóÐ   ÐÌ13.à b àConsiderable€efforts€are€being€made€to€promote€school€enrolment.€€TheÐ » Å Ðslogan€"Schooling€for€all"€is€often€used€to€reflect€the€policy€of€massÐ Ž ˜ Ðtraining.€€Despite€these€efforts€only€61percent€of€children€between€the€agesÐ a k  Ðof€6€and€11€were€enrolled€in€1988,€although€this€rate€is€very€encouraging€byÐ 4 >  Ðcomparison€with€the€enrolment€situation€in€other€sub-Saharan€States.Ð   ÐÌòòProportion€of€women€heads€of€familiesóóÐ ­·  ÐÌ14.à b àThe€proportion€of€women€heads€of€families€is€estimated€at€20.5percent.€Ð S]  ÐThis€rate€varies€according€to€region:€€it€is€26.3percent€in€the€towns€andÐ &0  Ð18.1percent€in€rural€areas.Ð ù ÐòòÌSocio-economic€indicatorsóóÐ Ÿ© ÐÌ15.à b àData€derived€from€the€publications€of€the€Directorate€for€EconomicÐ EO ÐAffairs€give€the€following€socio-economic€indicators:Ð " ÐÌ16.à b àIn€1990,€the€Gross€National€Product€(GNP)€was€CFAF435billion.€€It€roseÐ ¾È Ðto€CFAF446billion€in€1991€and€CFAF459billion€in€1992.Ð ‘› ÐÌ17.à b àThe€Gross€Domestic€Product€(GDP)€in€current€prices€has€variedÐ 7A Ðsignificantly€over€the€past€three€years.€€It€was€CFAF445,826billion€in€1990,Ð   ÐCFAF457,613billion€in€1991€and€CFAF488,330billion€in€1992.Ð Ýç ÐÌ18.à b àOn€the€basis€of€the€above€data,€the€following€estimates€may€be€made:Ð ƒ ÐÌà b à(a)à ™ àIn€1981,€per€capita€GNP€was€CFAF90,000.€€On€the€basis€of€aÐ ) 3! Ðpopulation€of€approximately€3.5million€in€1992,€per€capita€GNP€was€estimatedÐ ü " Ðat€CFAF131,142;Ð Ï!Ù# ÐÌà b à(b)à ™ àPer€capita€GDP,€which€was€CFAF95,900€in€1981,€had€risen€toÐ u#% ÐCFAF127,378€by€1990.Ð H$R& ÐÌ19.à b àOver€the€period€1990-1992,€inflation€rates€were€as€follows:Ð î%ø ( ÐÌà b à2.9€per€cent€in€1990;Ð ”'ž"* ÐÌà b à3.0€per€cent€in€1991;Ð :)D$, ÐÌà b à2.8€per€cent€in€1992.Ð à*ê%. ÐòòÌAmount€of€the€external€debtóóÐ †,'0 ÐÐ Y-c(1 Ð20.à b àTogo's€outstanding€external€debt€was€estimated€at€CFAF357billion€onÐ ö Ð31December1992.Ð ÉÓ ÐòòÌÌÌÌÌÌRate€of€unemploymentóóÐ Ž ˜ ÐÌ21.à b àTogo,€like€other€countries,€is€confronted€with€the€problem€ofÐ 4 >  Ðunemployment.€€States€are€encountering€numerous€difficulties€in€ensuringÐ   Ðemployment€for€all€their€citizens.€€Employment€statistics€are€insufficient€toÐ Úä  Ðgive€a€precise€indication€of€the€unemployment€rate.€€Figures€are€often€givenÐ ­·  Ðfor€the€number€of€unemployed,€but€they€do€not€reflect€reality.Ð €Š  ÐÌ22.à b àA€survey€is€being€conducted€by€the€National€Employment€Agency€toÐ &0  Ðdetermine€the€number€of€unemployed€precisely.€€The€recent€establishment€ofÐ ù Ðthis€Agency€is€encouraging.€€It€is€currently€executing€the€employment-trainingÐ ÌÖ Ðprogramme€initiated€by€the€Government.€€Several€young€unemployed€persons€haveÐ Ÿ© Ðfound€jobs€thanks€to€this€programme.Ð r| ÐÌà@JJ)–àII.€€POLITICAL€HISTORYˆÐ " ÐòòÌFrom€independence€to€the€Sovereign€National€ConferenceóóÐ ¾È ÐÌ23.à b àBetween€the€time€of€Togo's€accession€to€international€sovereigntyÐ dn Ðand1991,€it€had€four€constitutions,€each€with€its€own€characteristics.€Ð 7A ÐÌ24.à b àThe€first€Constitution,€which€terminated€the€multi-party€system,€allowedÐ Ýç Ðlittle€scope€for€freedoms€and€led€to€a€police€regime.€€After€the€dissolutionÐ °º Ðof€the€National€Assembly€on€1March1961,€new€legislative€elections€and€aÐ ƒ Ðconstitutional€referendum€were€held€on€9April1961.€€The€new€ConstitutionÐ V`  Ðadopted€provided€for€a€presidential-type€regime€with€the€office€of€PresidentÐ ) 3! Ðof€the€Republic.Ð ü " ÐÌ25.à b àAlthough€the€Second€Republic€adopted€a€Constitution€on€5May1963,€theÐ ¢"¬$ Ðstructural€weaknesses€of€the€authorities€prevented€the€Togolese€people€fromÐ u#% Ðenjoying€any€of€the€freedoms€it€formally€guaranteed.€€The€political€crisisÐ H$R& Ðderiving€from€the€internal€struggles€between€the€political€parties,€disorderÐ %% ' Ðand€genuine€threats€to€the€country's€unity€and€independence€led€to€theÐ î%ø ( Ðinterruption€of€the€constitutional€regime.€€As€a€result,€the€political€partiesÐ Á&Ë!) Ðwere€dissolved€in€1967.€€As€from€1969,€the€Head€of€State€proposed€that€theÐ ”'ž"* Ðcountry€should€revert€to€normal€constitutional€activity€based€on€two€politicalÐ g(q#+ Ðparties.€€Since€this€proposal€did€not€receive€popular€support,€the€PresidentÐ :)D$, Ðof€the€Republic€had€to€resolve€to€continue€the€construction€of€national€unityÐ  *%- Ðin€the€context€of€a€"national€melting-pot"€known€as€the€Rassemblement€duÐ à*ê%. ÐPeuple€Togolais€(RPT),€which€had€the€distinctive€feature€of€bringing€theÐ ³+½&/ Ðâ âTogolese€people€together€regardless€of€their€subsequent€politicalÐ †,'0 Ðsensitivities.€€Togo€thus€experienced€a€constitutional€vacuum€from€1967€to1979.Ð ö Ðâ âÌ26.à b àThe€Constitution€adopted€on€30December1979€and€promulgatedÐ œ¦ Ðon9January1980€filled€this€constitutional€vacuum.€€It€set€up€theÐ oy ÐLegislature€and€the€Judiciary,€and€put€the€RPT€at€the€centre€of€politicalÐ BL Ðactivity.€€It€provided€for€the€election€of€the€Head€of€State€by€directÐ   Ðuniversal€suffrage€for€a€term€of€seven€years€(1980Constitution,€art.12).€Ð è ò ÐThe€President€of€the€Republic€appointed€and€dismissed€ministers€(art.17);€theÐ » Å ÐExecutive€did€not€comprise€the€office€of€Prime€Minister.Ð Ž ˜ ÐÌ27.à b àThe€1980Constitution€provided€for€the€election€of€deputies€by€directÐ 4 >  Ðsuffrage€for€a€five-year€term€on€the€nomination€of€the€RPT.€€But€after€theÐ   Ðfirst€Legislature,€from€1980€to€1985,€candidates€in€the€legislative€electionsÐ Úä  Ðcould€stand€freely,€without€the€backing€of€the€party.Ð ­·  ÐÌ28.à b àTitle€IX€of€the€Constitution€was€devoted€to€the€Judiciary.€€DecreeÐ S]  ÐNo.78-35€of€7September1978€organized€the€Judicial€system€in€Togo.€€ItÐ &0  Ðprovided€for:Ð ù ÐÌà b à(a)à ™ àThe€courts€of€first€instance;Ð Ÿ© ÐÌà b à(b)à ™ àThe€Court€of€Appeal;€andÐ EO ÐÌà b à(c)à ™ àThe€Supreme€Court.Ð ëõ ÐÌ29.à b àFor€two€decades,€Togo,€like€many€other€African€States,€has€had€a€systemÐ ‘› Ðwhich€has€evolved€very€rapidly€with€the€establishment,€for€example,€of€theÐ dn Ðfreedom€of€candidates€to€stand€in€the€legislative€elections.Ð 7A ÐÌ30.à b àFrom€1987,€the€Head€of€State€took€the€initiative€of€establishing€theÐ Ýç ÐNational€Human€Rights€Commission€(CNDH),€an€institution€that€was€unique€inÐ °º ÐAfrica€at€that€time.€€The€CNDH€has€received€the€unfailing€support€of€theÐ ƒ ÐGovernment€and€has€undoubtedly€contributed€to€the€acceleration€of€human€rightsÐ V`  Ðpolicy€in€our€country.Ð ) 3! ÐÌ31.à b àBy€Act€No.25-90€of€30November1990€establishing€the€Press€Code,Ð Ï!Ù# ÐPresidentEyadma€liberalized€the€press.€€At€present€60newspapers€orÐ ¢"¬$ Ðperiodicals€are€published€in€Togo.Ð u#% ÐÌ32.à b àShortly€afterwards,€Act€No.91-4€of12April1991€established€theÐ %% ' Ðpolitical€parties'€charter€and€introduced€the€multi-party€system.€€This€ActÐ î%ø ( Ðhas€permanently€opened€up€Togolese€politics.Ð Á&Ë!) ÐÌ33.à b àThe€Head€of€State,€wishing€to€eliminate€all€tension€from€TogoleseÐ g(q#+ Ðpolitical€activity,€promulgated€Act€No.91-2€of€12April1991€establishing€aÐ :)D$, Ðgeneral€amnesty.€€Under€this€Act,€all€persons€who€had€participated€in€plotsÐ  *%- Ðagainst€Togo€were€allowed€to€return€to€the€country.€€On€8July1991€theÐ à*ê%. ÐSovereign€National€Conference€(CNS)€opened€and,€contrary€to€its€proclaimedÐ ³+½&/ Ðobjectives,€became€a€veritable€people's€tribunal€directed€against€the€leadingÐ †,'0 Ðfigures€of€the€existing€regime.Ð Y-c(1 ЇòòThe€democratic€transitionóóÐ ö ÐÌ34.à b àThe€CNS€adopted€a€fundamental€instrument€setting€out€the€powers€of€theÐ œ¦ Ðvarious€organs€during€the€period€of€transition.€€This€instrument€wasÐ oy ÐAct.No.7€of€the€CNS€of€23August1991.€€The€organs€in€question€were€requiredÐ BL Ðin€principle€to€maintain€relations€of€consultation€aimed€at€the€success€of€theÐ   Ðvarious€responsibilities€assigned€to€them.€€Very€soon,€however,€theirÐ è ò Ðrelations€became€strained€and€conflicts€broke€out,€with€repercussions€on€theÐ » Å Ðsmooth€conduct€of€the€transition.€€In€fact,€all€the€powers€of€the€State€wereÐ Ž ˜ Ðvested€in€the€designated,€non-elected€organs,€such€as€the€High€Council€of€theÐ a k  ÐRepublic€(HCR)€and€the€"òòPrimatureóó".€€The€powers€of€the€State€were:€€(a)€theÐ 4 >  ÐHCR;€(b)€the€Executive;€and€(c)the€Judiciary.Ð   ÐÌ35.à b àThe€transitional€legislative€authority,€the€HCR,€was€the€subject€ofÐ ­·  ÐtitleIII€of€the€Constitutional€Act.€€It€was€made€up€of€79members€elected€byÐ €Š  Ðthe€Sovereign€National€Conference.€€Members€were€drawn€from€the€politicalÐ S]  Ðparties,€associations,€socio„professional€circles,€etc.€(Constitutional€Act,Ð &0  Ðart.17,€of€23August1991).€€Among€other€powers,€it€exercised€the€legislativeÐ ù Ðfunction,€supervised€the€execution€of€the€decisions€of€the€Sovereign€NationalÐ ÌÖ ÐConference,€and€monitored€the€defence€and€promotion€of€human€rights.Ð Ÿ© ÐÌ36.à b àThe€Executive€was€the€subject€of€titlesIV€and€V€of€the€transitionalÐ EO ÐConstitutional€Act€and€was€represented€by€the€President€of€the€Republic€andÐ " Ðthe€PrimeMinister,€the€latter€being€designated€by€the€CNS.€€The€President€ofÐ ëõ Ðthe€Republic€ensured€the€continuity€of€the€State,€was€the€guarantor€ofÐ ¾È Ðnational€unity€and€independence€and€Supreme€Chief€of€the€armed€services,Ð ‘› Ðrepresented€the€State€abroad,€submitted€the€draft€constitution€to€a€referendumÐ dn Ðand€was€kept€informed€of€the€activities€of€the€Government.€€The€Prime€MinisterÐ 7A Ðpresided€over€the€Council€of€Ministers,€made€appointments€to€civil€andÐ   Ðmilitary€posts,€and€led€the€Government€in€conducting€national€policy€andÐ Ýç Ðmaking€preparations€for€the€constitutional€referendum€and€elections.Ð °º ÐÌ37.à b àThe€Judiciary€was€the€subject€of€titleVII€of€Act€No.7.€€TheseÐ V`  Ðprovisions€proclaimed€the€independence€of€the€magistrature€and€the€separationÐ ) 3! Ðof€the€Judiciary€from€the€other€powers.€€It€was€the€guardian€of€theÐ ü " Ðfundamental€rights€and€freedoms€of€citizens.Ð Ï!Ù# ÐÌòòThe€Constitution€of€the€Fourth€RepublicóóÐ u#% ÐÌ38.à b àThe€Constitution€of€the€Fourth€Republic€was€adopted€by€referendum€onÐ %% ' Ð27September1992€and€promulgated€on€14October1992.€€It€provides€for€anÐ î%ø ( ÐExecutive€headed€by€a€President€of€the€Republic€and€a€PrimeMinister.Ð Á&Ë!) ÐÌ39.à b àThe€President€of€the€Republic,€as€Head€of€State,€is€the€guarantor€ofÐ g(q#+ Ðterritorial€integrity,€national€unity,€and€observance€of€the€Constitution€andÐ :)D$, Ðinternational€treaties€and€agreements€(Constitution,€art.58).€€He€is€electedÐ  *%- Ðby€direct€universal€suffrage€for€a€five-year€term€renewable€only€onceÐ à*ê%. Ð(Constitution,€art.59).Ð ³+½&/ Ðâ âÐ †,'0 Ð40.à b àThe€PrimeMinister€is€the€Head€of€Government.€€In€this€capacity,€heÐ ö Ðâ âcoordinates€the€functions€of€the€other€members€of€the€GovernmentÐ ÉÓ Ð(Constitution,€art.78).Ð œ¦ ÐÌ41.à b àLegislative€authority€is€exercised€by€a€single€body€known€as€the€NationalÐ BL ÐAssembly,€whose€members€have€the€title€of€deputy.€€They€are€elected€for€aÐ   Ðfive„year€term€and€may€be€re„elected€(Constitution,€art.52).Ð è ò ÐÌ42.à b àOn€the€question€of€relations€between€the€Government€and€the€NationalÐ Ž ˜ ÐAssembly,€provision€is€made€for€a€procedure€whereby€the€Government€may€beÐ a k  Ðchallenged€before€the€National€Assembly€through€a€vote€of€confidenceÐ 4 >  Ð(Constitution,€art.€97)€or€a€censure€motion€(art.98).Ð   ÐÌÌÌÌ43.à b àThe€Judiciary€is€independent€of€the€Legislature€and€the€Executive,€and€isÐ &0  Ðthe€subject€of€titleVIII€of€the€Constitution.€€The€new€1992ConstitutionÐ ù Ðincludes€the€following€distinctive€features:€€establishment€of€politicalÐ ÌÖ Ðpluralism€(Constitution,€arts.6„9),€guarantees€for€the€protection€andÐ Ÿ© Ðpromotion€of€human€rights.€€Considerable€attention€is€devoted€to€political€andÐ r| Ðtrade-union€freedoms€and€human€rights€(Constitution,€arts.10„50).Ð EO ÐÌ44.à b àThe€new€Constitution€has€introduced€innumerable€innovations,€includingÐ ëõ Ðthe€establishment€of€the€Constitutional€Court,€the€Audit€Office,€the€SupremeÐ ¾È ÐAuthority€for€Broadcasting€and€Communications,€the€Economic€and€SocialÐ ‘› ÐCouncil,€the€High€Court€of€Justice€and€the€constitutionalization€of€theÐ dn ÐNational€Human€Rights€Commission.€€The€setting-up€of€these€institutions€willÐ 7A Ðrequire€considerable€financing.Ð   ÐÌà@ŒŒ–àIII.€€GENERAL€LEGAL€FRAMEWORK€WITHIN€WHICH€HUMAN€RIGHTS€ARE€PROTECTED€IN€TOGOˆÐ °º ÐÌ45.à b àThe€need€to€protect€human€rights€is€stressed€in€the€relevant€legislation.€Ð V`  ÐThrough€the€establishment€of€the€National€Human€Rights€Commission€(CNDH),Ð ) 3! Ðefforts€are€being€made€to€guarantee€the€rights€and€freedoms€of€citizens.Ð ü " ÐÌà@¦ ¦ –àA.€€òòThe€public€institutions€responsible€for€human€rightsóóˆÐ ¢"¬$ ÐÌ46.à b àGiven€that€the€Constitutional€Act€confers€independence€on€it,€TogoleseÐ H$R& Ðjustice€will€act€as€guardian€of€rights€and€freedoms.€€But€the€institutionsÐ %% ' Ðwhich€in€recent€years€have€played€an€important€part€in€the€protection€andÐ î%ø ( Ðdefence€of€human€rights€have€been€the€CNDH€and€the€Ministry€of€Human€Rights.Ð Á&Ë!) ÐÌòòThe€National€Human€Rights€Commission€(CNDH)óóÐ g(q#+ ÐÌ47.à b àAt€the€initiative€of€the€President€of€the€Republic,€the€CNDH€wasÐ  *%- Ðestablished€on€9June1987€by€Act€No.87„09€of€9June1987.€€It€is€a€civil„lawÐ à*ê%. Ðinstitution,€with€the€following€essential€objectives:Ð ³+½&/ ÐÌà b à(a)€€To€protect€the€rights€of€citizens;à0  àÐY-c(1$$ Їà b à(b)à0 ™ àTo€consider€and€recommend€to€the€authorities€any€bills€concerningÐ ö Ðhuman€rights€with€a€view€to€their€adoption;ÐÉÓ™ $™ $ ÐÌà b à(c)à0 ™ àTo€organize€seminars€and€symposia€on€human€rights;Ðoy™ $™ $ ÐÌà b à(d)à ™ àTo€express€opinions€on€human€rights€issues.Ð   ÐÌ48.à b àAs€to€remedies,€any€individual€who€considers€that€one€of€his€rights,Ð » Å Ðparticularly€a€civil€or€political€right,€has€been€violated€or€that€he€hasÐ Ž ˜ Ðsuffered€as€a€result€of€an€act€or€an€omission€by€the€Government€may€submit€aÐ a k  Ðpetition€to€the€Commission.€€The€petition€may€be€submitted€by€a€third€party€orÐ 4 >  Ðby€a€non„governmental€organization.Ð   ÐÌ49.à b àThe€CNDH€is€forbidden€to€intervene€in€a€judicial€proceeding,€except€inÐ ­·  Ðthe€event€of€a€miscarriage€of€justice.Ð €Š  ÐÌÌ50.à b àThe€petitioner€does€not€have€an€obligation€to€exhaust€internal€remedies;Ð ù Ðhe€may€choose€to€bring€the€matter€first€before€the€Commission,€which€actsÐ ÌÖ Ðsolely€as€a€mediator€since€its€decisions€are€not€accompanied€by€a€writ€ofÐ Ÿ© Ðenforcement.€€Whenever€a€matter€is€brought€before€it,€the€CNDH€undertakesÐ r| Ðinvestigations€and€on„site€inquiries,€and€contacts€the€authorities€concerned.€Ð EO ÐThus,€within€three€days€of€receiving€a€petition,€the€Executive€Committee€ofÐ " Ðthe€Commission,€which€is€composed€of€five€members,€must€meet€to€consider€theÐ ëõ Ðpetition€and,€if€it€is€admissible,€to€appoint€a€member€of€the€Commission€asÐ ¾È Ðspecialrapporteur€to€conduct€an€inquiry.€€The€special€rapporteur€must€beÐ ‘› Ðallowed€access€to€any€reports,€records€and€other€documents€and€to€any€objectsÐ dn Ðand€premises€connected€with€the€inquiry.Ð 7A ÐÌ51.à b àDuring€its€first€two€mandates€from€1987€to€1989,€the€CNDH€was€frequentlyÐ Ýç Ðcalled€upon€to€take€action.€€It€produced€two€reports€justifying€its€action.Ð °º ÐÌ52.à b àThe€number€of€petitions€has€increased€over€the€past€three€years€becauseÐ V`  Ðof€the€social€and€political€troubles,€which€have€prevented€the€CNDH€fromÐ ) 3! Ðfunctioning€or€producing€further€reports.Ð ü " ÐÌ53.à b àIn€line€with€its€adherence€to€the€principles€of€human€rights,€theÐ ¢"¬$ ÐGovernment€has€established€the€Ministry€of€Human€Rights€in€order€to€reinforceÐ u#% Ðthe€activities€of€the€CNDH.Ð H$R& ÐÌòòThe€Ministry€of€Human€RightsóóÐ î%ø ( ÐÌ54.à b àThe€Ministry€of€Human€Rights,€which€was€established€following€theÐ ”'ž"* Ðreorganization€of€the€Togolese€Government€in€January1992,€has€been€givenÐ g(q#+ Ðresponsibility€for€implementing€the€Government's€human€rights€policy€andÐ :)D$, Ðcoordinating€initiatives€in€this€area.€€The€Ministry's€efforts€are€aimed€atÐ  *%- Ðpromoting€human€rights€and€instructing€the€Togolese€people€in€their€rights€andÐ à*ê%. Ðduties.€€In€this€connection,€the€Ministry€has€organized€lectures/discussionsÐ ³+½&/ Ðâ âon€various€subjects€relating€to€human€rights€and€democracy,€in€Lom€and€in€theÐ †,'0 Ðinterior.€€At€the€international€level,€the€Ministry€has€participated€inÐ ö Ðvarious€seminars,€symposia€and€workshops.Ð ÉÓ Ðâ âÌ55.à b àThe€Ministry€of€Human€Rights€has€received€a€number€of€petitions€relatingÐ oy Ðto€the€protection€of€human€rights.€€Many€of€these€cases€fall€within€theÐ BL Ðcompetence€of€the€courts€or€other€ministries.€€The€Ministry€of€Human€RightsÐ   Ðalso€has€the€essential€task€of€ensuring€improved€follow-up€and€effectiveÐ è ò Ðimplementation,€in€domestic€legislation,€of€the€provisions€of€theÐ » Å Ðinternational€human€rights€instruments€ratified€by€Togo.€€In€this€context,€andÐ Ž ˜ Ðin€conjunction€with€the€other€competent€ministries,€it€undertakes€theÐ a k  Ðpreparation€of€the€reports€to€be€sent€to€the€OAU's€Commission€on€Human€andÐ 4 >  ÐPeoples'€Rights,€in€accordance€with€article62€of€the€African€Charter€on€HumanÐ   Ðand€Peoples'€Rights,€and€to€the€UnitedNations€Human€Rights€Committee,€inÐ Úä  Ðaccordance€with€the€provisions€of€article40€of€the€International€Covenant€onÐ ­·  ÐCivil€and€Political€Rights.Ð €Š  ÐÌ56.à b àBy€examining€the€various€provisions€enacted€at€the€national€level,€theÐ &0  ÐMinistry€of€Human€Rights€will€be€able€to€determine€national€practices€withÐ ù Ðregard€to€human€rights€and€make€proposals€for€improving€them€by€updating€themÐ ÌÖ Ðand€adopting€new€legislation€consistent€with€international€standards.Ð Ÿ© ÐÌà@” ” –àB.€€òòThe€situation€of€human€rights€in€TogoóóˆÐ EO ÐÌ57.à b àEver-increasing€importance€is€attached€to€human€rights€questions€in€Togo.€Ð ëõ ÐThey€are€given€pride€of€place€in€fundamental€legislation€and€are€to€beÐ ¾È Ðdisseminated€and€publicized€more€widely€among€the€public.Ð ‘› ÐÌ58.à b àThe€period€of€democratic€transition€has€given€rise€to€substantial€socialÐ 7A Ðand€political€tension,€which€has€been€reflected€in€inter-ethnic€disturbancesÐ   Ðand€numerous€breaches€of€law€and€order.€€Public€and€private€property€has€beenÐ Ýç Ðregularly€attacked€by€demonstrators:€€houses€have€been€destroyed,€blown€up€andÐ °º Ðransacked€and€damage€has€been€considerable.€€There€has€been€incitement€toÐ ƒ Ðtribal€hatred,€which€has€led€to€people€taking€the€law€into€their€own€hands€inÐ V`  Ðthe€towns,€villages€and€neighbourhoods.Ð ) 3! ÐÌ59.à b àThe€situation€has€deteriorated€throughout€the€democratic€process,€and€theÐ Ï!Ù# Ðpolice€and€security€forces€have€been€hard€put€to€it€to€perform€their€dutiesÐ ¢"¬$ Ðeffectively.€€In€these€circumstances,€the€authorities€responsible€forÐ u#% Ðmaintaining€law€and€order€and€the€judicial€authorities€have€also€had€greatÐ H$R& Ðdifficulty€in€discharging€their€responsibilities.€€It€therefore€appearedÐ %% ' Ðadvisable€that€the€various€parties€to€the€democratic€process€should€findÐ î%ø ( Ðsolutions€to€the€political€crisis€in€Togo.Ð Á&Ë!) ÐÌ60.à b àA€joint€commission€was€accordingly€set€up€on€28July1992€comprising€aÐ g(q#+ Ðdelegation€sympathetic€to€the€President€and€an€opposition€delegationÐ :)D$, Ðrepresented€by€eight€political€parties.€€The€work€of€this€joint€commissionÐ  *%- Ðcentred€on€divergencies€relating€to€the€organization€of€elections,€amendmentÐ à*ê%. Ðof€the€various€provisions€relating€thereto€(Electoral€Code€and€draftÐ ³+½&/ ÐConstitution)€and,€above€all,€the€essential€question€of€the€extension€of€theÐ †,'0 Ðperiod€of€transition€which,€in€accordance€with€article66€of€ActNo.7,€wasÐ Y-c(1 Ðdue€to€end€after€12months,€in€other€words,€on€28August1992.€€The€variousÐ ö Ðparties€concerned€agreed€on€an€extension€of€the€transition€period€toÐ ÉÓ Ð31December1992€conditional€upon€the€setting„up€of€the€transition€organs.€€AÐ œ¦ Ðlegal€context€had€to€be€found€for€that€purpose.Ð oy ÐÌ61.à b àDraft€legislation€was€accordingly€submitted€to€the€HCR€for€adoption€byÐ   Ðthe€joint€commission.€€This€legislation€included:Ð è ò ÐÌà b à(a)à ™ àActNo.92-001/PR€of€27August1992€amending€ActNo.7€of€theÐ Ž ˜ ÐSovereign€National€Conference€of€23August1991,€the€constitutional€actÐ a k  Ðorganizing€the€various€powers€during€the€transition€period;Ð 4 >  ÐÌà b à(b)à ™ àActNo.92„2/PR€of€27August1992€amending€the€draft€ConstitutionÐ Úä  Ðannexed€to€ActNo.4€of€20July1992€organizing€the€constitutional€referendum;Ð ­·  ÐÌà b à(c)à ™ àActNo.92„3/PR€of€27August1992€maintaining€the€composition€ofÐ S]  Ðthe€High€Council€of€the€Republic;€andÐ &0  ÐÌà b à(d)à ™ àActNo.92„4/PR€of€27August1992€providing€that€the€Prime€MinisterÐ ÌÖ Ðshould€remain€in€office.Ð Ÿ© ÐÌÌ62.à b àFollowing€this€political€readjustment,€the€President€of€the€RepublicÐ " Ðregained€most€of€his€powers,€notably€chairmanship€of€the€Council€of€Ministers,Ð ëõ Ðdepending€on€the€importance€of€the€agenda.Ð ¾È ÐÌ63.à b àIn€its€conclusions,€the€joint€commission€stated€that€its's€aims€wereÐ dn Ðmainly€to€place€the€conduct€of€Togolese€politics€on€a€footing€of€consensusÐ 7A Ðbetween€the€Head€of€State€and€the€PrimeMinister.€€Despite€the€jointÐ   Ðcommission's€efforts,€however,€it€did€not€prove€possible€to€hold€the€electionsÐ Ýç Ðwithin€the€new€time-limit.Ð °º ÐÌ64.à b àAfter€the€extension€of€the€transition€and€the€formation€of€the€newÐ V`  ÐGovernment,€tension€remained€high€and€gave€rise€to€a€general€strike€andÐ ) 3! Ðclashes€between€followers€of€different€movements.€€In€order€to€remedy€thisÐ ü " Ðsituation,€a€crisis€Government€was€formed,€headed€by€the€PrimeMinister,€whoÐ Ï!Ù# Ðwas€redesignated€by€decree€of€the€President€of€the€Republic.€€This€GovernmentÐ ¢"¬$ Ðis€called€upon€to€function€on€the€basis€of€a€minimum€seven-point€politicalÐ u#% Ðprogramme,€whose€main€aim€is€to€restore€security€with€a€view€to€the€successfulÐ H$R& Ðconclusion€of€the€democratic€transition.Ð %% ' ÐÌà@B B –àC.€€òòIncorporation€of€international€human€rights€provisionsˆÐ Á&Ë!) ÐóóÔÐ Ð Ð ¥¥Ô€òòin€the€internal€order€and€remediesiÐ ”'ž"* ÐóóÌòòIncorporation€in€the€internal€orderóóÐ :)D$, ÐÌ65.à b àThe€new€legislation€enacted€since€democratic€liberalization€is€in€lineÐ à*ê%. Ðwith€the€international€provisions€on€human€rights,€which€figure€prominently€inÐ ³+½&/ Ðthat€legislation.Ð †,'0 ÐÐ Y-c(1 Ð66.à b àThe€preamble€to€the€Togolese€Constitution€stipulates€that€the€TogoleseÐ ö ÐState€is€committed€to€the€protection€of€human€rights€as€defined€by€the€1945Ð ÉÓ ÐCharter€of€the€UnitedNations,€the€1948€Universal€Declaration€of€Human€Rights,Ð œ¦ Ðthe€1966€International€Covenants€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€and€onÐ oy ÐEconomic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights,€and€the€1981€African€Charter€of€HumanÐ BL Ðand€Peoples'€Rights.€€Title€I€of€the€Constitution€is,€in€fact,€exclusivelyÐ   Ðdevoted€to€rights€and€freedoms.Ð è ò ÐÌ67.à b àThe€Electoral€Code€(Act€No.92„3€of€8July€1992)€contains€provisionsÐ Ž ˜ Ðgoverning€the€organization€of€election€campaigns€and€voting€procedures.€€TheÐ a k  ÐCharter€of€the€Political€Parties€organizes€political€competition€between€theÐ 4 >  Ðvarious€political€parties,€whose€functioning€is€admitted€in€the€new€pluralistÐ   Ðpolitical€context.€€Freedom€of€the€press€is€ensured€by€ActNo.90-25€ofÐ Úä  Ð30November€1990.€€Similarly,€associations€engage€freely€in€their€activities.Ð ­·  ÐAll€these€public€freedoms€are,€however,€reflected€in€other€legal€instrumentsÐ €Š  Ð(Penal€Code,€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure,€Togolese€Family€Code,€NationalityÐ S]  ÐCode,€etc.).Ð &0  ÐÌ68.à b àThe€provisions€of€the€international€human€rights€instruments€are€in€factÐ ÌÖ Ðincorporated€in€the€Togolese€Constitution€and€may€thus€be€invoked€before€theÐ Ÿ© ÐTogolese€courts.Ð r| ÐÌòòÌÌÌRemediesóóÐ ‘› ÐÌ69.à b àOn€the€question€of€remedies,€any€individual€who€considers€that€his€humanÐ 7A Ðrights€have€been€violated€may€approach€the€private€institutions€for€theÐ   Ðdefence€of€human€rights,€human€rights€associations€and€leagues,€the€CNDH€orÐ Ýç Ðthe€courts.Ð °º ÐÌ70.à b àThe€first€two€types€of€institution€simply€play€a€mediatory€role.€€OnlyÐ V`  Ðthe€courts€are€able,€when€the€violations€have€been€proved,€to€restore€theÐ ) 3! Ðvictims'€rights.€€In€addition,€since€Togo€is€a€party€to€the€Optional€Protocol,Ð ü " Ðprivate€individuals€are€able€to€submit€communications€to€the€Human€RightsÐ Ï!Ù# ÐCommittee.€Ð ¢"¬$ ÐÌòòThe€competent€authorities€in€the€area€of€human€rightsóóÐ H$R& ÐÌ71.à b àThe€authorities€competent€to€deal€with€cases€of€human€rights€violationsÐ î%ø ( Ðare€the€members€of€the€CNDH,€officials€of€the€Ministry€of€Human€Rights,€andÐ Á&Ë!) Ðthe€judicial€and€administrative€authorities.Ð ”'ž"* ÐÌà@´´(–àINFORMATION€AND€PUBLICITYˆÐ :)D$, ÐÌ72.à b àEver€since€its€establishment,€the€CNDH€has€periodically€conductedÐ à*ê%. Ðnationwide€human€rights€awareness€and€education€campaigns.€€It€also€organizesÐ ³+½&/ Ðtraining€seminars€and€symposia.€€The€leagues€and€associations€organize€similarÐ †,'0 Ðactivities,€as€does€the€Ministry€of€Human€Rights.Ð Y-c(1 Ї73.à b àDuring€recent€years,€there€has€been€a€significant€increase€in€theÐ ö Ðpublicity€given€to€the€provisions€of€the€Universal€Declaration€of€Human€RightsÐ ÉÓ Ðthrough€educational€television€programmes.€€The€establishment€of€theÐ œ¦ ÐDirectorate€for€Promotion€within€the€Ministry€of€Human€Rights€represented€aÐ oy Ðfurther€step€in€this€direction.Ð BL ÐÌ74.à b àWith€a€view€to€the€effective€implementation€of€all€provisions€relating€toÐ è ò Ðhuman€rights,€further€efforts€must€be€made€in€the€areas€of€public€awarenessÐ » Å Ðand€education.€€Similarly,€the€teaching€of€human€rights,€which€is€provided€forÐ Ž ˜ Ðin€the€Togolese€education€system€but€not€yet€fully€practised,€must€be€put€intoÐ a k  Ðeffect.€€The€fact€that€periodic€reports€are€required€by€various€UnitedNationsÐ 4 >  Ðbodies€means€that€the€Government€should€pay€particular€attention€to€thisÐ   Ðquestion.€€All€these€initiatives€necessitate€human€and€financial€investments.€Ð Úä  ÐThe€assistance€of€the€UnitedNations€agencies€is€essential€if€these€objectivesÐ ­·  Ðare€to€be€attained.Ð €Š  ÐÌÌà@œœ2–à„„„„„ˆÌ