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ÐàÑ···àˆà à àI.à ™ àFertilityà“ccqc.  .àˆà‘vàˆà W à30à‘""‡U#à10ˆÐ .½&/ ÐàÑ···àˆÌàÑ···àˆà à àJ.à ™ àPopulation€distributionà“ccqc.••<àˆà‘ÇÇtà31ˆà W à„à < à32à‘""‡U#à11ˆÐ Å/c(1=¾ ÐàÑ···àˆà à àK.à ™ àHouseholds€headed€by€womenà“ccqc.ÁÁ?àˆà‘vàˆà W à33à‘""‡U#à11ˆÐ €  ÐàÑ···àˆÌàÑ···àˆà à àL.à ™ àMarriage€and€divorceà“ccqc.ii9àˆà‘ÇÇtà34ˆà W à„à < à35à‘""‡U#à11ˆÐ & ¦ ÐÌÌÌÌGE.94„15497€€(E)Ð EÅ ÐÐ  ˜ ÐÑØbÑÑ}‰ÑÓ`4++b™ Ð >u¬ã±“Qˆ¿ö!+ +·à™ Ð cW< U#`Óà@®®E–àCONTENTS€(òòcontinuedóó)ˆÐ ö ÐÌà b àà ™ àà Ð àà  àà > àà u àà ¬ àà ã àà ± àà  àà “ àòòà Q àà ˆ àParagraphsóóà ö! àÐ œ¦ Ðà b àòòPageóóÐ oy ÐÓE"+ +·à™ Ð cWƒ Û"++ˆ7±“Qƒ7EÓÌÓN"+ +·à™ Ð cWƒ ò"+ +·à™ Ð cWƒ Û"NÓàÑ‹‹·àÓN"+ +·à™ Ð cW: R#+ +·à™ Ð cWƒ ò"NÓIIIˆ.à à àINSURRECTIONAL€MOVEMENTS€IN€SURINAMEà“ccqc.ððBàˆà‘ÇÇtà36ˆà W à„à : à39à‘Š"Š"‡R#à12ˆÐ   ÐÌàÑïï·àIVˆ.à à àGENERAL€POLITICAL€STRUCTURE€AT€PRESENTà“ccqc.¸¸Dàˆà‘ÇÇtà40ˆà W à„à : à72à‘Š"Š"‡R#à13ˆÐ » Å ÐÌàÑ···àˆà à àA.à ™ àPolitical€history€of€Surinameà“ccqc.ííBàˆà‘ÇÇtà40ˆà W à„à : à46à‘Š"Š"‡R#à13ˆÐ a k  ÐàÑ···àˆà à àB.à ™ àOrganization€of€the€executive,€legislative€andÐ 4 >  ÐàÑ···àˆà à àà ™ àjudicial€organsà“ccqc.uu4àˆà‘ÇÇtà47ˆà W à„à : à67à‘Š"Š"‡R#à14ˆÐ   ÐàÑ···àˆà + ààÑ···àˆà à àC.à ™ àThe€nature€of€the€Constitutionà“ccqc.QQCàˆà‘ÇÇtà68ˆà W à„à : à72à‘Š"Š"‡R#à18ˆÐ Úä  ÐÌàÑSS·àVˆ.à à àGENERAL€LEGAL€FRAMEWORK€WITHIN€WHICH€HUMAN€RIGHTS€AREÐ €Š  ÐàÑ···àˆà à àPROTECTEDà Ð àà“ccqc.Ð Ð -àˆà‘ÇÇtà73ˆà W à„à : à90à‘Š"Š"‡R#à19ˆÐ S]  ÐÌàÑïï·àVIˆ.à à àINFORMATION€AND€PUBLICITYà“ccqc.¤¤7àˆà‘ÇÇtà91ˆà W à„à : à92à‘Š"Š"‡R#à22ˆÐ ù ÐÌÐ  Ÿ© ÐÓZ.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!+ +·à™ Ð cW: R#ZÓà@ààF–àI.€€LAND€AND€PEOPLEˆÐ ö ÐÌà@ààF–àA.€€òòLand€and€peopleóóˆÐ œ¦ ÐÌ1.à b àSuriname€is€situated€on€the€north„eastern€coast€of€South€AmericaÐ BL Ðbetween2ð$ð€and€6ð$ð€N.€latitude€and€54ð$ð€and€49ð$ð€W.€longitude.€€The€countryÐ   Ðisbordered€by€Guyana€to€the€west,€French€Guiana€to€the€east€and€BrazilÐ è ò Ðtothesouth.€€The€capital€is€Paramaribo.€€The€total€land€area€amounts€toÐ » Å Ðapproximately€165,000€kmòò2óó,€85€per€cent€of€which€is€covered€by€tropicalÐ Ž ˜ Ðrainforest.Ð a k  ÐÌà@ppJ–àB.€€òòHistoryóóˆÐ   ÐÌ2.à b àSuriname€was,€as€far€back€as€from€1667,€a€Dutch€colony€with€a€plantationÐ ­·  Ðeconomy,€using€cheap€labourers€from€Africa,€East€India€and€Java€(Indonesia).€Ð €Š  ÐThe€descendants€of€these€immigrants€now€compose€the€majority€of€theÐ S]  Ðpopulation.Ð &0  ÐÌ3.à b àIn€1954€Suriname€was€granted€internal€autonomy,€and€became€fullyÐ ÌÖ Ðindependent€from€the€Netherlands€in€November€1975.€€Before€and€afterÐ Ÿ© Ðindependence,€coalitions€of€ethnic€political€parties€took€turns€in€governing.€Ð r| ÐIn€February€1980€a€military€òòcoup€d'tatóó€replaced€the€civilian€government.€Ð EO ÐAfter€seven€years€of€rule,€a€coalition€of€the€three€major€ethnic€politicalÐ " Ðparties€won€the€general€elections€in€November€1987€and€took€power.€€FromÐ ëõ ÐDecember1990€to€September€1992,€after€an€unarmed€military€òòcoup€d'tatóó,€aÐ ¾È Ðmilitary€regime€was€again€in€power,€which€organized€elections€that€were€won€byÐ ‘› Ðthe€same€coalition€of€political€parties€as€in€1987,€expanded€with€the€Workers'Ð dn ÐParty,€which€had€originated€from€the€trade€union€movement.€€This€coalition€hasÐ 7A Ðbeen€in€power€since€September€1991.Ð   ÐÌà@B B 2–àC.€€òòDemography;€socio„ethnic€composition€of€the€populationóóˆÐ °º ÐÌ4.à b àWith€respect€to€the€demographic€importance€of€the€various€populationÐ V`  Ðgroups€in€Suriname,€it€may€be€stated€that€no€statistical€data€are€available.€Ð ) 3! 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Â¥3III „„=Ð352€041Ð =€III,! ¦3III „„=Ð100Ð =€III,! §3III „„=Ð387€030Ð =€III,! ¨3III „„=Ð100Ð =€III,! ©3III „„=Ð396€835Ð =€III,! ª3III „„=Ð100Ð =€III,! «3III „„=Ð404€962Ð =€III,! ¬3III „„=Ð100Ð =€III,! ­3III „„=Ð408€864Ð ?€IIII,! ®3III „„?Ð100Ð<20 ¯3 ˜ ( IIII <ÐÌ€€€€€€€*€€The€district€borders€were€changed€in€1985;€due€to€the€changed€borders€of€the€districts,€the€data€forÐ €7° Ð1980€have€been€calculated.Ð G þ± ÐÌ€€€€€€€òòSourceóó:€€Demographic€Data€for€Suriname€(1988).Ð Õ!Œ³ ÐÐ  œ"S´ ÐÑÑÑTRX<Ð6Â&_(Â&Ð6 Ë6Æ&A4Æ&Ë6A4 LandscapeTÑÑØ+ÑÑ}ÅÑÒ+¥ÒÒÅ+Ò5.à b àIn€this€regard€the€following€can€be€observed:Ð F ÐÌà b à(a)à ™ àThe€total€population€is€unevenly€spread€over€the€nationalÐ ì¦ Ðterritory;Ð ¿y ÐÌà b à(b)à ™ àA€larger€proportion€of€the€population€is€living€in€the€narrowÐ e Ðcoastal€area€of€approximately€50€kmòò2óó;Ð 8ò ÐÌà b à(c)à ™ àSixty„five€per€cent€of€the€population€(Paramaribo€and€Wanica)€livesÐ Þ ˜ Ðon€approximately€0.5€per€cent€of€the€national€territory;Ð ± k  ÐÌà b à(d)à ™ àOnly€7€per€cent€of€the€population€(Sipaliwini)€lives€on80€per€centÐ W   Ðof€the€territory.Ð * ä  ÐÌ6.à b àThe€population€was€estimated€at€404,301*€in€1991.€€According€to€1989РЊ  Ðfigures,€the€largest€groups€of€the€population€are€people€originatingÐ £]  ÐfromIndia€(Indians,€37€per€cent),€mixed€people€of€African€originÐ v0  Ð(Creoles,31percent),€from€Indonesian€origin€(Javanese,€14€per€cent),Ð I Ðdescendants€from€runaway€slaves€(Bushnegroes,€9€per€cent).€€The€originalÐ Ö Ðinhabitants,€the€indigenous€Amerindians,€comprise€3€per€cent€of€the€presentÐ ï© Ðpopulation,€while€other€small€groups€are€of€Chinese€(3€per€cent),€European,Ð Â| ÐLebanese€and€other€origin€(3€per€cent).Ð •O ÐÌ7.à b àSome€150,000€Surinamese€migrated€to€the€Netherlands€in€1975,€prior€toÐ ;õ ÐIndependence€Day.€€Since€1975,€migration€has€continued€at€a€slower€place€andÐ È Ðhas€expanded€to€other€countries,€like€the€United€States€and€the€NetherlandsÐ á› ÐAntilles.Ð ´n ÐÌà@ppJ–àD.€€òòEconomyóóˆÐ Z ÐÌ8.à b àUntil€the€Second€World€War,€Suriname€was€a€plantation€economy.€€Since€theÐ º Ðwar,€the€mainstay€of€the€economy€has€been€the€production€of€bauxite.€€ExportsÐ Ó Ðof€bauxite,€alumina€and€aluminium€have€accounted€for€70€to€80€per€cent€of€theÐ ¦`  Ðcountry's€total€export€and€for€the€bulk€of€government€revenue€through€a€systemÐ y3! Ðof€export€levies€and€other€taxes.Ð L" ÐÌ9.à b àBoth€in€the€period€of€internal€autonomy€(1954„1975)€and€in€the€first€partÐ ò ¬$ Ðof€its€independence,€development€activities€were€also€financed€by€developmentÐ Å!% Ðaid€from€the€Netherlands.€€In€1983€this€flow€of€development€aid€was€suspendedÐ ˜"R& Ðfor€political€reasons.€€About€40€per€cent€of€this€aid€is€still€available€todayÐ k#% ' Ðdisbursal€of€which€requires€both€Surinamese€and€Dutch€approval.Ð >$ø ( ÐÌÌÌòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÐ Š'D$, ÐÌà b à*€€All€figures€concerning€demography€are€taken€from€the€census€held€inÐ 0)ê%. Ð1980.€€The€figures€are€updated€by€the€General€Bureau€for€Statistics€("ABS").Ð *½&/ Ðà b àÌÌÌÐ O- *3 ЇÖ€J?¦Ö10.à b àThe€economy€of€Suriname€is€rapidly€declining,€which€is€being€underlinedÐ ö Ðby€the€following:Ð ÉÓ ÐÌà b à(a)à ™ àDeficits€on€the€order€of€15€per€cent€of€GDP,€which€are€financed€byÐ oy Ðmonetary€expansion;Ð BL ÐÌà b à(b)à ™ àThe€growing€imbalance€between€government€revenue€and€expenditure;Ð è ò ÐÌà b à(c)à ™ àThe€large€volume€of€the€civil€service;Ð Ž ˜ ÐÌà b à(d)à ™ àThe€poor€performance€of€most€public€and€parastatal€enterprises;Ð 4 >  ÐÌà b à(e)à ™ àIncreasing€unemployment.Ð Úä  ÐÌà b à(f)à ™ àRising€official€consumer€price€index;Ð €Š  ÐÌà b à(g)à ™ àMigration€of€professionals;Ð &0  ÐÌ11.à b àIn€1993€the€Government€decided€to€carry€out€a€structural€adjustmentÐ ÌÖ Ðprogramme,€based€on€studies€of€the€consulting€firm€of€Coopers€and€Lybrand€andÐ Ÿ© Ðthe€Warwick€Research€Institute.Ð r| ÐÌà@ 4–àE.€€òòMain€characteristics€of€the€country's€institutionsóóˆÐ " ÐÌ12.à b àAccording€to€article€52€of€the€Constitution,€Suriname€is€a€politicalÐ ¾È Ðdemocracy.€€This€article€reads€as€follows:€€"All€political€power€is€vested€inÐ ‘› Ðthe€people€and€shall€be€exercised€in€accordance€with€the€Constitution".€€ToÐ dn Ðaccomplish€this€there€is€a€National€Assembly,€which€is€the€highest€organ€ofÐ 7A ÐState€(art.€55,€sect.€2).€€Members€of€this€Assembly€are€chosen€by€the€peopleÐ   Ðthrough€general,€free€and€secret€elections€for€a€five„year€term.€€The€NationalÐ Ýç ÐAssembly€has€the€following€powers€at€its€disposal:Ð °º ÐÌà b à(a)à ™ àThe€power€to€decide€over€all€bills€submitted€to€it€for€approval;Ð V`  ÐÌà b à(b)à ™ àThe€power€to€decide€by€a€two„thirds€majority€on€organizing€aÐ ü " ÐPeople's€Assembly€or€a€plebescite€in€the€cases€provided€for€by€law,€or€if€theÐ Ï!Ù# ÐNational€Assembly€deems€it€necessary€to€do€so;Ð ¢"¬$ Ðà b àÌà b à(c)à ™ àThe€National€Assembly€lays€down€its€Rules€of€Order;€these€RulesÐ H$R& ÐofOrder€shall€be€promulgated€by€a€decision€of€State€(art.€71,€sects.€1,€2Ð %% ' Ðand3).Ð î%ø ( ÐÌ13.à b àThe€legislative€power€is€exercised€jointly€by€the€National€Assembly€andÐ ”'ž"* Ðthe€Government.€€The€Government,€headed€by€a€President,€has€executive€power,Ð g(q#+ Ðwhich€is€divided€over€16€departments,€each€headed€by€a€Minister.Ð :)D$, ÐÌ14.à b àThe€judicial€power€is€formed€by€the€President€and€the€Vice„President€ofÐ à*ê%. Ðthe€High€Court€of€Justice,€the€members€and€the€surrogate€members€of€the€HighÐ ³+½&/ Ðâ âCourt€of€Justice,€the€Attorney„General€with€the€High€Court€of€Justice,€and€theÐ †,'0 Ðother€members€of€the€Public€Prosecutor's€Office,€and€of€other€judicialÐ ö Ðfunctionaries€indicated€by€law€(art.€133,€sect.€1).Ð ÉÓ Ðâ âÌÐ  oy Ðà@þ þ 9–àII.€€òòSocial„economic€and€cultural€indicatorsóóˆÐ ö ÐÌà@‚‚B–àA.€€òòGross€domestic€productóóˆÐ œ¦ ÐÌ15.à b àThe€1990€GDP€was,€according€to€official€data€(source:€€the€UNDP/ILOÐ BL Ðreport€"Suriname:€€The€Challenges€to€Meet€the€Social€Debt"),Ð   ÐSf.2,640million,€which€is€Sf.€6,400€on€a€per€capita€basis.€€AccordingÐ è ò Ðtotheofficial€exchange€rate€of€1990€(US$1€=€Sf.€1.80),€the€per€capita€GDPÐ » Å Ðwould€be€the€equivalent€of€US$€3,550.€€When€parameters€like€purchasing€power,Ð Ž ˜ Ðprice€developments€and€traditional€trade€ratios€are€taken€into€account,€aÐ a k  Ðmorerealistic€1990€per€capita€GDP€would€be€US$915€to€US$1,070€(exchangeÐ 4 >  Ðrate€US$1=€Sf.€8).€€In€July€1993€the€authorities€lifted€almost€allÐ   Ðrestrictions€on€a€free€exchange€rate.€€With€these€actions€the€authoritiesÐ Úä  Ðwanted€to€legalize€the€parallel€exchange€market.€€The€regular€banks,€whichÐ ­·  Ðwere€still€bound€by€the€old€official€exchange€rate€(US$€1€to€Sf.€1.80),€gotÐ €Š  Ðinvolved€in€this€procedure€as€well.€€These€actions€lifted€the€exchange€rate€toÐ S]  Ða€height€of€US$1=€Sf.€60).€€As€a€consequence,€a€further€decrease€of€the€perÐ &0  Ðcapita€GDP€was€noted.Ð ù ÐÌ16.à b àThe€following€table€shows€GDP€for€1988„1990€(the€latest€figuresÐ Ÿ© Ðavailable,€in€millions€of€Suriname€guilders:Ð r| ÐÌÔ*AƒKL d dB„d B¼„d ¼ê„d 겄d ²†„d †²„d ²†„d †²„d ²†„d †²„d ²†„d †²„d ²†„t †GH+$+$AÔÔ,´„d"ÔÔ,´„d"ÔÔ,´„d"ÔÔ,´„t"ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 6€II'"" €P€‚˜‚ƒƒ„„6ÐYearÐ 2€II#°ºII „„2Ð1988Ð 2€II#°ºII „„2Ð1989Ð 6€III#°ºII „„6Ð1990Ð L€III;#°º ˜ P III €`€‚˜‚ƒ ƒ„„LÐGDPÐ 4€III#III „„4Ð2€321.2Ð 4€III#III „„4Ð2€504.9Ð 6€IIII#III „„6Ð2€640.0Ð3)' ˜ `  IIII 3ÐÌ€€€€€òòSourceóó:€€Central€Bank€of€Suriname€1993.Ð ÎØ ÐÌÌà@PPB–àB.€€òòInflation€and€recessionóóˆÐ GQ" ÐÌ17.à b àBetween€1980€and€1985,€Suriname€was€affected€by€a€declining€world€marketÐ í÷$ Ðdemand€for€bauxite,€which€caused€a€reduction€of€31€per€cent€of€the€bauxiteÐ ÀÊ% Ðsector€export€earnings.Ð “ & ÐÌà b àThe€falling€terms€of€trade€resulted€in€a€decline€of€35€per€cent€of€theÐ 9"C( Ðmain€export€earnings,€causing€a€reduction€of€7.3€per€cent€of€GDP€per€capitaÐ  #) Ðbetween€1980€and€1983.Ð ß#é* ÐÌà b àInternal€activity€adjusted€in€response€to€the€severe€externalÐ …% , Ðconstraints(reduction€in€the€import/GDP€coefficient;€diminishing€of€internalÐ X&b!- Ðconsumption).€€This€resulted€in€a€sharp€decline€of€Government€revenue.€€TheÐ +'5". Ðbudget€deficit€reached€an€unprecedented€height€of€12.9€per€cent€of€GDPÐ þ'#/ Ðin1983,€as€compared€with€a€deficit€of€5.1€per€cent€in€1982,€as€a€consequenceÐ Ñ(Û#0 Ðof€both€the€suspension€of€Dutch€development€aid€in€1983€and€the€falling€incomeÐ ¤)®$1 Ðfrom€the€bauxite€sector.€€In€1988€the€budget€deficit€reached€21.3€per€cent€ofÐ w*%2 ÐGDP;€in€1989€this€percentage€was€14.8€per€cent.Ð J+T&3 Ðâ âÐ ,''4 Ð18.à b àThe€increasing€government€deficit€was€financed€by€monetary€expansion.€Ð ö Ðâ âAsa€result,€the€levels€of€inflation€dropped€from€7.3€per€cent€in€1982Ð ÉÓ Ðto4.4percent€in€1983€and€3.7€per€cent€in€1984.€€Between€1985€and€1987€GDPÐ œ¦ Ðper€capita€dropped€by€12€per€cent.€€Recession€went€together€with€inflation.€Ð oy ÐConsumer€prices€increased€by€11€per€cent€in€1986,€19€per€cent€in€1986Ð BL Ðand53per€cent€in€1987.€€Real€wages€decreased€by€40€per€cent.Ð   ÐÌ19.à b àThe€situation€of€inflation€and€the€external€in€Suriname€since€1985Ð » Å Ðand1988€respectively€are€reflected€in€the€following€tables:Ð Ž ˜ ÐÌà@ÔÔK–àòòInflationóóˆÐ 4 >  ÐÌÔ*–ƒMN dd´„d"´´„d"´´„d"´´„t"´KL+$+$–ÔÔ,`„d ÔÔ,ª„d ÔÔ,„d ÔÔ,„d ÔÔ,„d ÔÔ,„d ÔÔ,„d ÔÔ,Єd ÔÔ,Єt ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 6€II'Úä Úä  €P€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„6ÐDescriptionà€' ' '' àˆÐ 2€II#bl II „„2Ðà@( ( ,ð à1985ˆÐ 2€II#bl II „„2Ðà@7Éà1986ˆÐ 2€II#bl II „„2Ðà@  CÑà1987ˆÐ 2€II#bl II „„2Ðà@NÙà1988ˆÐ 2€II#bl II „„2Ðà@Záà1989ˆÐ 2€II#bl II „„2Ðà@!!féà1990ˆÐ 2€II#bl II „„2Ðà@sUà1991ˆÐ 6€III#bl II „„6Ðà@#!#!‚"à1992*ˆÐ J€II;#bl  ˆ P III €p€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„JÐPrimaryÐ ª´  ÐliquidityÐ }‡  ÐmassÐ PZ  Ð(millionÐ #- ÐSf.)Ð 2€II#öII „„2Ð880Ð ;€II,!ª´ "II „„;Ðà@Ï Ï 7Éà1€230ˆÐ 2€II#ª´ II „„2Ðà@××CÑà1€562ˆÐ 2€II#ª´ II „„2Ðà@ßßNÙà1€945ˆÐ 2€II#ª´ II „„2Ðà@ççZáà2€164ˆÐ 2€II#ª´ II „„2Ðà@ïïféà2€251ˆÐ 2€II#ª´ II „„2Ðà@÷÷rUà2€886.1ˆÐ 6€III#ª´ !II „„6Ðà@¿ ¿ "à3€221.1ˆÐ J€I;#ª´ " ˆ p III €€‚x‚ƒƒ„„JÐ%€inflationÐ .8# Ð(ABS)Ð 2€I# $I „„2Ð10.9Ð 2€I#.8%I „„2Ðà@7Éà18.7ˆÐ 2€I#.8&I „„2Ðà@  CÑà53.4ˆÐ 2€I#.8'I „„2Ðà@CCOÙà7.2ˆÐ 2€I#.8(I „„2Ðà@KK[áà0.8ˆÐ 2€I#.8)I „„2Ðà@!!féà21.7ˆÐ 2€I#.8*I „„2Ðà@sUà26.0ˆÐ 6€II#.8+I „„6Ðà@U!U!‚"à43.6ˆÐ J€I;#.8, x  II €˜€‚x‚ƒƒ„„JÐParallelÐ 9C- ÐexchangeÐ  . Ðrate€(Nf.1Ð ßé/ Ðin€Sf.)Ð 2€I#²¼0I „„2Ѐ€€à@( ( ,ð à2.00ˆÐ 2€I#9C1I „„2Ðà@7Éà3.10ˆÐ 2€I#9C2I „„2Ðà@  CÑà5.55ˆÐ 2€I#9C3I „„2Ðà@NÙà4.95ˆÐ 2€I#9C4I „„2Ðà@Záà6.33ˆÐ 2€I#9C5I „„2Ðà@!!féà8.99ˆÐ 2€I#9C6I „„2Ðà@sUà9.69ˆÐ 6€II#9C7I „„6Ðà@#!#!‚"à13.96ˆÐ L€II;#9C8 x ˜ II €8€‚x‚ƒ ƒ„„LÐ%€inflationÐ êô9 Ð(accordingÐ ½Ç: Ðto€theÐ š; ÐparallelÐ cm< ÐexchangeÐ 6@= Ðrate)Ð 4€II# >II „„4Ðà@Œ Œ -ð à33ˆÐ 4€II#êô?II „„4Ðà@ee8Éà55ˆÐ 4€II#êô@II „„4Ðà@mmDÑà79ˆÐ 4€II#êôAII „„4Ðà@CCOÙà„11ˆÐ 4€II#êôBII „„4Ðà@}}[áà28ˆÐ 4€II#êôCII „„4Ðà@……géà42ˆÐ 4€II#êôDII „„4Ðà@##uUà8ˆÐ 6€III#êôEII „„6Ðà@U!U!‚"à44.1ˆÐ3)'êôF x 8  III 3ÐÌ€€€€€€*€€Tentative€data.Ð Ï ÙG ÐÌÌà@––O–àˆÌà@A–àòòExternal€debtóó€€(million€Sf.)ˆÐ $%K ÐÌÔ*õƒOP d d`„d `ª„d ª„d „d „d „d „d Єd ÐЄt ÐMN+$+$õÔÔ,#„d ÔÔ,#„d ÔÔ,#„d ÔÔ,#„d ÔÔ,#„d ÔÔ,#„t ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 6€II'Á%Ë MÁ%Ë  €P€‚˜‚ƒƒ„„6ÐÐ 2€II#Y&c!NII „„2Ðà@' ' 0ï à1988ˆÐ 2€II#Y&c!OII „„2Ðà@JJDà1989ˆÐ 2€II#Y&c!PII „„2Ðà@mmX5à1990ˆÐ 2€II#Y&c!QII „„2Ðà@kXà1991ˆÐ 6€III#Y&c!RII „„6Ðà@« « s!à1992ˆÐ L€III;#Y&c!S ˜ P III €(€‚˜‚ƒ ƒ„„LÐExternalÐ ±'»"T ÐdebtÐ 4€III#„(Ž#UIII „„4Ðà@õ õ 0ï à161.5ˆÐ 4€III#±'»"VIII „„4Ðà@Dà193.0ˆÐ 4€III#±'»"WIII „„4Ðà@;;X5à267.8ˆÐ 4€III#±'»"XIII „„4Ðà@^^kXà326.4ˆÐ 6€IIII#±'»"YIII „„6Ðà@y y s!à333.3ˆÐ3)'±'»"Z ˜ (  IIII 3ÐÌ€€€€€òòSourceóó:€€Central€Bank€of€Suriname€1993.Ð J*T%[ ÐÌÌà@ˆˆ@–àC.€€òòEmployment€and€unemploymentóóˆÐ Ã,Í'^ ÐÐ –- (_ Ð20.à b àBetween€1980€and€1983,€there€was€an€increase€of€3.5€per€cent€in€theÐ ö Ðdemand€for€labour€in€the€formal€sector.€€This€trend€was€reversed€with€aÐ ÉÓ Ðdecline€between€1983€and€1987,€causing€a€decrease€of€8.6€per€cent€of€theÐ œ¦ Ðnumber€of€formal€jobs.Ð oy ÐÌÌÌ21.à b àBetween€1980€and€1987,€there€was€a€significant€shift€in€the€compositionÐ » Å Ðof€employment.€€The€first€was€a€qualitative€shift€from€the€productiveÐ Ž ˜ Ðsectorto€the€service€sector.€€The€share€of€the€productive€sector€droppedÐ a k  Ðfrom40€to30€per€cent,€while€the€increase€in€the€share€of€the€service€sectorÐ 4 >  Ðwas€fully€absorbed€by€the€Government.Ô&  Ôà ¬ àThe€second€shift€was€one€fromÐ   Ðgovernment€agencies€and€State„owned€enterprises€to€private€enterprises.€€WhileÐ Úä  Ðthe€former€increased€its€share€of€employment€from€39€to€50€per€cent€betweenÐ ­·  Ð1983€and€1987,€the€number€of€jobs€offered€by€the€private€sector€showed€aÐ €Š  Ðdecline€of€16€per€cent€in€the€same€Ô' Ôperiod.Ð S]  ÐÌ22.à b àUnemployment€rose€from€15€per€cent€in€1980€to€26€per€cent€in€1990.€Ð ù ÐEspecially€in€the€last€few€years€the€situation€has€worsened,€showing€a€totalÐ ÌÖ Ðof€43€per€cent€for€the€people€actively€looking€for€a€job€and€58€per€cent€forÐ Ÿ© Ðfemale€job„seekers€between€1987€and€1989.€€Youth€unemployment€rose€from€29€toÐ r| Ð32€per€cent€between€1986€tn€1987.€€The€increase€of€female€unemployment€wasÐ EO Ðfrom€20€to€26€per€cent€in€the€same€period.€€(òòSourceóó:€€the€UNDP/ILO€report).Ð " ÐÌà@>>I–àD.€€òòLiteracyóóˆÐ ¾È ÐÌ23.à b àAccording€to€the€1980€census,€the€literacy€rate€is€as€follows:Ð dn ÐÌà b àMaleà ™ àà Ð àà  àà > à90.0%Ð   Ðà b àFemaleà Ð àà  àà > à89.5%Ð Ýç Ðà b àTotal€populationà  àà > à90.8%Ð °º ÐÌ€€€€€òòSourceóó:€€Central€Bureau€for€Statistics€("ABS")€1980.Ð V`  ÐÌà@ppJ–àE.€òòReligionóóˆÐ ü " ÐÌ24.à b àThe€main€religions€in€Suriname€are:€€Christian€religion€(mainlyÐ ¢"¬$ ÐRomanCatholics€and€Moravians),€23€per€cent;€Protestants,€19€per€cent;Ð u#% ÐHindu,27percent;€Muslim,€20€per€cent;€Others,€11€per€cent.Ð H$R& ÐÌà@ˆˆ@–àF.€€òòPopulation€by€mother€tongueóóˆÐ î%ø ( ÐÌ25.à b àThe€official€language€is€Dutch€(spoken€by€79€per€cent€of€the€population),Ð ”'ž"* ÐSranan€Tongo€is€the€lingua€franca€of€Suriname.€€Other€languages€spoken€are:€Ð g(q#+ ÐHindi€(33€per€cent),€Javanese€(13€per€cent)€and€Chinese;€the€Amerindians€andÐ :)D$, ÐBushnegroes€have€their€own€languages.€€Of€the€foreign€languages,€English€isÐ  *%- Ðmost€widely€spoken.Ð à*ê%. ÐÌà@ààF–àG.€€òòLife€expectancyóóˆÐ †,'0 ÐÐ Y-c(1 Ð26.à b àThe€life€expectancy€for€males€is€62.3€years€and€for€females€70.2€years.€Ð ö Ð(òòSourceóó:€€Central€Bureau€for€Statistics€("ABS")€1980).Ð ÉÓ ÐÌÌÐ  BL Ðà@$$?–àH.€€òòInfant€and€maternal€mortalityóóˆÐ ö ÐÌ27.à b àThe€following€table€shows€infant€deaths€by€sex,€1988„1991:Ð œ¦ ÐÌÔ*¼ƒQR dd#„d ##„d ##„d ##„d ##„d ##„t #OP+$+$¼ÔÔ,*„d ÔÔ,*„d@ÔÔ,*„d@ÔÔ,*„d@ÔÔ,*„t@ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 6€II'BLBL €P€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„6ÐSexÐ 2€II#ÊÔII „„2Ð1988ˆÐ ;€II,!ÊÔUII „„;Ð1989ˆÐ ;€II,!ÊÔUII „„;Ð1990ˆÐ ?€III,!ÊÔUII „„?Ð1991ˆÐ S€IID,ÊÔ U ˆ P III €P€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„SÐTotalÐ 2€II#  II „„2Ð186ˆÐ ;€II,!  UII „„;Ð208ˆÐ ;€II,!  UII „„;Ð208ˆÐ ?€III,!  UII „„?Ð175ˆÐ S€ID, U ˆ P III €@€‚x‚ƒƒ„„SÐFemaleÐ 2€I#J TI „„2Ѐ62ˆÐ ;€I,!J TUI „„;Ѐ91ˆÐ ;€I,!J TUI „„;Ѐ88ˆÐ ?€II,!J TUI „„?Ѐ80ˆÐ S€ID,J TU x @ II €@€‚x‚ƒƒ„„SÐMaleÐ 2€I#‚ ŒI „„2Ð120ˆÐ ;€I,!‚ ŒUI „„;Ð117ˆÐ ;€I,!‚ ŒUI „„;Ð120ˆÐ ?€II,!‚ ŒUI „„?Ѐ95ˆÐ U€IID,‚ ŒU x @ II €P€‚x‚ƒ ƒ„„UÐUnknownÐ 4€II#º ÄII „„4Ѐ€€4ˆÐ =€II,!º ÄUII „„=ЈР=€II,!º ÄUII „„=ЈР?€III,!º ÄUII „„?ЈÐ<20º ÄU x P  III <ÐÌ€€€€€òòSourceóó:€€Bureau€of€Public€Health,€1991.Ð €Š  ÐÌà@––O–àˆÌ28.à b àThough€the€mortality€rate€is€only€7€per€1,000,€cases€of€malnourishment,Ð ù ! Ðwhich€a€decade€ago€were€rare€in€Suriname,€have€become€more€frequent.€€Of€theÐ ÌÖ " Ðundernourished€children€hospitalized€in€1987€and€1988,€50€per€cent€came€fromÐ Ÿ©# ÐAmerindian€and€Bushnegro€refugees.Ð r|$ ÐÌ29.à b àThe€maternal€mortality€rate€in€1991€was€21€per€10,000€live€birthsÐ "& Ð(òòSourceóó:€€Bureau€of€Public€Health,€1991).Ð ëõ' ÐÌà@  I–àI.€€òòFertilityóóˆÐ ‘›) ÐÌ30.à b àThe€following€table€shows€the€number€of€live€births€by€age€of€mother:Ð 7A+ ÐÌà@F–à(absolute€figures)ˆÐ Ýç- ÐÌÔ*©ƒST dd*„d **„d@**„d@**„d@**„t@*QR+$+$©ÔÔ,*„d ÔÔ,*„d@ÔÔ,*„d@ÔÔ,*„d@ÔÔ,*„t@ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 6€II'ƒ/ƒ €€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„6ÐAge„groupÐ  0 ÐmotherÐ 2€II#Þè1II „„2Ð1988ˆÐ ;€II,! 2UII „„;Ð1989ˆÐ ;€II,! 3UII „„;Ð1990ˆÐ ?€III,! 4UII „„?Ð1991ˆÐ S€IID, 5U ˆ  III €P€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„SÐà@òòPà10€„€14ˆÐ 2€II#& 06II „„2Ѐ€€57ˆÐ ;€II,!& 07UII „„;Ѐ€€57ˆÐ ;€II,!& 08UII „„;Ѐ€€59ˆÐ ?€III,!& 09UII „„?Ѐ€216ˆÐ S€ID,& 0:U ˆ P III €@€‚x‚ƒƒ„„SÐà@òòPà15€„€19ˆÐ 2€I#^!h;I „„2Ð1€443ˆÐ ;€I,!^!h<UI „„;Ð1€696ˆÐ ;€I,!^!h=UI „„;Ð1€581ˆÐ ?€II,!^!h>UI „„?Ð1€337ˆÐ S€ID,^!h?U x @ II €@€‚x‚ƒƒ„„SÐà@òòPà20€„€24ˆÐ 2€I#–" @I „„2Ð3€229ˆÐ ;€I,!–" AUI „„;Ð3€410ˆÐ ;€I,!–" BUI „„;Ð3€162ˆÐ ?€II,!–" CUI „„?Ð3€190ˆÐ S€ID,–" DU x @ II €@€‚x‚ƒƒ„„SÐà@òòPà25€„€29ˆÐ 2€I#Î#ØEI „„2Ð2€501ˆÐ ;€I,!Î#ØFUI „„;Ð2€972ˆÐ ;€I,!Î#ØGUI „„;Ð2€776ˆÐ ?€II,!Î#ØHUI „„?Ð2€498ˆÐ S€ID,Î#ØIU x @ II €@€‚x‚ƒƒ„„SÐà@òòPà30€„€34ˆÐ 2€I#% JI „„2Ð1€169ˆÐ ;€I,!% KUI „„;Ð1€427ˆÐ ;€I,!% LUI „„;Ð1€357ˆÐ ?€II,!% MUI „„?Ð1€310ˆÐ S€ID,% NU x @ II €@€‚x‚ƒƒ„„SÐà@òòPà35€„€39ˆÐ 2€I#>&H!OI „„2Ѐ€429ˆÐ ;€I,!>&H!PUI „„;Ѐ€€520ˆÐ ;€I,!>&H!QUI „„;Ѐ487ˆÐ ?€II,!>&H!RUI „„?Ѐ€450ˆÐ S€ID,>&H!SU x @ II €@€‚x‚ƒƒ„„SÐà@òòPà40€„€44ˆÐ 2€I#v'€"TI „„2Ѐ€123ˆÐ ;€I,!v'€"UUI „„;Ѐ€€115ˆÐ ;€I,!v'€"VUI „„;Ѐ110ˆÐ ?€II,!v'€"WUI „„?Ѐ€€90ˆÐ S€ID,v'€"XU x @ II €@€‚x‚ƒƒ„„SÐà@òòPà45€„€49ˆÐ 2€I#®(¸#YI „„2Ѐ€€15ˆÐ ;€I,!®(¸#ZUI „„;Ѐ€€17ˆÐ ;€I,!®(¸#[UI „„;Ѐ13ˆÐ ?€II,!®(¸#\UI „„?Ѐ€€€13ˆÐ S€ID,®(¸#]U x @ II €@€‚x‚ƒƒ„„SÐunknownÐ 2€I#æ)ð$^I „„2Ѐ€€128ˆÐ ;€I,!æ)ð$_UI „„;ЄˆÐ ;€I,!æ)ð$`UI „„;ЄˆÐ ?€II,!æ)ð$aUI „„?ЄˆÐ U€IID,æ)ð$bU x @ II €P€‚x‚ƒ ƒ„„UÐTotalÐ 4€II#+(&cII „„4Ð9€094ˆÐ =€II,!+(&dUII „„=Ð10€214ˆÐ =€II,!+(&eUII „„=Ð9€545ˆÐ ?€III,!+(&fUII „„?Ð9€104ˆÐ<20+(&gU x P III <ÐÌ€€€€€òòSourceóó:€€Central€Bureau€for€Statistics€("ABS"),€1991.Ð ä,î'h ЇÌÔ& ' Ôà@PPB–àJ.€€òòPopulation€distributionóóˆÐ ÉÓ ÐÌ31.à b àThe€following€table€shows€the€population€distribution€by€age:Ð oy ÐÌÔ*©ƒUV d d*„d **„d@**„d@**„d@**„t@*ST+$+$©ÔÔ,R„d ÔÔ,â „d#ÔÔ,ª „t#ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 6€II'   €P€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„6Ðà@ÎÎ#d àAgeˆÐ 2€II# §II „„2Ð%€of€population€(male)Ð 6€III# §II „„6Ð%€of€population€(female)Ð J€II;# § ˆ P III €P€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„JÐà@ÎÎ#d à70+ˆÐ 2€II#å ï II „„2Ð1.3€€€€€€€€€Ð 6€III#å ï II „„6Ð1.6€€€€€€€€€Ð J€I;#å ï  ˆ P III €@€‚x‚ƒƒ„„JÐà@jj"d à60„69ˆÐ 2€I# ' I „„2ÐÔ''ÉÈÔ1.7€€€€€€€€€Ð 6€II# ' I „„6Ð1.7€€€€€€€€€Ð J€I;# ' x @ II €@€‚x‚ƒƒ„„JÐà@jj"d à50„59ˆÐ 2€I#U _I „„2Ð3.0€€€€€€€€€Ð 6€II#U _I „„6Ð3.0€€€€€€€€€Ð J€I;#U _ x @ II €@€‚x‚ƒƒ„„JÐà@jj"d à40„49ˆÐ 2€I#— I „„2Ð4.0€€€€€€€€€Ð 6€II#— I „„6Ð4.4€€€€€€€€€Ð J€I;#—  x @ II €@€‚x‚ƒƒ„„JÐà@jj"d à30„39ˆÐ 2€I#ÅÏ I „„2Ð4.6€€€€€€€€€Ð 6€II#ÅÏ I „„6Ð5.1€€€€€€€€€Ð J€I;#ÅÏ  x @ II €@€‚x‚ƒƒ„„JÐà@jj"d à20„29ˆÐ 2€I#ý I „„2Ð8.0€€€€€€€€€Ð 6€II#ý I „„6Ð8.3€€€€€€€€€Ð J€I;#ý  x @ II €@€‚x‚ƒƒ„„JÐà@jj"d à10„19ˆÐ 2€I#5? I „„2Ð13.9€€€€€€€€€Ð 6€II#5? I „„6Ð13.7€€€€€€€€€Ð L€II;#5?  x @ II €P€‚x‚ƒ ƒ„„LÐà@ÎÎ#d à0„9ˆÐ 4€II#mwII „„4Ð13.0€€€€€€€€€Ð 6€III#mwII „„6Ð12.7€€€€€€€€€Ð3)'mw  x P  III 3Ѐ̀€€€€òòSourceóó:€€UNDP/ILO€report.Ð 3=! ÐÌÌ32.à b àThere€is€no€information€available€concerning€the€percentage€of€people€inÐ ¬¶$ Ðrural€areas.Ð ‰% ÐÌà@ºº@–àK.€€òòHouseholds€headed€by€womenˆÐ %/' ÐÌóó33.à b àIn€general,€25€per€cent€of€working€women€head€a€household.€€This€numberÐ ËÕ) Ðis€increasing€as€a€result€of€the€crisis,€especially€in€the€rural€areas€whereÐ ž¨* Ðmen€have€shown€a€tendency€to€migrate€to€the€city€in€order€to€seek€employment,Ð q{+ Ðon€the€one€hand,€and€as€a€consequence€of€the€internal€war€on€the€other€hand.€Ð DN, ÐA€recent€survey€(1992)€found€that€54€per€cent€of€families€in€three€ruralÐ !- Ðdistricts€are€headed€by€women;€it€even€found€that€the€rural€areas€at€presentÐ êô. Ðhold€more€female„headed€households€than€urban€areas.Ð ½ Ç/ ÐÌà@´´C–àL.€€€òòMarriage€and€divorceˆÐ c"m1 ÐÌóó34.à b àThe€following€table€shows€the€number€of€marriages€by€kind€(civil€orÐ  $3 Ðreligious):à Ð àÐ Ü$æ4 ÐÌÔ*ƒƒWX d dR„d Râ „d#â ª „t#ª UV+$+$ƒÔÔ,´„d ÔÔ,´„d@ÔÔ,´„d@ÔÔ,´„t@ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 6€II'‚&Œ!6‚&Œ! €P€‚˜‚ƒƒ„„6ÐKind€of€marriageÐ 2€II#'$"7II „„2Ð1989ˆÐ ;€II,!'$"8UII „„;Ð1990ˆÐ ?€III,!'$"9UII „„?Ð1991ˆÐ S€IID,'$":U ˜ P III €P€‚˜‚ƒƒ„„SÐCivilÐ 2€II#r(|#;II „„2Ѐ€731ˆÐ ;€II,!r(|#<UII „„;Ѐ€€710ˆÐ ?€III,!r(|#=UII „„?Ѐ€€746ˆÐ S€ID,r(|#>U ˜ P III €@€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„SÐHinduÐ 2€I#º)Ä$?I „„2Ѐ€979ˆÐ ;€I,!º)Ä$@UI „„;Ѐ€€794ˆÐ ?€II,!º)Ä$AUI „„?Ѐ€€783ˆÐ S€ID,º)Ä$BU ˆ @ II €@€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„SÐMuslimÐ 2€I#+ &CI „„2Ѐ€478ˆÐ ;€I,!+ &DUI „„;Ѐ€€386ˆÐ ?€II,!+ &EUI „„?Ѐ€€445ˆÐ U€IIID,+ &FU ˆ @ II €`€‚˜‚ƒ ƒ„„UÐTOTALÐ 4€III#Z,d'GIII „„4Ð2€179ˆÐ =€III,!Z,d'HUIII „„=Ѐ1€890ˆÐ ?€IIII,!Z,d'IUIII „„?Ѐ1€974ˆÐ<20Z,d'JU ˜ `  IIII <ÐÐ M-W(J ÐÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!++7BÓÐ  ö Ð35.à b àThe€following€table€shows€the€number€of€divorces€or€annulments,€by€ageÐ ö Ðand€sex:Ð ÉÓ ÐÌÔ*–ƒYZ dd´„d ´´„d@´´„d@´´„t@´WX+$+$–ÔÔ,ŠgG ÔÔ,úgG ÔÔ,úgG ÔÔ,jgG ÔÔ,^gG ÔÔ,úgG ÔÔ,^gG ÔÔ,^gG ÔÔ,^gG ÔÔ,^gG ÔÔ,^gG ÔÔ,gG ÔÔ,gW ÔÔ+  ÔÐ :€II+oyoy €P€‚˜‚ƒƒ„„……:ÐÌAgeÐ P€IIA2Úä" ¹¹II „„……PÐ1989Ð B€II3$"II „„……BÐ1990Ð F€III3$"II „„……FÐ1991Ð LB/" ˜ P III €€‚˜‚ƒƒ……LÐÐ *€II ÇÑ „„……*ÐDivorces€Ð B€II3$_ i "II „„……BÐAnnulmentsÐ B€II3$_ i "II „„……BÐDivorcesÐ B€II3$_ i "II „„……BÐAnnulmentsÐ B€II3$_ i "II „„……BÐDivorcesÐ F€III3$_ i "II „„……FÐAnnulmentsÐ LB/_ i" ˜  III €P€‚˜‚ƒƒ……LÐÐ &€II  ) „„&ÐMÐ ;€II,!· Á"II „„;ÐFÐ ;€II,!· Á"II „„;ÐMÐ ;€II,!· Á"II „„;ÐFÐ ;€II,!· Á"II „„;ÐMÐ ;€II,!· Á"II „„;ÐFÐ ;€II,!· Á"II „„;ÐMÐ ;€II,!· Á"II „„;ÐFÐ ;€II,!· Á"II „„;ÐMÐ ;€II,!· Á"II „„;ÐFÐ ;€II,!· Á"II „„;ÐMÐ ?€III,!· Á"II „„?ÐFÐ S€IID,· Á" ˜ P III €P€‚˜‚ƒƒ„„SÐ13-14Ð 2€II# II „„2ЄР;€II,! 3II „„;ЄР;€II,! 3II „„;Є€Ð ;€II,! 3II „„;ЄР;€II,! 3II „„;ЄР;€II,!  3II „„;Ð1€Ð ;€II,! !3II „„;ЄР;€II,! "3II „„;ЄР;€II,! #3II „„;ЄР;€II,! $3II „„;ЄР;€II,! %3II „„;ЄР?€III,! &3II „„?Є€Ð S€ID, '3 ˜ P III €@€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„SÐ15„19Ð 2€I#W a(I „„2Ð1Ð ;€I,!W a)3I „„;Ð21Ð ;€I,!W a*3I „„;Ð1€Ð ;€I,!W a+3I „„;Ð14Ð ;€I,!W a,3I „„;Ð4Ð ;€I,!W a-3I „„;Ð24€Ð ;€I,!W a.3I „„;ЄР;€I,!W a/3I „„;Ð14Ð ;€I,!W a03I „„;Ð1Ð ;€I,!W a13I „„;Ð22Ð ;€I,!W a23I „„;Ð1Ð ?€II,!W a33I „„?Ð8€Ð S€ID,W a43 ˆ @ II €@€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„SÐ20„24Ð 2€I#Ÿ© 5I „„2Ð44Ð ;€I,!Ÿ© 63I „„;Ð94Ð ;€I,!Ÿ© 73I „„;Ð25€Ð ;€I,!Ÿ© 83I „„;Ð45Ð ;€I,!Ÿ© 93I „„;Ð47Ð ;€I,!Ÿ© :3I „„;Ð153€Ð ;€I,!Ÿ© ;3I „„;Ð31Ð ;€I,!Ÿ© <3I „„;Ð51Ð ;€I,!Ÿ© =3I „„;Ð71Ð ;€I,!Ÿ© >3I „„;Ð178Ð ;€I,!Ÿ© ?3I „„;Ð18Ð ?€II,!Ÿ© @3I „„?Ð49€Ð S€ID,Ÿ© A3 ˆ @ II €@€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„SÐ25„29Ð 2€I#çñ BI „„2Ð136Ð ;€I,!çñ C3I „„;Ð140Ð ;€I,!çñ D3I „„;Ð39€Ð ;€I,!çñ E3I „„;Ð41Ð ;€I,!çñ F3I „„;Ð236Ð ;€I,!çñ G3I „„;Ð226€Ð ;€I,!çñ H3I „„;Ð53Ð ;€I,!çñ I3I „„;Ð53Ð ;€I,!çñ J3I „„;Ð210Ð ;€I,!çñ K3I „„;Ð224Ð ;€I,!çñ L3I „„;Ð50Ð ?€II,!çñ M3I „„?Ð51€Ð S€ID,çñ N3 ˆ @ II €@€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„SÐ30„34Ð 2€I#/9 OI „„2Ð121Ð ;€I,!/9 P3I „„;Ð108Ð ;€I,!/9 Q3I „„;Ð29€Ð ;€I,!/9 R3I „„;Ð23Ð ;€I,!/9 S3I „„;Ð180Ð ;€I,!/9 T3I „„;Ð168€Ð ;€I,!/9 U3I „„;Ð44Ð ;€I,!/9 V3I „„;Ð32Ð ;€I,!/9 W3I „„;Ð233Ð ;€I,!/9 X3I „„;Ð236Ð ;€I,!/9 Y3I „„;Ð55Ð ?€II,!/9 Z3I „„?Ð35€Ð S€ID,/9 [3 ˆ @ II €@€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„SÐ35„39Ð 2€I#w \I „„2Ð83Ð ;€I,!w ]3I „„;Ð63Ð ;€I,!w ^3I „„;Ð25€Ð ;€I,!w _3I „„;Ð9Ð ;€I,!w `3I „„;Ð146Ð ;€I,!w a3I „„;Ð116€Ð ;€I,!w b3I „„;Ð23Ð ;€I,!w c3I „„;Ð15Ð ;€I,!w d3I „„;Ð185Ð ;€I,!w e3I „„;Ð142Ð ;€I,!w f3I „„;Ð21Ð ?€II,!w g3I „„?Ð15€Ð S€ID,w h3 ˆ @ II €@€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„SÐ40„44Ð 2€I#¿ÉiI „„2Ð57Ð ;€I,!¿Éj3I „„;Ð43Ð ;€I,!¿Ék3I „„;Ð10€Ð ;€I,!¿Él3I „„;Ð6Ð ;€I,!¿Ém3I „„;Ð75Ð ;€I,!¿Én3I „„;Ð54€Ð ;€I,!¿Éo3I „„;Ð10Ð ;€I,!¿Ép3I „„;Ð4Ð ;€I,!¿Éq3I „„;Ð126Ð ;€I,!¿Ér3I „„;Ð105Ð ;€I,!¿És3I „„;Ð12Ð ?€II,!¿Ét3I „„?Ð14€Ð S€ID,¿Éu3 ˆ @ II €@€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„SÐ45„49Ð 2€I#vI „„2Ð27Ð ;€I,!w3I „„;Ð25Ð ;€I,!x3I „„;Ð7€Ð ;€I,!y3I „„;Ð1Ð ;€I,!z3I „„;Ð54Ð ;€I,!{3I „„;Ð28€Ð ;€I,!|3I „„;Ð6Ð ;€I,!}3I „„;Ð3Ð ;€I,!~3I „„;Ð80Ð ;€I,!3I „„;Ð48Ð ;€I,!€3I „„;Ð10Ð ?€II,!3I „„?Ð6€Ð S€ID,‚3 ˆ @ II €@€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„SÐ50„54Ð 2€I#OYƒI „„2Ð20Ð ;€I,!OY„3I „„;Ð17Ð ;€I,!OY…3I „„;Ð4€Ð ;€I,!OY†3I „„;ЄР;€I,!OY‡3I „„;Ð25Ð ;€I,!OYˆ3I „„;Ð11€Ð ;€I,!OY‰3I „„;Ð2Ð ;€I,!OYŠ3I „„;Ð2Ð ;€I,!OY‹3I „„;Ð49Ð ;€I,!OYŒ3I „„;Ð32Ð ;€I,!OY3I „„;Ð9Ð ?€II,!OYŽ3I „„?Ð2€Ð S€ID,OY3 ˆ @ II €@€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„SÐ55„59Ð 2€I#—¡I „„2Ð13Ð ;€I,!—¡‘3I „„;Ð4Ð ;€I,!—¡’3I „„;Ð3€Ð ;€I,!—¡“3I „„;Ð6Ð ;€I,!—¡”3I „„;Ð15Ð ;€I,!—¡•3I „„;Ð10€Ð ;€I,!—¡–3I „„;Ð4Ð ;€I,!—¡—3I „„;Ð2Ð ;€I,!—¡˜3I „„;Ð22Ð ;€I,!—¡™3I „„;Ð14Ð ;€I,!—¡š3I „„;Ð4Ð ?€II,!—¡›3I „„?Ð1€Ð S€ID,—¡œ3 ˆ @ II €@€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„SÐ60„64Ð 2€I#ßéI „„2Ð11Ð ;€I,!ßéž3I „„;Ð3Ð ;€I,!ßéŸ3I „„;Ð1€Ð ;€I,!ßé 3I „„;ЄР;€I,!ßé¡3I „„;Ð5Ð ;€I,!ßé¢3I „„;Ð1€Ð ;€I,!ßé£3I „„;Ð3Ð ;€I,!ßé¤3I „„;ЄР;€I,!ßé¥3I „„;Ð25Ð ;€I,!ßé¦3I „„;Ð6Ð ;€I,!ßé§3I „„;Ð2Ð ?€II,!ßé¨3I „„?Ð1€Ð S€ID,ßé©3 ˆ @ II €@€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„SÐ65„69Ð 2€I#'1ªI „„2Ð3Ð ;€I,!'1«3I „„;ЄР;€I,!'1¬3I „„;Ð1€Ð ;€I,!'1­3I „„;ЄР;€I,!'1®3I „„;Ð1Ð ;€I,!'1¯3I „„;Є€Ð ;€I,!'1°3I „„;ЄР;€I,!'1±3I „„;ЄР;€I,!'1²3I „„;Ð3Ð ;€I,!'1³3I „„;Ð4Ð ;€I,!'1´3I „„;Ð1Ð ?€II,!'1µ3I „„?Ð1€Ð S€ID,'1¶3 ˆ @ II €@€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„SÐ70„74Ð 2€I#oy·I „„2Ð1Ð ;€I,!oy¸3I „„;Ð1Ð ;€I,!oy¹3I „„;Є€Ð ;€I,!oyº3I „„;ЄР;€I,!oy»3I „„;Ð3Ð ;€I,!oy¼3I „„;Є€Ð ;€I,!oy½3I „„;ЄР;€I,!oy¾3I „„;ЄР;€I,!oy¿3I „„;Ð5Ð ;€I,!oyÀ3I „„;ЄР;€I,!oyÁ3I „„;ЄР?€II,!oyÂ3I „„?Є€Ð S€ID,oyÃ3 ˆ @ II €@€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„SÐ75„79Ð 2€I#·ÁÄI „„2Ð1Ð ;€I,!·ÁÅ3I „„;ЄР;€I,!·ÁÆ3I „„;Є€Ð ;€I,!·ÁÇ3I „„;ЄР;€I,!·ÁÈ3I „„;Ð1Ð ;€I,!·ÁÉ3I „„;Є€Ð ;€I,!·ÁÊ3I „„;ЄР;€I,!·ÁË3I „„;ЄР;€I,!·ÁÌ3I „„;ЄР;€I,!·ÁÍ3I „„;ЄР;€I,!·ÁÎ3I „„;ЄР?€II,!·ÁÏ3I „„?Є€Ð S€ID,·ÁÐ3 ˆ @ II €@€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„SÐ80„84Ð 2€I#ÿ ÑI „„2Ð2Ð ;€I,!ÿ Ò3I „„;Ð1Ð ;€I,!ÿ Ó3I „„;Є€Ð ;€I,!ÿ Ô3I „„;ЄР;€I,!ÿ Õ3I „„;ЄР;€I,!ÿ Ö3I „„;Є€Ð ;€I,!ÿ ×3I „„;ЄР;€I,!ÿ Ø3I „„;ЄР;€I,!ÿ Ù3I „„;Ð1Ð ;€I,!ÿ Ú3I „„;ЄР;€I,!ÿ Û3I „„;ЄР?€II,!ÿ Ü3I „„?Є€Ð S€ID,ÿ Ý3 ˆ @ II €@€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„SÐ85€+Ð 2€I#GQÞI „„2ЄР;€I,!GQß3I „„;ЄР;€I,!GQà3I „„;Є€Ð ;€I,!GQá3I „„;ЄР;€I,!GQâ3I „„;ЄР;€I,!GQã3I „„;Є€Ð ;€I,!GQä3I „„;ЄР;€I,!GQå3I „„;ЄР;€I,!GQæ3I „„;ЄР;€I,!GQç3I „„;ЄР;€I,!GQè3I „„;ЄР?€II,!GQé3I „„?Є€Ð S€ID,GQê3 ˆ @ II €@€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„SÐUNKNOWNÐ 2€I# ™ëI „„2ЄР;€I,! ™ì3I „„;ЄР;€I,! ™í3I „„;Є€Ð ;€I,! ™î3I „„;ЄР;€I,! ™ï3I „„;ЄР;€I,! ™ð3I „„;Є€Ð ;€I,! ™ñ3I „„;ЄР;€I,! ™ò3I „„;ЄР;€I,! ™ó3I „„;ЄР;€I,! ™ô3I „„;ЄР;€I,! ™õ3I „„;ЄР?€II,! ™ö3I „„?Є€Ð U€IIID, ™÷3 ˆ @ II €(€‚˜‚ƒ ƒ„„UÐTOTALÐ 4€III#ç!ñøIII „„4Ð520Ð =€III,!ç!ñù3III „„=Ð520Ð =€III,!ç!ñú3III „„=Ð145€Ð =€III,!ç!ñû3III „„=Ð145Ð =€III,!ç!ñü3III „„=Ð792Ð =€III,!ç!ñý3III „„=Ѐ792Ð =€III,!ç!ñþ3III „„=Ð176Ð =€III,!ç!ñÿ3III „„=Ð176Ð =€III,!ç!ñ3III „„=Ð1011Ð =€III,!ç!ñ3III „„=Ð1011€Ð =€III,!ç!ñ3III „„=Ð183Ð ?€IIII,!ç!ñ3III „„?Ð183€Ð<20ç!ñ3 ˜ (  IIII <ÐÌà b àòòSourceóó:€€Central€Civil€Registry€Bureau.Ð ­#· ÐÌÌà@b b :–àIII.€€INSURRECTIONAL€MOVEMENTS€IN€SURINAMEˆÐ &&0! ÐÌ36.à b àIn€1986€a€group€of€armed€Bushnegroes,€who€lived€near€the€border€withÐ Ì'Ö"  ÐFrench€Guiana€in€the€eastern€part€of€the€country,€formed€the€so-calledÐ Ÿ(©#  Ð"JungleCommando"€in€rebellion€against€the€then€existing€military€regime.€Ð r)|$  ÐConsequences€of€the€fights€were€that€the€bauxite€and€palm€oil€industries€wereÐ E*O%  Ðparalysed€and€there€was€a€massive€displacement€of€Bushnegroes€and€AmerindiansÐ +"& Ðwho€fled€to€French€Guiana€(about€7,000„10,000€people)€and€to€Paramaribo€(aboutÐ ë+õ& Ð8,000„10,000).Ð ¾,È' ÐÐ ‘-›( ÐÔ& ò Ô37.à b àAfter€1989€three€other€illegally€armed€groups€were€formed€in€theÐ ö Ðinterior,€namely€the€"Tucayana",€the€"Angula€movement€for€liberation",€theÐ ÉÓ Ð"Mandelas"€and€the€"Koffiemaka".€€In€July€1992,€with€the€establishment€of€aÐ œ¦ Ðcommission€for€the€advancement€of€the€peace€process,€a€committee€wasÐ oy Ðestablished€to€act€as€an€intermediary€between€the€Surinamese€Government€andÐ BL Ðthe€illegally€armed€groups€and€the€negotiations€started.Ô'òöþ"ÔÐ   ÐÌ38.à b àThese€peace€negotiations€were€based€on€a€14-point€agenda,€including€theÐ » Å Ðfollowing:Ð Ž ˜ ÐÌà b à(a)à ™ àReconstruction€and€development€of€the€interior;Ð 4 >  ÐÌà b à(b)à ™ àRestoration€of€normalcy€in€the€interior;Ð Úä  ÐÌà b à(c)à ™ àRepresentation€of€the€inhabitants€of€the€interior;Ð €Š  ÐÌà b à(d)à ™ àPromotion€of€the€spiritual€well-being€of€the€inhabitants€of€theÐ &0  Ðinterior;Ð ù ÐÌà b à(e)à ™ àLand€rights;Ð Ÿ© ÐÌà b à(f)à ™ àRestoration€of€medical€and€educational€facilities;Ð EO ÐÌà b à(g)à ™ àWater€supply€and€energy.Ð ëõ ÐÌ39.à b àIn€1992,€a€Peace€Accord€was€signed€between€the€civilian€Government€andÐ ‘› Ðall€resistance€groups€of€the€interior,€settling€the€destruction€of€weapons,Ð dn Ðthe€restoration€of€the€autonomy€of€the€tribal€societies,€and€plans€for€theÐ 7A Ðsocio-economic€development€of€the€interior.€€The€Organization€of€AmericanÐ   ÐStates€(OAS)€played€an€important€role€in€the€verification€of€compliance€withÐ Ýç Ðthis€peace€agreement.€€A€Peace€Committee€was€installed,€which€operated€as€anÐ °º Ðintermediary€between€the€civilian€Government€and€the€former€resistanceÐ ƒ Ðmovement.Ð V`  ÐÌà@0 0 :–àIV.€€GENERAL€POLITICAL€STRUCTURE€AT€PRESENTˆÐ ü " ÐÌà@$$?–àA.€€òòPolitical€history€of€SurinameóóˆÐ ¢"¬$ ÐÌ40.à b àIn€1651,€Suriname€was€a€colony€of€the€British.€€In€1667€the€DutchÐ H$R& Ðtookpossession€of€the€colony.€€For€the€development€of€the€plantation-basedÐ %% ' Ðproduction€system,€labourers€were€brought€in€by€the€Dutch€from€different€partsÐ î%ø ( Ðof€the€world:€€slaves€from€Africa,€and€indentured€labourers€from€the€BritishÐ Á&Ë!) Ðand€Dutch€East€Indies€from€1873€on.€€The€Dutch€furthermore€encouraged€theÐ ”'ž"* Ðimmigration€of€Chinese,€Portuguese€and€Lebanese€workers.Ð g(q#+ ÐÌ41.à b àSince€the€Second€World€War,€the€economy€of€Suriname€has€been€largelyÐ  *%- Ðbased€on€the€production€of€bauxite,€carried€out€by€two€multinationals,€AlcoaÐ à*ê%. Ðand€Shell/Billiton.Ð ³+½&/ ÐÌÐ  Y-c(1 Ð42.à b àIn€1954,€Suriname€became€a€self-governing€territory€of€the€KingdomÐ ö ÐoftheNetherlands.€€After€20€years€of€internal€autonomy€it€became€a€fullyÐ ÉÓ Ðindependent€republic€on€25€November€1975.€€At€its€independence,€a€Treaty€onÐ œ¦ ÐDevelopment€Cooperation€was€signed€with€the€Kingdom€of€the€Netherlands,€byÐ oy Ðwhich€the€Government€of€the€Netherlands€allocated€3.5€billion€Dutch€guildersÐ BL Ðfor€development€aid€to€Suriname.Ð   ÐÌ43.à b àIn€the€pre-€and€post-independence€period€a€multi-party€system€ofÐ » Å Ðparliamentary€democracy€was€the€prevailing€political€organization,€reflectingÐ Ž ˜ Ðthe€ethnic€multiplicity€of€the€country.€€The€three€major€ethnic€politicalÐ a k  Ðparties€dominated€the€political€scene€until€25€February€1980,€when€the€rulingÐ 4 >  Ðcoalition€was€overthrown€by€a€military€òòcoup€d'tatóó€by€16€non-commissionedÐ   Ðofficers.€€A€period€of€political€instability€and€economic€decline€followed,Ð Úä  Ðwith€the€fall€of€bauxite€prices€on€the€international€market,€the€suspension€ofÐ ­·  ÐDutch€development€aid€after€the€killing€of€15€critics€of€the€regime,€andÐ €Š  Ðactivities€of€an€armed€Bushnegro€resistance€movement€against€the€regime.Ð S]  ÐÌ44.à b àIn€1985,€a€Supreme€Political€Council€("Topberaad")€was€established,Ð ù Ðconsisting€of€representatives€of€both€the€regime€and€the€traditional€politicalÐ ÌÖ Ðparties,€whose€main€task€was€the€drafting€of€a€new€constitution€for€Suriname.€Ð Ÿ© ÐIn€September€1987,€the€new€Constitution€was€approved€by€referendum.€€InÐ r| ÐNovember€of€the€same€year,€free€elections€were€organized,€which€re-establishedÐ EO Ðthe€traditional€political€parties€cooperating€in€the€"Front€for€Democracy€andÐ " ÐDevelopment"€into€government,€after€a€victory€by€95€per€cent€of€the€votes.€Ð ëõ ÐThe€Front€comprised€the€Creole€party€(NPS),€the€Indian€party€(VHP)€and€theÐ ¾È ÐJavanese€party€(KTPI).Ð ‘› ÐÌ45.à b àA€second€non-violent€military€òòcoup€d'tatóó€took€place€in€December€1990,Ð 7A Ðfollowed€by€elections€in€May€1991.€€These€were€again€won€by€the€"Nieuw€Front",Ð   Ði.e.€the€Front,€expanded€with€the€Workers'€Party€(SPA),€albeit€with€a€smallerÐ Ýç Ðmajority€than€in€the€previous€elections.Ð °º ÐÌ46.à b àThe€main€opposition€parties€at€present€are€the€National€Democratic€PartyÐ V`  Ð(NDP),€which€has€links€with€representatives€of€the€regime€of€1980„1987,€theÐ ) 3! ÐDemocratic€Party€(DP),€a€split-off€of€the€NDP,€the€Democratic€AlternativeÐ ü " ÐParty€'91€(DA'91),€a€combination€of€some€smaller€Creole,€Javanese,€Indian€andÐ Ï!Ù# Ðindependent€parties.Ð ¢"¬$ ÐÌà@²².–àB.€€òòOrganization€of€the€executive,€legislative€and€judicial€organsóóˆÐ H$R& ÐÌ47.à b àThe€following€paragraphs€present€an€outline€of€the€legal€system€of€theÐ î%ø ( ÐRepublic€of€Suriname.Ð Á&Ë!) ÐÌà@D–à1.€€òòThe€executive€poweróóˆÐ g(q#+ ÐÌ48.à b àThe€sovereign€State€of€Suriname€is€a€Republic.€€The€President€of€theÐ  *%- ÐRepublic€is€chosen€by€the€National€Assembly,€as€is€the€Vice-President.€€TheÐ à*ê%. ÐPresident€has€been€attributed€strong€powers.€€He€is€Head€of€State€andÐ ³+½&/ Ðâ âGovernment,€paramount€commander€of€the€armed€forces,€and€is€responsible€forÐ †,'0 Ðforeign€relations.€€The€executive€power€is€vested€in€him€and€he€nominates€theÐ ö ÐMinisters€of€his€Cabinet.Ð ÉÓ Ðâ âÌ49.à b àAccording€to€article€116€of€the€Constitution,€the€Government€of€theÐ oy ÐRepublic€is€constituted€as€follows:Ð BL ÐÌà b à1.à ™ àThe€President€of€the€Republic;Ð è ò ÐÌà b à2.à ™ àThe€Vice-President€of€the€Republic;Ð Ž ˜ ÐÌà b à3.à ™ àThe€Council€of€Ministers.Ð 4 >  ÐÌ50.à b àThe€Vice-President€presides€over€the€Council€of€Ministers€òòex€officioóó,€butÐ Úä  Ðhe€is€not€a€Minister,€which€means€that€he€is€not€a€member€of€the€Council€ofÐ ­·  ÐMinisters.€€Article€119€states€explicitly€that€the€Council€of€Ministers€isÐ €Š  Ðconstituted€by€the€Ministers.€€One€of€the€Ministers€can€be€appointed€asÐ S]  ÐVice-Chairman€of€the€Council€of€Ministers.€€In€his€capacity€as€Chairman€of€theÐ &0  ÐCouncil€of€Ministers,€the€Vice-President€is€accountable€to€the€President€ofÐ ù Ðthe€Republic.€€Article€119,€section€1,€explicitly€states€that€the€Council€ofÐ ÌÖ ÐMinisters€is€the€paramount€executive€and€administrative€institution€of€theÐ Ÿ© ÐGovernment.Ð r| ÐÌ51.à b àThe€President€is€also€accountable€to€the€National€Assembly.€€Article€90Ð " Ð(sect.€2)€formulates€that€the€President€in€his€capacity€as€Head€of€State€andÐ ëõ ÐGovernment€(art.€116,€sect.€2),€Chairman€of€the€State€Council€and€Chairman€ofÐ ¾È Ðthe€National€Security€Council,€is€responsible€to€the€National€AssemblyÐ ‘› Ð(art.90,€sect.€2).Ð dn ÐÌ52.à b àThe€President€of€the€Republic€nominates€the€Ministers.€€A€procedure€ofÐ   Ðconsultation€should€be€implemented,€while€the€results€of€the€elections€areÐ Ýç Ðalso€taken€into€account€(art.€110,€sects.€a€and€e).Ð °º ÐÌ53.à b àAccording€to€article€74,€the€National€Assembly€elects€the€President€andÐ V`  Ðthe€Vice-President.€€This€article€is€in€concurrence€with€article€55,€whichÐ ) 3! Ðstates€that€"the€National€Assembly€represents€the€People€of€the€Republic€ofÐ ü " ÐSuriname€and€shall€express€the€sovereign€will€of€the€nation,€and€the€NationalÐ Ï!Ù# ÐAssembly€is€the€highest€institution€of€government.Ð ¢"¬$ ÐÌà@´´C–à2.€€òòThe€legislative€poweróóˆÐ H$R& ÐÌ54.à b àArticle€70€of€the€Constitution€attributes€the€legislative€powers€to€theÐ î%ø ( ÐNational€Assembly,€on€the€one€hand,€and€the€government€on€the€other.€€They€areÐ Á&Ë!) Ðsupposed€to€exercise€their€powers€jointly.€€The€National€Assembly€shallÐ ”'ž"* Ð(art.71)€decide€on€all€bills€that€are€submitted€to€it€for€approval.€€It€isÐ g(q#+ Ðwithin€the€power€of€the€National€Assembly€to€elect€the€President€as€well€asÐ :)D$, Ðthe€Vice-President€(art.€74).€€This€paragraph€can€be€summarized€by€article€55Ð  *%- Ðof€the€Constitution€which€states€"The€National€Assembly€is€the€highestÐ à*ê%. Ðinstitution€of€government".Ð ³+½&/ Ðâ âÐ †,'0 Ð55.à b àRepresentation€of€the€people€takes€place€on€three€different€levels.€€TheÐ ö Ðâ âConstitution€states€(art.€55):€€"The€National€Assembly€represents€the€peopleÐ ÉÓ Ðof€the€Republic€of€Suriname€and€shall€express€the€sovereign€will€of€theÐ œ¦ Ðnation".Ð oy ÐÌÐ    Ð56.à b àThe€National€Assembly€consists€of€51€members€chosen€per€district€onÐ ö Ðthebasis€of€general,€free€and€secret€elections€pursuant€to€the€system€ofÐ ÉÓ Ðproportionate€representation€by€the€highest€average€and€preferential€votes,Ð œ¦ Ðfor€a€term€of€five€years.€€The€right€to€vote€(art.€57)€is€exercised€byÐ oy Ðinhabitants€of€Suriname,€who€are€nationals€of€the€Republic€of€Suriname,€haveÐ BL Ðreached€the€age€of€18€years€and€are€not€deprived€of€that€right€by€a€courtÐ   Ðorder.Ð è ò ÐÌ57.à b àPersons€who€have€submitted€their€candidacy€for€election€asÐ Ž ˜ Ðrepresentatives€to€the€National€Assembly€must€live€in€said€district€and€shallÐ a k  Ðhave€had€their€main€or€actual€residence€there€for€two€years€prior€to€theÐ 4 >  Ðelections€(art.€61).Ð   ÐÌ58.à b àThe€territory€of€the€Republic€has€been€divided€into€10€electoralÐ ­·  Ðdistricts.€€These€districts€are€subdivided€into€smaller€areas€which€functionÐ €Š  Ðas€constituencies€for€the€elections€of€the€members€of€the€local€representativeÐ S]  Ðbodies.Ð &0  ÐÌ59.à b àThe€electoral€systems€effective€for€the€elections€are:Ð ÌÖ ÐÌà b à(a)à ™ àFor€the€National€Assembly,€a€proportional€representation€system€byÐ r| Ðpreferential€vote;Ð EO ÐÌà b à(b)à ™ àFor€the€local€councils,€a€majority€system€(art.€163).€€TheÐ ëõ Ðcomposition€of€the€local€councils€takes€place€after€general,€free€andÐ ¾È Ðsecretelections€within€the€constituency.€€The€order€of€election€of€theÐ ‘› Ðrepresentatives€is€determined€by€the€order€of€personal€votes€received.€Ð dn ÐAllavailable€seats€shall€be€granted.€€Without€prejudice€to€other€legalÐ 7A Ðrequirements€with€regard€to€eligibility€in€representative€bodies,€theÐ   Ðcandidates€for€a€local€council€or€a€district€council€shall€have€their€mainÐ Ýç Ðandactual€residence€in€the€constituency€or€district€concerned;Ð °º ÐÌà b à(c)à ™ àFor€the€district€councils,€a€computation€system€based€on€theÐ V`  Ðrepresentation€of€the€political€parties€in€the€local€councils€per€districtÐ ) 3! Ð(art.€162).€€The€composition€of€the€district€council€takes€place€afterÐ ü " Ðgeneral,€free€and€secret€elections€in€the€different€constituencies€of€theÐ Ï!Ù# Ðdistrict€concerned.€€The€seats€on€the€district€council€are€given€to€theÐ ¢"¬$ Ðrepresentative€political€organizations€with€seats€on€the€local€councils€of€theÐ u#% Ðdistrict€concerned,€in€proportion€with€the€total€number€of€seats€they€acquiredÐ H$R& Ðon€the€local€councils.Ð %% ' ÐÌ60.à b àAll€meetings€of€the€National€Assembly€shall€be€open€to€the€public,€exceptÐ Á&Ë!) Ðin€special€cases€when€it€decides€to€convene€behind€closed€doors€(art.€82).€Ð ”'ž"* ÐThe€Speaker,€the€members€of€the€National€Assembly,€the€Government€and€theÐ g(q#+ Ðexperts€referred€to€in€article€85,€paragraph€(2),€shall€be€exempt€fromÐ :)D$, Ðcriminal€prosecution€for€anything€they€have€said€in€the€Assembly€or€haveÐ  *%- Ðsubmitted€to€it€in€writing,€except€if€in€so€doing€they€have€made€public€whatÐ à*ê%. Ðwas€said€or€submitted€under€obligation€of€secrecy€in€a€closed€meetingÐ ³+½&/ Ð(art.88).Ð †,'0 ÐÐ Y-c(1 ÐÐ  ö Ðà@DDG–à3.€€òòThe€judiciaryóóˆÐ ö ÐÌ61.à b àJustice€shall€be€administered€in€the€Republic€of€Suriname€in€the€name€ofÐ œ¦ Ðthe€Republic.€€No€act€shall€be€punishable€other€than€by€virtue€of€a€previouslyÐ oy Ðdetermined€legal€rule.€€Every€interference€in€the€investigation€or€prosecutionÐ BL Ðand€in€cases€pending€in€court€shall€be€forbidden.Ð   ÐÌ62.à b àThese€basic€rules€are€laid€down€in€the€Constitution.€€They€should€be€aÐ » Å Ðguarantee€for€the€freedom€of€citizens,€since€article€69€of€the€ConstitutionÐ Ž ˜ Ðdecrees€that:€€"The€legislator,€the€Government€and€the€other€institutions€ofÐ a k  Ðgovernment€shall€adhere€to€the€provisions€of€the€Constitution".Ð 4 >  ÐÌ63.à b àIn€order€to€facilitate€the€administration€of€justice,€article€132€of€theÐ Úä  ÐConstitution€decrees€that:€€"Civil€and€commercial€law,€civil€and€militaryÐ ­·  Ðpenal€law€and€procedure€shall€be€regulated€by€law€in€general€codes,€withoutÐ €Š  Ðprejudice€to€the€power€of€the€legislature€to€regulate€certain€subjects€inÐ S]  Ðseparate€laws".Ð &0  ÐÌ64.à b àThe€administration€of€justice€is€attributed€exclusively€to€the€judiciary.€Ð ÌÖ ÐAccording€to€article€133,€the€President€and€the€Vice-President€of€the€Court€ofÐ Ÿ© ÐJustice,€the€members€and€the€deputy€members€of€the€Court€of€Justice€constituteÐ r| Ðthe€judiciary€which€is€charged€with€the€administration€of€justice.€€ExceptionsÐ EO Ðto€this€rule€can€only€be€made€by€law.Ð " ÐÌ65.à b àThe€Court€of€Justice€is€the€supreme€court.€€It€supervises€the€regularÐ ¾È Ðcourse€and€settlement€of€all€lawsuits.€€This€court€is€also€entitled€to€reviewÐ ‘› Ðthe€decisions€made€by€the€lower€courts,€called€the€"Kantongerechten".Ð dn ÐÌ66.à b àThe€independence€of€the€members€of€the€judiciary€is€explicitly€laid€downÐ   Ðin€the€Constitution.€€This€is€guaranteed€by:Ð Ýç ÐÌà b à(a)à ™ àAppointment€for€life,€after€consultation€with€the€High€Court;Ð ƒ ÐÌà b à(b)à ™ àConditions€for€appointment€and€financial€allowances€are€establishedÐ ) 3! Ðby€law;Ð ü " ÐÌà b à(c)à ™ àDischarge€only:Ð ¢"¬$ ÐÌÓ! ++£ k ++7!Óà‘w w &£ à(i)ˆà k àAt€request;Ð H$R& ÐÌà‘  %£ à(ii)ˆà k àUpon€reaching€the€age€of€retirement;Ð î%ø ( ÐÌà‘¯¯$£ à(iii)ˆà0 k àBy€the€High€Court€for€reasons€explicitly€given€in€article€142Ð ”'ž"* Ðof€the€Constitution.ÓE.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!++£ k EÓÐg(q#+k $k $ ÐÌ67.à b àThe€Constitution€decrees€that,€apart€from€the€High€Court€and€the€lowerÐ  *%- Ðcourts,€there€shall€be€a€Constitutional€Court.€€This€court€is€attributed€withÐ à*ê%. Ðthe€power€of€verifying€laws€against€the€Constitution.€€Since€this€power€isÐ ³+½&/ Ðâ âcrucial€in€the€decision-making€within€the€framework€of€the€rule€of€law,€theÐ †,'0 ÐConstitution€states€that€this€power€should€be€regulated€by€an€organic€law.€Ð ö ÐThis€law€has€not€yet€been€promulgated.Ð ÉÓ Ðâ âÌÐ  oy Ðà@ò ò >–àC.€€òòThe€nature€of€the€ConstitutionóóˆÐ ö ÐÌ68.à b àThe€first€chapters€of€the€Constitution€deal€with€human€rights.€€GivenÐ œ¦ Ðtheextended€wording€and€the€classification,€it€may€be€stated€that€specialÐ oy Ðattention€was€given€to€human€rights€in€general€and€their€significance€andÐ BL Ðspecial€impact€in€the€constitutional€system.€€An€analysis€of€the€chaptersÐ   Ðshows€that€the€nature€of€this€part€of€the€Constitution€is€a€programmatic€one.Ð è ò ÐÌ69.à b àImplementation,€therefore,€means€answering€the€following€questions:Ð Ž ˜ ÐÌà b à(a)à ™ àWho€is€supposed€to€implement€and€who€is€supposed€to€refrain€fromÐ 4 >  Ðimplementing?Ð   ÐÌà b à(b)à ™ àWho€is€supposed€to€interpret€the€wording€and€who€is€supposed€toÐ ­·  Ðreview€the€proper€interpretation?Ð €Š  ÐÌà b à(c)à ™ àWho€is€supposed€to€restrict€the€rights€"according€to€the€law",€andÐ &0  Ðwho€is€supposed€to€refrain€from€any€restriction€"according€to€the€law"?Ð ù ÐÌ70.à b àIn€classifying€the€chapter€on€human€rights€it€may€be€said€that€theÐ Ÿ© Ðarticles€have€worded:Ð r| ÐÌà b à(a)à ™ àThe€classical€or€individual€human€rights€based€on€the€principles€ofÐ " Ðnatural€law;Ð ëõ ÐÌà b à(b)à ™ àThe€social€human€rights;€andÐ ‘› ÐÌà b à(c)à ™ àThe€principles€that€constitute€the€institutional€framework.Ð 7A ÐÌ71.à b àSpecial€attention€should€be€given€to€the€sections€in€chapterVI,€whereÐ Ýç Ðthe€right€to€work€and€the€concern€of€the€State€for€labour€have€been€worded.€Ð °º ÐAttention€is€not€only€given€to€the€rights€of€the€workers,€but€also€to€theÐ ƒ Ðrights€of€the€employers.€€ChapterII€clearly€defines€that€the€economic€systemÐ V`  Ðshould€be€a€mixed€system€of€State€enterprise€and€private€enterprise€closelyÐ ) 3! Ðcooperating€together€"according€to€the€applicable€rules€of€law".€€TheÐ ü " Ðpolitical€order€given€in€chapterIX€mentions€the€political€party€as€a€legalÐ Ï!Ù# Ðphenomenon.€€Based€on€the€principles€laid€down€in€the€Constitution,€an€organicÐ ¢"¬$ Ðlaw€on€political€parties€has€been€formulated.Ð u#% ÐÌ72.à b àArticle23€of€the€Constitution€should€be€seen€as€the€cornerstone€of€theÐ %% ' Ðlegal€framework.€€It€states:€€"In€case€of€war,€danger€of€war,€state€of€siegeÐ î%ø ( Ðor€state€of€emergency€or€for€reasons€of€State€security,€public€order€andÐ Á&Ë!) Ðmorality,€the€rights€mentioned€in€the€Constitution€may€be€submitted€toÐ ”'ž"* Ðlimitations€by€law,€which€will€be€in€force€during€a€certain€time,€depending€onÐ g(q#+ Ðthe€circumstances,€with€due€respect€for€the€international€rules€applicable€inÐ :)D$, Ðthat€matter.Ð  *%- ÐÌÐ  ³+½&/ Ðà@€€.–àV.€€GENERAL€LEGAL€FRAMEWORK€WITHIN€WHICH€HUMAN€RIGHTS€ARE€PROTECTEDˆÐ ö ÐÌ73.à b àThe€judicial€authorities€which€have€jurisdiction€in€respect€of€humanÐ œ¦ Ðrights€are€the€High€Court€of€Justice,€the€members€or€the€deputy€members€ofÐ oy ÐtheHigh€Court€of€Justice,€and€the€other€members€of€the€Public€Prosecutor'sÐ BL ÐOffice,€and€other€judicial€officials€indicated€by€law.€€For€example,€theÐ   Ðdecisions€of€lawsuits€not€arising€from€civil€law€relations€may€be€referred€byÐ è ò Ðlaw€to€administrative€judges.Ð » Å ÐÌ74.à b àIn€the€Surinamese€legal€system€there€is€no€specific€legal€provisionÐ a k  Ðregarding€compensation€in€cases€of€human€rights€violations.€€RemediesÐ 4 >  Ðavailable€to€persons€who€claim€that€their€rights€have€been€violated€are€laidÐ   Ðdown€in€the€following€codes:€€the€Penal€Code,€the€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure,Ð Úä  Ðthe€Civil€Code€and€the€Code€on€Civil€Procedure.€€With€regard€to€the€system€ofÐ ­·  Ðcompensation€and€rehabilitation,€reference€can€be€made€to€the€generalÐ €Š  Ðprovisions€of€compensation€in€case€of€an€unlawful€act€(Civil€Code).€€If€theÐ S]  Ðcompensation€for€victims€of€human€rights€violations€is€considered€inadequate,Ð &0  Ðthe€Government€is€entitled€to€make€supplementary€provisions.Ð ù ÐÌ75.à b àReference€is€made€to€chapterVI€of€the€Constitution€of€the€Republic€ofÐ Ÿ© ÐSuriname.€€Reference€is€also€made€to€the€relevant€provisions€of€the€SurinameseÐ r| Ðlabour€legislation,€and€to€the€annual€reports€of€Suriname€to€the€Committee€ofÐ EO ÐExperts€on€the€Application€of€ILO€Conventions€and€Recommendations.€€AsÐ " Ðconcerns€the€right€of€secrecy€of€mail,€the€recently€effectuated€Postal€LawsÐ ëõ Ðsupplement€the€Penal€Code.Ð ¾È ÐÌ76.à b àThe€enjoyment€of€the€freedom€of€human€rights€laid€down€in€theÐ dn ÐConstitution€can€be€limited€by€the€Constitution€itself,€and€in€cases€whereÐ 7A Ðthepublic€order€is€jeopardized.€€Individuals€are€not€entitled€to€impedeÐ   Ðothers€in€their€enjoyment€of€human€rights.Ð Ýç ÐÌ77.à b àMost€of€the€human€rights€instruments€are€incorporated€in€the€nationalÐ ƒ Ðlegislation,€for€example€three€proposals€have€been€prepared€regarding€theÐ V`  Ðrights€of€the€child€and€one€concerning€the€elimination€of€discrimination€basedÐ ) 3! Ðon€sex.Ð ü " ÐÌ78.à b àThere€is€a€National€Institution€for€Human€Rights€(the€N.I.M.),€aÐ ¢"¬$ Ðsemi-governmental€body.€€In€addition€to€the€N.I.M.€there€are€several€otherÐ u#% Ðnon-governmental€organizations€operating€in€the€field€of€human€rights€as€well.Ð H$R& ÐÌ79.à b àThe€Suriname€Government€recognizes€the€need€to€fulfil€its€reportingÐ î%ø ( Ðobligations,€based€on€the€importance€it€attributes€to€the€promotion€of€andÐ Á&Ë!) Ðrespect€for€human€rights.€€Thus,€the€fact€that€the€Government€has€not€beenÐ ”'ž"* Ðable€to€present€the€required€reports€should€not€be€attributed€to€a€neglectÐ g(q#+ Ðofits€responsibilities,€but€merely€to€a€lack€of€trained€and€experiencedÐ :)D$, Ðreporting€officers€in€the€country.€€In€order€to€solve€this€problem€andÐ  *%- Ðguarantee€continuous€reporting,€initiatives€have€been€taken€by€the€GovernmentÐ à*ê%. Ðto€organize€on€short€term€„€with€external€assistance€„€a€training€course€forÐ ³+½&/ Ðreporting€officers€in€the€field€of€human€rights.Ð †,'0 ÐÐ Y-c(1 ÐÐ  ö Ð80.à b àThe€Government€of€Suriname€ensures€that€its€institutions€are€inÐ ö Ðconformity€with€the€International€Bill€of€Human€Rights,€as€individuals€and/orÐ ÉÓ Ðgroups€have€the€possibility€to€go€to€court€if€they€are€of€the€opinion€thatÐ œ¦ Ðtheir€rights€have€been€violated.€€Suriname€is€also€a€party€to€the€OptionalÐ oy ÐProtocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€and,€asÐ BL Ðsuch,€gives€individuals€whose€rights€have€been€violated€the€opportunity€toÐ   Ðsubmit€written€communication€to€the€Human€Rights€Committee.€€A€preconditionÐ è ò Ðfor€this€submission€is€that€all€nationally€available€domestic€possibilitiesÐ » Å Ðhave€been€exhausted.€€Within€the€Organization€of€American€States€individualsÐ Ž ˜ Ðare€also€entitled€to€file€complaints€to€the€Inter-American€Commission€on€HumanÐ a k  ÐRights.€€The€Suriname€Government€is€currently€in€the€stage€of€establishing€aÐ 4 >  ÐConstitutional€Court,€which€will€be€authorized€to€deal€with€human€rightsÐ   Ðcases.€€Ð Úä  ÐÌ81.à b àIn€1992-1993€a€remarkable€improvement€in€the€human€rights€situation€hasÐ €Š  Ðbeen€experienced.€€In€this€regard,€reference€can€be€made€to€the€annual€(1992)Ð S]  Ðreport€of€the€Inter-American€Commission€on€Human€Rights€(OAS),€namely€to€theÐ &0  Ðparagraph€on€Suriname,€in€which€the€following€is€stated:€€"in€terms€of€theÐ ù Ðhuman€rights€situation€in€Suriname€the€Commission€has€received€no€complaintsÐ ÌÖ Ðof€alleged€violations€since€President€Venetiaan€assumed€office".Ð Ÿ© ÐÌ82.à b àIt€should€be€noted€that€the€Suriname€Government€attaches€greatÐ EO Ðimportanceto€the€observance€of€human€rights€and€fundamental€freedoms.€€InÐ " Ðthis€framework,€mention€should€be€made€that€the€policy€of€the€Government€isÐ ëõ Ðdirected€towards€the€consolidation€of€democracy,€peace€and€the€reinforcementÐ ¾È Ðof€the€rule€of€law.€€In€order€to€guarantee€the€full€enjoyment€of€human€rightsÐ ‘› Ðand€fundamental€freedoms,€government€policies€are€also€directed€towards€theÐ dn Ðestablishment€of€a€Constitutional€Court,€whose€task€will€include€theÐ 7A Ðprotection€of€human€rights.Ð   ÐÌ83.à b àSince€the€Peace€Accord€was€signed€in€August1992€by€all€parties€involvedÐ °º Ðin€the€armed€conflict,€there€has€been€no€mention€of€disappearances€of€personsÐ ƒ Ðbelonging€to€any€group.€€The€Government€is€endeavouring€to€locate€the€personsÐ V`  Ðwho€have€been€reported€missing€in€the€period€prior€to€the€signing€of€the€PeaceÐ ) 3! ÐAgreement.Ð ü " ÐÌ84.à b àMuch€to€its€regret,€the€Suriname€Government€has€been€facing€aÐ ¢"¬$ Ðprison-overcrowding€problem€for€several€years.€€A€sound€implementation€ofÐ u#% Ðinitiatives€taken€in€this€regard€has€been€impeded€by€the€lack€of€necessaryÐ H$R& Ðfunding.€€The€recently€(1992)€concluded€"Umbrella€Agreement"€signed€in€theÐ %% ' Ðframework€of€a€bilateral€treaty€with€the€Government€of€the€Netherlands,€openedÐ î%ø ( Ðnew€opportunities€for€an€effective€approach€to€this€problem,€as€funds€andÐ Á&Ë!) Ðtechnical€assistance€will€be€provided€to€the€competent€authorities.Ð ”'ž"* ÐÌ85.à b àLegally,€discrimination€is€prohibited€in€Suriname;€ethnicity€doesÐ :)D$, Ðremainstrong€among€all€groups,€although€this€does€not€explicitly€affect€theÐ  *%- Ðnationals€of€Guyana.€€The€Constitution€of€the€Republic€of€Suriname,€namelyÐ à*ê%. Ðarticle8€(sects.€1€and€2),€provides€for€the€basic€individual€rights€andÐ ³+½&/ Ðfreedoms€of€individuals.€€This€article€reads€as€follows:Ð †,'0 ÐÐ Y-c(1 Ðà0 b à"All€who€are€within€the€territory€of€Suriname€shall€have€an€equal€claimÐ ö Ðto€protection€of€person€and€property."ÐÉÓb$b$ ÐÌà0 b à"No€one€may€be€discriminated€against€on€the€grounds€of€birth,€sex,€race,Ð oy Ðlanguage,€religion,€origin,€education,€political€beliefs,€economicÐ BL Ðposition€or€any€other€status."Ð b$b$ ÐÌ86.à b àWith€regard€to€the€freedom€of€movement,€it€can€be€stated€that€SurinameseÐ » Å Ðcitizens€and€other€residents€may€choose€their€residence€and€workplace€freely,Ð Ž ˜ Ðand€may€travel€abroad€as€they€wish.€€Surinamese€may€also€emigrate€withoutÐ a k  ÐState€interference€and€may€return€to€take€up€residence€at€any€time.€Ð 4 >  ÐCitizenship€is€not€refused€for€political€reasons.Ð   ÐÌ87.à b àWith€regard€to€discrimination€against€women,€reference€can€be€made€toÐ ­·  Ðarticle18€(sections1€and€2)€of€the€Constitution.€€Women€have€a€legal€rightÐ €Š  Ðto€equal€access€to€education,€employment€and€property.€€In€practice,€however,Ð S]  Ðtraditional€pressures€and€customs€do€affect€the€full€exercise€of€these€rights,Ð &0  Ðespecially€in€the€economic€and€social€fields.Ð ù ÐÌ88.à b àWomen€account€for€slightly€more€than€half€of€the€Surinamese€populationÐ Ÿ© Ð(51percent).€€Boys€and€girls€enjoy€equal€rights€and€equal€opportunities€forÐ r| Ðeducation,€training€and€vocational€guidance.€€All€schools€and€trainingÐ EO Ðinstitutions€are€co-educational.€€Women€account€for€43percent€of€totalÐ " Ðenrolment€in€university.€€The€low€participation€of€girls€(5percent)€inÐ ëõ Ðtechnical€education€and€their€high€percentage€of€participation€in€theÐ ¾È Ðteachers'€and€nurses'€training€institutions,€as€well€as€in€domestic€scienceÐ ‘› Ðschools,€shows€that€there€are€still€traditional€prejudices€against€girlÐ dn Ðstudents€choosing€technical€professions.Ð 7A ÐÌ89.à b àAs€stated€above,€equality€between€men€and€women€in€the€field€ofÐ Ýç Ðemployment€is€guaranteed€by€the€Constitution.€€The€participation€ofÐ °º Ðwomeninthe€economic€sector€has€increased€during€the€last€few€years.€Ð ƒ ÐBetween1986and1990€their€share€in€the€labour€market€rose€from€32percentÐ V`  Ðto€39percent.€€Working€women€are€concentrated€in€such€occupationalÐ ) 3! Ðcategories€as€teaching,€service-rendering,€crafts,€manufacturing€and€relatedÐ ü " Ðsubsectors€which€hold€elements€of€the€traditional€role€of€women,€while€theyÐ Ï!Ù# Ðare€less€represented€in€the€primary€sectors€of€the€economy.€€In€order€toÐ ¢"¬$ Ðincrease€the€participation€of€women€in€the€country's€development,€especiallyÐ u#% Ðin€the€non-traditional€social€and€economic€sectors,€the€Government,€throughÐ H$R& Ðthe€Ministry€of€Internal€Affairs,€is€implementing€a€special€programme€whichÐ %% ' Ðinvolves,€among€other€things,€the€operation€of€a€National€Women's€BureauÐ î%ø ( Ð(since€1983)€and€an€Inter-Ministerial€Committee€on€the€Advancement€of€WomenÐ Á&Ë!) Ð(since€1992),€and€support€to€non-governmental€women's€organizations.Ð ”'ž"* ÐÌ90.à b àMany€Bushnegro€and€Amerindian€groups€have€repeatedly€claimed€that€theyÐ :)D$, Ðare€subject€to€various€kinds€of€discrimination€as€compared€to€individuals€andÐ  *%- Ðgroups€of€the€population€living€in€the€coastal€area.€€The€recently€signedÐ à*ê%. ÐPeace€Accord€between€the€Government€and€five€insurrectional€Bushnegro€andÐ ³+½&/ ÐAmerindian€groups€(1992)€is€considered€by€both€parties€as€a€sound€basis€toÐ †,'0 Ðincorporate€these€groups€of€the€population€into€the€mainstream€of€development.Ð Y-c(1 ЇР ö Ðà@ºº@–àVI.€€INFORMATION€AND€PUBLICITYˆÐ ö ÐÌ91.à b àNo€special€efforts€have€been€made€to€promote€awareness€among€the€publicÐ œ¦ Ðto€disseminate€the€text€of€the€Convention€or€to€translate€it€in€all€languagesÐ oy Ðof€the€country.€€However,€most€government€authorities€and€NGOs€are€aware€ofÐ BL Ðthe€rights€contained€in€the€International€Covenant€on€Economic,€Social€andÐ   ÐCultural€Rights.Ð è ò ÐÌ92.à b àHuman€rights€teaching€in€school€has€not€been€incorporated€so€far€in€theÐ Ž ˜ Ðcurriculum.€€Recently€an€initiative€has€been€taken€by€the€Ministry€ofÐ a k  ÐEducation€„€in€collaboration€with€a€human€rights€NGO,€the€Dutch€Government€andÐ 4 >  ÐUNESCO€„€to€start€human€rights€teaching€in€primary€and€junior€secondaryÐ   Ðschools.Ð Úä  ÐÌà@œœM–à„„„„„ˆÌ