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Distr.etc.muststartontheFirstTabforalongsymbolortheSecondfora  shorterone.  b       }   ` N'UKUS.,ϖϖϖ  33+B.++b >uQ!XB  ! ++P++7!HRI/CORE/1/Add.43  page  2    (2N$ !UKUS.,  TRX<6&X3' Letter 6&A43'Tϖϖϖ  33+B.++b >uQ!XB    N(UKUS.,ϖϖϖ  33+B.++b >uQ!XB  B.++b >uQ!++7B+++7  HRI/CORE/1/Add.43    page  3    (2N$ !UKUS.,  TRX<6&X3' Letter 6&A43'Tϖϖϖ  33+B.++b >uQ!XB  (!2$ !UKUS.,  TRX<6&X3' Letter 6&A43'Tϖϖϖ  33+B.++b >uQ!XB  3333#Xϖ+Ҁ  0  /(!2 $ !UKUS.,  TRX<6&X3' Letter 6&A43'Tϖϖϖ  33+B.++b >uQ!XB  3333#Xϖ+Ҁ  0  /3|d (t$UKUS.,  TRX<6&X3' Letter 6&A43'Tϖϖϖ  33+B.++b >uQ!XB dHP LaserJet 4P,,,,,,0!}. Jc.Oru' (I(U !UKUS.,  TRX<6&X3' Letter 6&A43'Tϖϖϖ  33+B.++b >uQ!XB  _  R?+?'F dEF ??'QG dEQG ?_ ]MIz|_ p @X@E_X__ϖ  UNITED R NATIONS  _OKz|2n ` @X@E?2nJ?2n ]MIz|   p @X@E       ϖ ! ??++7! E +?X]r! ++??!Ӏ  Distr. !S   GENERAL  B    _HRI_/CORE/1/Add.43     26May1994      ENGLISH     Original:SPANISH  @  COREDOCUMENTFORMINGPARTOFTHEREPORTSOFSTATESPARTIES "T @2PERU 2 J$[22February1994]  :/:/l/GE.94-16751(E) :/l/ B.++b >uQ!++B )0[0  bR b}    _@0CONTENTS F  b      >  u        Q Paragraphs󀀀Page $ *++b7c!++7*ӀI. b LANDANDPEOPLE7.> > ! c 1-663    b A.  Generalcharacteristicsofthecountry7.< c 1-53    b B.  Ethnicandlinguisticcharacteristics7.##; c 63    b C.  Ethniccharacteristicsoftheindigenous    b   population7.  c 7-133  x  b D.  Demographiccharacteristics7.;;1 c 14-234  g   b E.  Socio-economicindicators7.ss/ c 24-655 V   b F.  Culturalindicators7.) c 66"""!!11 E  ЀII. b GENERALPOLITICALSTRUCTURE7.- c 67-13212 z4  ̀ b A.  Generallegalframework7.- c 67-7112 X   b B.  SystemofGovernment7.* c 72-7312 G  b C.  TheExecutive7.''$ c 74-9512 6  b D.  TheLegislature7.% c 96-11016 %  b E.  TheJudiciary7. # c 111-12018   b F.  TheNationalCounciloftheJudiciary7.##; c 121-12420   b G.  ThePublicProsecutor'sDepartment7.8 c 125-12721   b H.  TheOmbudsman7. # c 128-13221  III. b GENERALFRAMEWORKFORTHEPROTECTIONOFHUMANRIGHTS7.F c 133-18923 y  b A.  Authoritiescompetentinhumanrightsmatters7.CCC c 133-14123 W  b B.  Remediesavailabletoanindividualforthe F  b   protectionofhisfundamentalrights,and {5  b   compensationandrehabilitationprocedures7.@ c 142-15224 j$  b C.  Protectionoftherightsprovidedforinthe Y   b   varioushumanrightsinstruments7.//6 c 153-16827 H!  b D.  Wayinwhichhumanrightsinstrumentsbecome 7"  b   partofnationallegislation7.2 c 169-17330 &#   b E.  Anti-terroristlegislationandpeacemaking7.@ c 174-18931 $! Ѐ %"   % # b}N.++b >uQ!++b7cN@+I.LANDANDPEOPLE F @b b A.Generalcharacteristicsofthecountry $ 1. b TheRepublicofPeruislocatedinthesouthernhemisphere;inthe   centralwesternpartofSouthAmerica.ItscoastsextendalongthePacific   Ocean.Sincetheentirecountryislocatedinthetropicalzone,itsclimate   shouldbehotandhumid;however,theexistenceofvariousgeographical   features-theAndes,high-pressuremovementofairmassesfromtheSouth  x Pacific,HumboldtCurrent,etc.-makesthePeruvianterritorygeographically  g  complex,notonlyfromaclimaticstandpoint,butalsofromthemorphological, V  geological,ecologicalandeconomicstandpoints. E  2. b Peruislocatedbetweenlatitudes0$01'48"southand18$21'03"south, i#  andbetweenlongitudes68$39'27"westand81$19'34.5"west. X  3. b ThetotalareaofPeruvianterritoryis1,285,216squarekilometres. 6 4. b PeruisboundedtothewestbythePacificOceanandhasacoastline  of3,079.5kilometres.ItisalsoboundedbyfiveSouthAmericancountries:  EcuadorandColombiatothenorth,BrazilandBoliviatotheeast,andChile  tothesouth.Perurespectsinternationallawandfaithfullycomplieswith  theinternationaltreatiesthatlaydownitsgeographicallimits.  5. b TheAndesmountainchain,wheretheIncaempire,oneofthethreemost h importantculturalmanifestationsoftheregion,flourished,createsthree W naturalregions:thecoastalstrip,theSierraandthejungle.Thehighest F mountainisNevadoHuascaran,whichstands6,746metresabovesealevel. {5 @ B.Ethnicandlinguisticcharacteristics Y  6. b Peruisamulti-ethniccountrywithapopulationof72.62percent 7" Spanish-speakersand27.38percentQuechua-speakers.Withinthelatter &#  figureapproximately16percentarebilingual(Spanish-Quechua)and $! 11percentaremonolingual.Thecountryhasbetween64and67 %" ethno-linguisticgroups. % # @ C.Ethniccharacteristicsoftheindigenouspopulation '"% 7. b ThepeasantandnativecommunitiesinPerunumberbetween4,000 )i$' and4,500.Fifty-threepercentofthesecommunitieshaveQuechuaastheir *X%( mothertongue,41percentSpanish,4percentAymaraand2percentother +G&) languages,includingnativelanguagesofthejungle. |,6'*   k-%(+ 8. b MostoftheindigenouscommunitiesarelocatedintheSierraregion F  (98percent),primarilyinthedepartmentsofCuzco,PunoandApurmacinthe 5 southandinAyacucho,Huancavelica,JunnandPascointhecentralzone. $ 9. b Themoremodernizedindigenouscommunitiesaretobefoundinthe   departmentsofPascoandJunn,anareanotedforitsminingenclaves,while   themoretraditionalcommunitiesarelocatedinrelativelylessdeveloped   areas,suchasAyacucho,Huancavelica,Apurmac,CuzcoandPuno.   10. b Oneofthemainfeaturesoftheindigenouscommunitiesisfarming.A  g  veryimportantcomponentofthispriorityeconomicactivityiscommunallabour V  performedaccordingtotheprincipleofreciprocity,aformoflabourthat E  goesbacktotheIncaperiodandconsistsofanindividualandequalexchange z4  ofservicesorgoods,includingagriculturallabour,assistance,lendingof i#  tools,materials,etc.Itisalsocustomaryforonepersontobeassistedby X  many,withanobligationtoreciprocate;thisincludesagriculturaltasksand G cooperationinvariouseconomicandsocialtasks. 6 11. b Thenativecommunitiesaretribalgroupsinthejungleandjunglerim  withclusteredordispersedsettlementsprincipallylocatedinthedepartments  ofLoreto,Junn,Ucayali,Amazonas,CuzcoandMadredeDios.Theyrepresent  some55ethno-linguisticgroupsbelongingtoover12linguisticfamilies,the  largestbeingtheCampas,AguarunaandShipibo-Conibo.  12. b Thenativecommunitieshavedevelopedagricultureasanactivityto h supplementhunting,fishingandgathering. W 13. b Thenativecommunitiesliveinclearlyidentifiableecologicalzones: {5 tropicaldryforest,subtropicalrainforestandtropicalrainforest j$ scatteredoverlargecatchmentareas.Thetotalorpartialplunderingofthe Y  floraandfaunaandtheseriouseffectsofdrug-traffickingontheenvironment H! placethesurvivalofthesecommunitiesatseriousrisk. 7" @%D.Demographiccharacteristics $! 14. b PopulationcensusesinPerudatebacktotheIncaperiod.Subsequently, % # thefirstdocumentedcensuswasconductedbytheSpaniardsduringthecolonial &!$ erain1548andindicatedapopulationof8.3millioninhabitantsinthe '"% ViceroyaltyofPeru.DuringtheRepublicanera,nationalcensuseswereheld (z#& in1836,1850,1862and1876.Themostrecentcensusesatthenationallevel )i$' wereconductedin1940,1961,1972,1981and1993. *X%( 15. b Onthebasisofthe1981census,itwasestimatedthatthepopulationof |,6'*  thecountrywouldbeinthevicinityof23millionin1993.Accordingtothe k-%(+ preliminaryfindingsofthecensusheldinJuly1993,thenominallyregistered F populationwas22,128,466,withanomissionrateofapproximately2percent. 5  16. b Theurbanpopulationis15,567,602,whiletheruralpopulation6,560,864,  representing70.4percentand29.6percentrespectively.Ofthenominally   registeredpopulationin1993,thereare11,020,409men(49.8percent)and   11,108,057women(50.2percent).   17. b Thenationaldemographiccontextbetween1970and1990reflectedthe  x principalcharacteristicsoftheworldandregionaldemographicexpansion,  g  withunprecedentedgrowththatreacheditshighestlevelattheendofthe V  1970s.InthosetwodecadesthePeruvianpopulationincreasedby60percent, E  reaching21,550,300,slightlylessthantheLatinAmericanaverage,attheend z4  ofthatperiod.Thispopulationvolumewasattainedduringaperiodofthe i#  Peruviandemographicprocesswhenfertility,whichhadpreviouslybeen X  maintaininghighlevels,wasbeginningtodecline,causingtherateof G populationgrowthtodecrease. 6 18. b Themostcriticalstageinthisprocessoccurredbetween1961and1970,  whendemographicgrowthspeededupconsiderably,attaininganannualaverage  rateof2.8percent,higherthantheLatinAmericanaverage,andwhen,in  addition,thehighestgrowthrateinthecountry'shistory(2.9percentfor  theperiod1961-1966)wasattained.Fromthattimeon,ourpopulation's  relativegrowthratefellsteadily,reaching2.1percentin1990.Despite y thisdecrease,thenationalpopulationiscontinuingtoincreaseby h approximately500,000ayearowingtotheagestructureofthepopulation, W whichhasapreponderanceofyounggroups. F 19. b ThegreatestinfluenceonthesechangesinthegrowthofthePeruvian j$ populationhasundoubtedlybeenexertedbythevariationsinthebirthand Y  deathrates,sinceemigrationacquiredrelativesignificanceonlyattheend H! oftheperiod.Thecrudebirthrate,whichwas42.4birthsper1,000 7" inhabitantsin1970,decreasedto29.8in1990,aresultofthedropinthe &#  globalfertilityratewhich,until1970,hadbeen6.2childrenperwoman, $! andfellto4.9in1980.Fromthatyearonwards,theintroductionofan %" explicitpopulationpolicygearedtowardsstrengtheningfamily-planning % # programmesaccentuatedthedecreaseintheglobalfertilityrate,whichfell &!$ to3.7childrenperwomanin1990. '"% 20. b Mortalityhasbeenfallinginrecentdecades;between1970and1990the )i$' frequencyofdeathsdeclinedfrom13.5to8.2per1,000inhabitants. *X%( Similarly,theaveragelifeexpectancyofourpopulationgrewby9.4years +G&) duringthatperiod,lifeexpectancyatbirthincreasingfrom54.0years |,6'* to63.4years.Theinfantmortalityrateshowedasimilartrend,dropping k-%(+ from116per1,000livebirthsin1970to102in1981and81in1990. Z.), Ї21. b ItshouldbenotedthataccordingtorecentfindingsoftheDemographic F andFamilyHealthSurveytheinfantmortalitytrendoverthepasttwodecades 5 hasbeenapproximately20percentlowerthanofficialprojections,which $ suggeststhatlevelshadbeenoverestimated.Nevertheless,infantmortality  inPeruisstillveryhighandcontinuestobeabovetheLatinAmerican   average.   22. b Despitethedecreaseinfertilitymentionedearlier,theagestructureof   thePeruvianpopulationwillcontinuetoberelativelyyoungforseveralmore  x years,andthenumberofminorswillcontinuetoincrease.From1970to1990  g  theproportionofminorsdroppedfrom44.7percentto37.6percent,a V  relativelylargedecrease,althoughinabsolutefiguresthisgroupincreased E  byslightlyover2millionchildren,whichmakesthedemandforfood,health z4  services,education,etc.morecritical. i#  23. b Theincreaseinthepopulationover65yearsofagehasbeenlessmarked; G itsproportionhasremainedatapproximately3.6percentofthetotal 6 population,withslightchanges,althoughitsabsolutenumberisincreasingas % aresultofthedeclineinthedeathrate.  @&E.Socio-economicindicators  24. b Alongwiththereductionintheproportionofminors,thepercentageof  peopleofworkingagerosefrom51.8in1970to58.6in1990.Inabsolute y figures,thismeantthatthelabourforcenearlydoubled,whichonaverage h increasedpressureonemploymentby283,000jobsayear. W 25. b Intheeconomicareas,overthepastfourdecadestotalproductionand {5 percapitaproductionhavenotincreasedsignificantly.From1960to1990, j$ thegrossdomesticproduct(GDP)grewatanaverageannualrateof Y  2.7percent,verysimilartothepopulationgrowthrate,butinthe1980s H! thisgrowthwascompletelywipedoutsinceGDPdroppedtoanannualaverage 7" rateof-0.6percent.Thus,sincethepopulationgrewatanaveragerate &#  of2.6percentbetween1960and1990,percapitaincomedecreasedbyan $! averageof0.1percentayear. %" 26. b Asaresultofthisdemographictrend,togetherwiththedeteriorationof &!$ theeconomicstructureanditsfailuretomeetthegrowingpopulation'sneeds, '"% whichintensifiedinthe1980s,therewasasteadydeclineinthequalityof (z#& lifeofPeruvianfamiliesandawidespreadincreaseinpoverty.Italso )i$' contributedtoanincreaseinviolence,whichhashadseriousconsequencesfor *X%( societyasawhole. +G&) Ѐ27. b Notonlydidtheinsufficientgrowthinnationalproductionandthe k-%(+ populationincreasecombinetoaccentuatethedeteriorationinthequalityof Z.), life,butthedistributionofnationalincomereacheditshighestlevelsof F concentrationpreciselyinthedecadeofthegreatesteconomicrecession. 5 Thusbeginningin1973,whenwagesattained48.3percentofnationalincome, $ theysteadilydecreasedto21.6percentofnationalincomein1988,the  lowestlevelfortheperiod.   28. b Theresultingfallintotalinvestment,especiallyprivateinvestment,   led-fromthemid-1970sonwards-toarestrictionintheexpansionofmodern   productiveactivity,whichcouldnotcontinuetocreatesufficientemployment.  x 29. b Consequently,ahighpercentageofthepopulationlivinginthecities V  and/orhavingmigratedfromruralareascreatedtheirownjobs,givingriseto E  asignificantsectorknownastheself-employed,unstructuredorinformal z4  urbansector.Accordingto1981estimates,thissectorrepresented i#  60percentoftheurbanlabourforce,andby1990ithadgrownfurther.The X  limitationsondemandthatrestrictgrowthoftheformalsectoralsoaffect G theinformalsector;consequently,theexpansionoftheinformalsector,under 6 thepressureofagrowinglaboursupplyduetopopulationincrease,ultimately % causestheaverageincomeofitsmemberstodecline.  30. b Thechangesintheproductionstructurewereaccompaniedbyan  urbanizationprocesswhichinrecentdecadeshasorientedpopulation  distributiontowardsthemajorcoastalcities,especiallyMetropolitanLima.  Sincethe1960s,thehighestpopulationgrowthrateoccurredduringtheperiod y 1961-1970(2.8percentannualaverage),whichalsohadthehighest h urbanizationrate(5.4percentannualaverage). W 31. b Urbanizationhasnotoccurredasaresultoftheindustrialization {5 process.Theperiodinwhichthehighestgrowthrateoftheurbanpopulation j$ occurred,1961-1970,wasnottheperiodofhighestgrowthoftheindustrial Y  productorevenofthetotalproduct.Itwastheprecariousruralsituation, H! theresultofthedearthofarablelandperagriculturalworker,thelow 7" investmentinproductioninfrastructureandtheeffectivelossofcapital &#  investmentcharacterizingagricultureforseveraldecadesthatdrovetherural $! populationtothecitiesonamassivescale,givingrisetopocketsofpoverty %" inthemaincities. % # 32. b Themigrationandurbanizationprocessesofthepast20yearshavebeen '"% characterizedbyahigherrateofgrowthofmedium-sizedcitiesascompared (z#& withMetropolitanLima.Thesecities(departmentalandprovincialcapitals) )i$' haveachievedacceleratedgrowththroughmigrationfromthecountrysideand *X%( expectationsoffindinggreateradvantagesinmedium-sizedandsmallcities +G&) becauseoftheemergenceandvitalityofthelocalandregionalmarketsthat |,6'* makeupurbansystemsinseveralareasofthecountry,suchasthesouthern k-%(+ Andeanregion(Cuzco,Sicuani,Juliaca,Puno),whichislinkedtoamarket Z.), extendingintoBolivia,thenortherncoast(Piura,Sullana,Tumbes),the F southerncoast(Arequipa,Moquegua,Ilo,Tacna),andthejungleregion 5 (Pucallpa,Tarapoto,Moyobamba). $ 33. b Anotherfactorcontributingtothemigrationtomedium-sizedcitiesis   displacementduetotheindiscriminateviolenceperpetratedbyterrorist   groups.Theseareforceddisplacements,peoplesuddenlybeingobligedto   leavetheirvillagesoforiginorresidenceandtheirjobs.   34. b Sincetheearly1980s,thephenomenonofviolence-relateddisplacement  g  hasaffectedatleasttwothirdsofthenationalterritory,substantially V  changingthedemographicpatternoftheregionsandeverydayliving E  conditions.Althoughithasnotyetbeenpossibletoassessthisphenomenon z4  quantitatively,some600,000people(120,000families)areestimatedtohave i#  beenaffected. X  35. b Recentestimatesindicatethatapproximately54percentofpersons 6 displacedduringthe12yearsofterroristviolencehavemovedwithintheir % department,whiletheresthavemigratedelsewhere.Thedepartmentswiththe  mostdisplacedpersonsareAyacucho,Huancavelica,ApurimacandJunn.The  departmentsreceivingthemostdisplacedpersonsareLima,Ica,Ayacucho,  ApurimacandJunn.Ayacucho,theepicentreoftheterroristmovement,  isthedepartmentthatproducesthemostinternallydisplacedpersons.  36. b Therehavebeenthreemajorwavesofinternaldisplacementdueto h violenceinPeru: W  b (a) 1983-1986:Thisperiodcoincidedwiththeoutbreakofviolenceby {5 "SenderoLuminoso"inthedepartmentofAyacuchoandtheGovernment'sfirst j$ attemptstocheckit.Atthatearlystagedisplacedpersonsweremainlyfrom Y  Ayacuchoandmanagedtofindplacesforthemselves,albeitwithgreat H! difficulty,inthemarginalzonesofthecapitalcities; 7"  b (b) 1987-1989:Terroristviolenceincreasedinresponseto $! anti-terroristactivitybythemilitary,thefirstattemptsatpopular %" resistancewiththeformationoftheself-defence"peasantpatrols"andthe % # successfulinitiativeofself-managedgrass-rootsorganizationsopposedto &!$ violence; '"%  b (c) 1990-1992:Anewmigrationflowaroseasaresultoftheso-called )i$' "exemplaryactions"andintensificationofviolenceby"SenderoLuminoso". *X%( 37. b Thelasttwowavesofmigrationhaveencounteredconditionsinthe |,6'* receivingareasthatmakepermanentresettlementpracticallyimpossible.The k-%(+ improvedsecuritytheyhadhopedtofindinthemarginalurbanzonesproved Z.), elusive,conditionsbeinghardlyanydifferentfromthoseinthecountryside, F owingtothechangeinterroriststrategy,whichaimedatgreateractivityin 5 thecitiesduring1989-1990andateliminatingpopularresistancebymeansof $ selectivemurdersandforciblerecruitment.  38. b DisplacementmainlyinvolvedtheAndeanandindigenouspeasantpopulation   (approximately70percentofdisplacedpersons),whilesome20percent   involvedmarginalurbansectorsandruraldistrictcapitalsand10percent   middleandhigh-levelstrata.  x 39. b Inthesecircumstances,womenplayaleadingroleinpreservingthe V  familyandrestoringpriorconditions,enteringtheproductionsector,helping E  toorganizethecommunityforsurvival,etc. z4  40. b TheNationalTechnicalCommissionwasestablishedin1990forthepurpose X  ofundertakingageneraldiagnosisoftheproblem.Thedocumentcontaining G thepreliminarydiagnosisistobebroughtuptodatewiththedatafrom 6 the1993census.On8December1993,theGovernmentestablishedthe % AssistanceProjectforReturnees(PAR),aspartofwhichtheNational  InstituteforDevelopment(INADE)iscurrentlydealingwithallaspectsof  internaldisplacementandcoordinatinginternationalcooperation.  41. b Althoughinternationallawcontainsmechanismsforprotectingrefugees,  whoarecross-bordermigrants,itisforeachaffectedStatetosolve y theproblemofinternally-displacedpersons.Peruhasindicatedtothe h internationalcommunitythat,whiletheinternationalcommunityisexamining W theproblemfromaglobalstandpointanddecidingwhichlegalandpolitical F criteriathemultilateralorganizationswilladoptinordertoavertthe {5 problem,itisessentialtobeginemergencyactioninsupportofnational j$ effortstopreventtheseinternalmigratorymovementsfrombecomingrefugee Y  flows. H! 42. b Itisestimatedthatapproximately200,000peopleemigratedfromPeru &#  between1980and1990. $! 43. b Becauseoftheyearsofeconomiccrisis,itisimpossiblefor % # stabilizationprogrammesandstructuralreformstorelievepoverty &!$ significantlyintheshortterm.TheGovernmenthasaccordinglyreformulated '"% socialpolicytomeetthebasicneedsofthemostvulnerablesectorsofthe (z#& population,withoutresortingtopopulistmeasuresthatdistortmarketsignals )i$' andimpedeeconomicgrowth. *X%( 44. b Evenwhenprivateinvestment,nationalandforeign,generateshigher |,6'* employmentlevelsfortheeconomicallyactivepopulation,itisunrealistic k-%(+ toexpectthejobscreatedtobesufficienttosatisfythedemandsofthe Z.), population.Asaresult,thecurrentdeficitinthesatisfactionofbasic F needswilltendtocontinueforalongtime,althoughitmaydecreaseby 5 comparisonwithtotalproductionorthenumberofpersonsinneed. $ 45. b Theextentoftheproblemisreflectedintheglobalsocialdeficit,   thedifferencebetweenlevelsofconsumptionandthelevelsrequiredfor   everyonetohaveaccesstoafullbasicfoodbasket,whichamountstoabout   US$15billionannually.Theurgentsocialdeficit,forthepoorerhalfof   thepopulation,amountstoUS$2.8billion,whilethefooddeficitofthe  x firstthreedeciles,whereextremepovertyisconcentrated,amountsto  g  US$1.1billion. V  46. b TheindicatorsofsupportactionbytheStateshowalamentable z4  falling-off;Statesocialspendinghasfallensteadilysince1986,chiefly i#  intheeducationandhealthsectors.Theprogrammeofactionprovidesfor X  selectiveandfocusedgeographicintervention,basedonthepovertymap,with G prioritybeinggiventothecreationofbasicinstitutionalcapacitiesin 6 healthservices,improvementofthequalityofprimaryeducationwithaview % tomakingituniversal,andtheadministrationofjustice.  47. b Jobswillbecreatedintheruralandmarginalurbanareasthrough  investmentinthesocialinfrastructureandsupportforproductionlinkedto  meetingbasicneeds,especiallyfoodcomplementarityforthesectorsmostat  risk. y 48. b TheInter-MinisterialCommissionforSocialAffairs(CIAS),subordinate W tothePresidentoftheCouncilofMinisters,isresponsibleforgovernment F policyandactionforpovertyreliefandsocialsupport.Itwillhavethe {5 supportoftheCompensationandSocialDevelopmentFund(FONCODES)andthe j$ SocialDevelopmentCommittees(COMDES),whichwillbeestablishedasadhoc Y  sectoraltechnicalbodies. H! 49. b Recentyearshaveshownthecollectiveorganizationalcapacityand &#  determinationofthepoor.Therehasbeenanincreaseinmothers'clubs, $! "Vasosdeleche"(glassesofmilk),low-incomecafeteriasandother %" neighbourhoodassociationswhichhaveprovidedmanpowerthatisdifficultto % # quantifyandservedasaninvaluablefoundationforanumberofsocial-support &!$ programmesalreadyunderwaysuchasthe"Vasodeleche","Theschooldefends '"% life"andvarioustypesofself-managedlow-incomecafeterias. (z#& 50. b ActiveparticipationbytheNGOs,theChurchandprivatebusinesshas *X%( beenanimportantfactorinsocialdevelopment. +G&) 51. b Anobjectiveanalysisandunderstandingofthecountry'ssituation k-%(+ requireabriefdescriptionoftheexplosionofterroristviolenceinPeru Z.), from1980onwardsandtheemergenceoftheterroristmovement"Sendero F Luminoso",whichmakesuseofacomplexphenomenonofstructuralviolence 5 datingbacktothepoliticaldominationandsocialcontradictionsintroduced $ bytheconquest.Thesehavebeenbuildingupandbecomingmoreacutewith  timeandculminatedinthecompleteabandonmentbytheStateoflargeareasof   thenationalterritory.   52. b Thereturntotheconstitutionalsystemin1980hasbeenmarkedby   agrowingeconomiccrisis,amoreimportantroleforthegrass-roots  x organizations,anunprecedentedvolumeofdrug-traffickingandthe  g  overwhelmingofobsoleteStatestructures.Paradoxically,thenewdemocratic V  regimeappearedatthesametimeasthefirstterroristactionby"Sendero E  Luminoso". z4  53. b Inits1989report,theSenateCommitteeonViolenceandPeacemaking X  describedthevariousformativestagesoftheideologicalconceptionof G "SenderoLuminoso",fromtheapplicationofMarxism-Leninism-Maoismtothe 6 beginningofthearmedstrugglein1980,developedintheso-called"thinking % ofGonzalo",inwhichthegang'sringleader,AbimaelGuzmnReynoso,also  knownas"ComradeGonzalo"or"PresidentGonzalo",claimstohaveconcludeda  theoreticaldialecticalsynthesisofMarxism.  54. b "SenderoLuminoso"initiallypresenteditselftoworldpublicopinionas  agroupdefendingthepeasantsandindigenouscommunitieswhichhadbeen y dominatedandexploitedbyanallegeddictatorialGovernmentinPeru.Its h attackswerecarefullyaimedatmilitaryorgovernmentfacilities,andits W firstvictimswerepoliticalauthorities. F 55. b From1989onwards,however,"SenderoLuminoso"consideredithadsecured j$ aso-called"strategicbalance"withtheStateforcesanddecidedtobegin Y  anewstagebyaggravatingsocialcontradictions.Itdenouncedthe H! UnitedNationsandtheinternationalhumanrightsbodies,andnon-governmental 7" organizationsengagedinpromotingandsafeguardinghumanrights,andbegan &#  openlytoescalateitsmurdersofhumblegrass-rootsleaders,priestsofall $! denominations,foreignvoluntaryworkers,politiciansfromallpartiesand %" anyonewhofavouredapeacefulsolutionandopposedviolence.Theworld % # finallyunderstoodtherealterroristnatureof"SenderoLuminoso"when,in &!$ horror,itsawafamilyapartmentbuildinginaresidentialareaofLima '"% destroyedbyacarbombanditsresidentskilled. (z#& 56. b "SenderoLuminoso"hasbeencomparedbyleadinginternationalpolitical *X%( analystswiththetragicPolPotregimeinCambodia.Throughitsofficial +G&) journalElDiarioInternacional,whichispublishedinanimportantEuropean |,6'*  countrywiththebackingoflibertariantheories,"SenderoLuminoso"has k-%(+ statedthat2millionPeruviansneedtobemurderedinorderthatanew F "people'sState"maybebuilt. 5  57. b TheTupacAmarRevolutionaryMovement(MRTA)isanotherterroristgroup  thatemergedin1984andclaimstobethearmedrepresentativeofthe"new   left".Unlike"SenderoLuminoso",itclaimstobeaguerrillagroup,although   inpracticeitsguerrillatacticsspilloverintoterroristactions(hold-ups   andabductions)anditisbrandedbyviolence.   58. b IndiscriminateterroristviolenceinPeruhastakenatragictollof  g  over27,000humanlives. V  59. b Theobjectiveoftheterroristgroupsistocausethegreatestpossible z4  economicdamageinordertoparalysethecountry'seconomicactivities. i#  EstimatesofdamageindicatethatPeruhassustainedlossesintheorderof X  US$21billion,equivalenttotheentireforeigndebt,inadditiontothe G resourcesdirectlyassignedtoeffortstocombatterrorism. 6 60. b Economicreportsgenerallyemphasizethedirectcostsofthedestruction  ofproductionresources,electricitypylons,roads,bridges,shoppingcentres,  factories,publicinstitutions,banks,etc.  61. b Anestimatewillalsohavetobemadeoftheopportunitycosts,i.e.the  benefitsnotobtainedbecauseoftheattacks,theflightofdomesticand y foreigninvestment,andtheparalysisoftouristservices,etc. h 62. b Theintroductionofanewanti-terrorismstrategyaimedatorganizingthe F people'sstrongrejectionofterroristmethodshasalreadyhaditsfirstmajor {5 successes:on10September1993,themainleaderof"SenderoLuminoso"was j$ captured,togetherwith95percentofthegang'sotherleaders,whoarenow Y  beingheldinhigh-securityprisons. H! 63. b Guzmn'sarresthashaltedtheescalationofterrorism.Forthefirst &#  time,theGovernmentistakingtheinitiativethroughacomprehensive $! anti-terrorismpolicythatincludessolvinghyperinflationandeconomic %" reorganization,socialactionbytheStatethroughthearmedforcesand % # police,effortstocombatextremepovertyandrespectforhumanrights. &!$ 64. b AnotherresultoftheGovernment'santi-terrorismdrivehasbeenthe (z#& arrestofthemainleadersoftheMRTA.Inaddition,collusionbetweenthe )i$' MRTAanddrug-traffickers,bankraidsandthe"wardues"collectedfrom *X%( shopkeepersandbusinessmenplayedaroleinthedismantlingofthisterrorist +G&) groupfromwithin;inrecentyearsithassimplybecomeagangofcriminals. |,6'*   k-%(+ 65. b Peruhaspressedforthedevelopmentoflegaldoctrinetoenable F  internationallawtocoverterrorismasaviolationofhumanrightsandto 5 initiatejointactionbytheinternationalcommunityinordertopunishthe $ offenceofterrorismandeventuallyeradicateitaltogether.  @)F.Culturalindicators   66. b TheilliteracyrateinPerudecreasedsharply,from58percentin1940   to18percentin1981.Duringtheperiod1983-1991,theilliteracyrate  x amongthepopulationaged15yearsoroverfellfrom16.0percentto  g  10.7percent.Theilliteracyratebrokendownbyurbanorruralareaand V  bysexindicatesthatthelowestratesareinurbanareas,withilliteracy E  remaininghighinruralareas,andthatmorewomenareilliteratethanmen. z4    X  @VV$II.GENERALPOLITICALSTRUCTURE F @PP'A.Generallegalframework $ 67. b Peruisacountrythathasbeenmouldedbythousandsofyearsof   pre-Colombiandevelopmentand500yearsofWesternculture;theConstitution   accordinglydefinesPeruasamulti-ethnicandmulticulturalcountry.   68. b ThePeruvianConstitution,whichwasformulatedbytheDemocratic  x ConstituentCongresselectedforthatpurposeandcomposedof80members,was  g  puttoapopularvoteandapprovedbymeansofareferendumon V  31October1993.ThePresidentoftheRepublicpromulgatedtheConstitution E  on27December1993.TheConstitution'sfirstprovisionsrelatetothe z4  fundamentalrightsoftheindividual,itsfirstarticlestipulating:"The i#  defenceoftheindividualandrespectforhisdignityconstitutethesupreme X  purposeofsocietyandtheState". G 69. b TherightsoftheindividualestablishedintheConstitutionarecovered % bythemainprovisionsoftheConstitutionof1979;however,newconceptshave  beenincorporatedwithaviewtostrengtheningnationalintegration.  70. b OneofthemaininnovationsofthenewConstitutionistheincorporation  ofmeasurestoensurepublicparticipation,throughtherightoflegislative  initiative,therighttoremoveauthoritiesandtherighttoparticipateina y referendum,themeansbywhichtheelectorateapprovedthepresenttextofthe h Constitution. W 71. b OneofthefundamentalpoliticalobjectivesofthisConstitutionhasbeen {5 toachieveanappropriatebalanceofpowers,strengtheningtheeffectiveness j$ oftheCouncilofMinistersandCongressitself,togetherwithappropriate Y  municipaldecentralization. H! @(B.SystemofGovernment &#  72. b InTitleII("TheStateandtheNation")oftheConstitution,article43 %" stipulatesthat"TheRepublicofPeruisdemocratic,social,independentand % # sovereign.TheStateisanindivisiblewhole.ItsGovernmentisunitary, &!$ representativeanddecentralized,andshallbeorganizedinaccordancewith '"% theprincipleoftheseparationofpowers". (z#& 73. b Itisfurtherstipulatedthat"ThepoweroftheStateoriginatesfromthe *X%( people.Thosewhoexerciseitdosowiththelimitationsandresponsibilities +G&) laiddownbytheConstitutionandthelaws." |,6'* @DD,C.TheExecutive Z.), Ї@n n 1.ThePresidentandVice-PresidentoftheRepublic F 74. b ThePresidentoftheRepublicistheHeadofStateandpersonifiesthe $ Nation.InordertobeelectedPresidentoftheRepublic,apersonmustbe  Peruvianbybirth,beatleast35yearsofageatthetimeofhiscandidature   andenjoytherighttovote.   75. b ThePresidentoftheRepubliciselectedbydirectsuffrage,the   candidatewhoobtainsmorethanhalfthevotesbeingelected.Spoiledor  x blankballotpapersareregardedasinvalid.Ifnoneofthecandidates  g  obtainsanabsolutemajority,asecondelectionisheldwithin30daysofthe V  proclamationoftheofficialresultsbetweenthetwocandidateswhoobtained E  thegreatestnumberofvotes.TogetherwiththePresidentoftheRepublic, z4  twovice-presidentsareelectedinthesamemanner,withthesamerequirements i#  andforthesameterm. X  76. b ThemandateofthePresidentisforfiveyears;hemaybere-electedfor 6 anadditionalperiod.Onceaminimumperiodofafurtherconstitutionalterm % haselapsed,aformerPresidentmaystandforelectionagainsubjecttothe  sameconditions.  77. b TheConstitutionalsoestablishesthegroundsonwhichthepresidencymay  berelinquishedorsuspended.  78. b ThePresidentoftheRepublichasthefollowingpowers,amongothers: h  b (a) ToexecuteandenforcetheConstitutionandtreaties,lawsand F otherlegalprovisions; {5  b (b) TorepresenttheState,withinandoutsidetheRepublic; Y   b (c) TodirectthegeneralpolicyoftheGovernment; 7"  b (d) Towatchovertheinternalorderandexternalsecurityofthe $! Republic; %"  b (e) ToconveneelectionsfortheofficeofPresidentoftheRepublic, &!$ electionsofmembersofCongress,andelectionsfortheofficesofmayor, '"% aldermanandotherofficesstipulatedbylaw; (z#&  b (f) ToconveneCongressasanextraordinarylegislatureand,inthis *X%( case,signtheconvocationdecree; +G&)   |,6'*  b (g) ToaddressmessagestoCongressatanytimeandonanobligatory F basis,personallyandinwriting,whenthefirstannualordinarylegislature 5 beginsitssitting. $   b (h) Toestablishregulationsforlawswithouttransgressingor   distortingthem,andwithinthoselimits,issuedecreesanddecisions;    b (i) Toexecuteandenforcethesentencesanddecisionsofthe   jurisdictionalorgans;  x  b (j) ToexecuteandenforcethedecisionsoftheNationalElection V  Board; E   b (k) Todirectexternalinternational-relationspolicy,andconcludeand i#  ratifytreaties; X   b (l) Topresideoverthenationaldefencesystem,andorganize, % distributeanddirecttheuseofthearmedforcesandtheNationalPolice;   b (m) ToadoptthenecessarymeasuresforthedefenceoftheRepublic,  theintegrityoftheterritoryandthesovereigntyoftheState;   b (n) Todeclarewarandsignpeacetreaties,withtheauthorizationof y Congress; h  b (o) Toorderextraordinarymeasures,bymeansofemergencydecrees F havingforceoflaw,oneconomicandfinancialmatters,andwheneverrequired {5 bythenationalinterest,withresponsibilityforreportingtoCongress,which j$ mayinturnamendthesaidemergencydecrees;and Y   b (p) Toexercisesuchotherfunctionsofgovernmentandadministration 7" astheConstitutionandlawsmayentrusttohim. &#  @&2.TheCouncilofMinisters %" 79. b TheCouncilofMinistersiscomposedoftheMinistersofState;ithasa &!$ President,whoisappointedandremovedfromofficebythePresidentofthe '"% Republic. (z#& 80. b TheCouncilofMinistersisresponsiblefortheadministrationand *X%( managementofpublicservices,eachMinisterbeingresponsibleformatters +G&) fallingwithinhisportfolio.ActsbythePresidentoftheRepubliclacking |,6'* ministerialapprovalarenullandvoid. k-%(+  Z.), 81. b ThePresidentoftheCouncilofMinisters,whomaybeaministerwithout F portfolio,hasthefollowingresponsibilities: 5  b (a) Toact,afterthePresidentoftheRepublic,astheauthorized  spokesmanfortheGovernment;    b (b) TocoordinatethefunctionsoftheotherMinisters;    b (c) Toapprovelegislativedecrees,emergencydecreesandtheother  x decreesanddecisionsprovidedforbytheConstitutionandthelaw.  g  82. b InordertobeaMinisterofState,apersonmustbePeruvianbybirth, E  havecitizenshiprightsandbeatleast25yearsofage.Membersofthearmed z4  forcesandtheNationalPolicemaybeMinisters. i#  83. b AmongthepowersoftheCouncilofMinsters,wewouldmentionthe G following: 6  b (a) ToapprovesuchbillsasthePresidentoftheRepublicmaysubmit  toCongress;   b (b) Toapprovesuchlegislativedecreesandemergencydecreesasmaybe  issuedbythePresidentoftheRepublic,andbills,decreesanddecisionsas  providedforbylaw. y  b (c) Todiscussmattersofpublicinterest;and F  b (d) OthermattersasentrustedtoitbytheConstitutionandthelaw. j$ 84. b AnydecisionbytheCouncilofMinistersrequirestheapprovalofthe H! majorityofitsmembersandmustbeplacedonrecord.Ministersmayexercise 7" nopublicofficeotherthanthatoflegislator. &#  85. b ItisconsideredthatMinistersareindividuallyresponsiblefortheir %" ownactsandforthepresidentialactstheyapprove. % # 86. b AllMinistersarejointlyresponsibleforanycriminalactsoractsin '"% violationoftheConstitutionorthelawsperpetratedbythePresidentofthe (z#& RepublicoragreedonintheCouncil,eveniftheywithholdtheirvote,unless )i$' theyresignimmediately. *X%( 87. b Within30daysoftakingoffice,thePresidentoftheCouncilmustgo |,6'* beforeCongress,togetherwiththeotherMinisters,toexplainanddiscussthe k-%(+ generalpolicyoftheGovernmentandtheprincipalmeasuresrequiredforthe Z.), implementationofthispolicy.Forthispurposehesubmitsaconfidence F motion. 5 88. b TheattendanceoftheCouncilofMinisters,orofanyoftheMinisters,  isobligatorywhenCongresssummonstheminordertoquestionthem;the   summonsmustbeinwritingandbesubmittedbynotlessthan15percentof   thetotalnumberofmembersofCongress.   89. b CongressgiveseffecttothepoliticalresponsibilityoftheCouncilof  x Ministers,oroftheMinistersseparately,throughavoteofcensureorno  g  confidence.Thelattermotionmaybesubmittedonlythroughministerial V  initiative. E  90. b AnycensuremotionagainsttheCouncilofMinisters,oragainstanyof i#  theMinisters,mustbesubmittedbynotlessthen25percentofthetotal X  numberofmembersofCongress.Tobeapproved,morethanhalfthetotal G numberofmembersofCongressmustvoteinfavourofthemotion.TheCouncil 6 ofMinisters,ortheMinistercensured,isrequiredtoresign. % 91. b ThePresidentoftheCouncilofMinistersmayintroduceamotionof  confidencebeforeCongressonbehalfoftheCouncil.Iftheconfidencemotion  isrejected,oriftheCounciliscensured,resignsorisdissolvedbythe  PresidentoftheRepublic,theCabinetisincompletecrisis.  92. b Todealwiththissituation,thePeruvianConstitutionhasprovidedfor h thepossibilitythatthePresidentoftheRepublicmaydissolveCongressif W thelatterhascensuredorexpressednoconfidenceintwoCouncilsof F Ministers. {5 93. b Thedissolutiondecreemustcontainanannouncementofelectionsfora Y  newCongress,whichmustbeheldwithinfourmonthsofthedateof H! dissolution,withoutmodificationofthepre-existingelectoralsystem. 7" Congressmaynotbedissolvedduringthefinalyearofitsmandate. &#  94. b OnceCongresshasbeendissolved,aStandingCommissioncontinuestoact % # asatemporarysupervisorybody;thisCommissionmaynotbedissolved.There &!$ arenoothermeansofrevokingtheparliamentarymandateandCongressmaynot '"% bedissolvedunderastateofsiege. (z#& 95. b ThenewCongressmaycensuretheCouncilofMinistersorrejectamotion *X%( confidenceinit. +G&) @+D.TheLegislature k-%(+  Z.), @JJ)1.Generalprovisions F 96. b LegislativeauthoritylieswithCongress,whichconsistsofasingle $ chamberandiselectedforafive-yeartermbymeansofanelectoralprocess  organizedinaccordancewiththelaw.   97. b Congressiscomposedof120members,who,inordertobeelected,mustbe   Peruvianbybirth,beatleast25yearsofageandenjoytherighttovote.   98. b ThemembersofCongressrepresenttheNation.Theyarenotsubjecttoa  g  bindingmandateortoaparliamentaryquestionprocedure;theyarenot V  responsibletoanyauthorityorjurisdictionalbodyfortheopinionsthey E  expressandthevotestheycastintheexerciseoftheirfunctions;theymay z4  notbetriedorarrestedwithoutpriorauthorizationbyCongressorthe i#  StandingCommission,exceptinflagrantedelicto. X  99. b Thelegislativemandateisnon-renounceable.Disciplinarypenalties 6 imposedbyCongressonrepresentativesentailingsuspensionfromofficemay % notexceed120daysofthetermofthelegislature.  100. b Congressmayinitiateinvestigationsonanysubjectofpublicinterest.  Whenapersonhasbeensummonedtoappearbeforeacommissionresponsiblefor  suchaninvestigation,hisattendanceiscompulsory,andsubjecttothesame  constraintsasthoseinjudicialprocedure. y 101. b ThearmedforcesandtheNationalPolicemaynotenterthepremisesof W CongresswithouttheauthorizationofthePresidentofCongress. F 102. b ThemembersoftheCongressionalStandingCommissionareelectedby j$ Congress.Theirnumbertendstobeproportionatetothenumberof Y  representativesofeachparliamentarygroup,andmaynotexceed25percentof H! thetotalnumberofmembersofCongress. 7" 103. b AmongthepowersoftheStandingCommission,wewouldnotethefollowing: $!  b (a) TodesignatetheComptroller-General,onthenominationofthe % # PresidentoftheRepublic; &!$  b (b) ToratifythedesignationofthePresidentoftheCentralReserve (z#& BankandoftheSuperintendentofBankingandInsurance; )i$'  b (c) Toapprovesupplementarycredits,andtransfersandcreditsfrom k-%(+ thebudgetduringtheparliamentaryrecess; Z.), Ї b (d) ToexercisesuchlegislativepowersasCongressmaydelegatetoit. F Mattersrelatingtoconstitutionalreformorapprovalofinternational 5 treaties,organizationallaws,theBudgetActandtheGeneralAccountsofthe $ RepublicActmaynotbedelegatedtotheStandingCommission.   b     104. b AmongthepowersofCongress,wewouldmentionthefollowing:    b (a) Toenactlawsandlegislativedecrees,andtointerpret,amendor   repealexistinglawsanddecrees;  x  b (b) ToensurethattheConstitutionandthelawsarerespected,andto V  orderappropriateactioninordertogiveeffecttotheliabilityof E  violators; z4   b (c) Toapprovetreaties,inconformitywiththeConstitution; X   b (d) Toapprovethebudgetandthegeneralaccounts; 6  b (e) Toauthorizeborrowings,inaccordancewiththeConstitution;   b (f) Toexercisetherightofamnesty;   b (g) ToapproveterritorialdemarcationasproposedbytheExecutive;   b (h) Togiveconsenttotheentryofforeigntroopsontotheterritory h oftheRepublic,providedthatnationalsovereigntyisinnowaythereby W affected; F  b (i) ToauthorizethePresidentoftheRepublictoleavethecountry. j$ @&2.Thelegislativefunction H! 105. b Congressmayenactspeciallawsinresponsetotherequirementsofa &#  particularsituation,butnotonaccountofdifferencesbetweenpersons. $! 106. b Nolawmayhaveretroactiveforceoreffect,exceptincriminalmatters % # wherethelawfavoursthedefendant;alawmayberepealedonlybyanother &!$ law.TheConstitutiondoesnotprotectabuseofthelaw. '"% 107. b CongressmaydelegatetotheExecutivethepowertolegislate,bymeans )i$' oflegislativedecrees,onaspecificmatterandforaparticularperiodas *X%( establishedintheenablinglaw.Theselegislativedecreesaresubjecttothe +G&) sameprovisionsasthosewhichapplyforthelaw.Mattersthatareclassified |,6'* asnon-delegablemaynotbedelegatedtotheStandingCommission. k-%(+  Z.), 108. b Nobillmaybeenactedwithouthavingbeenpreviouslyapprovedbythe F relevantconsultativecommission,exceptwhereprovidedforintherulesof 5 procedureofCongress.Draftlegislationofanurgentcharactersubmittedby $ theExecutivehasprioritybeforeCongress.  @ 3.Theformulationandpromulgationoflaws   109. b ThePresidentoftheRepublicandthemembersofCongresshavetheright  x ofinitiativeintheformulationoflaws.TheotherbranchesofState  g  authority,theautonomouspublicinstitutions,themunicipalitiesandthe V  professionalassociationshavethesamerightinmatterswithintheir E  competence. z4  110. b Citizenswhoexercisetherightofinitiativeinaccordancewiththelaw X  alsohavethisright. G @DD,E.TheJudiciary % 111. b Thepowertoadministerjusticeemanatesfromthepeopleandisexercised  bytheJudiciarythroughitshierarchicalorgansinaccordancewiththe  Constitutionandthelaws.  112. b Inanyproceedings,ifthereisincompatibilitybetweenaconstitutional y provisionandalegalprovision,thejudgesgiveprecedencetotheformer. h Similarly,theygiveprecedencetothelegalprovisionoveranyother W provisionoflowerrank. F 113. b Thefollowingareprinciplesandrightsofthejurisdictionalfunction: j$  b (a) Unityandexclusivenessofthejurisdictionalfunction.The H! militaryandarbitraljurisdictionsarerecognizedasindependent 7" jurisdictions; &#   b (b) Independenceintheexerciseofthejurisdictionalfunction.No %" authoritymayassumejurisdictionincasespendingbeforeajurisdictional % # organorinterfereintheexerciseofitsfunctions; &!$  b (c) Theobservanceofdueprocessandjurisdictionalprotection.No (z#& personmaybedivertedfromthejurisdictionpredeterminedbylaworsubjected )i$' toproceedingsotherthanthosepreviouslyestablished; *X%(  b (d) Thepublicnatureofproceedings,exceptwhereprovidedforbylaw. |,6'*  Judicialproceedingsinwhichthedefendantsarepublicofficials,those k-%(+ involvingpresscrimesandthosewhichrelatetofundamentalrightsguaranteed F bytheConstitutionarealwayspublic; 5   b (e) Writtensubstantiationofjudicialdecisionsinallinstances,  exceptforpurelyproceduralorders;    b (f) Pluralityofinstances;    b (g) Compensation,intheformdeterminedbylaw,formiscarriagesof  x justiceincriminaltrialsandforarbitrarydetention,withoutprejudiceto  g  anyliabilitythatmaybedetermined; V   b (h) Theprincipleofnotfailingtoadministerjusticebecauseofa z4  lacunaordeficiencyinthelaw.Insuchacase,thegeneralprinciplesof i#  writtenlawandcustomarylawapply; X   b (i) Theprincipleofthenon-applicabilitybyanalogyofthecriminal G lawandofprovisionswhichrestrictrights; 6  b (j) Theprincipleofnopunishmentwithoutatrial;   b (k) Theapplicationofthelawmostfavourabletothedefendantinthe  eventofdoubtorconflictbetweencriminallaws;   b (l) Theprinciplewherebynodefendantmaybesentencedinabsentia; y  b (m) Theprohibitionofthereopeningofproceedingsclosedbymeansof W anenforceablejudgement; F  b (n) Theprinciplewherebynodefendantmaybedeprivedoftherightof j$ defenceatanystageoftheproceedings; Y   b (o) Theprinciplethateverypersonmustbeinformed,immediatelyand 7" inwriting,ofthecausesoforreasonsforhisarrest; &#   b (p) Theprinciplethattheadministrationofjusticeisfree,andthat %" defenceisfreeforneedypersonsandforallpersonsinthecasesspecified % # bylaw; &!$  b (q) Popularparticipationintheappointmentandremovalofjudges,in (z#& accordancewiththelaw; )i$'  b (r) TheobligationoftheExecutivetoextendsuchcooperationasmay +G&) berequestedofitinproceedings; |,6'*   k-%(+  b (s) Prohibitionoftheexerciseofthejudicialfunctionbyanyonewho F  hasnotbeenappointedinthemannerprovidedforbytheConstitutionorthe 5 law; $  b (t) Theprinciplethateverypersonhastherighttomakeanalysesand   criticismsofjudicialdecisionsandsentences,withinthelimitationsoflaw;    b (u) Therightofremandandsentencedprisonerstooccupydecent   premises;  x  b (v) Theprinciplethatthepurposeoftheprisonregimeis V  re-education,rehabilitationandreintegrationoftheprisonerintosociety. E  114. b ThenewConstitutionalsostipulatesthatthedeathpenaltymaybe i#  imposedonlyfortheoffenceoftreasonintimeofwarandterrorism,in X  accordancewiththelawsandtreatiestowhichPeruisaparty. G 115. b TheJudiciaryismadeupofjurisdictionalorganswhichadminister % justiceinthenameoftheNationandbyorgansbywhichitisgovernedand  administered.  116. b Thejurisdictionalorgansare:theSupremeCourtofJusticeandsuch  othercourtsasmaybedeterminedbytheJudiciary'sorganizationact.  117. b ThePresidentoftheSupremeCourtisalsoPresidentoftheJudiciary. h TheplenarySupremeCourtisthehighestdeliberatingbodyoftheJudiciary. W 118. b TheStateguaranteestojudges: {5  b (a) Theirindependence;theyaresubjectonlytotheConstitutionand Y  thelaw; H!  b (b) Irremovabilityfromtheirposts;theymaynotbetransferred &#  withouttheirconsent; $!  b (c) Permanencyoftenure,providedtheirconductandabilityare % # commensuratewiththeiroffice; &!$  b (d) Remunerationwhichassuresthemastandardoflivingappropriateto (z#& theirresponsibilityandseniority. )i$' 119. b InordertobeajudgeoftheSupremeCourtofJustice,apersonmust: +G&)  b (a) BePeruvianbybirth; k-%(+  Z.),  b (b) Havecitizenshiprights; F  b (c) Beatleast45yearsofage; $ ̀ b (d) HavebeenaHigherCourtjudgeorseniorgovernmentprocurator   for10yearsorhavepractisedasalawyerorheldauniversitychairina   legaldisciplinefor15years.   120. b Lastly,itshouldbeborneinmindthattheConstitutionhasgrantedthe  x powertoexercisethejudicialfunction,forthepurposesoftheexecutionof  g  theircustomarylaw,totheruralandnativecommunitieswiththesupportof V  theruralpatrols.Thelawwillestablishtheformsofcoordinationofthis E  specialjurisdictionwiththemagistrates'courtsandtheotherinstancesof z4  judicialauthority. i#  @ F.TheNationalCounciloftheJudiciary G 121. b TheNationalCounciloftheJudiciaryisanindependentandautonomous % organwhichisresponsiblefortheselectionandappointmentofjudgesand  procurators,exceptwhenthelatterareelectedbythepeople.  122. b Justicesofthepeaceareappointedonthebasisofapopularelection,  organizedinaccordancewiththelaw.  123. b TheNationalCounciloftheJudiciaryhasthefollowingfunctions: h  b (a) Appointment,onthebasisofapubliccompetitiveexaminationand F personalevaluationandwiththeapprovaloftwothirdsofitsmembers,of {5 judgesandprocuratorsatalllevels; j$  b (b) Confirmationoftheappointmentofjudgesandprocuratorsatall H! levelseverysevenyears; 7"  b (c) Enforcementofthepenaltyofdismissalinthecaseofmembersof $! theSupremeCourtandSeniorGovernmentProcuratorsand,attherequestofthe %" SupremeCourtortheBoardofSeniorGovernmentProcurators,judgesand % # procuratorsatallinstances; &!$  b (d) Awardingtojudgesandprocuratorstheofficialtitleaccrediting (z#& theirstatus. )i$' 124. b ThePeruvianConstitutionestablishesthecompositionoftheNational +G&) CounciloftheJudiciaryandtherequirementsformembership. |,6'* @* * !G.ThePublicProsecutor'sDepartment Z.), Ї125. b ThePublicProsecutor'sDepartmentisautonomousandpresidedoverbythe F Attorney-GeneraloftheNation,whoiselectedbytheBoardofSenior 5 GovernmentProcurators. $ 126. b ThetermofofficeoftheAttorney-GeneraloftheNationisthreeyears,   whichmaybeextendedbyre-electionforafurthertwoyears.Themembersof   thePublicProsecutor'sDepartment