WPC  )Ƿ}QVs)H \; JIULKo3݋@q} !?QKLhA3εM C낢߰K؞(zDp55$U:n2 %E 0 0Ce D+ AM F 0f UFoc@q%UF 0rj) 0 0%J 0%o 0 B@#](NF^ HwT4Xl mn<6X9`("Courier 12cpi<6X9`("Courier 12cpid6X@8;@-A.UniversBoldScalable}p?7-A.UniversBoldScalablep?7,A.UniversBoldScalable  p?7  Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(2 $ !UKUS.,  TRX<6&X3' Letter 6&A43'TϾϾϾ  33+B.++b >uQ!XB  ($     'dxdA<< c <   "UKUS.,ϾϾϾ  33B.++b >uQ!XB  _Ͼ _HRI_(2 $ !UKUS.,  TRX<6&X3' Letter 6&A43'TϾϾϾ  33+B.++b >uQ!XB  -A.UniversBoldScalableWPC  9513 ,, !y}vH794?7463 52 51 40403/2/2.1.1- 0-0-0,/,/+?. . .  -  -  - ? ,  ,  ,  +  +? ? +  +  ?*  *  *  )  ?)  ) ?  )  ? )( ( ( ?( ' ?' ' ?' '&??& ??&  &    ?        ??     ?   ???    ?   ?   ?   ?     ? ?    ? ?   ? ?  ?    ?  ?  ?    ?  ?? ?  ? ?   ? ?  ?? ?  ?    ?   ??  ?   ?    ? ? ?     ?  ?? ?   ?   ???  ??  ? ? ?? ?? ??  ????   ???? ? ? ? ? ?  ??  ? ? ? ? ??  ?? ?? ?  ?  ?     ?   ?  ?  ? ? ? ?   ??   ?        ? ?  ??   ???  ? ? ? ? ? ? ?   ? ?? ??  ?? ?  ? ?  ? ??  ? ???  ?? ?  ? ?? ?  ?     ??     ??   ??  ???? ? ? ? x? ?8 ?? ? ?  ?? 8 ??  ? 8 ??  ?    | ??  <?   ? ??   ?  ???  ????  ???  ??|  ?  ???  ??  ??  ?  ?  ???  >?  <?  8?  0?   ???   ????   ???   ???   ?    ?   ??   ???  ? ??  ? ? ? ? ?  ? ? ?? ? ??? ? ?  ? ?? ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ???? ?  ? ? ?? ?? ??  ? ? ?  ?  ? ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?  ??? ???????  ? ??? ?  ?8? ?~??<? ?8? ??8?? ?? 0??   ? ?`?? ?@??? ? ???? ? ?? ?? ??  ?  ?0 ??0? &?8 ?8 ??` ?  ?  ?? ?  ???????????? ?  ??????? ??  ? ?!?!8<>?~? |?| |?0 < >  ? ?? ? ? ???? ?? ?? ???????????????????   ?<? < x x     ?? ???0? ???$?$?? ?? ? ? ? ? ?? ??? ???????????? ???? ??? ??x ??  ?? ?  ?????? ?? ?"? "??  <?  ?  ??   ? ?  ? ? ???  ???  ??? ~ ??? @? ? ?p ?     @         ?  ? ? ? ? ???????@?? ??8??? |??? ???? ?? ?? ??    ?  ?    ?>?|? ? ? ? ??  ?? ? ?? ???????? ?? ? ??? ? ?? ?  ?  ? ? ?? ??p`?  ? ~? ~?~??~?????~????~???|???<??`8???8??0???0 ??  ?? ? ????? ?x ?x ?|? ??|? ? > ?  > ?? ? ? ? ??x ? ?|  ?~? ? ? ??  ??  ?? ? ?  ??? ? ???  ?? ?         ?        ?    ? ??  ???? ? ? ? ?    ?  ?   ??   ??         ??        ?  ?  ? ? ?  ?  ? |?  ? |? ?? ? < ?  >     ?? ??  ?? ??  ?       ??  ? ??? ? ?? ??  ? ? ?  ?      ?   ?? ?  ?  ?  ??  ? p ?   ? ?   ?    ?   ?   ?   ?  ??|? ? ???? ?? ??  ?  ???  ??  ??   ?~  ?| ? p ? ?? ? ?? ? ?  ??  ?   ?         ? ?   ?   ?      ?  ? ???   ???   ?? ?? ?? ?  ?? ?  ?   ?  ?  ?? ?  ?  ?     ?   ?  ?     ? ?   ??  ??  ?  ?   ?      ?    "? ?  " ?   ?  ? ?     ? ??  ?       ?    ?   ?  ?   ?? ?   ?  ?      ??     ?    ?    ??   ?     ?  ?   ?    ?    ??  ?  ??  ??  ?    ? ? ? ??       ? ?  ?  ? ?    ?      ? ? ?        ? ??  ? ?         ? |  >   ?       ? ? ? ???  ?? @?? ?   ??  ?  ? ? ? ?  ? ??       ??? ????    ? ?     ? ?        ?   ?  ?       ??  ? ???  ?    ?  ?   ??       ? ?           ?  ? ~  x  p   ? ? ?  ? ?  ?     ?         ?         ?? ? ? ? ??? ? ?? ? ?   * * `*?* )? ?)??))))))?'?'?'''' & &?  ' ? '  (  ) )? * ?*?+?,-J'%$# # " " !?  ?   q?   ?       ?   ?!33 ?!)( ( ' ?' ' & &?%%?%$$ # ?# ?# ? ? ???   ?  - -? ?- , , ?, , , , + +  +  +  ?+  *?  *!*!* "* #*3)3)?3)3)3)?3)3)3)2(?2(2(2(?2(2(2(2(2(1(?1(1(1(1(1(1(1)1A0A0A?0A?0A0A?0B0B1B1B1v) #UNLOGO.WPG g   "UKUS.,ϾϾϾ  33B.++b >uQ!XB  _ bϾ  bInternational  HumanRights ?? Instruments,A.UniversBoldScalable _Pleasedonotchangeanyofthecodeswhichappearbeforethiscomment.  Distr.etc.muststartontheFirstTabforalongsymbolortheSecondfora  shorterone.   (UKUS.,ϾϾϾ  33+B.++b >uQ!XB  ! ++P++7!   P HRI/CORE/1/Add.50     P page  3    (2 $ !UKUS.,  TRX<6&X3' Letter 6&A43'TϾϾϾ  33+B.++b >uQ!XB   `  'UKUS.,ϾϾϾ  33+B.++b >uQ!XB  ! ++P++7!HRI/CORE/1/Add.50  page  3    (2 $ !UKUS.,  TRX<6&X3' Letter 6&A43'TϾϾϾ  33+B.++b >uQ!XB  (!2$ !UKUS.,  TRX<6&X3' Letter 6&A43'TϾϾϾ  33+B.++b >uQ!XB  3333"XϾ+Ҁ  0  /(!2$ !UKUS.,  TRX<6&X3' Letter 6&A43'TϾϾϾ  33+B.++b >uQ!XB  3333"XϾ+Ҁ  0  /3|d (t$UKUS.,  TRX<6&X3' Letter 6&A43'TϾϾϾ  33+B.++b >uQ!XB dHP LaserJet 4P,,,,,,0!o}. Jc.Oru' (IU !UKUS.,  TRX<6&X3' Letter 6&A43'TϾϾϾ  33+B.++b >uQ!XB  _  R?+?'F dEF ??'QG dEQG ?_ ]MIz|_ p @X@E_X__bϾ b UNITED A NATIONS  _OKz|2n ` @X@E?2nJ?2n ]MIz|   p @X@E       Ͼ ! ??++7! 4 +?X]r    Distr. !S     GENERAL  B      _HRI_/CORE/1/Add.50       9November1994        Original:ENGLISH   mmE.++b >uQ!??E@  COREDOCUMENTFORMINGPARTOFTHEREPORTSOFSTATESPARTIES \ @881ESTONIA :l L$[12August1994] J @+I.LANDANDPEOPLE ( 1. b EstoniaissituatedontheeastshoreoftheBalticSeabetween57_$46'N_  and59_$49'N_Ԁlatitudeand21_$46'E_Ԁand28_$13'E_Ԁlongitude.Estoniacoversan  areaof45,215_km2_,withanadditional2,000_km2_stilloccupiedbythe  RussianFederation.  2. b On24February1918,thecreationofanindependentEstonianStatebecame  possible.Estoniawasindependentuntil16June1940.Onthebasisofthe n Molotov-_Ribbentrop_Ԁpactof1939anditssecretprotocols,theUSSRoccupied ] Estoniaon17June1940.On6August1940,Estoniawasincorporatedintothe L ~  USSR.ItwasoccupiedbyGermanyfrom1941to1944,andbytheSovietUnion ;!m!! from1944to1991.Sovereigntywasrestoredon20August1991. *"\"" 3. b EstoniaadoptedthenewConstitutionoftheRepublicofEstoniaby $:$$ referendumon28June1992.PursuanttotheConstitution,whichenteredinto $)%% forceon3July1992,Estoniaisanindependentandsovereigndemocratic %&& republicwhereinthesupremepowerisvestedinthepeople. &'' 4. b On20September1992,thefirstfreeparliamentaryandpresidential (() electionssincethewartookplace. ))* 5. b Accordingtocensusdata,thepopulationofEstoniain1989 ++, was1,565,662,ofwhom963,269or61.6percentwereethnicEstonians, o,,- Russians30.3percent,Ukrainians3.17percent,Byelorussians1.8percent, ^--. Finns1.1percentandothers2.13percent.Thisrepresentsadrastic M../ decreaseintheproportionofethnicEstoniansinEstonia,whichwasrecorded uQ!++7B6. b Estoniahasundergonedramaticchangesincetherestorationof F independence.Estoniahascommencedtheimplementationofafreemarket 5 economy.Withthemonetaryreformof20June1992,Estoniaintroduceditsown $ currency,theEstoniankroon(EK).Thekroonisstrictlypeggedtothe  deutschemarkatarateof1DM=8EK.   7. b PrimaryeconomicindicatorsforEstoniaarethefollowing:   0 b GNPin199213.7billionEK(1.7billionDM); xb$b$ 0 b GNPpercapitain19928,560EK(1.07DM);V b$b$ 0 b Inflation199330percent;z4 b$b$  b Foreigndebtasof1May1993US$180million; X  0 b Unemploymentasof1May19932.4percentandasof1September1993 6 1.84percent;%b$b$ 0 b PrincipalreligionsLutheran,RussianOrthodox,Baptist;b$b$ 0 b Averagelifeexpectancy(1990):men64.7years,women74.9years;b$b$ 0 b Infantmortalityrate(1991)13.12perthousand;yb$b$ 0 b Birthrate(1991)17.8perthousand;Wb$b$ 0 b Percentageofpopulationunder15yearsorover65yearsofage {5 (1January1992)33.6percent;j$b$b$ 0 b Urbanpopulation71.25percent;H!b$b$ 0 b Ruralpopulation28.75percent.&# b$b$ 8. b The1993Statebudgetisinbalance.TheamountofEstoniankroonin %" circulationisbackedbyovertwicetheamountingoldandforeigncurrency % # reserves.Theforeigntradebalanceispositive,withforeigntradevolume &!$ increasing28percentinthefirstquarterof1993overthefirstquarter '"% of1992. (z#&    II. GENERALPOLITICALSTRUCTURELEGALBASISOF *X%(  HUMANRIGHTSPROTECTIONINESTONIA +G&)   |,6'* 9. b EveryonehastherighttotheprotectionoftheStateandofthelaw F  (EstonianConstitution,art.14).Ensuringrightsandfreedomsisthe 5 responsibilityofthelegislative,executiveandjudicialpowers,aswellas $ ofthelocalgovernments(EC,art.14).  10. b TheworkoftheRiigikogu(Estonianparliament),thePresidentofthe   Republic,theGovernmentoftheRepublicandthecourtsisorganizedonthe   principleofseparationandbalanceofpowers.   11. b LegislativepowershallrestwiththeRiigikogu,whichconsists V  of101members(EC,arts.59,60).On9September1992,thefirstdemocratic E  parliamentaryandpresidentialelectionsinover50yearswereheld.Besides z4  independentmembersofparliament,nineparliamentaryfactionsarerepresented i#  intheRiigikogu. X  12. b ThePresidentoftheRepublicistheheadofState(EC,art.77).The 6 currentPresidentisLennartMeri. % 13. b ExecutivepowerinEstoniarestswiththeGovernment(EC,art.86).  14. b Universallyrecognizedprinciplesandnormsofinternationallawshallbe  aninseparablepartoftheEstonianlegalsystem(EC,art.3).IfEstonian  laworotheractscontradictforeigntreatiesratifiedbytheRiigikogu y (includinginternationalhumanrightsconventions),theprovisionsofthe h foreigntreatyshallbeapplied(EC,art.123). W 15. b TheLegalChancellorshallbeanindependentofficialwhoshallmonitor {5 whetherthelegislativeactsadoptedbytheStatelegislatureandexecutive j$ andbylocalgovernmentsareinaccordancewiththeConstitutionandthelaw Y  (EC,art.139). H! 16. b Justiceshallbeadministeredonlybythecourts.Thecourtsshallbe &#  independentintheirworkandshalladministerjusticeinaccordancewiththe $! Constitutionandthelaw(EC,art.146). %" 17. b Estoniahasathreetieredcourtsystem: &!$  b (a) Countyandtowncourtsandadministrativecourts(courtsoffirst (z#& instance); )i$'  b (b) Districtcourts(courtsofsecondinstance,whichreviewjudgement +G&) bycourtsoffirstinstanceasappealproceedings); |,6'*  k-%(+  b (c) NationalCourt(highestcourt,whichreviewscourtjudgementas F cassationproceedingsandcasesinvolvingconstitutionaldisputes). 5 Thecreationofspecialcourtsforsomecategoriesofcourtcasesshallbe  establishedbylaw.Theestablishmentofemergencycourtsshallbeprohibited   (EC,arts.148,149).   18. b Everypersonshallhavetherighttobringacasebeforethecourtsif   hisorherrightsorlibertieshavebeenviolated.Anypersonwhosecaseis  x beingtriedbyacourtoflawshallbeentitledtodemandthedeterminationof  g  theconstitutionalityofanyrelevantlaw,otherlegalactorprocedure V  (EC,art.15). E  19. b TherightsofallpersonsestablishedintheInternationalCovenanton i#  CivilandPoliticalRightsareprotectedwithoutrestrictioninEstonia. X  EstoniahasalsoaccededtotheOptionalProtocoltotheCovenant.The G RepublicofEstoniatherebyrecognizesthecompetenceoftheHumanRights 6 Committeetoreceiveandconsidercommunicationsfromindividualswhoclaimto % bevictimsofaviolationbyEstoniaofanyoftherightssetforthinthe  Covenant.  20. b TheEstonianConstitutiondoesnotobstructtheapplicationofprovisions  ofhumanrightsconventionsratifiedbytheRiigikoguinEstonianlaw.  21. b TheprotectionofhumanrightsinEstoniaismonitored,inadditionto h theStatelegislature,executivepowerandthecourts,bytheLegal W Chancellor.On10December1992,theEstonianInstituteforHumanRightswas F establishedasapublicorganization. {5 @2