WPC A>"IjzmoIy߅ց2u} [=WpngR(}<)˂.Qn/65?/–c~ O` \PԣjXjWNow86HbyGuK*2D Q1k9"'8n03.0?F}.?#P~U0BY=X6q`'ĺ Y`Z*+hEg/yQ=q4-4޲^?+E 4 ]MUjrju3.|Ex}FJdEZCP/%s ZB#UCA>|9O5LƱk&wӯᎼN܏`gC~'A!}a6N VG+>H>y=b+Y}A2S[ G˥%U}; >/2p^+U:Zn %BHE  0 0C D+ AMLN 0UFWo@Aw_UF3" 1k:"v 0U 0 0, 0, 0 B#(N 1u 72#^ Uwa4ey m{<6X9`("Courier 12cpi<6X9`("Courier 12cpid6X@8;@-A.UniversBoldScalable}p?7-A.UniversBoldScalablep?7,A.UniversBoldScalable  p?7 '  15023 2final ,HRI/CORE/1/Add.520ldp .10   Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(2&$ uQ!XH  ($     'dxd A<< c B  &"UKUS.,  33H4+{+b >uQ!XH  _ ^_HRI_(2&$ uQ!XH  -A.UniversBoldScalableWPC  9513 ,, !y}vH794?7463 52 51 40403/2/2.1.1- 0-0-0,/,/+?. . .  -  -  - ? ,  ,  ,  +  +? ? +  +  ?*  *  *  )  ?)  ) ?  )  ? )( ( ( ?( ' ?' ' ?' 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Distr.etc.muststartontheFirstTabforalongsymbolortheSecondfora  shorterone.    } $35;AGOW_e11.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)    }   l &'UKUS.,  33+H4+{+b >uQ!XH  ' ++P+{Xb7'HRI/CORE/1/Add.52  page  3    (2&$ uQ!XH    &(UKUS.,  33+H4+{+b >uQ!XH  H.++b >uQ!+{Xb7H ++++7  HRI/CORE/1/Add.52    page  3    (2&$ uQ!XH  ("2$ uQ!XH  3333'zX+Ҁ  0  /("2$ uQ!XH  3333'zX+Ҁ  0  /3|d (z<$UKUS.,  TRX<6&X3' Letter 6&A43'T  33+H4+{+b >uQ!XH dHP LaserJet 4P,,,,,,0!3#37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)$i)}. Jc.O U uQ!XH  _  R?+? 'F dEF ?? 'QG dEQG ?_ ]MIz|_7 p @X@EC77XC7_" Q" UNITED R NATIONS  _OKz|2n ` @X@E?2nJ?2n ]MIz|   p @X@E      ; Q ;*??+{Xb7* E +?X]r' ++??'    Distr. 2d     GENERAL !S     _HRI_/CORE/1/Add.52  1      25October1994       ENGLISH       Original:RUSSIAN   mmE.++b >uQ!++E@  COREDOCUMENTFORMINGPARTOFTHEREPORTSOFSTATESPARTIES K} @+RUSSIANFEDERATION )[ I$[26September1994] 9 @+I.LANDANDPEOPLE   (43$2   1  .3   b TheRussianFederation(Russia)isaStatewithatotalarea  of17,075,400_km2_,situatedineasternEuropeandnorthernAsia,andbordering  onthefollowingStates:Finland,Norway,Sweden,Estonia,Latvia,Lithuania,  Poland,Belarus,Ukraine,Georgia,Azerbaijan,Kazakhstan,China,Mongolia,  DemocraticPeople'sRepublicofKorea,JapanandUnitedStatesofAmerica.  2   2  .3   b TheclimaterangesintypefrommaritimeinthefarNorth-Westto ] markedlycontinentalinSiberiaandmonsoonalintheFarEast.Thelandscape L ~  zonesarearcticdesert,tundra,woodedtundra,woodedsteppe,steppeand ;!m!! semi-desert.Thenumerousplains,tablelands,mountainranges,riversand *"\"" lakesformauniquenaturalsettingthathasdonemuchtodeterminethe #K## traditionsanddistinctivenessofthecountry. $:$$ Ё2   3  .3   b TheRussianFederationismadeupof21republics,6territories %&& [_krai_],49regions[_oblast_],2citieswithfederalstatus-Moscowand &'' SaintPetersburg,oneautonomousregion,and10autonomousareas[_okrug_]. ''( WithintheFederationthereare1,067towns,including13withmore (() than1millioninhabitants,2,070settlementsofurbantype,and ))* 1,867administrativedistricts[_raion_]. **+ 2   4  .3   b The(actual)populationon1January1994numbered148,400,000,of o,,- whom108,400,000(73.1percent)weretowndwellersand40,000,000 ^--. (26.9percent)ruraldwellers. M../   uQ!++7B2   6  .3   b Agestructure:39,000,000ofthepopulationoftheFederation a (26.2percentofthetotalpopulationofthecountry)arenomorethan P x 18yearsold;peopleofworkingage(malesbetween16and59yearsoldand ? g  womenbetween16and54yearsold)accountfor56.7percent;thoseof . V  pensionableageaccountfor20.0percent.  E  2   7  .3   b Ethnicmix:Accordingtothe1989Censusreturns,peopleofmore  #  than120nationalitiesandethnicgroupsliveinRussia.Russians,ofwhom   thereare120,000,000,comprise82percentofthetotal.Othernationalities  withapopulationinexcessof1millioninclude:Tartars,5.5million  (3.8percentofthetotal);Ukrainians,4.4million(3.0percent);  Chuvash,1.8million(1.2percent);Bashkirs,1.3million(0.9percent);  Belarusians,1.2million(0.8percent),andMordvins,1.1million  (0.7percent).  2   8  .3   b Some18millionofthepopulationofRussia(12percent)havetheirown b nationalStatestructureswithinthecountry,andtherearealsosome Qy 7,500,000membersoftheindigenouspeoplesofotherindependentStateswithin @h theCommonwealth(5.1percent),alongwith351,000citizensofother /W nationalities(0.2percent)thatdonothavetheirownnationalState F structures.  5 2   9  .3   b Educationallevel:Accordingtothe1989Censusreturns,91,100,000  people15yearsoldorolderhavereceivedsecondaryeducation(completeand  incompletesecondaryschooling)orhighereducation;thisfigureis  80.6percentofthepopulationinthisagerange.Amongthecountry's   specialists,30.5percent(34,400,000people)havehigherandspecialized  ! secondaryeducation,while27.4percent(31,000,000people)havegeneral !" secondaryeducation.Ofthe23,700,000peoplewithincompletesecondary " # schooling,4,700,000are15-17yearsold,andthevastmajorityofthem t#!$ (87percent)arecontinuingtheirstudies;mostofthepeoplewithnomore c$"% thananincompletesecondaryeducationareintheolderagegroups. R%z#& 2   10  .3   b GrossDomesticProduct,whichbegantobeusedasanindicatorinthe 0'X%( economiccalculationsoftheRussianFederationin1989,was644billion (G&) roublesin1990and1,300and18,063billionroublesrespectivelyin1991 )6'* and1992,whiletheprovisionalestimatefor1993is162.3trillionroubles )%(+ (incurrentprices).Thepercapitaproducednationalincomeofthe *),  RussianFederation(incurrentprices)was7,100roublesin1991, +*-   }}    98,500roublesin1992,and(accordingtoaprovisionalestimate) F 806,900roublesin1993. 5  2   11  .3   b Theconsolidatedconsumerpriceindex,whichreflectschangesinthecost  ofarangeofconsumergoodsandservices,rosein1993to939.9percentof   theDecember1992level,withinwhichtheriseforfoodstuffswas   904.9percent,andforcommoditiesotherthanfood741.8percent.Atthe   endofJanuary1994therewere893,635registeredunemployed,ofwhom   707,727wereinreceiptofbenefit.Oftheunemployed,26percenthadbeen  x dischargedfromenterprises,institutionsandorganizationsinconnectionwith  g  liquidation,reorganizationandreductionsinthenumbersofstaff. V  Seventypercentoftheunemployedwerewomenand16percentwereyoung E  personsupto22yearsofage. z4  2   12  .3   b Meanlengthoflifeis67.9years(1992);62.02yearsformen X  and73.75yearsforwomen.Theinfantmortalityrateis19.3perthousand G births(1993).Thematernalmortalityrateis50.8per100,000births(1992). 6 Thebirthrateis9.4perthousandofthepopulation(1993);thenumberof % childrenperwomanisnotcalculated.  @VV$II.GENERALPOLITICALSTRUCTURE   b A. Briefhistoricaloutline  2   13  .3   b TheGreatMigrationinthesecondtofourthcenturiesA.D.witnessedthe h migrationoftheSlavonictribesineasternEurope,theirdevelopmentofthe W areasoccupiedandtheirinteractionwiththeneighbouringBalts, F Finno-Ugrians,Goths,Hunsandsomeothernomadictribes.Inthesixth {5 centurytheEastSlavbranch(thefutureRussian,UkrainianandBelarusian j$ peoples)splitofffromthecommonSlavonicstock.IndividualearlySlavonic Y  Stateshadbeenformedbytheninthcentury. H! 2   14  .3   b AunifiedOldRussianNationtookshapeintheninthtoeleventh &#  centuriesinKievRus.TheOldRussianStateofKievRus,foundedin882, $! adoptedtheOrthodoxvariantofChristianityastheStatereligionin998. %" ThesocialstructureoftheOldRussianStatewasconsolidatedbyaCodeof % # Laws-theRusskayapravda-createdontheinstigationofYaroslavtheWise &!$ (1019-1054). '"% 2   15  .3   b Theeleventhtofourteenthcenturieswereaperiodoffeudal )i$' fragmentationforRus:divisionintoseparatelands;thestruggleagainst *X%( nomadictribes,theTatarsandMongolsandtheLithuanianOrder;theTartar +G&) Yoke;theBattleofKulikovo(1380). |,6'*  k-%(+ 2   16  .3   b Theyears1380-1500witnessedtheunificationoflandsthathadbeen F Russianfromtimeimmemorial-North-EastandNorth-WestRus-asa 5 centralizedState.In1480theTartarYokewasthrownoff.Duringtheyears $ fromthelatefifteenthcenturytotheearlyseventeenthcenturytheformation  oftheRussiancentralizedStatewascompletedanditdevelopedasapartof   worldcivilization.   2   17  .3   b Duringtheyears1500-1800amultinationalStatecentredonMoscowwas   establishedfromtheBalticRegiontothePacificOcean,incorporatingthe  x peoplesoftheVolgaRegion,theUralsandSiberia.Theseweretheyearsof  g  thestruggleagainstthejointPolishandLithuanianinterventionandthe V  Swedishintervention(earlyseventeenthcentury),theLegalCodeof1649,the E  PeasantWarledbyStenkaRazin,unionwithUkraine(mid-seventeenthcentury), z4  theacquisitionofanoutlettotheBalticbytheRussianStateasaresultof i#  theNorthernWarof1700-1721,theproclamationofPetertheFirstasEmperor X  in1721andtheupsurgeanddevelopmentofthecountryintheepochofthe G Petrinereforms,thereignofCatherinetheSecond,theabsolutismofthe 6 Enlightenment,thePeasantWarledbyEmelyanPugachev,theRusso-Turkishwars % of1768-1774and1787-1791andRussia'sacquisitionofanoutlettothe  BlackSea.  2   18  .3   b 1800-1917.OneconsequenceofthebeatingbackofNapoleon's  invasion(1812)wasanintensificationofinternalcontradictionsandstrife.  TheDecembristuprisinginPetersburgwasthebeginningoftheRussian y revolutionarymovementwhichled-againstthebackgroundofdefeatinthe h CrimeanWar(1853-1856),thehalfheartednessofthelandreformandthe W abolitionofserfdom(1861),thespreadoftheideasofMarxismandanarchism, F terrorismandextremism,therevolutionof1905-1907andtheworseningofthe {5 situationinconnectionwiththeFirstWorldWar-tothecurtailmentof j$ democraticinstitutions(theFirst,Second,ThirdandFourthStateDumas Y  of1906,1907-1912,and1912-1917),theoverthrowoftheautocracyin H! February1917andtheBolshevikRevolutioninOctober1917. 7" 2   19  .3   b 1917-1991.TheRSFSR,constitutedon25October(7November)1917, $! becamethenucleusofthemilitaryandpoliticalUnionofSovietRepublics %" thatsubsequentlycombined(on30December1922)toformasingleState-the % # USSR.ThemainstagesinthisperiodwerevictoryintheSecondWorldWar,to &!$ theachievementofwhichtheUSSRmadethelargestcontributionandinwhich '"% itmadethegreatestsacrifices,thestartofthecollapseoftotalitarianism, (z#& thedethroningofthepersonalitycult,theKrushchevian"thaw",thefirst )i$' tentativemovestowardsdemocracyandmarketrelations,theStalinistbacklash *X%( underBrezhnev,andtheindecisivenessofGorbachev'sperestroika.Theputsch +G&) ofAugust1991wasthefinaltestimonytotheuntenabilityoftheSoviet |,6'* model,andtheUSSRceasedtoexistbytheendof1991(25December).Its k-%(+ successorintitlebecametheRSFSR,whichhadproclaimeditssovereignty(the F DeclarationonStateSovereigntyof12June1990). 5 2   20  .3   b 1992-1993.FollowingtheformationoftheCommonwealthofIndependent  StatesRussiabegantopursueacourseofthedeepeningofreformand   accelerationofthepaceofadvancetonewprinciplesofstatehood.The   switchoverfromthepredominantlyunitarystructureofRussiatoafederal   structurewasusheredinbythesigningoftheFederalTreatyon   31March1992,whichestablishedthespheresofauthorityandcompetenceof  x theFederationandofitsmembers.TheconflictbetweentheLegislatureand  g  theExecutiveinthecountrywasendedon21September1993withthe V  dissolutionoftheCongressofPeople'sDeputies,theelectionsforwhichhad E  beenheldunderSovietelectorallaw.Thisclearedthewayfortheholdingon z4  12December1993ofthefirstfreedemocraticelectionsinRussiaandthe i#  adoptionofanewConstitution,afterwhichitwaspossibletoproceedtothe X  secondstageofthereform,theessenceofwhichwastobringaconsiderable G corpusoflawsandstatutoryinstrumentsintolinewiththeConstitution. 6  b B.0 StatestructureandorganizationoftheLegislatureand  theExecutive $ $ 2   21  .3   b RussiaisademocraticfederalStatesubjecttotheruleoflawwitha  republicanformofGovernment(Constitution,art.1),asocialandsecular  State(arts.7and14),inwhichtheunityoftheeconomicareaisguaranteed y (art.8). h 2   22  .3   b Sovereigntyisvestedinthemulti-ethnicRussiannation,thesole F repositoryofpower(art.3). {5 2   23  .3   b PluralismisensuredinRussiansocietybytherecognitionofideological 7" andpoliticaldiversityandthemultipartysystem,andnoideologymay &#  establishitselfastheideologyoftheStateorasanobligatoryideology $! (art.13). %" 2   24  .3   b RussiaismadeupofthemembersoftheFederation,whichhaveequal &!$ rights:therepublics,eachwithitsownConstitutionandlegislation,and '"% thekrais,oblastsandcitieswithfederalstatus,anautonomousoblastand (z#& autonomousokrugs,eachwiththeirownchartersandlegislation(art.5).The )i$' spheresofauthorityandcompetenceoftheFederationandofitssubjectslaid *X%( downbytheFederalTreatyof31March1992takeintoaccountthespecific +G&) featuresofthevarioustypesofmembersoftheFederation:nationalState |,6'* structures(republics),administrativeareas(krais,oblastsandthecitiesof k-%(+ MoscowandSaintPetersburg)andnationalautonomousregions(krais,okrugs). F TheConstitutionspecifiesthat,intheeventofadiscrepancybetweenits 5 provisionsandthoseoftheFederalTreaty,itsprovisionsshallprevail $ (SectionTwo,PartI).On15February1994itwasrecognizedthatthe  RepublicofTatarstanhadspecialstatusasaStateunitedwithRussiaby   twoConstitutions(thoseofRussiaandTatarstan)andbytheTreatyonthe   DemarcationofSpheresofCompetenceandReciprocalDelegationofPowers   betweentheStateBodiesoftheRussianFederationandtheRepublicof   Tatarstan.UnderthisTreatyitisincumbentontheStatebodiesofthe  x RepublicofTatarstantoensureprotectionofhumanrightsandtherightsof  g  thecitizenintheterritoryofTatarstan. V  2   25  .3   b Localselfgovernmentbybodiesthatdonotformpartoftheapparatusof z4  Stateandwhosestructureisdecidedindependentlybythepopulationis i#  guaranteedinRussia(arts.12and131). X  2   26  .3   b TheFederalAssembly-theRussianParliament-whichisthe 6 representativeandlegislativebodyoftheRussianFederation(art.94), % consistsoftwochambers-theFederationCouncilandtheStateDuma  (art.95).ExecutivepowerisexercisedinRussiabytheGovernmentofRussia  (art.110).TheHeadofStateisthePresidentoftheRussianFederation,who  istheguarantoroftheConstitutionandofhumanandcivilrightsand  freedoms,whodeterminesthemainlinesofdomesticandforeignpolicyand  representstheStatewithinthecountryandininternationalrelations y (art.80).ThedepartmentoftheOfficeofthePresidentthathandles h correspondencewithandreceivesmembersofthepublicdealsannuallywith W some400,000appealstothePresident,includingclaimsconcerningviolations F ofhumanrights. {5 2   27  .3   b TherighttoinitiatelegislationispossessedbythePresident,the Y  FederationCouncil,membersoftheFederationCouncil,deputiesoftheState H! Duma,theGovernment,andthelegislative(representative)bodiesofmembers 7" oftheRussianFederation,andalsobytheConstitutionalCourt,theSupreme &#  CourtandtheHighCourtofArbitrationonmattersconcerningtheir $! jurisdiction. %"  b C. Organizationoflegalbodies &!$ 2   28  .3   b Thefollowingbasicprinciplesoftheorganizationandoperationoflegal (z#& bodiesareguaranteedintheConstitutionofRussia: )i$'  b Independenceofjudges(art.120); +G&)  b Irremovabilityofjudges(art.121); k-%(+ Ї b Inviolabilityofjudges(art.122); F  b Prohibitionoftheestablishmentofextraordinarycourts(art.118); $  b Adversarialnatureandequalityofthepartiesinthejudicialprocess   (art.123).    b D. Protectionforhumanrightsincourtproceedings   2   29  .3   b TheConstitutionofRussiacontainsthefollowingbasicguaranteesof  g  humanrightsincourtproceedings: V   b (a) equalityofrights:"Allpersonsshallbeequalbeforethelawand z4  thecourt"(art.19);publicandreligiousassociationsareequalbeforethe i#  law(arts.13and14); X   b (b) inalienabilityofhumanrights:"Fundamentalhumanrightsand 6 freedomsareinalienableandbelongtoeveryindividualfromthetimeof % birth"(art.17);   b (c) directeffectofhumanrights:"Humanrightsandfreedomsshallbe  directlyeffective"(art.18);   b (d) defenceoftherighttolifeandpersonaldignity:"Everyperson y shallhavetherighttolife"(art.20),"Thedignityoftheindividualshall h beprotectedbytheState"(art.21);"Noonemaybesubjectedtotorture, W violenceorothercruelordegradingtreatmentorpunishment"(art.21); F  b (e) legalprotection:"Everyindividualshallbeguaranteedlegal j$ protectionofhisofherrightsandfreedoms"(art.46);"Stateprotectionfor Y  humanandcivilrightsandfreedomsintheRussianFederationshallbe H! guaranteed"(art.45);therighttousetheassistanceofalawyer(art.48); 7"  b (f) presumptionofinnocence(art.49); $!  b (g) accesstothecourtsandtherighttocompensationforlossand % # damagesuffered(arts.52and53). &!$ 2   30  .3   b ThelegalsystemofRussiaislaiddownbythecountry'sConstitutionand (z#& byFederalconstitutionallaw.InaccordancewiththeJudicialSystemActof )i$' 1981asamendedin1992and1993,thelegalsystemofRussiaconsistsofthe *X%( SupremeCourtoftheRussianFederation,thesupremecourtsoftherepublics, +G&) kraisandoblasts,theCitycourtsofMoscowandSaintPetersburg,thecourts |,6'* oftheautonomousoblastandtheautonomousokrugs,thedistrict(urban) k-%(+ courts,andmilitarytribunals.TheSupremeCourtoftheRussianFederation F isthehighestlegalbodyforcivil,criminal,administrativeandothercases, 5 andfortrialcourtsofgeneraljurisdiction,andcarriesoutjudicialreview $ oftheiractivity(Constitution,art.126).  2   31  .3   b TheRussianlegalsystemisconstructedontheprincipleoftwolevelsof   authority,whichsignifiesthatjudgements,verdicts,decisionsandrulingsof   ajudgethathavenotbecomelegallyeffectivemaybeappealedagainstonly   onceandonlydirectlytoahighercourt.Thereisnoappealagainstthe  x judgements,verdictsandrulingsofthesupremecourtsoftherepublics.  g  Courtsoffirstinstance,courtsofcassationandreviewcourtsare V  distinguishedincivilandcriminalproceedings;reviewcourtsconsider E  appealsagainstjudgements,verdicts,decisionsandrulingsthathavebecome z4  legallyeffective. i#  2   32  .3   b Specialcourts-theConstitutionalCourt,thecompetenceofwhichis G laiddownintheConstitution(art.125),andtheHighCourtofArbitration- 6 haveaparticularplaceinthejudicialsystem.Theactivityofthe % ConstitutionalCourtindefenceoftherightsandfreedomsofcitizenshas  providedRussiawithnewexperienceinthissphere.  2   33  .3   b TheProcurator'sOfficeoftheRussianFederation,whichisacentralized  systeminwhichprocuratorsatthelowerlevelsaresubordinatetothoseat  higherlevelsandtotheProcuratorGeneralofRussia,supervisescompliance y withthelawinRussia.ReductionofthedutiesoftheProcurator'sOfficeto h thepowersofapublicprosecutorisbeingproposedinaccordancewiththe W ConceptofLegalReformof24October1991. F @III.GENERALLEGALFRAMEWORKFORTHEPROTECTIONOFHUMANRIGHTS j$ 2 !  34  .3   b ProtectionforhumanrightsisprovidedinRussiabythefollowingcourts H! andotherbodies: 7" 0 b Courtsofgeneraljurisdiction:theSupremeCourtofthe $! RussianFederation,thesupremecourtsoftherepublics,thekraiand %" oblastcourts,thecourtsofcitieswithfederalstatus,thecourtsof % # theautonomousoblastandtheautonomousokrugs,anddistrict(urban) &!$ courts;'"%b$b$ 0 b Militarycourts(militaryoffences,disciplinarybreachesandcivilian )i$' casesreferredtothem);*X%(b$b$ 0 b TheConstitutionalCourtoftheRussianFederation(complaintsabout |,6'* infringementsoftheconstitutionalrightsandfreedomsofcitizens, k-%(+ clarificationattherequestofcourtsoftheconstitutionalityofthe F lawappliedortobeappliedtoaspecificcase);5b$b$ 0 b TheHighCourtofArbitrationoftheRussianFederationandthecourtsof  arbitrationofthesubjectsoftheRussianFederation(economicdisputes   andothermatterswithintheircompetence); b$b$ 0 b TheProcurator'sOfficeoftheRussianFederation(supervisionof   compliancewiththelaw); xb$b$ 0 b TheCourtofAppealofthePresidentoftheRussianFederationfor V  informationdisputes(ensuringtheconstitutionalrightsofcitizensand E  observanceoftheirlegalinterestsinthesphereofinformation);z4 b$b$ 0 b Bodiesinvolvedintheexaminationofcasesconcerningadministrative X  offences;internalaffairs(militia)bodies,administrativecommissions G oftheexecutivebodiesoflocalgovernment,bodiesforjuvenilecases, 6 transportbodies,bodiesoftheStateinspectorate(technical,sanitary, % epidemiological,mining,aviationandotherinspectorates).b$b$ 2 "  35  .3   b Programmesanddecisionsthathaveabearingonhumanrightsare  consideredanddecideduponbythePresidentandGovernmentofthe  RussianFederation,bytheadministrativeofficesoftheexecutiveauthority  andbyinterdepartmentalandothercommissionswithageneralfederalremit. y ThePresidentialHumanRightsCommissionestablishedbyPresidentialDecree h No.1798of1November1993isentrustedwithcarryingoutthepowersofthe W Presidentasguarantorofhumanrightsandfreedoms;theCommission'sStatute F specifiesthatitsmaindutiesconcerningrespectforandobservanceofhuman {5 rightsandfreedomsinRussia,defenceoftherightsofRussiancitizenswho j$ areoutsidethecountry,andtheirprotection,andthestrengtheningof Y  internationalcooperationinthissphere.ACitizenshipBoardhasbeen H! establishedintheOfficeofthePresidenttohandletheaffairsofthe 7" PresidentialCommissiononCitizenshipincarryingoutacommonStatepolicy &#  oncitizenship(PresidentialDecreeNo.550of17March1994). $! 2 #  36  .3   b AllpersonswithintheterritoryofRussiaareentitledtohaverecourse % # tojudicial,administrativeornon-judicialmeansofdefendingtheirrightsin &!$ anymannernotprohibitedbythelaw(Constitution,art.45)."Therightsof '"% victimsofcrimesorabuseofauthorityshallbesafeguardedbythelaw.The (z#& Stateshallensurethatvictimshaveaccesstojusticeandcompensationfor )i$' damagecaused"(art.52);"Everypersonshallhavetherighttobecompensated *X%( bytheStatefordamagecausedbytheillegalacts(ortheinactivity)ofthe +G&) authoritiesortheirofficials"(art.53). |,6'*  k-%(+ 2 $  37  .3   b Protectionoftherightsofmembersofthearmedservicesiseffectedby F useofthelegalfacilitiesinthenormalway:frominvokingtheprovisions 5 ofthemilitaryregulationstorecoursetothemilitarycourts.TheStatusof $ MembersoftheArmedServicesActlaysdowntheresponsibilityofmembersof  thearmedservicesforinfringementsofthelaw.   2 %  38  .3   b Areformofthecourtsandthelegalsystemiscurrentlybeingcarried   outinRussiainaccordancewiththeprinciplesofademocraticStatesubject   totheruleoflaw.Theunderlyingprinciplesofthereformaresetoutin  x theConceptofJudicialReformintheRSFSR(DecreeoftheSupremeSovietof  g  theRSFSR"ConceptofJudicialReformintheRSFSR",dated24October1991), V  whichaffirmed,inparticular,theroleofthejudiciaryinthedefenceand E  undeviatingobservanceofhumanrightsandfreedoms. z4  2 &  39  .3   b Internationalstandardsinthesphereofhumanrights,assetoutinthe X  internationalagreementsofauniversalnaturetowhichRussiaisaparty,are G reflectedintheConstitutionofRussiainChapter1,"Fundamentalsof 6 constitutionalorder"andChapter2,"Humanandcivilrightsandfreedoms". % 2 '  40  .3   b Thehumanandcivilrightsandfreedomsforwhichprovisionismadein  theConstitutionmayberestrictedbyfederallawonlytotheextentrequired  forthepurposesofprotectingthefundamentalsofconstitutionalorder,  moralsandthehealth,rightsandlawfulinterestsofotherpersonsand  ensuringthedefenceofthecountry.Forexample,whenastateofemergency y isintroducedtoensurethesafetyofcitizensandprotecttheconstitutional h order,themeasureshouldbecarriedoutinaccordancewiththeStatesof W EmergencyAct,dated17May1991,whichlaysdownthelimitsanddurationof F itseffect(seealsoinrelationtoart.4oftheCovenant).Anumberof {5 restrictionsapplytomembersofthearmedforcesandtoforeigners(seealso j$ inrelationtoarts.2,6,12,18,19,21and25oftheCovenant).Individual Y  civilrightsmayalsoberestrictedasapunishmentmeasure,aslaiddownin H! theCriminalCodefortheperpetrationofcertaincrimes.Thus,forexample, 7" articles156-6and157oftheCriminalCodemakeprovisionnotonlyforthe &#  servingofasentenceinaplaceofdetention,butalso,asanalternative $! measure,forpersonsconvictedunderthetermsofthesearticlestobe %" condemnedtotemporarylossoftherighttooccupyparticularpostsorto % # carryoutaparticularactivity. &!$ 2 (  41  .3   b TheprimacyofinternationallawisguaranteedintheConstitutionand (z#& legislationofRussia:"Universallyacknowledgedprinciplesandrulesof )i$' internationallawandtheinternationalagreementsoftheRussianFederation *X%( shallbeanintegralpartofitslegalsystem.Shouldotherrulesthanthose +G&) providedbythelawbeestablishedbyaninternationalagreementofthe |,6'* RussianFederation,therulesoftheinternationalagreementshallbeapplied" k-%(+ (art.15);"Humanandcivilrightsandfreedomsshallberecognisedand F guaranteedintheRussianFederationinaccordancewiththeuniversally 5 acknowledgedprinciplesandrulesofinternationallawandinconformitywith $ thisConstitution"(art.17);"Theenumerationoffundamentalrightsand  freedomsintheConstitutionoftheRussianFederationshallnotbe   interpretedasadenialofordetractionfromothergenerallyrecognizedhuman   andcivilrightsandfreedoms"(art.55).   2 )  42  .3   b Theinternationalandinter-republicanobligationsofRussiamaybe  x instancedincourtsandinadministrativebodiesincasesinwhichthese  g  agreementsmodifytheruleslaiddowninthelegislationofRussiaandif V  theseagreementshavecomeintoforceinrelationtoRussia.Inaccordance E  witharticle56oftheJudicialSystemoftheRSFSRAct,theSupremeCourtis z4  thebodycompetenttodecidemattersarisingfrominternationalagreements. i#  2 *  43  .3   b ThecreationinaccordancewiththeConstitution(art.103e)ofthe G officeofCommissionerforHumanRightsoperatinginaccordancewithfederal 6 constitutionallaw(noActhasyetbeenadopted)isintendedtogivepractical % effecttonewdemocraticwaysofprovidingnon-judicialprotectionforhuman  rightsinRussia.S.A.Kovalev,whoisaneminentdefenderofhumanrights  andadeputyoftheStateDumaofRussia,hasbeenappointedasthe  Commissioner.Generalsupervisionofcompliancewithinternational  undertakingsinthesphereofhumanrightsiscarriedoutbytheRussian  MinistryofForeignAffairs.Thereareseveralinterdepartmentalcommissions y inexistenceandinoperationthatmonitorcompliancewiththeseundertakings h inparticularspheres.In1993,forexample,aRussiangovernmental W commissionwasestablishedtocoordinateoperationsinconnectionwith F compliancewiththeConventionontheRightsoftheChildandtheWorld {5 DeclarationontheSurvival,ProtectionandDevelopmentofChildren. j$ }2 +  44  .3   b InaccordancewithDecreeoftheSupremeSovietoftheRSFSRNo.2014/1, 7" dated12December1991,therulesofSovietlegislationareapplicableinthe &#  territoryofRussiainsofarastheyarenotatvariancewiththe $! ConstitutionandlegislationofRussia. %" 2 ,  45  .3   b Draftlegislationiscurrentlybeingpreparedinaccordancewith &!$ GovernmentalDecreeNo.62,dated31January1994,on"Provisionsfor '"% ImplementationofPresidentialDecreeNo.2288,dated24December1993,on (z#& 'MeasurestoBringtheLegislationoftheRussianFederationintoLinewith )i$' theConstitutionoftheRussianFederation'".Thisdraftlegislationisbeing *X%( subjectedtoexpertscrutinytoensureitsconformitytointernational +G&) standards.Thisexpertscrutinyisbeingconductedwiththeassistanceof |,6'* specialistsfromtheUnitedNationsCentreforHumanRightsandtheCouncilof k-%(+ EuropeinaccordancewiththeMemorandumofIntentof19November1993between Z.), theGovernmentofRussiaandtheUnitedNationsontechnicalassistance I/*- programmesinthesphereofhumanrightsandtheProgrammeofJointActivities F oftheRussianFederationandtheCouncilofEuropeapprovedinApril1993. 5   IV.INFORMATION    2 -  46  .3   b Inorderthatthepopulationofthecountryshallbewidelyinformed   concerninginternationalactsinthesphereofhumanrights,theirtextsare   reproducedinvariousofficialpublications:intheBulletinofInternational   Agreements,issuedbytheMinistryofForeignAffairs,andintheDiplomatic  x Herald[DiplomaticheskyVestnik]andasseparatepublications.Theofficial  g  publicationoflegislativeactsisgovernedbyPresidentialDecreeNo.662, V  dated5April1994,on"ProcedureforthePublicationandBringingintoForce E  ofFederalActs".Astarthasbeenmadewithinformingthegeneralpublicon z4  humanrightsandwithteachingchildrentheprinciplesofhumanrights.A i#  masseditionof"AnABCofHumanRights"hasbeenpublishedforchildren. X  Humanrightsdepartmentshavebeenestablishedinanumberofhigher G educationalinstitutes. 6 2 .  47  .3   b ThedraftConstitutionwaspublishedinmanynewspapersandasaseparate  brochurebeforeitsadoptionandwaswidelydiscussedinthepressandonthe  radioandtelevision.Afteritsadoptionon12December1993theConstitution  appearedinvariouspublicationsandwasalsoissuedasabrochure.  2 /  48  .3   b Preparationsbeganin1993forthepublication,withtheassistanceof y theUnitedNationsCentreforHumanRights,ofthejournal"Defenderof h Rights"[Pravozashchitnik],withtheintentionofdisseminatingtheideasof W humanrightsinthecountry.Itisincreasinglythepracticefordepartmental F reportscontaininginformationonthedefenceofhumanrightsinRussiatobe {5 published.In1994,forexample,thereappearedthe"ReportoftheMinistry j$ ofInternalAffairstotheCitizensofRussia". Y  2 0  49  .3   b Periodicreportsarepreparedbythejointeffortsoftheministriesand 7" departmentsresponsiblefortheimplementationofparticularundertakingsin &#  thissphere,withcoordinationprovidedbytheMinistryofForeignAffairsof $! Russia.ThemostauthoritativeNGOsareinvolvedindiscussingthereports. %" 2 1  50  .3   b Submissionofthisreportwasdeferredinconnectionwiththeadoptionof &!$ thenewConstitutionoftheRussianFederationinDecember1993. '"% @0_____