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Jc.Oru' (IÌ­2ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒE«!ÝÔ..ÔÔ,,ÔÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRX<Ð6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ë6Æ&A4ÿ3Ø'TÑÓ  ÓÒX°ÒÝ  ÝÔ_Ôѱ°Ñѱ°ÑÓÓÒŰÒÒØXÒÓšÓÔ€,XŒŸXXXÔUNITEDÐ ± ÐNATIONSÓšÓà€‚!‚!Kî$àÔ€, ×X,XŒŸÔÔ€- ×, ×Ôò òòòÔ_ÔHRIÔ_Ôóóó óˆÐ Å Ðß?€F&' þ%"dEÅØ)"?ßÔ*ƒƒ./ ddd Xdd Xdd XÅî$Åî$ƒÔÔ,²dd ÔÔ,s dd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 1'Ù(Ù( €4€‚x‚ƒƒ„„1ÐÌß’€46\LHzl±R `ÀåЀ@XÈÈÈÈ@ÿE)[±R±/)[y’ßÓ) °œXÓà  àInternationalÐ [ª Ðà  àHuman€RightsÐ e´ Ðà  àInstrumentsÐ o ¾ Ðà  àÌÐ  ƒ Ò „„ÐÔ€-ô¢³ò- ×ÔÔ€7ô^êòò-ô¢³ÔÓÆÓÌÌà€:†$àDistr.€€€€€€€€€€€€€ˆÐ Ý,  Ðà€:†$àGENERAL€€€€€€€€€€€€ˆÐ £ò  ÐÌà€:†$àÔ_ÔHRIÔ_Ô/CORE/1/Add.54€€ˆÐ / ~ Ðà€:†$à9€May€1995€€€€€€€€€ˆÐ õ D ÐÌà€:†$àENGLISH€€€€€€€€€€€€ˆÐ  Ð Ðà€:†$àOriginal€:€SPANISH€ˆÐ$G –  x 4 $Ðß?€F&' ˜/%"dEÅr/)"?ßÐ  \  ÐÑ  ÑÑ€8ÑÑ€9ÑÒ±ÅÒÒ±ØÒÓB1±±èV Äû2i ×E| ³") BÓÌÌÌà@ÝÝ càCORE€DOCUMENT€FORMING€PART€OF€THE€REPORTS€OF€STATES€PARTIESˆÐ %t  ÐÌÌÌà@&càBOLIVIAˆÐ =Œ ÐÌà€qq9#à[4€November€1994]ˆÐ É ÐÌÌÌÌà@ÓÓ%càCONTENTSˆÐ §ö! ÐÌà€qq9#àòòParagraphsóó€€€òòPageóóˆÐ 3‚# ÐÌI.à è àÔ_ÔSOCIOÔ_Ô„ECONOMIC€ASPECTS€à‚qq9#.ää#à€€1€„€€35€€€€€€2€ˆÐ ¿% ÐÌII.à è àHISTORICAL€BACKGROUND€à‚qq9#.€€"à€36€„€€52€€€€€€6€ˆÐ Kš' ÐÌIII.à è àPOLITICAL€STRUCTURE€à‚qq9#.¸ ¸ à€53€„€210€€€€€€8€ˆÐ ×&) ÐÌà è àA.à  àThe€Legislature€à‚qq9#.__!à€59€„€110€€€€€€9€ˆÐ c!²+ ÐÌà è àB.à  àThe€Executive€à‚qq9#.— — à111€„€156€€€€€17€ˆÐ ï">- ÐÌà è àC.à  àThe€Judiciary€à‚qq9#.— — à157€„€210€€€€€24€ˆÐ {$Ê / ÐÌIV.à è àGENERAL€LEGAL€FRAMEWORK€FOR€THE€PROTECTION€OF€Ð &V"1 Ðà è àHUMAN€RIGHTS€à‚qq9#.ü ü à211€„€225€€€€€32€ˆÐ Í&#2 ÐÌV.à è àPRINCIPAL€PROBLEMS€OF€JUSTICE€AND€THE€PROTECTION€Ð Y(¨$4 Ðà è àOF€HUMAN€RIGHTS€à‚qq9#.( ( à226€„€260€€€€€41€ˆÐ )n%5 ÐÌVI.à è àCONCLUSIONS€à‚qq9#.˜ ˜ à261€„€265€€€€€48€ˆÐ «*ú&7 ÐÌÌÌÌÌÌGE.95„16443€(95„95151/EXT)Ñ€:ÑÑ€;ÑÑ€>ÑÐ  0d,> ÐÑ)89:;>)Ñâ 8âÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRX<Ð6Â&X<Ð6Â& Ë6Æ&A4 Ë6Æ&A4TÑâ 98âѱ±ÑѱÑâ :9âÑűÑÑ¥Ñâ ;:âÖ€<ÿÿÖâ >;âÖ€?ÿÿÖâ >âÑ  ÑÔ_Ôà@OOcàI.€€SOCIO„ECONOMIC€ASPECTSˆÐ % ÐÌ1.à è àThe€Republic€of€Bolivia,€founded€in€1825,€lies€at€the€geographic€centre€ofÐ ±Œ ÐSouth€America.€It€has€borders€with€Brazil€to€the€north€and€east,€with€ParaguayÐ wR Ðto€the€south„east,€with€Argentina€to€the€south,€with€Chile€to€the€south„west€andÐ =  Ðwith€Peru€to€the€west.€It€has€been€landlocked€since€the€Pacific€War€of€1879.€ItÐ  Þ Ðcovers€an€area€of€1,098,581€sq.€km€and€its€three€principal€geographic€zones€areÐ É ¤ Ðthe€high€plateau€or€Altiplano,€which€covers€16%€of€the€national€territory€andÐ  j Ðrises€to€heights€of€between€3500€and€5000€m€above€sea€level,€the€valleys,€whichÐ U 0 Ðcomprise€14%€of€the€territory€and€lie€between€1500€and€300€m,€and€the€region€ofÐ  ö  Ðplains€and€tropical€forests,€which€makes€up€the€remaining€70%€of€the€country.Ð á ¼  ÐÌ2.à è àAccording€to€the€census€taken€in€1992,€Bolivia€has€a€population€ofÐ mH  Ð6,420,792,€of€whom€50.6%€are€women€and€49.4%€men.€The€country€has€a€youthfulÐ 3  Ðdemographic€structure,€42%€of€the€population€being€less€than€15€years€of€age€andÐ ùÔ  Ðonly€4%€over€65.€The€population€density€is€5.8€per€sq.€km.Ð ¿š  ÐÌ3.à è àThe€main€language€spoken€in€Bolivia€is€Spanish.€Between€1976€and€1992€theÐ K&  Ðproportion€of€Spanish€speakers€increased€by€10.9%,€from€78.8%€to€87.4%€of€theÐ ì  Ðpopulation€over€the€age€of€six.€The€other€languages€spoken,€in€order€ofРײ Ðimportance,€include€Quechua€with€34.3%,€despite€a€slight€decline€betweenÐ x Ðcensuses,€and€Aymara€with€23.5%.€Foreign€languages€account€for€3.1%,€GuaraniÐ c> Ð1.0%€and€the€other€native€languages€0.6%.Ð ) ÐÌ4.à è àTown€dwellers€represent€57.5%€and€country€dwellers€42.5%€of€theÐ µ Ðpopulation.€Up€to€1976€the€population€of€Bolivia€was€preponderantly€rural.€ThereÐ {V Ðfollowed€a€period€of€intense€urbanization€with€the€urban€area€increasing€by€92%Ð A Ðwhile€the€rural€population€grew€by€only€1.4%.€However,€this€urbanization€processÐ â Ðdid€not€take€the€form€of€a€gradual€transition€from€an€agrarian€to€anРͨ Ðindustrialized€economy€but€involved€the€breakdown€of€the€traditional€agrarianÐ “n Ðstructures,€loss€of€productivity,€very€low€incomes€and€poverty,€in€circumstancesÐ Y4 Ðwhich€led€to€an€accelerated€process€of€immigration€from€the€countryside€into€theÐ ú Ðcities€where€people€are€crowded€into€large€peripheral€slum€areas€with€seriousÐ åÀ  Ðimplications€for€employment,€incomes€and€the€urban€sanitation€services.€Thus,Ð «†! Ðmost€of€the€population€is€concentrated€in€the€Departments€of€La€Paz,€CochabambaÐ q L" Ðand€Santa€Cruz,€where€68%€of€Bolivians€live.Ð 7!# ÐÌ5.à è àThe€country's€most€serious€problem€is€the€scale€and€impact€of€poverty.€ForÐ Ã"ž% Ðthe€country€as€a€whole,€the€proportion€of€poor€households€is€70%.€In€rural€areasÐ ‰#d& Ð95.1%€of€the€population€suffers€from€poverty,€while€in€urban€areas€theÐ O$*' Ðcorresponding€figure€is€51.1%.€The€incidence€of€poverty€among€households€livingÐ %ð( Ðin€the€principal€cities€is€slightly€lower€(48.1%).€Ð Û%¶) ÐÌ6.à è àIn€general,€the€living€conditions€of€the€people€are€bad,€many€familiesÐ g'B!+ Ðlacking€basic€sanitation,€living€space,€education,€health€care,€energy€suppliesÐ -(", Ðand€decent€housing.€The€statistics€show€that€73.9%€of€households€are€without€aÐ ó(Î"- Ðproper€water€supply€and/or€sanitary€facilities€or€sewage€systems;€69.2%€ofÐ ¹)”#. Ðfamilies€are€living€in€overcrowded€conditions,€65%€are€educationally€behind€inÐ *Z$/ Ðterms€of€school€attendance,€years€completed€and/or€literacy,€and€53.4%€do€notÐ E+ %0 Ðtake€proper€care€of€their€health;€moreover,€52.6%€of€private€dwellings€areÐ  ,æ%1 Ðwithout€electricity€and/or€an€adequate€supply€of€fuel€for€cooking€purposes€andÐ Ñ,¬&2 Ð48.9%€are€built€of€poor„quality€materials.Ð —-r'3 Ðâ âÐ ].8(4 Ð7.à è àThere€are€significant€differences€between€town€and€country.€In€rural€areasÐ % Ðâ âall€the€needs€are€pressing:€93.7%€of€dwellings€lack€a€proper€water€supply€and/orÐ ëÆ Ðsanitary€facilities€or€sewage€systems,€93.5%€of€households€are€withoutÐ ±Œ Ðelectricity€and/or€fuel€suitable€for€cooking€purposes,€84.7%€lag€educationallyÐ wR Ðbehind,€and€83.81%€of€rural€dwellings€are€built€of€poor„quality€materials.Ð =  ÐÌ8.à è àThe€social€classification€of€households,€based€on€the€poverty€index€forÐ É ¤ Ðeach€household,€shows€that€more€than€a€third€are€in€a€state€of€extreme€poverty.Ð  j ÐThus,€31.7%€of€family€units€are€living€in€conditions€of€destitution€and€5.1%€areÐ U 0 Ðleading€a€marginal€existence.€This€is€equivalent€to€2,109,870€extremely€poorÐ  ö  Ðpeople€who,€on€average,€are€able€to€meet€only€70%€of€their€basic€needs€asÐ á ¼  Ðmeasured€by€the€minimum€standard€of€living.Ð §‚  ÐÌ9.à è àAnother€substantial€group€of€households€live€in€moderate€poverty.€Thus,Ð 3  Ð33%€are,€on€average,€able€to€meet€75%€of€the€minimum€living€requirements.€At€theÐ ùÔ  Ðsame€time,€only€16.8%€of€households€are€able€to€satisfy€their€basic€needs,€whileÐ ¿š  Ð13.4%€of€families€stand€on€the€threshold€of€poverty.Ð …`  ÐÌ10.à è àNevertheless,€in€some€areas,€during€the€period€between€censuses€(1976„Ð ì  Ð1994),€Bolivia€has€made€significant€advances.€For€example,€in€education,€theРײ Ðpercentage€of€people€unable€to€read€or€write€fell€by€47%€„€from€37%€in€1976€toÐ x Ð20%€in€1992.€However,€this€process€of€improvement€in€the€educational€level€ofÐ c> Ðthe€population€has€not€benefited€men€and€women€equally,€the€male€illiteracy€rateÐ ) Ðhaving€declined€more€rapidly€than€the€female.€In€1992,€11%€of€men€wereÐ ïÊ Ðilliterate€as€compared€with€27.7%€of€women.Ð µ ÐÌ11.à è àThe€improvements€have€also€been€unequal€in€geographical€terms,€at€urban,Ð A Ðrural€and€regional€levels.€Ð â ÐÌ12.à è àAt€present,€the€rural€areas€are€recording€the€highest€illiteracy€levelsÐ “n Ðfor€both€sexes,€but€mainly€for€women.€In€the€countryside,€half€of€them,€50%€ofÐ Y4 Ðthose€over€15€years€of€age,€do€not€know€how€to€read€or€write,€whereas€only€23%Ð ú Ðof€men€are€illiterate.€In€the€cities€the€female€illiteracy€rate€is€15%€and€theÐ åÀ  Ðmale€rate€40%.Ð «†! ÐÌ13.à è àIn€the€last€16€years,€education€has€become€more€accessible€to€those€ofÐ 7!# Ðschool€age€(from€6€to€19€years€old).€However,€25.7%€of€them€remain€outside€theÐ ý!Ø$ Ðschool€system.€National€coverage€is€uneven€and€there€are€sharp€differencesÐ Ã"ž% Ðbetween€levels€of€education€and€geographical€areas,€as€well€as€between€theÐ ‰#d& Ðsexes.€Thus,€in€urban€areas€90%€of€the€population€of€school€age€in€the€basic€toÐ O$*' Ðintermediate€grades€attend€school,€whereas€in€rural€areas€only€74%€attend.€InÐ %ð( Ðthe€higher€grades€(from€15€to€19€years€of€age)€only€65%€attend€school€in€theÐ Û%¶) Ðurban€areas,€while€in€rural€areas€the€percentage€falls€to€29%.€Within€theseÐ ¡&| * Ðgroups€the€girls€are€excluded€to€a€greater€extent€from€the€formal€educationalÐ g'B!+ Ðsystem,€albeit€on€a€lesser€scale€than€in€the€past.Ð -(", ÐÌ14.à è àIn€general,€the€state€of€health€of€the€Bolivian€people€is€still€veryÐ ¹)”#. Ðprecarious,€with€marked€inequalities,€although€the€last€16€years€have€seenÐ *Z$/ Ðchanges,€with€progress€in€such€indicators€as€life€expectancy€and€mortality.Ð E+ %0 ÐÌ15.à è àAt€present,€Bolivians€can€expect€to€live,€on€average,€up€to€the€age€of€61,Ð Ñ,¬&2 Ðwhereas€during€the€period€1975„1980€their€life€expectancy€was€only€48.Ð —-r'3 Ðâ âÐ ].8(4 Ð16.à è àIn€terms€of€infant€mortality,€there€has€been€a€50%€decline€in€the€numberÐ % Ðâ âof€deaths€of€children€less€than€one€year€old.€However,€75€deaths€are€still€beingÐ ëÆ Ðrecorded€per€thousand€live€births€and€there€are€sharp€differences€between€urbanÐ ±Œ Ðand€rural€areas,€where€the€rates€are€58€and€94€respectively.Ð wR ÐÌ17.à è àThe€same€indicator€broken€down€by€sex€relates€to€the€period€from€1979€toÐ  Þ Ð1989.€Girls€less€than€one€year€old€display€a€greater€capacity€for€survival€withÐ É ¤ Ð86deaths€per€thousand.€This€advantage€disappears€between€1€and€4€years,€whenÐ  j Ðthere€are€no€differences€in€mortality€in€terms€of€sex.€It€is€estimated€that€57%Ð U 0 Ðof€children€less€than€6€years€old€are€suffering€from€malnutrition.€Only€33%€ofÐ  ö  Ðthe€population€less€than€10€years€old€has€access€to€health€care€services.Ð á ¼  ÐÌ18.à è àThe€nutritional€study€of€children€in€rural€areas€shows€that€the€diet€ofÐ mH  Ðthe€girls,€in€particular,€is€deficient.€The€overall€prevalence€of€malnutritionÐ 3  Ðin€terms€of€weight€and€height€is€46.6%.€The€girls€are€worst€affected€with€25.5%Ð ùÔ  Ðas€compared€with€21.9%€for€boys.€Malnutrition€measured€in€terms€of€height€andÐ ¿š  Ðage€reveals€an€even€more€significant€difference€with€27.7%€of€boys€and€19.81%€ofÐ …`  Ðgirls€affected.Ð K&  ÐÌ19.à è àBolivia€has€one€of€the€highest€maternal€mortality€rates€in€Latin€AmericaРײ Ðwith€480€deaths€per€100,000€live€births.Ð x ÐÌ20.à è àOf€these€deaths€46.6%€occur€during€pregnancy,€often€as€a€result€ofÐ ) Ðcomplications€following€an€induced€abortion,€28%€in€childbirth€and€25.4%€afterÐ ïÊ Ðdelivery.€Ð µ ÐÌ21.à è àThe€fertility€rate€of€five€children€is€the€highest€on€the€continent.€InÐ A Ðrural€areas€women€have€on€average€6.3€and€in€urban€areas€4.2€children.€TheÐ â Ðpopulation€is€estimated€to€be€growing€at€the€rate€of€2.11%€per€year.Рͨ ÐÌ22.à è àThe€fact€that€the€poverty€indicators€are€at€such€high€levels€in€Bolivia€isÐ Y4 Ðpartly€attributable€to€the€collapse€of€the€economy€in€the€eighties.Ð ú ÐÌ23.à è àThe€seventies€were€a€period€of€economic€growth€and€political€stability,Ð «†! Ðbut€with€the€arrival€of€the€eighties€the€very€structure€of€the€economy€began€toÐ q L" Ðcrumble,€undergoing€changes€which€degenerated€into€a€state€of€chaos€and€economicÐ 7!# Ðand€social€anarchy,€an€experience€shared€by€all€the€Latin€American€economies€ofÐ ý!Ø$ Ðthe€state„controlled€type,€starting€with€the€foreign€debt€crisis€and€continuingÐ Ã"ž% Ðthroughout€the€so„called€"lost€decade".Ð ‰#d& ÐÌ24.à è àThe€comparison€with€the€earlier€period€is€stark.€Whereas€in€the€seventiesÐ %ð( Ðthe€average€rate€of€growth€was€4.7%€and€the€average€inflation€rate€15.9%,€in€theÐ Û%¶) Ðeighties€these€indicators€turned€sharply€to€Bolivia's€disadvantage€with€averageÐ ¡&| * Ðgrowth€of€2.3%€and€an€inflation€rate€of€1,969.4%.Ð g'B!+ ÐÌ25.à è àThe€reduced€amount€of€economic€activity€had€to€be€shared€out€among€aÐ ó(Î"- Ðlarger€population.€In€the€seventies,€value€added€per€capita€grew€by€an€annualÐ ¹)”#. Ðaverage€of€1.2%,€8.4%€and€3.4%€in€the€production,€basic€services€and€otherÐ *Z$/ Ðservices€sectors€respectively.€In€the€eighties,€the€trend€in€the€productiveÐ E+ %0 Ðsector€went€into€sharp€reverse,€its€value€added€per€capita€decreasing,€onÐ  ,æ%1 Ðaverage,€by€7.2%€per€year.€The€services€sector€also€declined,€as€did€the€economyÐ Ñ,¬&2 Ðas€a€whole.€For€basic€services€the€value€added€fell€to€an€average€annual€rate€ofÐ —-r'3 Ð1.4%.€Other€services€contracted€at€an€average€annual€rate€of€2.9%.€Ð ].8(4 ÐÐ #/þ(5 Ð26.à è àThe€foreign€debt€crisis,€the€continuous€decline€in€exports€as€a€result€ofÐ % Ðthe€deterioration€in€the€terms€of€trade€and€the€insistence€of€the€populistÐ ëÆ Ðgovernment€of€the€first€years€of€democracy€on€maintaining€a€fixed€and€overvaluedÐ ±Œ Ðexchange€rate€marked€the€beginning€of€serious€problems€for€the€economy€whichÐ wR Ðreached€their€peak€in€1985.€Foreign€exchange€earnings€from€exports€fell€byÐ =  Ðapproximately€60%€between€1980€and€1985;€at€the€same€time,€foreign€debt€serviceÐ  Þ Ðpayments€increased€as€a€result€of€the€accumulation€of€obligations€and€the€highÐ É ¤ Ðinterest€rates€applicable€from€1980€onwards.Ð  j ÐÌ27.à è àWhen€the€new€democratic€government€of€Dr.€Paz€Estenssoro€took€office€inÐ  ö  ÐAugust€1985,€daily€inflation€was€2%€and€the€year€ended€with€an€estimatedÐ á ¼  Ðcumulative€annual€inflation€rate€of€23,000%.€This€was€reflected€in€political€andÐ §‚  Ðsocial€chaos€which€almost€led€to€the€destruction€of€the€democratic€system€underÐ mH  Ðthe€natural€pressure€from€labour€and€industry.Ð 3  ÐÌ28.à è àStarting€in€1985,€with€the€enactment€of€S.D.€No.€21060€Bolivia€began€theÐ ¿š  Ðtransition€to€an€open€free„market€economy.€This€new€economic€model€proved€toÐ …`  Ðhave€strong€support€among€the€people€and€the€successive€democratic€governmentsÐ K&  Ðwhich€espoused€it€were€returned€with€solid€majorities.€Ð ì  ÐÌ29.à è àObviously,€the€country's€structural€problems€were€so€deep„rooted€that,Ð x Ðwhatever€their€merits,€the€neo„liberal€policies€applied€from€1985€onwards€couldÐ c> Ðnot€be€expected€to€produce€an€immediate€effect.€Nevertheless,€the€macroeconomicÐ ) Ðprogress€made€in€recent€years€is€encouraging.Ð ïÊ ÐÌ30.à è àIn€1993,€the€Bolivian€economy€maintained€a€moderate€rate€of€growth,Ð {V Ðcontinuing€the€trend€observed€over€the€previous€7€years€which€has€made€possibleÐ A Ða€relative€improvement€in€the€living€conditions€of€the€Bolivian€people.€TheÐ â Ðgross€domestic€product€grew€at€a€rate€of€3.2%€which€is€expected€to€rise€to€4.5%Рͨ Ðthis€year.€This€is€the€result€of€policies€designed€to€ensure€economic€stabilityÐ “n Ðby€creating€confidence€in€the€financial€system€and€endorsing€an€open„doorÐ Y4 Ðapproach€to€the€rest€of€the€world€with€a€view€to€improving€internationalÐ ú Ðcompetitiveness€and€transforming€the€country's€economic€structure.Ð åÀ  ÐÌ31.à è àLast€year€Bolivia€had€9.3%€inflation,€the€smallest€rise€for€the€lastÐ q L" Ð17years€and€one€of€the€lowest€rates€in€Latin€America.€Per€capita€GDP€grew€(byÐ 7!# Ð1.1%)€for€the€seventh€consecutive€year,€as€did€domestic€savings€and€netÐ ý!Ø$ Ðinternational€reserves.€Although€per€capita€income€is€still€one€of€the€lowest€inÐ Ã"ž% Ðthe€region,€it€rose€to€660€dollars€and€in€the€last€few€years€there€has€been€aÐ ‰#d& Ðsignificant€improvement€in€the€country's€position€in€the€world€human€developmentÐ O$*' Ðleague€table€compiled€by€the€United€Nations.Ð %ð( ÐÌ32.à è àHowever,€the€Bolivian€economy€is€still€beset€by€problems€such€as€theÐ ¡&| * Ðexcessive€fiscal€deficit€which€reached€6.5%€of€GDP€in€1993,€the€decline€inÐ g'B!+ Ðpublic€investment,€the€persistent€trade€deficit€and€stubbornly€high€interestÐ -(", Ðrates€which€are€preventing€easier€access€to€credit€and€discouraging€investment.Ð ó(Î"- ÐÌ33.à è àThe€foreign€debt€balance€stands€at€US$€3800€million€and€the€ratiosÐ *Z$/ Ðfor1993€are€as€follows:€debt€service/exports€27.3%,€debt€balance/exportsÐ E+ %0 Ð478.5%.Ð  ,æ%1 ÐÌ34.à è àThe€open€unemployment€rate€for€1993€was€5.4%€less€than€that€recorded€inÐ —-r'3 Ðthe€previous€year.€The€trend€is€basically€attributable€to€an€increase€in€labour„Ð ].8(4 Ðintensive€activities€such€as€commerce,€services€and€construction.€Nevertheless,Ð #/þ(5 Ðthis€measure€of€unemployment€does€not€adequately€reflect€the€country's€realÐ % Ðemployment€situation.€If€visible€underemployment,€i.e.€those€who€work€less€thanÐ ëÆ Ð46hours€a€week,€and€disguised€underemployment€in€terms€of€income,€i.e.€thoseÐ ±Œ Ðwhose€income€is€insufficient€to€purchase€a€basic€consumer€basket,€were€takenÐ wR Ðinto€account€the€total€rate€of€underemployment€for€1993€would€be€14.6%.Ð =  ÐÌ35.à è àBolivians€start€to€work€very€early€in€life.€The€economically€activeÐ É ¤ Ðpopulation€is€considered€to€include€those€over€six€years€old.€According€to€theÐ  j Ð1992€census,€50%€of€the€total€population€now€fall€into€this€category€as€comparedÐ U 0 Ðwith€the€42%€recorded€in€1976.€In€the€period€between€censuses€the€proportion€ofÐ  ö  Ðwomen€rose€from€18%€to€32%.€In€absolute€terms,€the€number€of€economically€activeÐ á ¼  Ðwomen€increased€by€a€factor€of€three.€Ð §‚  ÐÌà@OOcàII.€€HISTORICAL€BACKGROUNDˆÐ 3  ÐÌ36.à è àThe€history€of€the€territory€which€today€makes€up€the€Republic€of€BoliviaÐ ¿š  Ðgoes€back€to€the€ancient€cultures€which€developed€on€the€high€plateau,€such€asÐ …`  Ðthe€Viscachense€and€Churupa,€that€of€the€Urus,€and€especially€that€of€the€firstÐ K&  ÐAndean€empire€which€built€the€region's€first€planned€city:€Tihuanaco.Ð ì  ÐÌ37.à è àOther€ethnic€groups€with€their€own€characteristics€also€form€part€of€theÐ x Ðcountry's€historical€and€cultural€background.€These€include,€in€the€valleys,€theÐ c> ÐJarupara€or€Ampara€and€the€Mojoyocas€and,€in€the€eastern€region,€theÐ ) ÐChuriguanos,€Guarayos,€Moxenos,€Movimas,€Itenez€and€Mosetenes.Ð ïÊ ÐÌ38.à è àDuring€the€development€of€the€Inca€empire,€the€area€corresponding€toÐ {V ÐBolivia€became€known€as€Collasuyo,€being€predominantly€occupied€by€AymaranÐ A Ðsettlements.Ð â ÐÌ39.à è àThe€arrival€of€the€Spanish€conquistadors€in€1532€destroyed€theÐ “n Ðorganization€which€had€prevailed€in€the€region€for€centuries€and€introduced€aÐ Y4 Ðnew€political€institutional€structure€based€on€the€exploitation€of€its€richÐ ú Ðmineral€resources,€mainly€silver.Ð åÀ  ÐÌ40.à è àThus,€starting€in€1538,€the€following€cities€were€successively€founded:€LaÐ q L" ÐPlata€hoy€Sucre€(1538)€as€the€political€and€administrative€centre€of€the€royalÐ 7!# ÐAudiencia€of€Charcas€Potosi€(1548),€based€on€the€exploitation€of€the€silverÐ ý!Ø$ Ðdeposits€of€Cerro€Rico;€La€Paz€(1548)€as€an€active€commercial€and€tradingÐ Ã"ž% Ðcentre;€Santa€Cruz€(1561)€and€Trinidad€(1686)€as€barriers€to€PortugueseÐ ‰#d& Ðexpansionism€and€to€control€the€eastern€zone;€Cochabamba€(1574)€as€a€centre€forÐ O$*' Ðthe€harvesting€and€supply€of€agricultural€produce;€Tarija€(1574)€as€a€link€withÐ %ð( Ðthe€Rio€de€la€Plata;€and€Oruro€(1600)€to€develop€the€mining€potential€of€theÐ Û%¶) Ðarea.Ð ¡&| * ÐÌ41.à è àSome€of€these€cities€were€the€scene€of€events€of€great€importance,€bothÐ -(", Ðlocal€and€continental:€Potosi,€which€at€its€peak€had€a€bigger€population€thanÐ ó(Î"- Ðany€other€city€in€the€world;€Sucre,€with€the€founding€of€San€Francisco€XavierÐ ¹)”#. ÐUniversity,€one€of€the€first€universities€on€the€continent,€in€whose€facultiesÐ *Z$/ Ðthe€ideas€of€rebellion€circulating€during€the€last€quarter€of€the€eighteenthÐ E+ %0 Ðcentury€were€to€mature,€and€the€environment€in€which€the€first€cry€of€freedom€toÐ  ,æ%1 Ðbe€heard€in€the€Spanish€colonies€was€raised€on€25€May€1689;€and€La€Paz,€where€onÐ Ñ,¬&2 Ð16July€of€the€same€year€there€began€the€revolutionary€process€which€spreadÐ —-r'3 Ðthrough€the€American€continent€and€culminated€in€the€recognition€of€theÐ ].8(4 Ðcountries€of€the€region€as€free,€sovereign€and€independent€states.Ð #/þ(5 Ї42.à è àThe€bloody€war€of€independence€lasted€15€years,€at€the€end€of€whichÐ % ÐBolivia€was€born€on€6€August€1825€as€a€unitary,€free,€independent€and€sovereignÐ ëÆ ÐRepublic€presided€over€by€the€liberator€Simon€Bolivar.Ð ±Œ ÐÌ43.à è àThe€first€Bolivian€Constitution€and€those€which€followed€were€profoundlyÐ =  Ðinfluenced€by€the€model€and€the€ideas€of€the€French€Revolution.€The€penal€andÐ  Þ Ðcivil€codes€adopted€by€the€new€republic,€although€the€first€in€Latin€America,Ð É ¤ Ðwere€faithful€copies€of€the€French€legislation€and€political€and€administrativeÐ  j Ðorganization.Ð U 0 ÐÌ44.à è àIn€the€republican€epoch€the€colonial€model€of€exploitation€of€the€silverÐ á ¼  Ðand€later€tin€deposits€continued€to€be€followed,€with€the€development€of€aÐ §‚  Ðpredominantly€mining€economy€in€the€form€of€enclaves€and€big€estates€in€theÐ mH  Ðrural€areas,€intensive€use€being€made€of€semi„slave€labour€since€the€socialÐ 3  Ðdivisions€between€the€Spanish€owners€("criollos"),€half„breeds€("cholos"€orÐ ùÔ  Ð"mestizos"),€native€craftsmen,€peasants€and€miners€remained€more€or€less€intact.Ð ¿š  ÐThe€region€continued€to€play€the€role€of€producer€and€exporter€of€non„renewableÐ …`  Ðresources,€inherited€from€the€colonial€period,€until€the€beginning€of€theÐ K&  Ðfifties€when€the€national€revolution€triggered€a€vigorous€effort€to€diversifyÐ ì  Ðthe€country's€economic€structure.Рײ ÐÌ45.à è àIn€the€course€of€its€existence,€the€Republic€of€Bolivia€has€experiencedÐ c> Ðthree€large„scale€international€wars€and€other€territorial€conflicts€which€ledÐ ) Ðto€its€being€stripped€of€more€than€half€its€territory€and€reduced€to€aÐ ïÊ Ðlandlocked€condition€following€the€loss€of€its€sovereign€outlet€to€the€PacificÐ µ ÐOcean.€In€1879,€Chile€invaded€its€territory€during€the€War€of€the€PacificÐ {V Ðagainst€Peru€and€Bolivia,€depriving€the€country€of€its€coastal€strip;€in€1903€itÐ A Ðlost€extensive€Amazonian€territories€to€Brazil€in€the€War€of€the€Acre,€andÐ â Ðfinally,€between€1932€and€1935€it€surrendered€the€northern€Chaco€to€ParaguayРͨ Ðduring€the€Chaco€War.Ð “n ÐÌ46.à è àBetween€the€War€of€the€Pacific€(1879)€and€the€Chaco€War€(1932„35)€BoliviaÐ ú Ðexperienced€a€period€of€great€institutional€stability,€except€for€the€civil€warÐ åÀ  Ðbetween€liberals€and€conservatives€in€1899.€For€almost€50€years,€one€democraticÐ «†! Ðgovernment€succeeded€another€and€the€country€prospered.€This€system€broke€downÐ q L" Ðduring€the€Chaco€Warand€the€post„war€period,€which€saw€a€confrontation€betweenÐ 7!# Ðthe€working€classes€and€the€feudal„mining€upper€middle€class€rulers€of€theÐ ý!Ø$ Ðcountry.Ð Ã"ž% ÐÌ47.à è àIn€1952,€there€began€the€national€revolution€of€the€MNR€under€theÐ O$*' Ðleadership€of€Victor€Paz€Estenssoro.€This€led€to€drastic€institutional€andÐ %ð( Ðeconomic€changes€in€the€life€of€the€Republic,€including€the€passage€of€theÐ Û%¶) ÐAgrarian€Reform€Act,€which€abolished€the€large€estates€and€redistributed€theÐ ¡&| * Ðland€among€the€peasant€majority;€the€nationalization€of€the€mines,€until€then€inÐ g'B!+ Ðthe€hands€of€the€big€multinationals;€the€granting€of€universal€suffrage,€whichÐ -(", Ðturned€the€native€masses€into€citizens;€the€reform€and€universalization€ofÐ ó(Î"- Ðeducation;€and€the€introduction€of€a€central€planning€system€to€diversify€theÐ ¹)”#. Ðmining€economy.Ð *Z$/ ÐÌ48.à è àIn€1964,€the€revolutionary€government€of€the€MNR€was€overthrown€by€aÐ  ,æ%1 Ðmilitary€coup€which€marked€the€start€of€a€long€series€of€dictatorial€governmentsÐ Ñ,¬&2 Ðof€all€tendencies,€among€the€most€pernicious€of€which€were€the€dictatorships€ofÐ —-r'3 Ðâ âGeneral€Banzer€(1971„1978)€and€General€Garcia€Meza€(1980„1981)€whoÐ ].8(4 Ðsystematically€violated€human€rights,€imposed€a€reign€of€terror€and€ended€byÐ % Ðruining€the€national€economy€as€a€result€of€the€corruptness€of€their€regimes.Ð ëÆ Ðâ âÌ49.à è àIn€1982,€after€various€attempts€frustrated€by€the€militarists,€democracyÐ wR Ðwas€restored€in€Bolivia€during€the€worst€economic€crisis€that€the€country€hadÐ =  Ðhad€to€endure.€In€the€course€of€these€years,€four€constitutional€presidentsÐ  Þ Ðsucceeded€each€other:€Hernan€Siles€Zuazo,€Victor€Paz€Estenssoro,€Jaime€PazÐ É ¤ ÐZamora€and€the€present€president,€elected€in€1993,€Gonzalo€Sanchez€de€Lozada.Ð  j ÐÌ50.à è àThe€last€12€years€of€democracy€have€seen€big€changes€in€every€area€ofÐ  ö  Ðnational€life.€Of€course,€this€has€not€been€an€easy€process,€but€the€net€resultÐ á ¼  Ðis€truly€encouraging.Ð §‚  ÐÌ51.à è àIn€recent€years,€Bolivia's€economic€system€has€been€almost€completelyÐ 3  Ðtransformed,€and€the€country€is€gradually€emerging€from€the€economic€bankruptcyÐ ùÔ  Ðinto€which€it€sank€in€the€eighties.€This€transformation€was€peacefullyÐ ¿š  Ðassimilated€by€society€and€most€of€the€political€class,€which€is€exceptional€forÐ …`  Ðthe€subcontinent€since€similar€economic€experiments€have€produced€very€violentÐ K&  Ðand€destabilizing€reactions€in€other€countries€in€the€region.€Ð ì  ÐÌ52.à è àThe€continuity€and€the€acceptance€of€the€democratic€system€have€made€itÐ x Ðpossible€to€generate€a€culture€of€understanding€and€dialogue€within€theÐ c> Ðpolitical€class€of€a€kind€rarely€encountered€in€the€national€history,€which€isÐ ) Ðcharacterized€rather€by€institutional€instability€and€confrontation.€TheÐ ïÊ Ðagreements€between€the€leaders€of€the€main€political€groupings€have€made€theÐ µ Ðcountry€governable€and€opened€the€way€for€an€accelerated€process€of€legislativeÐ {V Ðand€constitutional€change€designed€to€consolidate€the€still€recent€BolivianÐ A Ðdemocracy.€Despite€the€scale€of€the€country's€structural€problems,€it€has€so€farÐ â Ðbeen€possible€to€deal€peacefully€with€the€longstanding€social€disputes.€There€isРͨ Ðno€terrorism€in€Bolivia,€except€for€a€few€instances€involving€isolated€groupsÐ “n Ðwhich€came€into€existence€in€former€years€and€are€now€disorganized.Ð Y4 ÐÌà@càIII.€€POLITICAL€STRUCTUREˆÐ åÀ  ÐÌ53.à è àAfter€being€in€force€for€27€years,€the€Bolivian€Constitution€was€recentlyÐ q L" Ðreformed€thanks€to€an€agreement€between€all€the€parties€represented€inÐ 7!# Ðparliament.Ð ý!Ø$ ÐÌ54.à è àFor€the€first€time€in€the€nation's€history,€this€constitutional€change€wasÐ ‰#d& Ðeffected€in€conformity€with€the€legal€procedures€laid€down€in€the€ConstitutionÐ O$*' Ðitself€and€with€the€massive€participation€of€the€political€forces.Ð %ð( ÐÌ55.à è àThe€new€Constitution€promulgated€on€12€August€1994€by€President€GonzaloÐ ¡&| * ÐSanchez€de€Lozada€marked€the€culmination€of€a€dynamic€legislative€campaignÐ g'B!+ Ðembarked€upon€by€the€Bolivian€Government€in€order€to€modernize€and€reshape€theÐ -(", Ðcountry.€These€far„reaching€changes€are€primarily€aimed€at€increased€publicÐ ó(Î"- Ðparticipation€in€government€decisions,€the€greater€democratization€of€the€publicÐ ¹)”#. Ðpowers,€the€more€effective€protection€of€human€rights,€the€legitimation€of€theÐ *Z$/ Ðnational€representatives,€the€recognition€of€the€rights€of€the€indigenousÐ E+ %0 Ðpeoples,€the€broadening€of€the€electoral€base€within€a€mainly€youthfulÐ  ,æ%1 Ðpopulation€by€setting€the€legal€age€at€18,€and€administrative€decentralization.Ð Ñ,¬&2 ÐÌ56.à è àArticle€1€of€the€revised€Constitution€states:€"Bolivia,€free,€independent,Ð ].8(4 Ðsovereign,€multiethnic€and€pluricultural,€constituted€as€a€unitary€republic,Ð #/þ(5 Ðadopts€for€its€government€the€democratic€representative€form,€founded€on€theÐ % Ðunion€and€solidarity€of€all€Bolivians".Ð ëÆ ÐÌ57.à è àThis€recognition€of€Bolivia's€multiethnic€and€pluricultural€nature€isÐ wR Ðintended€to€make€amends€for€the€injustice€done€to€the€indigenous€peoples€who€forÐ =  Ðcenturies€had€had€their€rights€ignored€and,€what€is€more,€were€in€danger€ofÐ  Þ Ðextinction.Ð É ¤ ÐÌ58.à è àArticle€2€establishes€the€legal€structure€of€the€country:€"SovereigntyÐ U 0 Ðresides€in€the€people;€it€is€inalienable€and€imprescriptible;€its€exercise€isÐ  ö  Ðdelegated€to€the€legislative,€executive€and€judicial€powers.€The€independenceÐ á ¼  Ðand€coordination€of€these€powers€is€the€basis€of€government.€The€functions€ofÐ §‚  Ðthe€public€power,€legislative,€executive€and€judicial,€cannot€be€united€in€aÐ mH  Ðsingle€organ".Ð 3  ÐÌà@­­ càA.€€òòThe€LegislatureóóˆÐ ¿š  ÐÌ59.à è àIn€this€connection,€Article€46.2€of€the€Constitution€states:€"The€NationalÐ K&  ÐCongress€shall€meet€in€ordinary€session€every€year€in€the€capital€of€theÐ ì  ÐRepublic€on€the€sixth€day€of€August,€even€if€it€has€not€been€convoked.€TheРײ Ðsessions€shall€last€ninety€working€days,€which€may€be€extended€to€one€hundredÐ x Ðand€twenty,€either€by€the€will€of€Congress€itself€or€upon€the€request€of€theÐ c> ÐExecutive.€If€at€any€time€the€Executive€deems€it€expedient€for€the€Congress€notÐ ) Ðto€meet€in€the€capital€of€the€Republic,€it€may€issue€a€call€for€it€to€meetÐ ïÊ Ðelsewhere".Ð µ ÐÌ60.à è àThis€particular€provision€requiring€the€Congress€to€meet€every€year€at€aÐ A Ðfixed€time€and€place,€without€having€to€be€convoked,€is€intended€to€ensure€itsÐ â Ðfunctional€independence€and€freedom€from€any€form€of€interference.Рͨ ÐÌ61.à è àArticle€48€stipulates€that€the€chambers€must€function€with€an€absoluteÐ Y4 Ðmajority€of€their€members,€at€the€same€time€and€in€the€same€place,€and€one€houseÐ ú Ðmay€not€open€or€close€its€sessions€on€a€different€day€from€the€other.€ThisÐ åÀ  Ðsimultaneity€of€sessions€is€intended€to€ensure€the€coordination€and€efficiencyÐ «†! Ðof€the€work€of€Parliament€which€might€otherwise€be€impaired€or€delayed.Ð q L" ÐÌ62.à è àThe€meetings€of€the€Congress€may€be€either€ordinary€or€extraordinary.€TheÐ ý!Ø$ Ðordinary€meetings€are€fixed.€They€start€on€6€August€and€last€90€working€days,Ð Ã"ž% Ðextendable€to€120€days€either€by€the€will€of€Congress€itself€or€upon€the€requestÐ ‰#d& Ðof€the€Executive.€Congress€may€meet€in€extraordinary€session€at€any€time€byÐ O$*' Ðdecision€of€an€absolute€majority€of€its€members€or€if€convoked€by€the€ExecutiveÐ %ð( Ðand€"shall€devote€itself€to€the€matters€designated€in€the€convocation"Ð Û%¶) Ð(Art.47).€This€means€that€the€notice€of€convocation€must€necessarily€containÐ ¡&| * Ðthe€questions€for€discussion,€subject€to€the€powers€of€the€Congress€to€overseeÐ g'B!+ Ðand€monitor€the€actions€of€the€Executive.Ð -(", ÐÌ63.à è àArticle€59€assigns€to€the€Congress€the€following€powers:Ð ¹)”#. ÐÌà è à(a)à  àLegislative.€According€to€subparagraph€1,€Congress€may€"enact,Ð E+ %0 Ðrepeal,€amend€or€interpret€laws"€(Arts.€29,€71€and€96.4).€This€is€a€fundamentalÐ  ,æ%1 Ðactivity€of€the€"legislators"€which€may€originate€in€either€chamber,€upon€theÐ Ñ,¬&2 Ðinitiative€of€one€or€more€of€its€members;€although€the€Executive€and€the€SupremeÐ —-r'3 Ðâ âCourt€can€admittedly€also€take€the€initiative€with€respect€to€the€enactment€ofÐ ].8(4 Ðlaws,€they€cannot€do€so€with€respect€to€their€repeal,€derogation,€amendment€orÐ % Ðinterpretation,€which€remain€the€exclusive€prerogative€of€the€Legislature;Ð ëÆ Ðâ âÌà è à(b)à  àEconomic€and€financial.€Subparagraph€2€empowers€the€Legislature,€uponÐ wR Ðthe€initiative€of€the€Executive,€to€impose€taxes€of€any€nature€or€description,Ð =  Ðabolish€existing€taxes€and€determine€their€national,€departmental€or€universityÐ  Þ Ðcharacter,€as€well€as€to€fix€fiscal€expenditures.€Such€taxes€are€indefiniteÐ É ¤ Ðunless€a€time€limit€is€established€by€the€law€itself.€This€requirement€isÐ  j Ðconsistent€with€Articles€26€and€27€and€reflects€the€constitutional€principleÐ U 0 Ðthat€only€the€people,€through€their€representatives,€may€authorize€the€taxesÐ  ö  Ðwhich€have€to€be€paid.€Subparagraph€3€empowers€the€Legislature€to€fix€theÐ á ¼  Ðexpenditures€of€the€public€administration€for€each€financial€period,€afterÐ §‚  Ðsubmission€of€the€budget€by€the€Executive,€and€subparagraph€11€assigns€it€theÐ mH  Ðtask€of€approving€the€annual€statement€of€expenditure€and€investment€which€theÐ 3  ÐExecutive€must€submit€to€the€first€session€of€each€legislative€term.€This€is€aÐ ùÔ  Ðvery€important€function€since€it€allows€the€representatives€of€the€people€toÐ ¿š  Ðoversee€and€control€the€way€in€which€the€people's€taxes€and€loans€contractedÐ …`  Ðwith€the€prior€authorization€of€the€Legislature€are€spent€(subparagraph€5).Ð K&  ÐContracts€for€the€exploitation€of€natural€resources€must€also€receive€the€priorÐ ì  Ðapproval€of€this€body€(subparagraph€5).€Moreover,€the€Legislature€must€examineРײ Ðthe€development€plans€which€the€Executive€submits€for€its€considerationÐ x Ð(subparagraph€4)€and€establish€the€monetary€system€and€the€system€of€weights€andÐ c> Ðmeasures.Ð ) ÐÌà è à(c)à  àPolitical€and€administrative.€In€this€area,€the€ConstitutionÐ µ Ðauthorizes€the€Legislature€(upon€the€initiative€of€the€Executive)€to€create€andÐ {V Ðabolish€public€offices€while€specifying€their€powers€and€fixing€theirÐ A Ðemoluments.€It€is€explained€that€this€body€may€approve,€reject€or€reduce€theÐ â Ðservices,€offices€or€emoluments€proposed€by€the€Executive€but€may€not€increaseРͨ Ðthem,€with€the€exception€of€those€relating€to€the€National€Congress.€TheÐ “n Ðjustification€for€this€restriction,€and€for€the€initiative€accorded€to€theÐ Y4 ÐExecutive€in€these€matters,€is€the€same€as€that€for€the€initiative€accorded€inÐ ú Ðrelation€to€taxes,€namely€to€prevent€the€deputies€and€senators€from€oversteppingÐ åÀ  Ðthe€mark€as€regards€the€number€of€public€offices€and€their€remuneration,€whetherÐ «†! Ðfor€political€reasons€or€to€honour€electoral€promises.€Moreover,€it€isÐ q L" Ðconsidered€that€the€Executive,€as€an€administrative€body,€is€better€acquaintedÐ 7!# Ðwith€the€needs€and€requirements€of€the€civil€service.€The€Legislature€must€alsoÐ ý!Ø$ Ðauthorize€the€alienation€of€national,€departmental,€municipal€and€universityÐ Ã"ž% Ðproperty€and€any€property€in€the€public€domain€and€the€acquisition€of€realÐ ‰#d& Ðproperty€by€the€Executive€(subparagraph€8),€and€grant€subsidies€or€guaranteesÐ O$*' Ðfor€the€construction€of€public€works€and€those€of€social€necessity€(subparagraphÐ %ð( Ð6).€Another€function€of€the€Legislature€is€to€appoint€the€justices€of€theÐ Û%¶) ÐSupreme€Court€of€Justice€and€representatives€on€the€electoral€courtsÐ ¡&| * Ð(subparagraphs€20€and€21),€and€to€create€new€departments,€provinces,€districtsÐ g'B!+ Ðand€cantons€and€fix€their€boundaries,€etc.€(subparagraph€18);Ð -(", ÐÌà è à(d)à  àInternational€policy.€Under€the€Constitution,€the€Executive€isÐ ¹)”#. Ðresponsible€for€conducting€and€implementing€the€country's€international€policy,Ð *Z$/ Ðbut€since€treaties€and€conventions€concluded€with€other€States€concern€theÐ E+ %0 Ðentire€nation,€the€Legislature€must€ratify€them€(subparagraph€12)€if€they€are€toÐ  ,æ%1 Ðhave€effect,€but€without€changing€them,€since€it€lacks€the€relevant€legalÐ Ñ,¬&2 Ðcapacity€and€powers.€However,€the€Legislature€may€suggest€various€clarificationsÐ —-r'3 Ðand€additional€points€that€the€Executive€could€negotiate€with€the€interestedÐ ].8(4 ÐState€or€States€through€an€exchange€of€verbal€notes.€As€regards€unconsummatedÐ #/þ(5 Ðinternational€treaties,€commitments€or€acts,€the€Legislature€may€exerciseÐ % Ðdiplomatic€influence€over€the€Executive€(subparagraph€13)€by€making€specificÐ ëÆ Ðproposals€and€suggestions;Ð ±Œ ÐÌà è à(e)à  àMilitary.€In€the€military€sphere,€the€Legislature€approves€theÐ =  Ðmilitary€forces€to€be€maintained€in€time€of€peace,€gives€permission€for€theÐ  Þ Ðtransit€of€foreign€troops€through€the€national€territory,€determines€how€longÐ É ¤ Ðthey€may€remain€therein,€and€authorizes€the€dispatch€of€national€troops€abroadÐ  j Ðfor€a€specified€period€(subparagraphs€14,€15€and€16);Ð U 0 ÐÌà è à(f)à  àUniversity.€Notwithstanding€that€the€autonomy€of€the€universitiesÐ á ¼  Ðconsists€of€freedom€to€administer€their€own€funds,€to€prepare€and€approve€theirÐ §‚  Ðbudgets€and€to€enter€into€contracts€to€achieve€their€purposes,€as€well€as€theÐ mH  Ðcapacity€to€negotiate€loans€obtained€or€to€be€paid€for€with€the€people's€taxes;Ð 3  ÐÌà è à(g)à  àJudicial.€Article€59.19€authorizes€the€Legislature€"to€decreeÐ ¿š  Ðamnesties€for€political€offences€and€grant€pardons€after€receiving€a€report€fromÐ …`  Ðthe€Supreme€Court€of€Justice".€This€power€is€independent€of€that€granted€to€theÐ K&  ÐPresident€for€the€same€purpose€by€Article€96.13.Ð ì  ÐÌ64.à è àIn€order€to€represent€the€people,€deputies€and€senators€must€satisfy€theÐ x Ðfollowing€terms€and€conditions€which€are€common€to€both€chambers:Ð c> ÐÌà è à(a)à  àBe€Bolivian€by€birth€and€have€fulfilled€their€military€obligations,Ð ïÊ Ðbe€at€least€thirty„five€years€of€age€for€senators€and€twenty„five€for€deputiesÐ µ Ð(Articles€61€and€69).€The€military€obligations€are€compulsory€military€serviceÐ {V Ðand€national€defence€in€the€event€of€international€conflict;Ð A ÐÌà è à(b)à  àBe€enrolled€in€the€civic€register,€as€applies€to€all€citizens€inРͨ Ðaccordance€with€Article€220€of€the€Constitution€and€electoral€law.Ð “n ÐÌ65.à è àCandidates€for€the€office€of€deputy€or€senator€must€be€nominated€by€aÐ ú Ðpolitical€party€or€by€a€civic€group€representative€of€the€live€forces€of€theÐ åÀ  Ðcountry,€having€recognized€juridical€personality€and€forming€a€bloc€or€frontÐ «†! Ðwith€a€political€party.Ð q L" ÐÌ66.à è àOther€conditions€include€"not€to€have€been€condemned€to€corporalÐ ý!Ø$ Ðpunishment,€unless€rehabilitated€by€the€Senate"€(together€with€Article€66.2);Ð Ã"ž% Ð"nor€to€have€charges€or€writs€of€execution€against€them;€nor€to€be€includedÐ ‰#d& Ðamong€the€cases€of€exclusion€or€incompatibility€established€by€law".€AccordingÐ O$*' Ðto€Articles€50€and€221€of€the€Constitution€and€Article€150€of€the€Electoral€Act,Ð %ð( Ðthe€following€may€not€be€elected€as€national€representatives:€civil€servants€andÐ Û%¶) Ðemployees,€military€and€police€officials€in€service,€and€ecclesiastics€who€doÐ ¡&| * Ðnot€resign€and€give€up€their€functions€at€least€sixty€days€before€the€elections;Ð g'B!+ Ðcontractors€for€public€works€and€services;€administrators,€managers€andÐ -(", Ðdirectors€of€companies€in€which€the€government€holds€a€pecuniary€interest;Ð ó(Î"- Ðadministrators€of€public€funds€until€their€contracts€and€accounts€have€beenÐ ¹)”#. Ðclosed;€and€those€unable€to€read€or€write.Ð *Z$/ ÐÌ67.à è àAccording€to€Article€67,€each€chamber€verifies€the€credentials€of€itsÐ  ,æ%1 Ðmembers€issued€by€the€electoral€courts,€selects€its€officers,€and€prescribes€andÐ Ñ,¬&2 Ðenforces€its€regulations.Ð —-r'3 Ðâ âÐ ].8(4 Ð68.à è àThe€same€article,€in€conformity€with€Article€8€of€the€Electoral€Act,Ð % Ðâ âstates€that€"claims€of€disqualification€of€persons€elected€or€for€annulment€ofÐ ëÆ Ðan€election€may€be€brought€only€before€the€National€Electoral€Court,€whoseÐ ±Œ Ðdecisions€cannot€be€reversed€by€the€chambers.€If€the€chamber€finds€grounds€forÐ wR Ðannulment,€the€case€shall€be€sent,€by€a€two„thirds€vote€decision,€to€be€heardÐ =  Ðand€ruled€upon€by€that€court.€A€ruling€must€be€given€within€fifteen€days".Ð  Þ ÐArticle€57€states€that€senators€and€deputies€may€be€reelected€and€may€resignÐ É ¤ Ðfrom€their€positions.Ð  j ÐÌ69.à è àThere€is€a€fundamental€incompatibility€between€the€representation€of€theÐ  ö  Ðpeople€and€the€civil€service€which€has€led€to€the€organs€of€power€being€madeÐ á ¼  Ðindependent,€so€that€their€nature€and€functions€may€be€well€defined€andÐ §‚  Ðgovernments€prevented€from€trying€to€lure€or€neutralize€members€of€parliamentÐ mH  Ðwith€various€coveted€appointments.Ð 3  ÐÌ70.à è àNational€representatives€may€accept€only€the€offices€of€President€or€Vice„Ð ¿š  ÐPresident€of€the€Republic€(if€so€elected),€minister€of€state,€diplomatic€agentÐ …`  Ðor€prefect€of€a€department,€and€are€suspended€from€their€legislative€functionsÐ K&  Ðwhile€they€continue€to€hold€such€office€(Article€49).Ð ì  ÐÌ71.à è àOther€self„evident€incompatibilities€are€mentioned€restrictively€inÐ x ÐArticle€54€which€states:€"no€senator€or€deputy€shall€purchase€or€lease€publicÐ c> Ðproperty€in€his€own€name€or€in€the€name€of€a€third€party,€nor€shall€he€take€onÐ ) Ðpublic€works€or€government€supply€contracts€or€obtain€from€the€State€concessionsÐ ïÊ Ðor€personal€advantages€of€any€other€kind.€Nor€may€he,€during€his€term€of€office,Ð µ Ðbe€an€official,€employee,€agent,€adviser€or€representative€of€an€autonomousÐ {V Ðentity€or€of€a€company€or€enterprise€doing€business€with€the€State".Ð A ÐÌ72.à è àAccording€to€Article€67.4,€each€chamber€may€"remove€temporarily€orРͨ Ðdefinitively,€by€a€two„thirds€vote,€any€of€its€members€for€serious€misdoings€inÐ “n Ðthe€exercise€of€their€functions".€This€is€a€disciplinary€power€intended€toÐ Y4 Ðsafeguard€the€dignity€of€Congress€and€popular€representation€but,€in€order€thatÐ ú Ðit€may€not€be€abused€for€political€or€other€secondary€purposes,€as€has€so€oftenÐ åÀ  Ðbeen€the€case€in€the€course€of€our€parliamentary€history,€a€two„thirds€vote€isÐ «†! Ðrequired.Ð q L" ÐÌ73.à è àThe€most€important€prerogative€accorded€to€Bolivian€members€of€parliamentÐ ý!Ø$ Ðis:€òòinviolabilityóó.€Thus,€Article€51€states€that€"Deputies€and€senators€areÐ Ã"ž% Ðinviolable€at€all€times€for€the€opinions€expressed€by€them€in€the€discharge€ofÐ ‰#d& Ðtheir€duties",€thereby€guaranteeing€freedom€of€opinion€and€expression€andÐ O$*' Ðfreedom€of€the€vote€to€the€legislator€who€may€not€be€harassed,€threatened€orÐ %ð( Ðprosecuted,€or€constrained€in€any€other€way€to€think€and€act€in€a€way€that€isÐ Û%¶) Ðcontrary€to€his€purpose.€Immunity€is€the€protection€afforded€to€the€legislatorÐ ¡&| * Ðagainst€being€prosecuted,€arrested€or€tried€in€any€matter,€during€his€term€ofÐ g'B!+ Ðoffice,€thereby€enabling€him€to€perform€his€representative€functions€fully€andÐ -(", Ðfreely,€without€being€interrupted€or€impeded€by€actions€based€on€fact€orÐ ó(Î"- Ðpresumption,€unless€the€chamber€to€which€he€belongs€consents€by€a€two„thirdsÐ ¹)”#. Ðvote.€Article€52€adds:€"In€civil€matters€he€may€not€be€sued€or€required€to€giveÐ *Z$/ Ðbond€during€a€period€beginning€sixty€days€before€Congress€meets€and€ending€uponÐ E+ %0 Ðhis€return€to€his€residence".Ð  ,æ%1 ÐÌ74.à è àInviolability€and€immunity€are€not€suspended€during€a€state€of€siegeÐ —-r'3 Ð(Article€115).€Article€53€grants€the€Vice„President€of€the€Republic,€in€hisÐ ].8(4 Ðcapacity€of€President€of€the€National€Congress€and€the€Senate,€the€sameÐ #/þ(5 Ðprerogatives€as€are€granted€to€senators€and€deputies.€According€to€Article€55,Ð % Ðthe€legislators€may€make€representations€to€the€Executive€to€secure€complianceÐ ëÆ Ðwith€the€law€and€the€satisfaction€of€the€needs€of€their€districts.€They€may€alsoÐ ±Œ Ðrequest€ministers€of€state€for€oral€or€written€information€for€legislativeÐ wR Ðpurposes€or€for€purposes€of€inspection€or€examination€and€"may€propose€theÐ =  Ðinvestigation€of€any€matter€of€national€interest"€(Article€70,€secondÐ  Þ Ðparagraph).€Clearly,€the€Legislature's€powers€to€obtain€information€andÐ É ¤ Ðinvestigate€the€actions€of€the€Executive€are€very€extensive,€giving€it€unlimitedÐ  j Ðauthority€to€watch€over€every€facet€of€national€life.Ð U 0 ÐÌ75.à è àIn€accordance€with€Bolivian€parliamentary€practice,€when€the€ExecutiveÐ á ¼  Ðfails€to€respond€to€a€request€for€written€information€within€fifteen€days,€itÐ §‚  Ðautomatically€becomes€a€request€for€oral€information€which€can€also€be€addressedÐ mH  Ðto€a€minister€present€in€the€chamber.€The€written€or€oral€statement€by€one€orÐ 3  Ðmore€ministers€may€end€in€agreement€with€the€petitioners€or€in€their€submittingÐ ùÔ  Ða€minute€(€"minuta€de€comunicacion")€or€draft€resolutions€or€bills€which€theyÐ ¿š  Ðconsider€appropriate,€or€may€lead€to€interpellation€if€the€conduct€of€theÐ …`  Ðprovider€of€the€information€is€deemed€to€be€an€infringement€of€the€law€or€civilÐ K&  Ðliberties.Ð ì  ÐÌ76.à è àInterpellation€is€a€parliamentary€process€in€which,€through€a€publicÐ x Ðdebate€in€either€chamber,€members€of€the€Executive€are€called€upon€to€correctÐ c> Ðtheir€conduct€in€relation€to€specific€matters€and€may€be€censured€by€a€vote€ofÐ ) Ðan€absolute€majority€of€the€members€present€(Article€70,€first€paragraph).€TheÐ ïÊ Ðprocedure€may€also€end€in€a€vote€of€confidence€or€rehabilitation€when€theÐ µ Ðcensure€motion€fails€or€in€"the€agenda€pure€and€simple",€which€produces€noÐ {V Ðeffect.€Both€censure€and€confidence€constitute€a€"reasoned€agenda".€InÐ A Ðprinciple,€the€sessions€of€the€Legislature€are€public€and€"may€be€secret€onlyÐ â Ðwhen€two„thirds€of€the€members€so€resolve"€(Article€58),€in€order€to€permit€theРͨ Ðconsideration€of€restricted€matters€relating€to€national€defence,€sensitiveÐ “n Ðdiplomatic€negotiations,€etc.€which,€at€the€time€of€discussion,€must€be€keptÐ Y4 Ðfrom€the€public€for€reasons€of€national€security€or€in€the€national€interest.Ð ú ÐÌ77.à è àThe€recently€reformulated€Article€70€states€that€upon€the€initiative€ofÐ «†! Ðany€member€of€parliament,€the€chambers€may€request€the€ministers€of€state€forÐ q L" Ðoral€or€written€information€for€legislative€purposes€or€purposes€of€inspectionÐ 7!# Ðor€examination,€and€propose€investigation€of€matters€of€national€interest.Ð ý!Ø$ ÐÌ78.à è àUpon€the€initiative€of€any€member€of€parliament,€each€chamber€mayÐ ‰#d& Ðinterpellate€the€ministers€of€state,€individually€or€collectively,€and€agree€toÐ O$*' Ðcensure€their€acts€by€the€vote€of€an€absolute€majority€of€the€representativesÐ %ð( Ðpresent.Ð Û%¶) ÐÌ79.à è àThe€purpose€of€censure€is€to€obtain€changes€in€the€policy€or€procedure€toÐ g'B!+ Ðwhich€objections€are€raised€and€implies€the€resignation€of€the€minister€orÐ -(", Ðministers€censured,€which€may€be€accepted€or€rejected€by€the€President€of€theÐ ó(Î"- ÐRepublic.Ð ¹)”#. ÐÌ80.à è àAccording€to€Article€68,€the€chambers€must€meet€in€joint€session€ofÐ E+ %0 ÐCongress€to€open€and€close€their€sessions€and€for€the€following€purposes:Ð  ,æ%1 ÐÌà è à(a)à  àTo€verify€the€election€returns€for€President€and€Vice„President€ofÐ —-r'3 Ðthe€Republic,€or€to€name€them€whenever€the€candidates€have€failed€to€obtain€anÐ ].8(4 Ðabsolute€majority€of€votes€in€the€general€elections€(Article€90);€to€receiveÐ #/þ(5 Ðtheir€oath€of€office€and,€when€necessary,€accept€or€reject€their€resignationÐ % Ð(subparagraphs€3€and€4);€to€approve€the€statement€of€expenditure€and€investmentÐ ëÆ Ðto€be€submitted€annually€by€the€Executive;€to€exercise€diplomatic€influence;€toÐ ±Œ Ðreconsider€bills€vetoed€by€the€Executive;€and€to€determine€the€strength€of€theÐ wR Ðarmed€forces€(subparagraphs€5,€6€and€8);Ð =  ÐÌà è à(b)à  àOn€petition€of€the€Executive,€the€Congress€must€meet€to€decideÐ É ¤ Ðwhether€to€authorize€a€declaration€of€war.€This€being€such€a€critical€matter,Ð  j Ðinvolving€the€entire€nation,€it€is€natural€that€the€consent€of€a€plenary€sessionÐ U 0 Ðof€the€Congress€should€be€required€before€a€decision€can€be€taken€(subparagraphÐ  ö  Ð7).€Congress€must€also€meet€to€consider€the€declaration€and€effects€of€the€stateÐ á ¼  Ðof€siege€referred€to€in€Articles€111€to€115,€and€the€government's€report€thereonÐ §‚  Ð(subparagraph€11).Ð mH  ÐÌ81.à è àWhen€a€bill€approved€by€one€of€the€chambers€(chamber€of€origin)€is€notÐ ùÔ  Ðapproved€by€the€other,€then,€according€to€the€legislative€procedureÐ ¿š  Ð(Article74),€the€two€chambers€must€meet€in€joint€session€to€explain€theirÐ …`  Ðpoints€of€view€and€try€to€reconcile€their€differences€in€order€that€the€bill€mayÐ K&  Ðbe€carried€forward€if€it€so€merits€(subparagraph€9).Ð ì  ÐÌ82.à è àIn€accordance€with€subparagraph€12€of€Article€68,€the€Congress€mustÐ x Ðconscientiously€take€cognizance€of€charges€of€responsibility€against€theÐ c> ÐPresident€and€Vice„President€of€the€Republic,€ministers€of€state,€heads€ofÐ ) Ðdiplomatic€missions€and€the€Comptroller„General€of€the€Republic€for€offencesÐ ïÊ Ðcommitted€in€the€exercise€of€their€functions.Ð µ ÐÌ83.à è àThe€revised€Constitution€assigns€new€functions€to€the€Congress€empoweringÐ A Ðit€to€elect,€by€a€two„thirds€vote€of€all€its€members,€the€justices€of€theÐ â ÐSupreme€Court€of€Justice,€the€judges€of€the€Constitutional€Court,€theРͨ Ðcounsellors€of€the€Judicature€Council,€the€Attorney€General€of€the€Republic€andÐ “n Ðthe€Ombudsman.€The€latter€constitutes€one€of€the€most€important€achievements€ofÐ Y4 ÐBolivian€democracy€in€its€efforts€to€depoliticize€the€institutions€and€restoreÐ ú Ðtheir€credibility.€Article€69€expressly€prohibits€Congress€from€delegating€anyÐ åÀ  Ðof€the€functions€just€described€to€one€or€more€of€its€members€or€to€any€otherÐ «†! Ðpower,€in€accordance€with€the€constitutional€principle€of€the€separation€ofÐ q L" Ðpowers€and€to€preserve€the€independence€of€the€Legislature€(together€withÐ 7!# ÐArticles,€2,€30€and€115).Ð ý!Ø$ ÐÌ84.à è àAccording€to€Article€66,€the€Chamber€of€Senators€has€the€following€powers:Ð ‰#d& Ðfirstly€(subparagraph€1),€to€hear€indictments€brought€by€the€lower€chamberÐ O$*' Ðagainst€justices€of€the€Supreme€Court€of€Justice,€trying€them€in€sole€instanceÐ %ð( Ðand€imposing€on€them€the€appropriate€penalties€and€responsibilities,€by€a€voteÐ Û%¶) Ðof€two„thirds€of€the€senators€present.€Another€function€of€the€SenateÐ ¡&| * Ð(subparagraph€2)€is€"to€restore€Bolivian€nationality€or€citizenship€to€those€whoÐ g'B!+ Ðhave€lost€such€status".€The€wording€of€this€paragraph€is€constitutionallyÐ -(", Ðdeficient€in€two€respects.€Firstly,€Bolivian€nationality€is€lost€as€a€result€ofÐ ó(Î"- Ðacquiring€another,€but€it€can€be€regained€simply€by€becoming€domiciled€inÐ ¹)”#. ÐBolivia€(Article€39).€Thus,€nationality€is€regained€automatically€and€does€notÐ *Z$/ Ðhave€to€be€"restored"€by€the€Senate€or€any€other€authority.€Secondly,Ð E+ %0 Ðcitizenship€is€not€lost,€merely€suspended,€since€Bolivia€does€not€have€a€civilÐ  ,æ%1 Ðdeath€penalty.Ð Ñ,¬&2 ÐÌ85.à è àThe€Senate's€third€function€is€"to€authorize€Bolivians€to€acceptÐ ].8(4 Ðemployment,€titles€or€emoluments€from€a€foreign€government",€naturally€inÐ #/þ(5 Ðadvance,€so€that€their€citizenship€is€not€suspended€under€Article€42.€Under€theÐ % Ðsame€article,€the€Senate's€authorization€is€not€required€where€posts€with€andÐ ëÆ Ðmissions€on€behalf€of€international,€religious,€university€and,€in€general,Ð ±Œ Ðcultural€organizations€are€involved.Ð wR ÐÌ86.à è àThe€Senate€must€also€approve€municipal€ordinances€concerning€licences€andÐ  Þ Ðtaxes€(subparagraph€4),€and€confer€public€honours€on€those€who€deserve€them€forÐ É ¤ Ðdistinguished€services€to€the€nation€(subparagraph€5).€The€exercise€ofÐ  j Ðfunction4€of€Article€37,€which€empowers€the€Senate€to€grant€BolivianÐ U 0 Ðnationality€to€foreigners€for€valuable€services€to€the€country,€also€falls€underÐ  ö  Ðthis€head.Ð á ¼  ÐÌ87.à è àThe€Senate€elects€the€public€prosecutors€of€the€Supreme€Court€from€listsÐ mH  Ðproposed€by€the€Attorney€General€of€the€Republic,€and€must€also€propose€lists€toÐ 3  Ðthe€President€of€the€Republic€for€the€appointment€of€the€Comptroller€General€andÐ ùÔ  Ðthe€Superintendent€of€Banks€(subparagraph€7)€while,€according€to€subparagraph8,Ð ¿š  Ðit€may€grant€pecuniary€awards,€by€a€two„thirds€vote.Ð …`  ÐÌ88.à è àUnder€subparagraph€9,€it€may€accept€or€refuse,€by€secret€vote,€promotionsÐ ì  Ðto€general€of€the€army€or€air€force,€divisional€general,€brigadier,€rear€admiralРײ Ðor€vice„admiral€of€the€armed€forces€of€the€nation,€as€proposed€by€the€Executive.Ð x ÐÌ89.à è àSubparagraph€10€of€the€same€article€empowers€the€Senate€to€approve€orÐ ) Ðreject€the€appointment€of€heads€of€diplomatic€missions€(ambassadors€andÐ ïÊ Ðministers€plenipotentiary)€proposed€by€the€President€of€the€Republic.Ð µ ÐÌ90.à è àThe€functions,€number€and€method€of€election€of€the€Deputies€has€beenÐ A Ðradically€revised€in€Article€60€of€the€Constitution€which€reads:€"The€Chamber€ofÐ â ÐDeputies€is€composed€of€one€hundred€and€thirty€members€from€each€department.Рͨ ÐHalf€the€deputies€are€elected€in€uninominal€constituencies,€the€other€half€inÐ “n Ðplurinominal€departmental€constituencies€from€lists€headed€by€the€candidates€forÐ Y4 Ðpresident,€vice„president€and€senators€of€the€Republic."Ð ú ÐÌ91.à è àThe€candidates€are€nominated€by€the€political€parties.Ð «†! ÐÌ92.à è àThe€uninominal€constituencies€must€have€geographical€continuity€andÐ 7!# Ðaffinity€and€be€territorially€harmonious,€must€not€extend€beyond€the€boundariesÐ ý!Ø$ Ðof€each€department€and€must€be€based€on€population.€The€National€Electoral€CourtÐ Ã"ž% Ðwill€establish€the€boundaries€of€the€uninominal€constituencies.Ð ‰#d& ÐÌ93.à è àThe€deputies€are€elected€by€universal,€direct€and€secret€ballot,€in€theÐ %ð( Ðuninominal€constituencies€by€a€simple€majority€of€votes€and€in€the€plurinominalÐ Û%¶) Ðconstituencies€in€accordance€with€the€system€of€representation€established€byÐ ¡&| * Ðlaw.Ð g'B!+ ÐÌ94.à è àThe€number€of€deputies€must€reflect€the€proportion€of€the€votes€obtainedÐ ó(Î"- Ðby€each€party.Ð ¹)”#. ÐÌ95.à è àThe€distribution€of€the€total€number€of€seats€among€departments€isÐ E+ %0 Ðdetermined€by€law€on€the€basis€of€the€population€of€each€department,€accordingÐ  ,æ%1 Ðto€the€latest€national€census.Ð Ñ,¬&2 ÐÌ96.à è àTo€ensure€fairness,€the€law€assigns€a€minimum€number€of€seats€to€thoseÐ ].8(4 Ðdepartments€with€a€smaller€population€and€a€lower€level€of€economic€development.Ð #/þ(5 ÐIf€for€any€department€the€distribution€of€seats€turns€out€to€be€unequal,Ð % Ðpreference€will€be€given€to€the€assignment€of€uninominal€seats.€Deputies€holdÐ ëÆ Ðoffice€for€five€years€and€the€chamber€is€renewed€in€its€entirety.Ð ±Œ ÐÌ97.à è àThese€changes€were€made€in€response€to€one€of€the€severest€criticismsÐ =  Ðlevelled€against€the€political€class€and€the€party€system€by€the€public.€WhileÐ  Þ Ðlegitimizing€the€representatives€elected€directly,€it€is€hoped€that€the€half€ofÐ É ¤ Ðthe€legislators€who€continue€to€be€elected€on€the€list€of€the€candidate€for€theÐ  j Ðpresidency€will€restore€the€balance€of€governability€for€the€Executive.Ð U 0 ÐÌ98.à è àThe€Chamber€of€Deputies€elects€the€district€public€prosecutors€from€listsÐ á ¼  Ðproposed€by€the€General€Council€of€the€Office€of€the€Attorney€General.Ð §‚  ÐÌ99.à è àIt€must€take€the€initiative€in€connection€with€functions€3,€4,€5€and€14€ofÐ 3  ÐArticle59,€i.e.€in€fixing€the€expenditures€of€the€public€administration€forÐ ùÔ  Ðeach€financial€period,€considering€the€development€plans€which€the€ExecutiveÐ ¿š  Ðsubmits€for€consideration€by€the€Legislature,€authorizing€and€approving€theÐ …`  Ðcontracting€of€loans€and€contracts€relating€to€the€exploitation€of€nationalÐ K&  Ðresources,€and€annually€approving€the€military€forces€to€be€maintained€in€timeÐ ì  Ðof€peace.Рײ ÐÌ100.à è àAt€the€same€time,€this€chamber€receives€the€report€submitted€by€theÐ c> ÐExecutive€concerning€a€state€of€siege,€for€consideration€in€sessions€of€theÐ ) ÐCongress,€indicts€before€the€Senate€justices€of€the€Supreme€Court€of€Justice€forÐ ïÊ Ðoffences€committed€in€the€exercise€of€their€functions,€and€proposes€lists€to€theÐ µ ÐPresident€of€the€Republic€for€the€appointment€of€the€presidents€of€the€economicÐ {V Ðand€social€entities€in€which€the€State€participates,€namely€the€followingÐ A Ðinstitutions€and€decentralized€public€and€mixed€enterprises:€COMIBOL,€Y.P.F.B.,Ð â ÐL.A.B.,€Development€Corporation,€Central€Mining€and€Agricultural€Bank.Рͨ ÐÌ101.à è àThe€chambers,€which€at€the€same€time€as€legislating€carry€out€an€eminentlyÐ Y4 Ðpolitical€task€when€they€delimit,€instigate,€scrutinize€and€oversee€theÐ ú Ðactivities€of€the€government,€cannot€function€without€the€support€of€specializedÐ åÀ  Ðbodies€which€collect€data,€facts€and€information€on€a€variety€of€topics€toÐ «†! Ðpermit€the€preparation€of€reports€and€proposals€which€are€then€submitted€forÐ q L" Ðtheir€consideration.€This€work€is€entrusted€to€the€legislative€committees€whichÐ 7!# Ðhave€varied€in€number€over€the€years€but€have€always€reflected€the€wideÐ ý!Ø$ Ðdiversity€of€the€subject€matter€with€which€the€chambers€have€to€deal.€Ð Ã"ž% ÐÌ102.à è àThe€legislative€committees€are€made€up€of€deputies€and€senators€in€eachÐ O$*' Ðchamber,€and€the€number€of€members€varies€according€to€the€nature€of€the€task.Ð %ð( ÐÌ103.à è àThe€titular€members,€who€are€elected€by€reason€of€their€profession€orÐ ¡&| * Ðtheir€knowledge€of€the€subject€matter€of€each€committee,€are€supported€byÐ g'B!+ Ðgovernment€technical€experts,€officials€and€specialists€or€private€individuals,Ð -(", Ðas€necessary.Ð ó(Î"- ÐÌ104.à è àThe€reports,€proposals€and€opinions€of€the€legislative€committees€areÐ *Z$/ Ðmerely€illustrative€and€are€not€legally€binding€on€the€chambers€which€can€decideÐ E+ %0 Ðdifferently.Ð  ,æ%1 ÐÌ105.à è àIn€recent€legislatures,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€of€the€Chamber€ofÐ —-r'3 ÐDeputies,€in€particular,€has€acquired€a€reputation€for€its€crucially€importantÐ ].8(4 Ðinvestigations€and€defence€of€civil€rights.Ð #/þ(5 Ї106.à è àTitle€One€of€Part€Two€of€the€present€Constitution€ends€with€ChapterVIÐ % Ðwhich€relates€to€the€Congressional€Committee.€This€Committee€is€responsible€forÐ ëÆ Ðmaintaining€legislative€continuity,€principally€while€the€chambers€areÐ ±Œ Ðadjourned.Ð wR ÐÌ107.à è àThis€chapter€was€an€innovation€of€the€1967€Constitution€which€filled€aÐ  Þ Ðnotorious€constitutional€void.Ð É ¤ ÐÌ108.à è àArticle€82€provides€for€the€Congressional€Committee€to€be€composed€of€nineÐ U 0 Ðsenators€and€eighteen€deputies€who,€with€their€alternates,€are€elected€€by€eachÐ  ö  Ðchamber€"in€a€way€that€in€so€far€as€possible€reflects€the€territorialÐ á ¼  Ðcomposition€of€Congress".€It€is€presided€over€by€the€Vice„President€of€theÐ §‚  ÐRepublic€and€includes€the€elective€President€of€the€Senate€and€the€President€ofÐ mH  Ðthe€Chamber€of€Deputies,€acting€as€first€and€second€vice„presidentsÐ 3  Ðrespectively.€Ð ùÔ  ÐÌ109.à è àAccording€to€Article€83,€the€powers€of€the€Congressional€Committee€are:Ð …`  ÐÌà è à(a)à  àTo€see€that€the€Constitution€is€observed€and€that€civil€guaranteesÐ ì  Ðare€respected,€and€to€this€end€to€adopt€such€measures€as€are€deemed€appropriate;Рײ ÐÌà è à(b)à  àTo€investigate€and€generally€oversee€the€public€administration,Ð c> Ðaddressing€to€the€Executive€such€representations€as€are€deemed€pertinent;Ð ) ÐÌà è à(c)à  àTo€request€the€Executive,€by€a€two„thirds€vote€of€all€its€members,€toÐ µ Ðconvoke€extraordinary€sessions€of€Congress€when€the€importance€of€the€matter€soÐ {V Ðdemands;Ð A ÐÌà è à(d)à  àTo€acquaint€itself€with€all€pending€matters€in€order€that€they€may€beРͨ Ðtaken€up€again€in€the€next€period€of€sessions;Ð “n ÐÌà è à(e)à  àTo€prepare€bills€for€consideration€by€the€chambers.Ð ú ÐÌ110.à è àArticle€84€requires€the€Congressional€Committee€to€report€on€itsÐ «†! Ðactivities€to€the€first€regular€sessions€of€the€chambers.€Ð q L" ÐÌà@!càB.€€òòThe€ExecutiveóóˆÐ ý!Ø$ ÐÌ111.à è àIn€Bolivia,€the€executive€power€is€organized€as€follows.Ð ‰#d& ÐÌ112.à è àThe€central€administration€consists€of€the€presidency€of€the€Republic€andÐ %ð( Ðthe€ministries€of€state.Ð Û%¶) ÐÌ113.à è àThe€new€Government€which€took€office€on€6€August€1993€promulgated€theÐ g'B!+ ÐExecutive€Ministries€Act€No.€1493€which€states€that€"the€business€of€the€publicÐ -(", Ðadministration€shall€be€despatched€by€the€Ministers€of€State,€in€accordance€withÐ ó(Î"- Ðthe€provisions€of€the€State€Constitution.€A€decree€of€the€President€of€theÐ ¹)”#. ÐRepublic€is€sufficient€for€the€appointment€or€removal€of€a€minister€of€state".Ð *Z$/ ÐÌ114.à è àThe€ministers€of€state€are€responsible,€jointly€with€the€President€of€theÐ  ,æ%1 ÐRepublic,€for€acts€of€administration€within€the€sphere€of€functional€competenceÐ Ñ,¬&2 Ðassigned€to€each€of€them€under€the€Act€and€are€jointly€and€severally€responsibleÐ —-r'3 Ðfor€the€measures€taken€by€the€President€with€the€agreement€of€the€CabinetÐ ].8(4 ÐCouncil.Ð #/þ(5 Ї115.à è àThe€President€of€the€Republic€convokes€and€presides€over€the€CabinetÐ % ÐCouncil€which€is€composed€of€all€the€ministers€of€state.Ð ëÆ ÐÌ116.à è àAccording€to€Article€4,€the€ministers€of€state€are€as€follows:Ð wR ÐÌÓ€Óà è à„à  àMinister€of€Foreign€Relations€and€Worship;Ð  Þ Ðà è à„à  àMinister€of€the€Interior;Ð ,  Ðà è à„à  àMinister€of€National€Defence;Ð U 0  Ðà è à„à  àMinister€of€the€Presidency;Ð ~ Y  Ðà è à„à  àMinister€of€Justice;Ð §‚  Ðà è à„à  àMinister€of€Finance€and€Economic€Development;РЫ  Ðà è à„à  àMinister€of€Human€Development;Ð ùÔ  Ðà è à„à  àMinister€of€Sustainable€Development€and€the€Environment;Ð "ý  Ðà è à„à  àMinister€of€Labour;Ð K&  Ðà è à„à  àMinister€of€Social€Communication;Ð tO Ðà è à„à  àMinister€of€Capitalization.Ó€ÓÐ x ÐÌ117.à è àThe€President€of€the€Republic€may€appoint,€temporarily€within€theÐ ) Ðcorresponding€constitutional€period,€up€to€two€ministers€of€state€withoutÐ ïÊ Ðportfolio.Ð µ ÐÌ118.à è àThe€higher€echelons€of€authority€in€each€ministry€are€as€follows:Ð A ÐÌÓ€Óà è à„à  àministers€of€state;Рͨ! Ðà è à„à  ànational€secretary;Ð öÑ# Ðà è à„à  àundersecretaries.Ó€ÓÐ ú% ÐÌÔ& Þ Ô119.à è àThe€functions€of€the€ministers€are:Ð «†' ÐÌà è à(a)à  àTo€participate€in€cabinet€meetings;Ð 7!) ÐÌà è à(b)à  àTo€make€oral€and€written€reports€to€the€legislative€chambers;Ô'Þ«^"ÔÐ Ã"ž+ ÐÌà è à(c)à  àTo€assist€with€the€preparation€of€the€national€general€budget;Ð O$*- ÐÌà è à(d)à  àTo€decide,€in€the€last€instance,€the€administrative€questions€thatÐ Û%¶/ Ðarise€from€acts€within€their€sphere€of€competence;Ð ¡&| 0 ÐÌà è à(e)à  àTo€authenticate€the€acts€of€government€and€administrative€acts€of€theÐ -("2 ÐPresident€of€the€Republic€relating€to€their€office,€by€signing€all€theÐ ó(Î"3 Ðcorresponding€decrees€and€resolutions;Ð ¹)”#4 ÐÌà è à(f)à  àTo€propose€to€the€President€of€the€Republic,€within€their€spheres€ofÐ E+ %6 Ðcompetence,€strategies€consistent€with€the€national€objectives,€together€withÐ  ,æ%7 Ðthe€programmes€of€budgetary€operations€and€financial€commitments€necessary€toÐ Ñ,¬&8 Ðimplement€them;Ð —-r'9 Ðâ âÐ ].8(: Ðà è à(g)à  àTo€develop€the€strategies€approved€and€follow€up€and€evaluate€them,Ð % Ðâ âassigning€technical,€administrative€and€operational€tasks€to€others€in€theirÐ ëÆ Ðministry,€where€necessary;Ð ±Œ ÐÌà è à(h)à  àTo€establish€consultative€councils€and€sectoral€committees€toÐ =  Ðfacilitate€the€ministerial€tasks;Ð  Þ ÐÌà è à(i)à  àTo€submit€to€the€President€of€the€Republic€and€the€Cabinet€CouncilÐ  j Ðprojects€falling€within€their€sphere€of€competence;Ð U 0 ÐÌà è à(j)à  àTo€engage€and€remove€the€personnel€of€their€ministry€in€accordanceÐ á ¼  Ðwith€the€terms€of€the€Civil€Service€Act€and€the€policies€of€the€body€in€chargeÐ §‚  Ðof€the€personnel€system,€subject€to€the€provisions€of€Articles€8€and€10€of€thisÐ mH  ÐAct;Ð 3  ÐÌà è à(k)à  àTo€establish€the€needs€and€negotiate€and€administer€financing€andÐ ¿š  Ðoutside€technical€cooperation€in€their€spheres€of€competence,€within€theÐ …`  Ðframework€of€the€debt€and€public€investment€policies€and€in€agreement€with€theÐ K&  Ðminister€responsible€for€those€policies;Ð ì  ÐÌà è à(l)à  àTo€ensure€that€their€actions€are€consistent€with€those€of€the€otherÐ x Ðministers€and€to€coordinate€and€concert€with€them€in€matters€of€common€interest;Ð c> ÐÌà è à(m)à  àTo€submit€to€the€President€of€the€Republic€their€ministry's€reportÐ ïÊ Ðand€annual€statement€for€presentation€to€Congress;Ð µ ÐÌà è à(n)à  àTo€exercise€the€other€powers€assigned€to€them€by€the€Constitution€andÐ A Ðthe€law.Ð â ÐÌòòHuman€Rights€DepartmentóóÐ “n ÐÌ120.à è àIn€the€field€of€human€rights,€the€establishment€of€the€Ministry€of€JusticeÐ ú Ðand,€within€it,€the€Human€Rights€Department€marked€an€important€step€forward€byÐ åÀ  Ðcreating€for€the€first€time€a€State€institution€specifically€for€the€defence€ofÐ «†! Ðbasic€rights.Ð q L" ÐÌ121.à è àArticle€17€states:€"The€Ministry€of€Justice€is€competent€to€act€inÐ ý!Ø$ Ðeverything€concerned€with€the€relations€between€the€executive€and€judicialÐ Ã"ž% Ðpowers€and€respect€for€human€rights,€and€in€particular:Ð ‰#d& ÐÌà è à(a)à  àTo€propose€and€administer€national€policy€on€the€defence,€protectionÐ %ð( Ðand€promotion€of€human€rights€and€to€see€that€the€international€treaties€andÐ Û%¶) Ðconventions€on€human€rights€are€applied;Ð ¡&| * ÐÌà è à(b)à  àTo€administer€the€national€programme€of€public€defence€in€order€toÐ -(", Ðpromote€and€maintain€the€balance€of€due€process;Ð ó(Î"- ÐÌà è à(c)à  àTo€spread€and€promote€knowledge€of€human€rights;Ð *Z$/ ÐÌà è à(d)à  àTo€encourage€efficiency,€efficacity€and€aptitude€in€the€legalÐ  ,æ%1 Ðservices€of€the€Executive;Ð Ñ,¬&2 ÐÌà è à(e)à  àTo€propose€legislative€and€administrative€measures€designed€to€combatÐ ].8(4 Ðcorruption€and€impunity;Ð #/þ(5 Їà è à(f)à  àTo€plan€and€propose€the€updating€and€revision€of€the€concordances€ofÐ % Ðthe€codified€legislation€in€force€and€the€special€laws€which€make€up€this€partÐ ëÆ Ðof€the€legal€system.Ð ±Œ ÐÌ122.à è àThe€òòdecentralized€administrationóó€is€composed€of€the€developmentÐ =  Ðcorporations€in€each€department,€the€public€institutions€and€the€mixedÐ  Þ Ðenterprises.Ð É ¤ ÐÌ123.à è àThe€òòlocalized€administrationóó€consists€of€the€regional€units€of€eachÐ U 0 Ðministry€(Revenue,€Customs,€Agriculture,€etc.€in€the€departmental€capitals)€andÐ  ö  Ðthe€departmental€administration€(prefectures,€subprefectures,€corregimientos).Ð á ¼  ÐÌ124.à è àAccording€to€Article€108,€the€national€territory€is€politically€dividedÐ mH  Ðinto€departments,€provinces,€sections€of€provinces€and€cantons.Ð 3  ÐÌ125.à è àThe€internal€regime€is€the€system€of€agencies€and€authorities€thatÐ ¿š  Ðrepresent€the€central€administration€of€the€executive€power€in€the€departments,Ð …`  Ðprovinces,€sections€and€cantons.Ð K&  ÐÌ126.à è àThe€revised€Article€109€states€that€"in€each€department€the€executiveРײ Ðpower€is€entrusted€to€and€administered€by€a€prefect€appointed€by€the€PresidentÐ x Ðof€the€Republic".Ð c> ÐÌ127.à è àThe€prefect€acts€as€major€general€of€the€department,€and€the€sub„prefectsÐ ïÊ Ðof€the€provinces€and€corregidores€of€the€cantons€are€appointed€by€andÐ µ Ðsubordinate€to€him,€as€are€the€departmental€administrative€authorities€withinÐ {V Ðhis€competence.Ð A ÐÌ128.à è àSenators€and€deputies€may€be€made€prefects€of€departments€subject€to€theРͨ Ðsuspension€of€their€parliamentary€duties€during€their€term€of€office.Ð “n ÐÌ129.à è àAt€departmental€level€executive€power€is€exercised€under€an€administrativeÐ ú Ðdecentralization€regime.Ð åÀ  ÐÌ130.à è àEach€department€has€a€departmental€council€presided€over€by€the€prefect.Ð q L" ÐÌ131.à è àLocal€administration€is€in€the€hands€of€the€municipalities€whose€regimeÐ ý!Ø$ Ðwas€also€drastically€reformed€by€the€Popular€Participation€Act€promulgated€byÐ Ã"ž% Ðthe€Government€of€Sanchez€de€Lozada.Ð ‰#d& ÐÌ132.à è àAutonomous€municipal€governments€of€equal€standing€are€responsible€forÐ %ð( Ðgoverning€and€administering€the€boroughs.€In€the€cantons€there€are€municipalÐ Û%¶) Ðagents€under€the€supervision€and€control€of€the€municipal€government€of€theirÐ ¡&| * Ðjurisdiction.Ð g'B!+ ÐÌ133.à è àMunicipal€autonomy€consists€in€the€exercise€of€regulatory,€executive,Ð ó(Î"- Ðadministrative€and€technical€authority€within€the€corresponding€territorialÐ ¹)”#. Ðjurisdiction€and€sphere€of€competence.€The€municipal€governing€body€consists€ofÐ *Z$/ Ða€mayor€and€council.Ð E+ %0 ÐÌ134.à è àThe€councillors€are€elected€by€universal,€direct€and€secret€ballot€for€aÐ Ñ,¬&2 Ðperiod€of€five€years€in€accordance€with€the€proportional€representation€systemÐ —-r'3 Ðestablished€by€law.€The€municipal€officers€are€similarly€elected,€by€a€simpleÐ ].8(4 Ðmajority€of€votes.Ð #/þ(5 Ї135.à è àThose€at€the€top€of€the€lists€of€councillors€submitted€by€the€parties€areÐ % Ðcandidates€for€mayor.€The€mayor€is€elected€by€an€absolute€majority€of€validÐ ëÆ Ðvotes.Ð ±Œ ÐÌ136.à è àIf€none€of€the€candidates€for€mayor€obtains€a€majority,€the€council€takesÐ =  Ðthe€two€with€the€most€valid€votes€and€chooses€between€them€on€the€basis€of€anÐ  Þ Ðabsolute€majority€of€the€valid€votes€of€all€the€members€of€the€council,€in€aÐ É ¤ Ðroll„call€ballot.€In€the€event€of€a€tie,€a€further€vote€is€taken.Ð  j ÐÌ137.€The€following€constitutional€provisions€apply€to€the€leadership€of€theÐ  ö  ÐExecutive:€To€be€elected€President€of€the€Republic€or€Vice„President€the€sameÐ á ¼  Ðqualifications€are€required€as€for€senator.€Those€ineligible€include:€ministersÐ §‚  Ðof€state€and€presidents€of€economic€and€social€entities€in€which€the€stateÐ mH  Ðparticipates€who€do€not€vacate€their€office€six€months€prior€to€the€date€of€theÐ 3  Ðelection;€relatives€by€blood€or€affinity,€within€the€second€degree,€of€those€whoÐ ùÔ  Ðhold€the€presidency€or€vice„presidency;€members€of€the€armed€forces€in€activeÐ ¿š  Ðservice€or€of€the€clergy,€and€ministers€of€any€religious€faith.€In€accordanceÐ …`  Ðwith€the€Bolivian€system€of€universal€suffrage,€the€President€and€Vice„PresidentÐ K&  Ðare€elected€by€direct€suffrage€(Art.€86),€after€which€Congress€must€verify€theÐ ì  Ðreturns€(Art.€68.2)€and€proclaim€their€election€by€means€of€a€law€(Art.€91).Рײ ÐUpon€taking€up€office€in€a€solemn€session€of€Congress,€they€both€swear€an€oathÐ x Ðof€loyalty€to€the€Republic€and€the€Constitution€(Art.€92).Ð c> ÐÌ138.à è àAccording€to€the€new€constitutional€provisions,€the€term€of€office€of€theÐ ïÊ ÐPresident€of€the€Republic€is€five€years€without€extension.€The€President€may€beÐ µ Ðre„elected€once€only€after€at€least€one€constitutional€term€has€elapsed.Ð {V ÐÌ139.à è àThe€term€of€office€of€the€Vice„President€is€also€five€years€withoutÐ â Ðextension.€The€Vice„President€cannot€be€elected€President€or€Vice„President€inРͨ Ðthe€term€following€that€in€which€he€held€office.€If€in€the€general€electionsÐ “n Ðnone€of€the€candidates€for€the€presidency€or€vice„presidency€obtains€an€absoluteÐ Y4 Ðmajority€of€valid€votes,€Congress€shall€choose,€by€an€absolute€majority€of€validÐ ú Ðvotes,€in€a€roll„call€ballot,€between€the€two€candidates€who€received€the€mostÐ åÀ  Ðvalid€votes.Ð «†! ÐÌ140.à è àIn€the€event€of€a€tie,€two€further€roll„call€votes€may€be€taken.€If€theÐ 7!# Ðdeadlock€persists,€the€candidates€who€obtained€a€simple€majority€of€the€validÐ ý!Ø$ Ðvotes€in€the€general€elections€will€be€proclaimed€President€and€Vice„President.Ð Ã"ž% ÐIn€the€event€of€a€temporary€impediment€or€absence€of€the€President,€before€orÐ ‰#d& Ðafter€his€proclamation,€he€shall€be€replaced€by€the€Vice„President€and,€inÐ O$*' Ðdefault€of€the€latter€and€in€succession,€by€the€President€of€the€Senate,€theÐ %ð( ÐPresident€of€the€Chamber€of€Deputies,€and€the€President€of€the€Supreme€Court€ofÐ Û%¶) ÐJustice.€Ð ¡&| * ÐÌ141.à è àThe€Vice„President€will€assume€the€presidency€of€the€Republic€if€thatÐ -(", Ðoffice€becomes€vacant€before€or€after€the€proclamation€of€the€President„electÐ ó(Î"- Ðand€hold€it€until€the€end€of€the€constitutional€term.Ð ¹)”#. ÐÌ142.à è àIn€default€of€the€Vice„President,€the€President€of€the€Senate€acts€in€hisÐ E+ %0 Ðstead,€and€in€default€of€the€latter,€the€President€of€the€Chamber€of€DeputiesÐ  ,æ%1 Ðand€the€President€of€the€Supreme€Court€of€Justice,€in€strict€order€of€priority.Ð Ñ,¬&2 ÐIn€this€latter€case,€if€three€years€of€the€presidential€term€have€not€yetÐ —-r'3 Ðelapsed,€a€new€election€for€President€and€Vice„President€must€be€held,€solely€toÐ ].8(4 Ðcomplete€the€term.Ð #/þ(5 Ї143.à è àAccording€to€Article€95,€the€President€may€not€leave€the€country€withoutÐ % Ðthe€consent€of€Congress.€Considering€that€the€Head€of€Government€represents€theÐ ëÆ Ðnation€at€the€highest€level,€it€is€natural€that€Congress,€the€depositary€of€theÐ ±Œ Ðnational€will,€should€be€aware€of€the€reasons€for€his€leaving€the€country€andÐ wR Ðgive€its€prior€consent.Ð =  ÐÌ144.à è àArticle€98€requires€the€President€"to€visit€the€various€centres€of€theÐ É ¤ Ðcountry€at€least€once€during€his€term€of€office€in€order€to€study€their€needs".Ð  j ÐÌ145.à è àThe€Vice„President€has€two€functions,€one€essential,€namely€to€exerciseÐ  ö  Ðthe€powers€of€the€presidency€in€the€event€of€an€impediment€or€absence€of€theÐ á ¼  ÐPresident,€and€one€secondary,€namely€to€preside€over€the€Congress€and€the€SenateÐ §‚  Ð(Articles€53€and€94).Ð mH  ÐÌ146.à è àArticle€96€of€the€Constitution€lists€the€"powers€of€the€President€of€theÐ ùÔ  ÐRepublic"€which€are,€in€reality,€those€of€the€Executive€since€they€are€exercisedÐ ¿š  Ðby€the€President€together€with€the€ministers€of€state€(Article€85)€and€not€byÐ …`  Ðthe€former€alone.€These€powers€are€channeled€through€the€ministries€of€state,€asÐ K&  Ðmay€be€inferred€from€Article€96€and€the€recent€Law€No.€1493.€Article€96€beginsÐ ì  Ðby€assigning€to€the€President€the€task€of€"implementing€and€enforcing€the€lawsРײ Ðby€issuing€appropriate€decrees€and€orders,€without€defining€rightsÐ x Ðrestrictively,€altering€those€defined€by€law€or€contravening€their€provisions,Ð c> Ðbearing€in€mind€the€restrictions€laid€down€in€this€Constitution".€In€the€fieldÐ ) Ðof€international€politics,€the€Executive€must€"negotiate€and€conclude€treatiesÐ ïÊ Ðwith€foreign€countries€and€exchange€them€when€ratified€by€Congress"Ð µ Ð(subparagraph€2),€and€"conduct€foreign€relations,€appoint€diplomatic€andÐ {V Ðconsular€officials€and€receive€foreign€officials€in€general"€(subparagraph€3).Ð A ÐÌ147.à è àClearly,€this€gives€the€Executive€the€initiative€where€the€country'sРͨ Ðinternational€policy€is€concerned,€but€not€a€monopoly€over€it,€since€CongressÐ “n Ðmust,€without€fail,€approve€the€treaties€negotiated€and€signed€and€theÐ Y4 Ðappointment€of€ambassadors€and€ministers€plenipotentiary€(Articles€59.12€andÐ ú Ð66.10).€The€Executive€must€also€"administer€the€national€revenues€and€orderÐ åÀ  Ðtheir€disbursement€through€the€appropriate€ministry,€in€accordance€with€the€lawsÐ «†! Ðand€strictly€subject€to€the€budget"€(subparagraph€6).Ð q L" ÐÌ148.à è àFor€this€purpose,€it€must€"submit€to€the€Legislature,€within€the€firstÐ ý!Ø$ Ðthirty€regular€sessions,€the€national€and€departmental€budgets€for€the€followingÐ Ã"ž% Ðfinancial€period€and,€while€they€are€in€effect,€propose€such€changes€as€it€deemsÐ ‰#d& Ðnecessary.€An€account€of€public€expenditures€under€the€budget€must€be€renderedÐ O$*' Ðannually"€(subparagraph€7).€Ð %ð( ÐÌ149.à è àIt€must€also€"submit€to€the€Legislature€development€plans€not€covered€byÐ ¡&| * Ðordinary€budgets"€(subparagraph€8),€and€submit€to€the€first€annual€session€ofÐ g'B!+ ÐCongress€"a€written€message€concerning€the€progress€and€state€of€governmentÐ -(", Ðbusiness€during€the€year,€accompanied€by€reports€from€the€ministries"Ð ó(Î"- Ð(subparagraph€10).€This€is€a€very€important€obligation€since€it€requires€aÐ ¹)”#. Ðreport€to€the€nation,€through€its€representatives€in€Congress,€on€the€generalÐ *Z$/ Ðactivities€of€the€government€and€on€the€country's€political,€economic€andÐ E+ %0 Ðadministrative€situation.Ð  ,æ%1 ÐÌ150.à è àThe€Executive€is€also€called€upon€to€"examine€resolutions€passed€byÐ —-r'3 Ðmunicipalities,€especially€those€relating€to€revenue€and€taxes,€and€to€denounceÐ ].8(4 Ðbefore€the€Senate€those€that€are€contrary€to€the€Constitution€and€the€laws,€ifÐ #/þ(5 Ðthe€offending€municipality€does€not€accede€to€the€demands€of€the€Executive"Ð % Ð(subparagraph€9).Ð ëÆ ÐÌ151.à è àAnother€responsibility€of€the€President€is€"to€furnish€the€chambers,Ð wR Ðthrough€the€ministers,€such€information€as€they€may€request,€although€he€mayÐ =  Ðwithhold€information€on€diplomatic€negotiations€which€in€his€opinion€should€notÐ  Þ Ðbe€made€public"€(subparagraph€11).€In€these€latter€circumstances,€the€ExecutiveÐ É ¤ Ðmust€inform€the€chambers€in€closed€session,€except€in€the€case€of€internationalÐ  j Ðwar€when€absolute€secrecy€can€be€justified€in€connection€with€affairs€ofÐ U 0 Ðnational€security€and€defence.Ð  ö  ÐÌ152.à è àThe€Executive€is€responsible€for€making€the€following€appointments€andÐ §‚  Ðissuing€the€credentials:Ð mH  ÐÌà è à1.à  àEmployees€of€the€administration€whose€appointment€is€not€reserved€byÐ ùÔ  Ðlaw€to€some€other€power.Ð ¿š  ÐÌà è à2.à  àInterim€appointments,€by€reason€of€resignation€or€death,€of€those€whoÐ K&  Ðshould€normally€be€appointed€by€another€power,€if€the€latter€is€in€recess.Ð ì  ÐÌà è à3.à  àThe€Comptroller€General€of€the€Republic€and€the€Superintendent€ofÐ x ÐBanks,€from€lists€proposed€by€the€Senate,€and€the€presidents€of€the€economic€andÐ c> Ðsocial€entities€in€which€the€state€participates,€from€lists€proposed€by€theÐ ) ÐChamber€of€Deputies€(subparagraphs€14,€15€and16).Ð ïÊ ÐÌ153.à è àA€further€responsibility€is€to€preserve€and€defend€the€internal€order€andÐ {V Ðthe€external€security€of€the€Republic,€in€accordance€with€the€ConstitutionÐ A Ð(subparagraph€18).€The€government€has€a€duty€to€maintain€public€order€as€anÐ â Ðindispensable€prerequisite€for€peaceful€coexistence€and€creative€activity.Рͨ ÐHowever,€the€authorities€can€be€punished€and€censured€for€any€excesses€involvingÐ “n Ðthe€violation€of€the€Constitution€and€the€law.Ð Y4 ÐÌ154.à è àThe€Executive€also€performs€colegislative€functions€by€participating€inÐ åÀ  Ðthe€enactment€of€codes€and€laws€through€special€messages€(subparagraph€4),Ð «†! Ðcalling€Congress€into€special€session,€when€necessary€(subparagraph€5),Ð q L" Ðattending€the€opening€and€closing€sessions€of€Congress€(subparagraph€17),Ð 7!# Ðdesignating€the€representatives€of€the€executive€power€on€the€Electoral€CourtsÐ ý!Ø$ Ð(subparagraph€23),€and€promulgating€and€vetoing€laws.€As€far€as€the€judicialÐ Ã"ž% Ðpower€is€concerned,€it€must€enforce€the€decisions€of€the€courts€and€"grantÐ ‰#d& Ðamnesties€for€political€offences,€without€prejudice€to€those€that€may€be€grantedÐ O$*' Ðby€the€Legislature"€(subparagraphs€12€and€13).Ð %ð( ÐÌ155.à è àAnother€judicial€function€of€the€Executive€is€to€grant€title€deeds€forÐ ¡&| * Ðland€redistribution€purposes,€pursuant€to€the€provisions€of€the€Agrarian€ReformÐ g'B!+ ÐAct€of€2€August€1953€and€related€provisions.€In€fact,€under€the€Constitution,Ð -(", Ð"the€President€is€the€highest€authority€in€the€National€Agrarian€Reform€Service"Ð ó(Î"- Ð(subparagraph€24).€He€is€granted€that€authority€because€of€the€importance€of€theÐ ¹)”#. Ðquestion,€which€concerns€the€majority€of€the€Bolivian€population€(peasantry)Ð *Z$/ Ðwhose€interests€and€rights€have€for€centuries€been€flouted€and€now€require€theÐ E+ %0 Ðprotection€of€the€foremost€representative€of€the€nation.Ð  ,æ%1 ÐÌ156.à è àFinally,€as€supreme€commander,€the€President€designates€the€commanders€ofÐ —-r'3 Ðthe€armed€forces€(the€commander„in„chief€and€the€commanders€of€the€army,€airÐ ].8(4 Ðforce€and€navy,€together€with€the€national€commander€of€the€Bolivian€police).€HeÐ #/þ(5 Ðproposes€to€the€Senate€promotions€to€general€of€the€army€and€of€the€air€force,Ð % Ðdivisional€general€and€brigadier,€and€admiral,€vice€admiral€and€rear€admiral€ofÐ ëÆ Ðthe€fleet€(Armada),€and€during€an€international€war€confers€on€the€field€ofÐ ±Œ Ðbattle€the€ranks€above„mentioned€(subparagraphs€19,€20€and€21).Ð wR ÐÌà@!càC.€€òòThe€judiciaryóóˆÐ  Þ ÐÌ157.à è àThe€Constitutional€Reform€Act€No.€1585€practically€recreated€the€BolivianÐ  j Ðjudiciary.€This€was€a€great€national€achievement€considering€how€it€had€beenÐ U 0 Ðstigmatized€for€its€ineffectiveness,€social€insensitivity€and€corruption.€TheÐ  ö  ÐReform€Act€introduced€the€Constitutional€Court€and€the€Judicature€Council€in€anÐ á ¼  Ðattempt€to€make€the€administration€of€justice€transparent€again.Ð §‚  ÐÌ158.à è àThe€most€important€reforms€are€as€follows:€"The€judicial€power€isÐ 3  Ðexercised€by€the€Supreme€Court€of€Justice€of€the€Nation,€the€ConstitutionalÐ ùÔ  ÐCourt,€the€Superior€District€Courts,€the€trial€courts€and€judges,€and€any€otherÐ ¿š  Ðcourts€or€tribunals€that€may€be€established€by€law.€The€law€determines€theÐ …`  Ðorganization€and€powers€of€the€courts€and€tribunals€of€the€Republic.€TheÐ K&  ÐJudicature€Council€forms€part€of€the€judiciary.€No€extraordinary€courts€orÐ ì  Ðtribunals€may€be€established".Рײ ÐÌ159.à è àThe€power€to€decide€in€ordinary,€contentious€and€administrativeÐ c> Ðproceedings€and€to€have€the€decisions€enforced€is€vested€in€the€Supreme€CourtÐ ) Ðand€the€respective€courts€and€judges.€In€accordance€with€the€principle€ofÐ ïÊ Ðjurisdictional€unity,€the€verification€of€constitutionality€is€theÐ µ Ðresponsibility€of€the€Constitutional€Court.€The€Judicature€Council€is€theÐ {V Ðadministrative€and€disciplinary€body€of€the€judiciary.Ð A ÐÌ160.à è àThe€magistrates€and€judges€are€independent€in€the€administration€ofРͨ Ðjustice€and€are€subject€only€to€the€Constitution€and€the€law.€They€may€not€beÐ “n Ðremoved€except€by€final€judicial€decision.€The€law€establishes€the€judicialÐ Y4 Ðroster€and€the€conditions€of€permanency€for€ministers,€magistrates,€councillorsÐ ú Ðand€judges.€The€judiciary€has€economic€and€administrative€autonomy.Ð åÀ  ÐÌ161.à è àThe€general€national€budget€assigns€an€annual€amount€centralized€in€theÐ q L" Ðjudicial€treasury€which€is€responsible€to€the€Judicature€Council.€The€judiciaryÐ 7!# Ðis€not€empowered€to€devise€or€introduce€judicial€charges€or€assessments.Ð ý!Ø$ ÐÌ162.à è àThe€exercise€of€the€judicial€function€is€incompatible€with€any€otherÐ ‰#d& Ðremunerated€activity,€public€or€private,€with€the€exception€of€a€universityÐ O$*' Ðprofessorship.Ð %ð( ÐÌ163.à è àIt€is€essential€that€the€administration€of€justice€be€free,€public€andÐ ¡&| * Ðswift€and€the€decisions€honest.€The€judiciary€is€responsible€for€providing€freeÐ g'B!+ Ðlegal€defence€for€the€poor,€and€interpretation€for€non„Spanish€speakingÐ -(", Ðdefendants.Ð ó(Î"- ÐÌòòSupreme€Court€of€JusticeóóÐ *Z$/ ÐÌ164.à è àThe€Supreme€Court€is€the€Republic's€highest€court€of€general,€contentiousÐ  ,æ%1 Ðand€administrative€justice.€It€sits€in€the€city€of€Sucre.€It€consists€of€twelveÐ Ñ,¬&2 Ðjustices€organized€in€specialized€divisions€("salas").€Ð —-r'3 Ðâ âÐ ].8(4 Ð165.à è àTo€be€a€justice€of€the€Supreme€Court€it€is€necessary€to€satisfy€theÐ % Ðâ ârequirements€for€senator,€except€for€nomination€by€a€political€party,€hold€theÐ ëÆ Ðtitle€of€Abogado€en€Provision€Nacional€and€have€served€capably€as€a€judge,Ð ±Œ Ðlawyer€or€university€professor€for€at€least€ten€years.€Justices€are€elected€byÐ wR Ðthe€Congress,€by€a€two„thirds€vote€of€all€its€members,€from€a€list€submitted€byÐ =  Ðthe€Judicature€Council.€They€hold€office€for€a€personal€nonextendable€term€ofÐ  Þ Ðten€years€from€the€time€of€taking€up€the€appointment€and€may€not€be€reelectedÐ É ¤ Ðuntil€after€the€expiration€of€a€period€equal€to€that€during€which€they€served.€Ð  j ÐÌ166.à è àTheir€principal€powers€are€as€follows:Ð  ö  ÐÌà è à(a)à  àTo€represent€the€Judiciary;Ð §‚  ÐÌà è à(b)à  àTo€appoint,€by€a€two„thirds€vote€of€the€members€of€the€full€courtÐ 3  Ð("Sala€Plena"),€the€magistrates€of€the€Superior€District€Courts,€from€listsÐ ùÔ  Ðproposed€by€the€Judicature€Council;Ð ¿š  ÐÌà è à(c)à  àTo€decide€applications€for€annulment€and€judicial€review€in€theÐ K&  Ðordinary€and€administrative€jurisdiction;Ð ì  ÐÌà è à(d)à  àTo€settle€conflicts€of€jurisdiction€which€arise€between€SuperiorÐ x ÐDistrict€Courts;Ð c> ÐÌà è à(e)à  àTo€rule€in€responsibility€proceedings€against€the€President€and€Vice„Ð ïÊ ÐPresident€of€the€Republic,€ministers€of€state€and€prefects€of€departments€forÐ µ Ðoffences€committed€in€the€exercise€of€their€functions,€at€the€request€of€theÐ {V ÐAttorney€General€of€the€Republic,€subject€to€the€legally€substantiatedÐ A Ðauthorization€of€Congress,€granted€by€a€two„thirds€vote€of€all€its€members,€inÐ â Ðwhich€case€the€pre„trial€proceedings€will€be€the€responsibility€of€the€CriminalРͨ ÐDivision€("Sala€Penal"),€and€if€the€latter€rules€in€favour€of€indictment,€theÐ “n Ðcase€will€be€tried€by€the€other€divisions,€without€subsequent€appeal;Ð Y4 ÐÌà è à(f)à  àTo€rule,€in€sole€instance,€on€charges€of€criminal€responsibility,€atÐ åÀ  Ðthe€request€of€the€Attorney€General€of€the€Republic,€following€indictment€in€theÐ «†! ÐCriminal€Division,€against€the€Comptroller€General€of€the€Republic,€magistratesÐ q L" Ðof€the€Superior€District€Courts,€the€Ombudsman,€magistrates€of€the€NationalÐ 7!# ÐElectoral€Court€and€Superintendents€appointed€by€law,€for€offences€committed€inÐ ý!Ø$ Ðthe€exercise€of€their€functions;Ð Ã"ž% ÐÌà è à(g)à  àTo€settle€litigation€stemming€from€government€contracts,€negotiationsÐ O$*' Ðand€concessions€and€from€the€administrative€claims€to€which€the€decisions€of€theÐ %ð( ÐGovernment€give€rise;Ð Û%¶) ÐÌà