WPC  pm;3Y;h'vu1%@?1M2u 4+!&0,!7;uTz10*`{GRb3Hy~.&ݸD8j؉dU7gCh<z:Մ1o%+Av_(,ݣAq/Oq ''Bep64^ywR\$-zD^ Ɛ:>!`Llxk)2|n;Ä > Op=e PFarYznĈ&VqPw}p<HOE^7VFi\j;p̡uQ!XB  ($     'dxd A<< c <  k"UKUS.,rrr  33B.++b >uQ!XB  _r "_HRI_(2k$ $i!UKUS.,  TRX<6&X3' Letter 6&A43'Trrr  33+B.++b >uQ!XB  -A.UniversBoldScalableWPC  9513 ,, !y}vH794?7463 52 51 40403/2/2.1.1- 0-0-0,/,/+?. . .  -  -  - ? ,  ,  ,  +  +? ? +  +  ?*  *  *  )  ?)  ) ?  )  ? )( ( ( ?( ' ?' ' ?' '&??& ??&  &    ?        ??     ?   ???    ?   ?   ?   ?     ? ?    ? ?   ? ?  ?    ?  ?  ?    ?  ?? ?  ? ?   ? ?  ?? ?  ?    ?   ??  ?   ?    ? ? ?     ?  ?? ?   ?   ???  ??  ? ? ?? ?? ??  ????   ???? ? ? ? ? ?  ??  ? ? ? ? ??  ?? ?? ?  ?  ?     ?   ?  ?  ? ? ? ?   ??   ?        ? ?  ??   ???  ? ? ? ? ? ? ?   ? ?? ??  ?? ?  ? ?  ? ??  ? ???  ?? ?  ? ?? ?  ?     ??     ??   ??  ???? ? ? ? x? ?8 ?? ? ?  ?? 8 ??  ? 8 ??  ?    | ??  <?   ? ??   ?  ???  ????  ???  ??|  ?  ???  ??  ??  ?  ?  ???  >?  <?  8?  0?   ???   ????   ???   ???   ?    ?   ??   ???  ? ??  ? ? ? ? ?  ? ? ?? ? ??? ? ?  ? ?? ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ???? ?  ? ? ?? ?? ??  ? ? ?  ?  ? ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?  ??? ???????  ? ??? ?  ?8? ?~??<? ?8? ??8?? ?? 0??   ? ?`?? ?@??? ? ???? ? ?? ?? ??  ?  ?0 ??0? &?8 ?8 ??` ?  ?  ?? ?  ???????????? ?  ??????? ??  ? ?!?!8<>?~? |?| |?0 < >  ? ?? ? ? ???? ?? ?? ???????????????????   ?<? < x x     ?? ???0? ???$?$?? ?? ? ? ? ? ?? ??? ???????????? ???? ??? ??x ??  ?? ?  ?????? ?? ?"? "??  <?  ?  ??   ? ?  ? ? ???  ???  ??? ~ ??? @? ? ?p ?     @         ?  ? ? ? ? ???????@?? ??8??? |??? ???? ?? ?? ??    ?  ?    ?>?|? ? ? ? ??  ?? ? ?? ???????? ?? ? ??? ? ?? ?  ?  ? ? ?? ??p`?  ? ~? ~?~??~?????~????~???|???<??`8???8??0???0 ??  ?? ? ????? ?x ?x ?|? ??|? ? > ?  > ?? ? ? ? ??x ? ?|  ?~? ? ? ??  ??  ?? ? ?  ??? ? ???  ?? ?         ?        ?    ? ??  ???? ? ? ? ?    ?  ?   ??   ??         ??        ?  ?  ? ? ?  ?  ? |?  ? |? ?? ? < ?  >     ?? ??  ?? ??  ?       ??  ? ??? ? ?? ??  ? ? ?  ?      ?   ?? ?  ?  ?  ??  ? p ?   ? ?   ?    ?   ?   ?   ?  ??|? ? ???? ?? ??  ?  ???  ??  ??   ?~  ?| ? p ? ?? ? ?? ? ?  ??  ?   ?         ? ?   ?   ?      ?  ? ???   ???   ?? ?? ?? ?  ?? ?  ?   ?  ?  ?? ?  ?  ?     ?   ?  ?     ? ?   ??  ??  ?  ?   ?      ?    "? ?  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Distr.etc.muststartontheFirstTabforalongsymbolortheSecondfora  shorterone.  k(UKUS.,rrr  33+B.++b >uQ!XB  ! ++P++7!   P HRI/CORE/1/Add.62     P page  3    (2k$ $i!UKUS.,  TRX<6&X3' Letter 6&A43'Trrr  33+B.++b >uQ!XB   ` k'UKUS.,rrr  33+B.++b >uQ!XB  ! ++P++7!HRI/CORE/1/Add.62  page  3    (2k$ $i!UKUS.,  TRX<6&X3' Letter 6&A43'Trrr  33+B.++b >uQ!XB  Table_A    }     }          } ($    / }  k%UKUS.,rrr  33+B.++b >uQ!XB3333;Xr+Ҁ  a  /  ݀Conversionrate 0.57=US$1.00.(!2k$ $i!UKUS.,  TRX<6&X3' Letter 6&A43'Trrr  33+B.++b >uQ!XB  3333;Xr+Ҁ  0  /   k%UKUS.,rrr  33+B.++b >uQ!XB3333;Xr+Ҁ  b  /  ݀Infantmortalityratesareverylow,rangingbetween ]  twotofivedeathsannuallyinrecentyears.(!2h$ $i!UKUS.,  TRX<6&X3' Letter 6&A43'Trrr  33+B.++b >uQ!XB  3333;Xr+Ҁ  0  /#|d (ti$UKUS.,  TRX<6&X3' Letter 6&A43'Trrr  33+B.++b >uQ!XB dHP LaserJet 4P,,,,,,0!6}. Jc.PU $i!UKUS.,  TRX<6&X3' Letter 6&A43'Trrr  33+B.++b >uQ!XB  _  R?+?%'F dEF ??%'QG dEQG ?_ ]MIz|_ p @X@E_X__nr -n UNITED R NATIONS  _OKz|2n ` @X@E?2nJ?2n ]MIz|   p @X@E      G -r G! ??++7! E +?X]r    Distr. !S     GENERAL  B      _HRI_/CORE/1/Add.62       24January1996        ENGLISHONLY   @ COREDOCUMENTFORMINGPARTOFTHEREPORTS Dv @DD,OFSTATESPARTIES 3e @ OVERSEASDEPENDENTTERRITORIESANDCROWNDEPENDENCIESOF 2 @ THEUNITEDKINGDOMOFGREATBRITAINANDNORTHERNIRELAND ! I$[14September1995]  @0CONTENTS   +,"?? ," Page g " $++b !U#+,"$Introduction!!V!. ""YU#2 E"w"$ @881Annexes #$U$& ̀I.0++b !\#++7!U#0Anguilla!!V!.  ""Y\#3 &3&( ЀII.  Bermuda!!V!. ""X\#12 &"') ЀIII.  BritishVirginIslands!!V!.*""X\#24 '(* ЀIV.  CaymanIslands!!V!._ _ """X\#31 ()+ ЀV.  FalklandIslands!!V!.''$""X\#38 )), ЀVI.  Gibraltar!!V!.k k ""X\#52 **- ЀVII.  HongKong!!V!.k k ""X\#64 ++. VIII.  Montserrat!!V!. ""X\#78 ,,/ ЀIX.  Pitcairn!!V!.  ""X\#85 y--0 ЀX.  St.Helena!!V!. ""X\#89 h..1 ЀXI.  TurksandCaicosIslands!!V!.GG,""X\#96 W//2 ЀXII.  IsleofMan!!V!.3 3 0"0"W\#104 F0x03 _XIII.  BailiwickofJersey!!V!.SS'0"0"W\#110 R ЀXIV.  BailiwickofGuernsey!!V!.)0"0"W\#125 A ..+GE.9615372(E) .+  /, ЇR}N.++b >uQ!++b !\#N@>>.Introduction F 1. b Inaccordancewiththeconsolidatedguidelinesfortheinitialpartof $ thereportsofStatesParties(HRI/1991/1)whichwastransmittedundercover  oftheSecretaryGeneral'sNotedated26April1991(HRI/CORE/1),the   GovernmentoftheUnitedKingdomsubmits,annexedherewith,thecoredocument   (the"countryprofile")inrespectof:   ̀(i)0 EachofitsDependentTerritoriesoverseastowhichoneormore  x ofthevariousUnitedNationshumanrightstreatiesapplies,that  g  istosay,Anguilla,Bermuda,theBritishVirginIslands,the V  CaymanIslands,theFalklandIslands,Gibraltar,HongKong, E  Montserrat,Pitcairn,St.HelenaandtheTurksandCaicosIslands z4  (annexesI-XI).i#  $ $ ̀(ii)0 EachofitsCrownDependenciestowhichoneormoreofthose G treatiesapplies,thatistosay,theIsleofMan,Guernseyand 6 Jersey(annexesXIIXIV).% $ $ 2. b Appendicesreferredtointheannexesareavailableforconsultationin  thesecretariat.     @881AnnexI F @0ANGUILLA $ @+I.LANDANDPEOPLE   1. b TheresidentpopulationofAnguillagrewby13.4percentfrom6,680   in1984to8,960in1992,bothcensusyears.The1992figurecomprised   4,473malesand4,487females.Sixty-eightpercentofthepopulationwere  x personsaged35yearsorunder.Thepopulationdensitywasrecordedat  g  106persquarekilometre(276persquaremile).Justunder15percentofthe V  populationcountedcomprisednationalsofotherCaribbeancountriesandunder E  10percentcomprisedexpatriatesfromtheUnitedKingdom,theUnitedStates z4  andelsewhere.Otherstatisticalinformationshowsthefollowing: i#  33! ++bZ++7! b Percapitaincome Z EC$16.400 G  b (1992)   b Grossdomesticproduct Z EC$m152.57 I  b (1992) 3  b Rateofinflation Z 2percent   b (1992) {5  b Externaldebt(EC$m) Z 23.6   b (1992) }  b Rateofunemployment Z 7percent g !  b (1992)  "!  b Adultliteracyrate Z 92percent #i#  b (1992) S% % 33 b Percentageofpopulationspeaking Z Notavailable,but &!'  b Englishasmothertongue Z assumedtobe100percent. '"( Ѐ Z Thisdoesnotinclude (#) Ѐ Z anumberofSpanishand )~$* Ѐ Z Frenchnationalswho *m%+    Z resideontheisland.33 +\&,  b LifeexpectancyMales Z 68years  F  b (1992)   b Females Z 69years H  b (1992) 2   b Infantmortalityrate(per1,000) Z 28.4    b (1992) z 4   b Maternalmortalityrate Z Notavailable    b  b FertilityRate Z 1.79 f   b (1992)    b Percentageofpopulation h  b Under15 Z 30.5percent R   b (1992)   b 65andover Z 9.0percent T  b (1992) >  b Dejurepopulation   b Resident Z 8,960 @   b (1992) *!"  b Off-Island(forlessthan3months) Z 330 "$  b (1992)33 r$,&  b Total Z 9,290 P& !(  b Percentageofpopulationinrural0 Z Thereisanabsenceof.("*Z$Z$  b andurbanareas0 Z aclearlyidentifiable )#+ urbanareainAnguilla  *$, althoughcertainplacesare *%- moredenselysettledthan +&. others.,'/Z$Z$ Ї b Percentageofhouseholdsheaded Z Notavailable.Assumed F  b bywomen Z tobelessthan 5  b  Z 15percent. $  b Religions Z Theprincipaldenominations   0 b 0Zb$b$areAnglican,Methodist,   Seventh-DayAdventist,   Baptist,Catholicand   ChurchofGodofProphecy. xZ$Z$ @VV$II.GENERALPOLITICALSTRUCTURE V  @(A.Systemofgovernment z4  2. b PriortoAssociatedStatehood,Anguillawasgovernedaspartofthe X  colonyofSt.Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla.Therewerepetitionsagainstthisunion G in1825,1872and1958.Theprotestsreachedaclimaxwhenthethreeislands 6 becameanAssociatedStateinFebruary1967,withresponsibilityforinternal % affairsvestedintheCentralGovernmentinSt.Kitts.  3. b InMaythatyearAnguillarebelledandtookoveritsownaffairs.  Britishpoliceoccupiedtheislandin1969andaseniorBritishofficialwas  appointedtohelpadministerit.In1971,theUnitedKingdomParliament  passedtheAnguilla(Administration)ActunderwhichaCommissionerwas y appointedtoberesponsibleforthedirectadministrationoftheisland, h workingincloseconsultationandcooperationwithanelectedCouncil. W 4. b In1976anewConstitutionestablishedaministerialsystemofgovernment F inAnguillaandprovidedfortheadministrationoftheislandwhich,however, {5 stillretaineditslegaltieswithSt.Kitts-Nevis. j$ 5. b InDecember1980,withthepassageoftheAnguillaBillbythe H! UnitedKingdomParliament,theislandwasformallyseparatedfromtherest 7" oftheAssociatedStateandresumedthestatusofadependentterritory. &#  6. b TheConstitutionofAnguillaisnowcontainedintheScheduletothe %" AnguillaConstitutionOrder1982,asamendedbytheAnguillaConstitution % # (Amendment)Order1990.(Copiesofthesetwoinstrumentsareattachedas &!$ appendices1and2.)Itprovidesfora"Westminsterstyle"formof '"% parliamentarygovernment,withaGovernor(representingtheCrown),an (z#& ExecutiveCouncil(correspondingtotheCabinet)andalargelyelected )i$' legislature,theHouseofAssembly,fromwhichtheExecutiveCouncilis *X%( drawnandtowhichitisinprincipleresponsible. +G&)  k-%(+ Ї7. b TheGovernorisappointedbytheQueenontheadviceoftheSecretaryof F StateforForeignandCommonwealthAffairsoftheUnitedKingdomtowhomheis 5 responsiblefortheexerciseofthoseofhisfunctionswhichthelawdoesnot $ requirehimtoexerciseontheadviceofsomeotherauthority.Hepresides  overtheExecutiveCouncil,whichheis,ingeneral,requiredtoconsult   andonwhoseadviceheisthenrequiredtoact.Butheretainsdirect   responsibilityfor(andisnotrequiredtoconsulttheExecutiveCouncilon)   certainmatters,notablydefence,externalaffairs,offshorefinance,internal   security(includingthepolice)andthepublicservice.Healsohasreserved  x legislativepowers,undertheauthorityoftheSecretaryofState,toprocure  g  thepassagethroughtheLegislativeCounciloflawswhichheconsidersare V  requiredintheinterestsofpublicorderorpublicfaith.Heisempoweredto E  delegatesomeofhisresponsibilitiestotheDeputyGovernor. z4  8. b TheExecutiveCouncilcomprisestheGovernor,theChiefMinisterand X  threeotherMinisters,andalsotheDeputyGovernorandtheAttorneyGeneral G asexofficiomembers. 6 9. b TheHouseofAssemblyconsistsof12members:theSpeaker;theDeputy  GovernorandtheAttorneyGeneralasthetwoexofficiomembers;sevenelected  members;andtwonominatedmembers.  ThepowersoftheHouseofAssembly  10. b SubjecttotheprovisionsoftheConstitutionandtotheGovernor's h approval,theAssemblyregulatesitsownproceedings.Itmaymakelawsonany W subject,whichitdoesintheformofbillswhich,havingbeenpassedbythe F Assembly,arepresentedtotheGovernorforhisassent.Whenassentedtothey {5 becomeordinances.ThoughtheGovernorhasthepowertoreferabillbackto j$ theAssemblyforittoconsideranyamendmentwhichhemayrecommend,in Y  generalheexerciseshispowerofassentinaccordancewiththeadviceofthe H! ExecutiveCouncil,andinpracticemostbillsaregovernmentbills,draftedin 7" theAttorneyGeneral'sChambersandapprovedbytheExecutiveCouncilbefore &#  beingintroducedintheAssembly.Formally,allordinancesaresubjectto $! disallowancebytheQueenontheadviceoftheSecretaryofState.The %" UnitedKingdomGovernmentretainstherighttolegislateforAnguillabyAct % # ofParliamentorbyOrderinCouncil. &!$ Parliamentarysessions (z#& 11. b ThemaximumlifeoftheHouseofAssemblyisfixedatfiveyears. *X%( ButtheGovernormaydissolveitearlier,afterconsultationwiththeChief +G&) Minister,thuspavingthewayforageneralelectionbeforetheexpiryof |,6'* itsmaximumperiod.Ageneralelectionmustbeheldwithintwomonthsofa k-%(+ dissolution.TheremustbeatleastonesessionoftheAssemblyinevery F year.Prorogation,whichisthewayinwhichasessionisterminatedwhen 5 theAssemblyisnotbeingdissolved,iseffectedbytheGovernoractingin $ accordancewiththeChiefMinister'sadvice.  Parliamentaryelections   12. b Anguillaisdividedintosevenelectoraldistrictsforthepurposesofa   generalelection.  x 13. b Thelegalframeworkfortheconductofelectionsisprovidedforinthe V  Constitutionandinsupportinglegislation,principallytheConstitution E  andElectionsOrdinance(Cap.162)andtheAnguillaCouncilElections z4  Ordinance1972. i#  14. b UndertheConstitutionapersonisqualifiedforelectionasamemberof G theAssemblyif,beingapersonwho"belongstoAnguilla"(atermwhichis 6 definedintheConstitution),heisregisteredasavoterinAnguillaand % eitherwasborninAnguillaandisdomiciledontheislandatthedateofhis  nominationforelectionorhasresidedinAnguillaforthreeyearsimmediately  beforethedateofhisnominationforelectionandisdomiciledontheisland  atthatdateandisthesonordaughterofparentsoneofwhomwasbornin  Anguilla.  15. b Certainpersons,thoughotherwisequalifiedinaccordancewith h paragraph14above,areexpresslydisqualifiedbytheConstitutionfrom W membershipoftheAssembly.Theseincludepersonswhoareministersof F religion(definedintheConstitution),orwhohavebeendeclaredbankrupt,or {5 whoarecertifiedtobeinsaneorotherwiseofunsoundmind,orwhoareunder j$ deathsentenceorwhohavebeensentencedtomorethan12months'imprisonment Y  forsomeoffence,orwhohavecommittedcertainoffencesconnectedwith H! elections. 7" 16. b TheConstitutionalsosetsoutthequalificationsforvoters.Aperson $! whoisatleast18yearsoldandisresidentintheelectoraldistrictin %" whichheseekstoberegisteredasavoterisqualifiedtobesoregisteredif % # eitherheisaBritishDependentTerritoriescitizenwhowasborninandis &!$ currentlydomiciledinAnguillaorheisapersonwho"belongstoAnguilla" '"% andwhohascertainspecifiedresidenceand/orfamilyconnectionswith (z#& Anguilla.Therearecertaindisqualificationsforregistrationasavoter )i$' whicharebroadlysimilartothoserelatingtomembershipoftheHouseof *X%( Assembly(seepara.15above). +G&)   |,6'* 17. b Thereisavoterenumerationeveryfouryears.Inbetween,theregister F  ofvotersisupdatedannually. 5 Thepartysystem  18. b WhenAnguillasoughtself-determinationin1967theideathenprevalent   wasthatitwouldbeunwisetoformpoliticalpartiesasthiswouldbring   aboutdivisionsamongthepeopleatatimewhentheyneededtobeunited.   However,overtheyearsanumberofpartiescameintoexistence.Accordingly,  x wheneverthereisageneralelection(oraby-election)thepartiespresent  g  theircandidatesandoutlinetheirplansfortheisland.Insomecasesthere V  maybeindependentcandidates.Thecandidateineachelectoraldistrictwho E  winsthemostvotesonpollingdayiselectedandislatersworninasa z4  memberoftheHouseofAssembly. i#  19. b Thelastgeneralelection,inMarch1994,producedaninconclusive G result,withtheAnguillaNationalAlliance(ANA),theAnguillaUnited 6 Party(AUP)andtheAnguillaDemocraticParty(ADP)allwinningtwoseats % each.Theseventhseatwaswonbyanindependentcandidate.TheAUPand  theADPthenformedacoalitionwhichbecamethenewGovernmenton18March.  Governmentandopposition  20. b TheGovernorappointsasChiefMinister(i.e.theheadoftheGovernment) y theelectedmemberoftheHouseofAssemblywhomhejudgestobelikelyto h commandthesupportofamajorityoftheelectedmembersoftheAssembly.As W arule,thisistheleaderofthepartywhichwonthemostseatsinthemost F recentgeneralelection,andhispartythereforeformstheGovernment.But {5 theremaybecases,asnotedabove,wheretheChiefMinisteristheleaderof j$ apartywhichformsacoalitionwithotherstoformtheGovernment.The Y  leaderofthepartywhichholdsthenextlargestnumberofseatsinthe H! AssemblyoutsidetheGovernmentisappointedastheofficialLeaderofthe 7" Opposition.Heandthoseelectedinhispartyjoinotheroppositionmembers &#  ontheoppositesidetotheGovernmentintheHouseofAssembly. $! 21. b EqualtimeisallowedtobothsidesoftheAssemblytostateanddefend % # theirviewsonanymatterofpublicinterest,thusensuringthedemocratic &!$ process.TheproceedingsoftheAssemblyareopentopublicattendance,and '"% arealsobroadcastliveontheGovernment'sradiostation,togivethepublic (z#& anopportunitytolistentothedebates. )i$' @pp/B.Thelaw +G&) Thecourts k-%(+ Ї22. b ThecourtsstructureinAnguillaconsistsofaMagistrate'sCourt,a F HighCourt,aCourtofAppealandtheJudicialCommitteeofthePrivyCouncil. 5 TheHighCourtandtheCourtofAppealareinfactthecourtswhichtogether $ constitutetheEasternCaribbeanSupremeCourt.ThisCourtanditsjudges  servenotonlyAnguillabutalsoanumberofindependentcountriesinthe   EasternCaribbeanandanumberofotherBritishdependentterritoriesinthe   region.(AtpresenttheyvisitAnguillaperiodicallyfortheirsittingsbut   theEasternCaribbeanSupremeCourtisconsideringtheappointmentofajudge   tobesharedonapermanentbasisbyAnguillaandMontserrat.)Thereare  x elaborateprovisions,whichformpartofthelawofallthecountriesand  g  territoriesconcerned,regulatingtheappointmentandtenureofofficeofthe V  judgesandensuringthattheyareprotectedfrompoliticalinterferencefrom E  anysource.SofarasconcernstheMagistrateandtheholdersofother z4  subordinatejudicialorquasi-judicialofficesinAnguilla(e.g.thelocal i#  RegistraroftheHighCourt),theConstitutionofAnguillarequiresthe X  Governor,inexercisinghispowersofappointment,etc.,toconsultwiththe G JudicialServicesCommission,whichisitselfestablishedbytheConstitution 6 andwhichconsistsoftheChiefJusticeoftheEasternCaribbeanSupreme % Court,anotherjudgeofthatCourtandtheChairmanofthePublicService  Commission.  Criminalproceedings  23. b TheresponsibilityforinitiatingcriminalproceedingsinAnguillais y generallyexercisedbythepolicewhowill,however,refermatterswhichmight h involvesomedifficultytotheAttorneyGeneral'sChambersforguidanceorfor W theAttorneyGeneraltotakeover.InsomecasestheAttorneyGeneralmay F himselfinitiateproceedings.Section34(1)oftheAnguillaConstitution {5 empowershimtoinstituteandundertakecriminalproceedingsagainstany j$ personforanoffenceagainstthelawofAnguilla;totakeoverandcontinue Y  criminalproceedingsinstitutedbyanyotherpersonorauthority;andto H! discontinuesuchproceedingsatanystagebeforejudgementisdelivered. 7" 24. b TherearethreecategoriesofcriminaloffencesinAnguilla:those $! triableonlyonindictment(thatis,beforeajudgeandjury);thosetriable %" summarilyonly;andthosetriableeitherway(thatis,eitheronindictmentor % # summarily). &!$ 25. b Veryseriousoffences,suchasmurder,manslaughterandrape,aretriable (z#& onlyonindictment.Theleastseriousoffences,knownassummaryoffences, )i$' aretriedbytheMagistrate,whositswithoutajury.Theoffencestriable *X%( eitherwaycanbetriedeitherbytheMagistrateorbyajudgesittingwith +G&) ajury,dependingonthecircumstancesofthecase,theelectionofthe |,6'* defendantandtheagreementoftheprosecution. k-%(+ Ї26. b Inadditiontotryingsummaryoffences(andoffencestriableeitherway F whichithasbeendecidedshouldbetriedsummarily),theMagistratealsosits 5 asacourtofpreliminaryinquiryforthepurposeofdecidingwhetherthere $ aresufficientgroundsforcommittinganaccusedpersontotheHighCourtfor  trialonindictment.WheretheMagistratehasconvicted,aftersummarytrial,   apersonchargedwithanoffencetriableeitherway,hemay,ifhethinksthat   amoreseverepenaltyiscalledforthanhehaspowertoimpose,committhat   persontotheHighCourtforsentence.   27. b TheMagistrateusuallysitsinopencourttowhichthepublicandthe  g  mediaareadmitted. V  28. b Casesinvolvingpersonsunder16yearsofageareusuallyheardinthe z4  JuvenileCourt.ThisisaspeciallyconstitutedMagistrate'sCourtwhichis i#  heldatadifferenttime.Onlylimitedcategoriesofpeoplemaybepresent. X  Appealsincriminalproceedings 6 29. b PersonsconvictedintheMagistrate'sCourtortheHighCourtmayappeal  totheCourtofAppealagainstthesentenceimposediftheypleadedguilty,or  againsttheconvictionorsentenceimposediftheypleadednotguilty.In  somecasesafurtherappealmaylietotheJudicialCommitteeofthePrivy  Council,eitherasofrightorwiththeleaveoftheCourtofAppeal.Itis  alwayspossiblefortheJudicialCommitteetograntspecialleavetoappeal. y Trials W 30. b AsisusualinCommonLawsystems,criminaltrialsareadversarialin {5 nature.Anaccusedpersonispresumedinnocentuntilprovedguiltyandthe j$ prosecutionmustprovehisguiltbeyondreasonabledoubt.Therightsof Y  accusedpersonstoafairtrial,withallthenecessaryproceduralandother H! safeguards,areguaranteedbysection9oftheConstitutionofAnguilla,which 7" substantiallycorrespondstoarticles14and15oftheInternationalCovenant &#  onCivilandPoliticalRights.Section3oftheConstitutionsetsoutthe $! safeguardsforpersonsincustodyandspecificallyforthosedetainedin %" connectionwithpossiblecriminalproceedings.(Forthemachineryfor % # enforcingtheseprovisions,seepara.40below.)Thoughthereisno &!$ formallegalaidprogrammeinAnguilla,itiscustomaryinseriouscriminal '"% cases,suchasmurderormanslaughter,forthecourttoappointan (z#& attorney-at-law,paidforoutofpublicfunds,torepresenttheaccused )i$' personifhewouldotherwisebeunrepresented. *X%( Juries |,6'*  k-%(+ 31. b Intrialsbyjudgeandjury,thejudgedecidesquestionsoflaw,sumsup F theevidenceforthejury,instructsthejuryontherelevantlaw,andeither 5 dischargestheaccusedorpassessentenceinaccordancewiththejury's $ verdict.Thejuryisthesolearbiteroffactsanddecideswhetherthe  prosecutionhasprovedbeyondreasonabledoubtthatthedefendantisguilty.   Ifnot,thejurymustfindhimnotguilty.Whereajurycannotreacha   unanimousverdict,itmaybedirectedbythejudgetobringinamajority   verdict.   32. b ingeneral,personsbetweentheagesof21and60yearswhoarequalified  g  tovoteareeligibleforjuryservice.Someparticularcategoriesofpersons V  arenoteligible.Theseincludepriestsandmembersofthelegalprofession. E  Coroner'scourts z4  33. b InAnguillatheMagistrateistheCoronerfortheisland.Violent X  orunnaturaldeaths,andsuddendeathswherethecauseisunknown,are G investigatedbytheCoroner.Insome,butnotall,casestheCoronermust 6 summonajurytoassisthim. % Civilproceedings  34. b CivilproceedingstakeplaceeitherintheMagistrate'sCourtorinthe  HighCourt.TheMagistrate'sCourthasalimitedciviljurisdictionembracing  disputeswheretheamountindisputedoesnotexceed$15,000andalsocertain y matrimonialmatters,suchascustodyandmaintenanceorders.Mostothercivil h proceedingsareheardintheHighCourt. W Appealsincivilproceedings {5 35. b AnappealmaylieincivilproceedingsfromtheMagistrate'sCourtorthe Y  HighCourttotheCourtofAppeal.AfurtherappealmayliefromtheCourtof H! AppealtotheJudicialCommitteeofthePrivyCouncil,eitherasofrightor 7" withtheleaveoftheCourtofAppeal.ItisalwayspossiblefortheJudicial &#  Committeetograntspecialleavetoappeal. $! Administrativetribunals % # 36. b Administrativetribunalsaresetupundervariousstatutorypowers, '"% e.g.undertheLabourDepartmentOrdinance.Thesetribunalsexercisejudicial (z#& functionsseparatefromtheordinarycourts.Theiradvantageisthattheyare )i$' moreaccessible,lessformalandlessexpensivethanthecourtsandtheyalso *X%( havethebenefitofexpertknowledgeintheirparticularfieldsofexpertise. +G&) Theyareofcoursesubjecttothecontrolofthecourts,e.g.iftheyexceed |,6'* theirpowersorfailtoobservetherulesofnaturaljustice. k-%(+ Ї@III.GENERALLEGALFRAMEWORKWITHINWHICHHUMANRIGHTSAREPROTECTED F 37. b ThebasicmeansofprotectingandenforcinghumanrightsinAnguilla- $ inaddition,thatis,tothepressureofpublicopinionthroughthedemocratic  process-isbyinvokingtherelevantdomesticlawandtheordinarycourts   system,which,asexplainedabove,isindependentandimpartialandis   protectedfrompoliticalinterference.   38. b UndertheCommonLawsystemwhichoperatesinAnguilla,treatieswhich  x applytoAnguilla(includinghumanrightstreaties)donotthemselveshavethe  g  forceofinternallawandcannotbedirectlyinvokedbeforethecourtsasa V  sourceofindividualrights,thoughthecourtswill,whenpossible,construe E  domesticlegislationinsuchawayastoavoidincompatibilitywiththe z4  UnitedKingdom'sinternationallegalobligations.Theusualmethodofgiving i#  effecttotreatyobligations(whentheserequiresomechangeinexistinglaw X  orpractice)istoenactspecificnewlegislation-thiscouldbebyan G ordinanceenactedlocallyorbyanOrderinCouncilmadebytheUnitedKingdom 6 Government-ortoamendexistinglegislationortoadaptadministrative % practices,asthecasemayrequire.Wherethisresultsinthecreationor  definitionofspecificlegalrightsandthesearedeniedorinterferedwith  (orthereisathreatofsuchaction),aremedywillbeavailableinthe  courtsthroughtheordinaryproceduresofcivillitigation,or,insomecases,  bycriminalsanctions.  39. b However,andoverandabovethis,theConstitutionofAnguilladoes h contain,initschapterI(sects.1-18),afullyelaboratedsetofprovisions W fortheprotectionofthefundamentalrightsandfreedomsoftheindividual. F Theseprovisions,whichdefineindetailtherightsconcernedandthe {5 permissiblelimitationsthatmaybeimposedonthem,derivedirectlyfrom j$ theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightsandultimatelyfromtheUniversal Y  DeclarationofHumanRights.Intimesofemergency(asdefinedinthe H! Constitution)thelawmayauthorizemeasurestobetakenwhichderogatefrom 7" certainoftherightsprotectedbutonlyifthosemeasuresarereasonably &#  justifiablefordealingwiththesituationthenexisting,aquestionwhichcan $! ultimatelybedeterminedbythecourts. %" 40. b Section16oftheConstitutionprovidesthatifanypersonalleges &!$ thatanyofthesubstantiveprovisionsofchapterIhasbeen,orisbeing, '"% contravenedinrelationtohimortoanotherpersonwhoisbeingdetained, (z#& then,withoutprejudicetoanyotherremedythatislawfullyavailabletohim, )i$' hemayapplytotheHighCourtforredress.Onsuchanapplication,theHigh *X%( Courtmaymakesuchorders,issuesuchwritsandgivesuchdirectionsasit +G&) mayconsiderappropriateforenforcingtherights,underchapterI,ofthe |,6'* personconcerned.Moreover,ifaquestionastothecontraventionofanyof k-%(+ theprovisionsofchapterIarisesinanysubordinatecourt,thatcourtmay F (andmustifanypartysorequests)referitfordeterminationbytheHigh 5 Courtandmustthendisposeofthecaseinaccordancewiththatdetermination. $ AnappealliesasofrighttotheCourtofAppealandthencetotheJudicial  CommitteeofthePrivyCouncilfromanydecisionoftheHighCourtunder   chapterI.   41. b Itistobenotedthat,assection16oftheConstitutionmakesclear,  g  thesesafeguardsfortheprotectionofhumanrightsthatareprovidedby V  theConstitutionareinadditiontotheremediesthatmayexistinthe E  ordinarylaw,e.g.anactionforwrongfularrestorfalseimprisonmentora z4  prosecution,underthePoliceRegulations,fortheunlawfulorunnecessary i#  exerciseofauthoritybyapoliceofficer. X  42. b Itmaybeaddedthat,undersection90AoftheMagistrate'sCourt 6 ProcedureAct(Cap.46),aconvictedpersonmaybeorderedbythecourt,upon % applicationbyanaggrievedperson,topayhimcompensationforlossorinjury  suffered.Anawardofsuchcompensationwill,however,bartherecipientfrom  pursuinganyfurthercivilproceedingsinrespectofthesamematter.  @%IV.INFORMATIONANDPUBLICITY  43. b ThetextofUnitedNationshumanrightsinstrumentstowhichthe h UnitedKingdomisapartyinrespectofAnguillaareusuallypublicizedwhen W theybecomeavailableontheisland.Thetextsmaybepublishedinthe F OfficialGazetteandinsectionsofthelocalpressorplacedintheLibrary {5 andinschools.TheGovernment'sDepartmentofInformationandBroadcasting j$ providespublicityonvarioushumanrightsmattersinnewsordiscussion Y  programmesoriginatingfromexternalsourcessuchastheUnitedNationsRadio H! inNewYork. 7" 44. b TheAnguillaConstitutionwhich,asexplainedabove,makesenforceable $! provisionfortheprotectionofthefundamentalrightsandfreedomsofthe %" individualassetoutintheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightshasbeen % # madeavailabletothepublic.OtherrelevantlawsofAnguilla,asreferred &!$ toabove,are,ofcourse,alsoaccessibletothepublic. '"%   )i$' }@0AnnexII F @881BERMUDA $ @||*I.LANDANDPEOPLE   1. b AlthoughitiscustomarytorefertothewholeterritoryofBermudaas   "theIslandsofBermuda",itinfactconsistsofagroupofapproximately   138islandsandisletssituatedintheAtlanticOceansome586milesduewest  x ofCapeHatterasinN.Carolina.The10principalislands,whichformachain  g  about22mileslong,areveryclosetooneanotherandareconnectedby V  bridges.Theyvaryinsizebutthemainisland,whichisabout14mileslong E  andhasanaveragewidthof1mile,containsabout9,000acresofland.Its z4  highestpointisonly259.4feetabovesealevel.Theaggregateareaofall i#  theotherislandsisabout4,240acres.Therearenoriversorlakes. X  2. b TheCityofHamiltonhasbeenthecapitalofBermudasince1815.Its 6 populationisapproximately1,100.TheTownofSt.GeorgewasBermuda'sfirst % capital.Itspopulationis1,648.  3. b BermudaisbelievedtohavefirstbeendiscoveredbyaSpanishnavigator  inabout1503butitwascompletelyuninhabitedwhenitwasfirstsettledby  emigrantsfromEngland,actingundertheauthorityofaRoyalCharter,in  1612.In1684theCharterwasannulledandthegovernmentofBermudawas y assumedbytheBritishCrown.IthasremainedaBritishdependencyever h since. W 4. b Backgroundstatisticalinformation,usingthemostup-to-dateinformation {5 available,isasfollows: j$ $ ++b++b$ b Percapitaincome  $23,980(1993) H!  b Grossnationalproduct  $1,408.8million(provisional1992/93) &#   b Rateofinflation  2.5(1993) %"  b Externaldebt  $80million &!$  b   (provisional1993) '"%  b Rateofunemployment )i$' ̀ b Males  4percent(1991) +G&) Ѐ b Females  2percent(1991) |,6'*  b Literacyrate  N/A Z.),  I/*-  b Population  59,040(1993) F  b Populationbyreference  Thegreatmajorityofthesettled $  b tomothertongue0  populationofBermudahaveEnglishas  theirmothertongue.Thereisasmall   Portuguese-speakingcommunitybut   theirexactnumberisnotknown.   Therearenootherlinguisticminority   communities. x$$ } b Lifeexpectancy V   b Males  78years(1991) z4   b Females  70years(1991) i#   b Infantmortalityrate  11.6per1,000livebirths G Ѐ b   (provisional1992) 6  b Birthrate  15.5per1,000   b   (provisional1992)   b Mortalityrate  7.9per1,000population   b   (provisional1992)   b Maternalmortalityrate  N/A h  b Fertilityrate  60per1,000womenaged15-44 F  b   (1992) {5  b Percentageofpopulation Y   b under15yearsold 7"  b Males  5.076percent(1991) $!  b Females  5.699percent(1991) %"  b over65yearsold &!$  b Males  2.199percent(1991) (z#&  b Females  3.197percent(1991) )i$'  b Percentageofpopulation +G&) ̀ b Rural  0percent k-%(+  b Urban  100percent F  b Percentageofhouseholds $  b headedbywomen  34percent(1991)  E.++b >uQ!++b E5. b AcopyoftheBermudaDigestofStatistics1993,whichcontainsanumber   ofotherusefulstatisticscompiledandpublishedbytheStatistical   DepartmentoftheMinistryofFinanceoftheBermudaGovernment,isattached   asappendix1.  x @VV$II.GENERALPOLITICALSTRUCTURE V  @(A.Systemofgovernment z4  Government X  6. b ThepresentConstitution,whichcameintoforceon2June1968,is 6 containedinSchedule2totheBermudaConstitutionOrder1968asamended % fromtimetotime.AcopyofthatOrderinitscurrentformisattachedas  appendix2.  7. b ChapterIoftheConstitution,whichisdiscussedinmoredetailin  PartIIIbelow,containsprovisionswhichprotectthefundamentalrightsand  freedomsoftheindividual.ThemainfeaturesoftheConstitution,apartfrom y chapterI,areasfollows. h (a) b TheExecutive F 8. b TheGovernorisappointedbytheQueenontheadviceofthe j$ UnitedKingdomSecretaryofStateforForeignandCommonwealthAffairs,to Y  whomheisresponsible.ExecutiveauthorityisvestedintheGovernorbuthe H! isrequiredtoobtain,andactinaccordancewith,theadviceoftheCabinet, 7" oraMinisteractingunderthegeneralauthorityoftheCabinet,inthe &#  exerciseofallhisfunctionsexceptincertainspecifiedcases.These $! principallyconcernfunctionsinvolvingexternalaffairs,defence,internal %" securityandthepolice(forwhichtheGovernorretainsdirectresponsibility, % # thoughhemaydelegatesomeresponsibilityinthesematterstoaMinister)and &!$ certainotherspecificfunctionswhichheisempoweredtoexerciseeitherin '"% hisdiscretion(e.g.theappointmentofthreemembersoftheSenate)orin (z#& accordancewiththeadviceof,orafterconsultationwith,oronthe )i$' recommendationof,someotherpersonorauthority(e.g.theappointmentof *X%( judges). +G&)   |,6'* 9. b TheCabinetconsistsofaPremierandnotlessthansixotherMinisters. F  ThePremieristhememberoftheHouseofAssemblywhoappearstotheGovernor 5 tobethebestabletocommandtheconfidenceofamajorityofitsmembers. $ TheotherMinistersareappointedbytheGovernor,inaccordancewiththe  adviceofthePremier:atleastonebutnotmorethantwoofthemmustbe   appointedfromamongthemembersoftheSenateandtheremainderfromamong   themembersoftheHouseofAssembly.TheGovernor,actinginaccordancewith   thePremier'sadvice,mayalsoappointParliamentarySecretaries(toassist   Ministers)fromamongthemembersoftheSenateandtheHouseofAssembly,but  x theremaynotbemorethan12MinistersandParliamentarySecretaries  g  appointedfromamongthemembersoftheHouseofAssembly. V  10. b TheCabinetiscollectivelyresponsibletotheLegislatureforanyadvice z4  whichitgivestotheGovernororwhichisgiventohimunderitsgeneral i#  authorityandforallthingsdonebyaMinisterintheexecutionofhis X  office.IftheHouseofAssemblypasses,byanaffirmativemajorityofall G itsmembers,aresolutionofnoconfidenceintheGovernment,theGovernor 6 musteitherdismissthePremier(andalltheotherMinistersthenalsovacate % theiroffices)ordissolvetheLegislature.  11. b TheCabinetissummonedonlybytheauthorityofthePremierandhe(or,  inhisabsence,anotherMinisterappointedbyhim)presidesoveritsmeetings.  PortfoliosareallocatedtoindividualMinistersbytheGovernoractingin  accordancewiththePremier'sadvicebut,exceptforcertainlimitedpurposes, y thesemaynotincludethemattersforwhichtheGovernorretainsdirect h responsibility(externalaffairs,defence,etc.)orcertainotherspecified W matters(e.g.thejudicialfunctionsofthecourts,theconductofcriminal F prosecutions,andappointments,etc.topublicoffices). {5 12. b TheConstitutionalsoestablishesaGovernor'sCouncilforthepurposeof 7" consideringmattersforwhichtheGovernorretainsdirectresponsibility. &#  ThisCouncilconsistsoftheGovernor(asChairman),thePremier,andnotless $! thantwoormorethanthreeotherMinistersappointedbytheGovernorafter %" consultationwiththePremier. % # 13. b TheConstitutionalsorequirestheGovernortoappointanOpposition '"% Leaderwhomheisobligedtoconsultintheexerciseofvariousofhis (z#& functions(andonwhoseadviceheis,incertaincases,obligedtoact).The )i$' OppositionLeaderisthememberoftheHouseofAssemblywhoistheleaderof *X%( thelargestoppositionpartyinthatHouseor,ifthereisnopartyinthat +G&) position,thememberofthatHousewhoappearstotheGovernortobe |,6'* acceptableasOppositionLeadertoamajorityofoppositionmembers. k-%(+ Ї14. b Exceptinrelationtocertainofficesforwhichspecificprovisionis F madebytheConstitution,thepowertoappointpersonstopublicofficesand 5 toremoveandexercisedisciplinarycontroloverpersonssoappointedis $ vestedintheGovernor,actinginaccordancewiththerecommendationofthe  PublicServiceCommission.ThisCommissionconsistsofaChairmanandfour   othermembers,allofwhomareappointedbytheGovernor,actingafter   consultationwiththePremier,whomustfirsthaveconsultedtheOpposition   Leader.MembersoftheCommission,whomaynotthemselvesbepublicofficers   ormembersoftheLegislatureandwhoarenoteligibletobeappointedtoa  x publicofficeforaperiodoffiveyearsaftertheyceasetobemembersofthe  g  Commission,areappointedtotheCommissionforafixedtermofbetweenthree V  andfiveyearsandareinthemeantimeprotectedfromarbitraryremovalfrom E  office. z4  (b) b TheLegislature X  15. b TherearetwoHousesoftheBermudaLegislature:theSenateandthe 6 HouseofAssembly.Thereare11Senators,ofwhom5areappointedbythe % GovernorinaccordancewiththeadviceofthePremier,3areappointedbyhim  inaccordancewiththeadviceoftheOppositionLeaderand3areappointedby  himinhisdiscretion.Thereare40membersoftheHouseofAssembly,allof  whomareelected.TobequalifiedforappointmenttotheSenateorfor  electiontotheHouseofAssembly,apersonmustbeaCommonwealthcitizenof  theageof21yearsormoreandmustpossess"Bermudianstatus"underthe y relevantlaw.Acandidateforelectionmustalsobeordinarilyresidentin h Bermuda.Therearealsoanumberofpositivedisqualificationsinbothcases: W e.g.ifthepersoninquestionisofunsoundmind,oriscurrentlyservinga F sentenceofmorethan12months'imprisonment,orhasbeenconvictedof {5 certainelectionoffences,orholdsapublicoffice,orhasfailedtodisclose j$ aninterestinagovernmentcontract. Y  16. b VotersinelectionstotheHouseofAssemblymustbeCommonwealth 7" citizensoftheageof18yearsormorewhopossessBermudianstatusandare &#  ordinarilyresidentintheconstituencyinwhichtheyseektoberegisteredas $! voters.Again,therearecertainpositivedisqualifications:e.g.beingof %" unsoundmind,orbeingcurrentlyundersentenceofimprisonment(incertain % # circumstances),orhavingbeenconvictedofcertainelectionoffences. &!$ 17. b ForelectoralpurposesBermudaisdividedinto20constituencies,eachof )i$' whichreturnstwomembersoftheHouseofAssembly.Constituencyboundaries *X%( arereviewedperiodically(notlessthanthreeyearsnormorethansevenyears +G&) fromthepreviousreview)byaConstituencyBoundariesCommission.This |,6'* consistsofaChairmanandajudicialmember(i.e.apersonwhoholdsorhas k-%(+ heldhighjudicialoffice)andfourothermembers:theChairmanandthe F judicialmemberareappointedbytheGovernor,actinginhisdiscretion;the 5 othermembersareappointedbyhimfromamongthemembersofthetwoHousesof $ theLegislature,twooftheminaccordancewiththeadviceofthePremierand  twoinaccordancewiththeadviceoftheOppositionLeader.Thefunctionof   theCommissionistorecommendsuchchanges(ifany)inexistingconstituency   boundariesas,havingregardtocertainfactors(whichexpresslydonot   includetheracialdistributionofvoters),willensurethatthe   constituenciescontain,sofarasreasonablypracticable,equalnumbersof  x personsqualifiedtoberegisteredasvoters.Itsrecommendationsarelaid  g  beforetheHouseofAssemblyand,whenapprovedbytheHouse(withorwithout V  modifications),takeeffectasfromthenextdissolutionoftheLegislature. E  18. b SessionsoftheLegislaturemustbeheldsothattheintervalbetweenthe i#  endofonesessionandthebeginningofthenextdoesnotexceed12months. X  Inpractice,theLegislaturemeetsmuchmorefrequentlythanthis.The G GovernormustingeneralactinaccordancewiththeadviceofthePremierin 6 decidingbothwhentoproroguetheLegislature(i.e.bringitscurrentsession % toanendwithoutdissolvingit)andwhentodissolveit(andthuscausethe  holdingofageneralelection);buthemay,exceptionally,rejectthe  Premier'sadvicetoorderadissolutionifheconsidersthatthegovernmentof  Bermudacanbecarriedonwithoutitandthatitwouldnotbeintheinterests  ofBermuda.TheLegislaturemustinanyeventbedissolvednotlaterthan  fiveyearsfromitsfirstsittingafterthepreviousgeneralelection.A y generalelectionmustbeheldnotmorethanthreemonthsaftereach h dissolutionandtheGovernormust,assoonaspracticableaftereachgeneral W election,proceedtotheappointmentofthemembersoftheSenate. F 19. b TheLegislaturehasthepowertomakelawsonanysubject.Lawsaremade j$ intheformofbillswhich,whenpassedbybothHouses,arepresentedtothe Y  GovernorforassentonbehalfoftheQueen.(Thereare,however,restrictions H! onthepowersoftheSenateinrelationtocertainfinancialmeasuresandalso 7" onitspowertoblockindefinitelyotherbillsthathavebeenpassedbythe &#  HouseofAssembly.Theserestrictionssubstantiallyreflectthecorresponding $! restrictionsonthepowersoftheHouseofLordsintheUnitedKingdom %" Parliament.)Whenassentedto,billsbecomelawasacts.Indecidingwhether % # toassentortowithholdassentortoreserveabill"forthesignificationof &!$ HerMajesty'spleasure"(i.e.forthedecisionoftheSecretaryofState),the '"% Governormustactinaccordancewiththeusualrulesregulatingtheexercise (z#& ofhisfunctions,exceptthatheisrequiredtoreservecertaincategoriesof )i$' billsunlesshehaspreviouslybeenauthorizedbytheSecretaryofStateto *X%( assent:thesecategoriesincludebillswhichappeartohimtobeinconsistent +G&) withanyoftheUnitedKingdom'sinternationalobligationsortoaffectanyof |,6'* themattersforwhichheretainsdirectresponsibility.TheUnitedKingdom k-%(+ ParliamentretainsthepowertolegislateforBermuda,andvariousActsof F Parliament(especiallythoseenactedtoenableeffecttobegivento 5 internationalobligations)authorizelegislationtobemadeforBermuda(as $ forotherdependentterritories)byOrderinCouncil.  &  Religion   20. b Freedomofreligionisexpresslyguaranteedbysection8ofthe   Constitution.  x ' @pp/B.Thelaw V  Thecourts z4  21. b ThecourtsstructureinBermudaconsistsoftheSupremeCourtandthe X  CourtofAppeal(fromwhichappealslieincertaincasestotheJudicial G CommitteeofthePrivyCouncil)andalsoaMagistrate'sCourt,theSpecial 6 Court,Coroner'sCourtsandvariousadministrativetribunals.Theseareall % discussedinmoredetailinthefollowingparagraphs.  22. b TheSupremeCourtisestablished,anditscompositionisregulated,by  sections73to76oftheConstitution.TheSupremeCourthasaverywide  originaljurisdictioninbothcivilandcriminalmattersandalsohas  jurisdictiontoentertainappealsfromsubordinatecourts,againinbothcivil y andcriminalmatters.ThejudgesoftheSupremeCourtconsistoftheChief h JusticeandsuchnumberofPuisneJudgesasalawenactedbytheLegislature W mayprescribe.TheChiefJusticeisappointedbytheGovernorafter F consultationwiththePremier,whomustinturnhaveconsultedtheOpposition {5 Leader,andthePuisneJudgesareappointedbytheGovernorafterconsultation j$ withtheChiefJustice.TheGovernoralsohasthepower,actingafter Y  consultationwiththeChiefJustice,toappointAssistantJustices(whohave H! thesamepowersasPuisneJudges)wheneverthestateofbusinessinthe 7" SupremeCourtsorequires.Section74oftheConstitutioncontainsprovisions &#  safeguardingthesecurityoftenure(andthustheindependence)ofthejudges $! oftheSupremeCourtbyprotectingthemfromremovalfromofficeexceptfor %" proveninabilityormisconductasestablishedbyajudicialtribunal. % # 23. b TheCourtofAppealisestablished,anditscompositionisregulated,by '"% sections77to80oftheConstitution.TheCourtofAppealentertainsappeals (z#& ondecisionsoftheSupremeCourtgivenineitheritsoriginalorits )i$' appellatejurisdictionandinbothcivilandcriminalmatters.Incertain *X%( casesafurtherappealliesfromtheCourtofAppealtotheJudicialCommittee +G&) ofthePrivyCouncil,eitherbyleaveor(asinhumanrightscasesarising |,6'* undersect.15oftheConstitution)asofright.ThejudgesoftheCourtof k-%(+ Appeal,whoconsistofthePresidentandsuchnumberofJusticesofAppeal, F notbeinglessthantwo,asalawenactedbytheLegislaturemayprescribe, 5 areappointedbytheGovernorinhisdiscretionfromamongpersonswho $ currentlyholdorwhohaveheldofficeasajudgeofacourthavingunlimited  jurisdictionincivilandcriminalmattersinsomepartoftheCommonwealthor   acourthavingjurisdictioninappealsfromsuchacourt.Thesecurityof   tenureofthejudgesoftheCourtofAppealisprotected,undersection78of   theConstitution,inthesamewayasthatofthejudgesoftheSupremeCourt.   24. b TheGovernor,actingafterconsultationwiththeChiefJustice,hasthe  g  powertoappointtwoormorepersonstobeMagistrates-oneofthemis V  designatedastheSeniorMagistrate-andeachsuchMagistrateisempowered E  topresideoveraMagistrate'sCourtwhichhasbothcriminalandcivil  z4  jurisdiction.Incriminalcases,theMagistrate,sittingaloneandwithout F ajury,triesthoseoffences(thelessseriousones)whichareclassifiedas 5 "summaryoffences"andsitsasacourtofpreliminaryinquirytodetermine $ whethertherearesufficientgroundsforcommittingaccusedpersonstothe  SupremeCourtfortrialonindictment(i.e.byajudgeandjury)forthemore   seriousoffences.Certainoffences,knownas"eitherway"offences,maybe   triedeithersummarilyintheMagistrate'sCourtoronindictmentinthe   SupremeCourt,attheaccusedperson'selection.Whenapersonhasbeen   convictedofan"eitherway"offenceaftersummarytrialintheMagistrate's  x Court,theMagistratemay,ifhethinksthataseverersentenceiswarranted  g  thanhecanimposeunderhisownlimitedsentencingpowers,committhatperson V  totheSupremeCourtforsentence.Incivilmatters,thejurisdictionofthe E  Magistrate'sCourtislimitedtocasesinvolvingclaims,notexceeding z4  $10,000,fordebtorfordamagesforbreachofcontractorordinarycivil i#  wrongs. X  25. b BermudalawalsoprovidesforaSpecialCourttobeconstitutedas 6 occasionrequirestoexerciseanyjurisdictionthatmaybeconferredonitby % anActoftheLegislature.EachSpecialCourtsoconstitutedconsistsofa  Chairman,whoiseithertheSeniorMagistrateoranotherMagistrateappointed  bytheSeniorMagistrate,andtwoothermembers(ofwhomatleastonemustbe  awoman)selectedbytheChairmanfromapanelofatleastsixpersons  (includingatleastthreewomen)appointedbytheGovernor.ASpecialCourt  dealssummarilywiththecasescomingbeforeitbutanypartytosuchacase y isentitledtobelegallyrepresentedintheproceedings.Casesinvolving h childrenaregenerallydealtwithbyaSpecialCourtwhich,whenexercising W thatjurisdiction,isknownas"theChildren'sCourt".Allcasesinvolving F personsunder16yearsofagearedealtwithbyaSpecialCourtexceptfora {5 fewveryseriouscases,suchasthosewherethechargeismurderorattempted j$ murderormanslaughter. Y  26. b TheGovernorisempoweredbylawtoappointtwoormorepersonstobe 7" CoronersinBermudaandmayappointoneofthemtobeSeniorCoroner.All &#  caseswherethereisreasontobelievethatapersonhasdiedofunnatural $! causesorinsuspiciouscircumstancesmustbereportedtoaCoroner.He %" thenhasthefunctionofdecidingwhethertoorderthecarryingoutofa % # post-mortemexaminationandwhethertoholdaninquestintothedeath, &!$ forwhichpurposehemay,ifhethinksfit,beassistedbyajury. '"% 27. b Bermudalawalsoprovidesfortheestablishment,andregulatesthe )i$' functions,ofanumberofadministrativetribunalstoinquireintospecific *X%( matterswhereamoreinformalprocedureormorespecialistexpertisemaybe +G&) requiredorwherethenatureoftheinquiryisnotessentiallyjudicial.For |,6'* example,undertheDevelopmentandPlanningAct1974tribunalsofthreeor k-%(+ morepersonsmaybeappointedtoholdpublicinquiriesintoobjectionsand F representationsmadeinrelationtodevelopmentplans,whileundertheMisuse 5 ofDrugsAct1972atribunalmaybeappointedtoadvisetheMinisteron $ whetherheshouldgiveadirectionprohibitingaparticularmedical  practitionerfromsupplyingcontrolleddrugs.   Procedureincriminalcases  g  28. b Asindicatedabove,criminalcasesinBermudaaretriedeithersummarily E  (byaMagistrate'sCourt)oranindictment(byajudgeandjuryintheSupreme z4  Court).Ineachcase,theprocedureissubstantiallysimilartothat i#  obtainingincorrespondingcircumstancesinEnglandandWales.Trialsare X  "adversarial"innatureandanaccusedpersonispresumedinnocentuntil G provedguiltybeyondreasonabledoubt.Therightofanaccusedpersontoa 6 fairtrial,withallthenecessaryproceduralandothersafeguards,is % guaranteedbysection6oftheConstitution,whichsubstantiallycorresponds  toarticles14and15oftheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPolitical  Rights.Section5oftheConstitutionsetsoutthesafeguardsforpersonsin  custodyandspecificallyforthosedetainedinconnectionwithpossible  criminalproceedings.Amachineryforenforcingtheseprovisionsisprovided  bysection15oftheConstitution(seepara.34below). y 29. b WhereatrialtakesplaceonindictmentintheSupremeCourtitis W conductedbyajudgesittingwithajury.Thejuryisdrawnfrompersonswho F arequalifiedfor,andnotexemptfrom,juryservice.Allpersonswhoarenot {5 overtheageof65yearsandwhoareregisteredasparliamentaryelectorsare j$ soqualifiedunlesstheyaresubjecttospecificdisqualification,e.g. Y  becausetheycannotreadandwritetheEnglishlanguageorbecausetheyare H! blind,deafordumbormentallydisabledorbecausetheyaredetainedin 7" prisonorinamentalhospital.Somepersonsmay,thoughqualified,claim &#  exemptionfromjuryservice:e.g.Ministers,Magistratesandothermembersof $! thelegalprofession.Inajurytrialthejudgeisthesolearbiterofthe %" lawandhasthedutytodirectthejuryonthelawapplicabletothecaseand % # tosumuptheevidenceforitsconsideration;butthejuryisthesolearbiter &!$ ofthefactsastheyappearfromtheevidenceand,asexplainedabove,mustbe '"% satisfiedbeyondreasonabledoubtbeforeitmayreturnaverdictofguilty. (z#& Ifitisnotsosatisfied,theaccusedpersonmustbeacquitted.Ingeneral, )i$' theverdictofajurymustbeunanimousbutincertaincircumstancesajury *X%( whichhasbeenunabletoreachunanimitymaybepermittedtoreturnamajority +G&)  verdictsupportedbynineormorejurors.Allverdictsmustbedeliveredin |,6'* opencourtbytheforemanofthejuryinthepresenceofallthemembersof F thejury. 5  Responsibilityforprosecutions  30. b Asageneralrule,theresponsibilityforinitiatingcriminalproceedings   restswiththeBermudaPoliceForce.However,theultimateauthorityin   relationtotheprosecutionprocessisvestedbytheConstitution(sect.71)   intheAttorneyGeneralwhoisgiventhepower,inanycaseinwhichhe  x considersitdesirablesotodo,toinstituteandundertakecriminal  g  proceedingsagainstanypersonbeforeanycourtinBermuda;totakeoverand V  continueanysuchproceedingsthathavebeeninstitutedbyanyotherpersonor E  authority;andtodiscontinueanysuchproceedings,whethertheywere z4  institutedbyhimselforbyanyotherpersonorauthority.Thepowertotake i#  overandcontinueproceedingsandthepowertodiscontinueproceedingsare X  vestedinhimtotheexclusionofanyotherperson,andintheexerciseofall G hispowersinrelationtothecontrolofprosecutionsheisexpresslyexempted 6 fromthedirectionorcontrolofanyotherpersonorauthority.Asarule, % theofficeofAttorneyGeneralisapublicoffice(i.e.anofficeinthecivil  service)theholderofwhichisappointedbytheGovernoractinginhis  discretion;andtheAttorneyGeneral'ssecurityoftenure,andthushis  independencefromoutsidepressure,issafeguardedbyprovisions(insect.86  oftheConstitution)substantiallythesameasthoseapplyinginthecaseof  judgesoftheSupremeCourtandoftheCourtofAppeal(seeparas.23and24 y above).However,theConstitutioncontemplatesthattheofficeofAttorney h GeneralmaysometimesbeheldbyamemberoftheLegislature,anditprovides W thatinth