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Jc._REPÔÉ£ ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒC!ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑTRX<Ð6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ë6Æ&A4ÿ3Ø'TÑѱ°ÑѰÑÒŰÒÒØ°ÒÔ€£…£òôÔÔ€,£Øá£££…ÔÓÞÓò òUNITEDÐ ± ÐNATIONSó óà€!!\î$àÔ€,¢Þ£,£ØáÔÔ_ÔHRIÔ_ÔˆÐ Þ Ðß?€D&' %"dEÅ)"?ßÐ m¼ ÐÔ*ƒƒ-. ddd Xdd Xdd XÅî$Åî$ƒÔÔ,âdd ÔÔ,Cdd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 1'KšKš €4€‚x‚ƒƒ„„1ÐÌß’€35\LHzl±R `ÀåЀ@XÈÈÈÈ@ÿE)¡±R±/)¡y’ßÔ€, ±',¢ÞÔÓ)o°œXÓÓÞÓà o àInternationalÐ ¡ð Ðà o àHuman€RightsÐ «ú Ðà o àInstrumentsÐ µ  ÐÌÐ  É   „„ÐÔ€,ôû ò, ±'ÔÔ€6ôÒòò,ôû ÔÓÆÓÌÌà€K†$àDistr.€€€€€€€€€€€€€ˆÐ Ož  Ðà€K†$àGENERAL€€€€€€€€€€€€ˆÐ  d  ÐÌà€K†$àÔ_ÔHRIÔ_Ô/CORE/1/Add.63€€ˆÐ ¡ ð Ðà€K†$à28€November€1995€€€ˆÐ g ¶ ÐÌà€K†$àENGLISH€€€€€€€€€€€€ˆÐ ó B  Ðà€K†$àOriginal:€RUSSIAN€€ˆÐ$¹   x 4 $Ðß?€D&' å/%"dEÅä/)"?ßÐ Î  ÐÌÌÑ  ÑÑ€7ÑÑ€8ÑÒ±ÅÒÒ±ØÒÓB1±±èV Äû2i ×E| ³")oBÓÑ€9ÑÓÆÆÓòòóóà@a a càCORE€DOCUMENT€FORMING€PART€OF€THE€REPORTSˆÐ Ñ  Ðà@*càOF€STATES€PARTIESˆÐ —æ  ÐÌÌà@/càUKRAINEˆÐ é8 Ðà€qqI#à[23€October€1995]ˆÐ ¯þ ÐÌÌà@ÓÓ.càòòContentsóóˆÐ P ÐÌà€qqI#àòòParagraphsóó€€€òòPageóóˆÐ Ü  ÐÌÌàЄ„èàIˆ.à  àTERRITORY€AND€POPULATIONà‚99K#.-à€1€„€27€€€€€€2€ˆÐ ß.# ÐÌà è àà  àA.à V àGeographical€outline€à‚99K#.ŠŠ/à€1€„€€3€€€€€€2€ˆÐ kº% ÐÌà è àà  àB.à V àPopulation€outline€à‚99K#.ÂÂ-à€4€„€12€€€€€€2€ˆÐ ÷F' ÐÌà è àà  àC.à V àSocial€and€economic€indicators€à‚99K#.rr9à13€„€27€€€€€€3€ˆÐ ƒÒ) ÐÌàÐ   èàIIˆ.à  àGENERAL€POLITICAL€STRUCTURE€à‚99K#.1à28€„€56€€€€€€3€ˆÐ !^+ ÐÌà è àà  àA.à V àBrief€historical€review€à‚99K#.¶¶2à28€„€36€€€€€€5€ˆÐ ›"ê- ÐÌà è àà  àB.à V àState€organization,€political€regime,€Ð '$v / Ðà è àà  àà V àform€of€government€à‚99K#.ÂÂ-à37€„€42€€€€€€6€ˆÐ í$ÑÐ M1œ-@ ÐÑ/%789:;>/Ñâ 7âÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRX<Ð6Â&X<Ð6Â& Ë6Æ&A4 Ë6Æ&A4TÑâ 87âѱ±ÑÑÑâ 98âÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRX<Ð6Â&X<Ð6Â& Ë6Æ&A4 Ë6Æ&A4TÑâ :9âÑűÑÑ¥Ñâ ;:âÖ€<ÿÿÖâ >;âÖ€?ÿÿÖâ >âÑ  ÑÔ_Ôà@ë ë $càI.€€TERRITORY€AND€POPULATIONˆÐ % ÐÌà@³³&càA.€€òòGeographical€outlineóóˆÐ ±Œ ÐÌ1.à è àUkraine€is€a€State€located€in€the€central€and€south„eastern€part€ofÐ =  ÐEurope.€It€has€a€total€area€of€603€700€sq.km.€and€borders€on€Moldova,€Romania,Ð  Þ ÐPoland,€Hungary,€Belarus,€Russia€and€Slovakia.€The€total€length€of€its€frontiersÐ É ¤ Ðis€6€500€km,€including€1€050€km€of€maritime€frontiers.€€Ð  j ÐÌ2.à è àThe€climate€in€most€of€the€country's€territory€is€moderate„continental;Ð  ö  Ðonly€a€narrow€strip€in€the€extreme€south„east€of€the€Crimean€peninsula€has€aÐ á ¼  Ðsubtropical€climate.€Ukraine€is€situated€in€three€physico„geographical€zones€Ð §‚  Є€mixed€forest,€forest„steppe€and€steppe€„€and€two€mountain€massifs,€theÐ mH  ÐCarpathian€and€the€Crimean.€The€relief€is€generally€flat.€The€relative€warmth€ofÐ 3  Ðthe€climate€is€conducive€to€the€development€of€agriculture,€while€the€presenceÐ ùÔ  Ðin€the€soil€of€almost€all€useful€minerals€required€in€the€national€economyÐ ¿š  Ðfavours€the€development€of€industrial€production.Ð …`  ÐÌ3.à è àUkraine€is€composed€of€24€regions,€the€Autonomous€Republic€of€Crimea,Ð ì  Ð481districts,€436€towns,€925€urban„type€settlements,€and€9€211€villages.€TheРײ Ðcapital€of€Ukraine€is€Kiev.€The€average€population€density€is€86.3€personsÐ x Ðpersq.km.Ð c> ÐÌà@'càB.€€òòPopulation€outlineóóˆÐ ïÊ ÐÌ4.à è àAs€of€1€January€1995,€the€òòpopulationóó€stood€at€51.7€million,€includingÐ {V Ð24.0òòóómillion€men€(46%)€and€27.7€million€women€(54%).€The€urban€population€wasÐ A Ð35.1million€and€the€village€population€16.6€million.€As€of€1€January€1995,€theÐ â Ðnumber€of€women€per€1000€men€was€1€153€(1€137€in€towns,€1€180€in€theРͨ Ðcountryside).òòÐ “n ÐóóÌ5.à è àòòThe€population's€age€patternóó€was€as€follows:€as€of€1€January€1995€theÐ ú Ðnumber€of€persons€above€working€age€was€11.5€million,€or€103%€of€the€1990€level.Ð åÀ  ÐThe€number€of€persons€of€non„working€age€per€1000€persons€of€working€age€is€797.Ð «†! ÐPersons€below€working€age€account€for€22.4%€of€the€total€population.€Persons€ofÐ q L" Ðworking€age€(women:€16„54€years,€men:€16„59€years)€represent€55.6%€of€the€totalÐ 7!# Ðpopulation€and€persons€above€working€age,€22.0%.€òòóóUkraine€is€one€of€the€countriesÐ ý!Ø$ Ðwith€the€"oldest"€population,€the€average€age€of€its€citizens€being€35€years.Ð Ã"ž% ÐÌ6.à è àòòNational€composition€of€the€populationóó.€Ukraine€is€a€multi„ethnic€State.Ð O$*' ÐRepresentatives€of€130€nationalities€and€ethnic€groups€live€in€its€territory.Ð %ð( ÐThe€main€nationality€is€Ukrainian€(37.4€million€persons€or€72.2%€of€the€totalÐ Û%¶) Ðpopulation)òòóó.€The€other€ethnic€groups,€which€total€around€14€million€persons,Ð ¡&| * Ðincludeòòóó€13.3€million€Russians€(81%),€òòóó486€000€Jews,€440€000€Belarussians,€325€000Ð g'B!+ ÐMoldovans,€234€000€Bulgarians,€219€000€Poles,€163€000€Hungarians,€135€000Ð -(", ÐRomanians€and€others.€According€to€the€"Declaration€of€Rights€of€NationalitiesÐ ó(Î"- Ðof€Ukraine"€which€has€been€adopted,€the€Ukrainian€State€guarantees€€equalÐ ¹)”#. Ðpolitical,€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights€to€all€nationalities,€nationalÐ *Z$/ Ðgroups€and€citizens€living€in€its€territory€.Ð E+ %0 ÐÌ7.à è àThe€òòofficial€State€languageóó€is€Ukrainian.€All€national€groups€areÐ Ñ,¬&2 Ðguaranteed€the€right€of€free€use€of€their€native€tongue€in€all€spheres€of€publicÐ —-r'3 Ðâ âlife€and,€in€areas€compactly€settled€by€specific€national€groups,€the€right€toÐ ].8(4 Ðthe€use€of€the€recognized€vernacular€of€the€area's€population€side€by€side€withÐ % Ðthe€official€State€languageòòóó.Ð ëÆ Ðâ âÌ8.à è àThe€multinational€composition€of€the€population€of€Ukraine€is€alsoÐ wR Ðreflected€in€the€national€composition€of€families.€Two„thirds€of€Ukraine's€totalÐ =  Ðof€14€million€families€are€single„nationality€families,€while€the€remaining€one„Ð  Þ Ðthird€include€family€members€belonging€to€different€nationalities.Ð É ¤ ÐÌ9.à è àIn€1994,€the€average€length€of€life€was€68.0€years.€Average€lifeÐ U 0 Ðexpectation€at€birth€is€62.8€years€for€men€and€73.2€years€for€women.Ð  ö  ÐÌ10.à è àUkraine€has€a€very€high€child€mortality€figure.€In€1994,€there€wereÐ §‚  Ð14.5deaths€of€children€aged€less€than€1€year€per€1000€live€births.€This€fact€isÐ mH  Ðdue€to€a€number€of€causes:€a€generally€catastrophic€deterioration€ofÐ 3  Ðenvironmental€conditions,Ð ùÔ  Ðparticularly€as€a€result€of€the€Chernobylòòóó€disaster,€the€general€state€of€healthÐ ¿š  Ðof€women,€conditions€of€work€for€pregnant€women,€etc.òòÐ …`  ÐÌóó11.à è àThe€childbed€mortality€figure€in€1994€was€31.3€maternal€deaths€perÐ ì  Ð100000births.Рײ ÐÌ12.à è àThe€country's€falling€birthrate€is€due€principally€to€changes€in€the€ageÐ c> Ðpattern€of€the€population.€By€the€end€of€1994,€the€number€of€women€of€maximumÐ ) Ðfertility€age€(20„29€years)€had€diminished€by€213€500€(5.8%)€as€comparedÐ ïÊ Ðwith1989.€The€fertility€factor€(average€annual€number€of€òòóóbirths€per€1000womenÐ µ Ðaged€15€to€49)€was€41.2.€The€total€birthrate€coefficient€(average€number€ofÐ {V Ðchildren€per€woman)€was€1.5.€Ð A ÐÌà@¿ ¿ !càC.€€òòSocial€and€economic€indicatorsóóˆÐ ͨ ÐÌ13.à è àUkraine,€which€inherited€a€heavy€legacy€of€problems€from€the€former€USSR,Ð Y4 Ðis€going€through€a€period€of€fundamental€political€and€economic€change.€DuringÐ ú Ðthe€four€years€which€have€elapsed€since€independence,€the€State€has€laid€theÐ åÀ  Ðbasic€foundations€for€a€democratic€political€system€and€civil€society.Ð «†! ÐÌ14.à è àIn€October€1994€the€President€of€Ukraine€proclaimed€a€new€economic€policyÐ 7!# Ðbased€on€far„reaching€economic€reforms€designed€to€build€an€integral,€sociallyÐ ý!Ø$ Ðoriented,€multi„structured€national€economy€of€the€market€type€capable€ofÐ Ã"ž% Ðensuring€the€material€well„being€of€the€nation€and€the€true€independence€of€theÐ ‰#d& ÐState.Ð O$*' ÐÌ15.à è àThe€programme€of€economic€transformation€which€has€been€adopted€providesÐ Û%¶) Ðfor€the€attainment€of€strategic€goals€of€the€greatest€importance:€financialÐ ¡&| * Ðstabilization€is€to€be€achieved€by€drastically€reducing€the€inflation€level;€theÐ g'B!+ Ðcountry's€balance€of€payments€is€to€be€balanced€by€promoting€export€activities;Ð -(", Ðfoundations€for€stable€economic€growth€are€to€be€laid€by€creating€the€conditionsÐ ó(Î"- Ðnecessary€for€economic€activity.€The€reforms€programme€includes€carrying€throughÐ ¹)”#. Ða€land€reform,€speeding€up€privatization,€encouraging€the€development€of€theÐ *Z$/ Ðprivate€sector€while€gradually€winding€down€the€system€of€State€orders,€reducingÐ E+ %0 Ðthe€level€of€Government€subsidies€to€enterprises€and€transforming€the€bankingÐ  ,æ%1 Ðsystem€through€extensive€diversification€and€specialization€of€bankingÐ Ñ,¬&2 Ðestablishments.€€An€organic€part€of€the€programme€consists€in€offeringÐ —-r'3 Ðincentives€to€external€trade€by€cutting€the€list€of€goods€subject€to€quotas€andÐ ].8(4 Ðlicences,€introducing€a€system€whereby€the€economic€interests€of€the€State€areÐ #/þ(5 Ðprotected€from€unfair€competition,€and€supporting€the€market€mechanism€forÐ % Ðforming€the€exchange€rate€of€the€national€currency€by€organizing€the€resumptionÐ ëÆ Ðof€the€activities€of€an€inter„bank€foreign€currency€exchange.Ð ±Œ ÐÌ16.à è àThe€most€important€goal€of€the€Ukraine€Government€is€to€ensure€equal€andÐ =  Ðfavourable€operating€conditions€for€national€and€foreign€investors€and€to€createÐ  Þ Ðan€attractive€climate€for€investment€in€Ukraine,€principally€by€improving€theÐ É ¤ Ðlegal€conditions€for€foreign€investment€and€by€developing€an€infrastructure€forÐ  j Ðinternational€business.Ð U 0 ÐÌ17.à è àAs€a€result€of€steps€undertaken€in€1995,€the€Ukraine€Government€has€in€allÐ á ¼  Ðessentials€succeeded€in€creating€an€extensive€privatization€infrastructure€andÐ §‚  Ðachieving€substantial€advances€towards€the€creation€of€a€national€market.€TheÐ mH  Ðprocesses€of€primary€accumulation€and€setting€up€of€a€national€capital€andÐ 3  Ðdeveloping€competitive€enterpreneurial€structures€have€been€essentiallyÐ ùÔ  Ðcompleted.€There€are€signs€of€stabilization€in€the€areas€of€finance€and€prices,Ð ¿š  Ðthe€State€budget€deficit€is€being€reduced€by€stages,€and€some€successes€haveÐ …`  Ðbeen€achieved€in€reducing€inflation.Ð K&  ÐÌ18.à è àUkraine€has€become€more€attractive€to€foreign€investors€owing€to€financialРײ Ðstabilization,€the€liberalization€of€domestic€and€external€trade€and€theÐ x Ðlowering€of€the€level€of€inflation€to€5%€per€month,€as€well€as€to€reducedÐ c> Ðinvestment€risks.€As€of€1€July€1995€the€volume€of€direct€foreign€investment€wasÐ ) ÐUS$€560€million€and€the€figure€should€rise€to€US$€700€by€the€end€of€the€year.Ð ïÊ ÐMore€than€2€000€joint€enterprises€are€operating€in€Ukraine€today€and€their€shareÐ µ Ðof€GDP€amounts€to€over€3%.Ð {V ÐÌ19.à è àThanks€to€the€continuous€attention€given€to€the€coordination€ofÐ â Ðinternational€technical€assistance€programmes€and€projects,€it€has€provedРͨ Ðpossible€to€achieve€an€increase€in€the€amount€of€incoming€financial€resourcesÐ “n Ðand€of€their€utilization€in€key€sectors€of€the€economy.€Compared€with€theÐ Y4 Ðprevious€year,€the€volume€of€technical€assistance€received€under€the€TACISÐ ú Ðprogramme€has€risen€by€a€factor€of€1.2€and€amounts€to€90.5€million€ECU.Ð åÀ  ÐÌ20.à è àIn€1995€positive€trends€began€to€take€shape€for€the€first€time€in€theÐ q L" Ðforeign€trade€links€which€Ukraine€maintains€with€more€than€130€of€the€world'sÐ 7!# Ðcountries.€A€positive€external€trade€balance€of€US$€39€million€was€achieved,Ð ý!Ø$ Ðwhile€the€total€volume€of€external€trade€turnover€during€the€first€7€months€ofÐ Ã"ž% Ð1995€rose€to€US$€11.5€billion,€or€14%€over€the€level€of€the€corresponding€periodÐ ‰#d& Ðin€1994.Ð O$*' ÐÌ21.à è àAt€the€same€time,€despite€the€energetic€steps€undertaken€by€the€GovernmentÐ Û%¶) Ðand€despite€the€positive€developments€referred€to,€an€analysis€of€the€generalÐ ¡&| * Ðindicators€of€the€economic€situation€in€Ukraine€shows€that€complex€problemsÐ g'B!+ Ðstill€remain€to€be€solved€in€the€social€and€economic€fields.€ProductionÐ -(", Ðcontinued€to€decline€during€1993€and€1994.€Within€that€period,€the€GDP€fell€byÐ ó(Î"- Ð47.5%€(23%€in€1994)€to€1€137€794€billion€karbovantsy€(krb).€According€to€dataÐ ¹)”#. Ðprovided€by€Ukraine's€European€Centre€for€Macroeconomic€Analysis€the€per€capitaÐ *Z$/ ÐGDP€in€1994€was€912€dollars€(2€467€dollars€in€1990).Ð E+ %0 ÐÌ22.à è àIn€1994,€Ukraine's€consolidated€budget€deficit€corresponded€to€9.6%€of€theÐ Ñ,¬&2 ÐGDP.€The€budget€deficit€for€1995€is€planned€at€7.3%.Ð —-r'3 Ðâ âÐ ].8(4 Ð23.à è àAs€of€1€January€1995,€Ukraine's€external€State€debt€amounted€toÐ % Ðâ âUS$4.8billion,€of€which€US$€2.7€billion€to€the€Russian€Federation€forÐ ëÆ Ðdeliveries€of€energy.€Ukraine€has€an€imports€dependency€factor€of€41%.Ð ±Œ ÐÌ24.à è àAs€of€1€August€1995,€120.400€citizens€were€registered€with€the€StateÐ =  ÐEmployment€Service€as€not€being€in€employment;€89.200€of€these€had€the€status€ofÐ  Þ Ðunemployed€persons.€The€unemployment€level€on€1€August€1995€corresponded€toÐ É ¤ Ð0.32%€of€the€working€population,€some€72%€of€the€unemployed€being€women.€At€theÐ  j Ðsame€time,€according€to€World€Bank€estimates,€latent€unemployment€in€UkraineÐ U 0 Ðamounts€to€as€much€as€35%.Ð  ö  ÐÌ25.à è àAlthough€nominal€wages€increased€by€a€factor€of€4.2€in€1994,€real€wages,Ð §‚  Ðaccording€to€estimates€of€the€National€Strategic€Research€Institute,€wereÐ mH  Ð5times€lower€in€December€1994€than€the€average€monthly€wage€in€1990.Ð 3  ÐÌ26.à è àAccording€to€the€1989€census,€Ukraine€had€42€000€illiterate€citizens€agedÐ ¿š  Ðbetween€9€and€49€years,€of€whom€22€000€were€men€and€20€000€women.€TheÐ …`  Ðoverwhelming€majority€of€this€sector€of€the€population€are€not€capable€ofÐ K&  Ðworking.€Persons€with€higher€education€accounted€for€9.5%,€those€withÐ ì  Ðspecialized€secondary€and€incomplete€higher€education€for€17.9%€and€those€withРײ Ðgeneral€secondary€education€for€28.5%€of€the€total€population.€Ð x ÐÌ27.à è àThirteen€religious€faiths€forming€a€total€of€8€021€communities€wereÐ ) Ðregistered€in€Ukraine€in€1989.€As€of€1€May€1994,€there€were€69€active€churchesÐ ïÊ Ðand€other€religious€groupings€forming€14€973€communities.€The€largest€among€themÐ µ Ðat€the€present€time€are€the€Ukrainian€Orthodox€church€(Moscow€patriarchate,€Ð {V Ð5854communities),€the€Ukrainian€Greco„Roman€church€(2€952€communities),€theÐ A ÐUkrainian€Orthodox€church€(Kiev€patriarchate,€1944€communities)€and€the€Union€ofÐ â ÐEvangelical€Christian€Baptists€of€Ukraine€(1€348€communities).€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð ͨ ÐÌà@# # "càII.€€òòóóGENERAL€POLITICAL€STRUCTUREˆÐ Y4 ÐÌà@%càA.€€òòBrief€historical€reviewóóˆÐ åÀ  ÐÌ28.à è àIn€the€second€century€B.C.€the€areas€of€Ukraine€which€are€now€forest„Ð q L" Ðsteppe,€woodlands€and€partially€steppe€were€inhabited€by€Slavic€tribesÐ 7!# Ðpractising€agriculture€and€animal€breeding.€From€the€fourth€century€A.D.€onwardÐ ý!Ø$ Ðtheir€successors,€the€Eastern€Slavs,€who€lived€in€the€territory€of€today'sÐ Ã"ž% ÐUkraine,€combined€to€form€the€ethnic€group€known€as€"Anty".€The€social€andÐ ‰#d& Ðeconomic€development€of€the€Eastern€Slavs€led€in€the€middle€of€the€9th€centuryÐ O$*' ÐA.D.€to€the€emergence€of€a€new€political€formation,€Kievan€Rus,€a€State€moreÐ %ð( Ðthan€half€of€whose€territory€from€the€Carpathians€to€the€Volga€and€from€theÐ Û%¶) ÐWhite€Sea€to€the€Black€was€settled€by€a€proto„Ukrainian€population.€The€specificÐ ¡&| * Ðfeatures€of€this€State€were€its€developed€legal€culture,€its€written€laws€andÐ g'B!+ Ðits€tolerant€relations€with€neighbouring€peoples.€Ð -(", ÐÌ29.à è àBy€the€12th€century€Kievan€Rus€had€broken€up€into€some€fifteen€independentÐ ¹)”#. Ðprincipalities.€In€1240€the€capital€of€Rus,€Kiev,€was€captured€by€the€Tataro„Ð *Z$/ ÐMongols,€but€the€legacy€of€Ukrainian€statehood€was€taken€up€by€Galich„VolhynianÐ E+ %0 ÐRus€(13th€century)€and,€later,€by€the€Principality€of€Greater€Lithuania€(mid„Ð  ,æ%1 Ð14th€century€until€1569).Ð Ñ,¬&2 Ðâ âÐ —-r'3 Ð30.à è àIn€the€middle€of€the€16th€century€a€military€Cossack€formation,€theÐ % ÐZaporozhye€Sech,€was€created€in€the€lower€reaches€of€the€river€Dnepr€and€becameÐ ëÆ Ðthe€centre€of€the€struggle€for€the€revival€of€the€Ukrainian€State.Ð ±Œ Ðâ âÌ31.à è àThe€national€liberation€war€waged€by€the€Ukrainian€people€in€the€mid„17thÐ =  Ðcentury€under€the€leadership€of€Bogdan€Khmelnitsky€restored€Ukraine€toÐ  Þ Ðindependence.€Military€and€political€successes€facilitated€the€rebirth€ofÐ É ¤ Ðancient€Ukrainian€laws€and€the€development€of€new€laws.Ð  j ÐÌ32.à è àAs€a€result€of€the€anti„Ukrainian€policies€of€Russian€Tsarism,€UkrainianÐ  ö  Ðstatehood€was€again€abolished€at€the€end€of€the€18th€century€and€until€1917€theÐ á ¼  ÐUkrainians€remained€under€the€yoke€of€foreign€empires,€those€of€Russia€and€ofÐ §‚  ÐAustro„Hungary.Ð mH  ÐÌ33.à è àAfter€the€fall€of€autocracy€in€Russia€a€new€attempt€was€made€to€restoreÐ ùÔ  Ðthe€Ukrainian€State.€A€Ukrainian€People's€Republic€was€proclaimed€on€20€NovemberÐ ¿š  Ð1917.€Domestic€problems€and€the€aggressive€policies€of€Ukraine's€neighbours€ledÐ …`  Ðto€loss€of€statehood€in€1920.Ð K&  ÐÌ34.à è àòò1920„1990óó:€The€principal€stages€of€this€period€were€the€victory€won€in€theРײ ÐSecond€World€War,€the€"thaw"€of€the€Khrushchev€era,€the€"period€of€stagnation"Ð x Ðunder€Brezhnev,€the€indecisiveness€of€Gorbachev's€perestroika€and€the€collapseÐ c> Ðof€totalitarianism.€This€period€was€accompanied€by€the€enforced€Russification€ofÐ ) Ðthe€whole€of€Ukraine's€political€and€public€life.Ð ïÊ ÐÌ35.à è àThe€State€Independence€Act€adopted€by€the€Supreme€Council€of€Ukraine€onÐ {V Ð24August€1991€and€confirmed€by€a€national€referendum€on€1€December€of€the€sameÐ A Ðyear€proclaimed€Ukraine€an€independent€sovereign€State.€This€occurred€as€aÐ â Ðresult€of€the€de€facto€break„up€of€the€USSR€initiated€by€its€constituentРͨ Ðrepublics.Ð “n ÐÌ36.à è àUkraine€is€a€founder€State€of€the€United€Nations€and€has€been€a€fullÐ ú ÐMember€of€the€Organization€from€its€inception.€On€30€January€1992€Ukraine€becameÐ åÀ  Ðan€independent€€full€member€of€the€Conference€on€Security€and€Co„operation€inÐ «†! ÐEurope.€On€26€September€1995€the€Parliament€of€the€Council€of€Europe€votedÐ q L" Ðalmost€unanimously€(with€one€abstention)€to€admit€Ukraine€to€membership€of€theÐ 7!# ÐCouncil€of€Europe.Ð ý!Ø$ ÐÌà@««càB.€€òòState€organization,€political€regime,€form€of€governmentóóˆÐ ‰#d& ÐÌ37.à è àIn€terms€of€its€State€organization€Ukraine€is€a€unitary€State€founded€uponÐ %ð( Ðthe€principles€of€unity,€indivisibility,€inviolability€and€integrity€of€itsÐ Û%¶) Ðnational€territory.Ð ¡&| * ÐÌ38.à è àThe€Autonomous€Republic€of€Crimea€is€an€autonomous€administrative„Ð -(", Ðterritorial€entity€forming€part€of€Ukraine.€It€decides€independently€on€mattersÐ ó(Î"- Ðplaced€within€its€competence€by€the€Constitution€and€the€laws€of€Ukraine.Ð ¹)”#. ÐImplementation€of€the€laws€of€Ukraine€is€mandatory€in€the€territory€of€theÐ *Z$/ ÐAutonomous€Republic€of€Crimea.Ð E+ %0 ÐÌ39.à è àUkraine€is€an€independent€democratic€State€governed€by€the€rule€of€law.€ItÐ Ñ,¬&2 Ðwas€created€on€the€basis€of€the€Ukrainian€people's€exercise€of€its€sovereignÐ —-r'3 Ðright€to€self„determination,€expresses€the€will€of€its€people€and€protects€itsÐ ].8(4 Ðcitizens.Ð #/þ(5 Ї40.à è àIn€Ukraine,€all€power€belongs€to€the€people.€The€people€is€the€only€sourceÐ % Ðof€power,€which€it€exercises€directly€through€referendums€as€well€as€through€aÐ ëÆ Ðsystem€of€State€and€local€self„government€bodies.Ð ±Œ ÐÌ41.à è àAs€to€its€form€of€government,€Ukraine€has€elements€both€of€a€presidentialÐ =  Ðand€of€a€parliamentary€republic€(presidential„parliamentary€republic).Ð  Þ ÐÌ42.à è àOn€8€June€1995€a€Constitutional€Treaty€was€concluded€between€the€SupremeÐ  j ÐCouncil€of€Ukraine€and€the€President€of€Ukraine€on€the€main€principles€of€theÐ U 0 Ðorganization€and€operation€of€State€power€and€local€self„government€in€UkraineÐ  ö  Ðpending€the€adoption€of€a€new€Constitution€of€Ukraine.€The€laws€of€UkraineÐ á ¼  Ðremain€in€operation€in€so€far€as€they€do€not€run€counter€to€the€standards€setÐ §‚  Ðforth€in€the€Constitutional€Treaty.€Article€61€of€the€Treaty€provides€that€a€newÐ mH  ÐConstitution€of€Ukraine€must€be€adopted€not€more€than€one€year€after€the€date€ofÐ 3  Ðsignature€of€the€Constitutional€Treaty.Ð ùÔ  ÐÌÔ&  Ôà@­­)càC.€€òòExecutive€poweróóˆÐ …`  ÐÌ43.à è àThe€Head€of€State€and€Chief€Executive€is€the€President.€The€organs€ofÐ ì  ÐState€executive€power€include€the€Cabinet€of€Ministers€of€Ukraine€and€theÔ'…›iÔРײ Ðministries,€State€committees€and€departments€and€their€local€organs.Ð x ÐÌ44.à è àThe€President€is€elected€for€a€term€of€5€years€by€the€citizens€of€UkraineÐ ) Ðon€the€basis€of€their€universal,€equal€and€direct€electoral€rights.€He€isÐ ïÊ Ðelected€by€secret€ballot€and€may€not€be€elected€for€more€than€two€terms.€As€HeadÐ µ Ðof€Government,€the€President€acts€as€the€guarantor€of€the€rights€and€freedoms€ofÐ {V Ðthe€human€being€and€the€citizen,€the€sovereignty€of€the€State,€the€independence,Ð A Ðinviolability€of€frontiers,€the€national€security€and€territorial€integrity€ofÐ â ÐUkraine,€and€compliance€with€the€Constitution€and€laws€of€Ukraine.€As€ChiefРͨ ÐExecutive,€the€President€heads€the€system€of€organs€of€State€executive€power.€InÐ “n Ðcarrying€out€control€over€the€activities€of€the€organs€of€executive€power,€theÐ Y4 ÐPresident€is€entitled€to€revoke€decisions€and€orders€of€the€Cabinet€of€MinistersÐ ú Ðand€of€organs€of€executive€power€of€the€Autonomous€Republic€of€Crimea,€as€wellÐ åÀ  Ðas€instruments€of€ministries€and€departments€which€run€counter€to€theÐ «†! ÐConstitution€and€laws€of€Ukraine€or€to€decrees€and€orders€of€the€President€ofÐ q L" ÐUkraine.Ð 7!# ÐÌ45.à è àWithin€the€limits€of€his€competence,€the€President€issues€decrees€andÐ Ã"ž% Ðorders€whose€implementation€is€mandatory€in€Ukrainian€€territory€and€providesÐ ‰#d& Ðinterpretations€of€such€decrees€and€orders.€The€powers€of€the€President€areÐ O$*' Ðclearly€regulated€by€the€Constitutional€Treaty€concluded€between€the€PresidentÐ %ð( Ðof€Ukraine€and€the€Supreme€Council.€On€10€July€1994,€Leonid€Danilovich€KuchmaÐ Û%¶) Ðwas€elected€President€of€Ukraine.Ð ¡&| * ÐÌ46.à è àThe€Cabinet€of€Ministers€of€Ukraine€is€subordinated€to€the€President€andÐ -(", Ðis€accountable€to€him.€The€Supreme€Council€of€Ukraine€may€vote€its€non„Ð ó(Î"- Ðconfidence€in€the€whole€of€the€Government€of€Ukraine€or€in€individual€membersÐ ¹)”#. Ðthereof,€and€this€automatically€entails€their€resignation.€Within€a€month€of€theÐ *Z$/ ÐGovernment's€assumption€of€its€duties€or€its€resignation,€the€President€ofÐ E+ %0 ÐUkraine€appoints€a€Prime€Minister€and€forms€a€new€Government€(Cabinet€ofÐ  ,æ%1 ÐMinisters).€In€1995,€Yevgeniy€Kirillovich€Marchuk€was€appointed€Prime€MinisterÐ Ñ,¬&2 Ðof€Ukraine.Ð —-r'3 Ðâ âÐ ].8(4 ÐÔ&  Ôâ âà@II(càD.€€òòLegislative€poweróóˆÐ % Ðâ âÌ47.à è àThe€Supreme€Council€of€Ukraine€is€the€sole€organ€of€legislative€power€inÐ ±Œ ÐUkraine.€It€is€composed€of€450€people's€deputies€elected€for€four€years€on€theÔ'%XuÔÐ wR Ðbasis€of€universal,€direct€and€equal€electoral€rights€by€secret€ballot€inÐ =  Ðelectoral€districts€having€an€approximately€equal€number€of€voters.Ð  Þ ÐÌ48.à è àThe€Supreme€Council€of€Ukraine€considers€and€decides€upon€matters€which,Ð  j Ðin€accordance€with€the€rules€in€force€of€the€Constitution€of€the€Ukraine€and€theÐ U 0 ÐConstitutional€Treaty,€do€not€fall€within€the€competence€of€organs€of€StateÐ  ö  Ðexecutive€or€judicial€power,€representative€organs€or€organs€of€local€self„Ð á ¼  Ðgovernment€and€are€not€matters€that€must€be€settled€exclusively€by€popularÐ §‚  Ðreferendum.€The€Supreme€Council€of€Ukraine€cannot€delegate€its€powers€to€otherÐ mH  Ðorgans€except€in€cases€provided€for€by€the€Constitution€of€Ukraine€and€theÐ 3  ÐConstitutional€Treaty.Ð ùÔ  ÐÌ49.à è àThe€Supreme€Council€of€Ukraine€adopts€the€Constitution€of€Ukraine,€theÐ …`  Ðlaws€of€Ukraine,€codes€and€other€codified€instruments,€makes€amendments€andÐ K&  Ðadditions€thereto,€provides€official€interpretations€thereof€and€adoptsÐ ì  Ðdecisions€in€matters€of€administrative€and€territorial€organization€of€Ukraine;Рײ Ðit€names€or€renames€inhabited€localities€in€Ukrainian€territory€and€determinesÐ x Ðthe€legal€regime€governing€the€State€borders.Ð c> ÐÌÔ&  Ôà@ßß)càE.€€òòJudicial€poweróóˆÐ ïÊ ÐÌ50.€After€the€proclamation€of€independence€a€judicial€reform€designed€toÐ {V Ðestablish€an€independent€judiciary€was€initiated€in€Ukraine.€In€April€1992€theÔ'ïc|ÔÐ A ÐSupreme€Council€adopted€a€"Concept€of€judicial„legal€reform€in€Ukraine"€whichÐ â Ðprovides€for€a€set€of€essential€measures€of€an€organizational€and€legislativeРͨ Ðnature.Ð “n ÐÌ51.à è àJudicial€power€in€Ukraine€is€exercised€exclusively€by€the€courts.€TheÐ ú Ðjudicial€system€of€Ukraine€is€formed€of€the€Constitutional€Court€of€Ukraine,Ð åÀ  Ðarbitration€tribunals€and€general€courts.€By€virtue€of€article€40€of€theÐ «†! ÐConstitutional€Treaty,€judges€are€inviolable,€independent€and€subordinate€onlyÐ q L" Ðto€the€law.€Judicial€supervision€of€the€legality€of€decisions€of€general€courtsÐ 7!# Ðand€arbitration€tribunals€is€exercised,€respectively,€by€the€Supreme€Court€ofÐ ý!Ø$ ÐUkraine€and€the€Supreme€Arbitration€Tribunal€of€Ukraine.Ð Ã"ž% ÐÌ52.à è àIn€accordance€with€the€Constitution€in€force,€the€general€courts€ofÐ O$*' ÐUkraine€are€the€following:€the€Supreme€Court€of€Ukraine,€the€Supreme€Court€ofÐ %ð( Ðthe€Republic€of€Crimea,€regional€courts€and€the€city€courts€of€Kiev€andÐ Û%¶) ÐSebastopol€assimilated€thereto,€city,€interregional,€òòokrugóó€(inter„district)€andÐ ¡&| * Ðdistrict€(city)€courts,€and€military€courts.€Ð g'B!+ ÐÌ53.à è àGeneral€courts€administer€the€law€through€court€proceedings€in€civil,Ð ó(Î"- Ðcriminal€and€administrative€cases.€Appeals€against€court€decisions€may€be€lodgedÐ ¹)”#. Ðwith€the€Court€of€Cassation€by€the€parties€and€other€persons€involved€in€theÐ *Z$/ Ðcase.€Court€decisions€which€have€entered€into€legal€force€may€be€reviewed€by€wayÐ E+ %0 Ðof€judicial€supervision€or€in€the€light€of€newly€revealed€circumstances.Ð  ,æ%1 ÐÌ54.à è àThe€system€of€arbitration€tribunals€is€as€follows:€Supreme€ArbitrationÐ —-r'3 ÐCourt€of€Ukraine,€Arbitration€Tribunal€of€the€Republic€of€Crimea,€regionalÐ ].8(4 Ðarbitration€tribunals,€and€arbitration€tribunals€of€the€cities€of€Kiev€andÐ #/þ(5 ÐSebastopol.€Arbitration€tribunals€administer€the€law€in€matters€pertaining€toÐ % Ðeconomic€relations.Ð ëÆ ÐÌ55.à è àThe€Constitutional€Court€is€a€collegiate€body.€The€Chairman€of€theÐ wR ÐConstitutional€Court€is€appointed€by€the€Supreme€Council€pursuant€to€a€jointÐ =  Ðsubmission€of€the€Chairman€of€the€Supreme€Court€and€the€President€of€Ukraine.Ð  Þ ÐThe€Supreme€Council€appoints€one„half€of€the€judges€of€the€Constitutional€CourtÐ É ¤ Ð(the€other€half€is€appointed€by€the€President)€and€takes€the€oath€ofÐ  j ÐConstitutional€Court€judges.Ð U 0 ÐÌ56.à è àThe€Constitutional€Court€of€Ukraine€considers€and€rules€upon€casesÐ á ¼  Ðrelating€to€the€compatibility€with€the€Constitution€of€laws€of€Ukraine,€otherÐ §‚  Ðinstruments€adopted€by€the€Supreme€Council,€decrees€and€decisions€of€theÐ mH  ÐPresident,€decisions€and€orders€of€the€Cabinet€of€Ministers,€ministries€andÐ 3  Ðdepartments;€breaches€of€power€by€organs€and€officials€of€legislative€andÐ ùÔ  Ðexecutive€power;€and€incompatibility€with€the€Constitution€and€internationalÐ ¿š  Ðinstruments€recognized€by€Ukraine€of€any€law€or€other€instrument€that€violatesÐ …`  Ðhuman€rights€and€freedoms.€The€decisions€and€conclusions€of€the€ConstitutionalÐ K&  ÐCourt€are€final€and€must€be€unconditionally€complied€with€by€all€State€organs,Ð ì  Ðofficials,€citizens'€associations€and€individual€citizens.€(The€ConstitutionalРײ ÐCourt€has€not€yet€been€formed.)Ð x ÐÌÔ&  Ôà@càIII.€€GENERAL€LEGAL€SYSTEM€ENSURING€THE€PROTECTION€OF€HUMAN€RIGHTSˆÐ ) ÐÌ57.à è àòòLaw€enforcement€organsóó.€The€activities€of€law€enforcement€organs€are€basedÐ µ Ðon€unconditional€compliance€with€Ukraine€laws€and€with€international€agreements,Ô')–ŒÔÐ {V Ðtaking€into€account€the€rights,€freedoms€and€lawful€interests€of€citizens.€LawÐ A Ðenforcement€activities€in€Ukraine€are€exercised€by€special€organs€which€include,Ð â Ðfirst€and€foremost,€the€following:€the€prosecutor's€office,€the€Ministry€ofРͨ ÐInternal€Affairs€with€its€system€of€organs,€the€Security€Service€of€Ukraine,€theÐ “n ÐMinistry€of€Justice,€and€the€legal€profession.Ð Y4 ÐÌ58.à è àòòThe€network€of€organs€of€the€prosecutor's€officeóó€of€Ukraine€comprises€theÐ åÀ  ÐGeneral€Prosecutor's€Office€of€Ukraine,€the€Prosecutor's€Office€of€the€RepublicÐ «†! Ðof€Crimea,€the€prosecutor's€offices€of€the€regions€and€districts€(cities),€andÐ q L" Ðspecialized€military,€transport€and€ecological€prosecutor's€offices.€InÐ 7!# Ðaccordance€with€the€Ukraine€Prosecutor's€Office€Act,Ð ý!Ø$ Ðthe€main€task€of€the€prosecutor's€office€is€to€exercise€€supervision€overÐ Ã"ž% Ðcompliance€with€and€application€of€the€law.Ð ‰#d& ÐÌ59.à è àòòThe€Ministry€of€Internal€Affairsóó€coordinates€and€ensures€the€applicationÐ %ð( Ðof€State€policies€relating€to€the€preservation€and€protection€of€the€rights€andÐ Û%¶) Ðfreedoms€of€citizens€and€of€State€and€public€interests€from€unlawfulÐ ¡&| * Ðencroachments€upon€them.Ð g'B!+ ÐÌ60.à è àòòThe€Ministry€of€Justiceóó€prepares€draft€legislation€and€amendments€andÐ ó(Î"- Ðadditions€thereto,€ensures€the€organization€of€judicial€activities€andÐ ¹)”#. Ðcoordinates€activities€relating€to€the€provision€of€legal€assistance€to€theÐ *Z$/ Ðpopulation.Ð E+ %0 ÐÌ61.à è àòòThe€task€of€the€Security€Service€of€Ukraineóó€is€to€protect€the€independenceÐ Ñ,¬&2 Ðof€Ukraine€and€its€constitutional€structure,€territorial€integrity€and€defenceÐ —-r'3 Ðcapacity€against€intelligence€and€sabotage€activities€by€foreign€States.€Ð ].8(4 ÐÐ #/þ(5 Ð62.à è àòòThe€legal€professionóó€is€a€public€voluntary€professional€association€calledÐ % Ðupon€by€virtue€of€the€Constitution€to€assist€in€the€protection€of€the€rights€andÐ ëÆ Ðfreedoms€of€Ukrainian€citizens,€foreign€citizens€and€stateless€persons,€toÐ ±Œ Ðrepresent€their€lawful€interests€and€to€provide€them€with€other€legalÐ wR Ðassistance.€According€to€the€Constitution€and€to€the€Legal€Profession€ActÐ =  Ðadopted€on€19€December€1992,€the€task€of€the€legal€profession€is€to€assist€inÐ  Þ Ðthe€protection€of€the€rights,€freedoms€and€legal€interests€of€citizens.Ð É ¤ ÐÌ63.à è àAn€individual€who€considers€that€one€of€his€rights€has€been€violated€isÐ U 0 Ðentitled€to€legal€assistance€by€a€qualified€defence€counsel.€In€cases€providedÐ  ö  Ðfor€by€law,€the€participation€of€defence€counsel€in€the€case€is€mandatory€and€isÐ á ¼  Ðfinanced€by€the€State.€In€criminal€proceedings,€defence€counsel€participates€inÐ §‚  Ðthe€case€from€the€moment€that€the€individual€is€charged€or€arrested€or€takenÐ mH  Ðinto€custody€as€a€law€enforcement€measure,€but€in€any€case€not€later€thanÐ 3  Ð24hours€from€the€moment€of€arrest.€Defence€counsel€is€entitled€to€meet€theÐ ùÔ  Ðsuspected€or€accused€individual€even€before€the€first€interrogation.Ð ¿š  ÐÌ64.à è àBy€virtue€of€article€37€of€the€Constitution€of€Ukraine,€citizens€ofÐ K&  ÐUkraine€enjoy€the€full€range€of€social,€economic,€political€and€personal€rightsÐ ì  Ðand€freedoms€proclaimed€and€guaranteed€by€the€Constitution€and€laws€of€Ukraine.Рײ ÐThe€exercise€by€citizens€of€their€rights€and€freedoms€may€not€infringe€publicÐ x Ðand€State€interests€or€the€rights€of€other€individuals.Ð c> ÐÌ65.à è àAny€individual€present€in€the€territory€of€Ukraine€is€entitled€to€applyÐ ïÊ Ðfor€judicial,€administrative€or€other€non„judiciary€protection€of€his€or€herÐ µ Ðrights€using€all€means€not€prohibited€by€law.€A€trend€is€to€be€noted€towardsÐ {V Ðmore€widespread€use€of€judiciary€proceedings€in€the€protection€of€citizens'Ð A Ðrights€and€freedoms€and€a€more€limited€recourse€to€administrative€discretion.€Ð â ÐÌ66.à è àJustice€is€administered€in€Ukraine€in€accordance€with€the€principles€setÐ “n Ðforth€in€the€Constitution€of€Ukraine.€The€most€important€of€these€principlesÐ Y4 Ðare:Ð ú ÐÌà è à„à0  àcitizens€are€equal€before€the€law€and€the€courts;Ы†!## ÐÌ€à è à„à0  àcitizens€have€the€right€to€be€defended€in€court;Ð7!### ÐÌà è à„à0  àno€one€may€be€found€guilty€of€the€commission€of€a€crime€or€punishedÐ Ã"ž% Ðotherwise€than€by€a€sentence€of€the€court€and€in€accordance€with€theÐ ‰#d& Ðlaw;ÐO$*'## ÐÌà è à„à0  àjudges€enjoy€independence,€irremovability€from€office€andÐ Û%¶) Ðinviolability€of€status€;€Ð¡&| *## ÐÌà è à„à0  àproper€conditions€for€the€work€of€courts€and€judges€are€guaranteed€byÐ -(", Ðthe€State;Ðó(Î"-## ÐÌà è à„à0  àthe€status€of€judges€is€incompatible€with€€membership€in€politicalÐ *Z$/ Ðparties€or€movements,€participation€in€political€activities,Ð E+ %0 Ðperformance€of€remunerated€work€or€possession€of€a€representationÐ  ,æ%1 Ðmandate€of€any€kind;ÐÑ,¬&2## ÐÌà è à„à0  àpublic€and€open€consideration€of€cases€in€all€courts;Ð].8(4## ÐÐ #/þ(5 Ðà è à„à0  àjustice€is€administered€on€the€basis€of€contestation€and€equality€ofÐ % Ðrights€as€between€the€parties;ÐëÆ## ÐÌà è à„à0  àall€†courts€are€established€on€the€basis€of€contestation€and€theÐ wR Ðparticipation€of€people's€assessors€(juries);Ð= ## ÐÌà è à„à0  àany€material€or€moral€damages€arising€as€a€result€of€judicial€errorÐ É ¤ Ðor€of€unlawful€actions€by€organs€of€the€courts,€the€prosecutor'sÐ  j Ðoffice€or€the€investigation€and€inquiry€services€are€restituted€atÐ U 0 Ðthe€expense€of€the€State.Ð ö ## ÐÌ67.à è àArticle€248„1€of€the€Civil€Procedural€Code€of€Ukraine€provides€that€aÐ §‚  Ðcitizen€has€the€right€to€apply€to€the€courts€with€a€complaint€if€he€considersÐ mH  Ðthat€his€rights€have€been€infringed€by€the€actions€of€an€official.Ð 3  ÐÌ68.à è àActions€committed€by€officials€exceeding€their€authority€in€violation€ofÐ ¿š  Ðthe€law€include€those€as€a€result€of€which:Ð …`  ÐÌà è à„à0  àa€citizen€is€unlawfully€deprived€of€the€possibility€fully€orÐ ì  Ðpartially€to€exercise€a€right€enjoyed€by€virtue€of€the€law€or€ofРײ Ðother€normative€instruments;€€Ðx## ÐÌà è à„à0  àan€obligation€is€unlawfully€imposed€upon€a€citizen€(article€248„2€ofÐ ) Ðthe€Civil€Procedural€Code€of€Ukraine).ÐïÊ## ÐÌ69.à è àCivil€proceedings€before€the€courts€in€cases€of€a€civil€action€commenceÐ {V Ðwith€the€bringing€of€the€action;€in€cases€relating€to€administrative€law€and€inÐ A Ðindividual€cases,€they€commence€with€the€submission€of€a€complaint€orÐ â Ðapplication.Рͨ ÐÌ70.à è àUnder€the€laws€of€criminal€procedure€of€Ukraine,€the€participants€in€theÐ Y4 Ðtrial,€and€in€particular€the€accused,€defendant€or€suspect,€defence€counsel,Ð ú Ðvictim,€civil€claimant€or€civil€respondent€have€the€right€to€submit€complaintsÐ åÀ  Ðrelating€to€actions€or€decisions€of€the€person€conducting€the€inquiry,€theÐ «†! Ðinvestigator,€prosecutor€or€judge€or€the€court.Ð q L" ÐÌ71.à è àBy€virtue€of€the€Ukraine€Act€"On€procedure€for€the€restitution€of€damageÐ ý!Ø$ Ðcaused€to€a€citizen€by€unlawful€actions€of€organs€of€inquiry,€preliminaryÐ Ã"ž% Ðinvestigation,€prosecutor's€office€or€court",€citizens€of€Ukraine€are€entitledÐ ‰#d& Ðto€restitution€of€damages€arising€from:Ð O$*' ÐÌà è à(1)à0  àunlawful€conviction,€unlawful€bringing€to€trial€as€an€accused,€beingÐ Û%¶) Ðunlawfully€taken€into€custody€or€kept€in€custody,€unlawful€search€orÐ ¡&| * Ðconfiscation€in€the€course€of€investigation€or€court€examination€of€aÐ g'B!+ Ðcriminal€case,€unlawful€seizure€of€property,€unlawful€removal€fromÐ -(", Ðwork€(office),€or€other€procedural€actions€which€restrict€the€rightsÐ ó(Î"- Ðof€citizens;й)”#.## ÐÌ€à è à(2)à0  àunlawful€application€of€administrative€arrest€or€corrective€labour;Ð E+ %0 Ðunlawful€confiscation€of€property,€unlawful€imposition€of€a€fine;Ð ,æ%1## ÐÌà è à(3)à0  àunlawful€application€of€operational€investigation€measures.З-r'3## Ðâ âÐ ].8(4 ÐThe€damage€caused€is€restituted€in€full€irrespective€of€the€degree€of€guilt€ofÐ % Ðâ âofficials€or€organs€of€inquiry,€preliminary€investigation,€prosecutor's€officeÐ ëÆ Ðor€court.€In€the€cases€listed€above,€restitution€is€made€to€the€citizen€for:Ð ±Œ ÐÌà è à„à0  àearnings€and€other€financial€revenues€forfeited€by€him€or€her€as€aÐ =  Ðresult€of€unlawful€actions;Ð Þ## ÐÌ€à è à„à0  àproperty€(including€moneys,€financial€contributions,€etc.)Ð  j Ðconfiscated€or€converted€into€State€revenue€by€the€court,€confiscatedÐ U 0 Ðby€organs€of€inquiry€or€preliminary€investigation€or€organsÐ  ö  Ðconducting€operational€investigation€activities,€as€well€as€propertyÐ á ¼  Ðwhich€has€been€seized;€€€Ð§‚ ## ÐÌà è à„à0  àfines€imposed€in€execution€of€a€court€sentence,€judicial€costs€andÐ 3  Ðother€costs€paid€by€the€citizen;ÐùÔ ## ÐÌà è à„à0  àmoral€damages.Ð…` ## ÐÌAs€to€rehabilitation,€the€person€concerned€must€apply€to€organs€of€theÐ ì  Ðprosecutor's€office€or€to€the€courts€responsible€for€the€last€judicial€decisionРײ Ðtaken.€In€the€event€of€disagreement€with€the€finding€(decision)€of€the€court,Ð x Ðthe€latter€may€be€appealed€against€to€a€higher€court€of€cassation.Ð c> ÐÌ72.à è àA€new€article€440„1€which€has€been€added€to€the€Civil€Code€provides€forÐ ïÊ Ðrestitution€of€moral€damages€to€a€citizen€or€organization€arising€from€anyÐ µ Ðaction€by€another€person€who€may€have€infringed€their€lawful€rights.€MoralÐ {V Ðdamage€is€restituted€in€the€form€of€money€or€another€material€form€in€accordanceÐ A Ðwith€the€decision€of€the€court€independently€from€restitution€of€materialÐ â Ðdamages.€Judicial€practice€in€such€cases€is€currently€rather€active.Рͨ ÐÌ73.à è àProfessional€legal€guarantees€of€the€right€to€defence€have€also€improvedÐ Y4 Ðsince€independence€as€a€result€of€the€development€of€the€legislative€basis€forÐ ú Ðthe€organization€and€activities€of€the€legal€profession.€The€Ukraine€Act€"On€theÐ åÀ  ÐLegal€Profession"€adopted€in€December€1992€confirmed€the€lawyer's€trulyÐ «†! Ðindependent€status€and€enhanced€his€legal€and€social€prestige.Ð q L" ÐÌ74.à è àIn€deciding€upon€a€case,€the€court€is€guided€in€its€activities€by€theÐ ý!Ø$ Ðappropriate€Codes€and€other€legislative€instruments€of€Ukraine€as€well€as€byÐ Ã"ž% Ðinternational€instruments€of€Ukraine€which€have€been€concluded€and€duly€ratifiedÐ ‰#d& Ðby€the€Supreme€Council€of€Ukraine€and€form€an€integral€part€of€the€nationalÐ O$*' Ðlegislation€of€Ukraine.€If€an€international€treaty€of€Ukraine€stipulates€rulesÐ %ð( Ðdifferent€from€those€provided€by€Ukrainian€legislation,€the€rules€provided€inÐ Û%¶) Ðthe€international€treaty€of€Ukraine€shall€apply€(article€17€of€Ukraine€Act€"OnÐ ¡&| * ÐInternational€Treaties€of€Ukraine").Ð g'B!+ ÐÌ75.à è àIn€cases€where€the€implementation€of€international€treaties€of€UkraineÐ ó(Î"- Ðrequires€the€adoption€of€a€Ukraine€Act,€a€decision€of€the€Supreme€Council€ofÐ ¹)”#. ÐUkraine,€a€Decree€of€the€President€of€Ukraine€or€decisions€of€the€Government€ofÐ *Z$/ ÐUkraine,€the€ministries€concerned,€other€central€organs€of€State€executive€powerÐ E+ %0 Ðof€Ukraine€or€the€Government€of€the€Autonomous€Republic€of€Crimea€shall,€byÐ  ,æ%1 Ðagreement€with€the€Ministry€of€Justice€of€Ukraine€and€in€accordance€withÐ Ñ,¬&2 Ðestablished€procedure,€submit€proposals€for€the€adoption€of€the€appropriateÐ —-r'3 Ðinstrument€(article€18€of€the€Ukraine€Act€"On€International€Treaties€ofÐ ].8(4 ÐUkraine").Ð #/þ(5 Ї76.à è àThe€draft€New€Constitution€provides€for€the€establishment€of€theÐ % Ðinstitution€of€a€Plenipotentiary€Supreme€Court€on€Human€Rights€intended€toÐ ëÆ Ðstrengthen€the€extra„judicial€protection€of€human€rights€in€Ukraine.Ð ±Œ ÐÌ77.à è àWork€is€currently€in€progress€on€a€Decision€setting€up€anÐ =  Ðinterdepartmental€commission€for€human€rights€whose€main€tasks€will€consist€inÐ  Þ Ðcoordinating€the€activities€of€ministries,€departments€and€institutions€inÐ É ¤ Ðmatters€pertaining€to€the€enjoyment€of€human€rights€in€Ukraine,€preparingÐ  j Ðproposals€to€bring€Ukraine€laws€into€line€with€international€standards€andÐ U 0 Ðprinciples€in€the€human€rights€sphere,€coordinating€legal€education€in€the€humanÐ  ö  Ðrights€sphere,€etc.€The€commission€is€to€be€composed€of€representatives€of€StateÐ á ¼  Ðlaw€enforcement€organs€as€well€as€of€various€other€ministries.€The€commission€isÐ §‚  Ðheaded€by€the€Deputy€Prime€Minister€of€Ukraine€responsible€for€humanitarianÐ mH  Ðaffairs.Ð 3  ÐÌà@U U #càIV.€€òòINFORMATION€AND€PROPAGANDAóóˆÐ ¿š  ÐÌ78.à è àThe€Government€of€Ukraine€has€drawn€up€and€is€giving€effect€to€a€NationalÐ K&  ÐProgramme€of€instruction€in€legal€matters€for€students€in€secondary€and€higherÐ ì  Ðeducation.€A€State€programme€for€improving€the€legal€education€of€the€populationРײ Ðof€Ukraine€was€drawn€up€in€1995.€These€programmes€provide€for€the€improvedÐ x Ðdissemination€of€legal€knowledge€among€the€population€as€regards€bothÐ c> Ðinternational€legal€instruments€and€national€laws.Ð ) ÐÌ79.à è àUkraine's€reports€to€bodies€established€in€accordance€with€various€humanÐ µ Ðrights€instruments€of€the€United€Nations€with€a€view€to€monitoring€theÐ {V Ðcompliance€of€States€parties€with€their€treaty€obligations€are€drawn€up€by€theÐ A ÐGovernment€on€the€basis€of€information€and€special€data€supplied€by€theÐ â Ðministries€and€departments€responsible€for€the€implementation€of€specificРͨ Ðobligations€in€the€area€concerned€and€coordinated€by€the€Ministry€of€ForeignÐ “n ÐAffairs€of€Ukraine.€Non„governmental€and€public€organizations€also€participateÐ Y4 Ðin€the€preparation€of€the€reports.Ð ú ÐÌ80.à è àWith€a€view€to€making€the€population€widely€acquainted€with€the€mainÐ «†! Ðinternational€documents€in€the€human€rights€sphere,€the€texts€of€those€documentsÐ q L" Ðare€reproduced€in€various€publications,€newspapers€and€journals.€SeveralÐ 7!# Ðcompendiums€of€international€legal€instruments€translated€into€the€UkrainianÐ ý!Ø$ Ðlanguage€have€been€published.Ð Ã"ž% ÐÌ81.à è àThe€mass€information€media,€radio€and€television€play€an€important€role€inÐ O$*' Ðdisseminating€information.Ð %ð( ÐÌÌà@ÓÓ.cà„„„„„„„„