WPCa o}~@eSmʉVJ'+1zfJC5W#hc~A~sQ4`(`vnC e싍hrYq3'G;=&ٓ.>r :2ӥ;zҋX.ê.z4k^C`ͽcODblX}Óu_i\߽ I+5C+S^7eGh EK;(!mu٠,b[ľL6pY(/ݷ#|闋d8Whf]Y YxM@JۛeM|"6?f@Rn_ oWOV>́{sjxWSSZH7%U:n@ %E  0 0C9 D+| AM F 0:UFo7@qUFj 0Nj 0o 0%& 0%Kp 0 B#9(N"^ $w044H mJ<6X9`("Courier 12cpi<6X9`("Courier 12cpid6X@8;@-A.UniversBoldScalable}p?7-A.UniversBoldScalablep?7,A.UniversBoldScalable  p?7 '   9617028 2 ,HRI/CORE/1/Add.740Luu .20   Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(2$ !UKUS.,  TRX<6&X3' Letter 6&A43'T>>>  33+B.++b >uQ!XB  ($     'dxd A<< c <  "UKUS.,>>>  33B.++b >uQ!XB  _> n_HRI_(2$ !UKUS.,  TRX<6&X3' Letter 6&A43'T>>>  33+B.++b >uQ!XB  -A.UniversBoldScalableWPC  9513 ,, !y}vH794?7463 52 51 40403/2/2.1.1- 0-0-0,/,/+?. . .  -  -  - ? ,  ,  ,  +  +? ? +  +  ?*  *  *  )  ?)  ) ?  )  ? )( ( ( ?( ' ?' ' ?' 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(UKUS.,>>>  33+B.++b >uQ!XB  ! ++P++7!   P HRI/CORE/1/Add.74     P page  3    (2$ !UKUS.,  TRX<6&X3' Letter 6&A43'T>>>  33+B.++b >uQ!XB   ` 'UKUS.,>>>  33+B.++b >uQ!XB  ! ++P++7!HRI/CORE/1/Add.74  page  3    (2$ !UKUS.,  TRX<6&X3' Letter 6&A43'T>>>  33+B.++b >uQ!XB  (!2$ !UKUS.,  TRX<6&X3' Letter 6&A43'T>>>  33+B.++b >uQ!XB  33333JX>+Ҁ  0  /(!2$ !UKUS.,  TRX<6&X3' Letter 6&A43'T>>>  33+B.++b >uQ!XB  33333JX>+Ҁ  0  /#|d (t$UKUS.,  TRX<6&X3' Letter 6&A43'T>>>  33+B.++b >uQ!XB dHP LaserJet 4P,,,,,,0!}. Jc.SHAREU !UKUS.,  TRX<6&X3' Letter 6&A43'T>>>  33+B.++b >uQ!XB  _  R?+?'F dEF ??'QG dEQG ?_ ]MIz|_ p @X@E_X__"> a" UNITED R NATIONS  _OKz|2n ` @X@E?2nJ?2n ]MIz|   p @X@E        a>  ! ??++7! E +?X]r    Distr. !S     GENERAL  B      _HRI_/CORE/1/Add.74       1July1996            ENGLISH       Original:SPANISH  @  COREDOCUMENTFORMINGPARTOFTHEREPORTSOFSTATESPARTIES U @0ARGENTINA 3e O$[22May1996] C @0CONTENTS  $ ++%"??$ % Paragraphs " Page  0++ ?#++%0I.  LANDANDPEOPLEI._ _ "  118""Y?#2    A.  PeopleI.k k   17""Y?#2 x!   B.  DemographicdataI.SS'  811""Y?#3 V!!#   C.  _Socio_ԄeconomicindicatorsI.0  1218""Y?#4 4#f#% II.  GENERALPOLITICALSTRUCTUREI..  1938""Y?#5 %D%'   A.  TherepublicanformofgovernmentI.8  1923""Y?#5 &"')   B.  TheFederalGovernmentI..  2438""Y?#6 ()+ III.  GENERALFRAMEWORKWITHINWHICHHUMANRIGHTS **-   AREPROTECTEDI.   3979""Y?#9 ++.   A.  LegalframeworkI.&  3945""Y?#9 y--0   B.  CompetentauthoritiesI.GG,  4661w"w"X?#10 W//2  F0x03 _  C.  RemediesI.3 3   6279w"w"X?#14 R IV.  INFORMATIONANDPUBLICITYI.GG,  8084w"w"X?#18 0 ..+GE.9617028(E) .+   /, R}Q.++b >uQ!++ ?#Q@+I.LANDANDPEOPLE F @/A.People $ 1. b Accordingtothemostrecentnationalcensusheldin1991,thepopulation   ofArgentinawas32,615,528.TheNationalStatisticsandCensusInstitute   (INDEC)estimatesthatthecurrentpopulation(October1995)is34,586,635.   Itisprojectedthatthepopulationwillbe37millionbytheyear2000,   and41millionbytheyear2010.  x 2. b Womenoutnumbermenandrepresent50.91percentofthepopulation.The V  proportionofchildrenundertheageof15is28.72percent;personsover65 E  accountfor11.32percent.Themedianageofthepopulationwas27.2years z4  in1990andisprojectedtobe27.8yearsbytheyear2000. i#  3. b Theurbanpopulation,urbanareasbeingdefinedasthosewith2,000 G inhabitantsormore,represented88percentofthetotalin1995andis 6 expectedtoreach91percentbytheyear2010.Argentinaiscurrentlythe % thirdmosturbanizedcountryinLatinAmerica,afterVenezuelaandUruguay.  Theurbanizationprocesshasbeencharacterizedbyastrongconcentrationof  populationintheBuenosAiresMetropolitanArea(AMBA),whichhasbegunto  deceleratesincethemiddleofthecentury:in1947,47.6percentofthe  urbanpopulationlivedintheAMBA,butby1991thatproportionhadfallen  to39.7percent. y 4. b SpanishistheofficiallanguageofArgentina.Inaddition,various W otherlanguagesareusedbyindigenouscommunities. F 5. b Withoutprejudicetotherecognitionoffreedomofworshipinthefirst j$ ArgentineConstitution,thatof1853,itcanbesaidthatArgentinais Y  basicallyaCatholiccountryowingtoitshistoricalandculturaltraditions. H! Article2ofthecurrentConstitutionaccordinglystatesthat"theNational 7" GovernmentsupportstheApostolicRomanCatholicfaith",referringtothe &#  financialsupportgiventotheinstitutionsoftheApostolicRomanCatholic $! Church. %" Ѐ % # 6. b TheDepartmentofWorship,whichformspartoftheMinistryofForeign &!$ Affairs,InternationalTradeandWorship,keepsaNationalRegistryof '"% religions,whichliststhereligiousentitlesororganizationsthatare (z#& allowedtoengageinactivitieswithinthenationalterritory.Thefollowing )i$' provisionalclassificationhasbeenusedforthemainreligiousgroupswhich *X%( existinArgentina: +G&)   |,6'*  b (a) EasternOrthodoxChurches(ArmenianApostolicChurchandOrthodox F  SyrianChurchofAntioch)andOrthodoxChurches(ChurchesofthePatriarchates 5 ofConstantinople,AntiochandMoscow;RussianOrthodoxChurchOutsideRussia; $ ChurchesofSerbiaandRomania);   b (b) Reformedchurchesandchurchcommunities:Anglican;Lutheran;   Calvinist(Reformed,PresbyterianandWaldensian);Revivalists;Baptists,   manyofwhosecommunitiesaregroupedtogetherintheBaptistEvangelical   Convention;Methodists(mennonites);FreeEvangelicalChurches(biblical   x fundamentalism);FreeChurches(SalvationArmy,ChurchoftheBrethren, F ChurchofChrist)andPentecostalists(AssembliesofGod,BiblicalAssemblies, 5 FoursquareGospelChurch,ArgentinePentecostalEvangelicalChurch,the $ ChurchofGod,etc.,manyofwhichbelongtothePentecostalEvangelical  Confederation;   Ѐ b (c) ParaChristianchurchesorcommunities:ChristianScientists,the   ChurchofJesusChristofLatterDaySaints(Mormons)andJehovah'sWitnesses;    b (d) Variousformsofjudaism:Orthodox,Conservative,Reformed  x (includingShubaIsrael,JewishCongregationofArgentina,Congregation  g  Emanu-El,CongregationBethEl,SephardicJewishAssociationTempleofPeace, V  andJewishassociationsintheinterior.ManyofthembelongtotheArgentine E  JewishMutualAssociation; z4  Ѐ b (e) IslamicCommunities,associatedwiththeIslamicCentre; X   b (f) Buddhistgroups; 6  b (g) Asiansyncretistmovements(includingBaha'is,WorldUnification  ChurchorChurchoftheReverendMoon,Messianic)orAfroBraziliansyncretist  movements(Umbandas);   b (h) Spiritualistreligions;   b (i) Others,includingRosacruciansandTheosophists. h 7. b Manyofthereligiousgroupslistedin(b)abovebelongtosuch F organizations,federationsorconfederationsastheConsultativeCouncilof {5 Churches,theArgentineFederationofEvangelicalChurches,theChristian j$ AllianceofEvangelicalChurchesofArgentinaandtheLatinAmerican Y  EvangelicalConfederation.Attheinternationallevel,mostoftheOrthodox H! andEasternChurchesandmanyoftheReformedChurchesaremembersofthe 7" WorldCouncilofChurches.Therearebilateralcommissionsfordialogue &#  betweentheOrthodoxandEasternChurchesandthoseaffiliatedwiththemain $! ProtestantdenominationsandtheCatholicChurch. %" @*B.Demographicdata &!$ 8. b Accordingto1991data,lifeexpectancyinArgentinawas71.93years. (z#& Womenusuallylivelongerthanmen,withalifeexpectancyof75.59yearsas )i$' opposedto68.44formen.Thisgapincreaseduntil1985,followingwhichit *X%( hasstabilizedataboutsevenyears. +G&)   |,6'* 9. b ThetotalfertilityrateinArgentina,accordingtothe1991national F  populationandhousingcensus,was2.85childrenpermother.Argentinewomen 5 haveanaverageof1.75birthsduringtheirchild-bearingyears,buttherate $ isgreaterinruralareas,withanaverageof2.40births,thaninurban  areas,wherethefigureis1.67births.   10. b Thecrudedeathratein1993was7.9per1,000,thesameasin1992.   Theinfantmortalityratewas22.9per1,000livebirths.Thematernal    mortalityratefor1992was4.8per10,000livebirths.Mostdeathsoccurred F inwomenaged35orover(rateabove10,reaching12.1per10,000inthe 5 40to44agegroup),butwerealsohighinwomenunder15(9.3per10,000live $ births).  11. b Accordingtothe1991census,therewere8,515,441householdsin   Argentina,withanaverage3.6personsperhousehold.About81.5percentof   thesewerefamilies.Theproportionofwomenheadsofhouseholdswas   22.3percentincreasingtoabout32percentintheFederalCapital.Some  x 13.3percentofhouseholdsconsistedofoneperson;ofthese,55percent  g  werewomenlivingalone,mostofthemovertheageof65. V  @&C.Socio-economicindicators z4  12. b Accordingtoprovisionalfindingsofthecontinuinghouseholdsurvey X  carriedoutbytheNationalStatisticsandCensusInstituteinOctober1995, G theoverallunemploymentratewas17.4percent,whichrepresentsadecline 6 fromtherecordMay1995figureof20.2percent. % 13. b Theactivityrategrewagainfrom43.1percentinOctober1994  to44.2percentinOctober1995,butthedecreasingdemandforlabourled  toanincreaseintheunemploymentrate.Thereduceddemandwasreflected  inadecliningemploymentrate(shareofemployedpersonsinthetotal  population),whichdroppedfrom37.4percentinOctober1994to y 36.5percent,accordingtodatafromthecontinuinghouseholdsurvey h conductedinOctober1995. W 14. b Thefirstsixmonthsof1995showedacumulativeretailinflationrate {5 of1.1percent,whilewholesalepricesgrewbyabout4.4percent.Following j$ a3.2percentincreaseinthegrossdomesticproduct(GDP)duringthe Y  firstquarterof1995overthesameperiodofthepreviousyear,the H! secondquarterwitnessedasharpdeclineinproductionasaresultofthe 7" creditshortageanditseffectsonthepaymentschain.GDPdeclined &#  by3.7percent,accordingtoprovisionalestimates. $! 15. b In1991,accordingtothenationalcensus,19.9percentofthe % # population(1,410,876households)werelivinginhouseholdswheretheirbasic &!$ needswereunmet. '"% 16. b Againaccordingtothe1991census,only4percentofthepopulation )i$' aged15oroverdeclaredthemselvesilliterate,35percentlessthanin1980. *X%( However,intheleastdevelopedprovincestheilliteracyratewas10percent. +G&)  Theproportionofthepopulationaged15oroverwhohadneverattendedschool |,6'* orhadnotcompletedthethirdlevelofprimaryschoolwas12.2percent,but F thatproportionwasthreefourthsintheleastdevelopedprovinces. 5  17. b Ofthetotalpopulationaged15orover,22.9percenthadnotcompleted  primaryschool,while32.3percenthad.12.2percentofthepopulationhad   completedsecondaryschooland18.9percenthadreachedsecondarylevelbut   hadnotcompletedit.Only13.7percenthadattainedthelevelofhigheror   universitystudies,and6.3percenthadcompletedthatlevel.      g  18. b Ofwomenaged15orover,3.8percenthadhadnoeducationwhatsoever. F Only32.1percenthadcompletedprimaryschooland12.8percentsecondary 5 school,only7.1percenthadcompletedtheiruniversityortertiarystudies. $ Womencomprise52.3percentofallstudentsinArgentineuniversities.  @VV$II.GENERALPOLITICALSTRUCTURE   @\ \ "A.Therepublicanformofgovernment   19. b ThepoliticalorganizationofArgentinaisbasedonthefederal  g  republicanrepresentativeformofgovernment,enshrinedintheConstitution V  adoptedatSantaFeon1May1853bytheGeneralConstituentCongressofthe E  ArgentineConfederation.Thattextwasamendedin1860,primarilyto z4  incorporatetheprovinceofBuenosAires,whichhadnotbeenapartofthe i#  ArgentineConfederationin1853.In1949,aConstituentConventionreplaced X  the1853/1860textwithanewone,whichwasinturnannulledbythe G provisionalGovernmentthroughaproclamationof27April1956,restoringthe 6 previoustext.On22August1994,theNationalConstituentConvention % approvedamendmentstotheConstitution,whichcameintoeffecton  24August1994.Thosereformsareforthemostpartconcernedwiththe  organizationalpartoftheConstitution.  20. b TheArgentineRepubliccomprises23provincesandthecityof  BuenosAires,asfollows:BuenosAires,Catamarca,Corrientes,C;rdoba, y Chaco,Chubut,EntreRos,Formosa,Jujuy,LaPampa,LaRioja,Mendoza, h Misiones,Neuqun,RoNegro,Salta,SanJuan,SanLuis,SantaCruz,SantaFe, W SantiagodelEstero,TucumnandTierradelFuego. F 21. b Eachprovinceenactsitsownconstitution,bywhichitmustprovidefor j$ itsownadministrationofjusticeandmunicipalautonomy,andregulatesthe Y  scopeandcontentsoftheinstitutional,political,administrative,economic H! andfinancialsystem.Itelectsitsownauthorities:governor,legislators 7" andotherprovincialofficials.Throughtheirlocalinstitutions,the &#  provincesenacttheirownlegislationandareempoweredtoenterinto $! internationalagreementsaslongastheyarenotincompatiblewithnational %" foreignpolicyanddonotaffecteitherthepowersdelegatedtotheFederal % # GovernmentorthepublicstandingoftheNation.Theymayalsoenterinto &!$ partialtreatiesconcerningtheadministrationofjustice,economicinterests '"% ormutuallybeneficialworks,afternotifyingtheFederalCongress. (z#& 22. b Theprovincesmaynot:enterintopartialtreatiesofapolitical *X%( nature;enactlawsondomesticorforeigntradeornavigation;establish +G&) provincialCustomshouses;coinmoney;establishbanksempoweredtoissue |,6'* banknotes,withouttheauthorizationoftheFederalGovernment;enactcivil, k-%(+ commercial,criminalorminingcodesafterCongresshasapprovedthem;enact F lawsoncitizenshipandnaturalization,bankruptcy,forgeryofStatecurrency 5 ordocuments;imposetonnagedues;commissionwarships;orappointorreceive $ foreignagents.  23. b Theconstitutionallegalsystemcreatedthissystemofgovernmentforthe   ArgentineNation,asfrom1853,basedontheseparationoftheLegislature,   theExecutiveandtheJudiciary.   @'B.TheFederalGovernment  g  @+1.TheLegislature E  24. b UndertheConstitution,theLegislaturecomprisesabicameralcongress: i#  theChamberofDeputiesandtheSenate(art.44).TheChamberofDeputiesis X  composedofrepresentativeselecteddirectlybysimplemajorityvoteofthe G peopleoftheprovincesandthecityofBuenosAires,andofthecapitalin 6 theeventoftransfer.Alloftheseare,forthispurpose,considered % electoraldistrictsofasingleState.Thenumberofrepresentativesisone  forevery33,000inhabitantsoranumbernotlessthan16,500.Aftereach  census,Congressdeterminesrepresentationbasedonthatcensus,withthe  powertoincreasebutnotdecreasethebaseforeachrepresentative(art.45).  Undertherevisedtextof1994,thecityofBuenosAiresacquiredautonomy,  beingempoweredtodesignateitsownrepresentativeseveniftheFederal y Capitalismovedelsewhere.Thedeputiesholdofficeforfouryearsandmay h bere-elected;buthalfofthemembershipoftheSenateisrenewedevery W twoyears(art.50). F 25. b TheConstitutioninforceuntil24August1994providedthattheSenate j$ wascomposedoftwosenatorsforeachprovince,electedbymajorityvoteof Y  theirlegislature,andtwofortheFederalCapital,electedbyanelectoral H! college.TheSenatecurrentlyconsistsofthreesenatorsforeachprovince 7" andthreeforthecityofBuenosAires,electeddirectlyandjointly,with &#  twoseatsgoingtothepoliticalpartythatobtainsthelargestnumberof $! votesandtheresttothepoliticalpartyreceivingthenextlargestnumber. %" Eachsenatorhasonevote(art.54).Atransitionalprovisionstipulatesthat % # thecurrentmembersoftheSenateshallremaininofficeuntiltheendof &!$ theirrespectivemandates. '"% 26. b Asaresultofthereform,senatorsholdofficeforsixyearsandcanbe )i$' re-electedindefinitely,buttheSenatehastorenewitselfbyonethirdof *X%( theelectoraldistrictseverytwoyears(art.56).Untilnow,thetermof +G&) officewasnineyearsandrenewaloccurredeverythreeyears.Atransitional |,6'* provisionstipulatesthat,inthetwomonthspreceding10December2001,all k-%(+ membersoftheSenateshallbeelectedinthemannerindicated,itbeing F decidedbylotteryatameetingatwhichtheyareallpresentwhichofthem 5 shallleaveofficeinthefirstandwhichinthesecondbiennium. $ 27. b Thepreparationandapprovaloflawsisafunctionwhich,throughthe   procedureslaiddownintheConstitution,istheresponsibilityofthe   Legislature.AnotherfunctionofCongressistodeclareastateofsiegein   oneormorepartsofthecountryintheeventofinternaldisturbance,andto   approveorsuspendastateofsiegedeclaredbytheExecutivewhenCongressis  x inrecess.  g  28. b Theconstitutionalreformineffectsince24August1994broughtthe E  OfficeoftheAuditorGeneraloftheNationandtheOmbudsmanintotherealm z4  oftheLegislature.TheOfficeoftheAuditorGeneralisatechnical i#  assistancebodyofCongress,withfunctionalautonomy,establishedtoensure X  externalcontrolofthenationalpublicsectorintheareaofresourcesand G economic,financialandoperationalmatters,asaspecificfunctionofthe 6 Legislature(art.85).TheOfficeoftheOmbudsmanisanindependentbody % institutedwithintheambitofCongress,withfullfunctionalautonomyanda  mandatetodefendandprotecthumanrightsandotherrights,guaranteesand  interestssafeguardedbytheConstitutionandthelaw,withregardto  decisions,actsoromissionsoftheAdministration(art.86).  @DD,2.TheExecutive y 29. b TheNationalExecutivePowerisexercisedbyacitizenwiththetitle W of"PresidentoftheArgentineNation"(art.87).Thereformabolishedthe F requirementthatthatpersonmust"belongtotheApostolicRomanCatholic {5 Church". j$ 30. b InconformitywiththenewConstitution,thePresidentandVice-President H! holdofficeforatermoffouryearsandmaybere-electedorsucceedone 7" anotherforasingleconsecutiveterm.Iftheyhavebeenre-electedorhave &#  succeededoneanother,theymaynotbeelectedtoeitheroftheseoffices $! untilonetermofofficehaselapsed(art.90).Atransitionalprovision %" statesthat,forthepurposesofthatarticle,thetermofthePresident % # holdingofficeatthetimethereformwasapprovedmustbeconsideredasa &!$ firstterm.Priortothereform,thepresidentialtermwassixyears,with '"% thepossibilityofre-electionafteroneinterveningterm.Alsounderthe (z#& reforms,thePresidentleavesofficethedaythefour-yeartermends,and )i$' noeventthatmayhaveinterruptedhistermmaybeconsideredagroundfor *X%( completingitlater(art.91). +G&)   |,6'* 31. b Intheeventofillness,absencefromthecapital,death,resignationor F  removalofthePresidentfromoffice,theexecutivepowerisexercisedbythe 5 Vice-President.Intheeventoftheremoval,death,resignationordisability $ ofthePresidentandtheVice-President,Congressdetermineswhichofficial  shallactasPresidentuntilthedisabilityhasceasedoranewPresidenthas   beenelected(art.88).   32. b TheprocedurefortheelectionofthePresidentandVice-Presidentbyan   electoralcollege(indirectelection)providedforinthe1853Constitution  x waschanged.Thenewtextprovidesthatbotharetobeelecteddirectlyby  g  thepeopleintworounds,thenationalterritorybeingconsideredasasingle V  district(art.94).Theelectiontakesplacewithinthetwomonthspriorto E  theconclusionofthetermoftheservingPresident(art.95).Ifasecond z4  roundofvotingisnecessary,itisheldbetweenthetwoslatesofcandidates i#  receivingthemostvotes,within30daysofthefirstround(art.96).There X  isnosecondroundiftheslatereceivingthemostvotesinthefirstround G obtainsmorethan45percentofthevalidvotes(art.97)orifitreceives 6 atleast40percentofsuchvotesandatleast10percentagepointsmorethan % thevalidvotescastforthesecond-rankingslate(art.98).  33. b ThereformcreatedtheofficeofChiefoftheCabinetofMinisters,who  reportstoCongressandundertakestheoveralladministrationofthecountry  throughtheactsandregulationsnecessaryforthatpurposeandthose  delegatedtohimbythePresident,withtheapprovaloftheSecretary-Minister y oftherelevantdepartment.Hecoordinates,preparesandconvenesmeetingsof h theCabinetofMinisters,presidingovertheminthePresident'sabsence. W HemustattendCongressatleastonceamonth,alternatingbetweenthe F twoChambers,toreportontheprogressofgovernment,andhemayalsobe {5 expresslycalledorsummonedbyanabsolutemajorityvoteofallthemembers j$ ofeitherChamber.OnceCongressisinsession,he,togetherwiththeother Y  Ministers,presentsadetailedreportonthestateoftheNationrelatingto H! theaffairsofthevariousdepartments.Healsoproducesanyoralorwritten 7" reportsandexplanationsthateitherChambermayrequestoftheExecutive, &#  andisentitledtoattendthesessionsofCongressandparticipateinits $! deliberationswithouttherighttovote.Hecountersignsdecreesbywhichthe %" powersdelegatedbyCongressareexercised,subjecttothecontrolofthe % # StandingBicameralCommission.AlongwiththeotherMinisters,healso &!$ countersignsdecreesofnecessityoremergencyanddecreesbywhichlawsare '"% partiallypromulgated,personallysubmittingthem,oncetheyhavebeen (z#& approved,forconsiderationbytheStandingBicameralCommission(arts.100 )i$' and101). *X%( @DD,3.TheJudiciary |,6'*  k-%(+ 34. b JudicialpowerisexercisedbytheSupremeCourtofJusticeandother F lowercourtsestablishedbyCongresswithinthenationalterritory(art.108). 5 InnocircumstancesmaythePresidentexercisejudicialfunctions,assume $ jurisdictionoverpendingcasesorreopencasesthathavebeenclosed  (art.109).   35. b Priortothereforms,judgeswereappointedbytheExecutivewiththe   approvaloftheSenate.Infuture,appointmentswillbebasedonabinding   listofthreecandidatesproposedbytheCounciloftheMagistrature  x (art.114).ThisCouncilwillbereconstitutedperiodicallyinsuchaway  g  astoachievebalancedrepresentationofthepoliticalbodiesresultingfrom V  thepopularelection,judgesfromallthecourts,andlawyersonthefederal E  register,aswellasotherpersonsfromtheacademicandscientificfields, z4  thesizeandstructureoftheCouncilbeingspelledoutinthespeciallaw i#  establishingit. X  36. b ThejudgesoftheSupremeCourtandlowercourtsretaintheirpostsas 6 longastheymaintainagoodstandardofconduct(art.110).Theymaybe % removedfromofficebythedecisionofanimpeachmentjurycomposedof  legislators,magistratesandregisteredlawyers(art.115),ongroundsofpoor  performanceorprofessionalmisconductorforordinaryoffences(art.53).  37. b ItistheresponsibilityoftheSupremeCourtandlowercourtstohear  anddecideallcasesrelatingtomattersgovernedbytheConstitution,the y lawsoftheNationortreatieswithforeignnations;theSupremeCourt h exercisesjurisdictionoverappealsinaccordancewiththerulesand W exceptionsprescribedbyCongress. F 38. b Theforegoingnotwithstanding,theSupremeCourthasprimaryand j$ exclusivecompetencein:casesconcerningambassadors,governmentprocurators Y  andforeignconsuls;casesinvolvingtheadmiraltyandmaritimejurisdiction; H! mattersinwhichtheNationisaparty;andcasesarisingbetweentwoormore 7" provinces,betweenoneprovinceandtheresidentsofanotherprovince,between &#  theresidentsofdifferentprovinces,andbetweenoneprovinceandits $! residentsagainstaforeignStateorcitizen. %"   &!$ @III.GENERALLEGALFRAMEWORKWITHINWHICHHUMANRIGHTSAREPROTECTED F @+A.Legalframework $ 39. b ThelegalsysteminforceinArgentinaiscomposedoflegalprovisions   withtheirownrankanddifferentfieldsofvalidity;allconformwiththe   standardssetoutintheConstitution.   40. b CompetencetoconcludetreatieslieswiththeExecutive(Constitution,  x art.99,para.11).Nonetheless,betweenthesigningofatreatyandthe  g  declarationofconsenttobeboundthereby,theConstitutionprovidesfora V  substantiveformalitytobeperformedbytheLegislature,"toapproveor E  rejecttreatiesconcludedwithothernationsandwithinternational z4  organizations"(art.75,para.22),whichconcernstheprincipleofthe i#  separationofpowersanditscorrelativechecksandbalances.Thisprocedure X  guaranteestheparticipationoftherepresentativesofthepeopleandofthe G provincesindecision-makingonmatterswhichwillbebindingonthecountry. 6 41. b Article31oftheConstitution,whichwasnotamended,establishesthat  treatiesarethesupremelawofthenation.TheSupremeCourt,theauthentic  interpreteroftheconstitutionalprovisions,hasundertakenanexegesisof  theprovisionsrelatingtotreaties,fromthemithasconcludedthattheyare  equalinranktonationallaws.Thisjurisprudence,whichwasexpressedin  theMartinandCompanyv.GeneralPortsAdministrationdecisionof1963,was y uncontesteduntil1992. h 42. b On7July1992,theSupremeCourthandeddownitsjudgementinthe F Ekmekdjianv.Sofovichcase,rulingthat"whentheNationratifiesatreaty {5 whichithassignedwithanotherState,itismakinganinternational j$ commitmentthatitsadministrativeandjurisdictionalbodieswillapplythat Y  treatytothecasescoveredthereby,providedthatitcontainssufficiently H! specificdescriptionsofsuchcasestopermititsimmediateapplication" 7" (Act1992/C:547).Thisdecisionhadthemeritofrecognizingthat,asof &#  7July1992,treatieshavetakenprecedenceovernationallegislationin $! Argentina,therebyeliminatinganylegalconflictswhichjeopardizedthe %" internationalresponsibilityoftheStatewheneverasubsequentlaw % # contradictedanearliertreaty. &!$ 43. b Furthermore,itshouldbepointedoutthattheSupremeCourthasadopted (z#& theconstantandunchangingposition,thattreatiesmaynotbeassimilatedto )i$' theinstrumentbywhichtheyareapproved,noraretheyreducibletoanyother *X%( source,i.e.thelawapplicablebythecourtsisinternationallaw.The +G&) SupremeCourthasstatedthatatreaty"acquireslegalvaliditybyvirtueof |,6'* thelawbywhichitisapproved,butthatdoesnotmeanthatitceasestohave k-%(+ thecharacterofanautonomouslegalstatute,theinterpretationofwhich F dependsonitsowntextandnature,regardlessofthelawbywhichitwas 5 approved"(decisions202:353). $ 44. b Article75,paragraph22,ofthenewConstitution,whichhasbeenin   effectsince24August1994,providesthat:   0 b "...treatiesandagreementstakeprecedenceoverlaws. b$b$ 0 b Intheconditionsoftheirvalidity,theAmericanDeclarationofthe  g  RightsandDutiesofMan,theUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights,the V  AmericanConventiononHumanRights,theInternationalCovenanton E  Economic,SocialandCulturalRights,theInternationalCovenantonCivil z4  andPoliticalRightsandtheOptionalProtocolthereto,theConventionon i#  thePreventionandPunishmentoftheCrimeofGenocide,theInternational X  ConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination,the G ConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainst 6 Women,theConventionagainstTortureandOtherCruel,Inhumanor % DegradingTreatmentorPunishmentandtheConventionontheRightsofthe  Child,haveconstitutionalrank,donotabrogateanyarticleofthefirst  partofthisConstitution,andmustbeinterpretedascomplementaryto  therightsandguaranteesrecognizedthereby.Theymaybedenounced,if  necessary,onlybytheExecutive,followingapprovalbytwothirdsofthe  membersofeachChamber.yb$b$ 0 b AfterbeingapprovedbyCongress,othertreatiesandconventionsonhuman W rightsshallrequirethevoteoftwothirdsofthemembersofeach F Chamberinordertoacquireconstitutionalrank."{5b$b$ 45. b Likewise,inconformitywitharticles116and117oftheConstitution, Y  theSupremeCourthasruledthatinternationalcustomandthegeneral H! principlesoflawthesourcesofinternationallaw,inaccordancewith 7" article38oftheStatuteoftheInternationalCourtofJusticedirectly &#  constitutethelegalsystem.Inanumberofcases,therefore,theSupreme $! Courthasupheldthe"lawofpeoples"andthe"generalprinciplesof %" internationallaw"inapplyingvariousrulesofinternationallaw. % # @(B.Competentauthorities '"% @(1.Judicialauthorities )i$' 46. b UndertheArgentinelegalsystem,theadministrationofjusticeisa +G&) powersharedbytheNationandtheprovinces.Articles5and123ofthe |,6'* Constitutionprovidethateachprovinceshallenactitsownconstitutionin k-%(+ accordancewiththeprinciples,declarationsandguaranteesofthesupreme F law,"whichensuresitsadministrationofjustice".Theprovinceselecttheir 5 ownofficialsandjudges,withoutinterventionbytheFederalGovernment $ (art.122).Atthesametime,article31oftheConstitutionprovidesthat  theConstitutionitself,thelawsenactedbyCongressinpursuancethereof,   andtreatieswithforeignPowersarethesupremelawoftheNation,and   theauthoritiesofeachprovinceareboundthereby,notwithstandingany   provisiontothecontrarywhichtheprovinciallawsorconstitutionsmay   contain.  x 47. b TheJudiciaryofeachprovinceisresponsiblefortheadministrationof V  ordinaryjusticewithinthatprovince'sterritory,applyingthecodes E  mentionedinarticle75,paragraph12,namely,theCivil,Commercial, z4  Criminal,Mining,LabourandSocialSecurityCodes-dependingonthe i#  jurisdictionunderwhichmattersorpersonslie. X    6 48. b Astonationaljustice,underarticle116oftheConstitutiontheSupreme F Courtandthelowercourtshearanddecideallcasesrelatingtomatters 5 governedbytheConstitutionandthelawsoftheNation,exceptthosematters $ fallingtotheprovincialjurisdictions.Inthesecases,accordingto  article117,theSupremeCourtexercisesjurisdictionoverappeals.   @%2.Administrativeauthorities   49. b Atthenationallevel,twohumanrightsofficeshavebeenestablished  x withintheExecutive,oneintheMinistryoftheInteriorandtheotherinthe  g  MinistryofForeignAffairs,InternationalTradeandWorship.This V  preliminaryorganizationalstructurehasrecentlyreceivedsubstantial E  support,enhancinganddiversifyingthepossibilitiesofguaranteeingfull z4  observanceofhumanrightsinArgentina. i#  OfficeoftheUnder-SecretaryforHumanRightswithintheMinistryofthe G Interior 6 50. b ByDecreeNo.3090/1984,theOfficeoftheUnder-SecretaryforHuman  RightswasestablishedwithintheMinistryoftheInterior.Itsessential  functionisthepromotionandprotectionofhumanrightsinArgentina.  TheOfficeoftheUnder-SecretaryforHumanandSocialRights,asitisnow  called,currentlycarriesoutthefollowingactivitiesandprogrammes:  0 b Complaintsandproceduresprogramme,consistingofthereceiptof h complaintsfromindividualsrelatingtoconflictswhichmayconstitute W violationsofhumanrights;itassistscomplainantsandforwardscasesto F thecompetentnationalauthority;{5b$b$ 0 b Legislationdraftingprogramme:participatesinandassiststhe Y  congressionalhumanrightscommissionsand,during1996,theNational H! ConstituentConvention;7"b$b$ 0 b Institutionalrelationsprogramme,intendedtopromoteandmaintain $! smoothrelationswithpublicandprivatenationalorganizationsand %" foreignorganizationsworkinginthefieldofhumanrights;% #b$b$ 0 b FederalCouncilofHumanRights,aimedatlinkingandcoordinating '"% policiesforthepromotionandguaranteeofhumanrightsbetweenthe (z#& FederalGovernmentandtheprovincialgovernments,andensuringefficient )i$' coordinationandsmoothcommunicationtoproduceacentralizedsetting *X%( forpolicy-makinganddecentralizedaction,takingintoaccountthe +G&) situationofeachprovince;|,6'*b$b$  k-%(+ 0 b Historicalreparationprogramme:theOfficeoftheUnder-Secretaryfor F HumanRightsisresponsibleforprocessingbenefitsforformerdetainees 5 oftheExecutive,civilianstriedbymilitarycourtspriortothe $ restorationofdemocracyon10December1993andthesuccessorsof  disappearedpersons; b$b$ 0 b NationalCommissionfortheRighttoanIdentity,whoseobjectiveisto   encouragethesearchfordisappearedchildrenanddeterminethe   whereaboutsofchildrenofunknownidentitywhowerekidnappedor  x disappeared,ofchildrenbornwhiletheirmotherswereillegallydeprived  g  oftheirliberty,andofotherchildrenwhodonotknowtheiridentity V  becauseforvariousreasonstheywereseparatedfromtheirbiological E  parents;z4 b$b$ 0 b NationalCommissionontheDisappearanceofPersons(CONADEP):thisbody X  isresponsibleforthecustodyandupdatingofitsfiles;Gb$b$ 0 b Childpriorityprogramme,thepurposeofwhichistoguaranteethefull % effectivenessoftherightsofthechildandpromotethenecessary  actionstocomplywiththeConventionontheRightsoftheChild,to  encourageapolicyforconflictpreventionandtodevelopactionsaimed  atguaranteeingtherightsofstreetchildren;b$b$ 0 b InstituteforthePromotionofHumanRights:establishedwiththe y cooperationoftheUnitedNationsCentreforHumanRightstodisseminate h informationandoffertraininginthefieldofhumanrights.Its W objectivesaretoprovidedocumentation,informationandtraining F services,encourageresearch,lendassistanceinthefieldofhuman {5 rightstorelevantsectors,andpromoteeducationanddissemination j$ policiesdirectedatthegeneralpublic.Y b$b$ OfficeoftheUnder-SecretaryforHumanRightsattheinternationallevel 7" 51. b DecreeNo.932of11June1986establishedtheOfficeofthe $! Under-SecretaryforHumanRightsattheinternationallevelwhich,initsnew %" form,isconcernedwithhumanrightsandwomen'srights.Itsprimary % # responsibilityistoidentify,developandproposeplans,programmes,projects &!$ andobjectivesforforeignpolicyinthefieldofhumanrightsandthestatus '"% andsituationofwomen,andtohelpformulaterelatedforeignpolicyvisvis (z#& internationalorganizations,entitiesoradhoccommissions. )i$' 52. b Throughtwodepartments,theHumanRightsDepartmentandtheWomen's +G&) RightsDepartment,theOfficeoftheUnderSecretaryforHumanRightswithin |,6'* theMinistryofForeignAffairs,InternationalTradeandWorshipparticipates k-%(+ inactiontodeterminehowlegislationmaybeadaptedtotheinternational F commitmentsundertakeninthefieldofhumanrights,inthesigningand 5 conclusionoftreaties,inactivitiestobringaboutthereturnof $ Argentiniansresidingabroadandindeterminationoftheeligibilityof  refugees.   53. b Inprovidingamediumforandpromotingtheimplementationof   internationaldecisionsinthefieldofhumanrights,thisOfficehassomehow   becomeamechanismforadaptinginternalprovisionsandstructuresforthe  x purposeofenhancedandmoreeffectiveobservanceofhumanrightsin  g  Argentina.TheOfficehasprimarycompetencewithregardtoArgentina's V  participationinthemeetingsofallUnitedNationsbodies. E  GovernmentProcuratorforthePrisonSystem i#  54. b Alsoentailingdutiesatthenationallevelandformingpartofthe G ExecutiveistheofficeofGovernmentProcuratorfortheprisonsystem, 6 createdbyDecreeNo.1598of29July1993,withtherankofUnderSecretary % ofStateandarenewablefouryearterm.TheProcurator'smainfunctionisto  protectthehumanrightsofinmatesinthefederalprisonsystem,asthose  rightsareprovidedforinthenationallegalsystemandtherelevant  internationalconventionstowhichArgentinaisaparty.Inperforminghis  duties,theProcuratorisnotsubjecttoanybindingmandateandmaynot  receiveinstructionsfromanyauthority;hemustcarryouthistasks y independently,accordingtohisjudgement,anddetermineswhichcaseshewill h pursue. W 55. b TheProcurator'smandateentitleshimtomakeperiodicvisitstoall {5 prisonestablishmentsinwhichnationalorfederalinmatesarebeingheld.At j$ hisowninitiativeorontheapplicationofanotherparty,hemayinvestigate Y  anyactoromissionwhichmayinfringetherightsofdetainees,andheis H! obligedtofilecriminalchargesifnecessary.Hisopinionsorviewsbecome 7" recommendationstotheMinistryofJustice,whichisresponsibleforthe &#  monitoringandsupervisionofthenationalandfederalprisonsystem;the $! recommendationsaregiveneffectbytheMinisterofJusticethrough %" administrativedecisions. % # NationalInstitutetoCombatDiscrimination,XenophobiaandRacism '"% 56. b On5July1995,CongressadoptedActNo.24,515,whichwaspromulgated )i$' on28JulyofthesameyearandestablishedtheNationalInstitutetoCombat *X%( Discrimination,XenophobiaandRacism(INADI),asadecentralizedbodywithin +G&) theMinistryoftheInterior.Itspurposeistodevelopnationalpoliciesand |,6'* practicalmeasurestocombatdiscrimination,xenophobiaandracism,and k-%(+ encourageandcarryoutinitiativestothatend.UnderActNo.24,515,the F Institutehasbroadfunctions:(a)prevention/dissemination:disseminating 5 theprinciplesandlegalstandardsrelatingtonondiscriminationand $ informingpublicopinion;(b)education:planningandpromotingeducation  campaigns;(c)investigation:receiving,centralizingandrecording   complaintsrelatingtodiscriminatory,xenophobicorracistbehaviour;   (d)services:counsellingvictims,providingfreeprotection;advisingthe   PublicProsecutor'sOfficeonissueswithinitspurview;(e)documentation:   collectingandupdatinginformationonrelevantdomestic,internationaland  x comparativelaw;establishingitsowndocumentationregister;(f)cooperation:  g  establishingtieswithotherbodiessharingthesameobjectives;and V  concludingagreements. E  57. b AsregardsthepresenceinArgentinaofindividualswho,duringorafter i#  theSecondWorldWar,allegedlytookpartintheexterminationofpeoplesor X  thekillingandpersecutionofindividualsbecauseoftheirrace,religion, G nationalityorpoliticalopinions,theActprovidesthattheInstitutemay: 6 verifytheirpresence,promoteandinstitutelegalandadministrative % proceedingswhenithassufficientevidencetodoso,andproposethesigning  ofnewextraditiontreaties.(ItshouldbenotedthatbyDecreeNo.232/92,  anyreservationforreasonsofStatewhichmayhaveappliedtodocuments  concerningNazicriminalswasdeclarednullandvoid,andnational  organizationspossessingsuchdocumentswereorderedtomakethemavailable  totheGeneralArchivesoftheNationwithin30days). y   W @&3.Parliamentarycommissions F 58. b Specialforumswithcompetenceinthefieldofhumanrightshavealso $ beenestablishedwithinthecontextoftheLegislature.TheSenate,composed  ofrepresentativesofthe23provincesandtheFederalCapital,in   December1983setupaCommissiononHumanRightsandGuarantees.Itsexample   wasemulatedon30September1992,bytheChamberofDeputieswhichformeda   similarcommission.Themembersofbothcommissionsincludeparliamentarians   fromallpoliticalpartiesrepresentedinCongress.  x 59. b Theworkofthesecommissionsisenrichedbythecontributionof V  governmentofficialswhoareperiodicallyinvitedtopresentreports,andof E  nationalandinternationalexperts.Inadditiontoconstitutinganatural z4  forumfordebateonvarioussubjectswhichlatergivesrisetodraftlaws, i#  thesecommissionsrequestreportsfromtheExecutiveonquestionswithinits X  competence.Theprovinceshavealsofollowedthisexample,theirlegislatures G havingsetuptheirownhumanrightsforums. 6 @DD,4.TheOmbudsman  60. b On1December1993,CongressadoptedActNo.24,284,bywhichthe  DefensoradelPueblowasestablishedwithintheambitoftheLegislature.  TheDefensordelPueblo,alsoknownastheOmbudsman,carriesouthis  functionswithouttakinginstructionsfromanyauthorityandismandatedto y protecttherightsandinterestsofindividualsandthecommunityregarding h deeds,actsandomissionsoftheAdministration.Hisdutiesincludethe W initiationofinvestigations,eitheronhisowninitiativeoruponthe F applicationofathirdparty,ofactsbytheAdministrationwhichmayinfringe {5 thoserightsandinterests,includingextendedorcollectiveinterests. j$ 61. b Atthemunicipallevel,theCityofBuenosAireshadalreadyhad H! experiencewithahumanrightsprocurator.TheConstitutionalreformof 7" 22August1994introducedanewarticlerelatingtotheOmbudsman. &#  @>>.C.Remedies %" 62. b AlltheinhabitantsofArgentinahaveavailabletothemanumberof &!$ remediesofvariouskindswhichenablesituationsinwhichafundamentalright '"% hasbeenviolatedtoberesolved.Theseremediesareregulatedbyordinary (z#& legislationandvaryaccordingtotheirpurpose.Thisfactnotwithstanding, )i$' theconstitutionalreformintroducedanewarticle,article43,whichstates: *X%( 0 b  "Anypersonmayinitiatepromptandrapidamparoproceedings +G&) providednoothermoreappropriatejudicialremedyexists,againstany |,6'* actoromissionbypublicauthoritiesorprivateindividualswhich k-%(+ actuallyorpotentiallyinfringes,restricts,jeopardizesorthreatens F rightsandguaranteesrecognizedbythisConstitution,atreatyoralaw, 5 inamanifestlyarbitraryorillegalmanner.Insuchinstances,the $ judgemaydeclareunconstitutionaltheprovisiononwhichtheinjurious  actoromissionisbased. b$b$ Ѐ    0 b  Thisactionmaybetakenagainstanyformofdiscriminationandin F regardtotherightsthatprotecttheenvironment,competition,usersand 5 consumers,aswellascollectiverightsingeneral,bytheparty $ concerned,theOmbudsmanandassociationsthatsharethosegoalsandare  registeredinaccordancewiththelaw,whichshalldeterminethe   conditionsandformoftheirorganization.Thisactionmaybeundertaken   byanypersoninordertoobtaininformationaboutthecontentand   purposeofdatarelatingtohimselfcontainedinpublicorprivate   recordsordatabanksintendedforreports,and,iftheinformationis  x falseordiscriminatory,todemandthatitbedestroyed,corrected,made  g  confidentialorupdated.Theconfidentialityofjournalists'sourcesof V  informationmaynotbeaffected.E b$b$ 0 b  Whentherightwhichhasbeeninfringed,restricted,jeopardizedor i#  threatenedconcernsphysicalliberty,intheeventoftheillegal X  worseningoftheformorconditionsofdetention,orinthecaseofthe G enforceddisappearanceofpersons,anapplicationforhabeascorpusmay 6 befiledbytheaffectedpartyoranypersonactingonhisbehalf,and % thejudgeshallhanddownadecisionimmediately,evenifastateof  siegeisinforce".b$b$ @-1.Complaints  63. b Article174oftheCodeofCriminalProcedurewhichhasbeeninforce y sinceSeptember1992,statesthat"Anypersonwhoconsidershimselftohave h beenharmedbyanoffenceprosecutableexofficioorwho,whilenotclaiming W tohavebeenharmed,learnsofsuchanoffence,mayfileacomplaintwitha F judge,governmentattorneyorthepolice.Whenthecriminalactionisa {5 privateaction,onlythepersonentitledtobringchargesmayfilethe j$ complaint,inconformitywiththerelevantprovisionsoftheCriminalCode. Y  SubjecttotheformalitiessetforthinbookI,titleIV,chapterIV,the H! personreportingtheoffencemayasktobeconsideredasaplaintiff". 7" 64. b Astotheobligationincumbentonpublicofficials,article177ofthe $! CodeofCriminalProcedurestatesthat"Thefollowinghaveanobligationto %" filecomplaintsconcerningoffencesprosecutableexofficio:(i)public % # officialsoremployeeswholearnofsuchoffencesinthecourseoftheirwork; &!$ (ii)doctors,midwives,pharmacistsandotherpersonsengagedinanyofthe '"% healthprofessions,withregardtooffencestheylearnofwhileproviding (z#& theirprofessionalservices,unlesstheactsofwhichtheyhaveknowledgeare )i$' protectedbyprofessionalsecrecy". *X%( @JJ)2.Amparoproceedings |,6'*  k-%(+ 65. b ActNo.16,986governsamparoproceedingsagainstanyactoromissionby F thepublicauthoritieswhichactuallyorpotentiallyinfringes,restricts, 5 jeopardizesorthreatens,inamanifestlyarbitraryorillegalmanner,the $ rightsorguaranteesexplicitlyorimplicitlyrecognizedbytheConstitution,  withtheexceptionofindividualliberty,whichisprotectedbyhabeascorpus.   66. b Thecasesinwhichamparoisinadmissibleareexpresslylaiddownin   article2oftheabovementionedAct.Thesecasesarethefollowing:   (a)judicialoradministrativeresourcesorremediesexistwhichenablethe  x constitutionalrightorguaranteeinquestiontobeprotected;(b)theact  g  whichisbeingchallengedemanatesfromajudicialbodyorhasbeenadoptedby V  expressimplementationofActNo.16,970;(c)judicialinterventionwould E  directlyorindirectlycompromisetheregularity,continuityandefficiency z4  withwhichapublicserviceisprovidedortheperformanceofessentialState i#  activities;(d)thedeterminationoftheact'sinvaliditywouldrequire X  furtherdeliberationsorevidence,oradeclarationofunconstitutionalityof G laws,decreesorordinances;(e)theapplicationwasnotmadewithin 6 15workingdaysofthedateonwhichtheactwascommittedorwastohave % takenplace.  67. b Theproceedingsmustbebroughtbeforeajudgeoffirstinstancewith  jurisdictionintheplacewheretheactoccurred,tookeffectormighthave  takeneffect.Iftheproceedingsareadmissible,thejudgewillorderthe  appropriateauthoritytoprepareadetailedreportonthebackgroundtoand y basisforthecontestedmeasure,thereporttobecompletedwithina h reasonabletimeasdeterminedbythejudge(usuallyfivedays).Whenthe W reporthasbeenproducedorthetime-limitsethasexpiredwithoutitsbeing F submitted,andtheplaintiffhasnoevidencetoproduce,asubstantiated {5 decisionwillberenderedwithin48hours,eithertograntordenyamparo. j$ 68. b Thefinaldecisiondeclaringtheexistenceornon-existenceofan H! arbitraryormanifestlyillegalinfringementrestriction,jeopardizationor 7" threatagainstaconstitutionalrightorguaranteeconstitutesresjudicata &#  withregardtoamparo,leavingopentheexerciseofthoseactionsorremedies $! otherthanamparowhichmaybeavailabletotheparties.Theonlydecisions %" whichmaybeappealedagainst,arethefinaldecision,thedecisionbywhich % # theproceedingsaredeclaredinadmissibleanddecisionsthatprovidefor &!$ measuresinvolvingnonewactionorsuspendingtheeffectsofthecontested '"% act. (z#& 69. b Amparoproceedingsagainstanactoromissionbyaprivateindividualare *X%( governedbyarticle321oftheCodeofCivilandCommercialProcedure,as +G&) follows:"Theprocedureestablishedunderarticle498(summaryprocedure) |,6'* shallbeapplicable...whenaclaimismadeagainstanactoromissionbya k-%(+ privateindividualwhich,actuallyorpotentially,infringes,restricts, F jeopardizesorthreatensinanarbitraryormanifestlyillegalmannerany 5 rightorguaranteeexplicitlyorimplicitlyrecognizedbytheConstitution, $ providedthattheurgentredressoftheinjuryorimmediatecessationofthe  effectsoftheactisnecessaryand,becauseofitsnature,themattershould   notbedealtwithbyanyoftheproceduresestablishedbythisCodeorother   laws".   70. b Therulesonsummaryprocedureapplytotheseproceedingswiththe  x followingmodifications:nocounterclaimsorpleasofpreviousandspecial  g  pronouncementarepermitted;alltime-limitsaretwodays,exceptiftheclaim V  isbeingchallenged,inwhichcasetheyarefivedays,andthetime-limitfor E  evidence,whichissetbythejudge;onlyfinaljudgementsandpreventive z4  injunctionsmaybeappealedagainst. i#  71. b Article28oftheAdministrativeProceduresAct(No.19,549),asamended G byActNo.21,686definestheactionforamparoagainstadministrativedelay 6 inthefollowingterms:"Anypersonwhowasapartytoadministrative % }proceedingsmayfillajudicialapplicationforanorderforpromptaction.  Thisordershallbeadmissibleiftheadministrativeauthorityhasallowedthe  time-limitstoexpire,and,shouldtherehavebeennosuchtime-limits,ifit  hastakenalongerthanreasonabletimetoissueeitherthereportorthe  proceduralorsubstantivedecisionrequestedbythepartyconcerned.Oncethe  applicationhasbeensubmitted,thejudgeshallruleonitsadmissibility, y bearinginmindthecircumstancesofthecaseand,ifhedeemsitappropriate, h ordertheadministrativeauthorityinvolvedtostatethereasonsforthe W allegeddelaywithinthetime-limitsetbyhim.Thejudge'sdecisionshallbe F final.Iftheorderhasbeenchallengedorifthetime-limitexpireswithout {5 theabovestatementbeingmade,theappropriatedecisionshallbetakenwith j$ regardtothedelayand,ifappropriate,anorderissuedforthe Y  administrativeauthorityresponsibletotakethenecessaryactionwithina H! reasonableperiod,tobedeterminedinaccordancewiththenatureand 7" complexityofthependingreportorprocedures." &#  @$$$3.Applicationforhabeascorpus %" 72. b ActNo.23,098providesthatanappealforhabeascorpusisadmissible &!$ whenanactoromissionbyapublicauthorityisreportedandinvolves: '"% (i)actualrestrictiononorthreattofreedomofmovement,withoutawritten (z#& orderfromacompetentauthority;or(ii)illegalaggravationoftheformand )i$' conditionsofdetention,withoutprejudicetothepowersofthetrialjudgeif *X%( thereisone. +G&) 73. b Ifaperson'sfreedomisrestrictedowingtothedeclarationofastate k-%(+ ofsiege,theaimofthehabeascorpusproceduremaybetodemonstrateinthe Z.), specificcase:(i)thelegitimacyofthedeclarationofthestateofsiege; I/*- (ii)therelationshipbetweenthedetentionorderandthesituationthatgave F risetothedeclarationofastateofsiege;(iii)theillegalaggravationof 5 theformandconditionsofdetention,whichmayinnocircumstancesbeserved $ inestablishmentsintendedfortheenforcementofpenalties;(iv)the  effectiveexerciseoftherighttochosetoleavethenationalterritory.   74. b Incasesofdetention,oncethecomplainthasbeenfiledthejudgemust   immediatelyordertheauthoritysummoned,ifthereisone,tobringthe   detaineebeforehimwithadetailedreportonthereasonsforthemeasure,the  x formandconditionsofdetention,whetheritwascarriedoutbywrittenorder  g  fromacompetentauthorityinwhichcasethatordershouldbeattached,and V  whetherthedetaineewasplacedatthedisposalofanotherauthority,andif E  so,whichauthority,forwhatreasonandonwhatoccasionthetransfertook z4  place.Incasesofactualthreatofdetention,thejudgemustorderthe i#  authoritysummonedtosubmitthereport. X  75. b Ifthecompetentcourtorjudgelearnsonthebasisofreliableevidence 6 thatapersonisbeingheldincustody,detentionorconfinementbyan % officialsubordinatetoit/himorbyalower-rankingadministrative,political  ormilitaryofficialandthatthatpersonislikelytobetransferredoutof  theterritoryoverwhichhe/ithasjurisdictionormadetosufferirreparable  injurybeforehecanbeassistedbymeansofawritofhabeascorpus,sucha  writmaybeissuedexofficio,orderingthepersonresponsibleforthe  detentionoranyadministrativeofficer,policeofficerorotheremployee,to y bringthepersondetainedorthreatenedwithdetentionbeforeit/himinorder h toresolvethecaseaccordingtolaw. W }@(4.Extraordinaryappeal {5 76. b Article14ofActNo.48governsextraordinaryappealtotheSupreme Y  Court.Itestablishesthatanappealcanbemadeagainstafinaljudgementin H! thefollowingcases:(i)wherethevalidityofatreaty,actofCongressor 7" authorityexercisedinthenameoftheNationhasbeencalledinquestion &#  duringtheproceedings,andthedecisionhasgoneagainstitsvalidity;(ii) $! wherethevalidityofaprovinciallaw,decreeorauthorityhasbeencalledin %" questiononthegroundofbeingcontrarytotheConstitution,treatiesoracts % # ofCongress,andthedecisionhasbeeninfavourofthevalidityofthe &!$ provinciallaworauthority;(iii)wheretheinterpretationofaclauseofthe '"% Constitution,ofatreatyorofanactofCongress,orataskundertakenin (z#& thenameoftheNationhasbeenchallengedandthedecisionhasbeenagainst )i$' thevalidityofthedeed,right,privilegeorexemptionbasedonthatclause *X%( andwhichisindispute. +G&)   |,6'* 77. b ThecaselawoftheSupremeCourthasextendedextraordinaryappealto F  casesofarbitraryjudgements,inotherwords,decisionswhichinsomeway 5 forexample,byapplyinglawsnotinforce,bydisregardingevidenceorby $ omittingquestionsthathavealreadybeenraisedviolatetheguaranteeof  therighttoadefence.   @'5.Administrativeappeals   78. b TheAdministrativeProceduresAct(No.19,549)governsappealsthatmay  x belodgedagainstdecisionsbytheadministration.Suchappealsarethe  g  applicationforreconsideration,beforethebodyresponsibleforthedecision V  appealedagainstandthehierarchicalappeal,lodgedbeforethesameauthority E  butwhichmustberesolvedbytheministerwithinwhosecompetencethe z4  decisionwasmade.ThePresidentresolveshierarchicalappealslodgedagainst i#  decisionsbyhisministers. X  @PP'6.Systemsofcompensation 6 79. b Compensationasredressforinjuryisconsequentuponresponsibility.As  such,itisforthejudicialauthoritiestodeterminecompensationbothin  criminalproceedingsandinothersortsofproceedings.  @%IV.INFORMATIONANDPUBLICITY  80. b ArgentinaisaStatepartytothefollowinghumanrightstreaties: h 0 b ConventiononthePreventionandPunishmentoftheCrimeofGenocide;Fb$b$