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C3C4<( 9Z &Courier RegularHP LaserJet 4P,,,,,,0P Pd&0 d d&P d d"""")!dxdx !+}X7XXX6XX7UKUS.,     _R}+7TRX<6&A4X3' Letter 6&A43'T  Q*"ddd Xdd Xdd X$$,h , +  "RR "6{UNITED R NATIONS#{t#X{5X#X7XXX{5U#XXXX7A")F{ dEF{ A 0&j  0#BXXX# BX#R  #/  R_HRI_#R  /#  R#BX #XXBX7-+R3 0  7u ?/+p|057 ` ED7p u i$i$$$*x"ddh h "i$i$x,dd ,d , dd +  >>  ststsGsG  stststst  stststst  stststst  stststst  sGsGstst '>    '#BXXX#  BX#    t# j   International P  HumanRights   Instruments "   #    j#    #BX  #XXBX 'b  '#X7XXX ##6XX7 #Distr. P % . GENERAL%.  h % / _HRI_/CORE/1/Add.90%/    % 1 2February1998%10 "US    h ENGLISH F  Original:% 2 RUSSIAN%2 !X6(   (#6X! #A;) QxdCEQP A+ 7%   gT   COREDOCUMENTFORMINGPARTOFTHEREPORTSOFSTATESPARTIES g GEORGIA    =#[4August1997]   B -M*]" GE.98M15223(E) -M*"   e.+#  Q  }R    _@'rContents  :#Paragraphs󀀀Page | '+:  X';; I.  GEOGRAPHY,ENVIRONMENT,RESOURCES  ; .1  1M16""J#3    A. : Mineralresources  ; .$  6M7""J#3     B. : Energyresources  ; .zz#  8M11""J#3  0   C. : Landandagriculture  ; .  '  12M14""J#4      D. : Tourismpotential  ; .$  15M16""J#4 8H   II.  POPULATION  ; .   17-30""J#5     A. : Demographictrends  ; .BB%  17M23""J#5 P`    B. : Ethniccomposition  ; .BB%  24M26""J#6     C. : Religion  ; .Z Z   27M30""J#6 hx ss III.  HISTORY  ; .| |   31M40""J#7    A. : Ancienthistory  ; ."  31M34""J#7    B. : Thetwentiethcentury  ; .nn(  3537""J#7     C. : Theperiodofindependence  ; .bb-  38M40""J#8   IV.  THEECONOMY  ; .   41M55""J#8 $4   A. : Theroleofcooperationwithinternational      : organizationsineconomicdevelopment  ; .8  5660""I#10 v! ;; V.  THESTATESYSTEM  ; .   61M81""I#11  #   A. : Parliament  ; ." "   66M69""I#12 !%   B. : ThePresident  ; .NN   70M73""I#12 #*'   C. : Judicialauthority  ; .BB%  74M81""I#14 $)  VI.  THESYSTEMFORTHEPROTECTIONOFHUMANRIGHTS  ; .TT=  82M101""I#15 2&B!+   '"- ' +{X+:  '@8 8 rI.GEOGRAPHY,ENVIRONMENT,RESOURCES  1.  Position:between40and47degreesNorthlatitudeand41  and44degreesEastlongitude.Area:69,700squarekilometres. HR 2.  Georgialiesonthesouthernslopes,andtothesouthoftheCaucasus.  TheCaucasusformsanaturalboundarywiththeRussianFederation.Georgia   alsobordersonArmeniaandTurkeytothesouthandAzerbaijantotheeast. ` j Mountainsoccupy87percentofthetotalarea.Georgiahasaccesstothe & 0 BlackSeaoveracoastlineapproximately300kilometreslong.    3.  TheclimatevariesfrommoderatelymoistMediterraneananddry x   continentalArab-CaspiantocoolAlpine.Thereisasubtropicalclimatein >H  westernGeorgiaandontheBlackSeashoreline;easternandsouthernGeorgia   aredrier.TheaveragetemperatureinJanuary(thecoldestmonth)varies   from+3to-2degreesCentigrade;inAugust,theaveragetemperaturevaries   from+23to+26degreesCentigrade. V`  4.  ThecapitalisThbilisi(population:1,270,000).Thelargest   citiesare(populationsinthousands):Kuthaisi(240);Rusthavi(158);  Bathumi(137);Sukhumi(approximately112);Ch'iathura(70);Gori(70); nx Phothi(51);Zugdidi(51,plusapproximatelythesamenumberofinternally 4> displacedpersonsfromAbkhazia);Tsxinvali(42).  5.  Georgiacomprises12administrativeunits,theregions,whichare  subdividedinto63districtsand8zones.Theregionsareheadedbyofficials LV appointedbythePresident;thedistrictsandzonesareheadedbygamgebeli  (headsofexecutiveorgans)anddistrict/urbanboards(electivebodies).  A.  Mineralresources dn 6.  Georgiahasoneoftheworld'srichestmanganesedeposits(inthe  Ch'iathuraandSachxeredistricts).Thetotalreservesareestimatedat   200milliontons.By1994,outputofmanganese,whichhadpreviouslybeen |! around4.9-5.3milliontonsayear,haddeclinedto100,000tons.The BL" proportionofhigh-qualityoreisnowrelativelylowbecauseofover-mining  # intheSovietera.  $ 7.  Georgiaalsohasdepositsofnon-ferrousmetals,polymetallicores, Z"d& arsenic,bentonite,barite,agateandobsidian.Ofthenon-ferrousmetals,  #*' copperisparticularlyimportant.Thereisalsoextractionofnatural #( buildingmaterials:granite,marble,etc. $) B.  Energyresources 8&B!+ 8.  Georgia'shydroelectricpowerpotentialisbetween100and '"- 160,000billionkWh.SincetheexitfromtheUSSRunifiedpowersystem, (#. theseasonalnatureofelectricityproductionhasplungedthecountryintoa P)Z$/ seriouscrisis,whichisatitsworstduringtheperiodfromOctobertoApril. * %0 Electricitysupplyisseverelylimited,averagingnomorethan4-6hoursa *%1 day. +&2   h,r'3 9.  Exploredreservesofcoalamountto450milliontons,withpredictions   ofafurther700milliontons.Muchofthecoalisofrelativelypoor  quality,sothatusingitinindustrialprocessesisinefficient. | 10.  ThereareafewoilfieldsineasternGeorgia.Oiloutputreachedits  peakofaround3milliontonsin1983;sincethenithasgraduallydeclined  becauseofimproperextractiontechniques.Theexploredoilreservesin   easternGeorgiatotal12milliontons,whiletheprobablereservesamount Z j to500milliontons.Itisthoughtthatsignificantoilreservesmightbe  0 foundinwesternGeorgiathroughdeepdrillingalongtheshorelineandthe    continentalshelfoftheBlackSea.Estimatesofthereservesofnaturalgas    rangefrom2to98billioncubicmetres. r   11.  Geothermalwaterresourcesarealsoconsiderableandaredistributed   throughoutthecountry.Knownreservesamountto200-250millioncubic   metres,attemperaturesof50-100degreesCentigrade.Theycouldprovide   heatingandhotwaterforbetween500,000andonemillionpeople,sosaving P`  1.3-1.5milliontonsoffuelayear.Useoftheknownreserveswouldopenup &  newprospectsforelectricityproductioninGeorgia.Projectshavebeendrawn   upandareawaitingimplementation.  C.  Landandagriculture .> 12.  Almosthalfthetotallandareaisusedforagriculture.Muchofthe  remaininglandiscoveredbyforests.Becauseofthepredominantly  mountainousrelief,muchoftheagriculturallandispasturelandormeadow. FV Arablelandcomprisesapproximatelyaquarterofthetotallandstock;in   1992,itamountedto800,000hectares,ornomorethanoneseventhofa  hectareperperson.  13.  Land-usevariesaccordingtolocalsoilandclimaticconditions.Citrus $4 fruitsaregrownmainlyalongtheshoreline,inthesubtropicalzone.There  areteaplantationsinwesternGeorgia,principallyinAbkhazia,Samegrelo,   GuriaandAjaria,andtoalesserdegreeinShmeretia.Fruit-farmingis v! centredineasternGeorgia,inShidaKharthli,althoughfruitis,toalesser <L" degree,grownthroughoutthecountry.Potatoesandothervegetablesaregrown  # principallyinsouthernGeorgia,inKhvemoKharthliandSamtsxe-Javaxethi.  $ WineisprincipallygrownineasternGeorgia,butisalsoproducedinlimited !% quantitiesinallotherpartsofthecountry. T"d& 14.  Livestockfarmingispractisedthroughoutthecountry:sheep-farmingin #( easternGeorgia,inKaxethiorShidaKharthli,andcattle-farminginsouthern $) Georgia,inKhvemoKharthli.Pig-farmingiswidespread,butislesscommonin l%| * areaswithaMuslimpopulationsuchasAjaria,orinKhvemoKharthli,where 2&B!+ thereisalargeAzerbaijanipopulation. &", D.  Tourismpotential (#. 15.  Georgiahasasignificanttourismpotential.Themagnificentlandscapes * %0 withpicturesquemountainranges,theancientandbeautifulcultural *%1 monuments,thefineskiresortsandtheBlackSeacoastwithitssubtropical +&2 climatearecapableofattractingtouristsfromallpartsoftheworld. b,r'3  (-8(4 16.  Oneoftheprincipalrequirementsforthedevelopmentofthetourism  sectorispoliticalstability.Thereare,however,significantproblemsin  thissphere.Forexample,thetourisminfrastructure,whichwasneverfully  uptointernationalstandards,hasbeenlargelydestroyedbecauseofinternal HR conflicts.Someareasthatwereoncepromisingfromthepointofviewof  tourismaresufferingfromenvironmentaldegradation:thepollutionofthe  BlackSea,landslidesandmudflowsinmountainareas,etc.   @$rII.POPULATION & 0 A.  Demographictrends    17.  Atthebeginningof1996,thepopulationnumbered5,368,400, >H  including2,555,400menand2,813,000women.Mortalityper1,000persons   was7.8in1995and7.1in1996;infantmortality(deathsbeforetheage   ofone-yearper1,000livebirths)was14.4in1995and17.4in1996.   18.  Thepopulationisdeclining:in1992,itwas5,447,300,and &  in1996,5,368,000.Itroseslightlyinthe1980s,whenbirths   outnumbereddeathsandmigrationwasinsignificant.Naturalpopulation  growthisapproximately1percentayear. nx 19.  Emigrationincreasedmarkedlyasfrom1989.Manypeoplesoughtrefuge  fromthecountry'seconomicproblemsabroad,principallyinRussia,atrend  thatcontinuedin1994-1995.Theresulthasbeenadeclineinthepopulation  growth. LV 20.  Anothersignificantfactorapartfromemigrationhasbeenthegradual  declineinthebirthrate,atfirstfrom1960to1981,andthenmoremarkedly  inrecentyears.Thenumberoflivebirthsfellfrom89,000in1989to64,000 dn in1993,andthento57,000in1994.Thirtyyearsago,thebirthratewas *4 23.7per1,000;in1991itwas16.6,andin1992itwas14.9.In1995,the  averagebirthratewas11.6,whilein1996itwas11.1.   21.  Thechangesindemographicprocessesarealsoreflectedintheage BL" structure.Thenoteworthyfeaturehereistheincreaseinthenumberof  # elderlypeople.Therehasalsobeenanincreaseinthenumberofable-bodied  $ peopleovertheageof40. !% 22.  In1991,overhalfthepopulation(56percent)livedintowns.  #*' Since1988,theproportionhasdeclinedsomewhat,asaresultofaprevalence #( ofemigrationfromurbanareasandmovementofpartofthepopulationtorural $) settlements,whereaccesstothelandenablesthemtofeedthemselvesmore r%| * easily.However,massmigration(principallytowardstowns)asaresultof 8&B!+ theconflictsinAbkhaziaandSouthernOssetiahasalteredthedirectionof &", thisprocess:theurbanpopulationhasbeguntogrowbycomparisonwiththe '"- ruralpopulation. (#. 23.  Asinmanyothercountries,womenareinthemajorityintheage * %0 groups25andupwards.Forbothsexes,lifeexpectancyduringtheSoviet *%1 periodwasgreaterthanintheotherrepublicsoftheUnion(men:68.7; +&2 women:76.1).Averagelifeexpectancyinpresent-dayGeorgiais72.6years. h,r'3  .-8(4 B.  Ethniccomposition  24.  Accordingtodatafromthe1989populationcensus,theresident | populationincluded:437,211Armenians(8.1percent);341,720Russians BR (6.3percent);307,556Azerbaijanis(5.7percent);164,055Ossetins  (3percent);100,342Greeks(1.9percent);33,333Kurds(0.6percent);  24,795Jews(0.5percent).Inall,94nationalitiesliveinGeorgia.   25.Theareaswiththegreatestconcentrationsofethnicandlinguistic  0 minoritiesare:Javaxethi,wherethepopulationisprimarilyArmenian(over    90percent);KhvemoKharthli,wherethereisamajorityofAzerbaijanis    (dependingonthepartoftheregion,theproportionvariesfrom42to r   85percent);theTsalkaarea,settledbyGreeks(61percent);andSouthern 8H  Ossetia,whereOssetinscomprise66percentofthepopulation.These   minoritieslivebothindenseandinmorescatteredgroups.Otherminorities   (Russians,forexample)liveinmorescatteredpatterns,including,insome   districts,smallvillage-likesettlements. P`  26.  TheofficiallanguageisGeorgianand,intheAbkhazianautonomousarea,   Abkhazaswell.GeorgianandthelanguagesoftheGeorgianethnicsubgroups-  Mingrelian,SvanuriandLaz-belongtotheKartveliangroup. hx C.  Religion  27.  ThemajorityoftheGeorgianpopulationbelongstotheGeorgianOrthodox  AutocephalousChurch,whichisheadedbyaCatholicos-Patriarch.Aftermany FV yearsofbeingsuppressed,religiouslifeinGeorgiaisnowenjoyingaboom.   Peoplearetryingtofillbyreligiousvaluesthevoidleftafterthecollapse  ofcommunistideology.Suchvaluesarenowasignificantfactorinthe  country'sculturaldevelopment. ^n 28.  TheRussianOrthodoxandArmenianGregorianchurcheshavetraditionally  beeninfluential.Mentionshouldalsobemadeofgrowthintheinfluenceof   otherChristiancommunities,namelytheCatholicandProtestantchurches,as v! aresultofintensificationoftheirmissionaryactivityandsupportfrom <L" foreigncentres.  # 29.  MostoftheinhabitantsoftheAjarautonomousareaareethnicGeorgians !% professingIslam.IslamisalsoprofessedbyinhabitantsoftheMesxethi T"d& (southernGeorgia),whowereabletoreturntotheirhomelandafterthe #*' massivedeportationof1944.SeveralhundredthousandMeskhets,someofwhom #( nowcallthemselvesTurksandsomeGeorgianMuslims,live,forthemostpart, $) inneighbouringAzerbaijanandintheNorthernCaucasus.TheAzerbaijani l%| * populationofGeorgiaandsomeofthecountry'sAbkhaz,Ossetins,Kurdsand 2&B!+ GreeksarealsoMuslims. &", 30.  OthersmallreligiousgroupscompriseGeorgianJews,Yezidis,the (#. MolokanesectandDukhobors.Thenumbersinthelattergroupsdeclined J)Z$/ stronglyintheperiod1991-1996becauseofemigration. * %0   +&2 @%rIII.HISTORY  A.  Ancienthistory  31.  TherehavebeenmanyverydifficultperiodsinGeorgia's3,000-year  history.But,despitetheconstantinvasionsbyforeignaggressors,there  havealsobeenperiodsofindependenceandsovereignty.Inancienttimes,   therewereseveralStateswithintheterritoryofpresent-dayGeorgia.The ` j StateofIberiawasfoundedinaroundthefourthcenturyB.C.intheKura & 0 RiverValleyineasternGeorgia.AnotherState,Egrisi,wasinwestern    Georgia.Thechroniclestellusthatlater,atsarnamedParnavazruledover    aunionofwesternandeasternGeorgiawhichhaditscapitalinMtskheta x   (between299and234B.C.).InaroundthefirstcenturyA.D.,thecountrywas >H  againdividedintotwoparts:Iberia,whichwasunderPersianinfluence,and   Lazika,whichwasorientedtowardsRomeandByzantium.Inthefourthcentury   A.D.,westernGeorgiaadoptedChristianityasitsofficialreligion.Inthe   fifthcentury,Thbilisi,foundedbytsarVakhtangGorgasali,becamethe V`  capital. &  32.  Inaround640A.D.,theregionwasconqueredbytheArabs,althoughthey  werenotsuccessfulinestablishingIslamasthereligion.In1,008A.D., nx tsarBagratIIIBagrationirestoredunifiedGeorgianrule. 4> 33.  Theperiodfromthetenthtothethirteenthcenturiesisconsideredthe  GoldenAgeoftheGeorgianState,whichshonebothbyitspoliticalmightand  byitsculturalachievements.Thisperiodreacheditszenithinthereignof LV DavidIVtheBuilder(10891125A.D.)andhislegendarygranddaughter,Tamara,  whoreignedacenturylater.However,attheendofthisremarkableperiod,  thecountrywasoverrun,firstbyJalaladDinofKhorezmandthenbythe  Mongols.ThehordesofTimur(Tamburlane)laidwastetothecountryacentury dn later,andfromthesixteenthcenturyonwardsthecountrywasunderconstant *4 threatfromtheTurksandPersians,therivalrybetweenwhomwasthedominant  factorinGeorgianpoliticallifeuntilthenineteenthcentury.   34.  TheRussianEmpirewasinvolvedinthestruggleforcontrolofthe BL" regionfromtheseventeenthcenturyonwards.In1801,theeasternareasof  # GeorgiawereincorporatedintotheRussianEmpire;thewesternareaswere  $ graduallyannexedorconqueredbyRussiaoverthenextfewdecades. !% B.  Thetwentiethcentury  #*' 35.  Georgia'sfirstshortperiodofindependencelastedfrom19181921, $) underthesocialdemocraticgovernmentofNoeZhordania.InFebruary1921, r%| * partoftheRedArmyenteredGeorgia;theconsequencewasthelossof 8&B!+ independenceandviolentSovietization.TheSovietperiodofthecountry's &", historywasmarkedbymassrepressionduringthe1930sandlateryears. '"- HundredsofthousandsofGeorgiansperishedintheSecondWorldWarand (#. thereafterinthegulag. P)Z$/ 36.  TheyearsimmediatelypriortothecollapseoftheUSSRbroughtafresh *%1 tragedy:on9Apr