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ÐÌà ô àB.€€Consideration€of€reports€..........................€€€33€-€246€à‘L"L"W#à11ˆÐ .°+0 ÐÐ ñ.™,1  ÐÓ…+Óà ô àà  à€1.€€Initial€reports€...............................€€€33€-€246à‘L"L"W#à11ˆÐ X ÐÌàô .ôàà .àà . àIraq€..........................................€€€33€-€86€à‘# .L"à11ˆÌÌàô .ôàà .àà . àKenya€.........................................€€€87€-€143€à‘# .L"à19ˆÌÌàô .ôàà .àà . àRomania€.......................................€€144€-€198€€à‘# .L"à28ˆÌÌàô .ôàà .àà . àYemen€.........................................€€199€-€246€à‘# .L"à36ˆÌÌà@ì .òà„iii„ˆÌÑ  ÑÓ…+ÓÓ…+Óà@ì .àCONTENTS€(continued)ˆÌÌÓ ÿÿ<ÓòòChapteróó€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòParagraphÓ ÿÿ<°"Ósóó€€òòPageóóÌÌÓ882„ ÓÓ882„ °"ÓÓ882„ #Óà2 .2àà„ .„à2.à . àSecond€and€third€periodic€reports€.............€€247€-€589à‘# .L"à43ˆÌÌà2 .2àà„ .„àà . àBangladesh€....................................€€248€-€326à‘# .L"à43ˆÌÌà2 .2àà„ .„àà . àFrance€........................................€€327€-€358à‘# .L"à55ˆÌÌà2 .2àà„ .„àà . àNicaragua€.....................................€€359€-€404à‘# .L"à61ˆÌÌà2 .2àà„ .„àà . àRepublic€of€Korea€.............................€€405€-€450à‘# .L"à67ˆÌÌà2 .2àà„ .„àà . àRwanda€........................................€€451€-€473à‘# .L"à75ˆÌÌà2 .2àà„ .„àà . àSweden€........................................€€474€-€522à‘# .L"à78ˆÌÌà2 .2àà„ .„àà . àUnited€Kingdom€of€Great€Britain€and€NorthernÌà2 .2àà„ .„àà . àIreland€.......................................€€523€-€589à‘# .L"à86ˆÌÌ€€IV.€€CONTRIBUTIONS€OF€THE€COMMITTEE€TO€INTERNATIONALÌà2 .2à€€CONFERENCES€...........................................€€590€-€599à‘# .L"à98ˆÌÌà2 .2à€€A.€€International€Year€of€the€Family€..................€€591€-€594à‘# .L"à98ˆÌÌà2 .2à€€B.€€Fourth€World€Conference€on€Women€..................€€€€€595à‘# .L"à98ˆÌÌà2 .2à€€C.€€International€Conference€on€Population€and€Ìà2 .2àà„ .„àDevelopment€.......................................€€596€-€597à‘# .L"à99ˆÌÌà2 .2à€€D.€€World€Conference€on€Human€Rights€..................€€€€€598à‘# .L"à99ˆÌÌà2 .2à€€E.€€World€Summit€for€Social€Development€...............€€€€€599à‘# .L"à99ˆÌÌ€€€V.€€CONSIDERATION€OF€THE€REPORT€OF€THE€FOURTH€MEETING€OFÌà2 .2à€€PERSONS€CHAIRING€THE€HUMAN€RIGHTS€TREATY€BODIES€ANDÌà2 .2à€€ACTION€TAKEN€BY€THE€GENERAL€ASSEMBLY€CONCERNINGÌà2 .2à€€TREATY€BODIES€.........................................€€600€-€605à‘# .è!à100ˆÌÌ€€VI.€€WAYS€AND€MEANS€OF€EXPEDITING€THE€WORK€OF€THE€COMMITTEE€€€606€-€633à‘# .è!à102ˆÌÌà2 .2à€€Action€taken€by€the€Committee€on€the€report€ofÌà2 .2à€€Working€Group€I€.......................................€€620€-€633à‘# .è!à104ˆÌÌ€VII.€€IMPLEMENTATION€OF€ARTICLE€21€OF€THE€CONVENTION€........€€634€-€648à‘# .è!à108ˆÌÌà2 .2à€€Action€taken€by€the€Committee€on€the€report€ofÌà2 .2à€€Working€Group€II€......................................€€637€-€648à‘# .è!à108ˆÌÌVIII.€€PROVISIONAL€AGENDA€FOR€THE€THIRTEENTH€SESSION€OF€THEÌà2 .2à€€COMMITTEE€.............................................€€649€-€650à‘# .è!à111ˆÌÌ€€IX.€€ADOPTION€OF€THE€REPORT€................................€€€€€651à‘# .è!à113ˆÌÌÌÌÌà@ì .$à„iv„ˆÌÓ…+ÓÑ  Ñà@ì .àCONTENTS€(continued)ˆÌÌÓ ÿÿ<Óòòóóà< .<à€€€€€€€€€€€€òòóó€€€€€€€€€€€€òòPageóóÌÌÓ882„ Óà@ì .ŽàòòAnnexesóóˆÌÌÓÿÿ¤˜ð è˜!Ó€€I.ठ.¤àLetter€dated€22€January€1993€from€the€Chairperson€of€the€CommitteeÌठ.¤àon€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women€to€the€SpecialÌठ.¤àRapporteur€of€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights€on€the€situation€ofÌठ.¤àhuman€rights€in€the€territory€of€the€former€Yugoslavia€............à˜! .˜!à115ÌÌ€II.ठ.¤àLetter€dated€1€February€1993€from€the€Special€Rapporteur€of€theÌठ.¤àCommission€on€Human€Rights€on€the€situation€of€human€rights€in€theÌठ.¤àterritory€of€the€former€Yugoslavia€to€the€Chairperson€of€theÌठ.¤àCommittee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women€......à˜! .˜!à116ÌÌIII.ठ.¤àStates€parties€to€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€ofÌठ.¤àDiscrimination€against€Women€as€at€1€March€1993€...................à˜! .˜!à117ÌÌ€IV.ठ.¤àMembership€of€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€Ìठ.¤àagainst€Women€.....................................................à˜! .˜!à120ÌÌ€€V.à0¤ .¤àDocuments€before€the€Committee€at€its€twelfth€session€.............à˜! .˜!à121ÌÌ€VI.à0¤ .¤àStatus€of€submission€and€consideration€of€reports€submitted€byÌठ.¤àStates€parties€under€article€18€of€the€Convention€on€theÌठ.¤àElimination€of€All€Forms€of€Discrimination€against€Women€as€atÌठ.¤à1€March€1993€......................................................à˜! .˜!à123ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌà@ì .Và„v„ˆÌ‡Ñ  ÑÙ  ÙØØÑ €% Ñà@ì .ÒàLETTER€OF€TRANSMITTALˆÌÌÌà€ # .Äà5€February€1993ˆÌÌSir,ÌÌÓ882^ Óà2 .2àI€have€the€honour€to€refer€to€article€21€of€the€Convention€on€theÏElimination€of€All€Forms€of€Discrimination€against€Women,€according€to€which€theÏCommittee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women,€establishedÏpursuant€to€the€Convention,€"shall,€through€the€Economic€and€Social€Council,Ïreport€annually€to€the€General€Assembly€of€the€United€Nations€on€itsÏactivities".ÌÌà2 .2àThe€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women€held€itsÏtwelfth€session€from€18€January€to€5€February€1993€at€the€Vienna€InternationalÏCentre.€€It€adopted€the€report€on€that€session€at€its€232nd€meeting,€onÏ5February.€€The€report€is€herewith€submitted€to€you€for€transmission€to€theÏGeneral€Assembly€at€its€forty-eighth€session.ÌÌà2 .2àAccept,€Sir,€the€assurances€of€my€highest€consideration.ÌÌÌòòà€ # .„àóó(òòSignedóó)€€Ivanka€CORTI€€€€€€€€€ˆÌà€ # .làChairperson€€€€€€€€€€ˆÌà€ # .„àCommittee€on€the€Elimination€ofˆÌà€ # .LàDiscrimination€against€Women€ˆÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌHis€Excellency€Mr.€Boutros€Boutros-GhaliÌSecretary-General€of€the€United€NationsÌNew€YorkÌÓ ÿÿ@4èÓÌÌà@ì .$à„vi„ˆÌÙ  ÙØØÝ ƒÿÝÔ UK ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÑ\R3Ø'\ÑÑ X ÑÑ À ÑÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓ…+ÓÔ€ôôôÔÔO€<þ6X9`("Courier 12cpiOÔÓ(€  $(ÓØØÖ€&ÖÖ€ÖÓ882^ ÓÝ  Ýà@ì .` àI.€€MATTERS€BROUGHT€TO€THE€ATTENTION€OF€STATES€PARTIESˆÌÌÌà@ì .0àA.€€òòSuggestionóóˆÌÌà@ì .` àòòSuggestion€4.€€World€Conference€on€Human€Rights€(1993óó)ˆÌÌà2 .2àòòThe€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€Womenóó,ÌÌà2 .2àòòEmphasizingóó€the€fact€that€the€Charter€of€the€United€Nations€includes€amongÏits€purposes€and€principles€the€achievement€of€international€cooperation€inÏpromoting€and€encouraging€respect€for€human€rights€and€for€fundamental€freedomsÏfor€all€without€distinction€as€to€sex,€and€the€fact€that€women€are€entitled€toÏthe€full€protection€of€the€rights€enshrined€in€the€Universal€Declaration€ofÏHuman€Rights,€òò1óó/€the€International€Covenant€on€Economic,€Social€and€CulturalÏRights,€òò2óó/€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,òò2óó/€theÏConvention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€orÏPunishment,€òò3óó/€the€International€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€ofÏRacial€Discrimination,€òò4óó/€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€òò5óó/€and€inÏother€international€and€regional€human€rights€instruments,€in€addition€to€theÏspecific€guarantees€set€forth€in€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€FormsÏof€Discrimination€against€Women,€òò6óó/ÌÌà2 .2àòòAffirmingóó€the€importance€of€the€efforts€undertaken€by€the€United€Nations€toÏpromote€respect€for€women's€human€rights€and€fundamental€freedoms,€ÌÌà2 .2àòòRecognizingóó€the€contribution€of€the€Commission€on€the€Status€of€Women€toÏthe€protection€of€women's€human€rights€and€the€elimination€of€discriminationÏagainst€women,Ìà02 .2àÌà2 .2àòòConcernedóó€that€women€in€all€regions€continue€to€be€discriminated€against€inÏthe€recognition,€exercise€and€enjoyment€of€their€human€rights€in€public€andÏprivate€life€and€are€subjected€to€violence,ÌÌà2 .2àòòRequestingóó€that€the€above-mentioned€and€other€grave€violations€of€women'sÏhuman€rights€be€addressed€with€even€greater€effectiveness€by€the€United€NationsÌprogramme€for€the€promotion€and€protection€of€human€rights,Ìà02 .2àÌà2 .2àòòHaving€reviewedóó€the€progress€made€in€the€field€of€human€rights€since€theÏadoption€of€the€Universal€Declaration€of€Human€Rights,€and€having€considered€theÏchallenges€to€the€full€realization€of€all€human€rights€of€women€and€men,ÌÌà2 .2à1.€€òòRecommendsóó€to€the€World€Conference€on€Human€Rights,€to€be€held€atÏVienna€from€14€to€25June1993,€that€efforts€should€be€made€to€give€effect€toÏthe€principle€recognized€in€the€Proclamation€of€Tehran,€proclaimed€at€theÏInternational€Conference€on€Human€Rights€in€1968,€that€human€rights€areÏinterrelated,€interdependent€and€indivisible,€òò7óó/€an€interrelationship€that€isÏalso€reflected€in€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€ofÏDiscrimination€against€Women,€and€that€therefore:ÌÌà2 .2à(a)à .àGender-specific€information€and€analysis€should€be€fully€integratedÏinto€the€implementation€of€all€human€rights€instruments;ÌÌà2 .2à(b)à .àEqual€attention€should€be€given€to€civil,€political,€economic,€socialÏand€cultural€rights;ÌÌà2 .2à(c)à .àRespect€should€be€given€to€the€principle€that€the€promotion€andÏprotection€of€one€category€of€rights€should€not€exempt€or€excuse€States€from€theÏpromotion€and€protection€of€another,€nor€should€religious€or€other€extremism€beÏallowed€to€deny€the€human€rights€of€women;ÌÌà2 .2à2.€€òòAlso€recommendsóó€that€efforts€should€be€made€to€encourage€States€thatÏhave€not€yet€done€so€to€ratify€or€accede€to€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€ofÏAll€Forms€of€Discrimination€against€Women;ÌÌà2 .2à3.€€òòRecommendsóó€that€States€parties€to€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€ofÏAll€Forms€of€Discrimination€against€Women€should€undertake€the€necessary€reformÏof€their€national€laws€to€place€them€in€conformity€with€their€obligations€underÏthe€Convention;ÌÌà2 .2à4.€€òòAlso€recommendsóó€that,€with€regard€to€the€large€number€and€broad€scopeÏof€the€reservations€made€to€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€ofÏDiscrimination€against€Women,€some€of€which€would€appear€to€give€rise€toÏquestions€concerning€their€compatibility€with€the€object€and€purpose€of€theÏConvention:ÌÌà2 .2à(a)à .àStates€parties€that€have€entered€reservations€to€the€Convention€shouldÏreview€their€consistency€with€those€entered€to€all€human€rights€conventions;ÌÌà2 .2à(b)à .àStates€parties€should€continually€review€the€need€for€and€desirabilityÏof€their€reservations€to€the€Convention€with€a€view€to€withdrawing€them;ÌÌà2 .2à(c)à .àStates€considering€the€ratification€of€or€accession€to€the€ConventionÏshould€keep€the€number€and€scope€of€reservations€to€a€minimum€and€should€makeÏany€reservations€as€specific€as€possible;ÌÌà2 .2à(d)à .àStates€parties€should€give€full€consideration€to€lodging€objections€toÏreservations€entered€by€other€States€parties€whenever€such€action€isÏappropriate;ÌÌà2 .2à5.€€òòAlso€recommendsóó€that€States€parties€should€nominate€candidates€forÏhuman€rights€treaty€bodies€with€a€view€to€achieving€a€better€balance€of€men€andÏwomen€in€all€of€them;ÌÌà2 .2à6.€€òòFurther€recommendsóó€that,€with€a€view€to€placing€the€Convention€on€theÏElimination€of€All€Forms€of€Discrimination€against€Women€on€the€same€footing€asÏother€human€rights€conventions:Ìà02 .2àÌà2 .2à(a)à .àA€study€should€be€prepared€on€the€feasibility€of€drafting€optionalÏprotocols;Ìà02 .2àÌà2 .2à(b)à .àSteps€should€be€taken€to€amend€the€Convention€to€provide€adequate€timeÏfor€meetings€by€eliminating€the€limitation€set€out€in€article€20€of€theÏConvention;ÌÌà2 .2à(c)à .àThe€servicing€of€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€DiscriminationÏagainst€Women€should€be€provided€by€both€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights€and€theÏDivision€for€the€Advancement€of€Women€of€the€United€Nations€Secretariat,€andÏthat€the€meeting€places€of€the€Committee€should€be€adjusted€accordingly;ÌÌà2 .2à7.€€òòRecommends€furtheróó€that,€having€regard€to€the€Committee's€confirmation,Ïin€its€general€recommendation€19€(eleventh€session)€on€violence€against€women,òò8óó/€that€the€Convention's€definition€of€discrimination€includesÏgender-based€violence:ÌÌà2 .2à(a)à .àMeasures€should€be€elaborated€to€enhance€international€protectionÏagainst€gender-specific€violence;Ìà02 .2àÌà2 .2à(b)à .àAll€special€rapporteurs€should€take€gender-based€discrimination€andÏviolence€against€women€into€account€in€their€work;ÌÌà2 .2à(c)€€States€parties€should€be€urged€to€take€concrete€measures€to€preventÏand€respond€to€violence€against€women€in€public€and€private€life;ÌÌà2 .2à8.€€òòAlso€recommendsóó€that,€in€order€to€ensure€that€concern€for€women's€humanÏrights€is€fully€integrated€into€the€human€rights€regime,€including€the€work€ofÏall€treaty€bodies,€thematic€and€country€rapporteurs€and€working€groups€andÏexperts€appointed€through€the€advisory€services€programme€in€the€areas€that€fallÏwithin€their€mandates:ÌÌà2 .2à(a)€€Training€and€advisory€services€at€the€national€level€should€includeÏgender-analysis€and€reporting;ÌÌà2 .2à(b)€€Periodic€reviews€should€be€undertaken€of€the€effectiveness€of€theÏUnited€Nations€human€rights€machinery€in€addressing€violations€of€women's€humanÏrights;ÌÌà2 .2à9.€€òòFurther€recommendsóó€that€the€organizations€of€the€United€Nations€systemÏshould:ÌÌà2 .2à(a)€€Take€measures€to€ensure€effective€coordination€between€the€UnitedÏNations€system€and€international€and€regional€human€rights€bodies,€for€theÏreview€and€periodic€evaluation€of€their€effectiveness;ÌÌà2 .2à(b)€€Ensure€the€provision€of€adequate€financial€and€human€resources€forÏthose€purposes;ÌÌà2 .2à(c)€€Ensure€that€international€development€and€financing€institutionsÏinclude,€in€assessing€countries'€development€efforts,€the€criterion€of€women'sÏability€to€exercise€the€rights€guaranteed€by€the€Convention;ÌÌà2 .2à(d)€€Recognize€the€need€to€increase€the€participation€of€non-governmentalÏorganizations€with€expertise€on€human€rights€and€development€issues€concerningÏwomen€in€all€United€Nations€activities€relating€to€human€rights,€including€theÏwork€of€the€specialized€agencies,€where€appropriate;ÌÌà2 .2à10.€€òòRecommends€furtheróó€that€the€Secretary-General€of€the€United€NationsÏshould€be€requested:ÌÌà2 .2à(a)€€To€implement€the€established€goals€of€a€35€per€cent€participation€rateÏof€women€in€the€Professional€staff€of€the€Secretariat€and€a€25€per€centÏparticipation€rate€of€women€at€the€D-1€level€and€above€by€1995;ÌÌà2 .2à(b)€€To€take€steps€to€ensure€adequate€financial€and€human€resources€for€theÏwork€of€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women;ÌÌà2 .2à(c)€€To€provide€training€in€gender€issues,€including€gender€analysis,€forÏpersonnel€concerned€with€human€rights€in€the€United€Nations€and€the€UnitedÏNations€system;Ìà2 .2à11.€€òòReaffirmsóó€that€the€denial€of€political,€economic,€social€and€culturalÏrights€and€the€negative€effects€of€structural€adjustment€programmes€in€manyÏcountries€have€had€an€adverse€impact€on€women,€which€is€even€further€aggravatedÏby€the€lack€of€a€gender€dimension€in€these€programmes€and€the€continuance€ofÏexisting€gender€discrimination€in€public€and€family€life,€and€thereforeÏrecommends€that€States€should€ensure:ÌÌà2 .2à(a)€€The€full€realization€of€political,€economic,€social€and€culturalÏrights;ÌÌà2 .2à(b)€€The€integration€of€women€on€an€equal€basis€into€the€developmentÏprocess,€including€planning,€decision-making€and€implementation;ÌÌà2 .2à(c)€€A€reduction€of€the€adverse€effects€of€structural€adjustment€pro-Ìgrammes€on€the€exercise€of€women's€human€rights€and€their€ability€to€secureÏnutrition,€housing€and€health€care€and€to€generate€income;ÌÌà2 .2à12.à .àòòRecommendsóó€that€States€should€encourage€the€development€of€policiesÏintended€to€ensure€that€measures€will€be€taken:ÌÌà2 .2à(a)€€To€protect€women€as€a€vulnerable€group€in€situations€of€civil€strife;ÌÌà2 .2à(b)€€To€prevent€and€respond€to€abuses€against€women€in€situations€ofÏinternational€or€non-international€armed€conflict;ÌÌà2 .2à(c)€€To€ensure€that€women€will€participate€in€the€process€of€mediation€andÏthe€settlement€of€such€conflicts.ÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€B.€€òòAlleged€violations€of€human€rights€inflicted€upon€womenóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòin€the€territory€of€the€former€YugoslaviaóóÌÌ1.à2 .2àIn€the€light€of€its€previous€work€on€violence€against€women,€reflected€inÏits€general€recommendation€19€(eleventh€session),€òò8óó/€and€in€view€of€theÏinternational€concern€about€the€situation€of€women€in€the€territory€of€theÏformer€Yugoslavia€that€had€led€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights,€at€its€firstÏspecial€session,€held€on€13€and€14€August€1992,€to€appoint€a€Special€RapporteurÏto€investigate€firsthand€the€human€rights€situation€in€the€territory€of€theÏformer€Yugoslavia,€in€particular€within€Bosnia€and€Herzegovina€(CommissionÏresolution€1992/S-1/1),òò9óó/€the€Committee€considered€its€own€response€to€theÏsituation.€€The€view€was€expressed€that€the€Committee,€as€the€body€responsibleÏfor€monitoring€the€implementation€of€the€convention€to€ensure€women's€humanÏrights,€should€make€its€concern€about€the€situation€known.€€It€was€also€notedÏthat€it€was€not€the€practice€of€the€Committee€to€comment€on€a€particularÏsituation€in€a€country,€unless€it€was€considering€a€report€of€that€country.€ÏAfter€discussing€the€matter€thoroughly€and€after€considering€the€practice€ofÏother€human€rights€treaty€bodies,€the€Committee€decided€to€request€itsÏChairperson€to€send€a€letter€to€the€Special€Rapporteur€formally€expressing€theÏCommittee's€concern.€€The€letter€of€the€Chairperson€to€the€Special€Rapporteur,Ïand€his€reply,€are€contained€in€annexes€I€and€II,€respectively.ÌÌ2.à2 .2àThe€Committee€decided€further€that,€if€warranted,€it€should,€pursuant€toÏarticle€18€of€the€Convention,€request€the€States€of€the€territory€of€the€formerÏYugoslavia€to€submit€a€report€or€reports€on€an€exceptional€basis€and€that€such€aÏreport€or€reports€should€be€considered€at€the€next€session.€€In€addition,€theÏCommittee€put€on€record€its€commitment€to€look€into€similar€grave€violations€ofÏrights€being€experienced€by€women€in€any€part€of€the€world.Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€C.€€òòAction€taken€by€the€Committee€in€response€to€resolutionÌóó€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òò1992/3€of€the€Sub„Commission€on€Prevention€ofóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòDiscrimination€and€Protection€of€MinoritiesóóÌÌ3.€€The€Committee€welcomed€the€request€of€the€Sub-Commission€on€Prevention€ofÏDiscrimination€and€Protection€of€Minorities€of€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights,Ïin€its€resolution€1992/3€on€contemporary€forms€of€slavery,€to€theÏSecretary-General:ÌÌà02 .2àà‘^ .^àˆà .à"To€seek€the€views€of€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€ofÏDiscrimination€against€Women€and€the€Commission€on€the€Status€of€Women€onÏthe€desirability€of€obtaining€an€advisory€opinion€on€the€validity€and€legalÏeffect€of€reservations€to€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€ofÏDiscrimination€against€Women€and€to€invite€them,€in€their€replies,€to€makeÏsuch€further€observations€on€the€issue€of€reservations€to€this€ConventionÏas€they€may€consider€appropriate."òò10óó/ÌÌ4.€€The€Committee€recalled€that€it€had€raised€the€issue€of€reservations€to€theÏConvention€at€its€previous€sessions€and€that€it€had€recommended,€in€its€generalÏrecommendation€20€(eleventh€session),€òòinter€aliaóó,€that,€in€connection€withÏpreparations€for€the€World€Conference€on€Human€Rights€in€1993,€States€partiesÏshould€raise€the€question€of€the€validity€and€the€legal€effect€of€reservationsÏto€the€Convention€in€the€context€of€reservations€to€other€human€rights€treaties,€Ïand€should€reconsider€such€reservations€with€a€view€to€strengthening€theÏimplementation€of€all€human€rights€treaties.òò8óó/€€The€Committee€thereforeÏconsidered€that€it€must€be€made€clear€that€its€particular€concern€was€to€have€anÏopinion€that€might€assist€Governments€to€reconsider€their€reservations€with€aÏview€to€withdrawing€them.ÌÌ5.€€The€Committee€therefore€decided€that€it€should€support€steps€taken€in€com-Ìmon€with€other€human€rights€treaty€bodies€to€seek€an€advisory€opinion€from€theÏInternational€Court€of€Justice€that€would€clarify€the€issue€of€reservations€toÏthe€human€rights€treaties€and€thereby€assist€States€parties€in€theirÏratification€and€implementation€of€those€international€instruments.€€Such€anÏopinion€would€also€help€the€Committee€in€its€task€of€considering€the€progressÏmade€in€the€implementation€of€the€Convention.ÌÌÇà@ì .² àII.€€ORGANIZATIONAL€AND€OTHER€MATTERSˆÌÌÌà@ì .ä àA.€€òòStates€parties€to€the€ConventionóóˆÌÌ6.€€On€5€February€1993,€the€closing€date€of€the€twelfth€session€of€the€CommitteeÏon€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women,€there€were€121€StatesÏparties€to€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€DiscriminationÏagainst€Women,€which€was€adopted€by€the€General€Assembly€in€its€resolutionÏ34/180€of€18€December€1979€and€opened€for€signature,€ratification€and€accessionÏin€New€York€on€1€March€1980.€€In€accordance€with€article€27,€the€ConventionÏentered€into€force€on€3€September€1981.ÌÌ7.€€A€list€of€States€parties€to€the€Convention€is€contained€in€annex€III€to€theÏpresent€report.ÌÌÌà@ì .ØàB.€€òòOpening€of€the€sessionóóˆÌÌ8.€€The€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women€held€itsÏtwelfth€session€from€18€January€to€5€February€1993€at€the€Vienna€InternationalÏCentre.€€The€Committee€held€25€plenary€meetings€(208th€to€232nd€meetings)€andÏits€two€standing€working€groups€each€held€12€closed€meetings.ÌÌ9.€€The€twelfth€session€of€the€Committee€was€opened€by€the€Chairperson€of€theÏCommittee,€Mervat€Tallawy€(Egypt),€who€had€been€elected€at€the€tenth€session.ÌÌ10.à2 .2àIn€his€opening€statement,€the€representative€of€the€Secretary-General,€theÏDeputy€Director€of€the€Division€for€the€Advancement€of€Women,€drew€attention€toÏa€number€of€developments€related€to€the€regime€for€the€examination€of€humanÏrights€and€the€restructuring€of€the€economic€and€social€sectors€of€the€UnitedÏNations.€€He€said€that€those€developments€raised€the€old€question€of€the€extentÏto€which€women's€human€rights€could€safely€be€put€in€the€mainstream€of€theÏoverall€regime€for€examining€human€rights.€€That€question€required€an€assessmentÏof€progress€made,€as€well€as€a€vision€of€what€could€be€achieved€in€future.€€HeÏnoted€that€women's€human€rights€had€been€separated€to€develop€their€own€trackÏearly€in€the€history€of€the€United€Nations€by€upgrading€the€originalÏSub-Commission€on€the€Status€of€Women€to€a€full-fledged€functional€commission.€ÏThere€was€considerable€evidence€to€show€that€the€decision€to€set€up€a€parallelÏtrack€had€been€wise,€since€the€women's€stream€had€often€moved€faster€than€theÏmainstream.€€This€was€especially€true€of€the€progress€made€in€the€òòde€jureóóÏelimination€of€discrimination.€€He€noted€that,€in€terms€of€laws,€the€problem€ofÏdiscrimination€was€on€its€way€to€being€solved.€€The€focus€of€the€women's€humanÏrights€track€had€almost€exclusively€been€on€the€enjoyment€of€rights,€and€on€theÏde€facto€situation€of€women,€which€meant€policies€and€programmes€to€transformÏrights€into€reality.ÌÌ11.à2 .2àWork€on€the€implementation€of€the€Convention€should€benefit€from€theÏbroader€analytical€and€promotional€work€for€the€advancement€of€women.€€OneÏinnovation€had€been€the€Committee's€request€that€the€Secretariat€should€keep€itÏinformed€of€its€work€for€the€Commission,€and€vice€versa.€€The€continuousÏrelationship€was€unique€among€the€human€rights€treaty€bodies€and€had€only€beenÏpossible€because€of€the€common€secretariat.€€The€recommendations€of€theÏCommission,€as€well€as€their€translation€into€tangible€improvements,€shouldÏappear€in€concrete€and€measurable€form€in€the€reports€of€the€States€parties€toÏthe€Convention,€thus€naturally€reinforcing€the€work€of€the€two€bodies.ÌÌ12.à2 .2àThe€separation€of€women's€issues€had€had€its€disadvantages.€€It€might€haveÏreduced€the€incentive€for€other€bodies€to€deal€with€gender€issues.€€AnÏexamination€of€the€work€of€the€other€bodies€would€reveal€the€extent€to€whichÏgender€issues€had€been€included€in€their€work€and€whether€women's€confidence€inÏthe€mainstream€had€been€increased.€€Future€decisions€on€location€and€servicingÏshould€be€judicious€and€based€on€an€analysis€of€achievements€and€future€needs.€ÏCommenting€on€the€work€of€the€Committee,€he€pointed€to€the€alarming€backlog€inÏthe€consideration€of€periodic€reports€of€States€parties.€€He€hoped€that€matterÏwould€receive€attention€during€the€Committee's€consideration€of€its€workingÏmethods.€€Furthermore,€the€need€for€possible€additional€meeting€time€should€beÏbalanced€with€the€costs€involved.€€He€also€emphasized€the€most€effective€way€ofÏformulating€general€recommendations,€saying€that€the€way€in€which€the€CommitteeÏapproached€its€general€recommendations€at€its€twelfth€session€would€shape€theÏpattern€of€work€for€the€future.€€He€urged€the€Committee€not€only€to€ask€forÏadditional€information€in€respect€of€article€16€of€the€Convention,€but€also€toÏconsider€the€kinds€of€information€pertinent€to€articles€7€and€8€that€it€wouldÏneed€for€its€work€at€its€thirteenth€session.ÌÌÌà@ì .BàC.€€òòMembership€and€attendanceóóˆÌÌ13.à2 .2àIn€accordance€with€article€17€of€the€Convention,€the€Sixth€Meeting€of€theÏStates€Parties€to€the€Convention€was€convened€by€the€Secretary-General€at€UnitedÏNations€Headquarters€on€4€February€1992.€€The€States€parties€elected€11membersÏof€the€Committee€from€among€the€candidates€nominated€to€replace€those€whose€termÏof€office€was€due€to€expire€on€16€April€1992.ÌÌ14.à2 .2àAll€the€members€of€the€Committee€attended€the€twelfth€session;€however,ÏEmna€Aouij€(Tunisia)€attended€the€session€from€18€January€to€3€February€1993;ÏNorma€Monica€Forde€(Barbados)€from€18€to€28€January€and€from€1€to€5February;ÏElsa€Victoria€Muoz-Gð;ðmez€(Colombia)€from€18€to€22January€and€from€29€JanuaryÏto€5€February;€Hanna€Beate€Schpp-Schilling€(Germany)€attended€the€session€onÏ18January€and€from€25January€to€5February;€Mervat€Tallawy€(Egypt)€fromÏ18January€to€3February€and€RoseN.€Ukeje€(Nigeria)€from€18€to€26€January.ÌÌ15.à2 .2àA€list€of€members€of€the€Committee,€together€with€an€indication€of€theÏduration€of€their€terms€of€office,€is€given€in€annex€IV€to€the€present€report.ÌÌÌà@ì . àD.€€òòSolemn€declarationóóˆÌÌ16.à2 .2àAt€the€opening€of€the€twelfth€session,€before€assuming€their€functions,€theÏnewly€elected€members,€Gl€Aykor€(Turkey),€Silvia€Rose€Cartwright€(New€Zealand),ÏEvangelina€Garca-Prince€(Venezuela),€Liliana€Gurdulich€de€Correa€(Argentina),ÏSalma€Khan€(Bangladesh),€Pirkko€Anneli€Mkinen€(Finland),ÏElsaVictoriaMuoz-Gð;ðmez€(Colombia)€and€Ahoua€Ouedraogo€(Burkina€Faso),€and€theÏthree€re-elected€members,€Carlota€Bustelo€Garca€del€Real€(Spain),ÏHannaBeateSchpp-Schilling€(Germany)€and€Kongit€Sinegiorgis€(Ethiopia),€madeÏthe€solemn€declaration€as€provided€for€under€rule€10€of€the€rules€of€procedureÏof€the€Committee.ÌÌÌÇà@ì .<àE.€€òòElection€of€officersóóˆÌÌ17.à2 .2àAt€its€208th€meeting,€on€18€January,€the€Committee€elected€the€followingÏofficers€by€acclamation€for€a€term€of€two€years€(1993-1994),€in€accordance€withÏarticle€19€of€the€Convention:€€Ivanka€Corti€(Italy),€Chairperson;ÏEvangelinaGarca-Prince€(Venezuela)€and€Tatiana€Nikolaeva€(Russian€Federation),ÏVice-Chairpersons;€and€Teresita€Quintos-Deles€(Philippines),€Rapporteur.€€At€itsÏ210th€meeting,€on€19€January,€the€Committee€elected€Rose€N.€Ukeje€(Nigeria)€asÏthe€third€Vice-Chairperson.ÌÌÌà@ì .ØàF.€€òòAdoption€of€the€agendaóóˆÌÌ18.à2 .2àThe€Committee€considered€the€provisional€agenda€(CEDAW/C/1993/1€andÏCorr.1)€at€its€208th€meeting,€on€18€January.€€The€agenda€as€adopted€wasÏfollows:ÌÌÓ882 Óà2 .2à1.à0 .àOpening€of€the€session.ÌÌà2 .2à2.à0 .àSolemn€declaration€by€the€new€members€of€the€Committee€on€theÌà2 .2àà .àElimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women.ÌÌà2 .2à3.à0 .àElection€of€officers.ÌÌà2 .2à4.à .àAdoption€of€the€agenda€and€organization€of€work.ÌÌà2 .2à5.à0 .àConsideration€of€reports€submitted€by€States€parties€under€article18Ïof€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€DiscriminationÏagainst€Women.ÌÌà2 .2à6.à0 .àImplementation€of€article€21€of€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€ofÏAll€Forms€of€Discrimination€against€Women.ÌÌà2 .2à7.à .àWays€and€means€of€expediting€the€work€of€the€Committee€on€theÌà2 .2àà .àElimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women.ÌÌà2 .2à8.à0 .àConsideration€of€the€report€of€the€fourth€meeting€of€persons€chairingÏthe€human€rights€treaty€bodies€and€action€taken€by€the€GeneralÏAssembly€concerning€treaty€bodies.ÌÌà2 .2à9.à0 .àContributions€of€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€DiscriminationÌà2 .2àà .àagainst€Women€to€international€conferences.ÌÌ€€€€10.à0 .àProvisional€agenda€for€the€thirteenth€session.ÌÌ€€€€11.à0 .àAdoption€of€the€report€of€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€ofÌà2 .2àà .àDiscrimination€against€Women€on€its€twelfth€session.ÌÌÌà@ì .† àG.€€òòReport€of€the€pre-session€working€groupóóˆÌÌ19.à2 .2àThe€Committee€had€decided€at€its€ninth€sessionòò11óó/€to€convene€a€pre-sessionÏworking€group€for€five€days€before€each€session€of€the€Committee€to€prepareÏlists€of€questions€relating€to€the€second€and€subsequent€periodic€reports€thatÏwould€be€considered€by€the€Committee€at€the€session.ÌÌ20.à2 .2àAccordingly,€the€pre-session€working€group€held€10€meetings,€includingÏthree€drafting€sessions,€at€the€Vienna€International€Centre,€from€11€toÏ15January€1993.€€The€five€members,€as€nominated€by€the€Committee,€wereÏCharlotte€Abaka€(Ghana),€Dora€Bravo€Nuez€de€Ramsey€(Ecuador),ÏSilviaRoseCartwright€(New€Zealand),*€Lin€Shangzhen€(China)€andÏTatianaNikolaeva€(Russian€Federation).€€Charlotte€Abaka€was€electedÏChairperson.ÌÌ21.à2 .2àAt€the€210th€meeting€of€the€Committee,€on€19€January,€the€Chairperson€ofÏthe€pre-session€working€group€introduced€the€report€of€the€working€groupÏ(CEDAW/C/1993/CRP.2).ÌÌ22.à2 .2àIn€accordance€with€the€provisional€agenda€of€the€Committee,€the€workingÏgroup€had€been€required€to€prepare€lists€of€questions€relating€to€the€reports€ofÏseven€countries:€€Bangladesh,€France,€Nicaragua,€Republic€of€Korea,€Rwanda,ÏSweden€and€United€Kingdom€of€Great€Britain€and€Northern€Ireland.ÌÌ23.à2 .2àThe€working€group€had€before€it€the€reports€of€those€seven€countries;€theÏgeneral€guidelines€regarding€the€form€and€content€of€periodic€reportsÏ(CEDAW/C/7);€the€general€recommendations€adopted€by€the€Committee;€and€the€draftÏlists€of€questions€received€from€four€members€of€the€Committee.€€FurtherÏreference€material€included€the€declarations,€reservations,€objections€andÏnotifications€of€withdrawal€of€reservations€relating€to€the€Convention€on€theÏElimination€of€All€Forms€of€Discrimination€against€Women€(CEDAW/SP/1992/2);€theÏanalyses€prepared€by€the€Secretariat€of€the€second€periodic€reports€ofÏBangladesh,€France,€Nicaragua,€the€Republic€of€Korea€and€the€United€Kingdom,€andÏof€the€third€periodic€reports€of€Rwanda€and€Sweden,€as€well€as€informationÏmaterial€received€from€two€non-governmental€organizations.ÌÌ24.à2 .2àIn€preparing€the€lists€of€questions,€the€pre-session€working€group€followedÏthe€suggestion€of€the€Committee,€namely,€to€concentrate€on€a€limited€number€ofÏquestions,€to€focus€on€analytical€and€qualitative€aspects€rather€than€onÏspecific€questions€and€to€underline€the€achievements,€remaining€obstacles€andÏmatters€in€respect€of€which€further€information€should€be€provided.€€The€workingÏgroup€endeavoured€to€include€questions€that€reflected,€as€far€as€possible,€theÏCommittee's€more€general€concerns€as€they€applied€to€the€report€in€question.€€AsÏin€previous€years,€the€working€group€allocated€to€each€of€its€members€the€mainÏresponsibility€and€coordination€for€the€preparation€of€a€preliminary€list€ofÏquestions€for€one€or€two€countries.€€Each€draft€was€subsequently€discussed,Ïrevised€and€amended.€€The€lists€of€questions€are€contained€in€the€report€of€theÏpre-session€working€group€that€the€Committee€had€before€it.€€The€working€group,Ïas€authorized€by€the€Committee,€transmitted€each€list€of€questions€directly€toÏthe€State€party€concerned.€€The€lists€were€sent€on€15€January€1993,€after€theÏlast€meeting€of€the€pre-session€working€group.ÌÌÌà@ì .<àH.€€òòOrganization€of€workóóˆÌÌ25.à2 .2àThe€Committee€considered€its€organization€of€work€at€its€210th,€213th€andÏ214th€meetings,€on€19and€25€January.€€In€addition€to€the€documents€listed€inÏparagraph23€above€and€in€annexV,€the€Committee€had€before€it€Economic€andÏSocial€Council€resolution€1992/17€and€General€Assembly€resolution€47/94€on€theÏConvention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€Discrimination€against€Women.ÌÌ________________________ÌÌà2 .2à*à .àReplacing€Ivanka€Corti€who€was€unable€to€attend.Ìà@ì .z àI.€€òòComposition€of€working€groupsóóˆÌÌ26.à2 .2àAt€its€210thmeeting,€on€19January,€the€Committee€agreed€on€theÏcomposition€of€its€two€standing€working€groups:€€Working€Group€I€to€consider€andÏsuggest€ways€and€means€of€expediting€the€work€of€the€Committee€and€WorkingÏGroupII€to€consider€ways€and€means€of€implementing€article€21€of€theÏConvention.ÌÌ27.à2 .2àWorking€Group€I€was€composed€of€the€following€members€of€the€Committee:€ÏLiliana€Gurdulich€de€Correa,€Zagorka€Ilic,€LinShangzhen,€Pirkko€Anneli€Mkinen,ÏElsa€Victoria€Muoz-Gð;ðmez,€Tatiana€Nikolaeva,€Ahoua€Ouedraogo,ÏKongitSinegiorgis,€MervatTallawy€and€Rose€N.€Ukeje.ÌÌ28.à2 .2àWorking€Group€II€was€composed€of€the€following€members€of€the€Committee:€ÏCharlotte€Abaka,€Ryoko€Akamatsu,€Emna€Aouij,€Gl€Aykor,ÏDoraBravoNuezdeRamsey,€Carlota€Bustelo€Garca€del€Real,€Silvia€RoseÏCartwright,€IvankaCorti,€Norma€Monica€Forde,€Evangelina€Garca-Prince,ÏSalmaKhan,€LinShangzhen,€Teresita€Quintos-Deles€andÏHannaBeateSchpp-Schilling.ÌÌòòWorking€Group€IóóÌÌ29.à2 .2àThe€Secretariat€proposed€the€following€draft€programme€of€work€for€WorkingÏGroup€I:ÌÌà2 .2à(a)à .àImproving€the€effectiveness€of€the€consideration€of€reports;ÌÌà2 .2à(b)à .àReports€to€be€considered€by€the€Committee€at€its€thirteenth€session;ÌÌà2 .2à(c)à .àComposition€of€the€pre-session€working€group€for€the€thirteenthÏsession;ÌÌà2 .2à(d)à .àContributions€of€the€Committee€to€international€conferences€and€years;ÏÌà2 .2à(e)à .àIssues€arising€from€the€fourth€meeting€of€persons€chairing€the€humanÏrights€treaty€bodies€and€from€General€Assembly€resolution€47/111;ÌÌà2 .2à(f)à .àProgramme€of€work€for€the€thirteenth€session;ÌÌà2 .2à(g)à .àDraft€provisional€agenda€for€the€thirteenth€session.ÌÌòòWorking€Group€IIóóÌÌ30.à2 .2àThe€Secretariat€proposed€the€following€draft€programme€of€work€for€WorkingÏGroup€II:ÌÌà2 .2à(a)à .àPreparation€of€general€comments€and€general€recommendations€withÏregard€to€article€16€and€related€articles€of€the€Convention;ÌÌà2 .2à(b)à .àPreparation€of€a€response€to€resolution€1992/3,€on€contemporary€formsÏof€slavery,€of€the€Sub-Commission€on€Prevention€of€Discrimination€and€ProtectionÏof€Minorities.€€ÌÌÇÝ ƒÿÝÔ UK ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÑ\R3Ø'\ÑÑ X ÑÑ À ÑÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓ…+ÓÔ€ôôôÔÔO€<þ6X9`("Courier 12cpiOÔÓ(€  $(ÓØØÖ€'ÖÖ€ÖÓ882^ ÓÝ  ÝÓ882^ ÓÓ882 Ó€€€€€€€€€€€€III.€€CONSIDERATION€OF€REPORTS€SUBMITTED€BY€STATES€PARTIESÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€UNDER€ARTICLE€18€OF€THE€CONVENTIONÌÌÌà@ì .ÌàA.€€òòIntroductionóóˆÌÌ31.à2 .2àAt€its€twelfth€session,€the€Committee€considered€the€reports€submitted€byÏ11€States€parties€under€article€18€of€the€Convention:€€three€initial€reports,Ïone€combinedòò12óó/€initial€and€second€periodic€report,€six€second€periodicÏreports,€one€combinedòò12óó/€second€and€third€periodic€report€and€four€thirdÏperiodic€reports.€€For€the€status€of€submission€of€reports€by€States€parties,Ïsee€annex€VI€to€the€present€report.ÌÌ32.à2 .2àThe€consideration€of€reports€by€the€Committee€is€summarized€below€andÏcontains€a€summary€of€the€introductory€presentation€by€the€representatives€ofÏStates€parties,€of€the€observations€made€and€questions€asked€by€the€members€ofÏthe€Committee,€as€well€as€of€the€replies€given€by€the€representatives€of€theÏStates€parties€present€at€the€meetings.€€The€summary€records€give€more€detailedÏinformation€on€the€reports€submitted€by€States€parties.€€According€to€rule€49€ofÏthe€rules€of€procedure€of€the€Committee,€representatives€of€States€parties€shallÏbe€present€at€meetings€of€the€Committee€when€the€State's€report€is€beingÏexamined€and€shall€participate€in€discussions€and€answer€questions€concerningÏthe€report.ÌÌÌà@ì .tàB.€€òòConsideration€of€reportsóóˆÌÌà@ì .à1.€€òòInitial€reportsóó*ˆÌÌòòà@ì .$àIraqóóˆÌÌ33.à2 .2àThe€Committee€considered€the€initial€report€of€IraqÏ(CEDAW/C/5/Add.66/Rev.1)€at€its€212th,€213th€and€216th€meetings,€on€20€andÏ22January€(see€CEDAW/C/SR.212,€213€and€216).ÌÌ34.à2 .2àIn€introducing€the€report,€the€representative€of€Iraq€pointed€out€that€theÏpolitical€leadership€in€Iraq€fully€believed€in€the€principle€of€equality€betweenÏmen€and€women€even€before€acceding€to€the€Convention,€as€reflected€in€theÏrelevant€legislation.€€She€then€gave€a€detailed€explanation€of€the€central€roleÏbeing€played€by€the€General€Federation€of€Iraqi€Women,€the€machinery€forÏpromoting€women's€rights€and€implementing€the€Convention.€€She€said€that€theÏFederation€had€proposed€draft€laws€ensuring€equal€rights€for€women,€suggestedÏamendments€to€existing€laws,€participated€in€deliberations€on€laws€related€toÏthe€status€of€women,€and€studied€and€given€opinions€on€all€draft€laws€proposedÏby€the€competent€authorities.€€The€Federation€also€operated€family€counsellingÏcentres€on€family€and€legal€questions,€thus€becoming€acquainted€with€women'sÏproblems€on€a€continuous€basis,€and€either€gave€advice€directly€or€liaised€withÏthe€competent€authorities.€€Its€services€reached€out€also€to€rural€women.€ÏFurthermore,€the€Federation€had€disseminated€laws€and€regulations€relating€toÏwomen€by€the€publication€of€a€handbook.ÌÌÌÌòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌÌ€€€€*à .àIncluding€subsequent€reports,€if€submitted,€in€those€cases€where€theÏState€party's€initial€report€had€not€yet€been€considered€by€the€Committee.Ç35.à2 .2àThe€Federation€had€proposed€the€formation€of€a€national€committee€forÏfollowing€up€the€implementation€of€the€Convention,€identifying€legislation€thatÏran€counter€to€its€provisions.€€It€had€also€submitted€a€number€of€proposals€forÏpromulgating,€abrogating€or€amending€legal€provisions€to€make€them€compatibleÏwith€the€Convention.ÌÌ36.à2 .2àThe€representative€stated€that€the€main€obstacles€to€the€implementation€ofÏthe€Convention€were€the€outcome€of€historical€circumstances€that€could€not€beÏovercome€in€a€short€period.€€They€were€the€result€of€the€economic,€social€andÏcultural€backwardness€of€developing€countries,€the€unjust€world€economic€order,Ïprevailing€traditions€and€customs€and€society's€vision€of€women.€€The€mostÏserious€circumstance€that€hampered€the€implementation€of€the€Convention€was€theÏeconomic€blockade€that€had€been€imposed€on€Iraq€since€1990,€with€its€economicÏand€social€consequences€and€implications€for€health.€€Severe€shortages€of€foodÏand€medical€supplies€could€lead€to€famine€in€the€country;€prices€of€basic€foodÏcommodities€had€risen€sharply.€€The€child€mortality€and€morbidity€rate€hadÏincreased€between€1990€and€1992.€€All€those€factors€would€result€in€a€regressionÏin€the€country's€economic€and€social€life.ÌÌòòGeneral€observationsóóÌÌ37.à2 .2àMembers€of€the€Committee€commended€the€report€for€its€adherence€to€theÏgeneral€guidelines€regarding€the€form€and€content€of€reports€and€the€way€it€hadÏbeen€presented€to€the€Committee.€€They€welcomed€also€the€fact€that€the€countryÏhad€sent€a€representative€to€present€it,€despite€the€difficult€situation€inÏwhich€Iraq€found€itself€as€a€result€of€the€long€war€and€the€recent€conflict€withÏall€its€negative€consequences€for€the€status€of€women.€€They€noted€that€theÏGovernment€was€making€efforts€to€address€the€issue€of€the€status€of€women.€ÏWhile€members€welcomed€the€fact€that€the€issue€of€reservations€had€beenÏaddressed€in€the€report,€they€found€the€reservations€a€matter€of€considerableÏconcern.€€In€noting€the€reasons€given€for€entering€reservations,€they€observedÏthat€there€was€a€contradiction€between€the€reservations€and€the€view€that€theÏShariah€also€guaranteed€women€equality€with€men,€and€that€gender€equality€wasÏguaranteed€by€the€Constitution.€€Concern€was€shown€because€those€reservationsÏwere€of€a€fundamental€nature€and€touched€on€the€heart€of€the€Convention.€€If€theÏGovernment€adhered€to€the€principle€of€gender€equality,€as€enshrined€in€theÏConstitution,€it€would€have€to€amend€the€laws€that€were€still€discriminatoryÏagainst€women.€€However,€the€Government€indicated€that€it€did€not€believe€inÏlegislative€shocks,€and€yet€any€new€law€constituted€a€kind€of€legislative€shock.€ÏMembers€stated€that€such€shocks€were€necessary€if€laws€were€to€be€progressive.ÌÌ38.à2 .2àWhen€members€asked€how€the€issue€of€gender€equality€was€dealt€with€in€theÏcase€of€laws€that€still€encouraged€gender€inequality,€the€representativeÏexplained€that€all€legislation€was€drafted€on€the€basis€of€the€Constitution.€€ItÏhad€to€be€implemented€accordingly,€except€when€it€was€in€contradiction€with€theÏShariah.ÌÌ39.à2 .2àMembers€of€the€Committee€said€that€although€the€situation€of€women€in€IraqÏwas€one€of€the€most€advanced€in€the€region,€and€the€Government€had€made€greatÏefforts€to€achieve€gender€equality,€it€would€be€desirable€if€it€were€to€carryÏout€that€task€with€a€stronger€sense€of€commitment€and€to€envisage€reconsideringÏthe€issue€of€reservations€with€the€goal€of€removing€them,€especially€thoseÏconcerning€articles€2,€9€and€16€of€the€Convention.€€The€representative€statedÏthat€a€high-level€committee€had€been€set€up€with€the€President's€approvalÏespecially€for€reconsidering€the€issue€of€reservations.€€The€entering€ofÏreservations€had€stemmed€from€the€Government's€interest€in€implementing€theÏConvention€faithfully,€but€the€reservations€were€not€meant€to€delay€or€hamper€the€advancement€of€women.€€Iraq€had€enacted€many€laws€in€favour€of€women€and€hadÏdealt€flexibly€with€the€provisions€of€the€Shariah€in€a€way€that€was€best€suitedÏto€the€goals€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ40.à2 .2àIn€noting€that€an€impression€had€been€given€that€the€Government€was€moreÏconcerned€with€making€women€into€good€citizens€than€with€trying€to€obtain€forÏthem€equal€rights€and€equal€opportunities,€members€said€that€the€conditions€ofÏwomen€would€not€improve€as€long€as€old€habits€prevailed.€€Asked€whetherÏstatutory€provisions€and€customary€laws€were€the€same€for€all€women,€regardlessÏof€race€and€religious€belief,€the€representative€said€that,€except€for€theÏprovisions€of€the€Shariah,€all€others€were€generally€applicable,€irrespective€ofÏsex€and€belief.ÌÌ41.à2 .2àMembers€asked€whether€Iraq€had€also€entered€a€reservation€to€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€and€its€Optional€ProtocolÏor€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€RightswithÏregard€to€the€rights€of€women.ÌÌòòQuestions€related€to€specific€articlesóóÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€2óóÌÌ42.à2 .2àMembers€of€the€Committee€praised€the€active€and€varied€role€played€by€theÏGeneral€Federation€of€Iraqi€Women.€€Asked€whether€the€Federation€reflected€onlyÏthe€Government's€views,€whether€women€were€obliged€to€join€and€whether€thereÏwere€any€other€women's€organizations€and,€if€so,€what€their€methods€were€toÏadvance€the€status€of€women,€the€representative€explained€that€the€FederationÏwas€a€mass€organization€with€political€goals,€the€establishment€of€which€hadÏbeen€approved€by€the€Government,€which€supported€it.€€It€had€legal€competenceÏand€was€morally,€financially€and€administratively€independent.€€Membership€wasÏnot€mandatory.ÌÌ43.à2 .2àTalking€about€the€way€in€which€the€Federation€was€involved€in€politics€inÏIraq,€the€representative€stated€that€members€of€grass-roots€organizations€couldÏparticipate€in€its€discussions€and€that€they€had€the€right€to€vote€in€theÏnational€elections.ÌÌ44.à2 .2àQuestions€were€also€asked€about€the€election€of€the€officers€of€theÏFederation€and€the€kind€of€practices€that€it€had€changed€or€abolished.ÌÌ45.à2 .2àIn€reply€to€a€question,€the€representative€stated€that€other€politicalÏwomen's€organizations€also€existed,€but€none€of€them€enjoyed€the€popularity€andÏexpertise€of€the€Federation.ÌÌ46.à2 .2àAlthough€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€might€be€invoked€in€the€courts,Ïthere€had€not€been€any€cases€of€women€having€recourse€to€law€courts€in€mattersÏof€discrimination.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€3óóÌÌ47.à2 .2àFurther€explanations€were€sought€regarding€the€data€given€in€tables1€and2Ïof€the€report€and€their€relationship€to€the€Government€measures;€it€was€feltÏthat€they€were€contradictory€to€the€data€given€in€table€18€of€the€report.ÌÌÇà2 .2àòòArticle€4óóÌÌ48.à2 .2àAs€the€report€had€not€spelt€out€any€actual€temporary€special€measures,€itÏwas€asked€whether€any€such€measures€had€been€taken€or€whether€the€reference€toÏthem€in€the€report€constituted€only€a€declaration€of€intent.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€5óóÌÌ49.€à2 .2àAsked€how€the€obligation€of€obedience€on€the€part€of€women€to€men€wasÏcompatible€with€the€principle€of€gender€equality,€the€representative€said€thatÏobedience€was€based€on€mutual€respect€and€that€Iraqi€law€had€departed€from€theÏprinciple€of€arbitrary€obedience.€€A€woman€was€not€obliged€to€live€with€herÏhusband€under€certain€circumstances,€such€as€in€cases€of€marital€violence,€lackÏof€adequate€financial€support,€contraventions€of€laws€or€the€Shariah,€or€failureÏto€pay€the€dowry.ÌÌ50.à2 .2àAsked€about€the€type€of€legal€and€practical€measures€taken€in€those€cases,Ïthe€representative€said€that,€in€the€case€of€marital€violence,€a€wife€mightÏrequest€a€separation€before€the€competent€courts,€she€might€institute€legalÏproceedings€or€ask€for€compensation€for€the€moral€or€material€harm€inflictedÏupon€her.€€The€condemnation€of€the€husband,€which€could€be€followed€byÏimprisonment€or€a€money€fine,€might€be€used€as€a€ground€for€divorce.ÌÌ51.à2 .2àAs€to€the€means€undertaken€by€the€General€Federation€of€Iraqi€Women€toÏprotect€female€victims€of€violence,€the€representative€said€that€theirÏaffiliated€family€counselling€centres€used€a€certain€formula€for€the€friendlyÏsettlement€of€family€disputes€or€else€they€might€refer€the€matter€to€theÏcompetent€courts.€€No€statistics€were€available€on€the€incidence€of€violenceÏagainst€women.€€Members€also€asked€what€the€concept€of€the€"biological€function"Ïof€women€and€men€was€in€the€policies€of€the€Government.ÌÌ52.à2 .2àIn€an€additional€comment,€members€observed€that€the€one-sided€duty€of€theÏwife€to€be€obedient€to€her€husband€was€contrary€to€the€principle€of€equality.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€6óóÌÌ53.à2 .2àAsked€about€the€effects€that€the€law€had€on€combating€prostitution€andÏwhether,€through€its€enforcement,€prostitution€and€traffic€in€women€could€beÏeliminated,€the€representative€said€that€the€phenomenon€could€not€be€stamped€outÏthrough€a€law.€€However,€the€establishment€of€rehabilitation€centres€was€aimedÏat€preventing€the€recurrence€of€prostitution.€€An€active€role€in€theÏrehabilitation€process€was€also€played€by€the€General€Federation€of€Iraqi€WomenÏin€administering€health€services,€organizing€educational€seminars€and€providingÏfinancial€support.€€But€the€economic€blockade€of€the€country€made€the€provisionÏof€all€those€measures€rather€difficult.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€7óóÌÌ54.à2 .2àReferring€to€questions€about€the€conditions€for€voting€and€being€eligibleÏto€be€elected€to€the€National€Assembly€the€representative€said€that€the€generalÏage€at€which€one€could€vote€was€18€years;€in€certain€cases,€it€was€not€less€thanÏ25€years,€and€it€was€necessary€that€one€had€Iraqi€nationality€and€that€one'sÏparents€had€Iraqi€nationality.€€The€conditions€were€the€same€for€women€and€forÏmen.ÌÌ55.à2 .2àThe€electoral€system€in€Iraq€involved€voting€for€individual€candidatesÏrather€than€for€lists€of€candidates.€€After€the€1988€elections,€the€percentage€of€women€in€the€National€Assembly€was€10.8€per€cent.€€No€quota€regulationsÏexisted.ÌÌ56.à2 .2àNo€statistical€data€were€available€for€the€percentage€of€women€voters€inÏthe€1980,€1984€and€1988€elections,€nor€were€explanations€given€on€which€methodÏwas€applied€for€selecting€candidates.ÌÌ57.à2 .2àRegarding€observations€made€by€members€on€the€low€percentage€of€femaleÏmembers€of€political€parties,€the€low€representation€of€women€in€the€judiciary,Ïand€women's€absence€at€high-level€posts€in€executive€bodies,€and€regardingÏquestions€whether€the€reasons€were€lack€of€interest€on€the€part€of€women,€lackÏof€equal€opportunities€or€lack€of€the€necessary€encouragement,€theÏrepresentative€stated€that€there€were€some€women,€although€the€percentage€wasÏstill€low.€€The€reasons€were€partly€illiteracy,€women's€unawareness€of€theirÏpolitical€rights,€and€the€preference€that€women€gave€to€family€obligations.€ÏEfforts€were€being€made€to€increase€the€percentage€of€women€in€the€judiciaryÏbecause€they€had€proved€themselves€to€be€capable€in€that€field.€€As€a€result€ofÏtheir€efficiency,€women€were€gradually€gaining€self-confidence.ÌÌ58.à2 .2àRegarding€the€request€for€statistical€data€on€the€participation€of€women€inÏpublic€administration,€in€general,€and€the€percentage€of€women€with€universityÏdegrees€in€high-level€public€administration€positions€in€particular,€theÏrepresentative€referred€to€tables€1,€2-11,€13,€15€and€22€of€the€report.ÌÌ59.à2 .2àNo€data€were€provided€on€the€percentage€of€women€in€politicalÏdecision-making€positions€nor€was€any€answer€given€to€the€question€whetherÏpolitical€parties€had€their€own€women's€organizations.ÌÌ60.à2 .2àThe€representative€mentioned€awareness-raising€programmes€and€seminars€toÏencourage€the€political€participation€of€women.€€There€was€also€a€women'sÏmagazine€that€dealt€with€economic,€political€and€educational€issues€from€theÏperspective€of€women.€€Unfortunately,€its€distribution€had€had€to€be€suspendedÏin€the€wake€of€the€economic€blockade.ÌÌ61.à2 .2àAsked€why€the€service€of€women€in€the€army€was€limited€to€some€well-definedÏranks,€the€representative€commented€that€military€service€was€not€compatibleÏwith€the€biology€of€women,€and€that€data€would€be€supplied€in€the€subsequentÏreport.ÌÌ62.à2 .2àReferring€to€a€request€for€more€information€on€women€in€what€had€beenÏreferred€to€in€the€report€as€the€autonomous€region€of€Kurdistan,€she€explainedÏthat€there€was€no€inequality€between€women€and€men,€they€were€governed€by€theÏgeneral€laws€and€there€was€a€regional€legislative€assembly.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€9óóÌÌ63.à2 .2àMembers€urged€the€Government€to€review€its€Nationality€Act€of€1961€with€aÏview€to€eliminating€gender€discrimination.€€The€representative€explained€that,Ïin€the€case€of€a€marriage€between€an€Iraqi€woman€and€a€foreigner,€the€man€couldÏnot€acquire€Iraqi€nationality€nor€were€the€children€of€such€a€union€entitled€toÏIraqi€nationality.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€10óóÌÌ64.à2 .2àAsked€about€the€appropriate€age€for€girls€to€leave€school€and€get€marriedÏor€start€working,€the€representative€said€that€the€parents€would€be€sanctionedÏif€they€asked€their€daughters€to€leave€school€before€they€had€completed€secondary€school.€€Girls€were€allowed€to€start€working€at€the€age€of€16€years.€ÏAlthough€it€was€up€to€the€parents€to€decide€whether€their€daughters€continuedÏhigher€education,€the€State€was€trying€to€encourage€the€higher€education€ofÏgirls.ÌÌ65.à2 .2àRegarding€a€request€for€further€details€on€the€status€of€the€ComprehensiveÏNational€Campaign€for€the€Compulsory€Eradication€of€Illiteracy,€theÏrepresentative€referred€to€the€information€contained€in€the€report.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€11óóÌÌ66.à2 .2àAsked€for€a€further€explanation€of€what€seemed€to€be€a€discrepancy€betweenÏthe€status€of€working€mothers€in€the€private€and€the€State€sectors€with€regardÏto€maternity€leave,€the€representative€said€that€women€working€in€the€StateÏsector€had€guaranteed€paid€maternity€leave.€€Private€employers€could€not€beÏforced€to€grant€the€same€benefits€because€even€if€they€were€obliged€to€grantÏthem,€they€were€still€free€to€dismiss€women€wishing€to€take€maternity€leave.€ÏAlthough€the€General€Federation€of€Iraqi€Women€had€proposed€certain€measures€toÏthe€authorities,€it€was€difficult€to€implement€them€because€of€the€economicÏblockade.€€Regarding€the€different€retirement€ages€for€women€and€men€under€theÏWorkmen's€Pension€and€Social€Security€Law€of€1971,€the€representative€said€thatÏthat€provision€did€not€constitute€discrimination€because€women€were€not€forcedÏto€retire€at€the€age€of€55,€but€could€choose€to€do€so€if€they€so€wished.ÌÌ67.à2 .2àRegarding€a€clarification€of€the€reasons€for€the€decrease€in€the€number€ofÏnurseries€and€day-care€centres,€as€set€out€in€table€19€of€the€report,€and€theÏsimultaneous€increase€in€the€number€of€working€women€in€Iraq,€the€representativeÏsaid€that€after€the€long€war,€the€State€was€in€favour€of€private€day-careÏcentres.ÌÌ68.à2 .2àConcerning€the€protective€legislation€provided€under€article€81€of€theÏLabour€Law€of€1987,€and€related€questions€about€the€type€of€hard€work€and€workÏharmful€to€women's€health€that€was€prohibited,€whether€such€prohibition€wasÏjustified€for€objective€reasons€and€whether€it€did€not€lead€to€discrimination,Ïthe€representative€said€that€there€was€no€inventory€of€jobs€in€that€category,Ïbut€that€the€provision€concerned€jobs€that€were€not€compatible€with€the€biologyÏof€women.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€12óóÌÌ69.à2 .2àAsked€whether€women's€health,€in€general,€was€protected€by€legislation€orÏwhether€the€Law€of€Public€Health€of€1981€referred€only€to€motherhood,€theÏrepresentative€stated€that€adequate€health€services€were€provided€free€of€chargeÏto€everyone.ÌÌ70.à2 .2àRegarding€questions€relating€to€the€practice€and€number€of€abortions,€andÏto€the€availability,€legal€coverage€and€easy€accessibility€of€family€planningÏmeans€and€methods,€the€representative€stated€that€abortions€were€generallyÏconsidered€to€be€against€the€provisions€of€the€Shariah,€but€for€medical€reasonsÏthey€could€be€carried€out€in€public€hospitals,€but€not€in€private€clinics.ÌÌ71.à2 .2àAsked€about€the€percentage€of€maternal€mortality,€the€representative€saidÏthat€the€maternal€mortality€rate€had€been€rising€since€the€blockade,€especiallyÏas€a€result€of€malnutrition,€weakness€and€anaemia.ÌÌ72.à2 .2àConsidering€comments€on€the€high€percentage€of€women€undergoing€surgery,Ïthe€representative€said€that€abortions€could€be€included€in€the€figures€given€in€table21€of€the€report€if€they€had€been€carried€out€on€a€medical€prescription.€ÏAsked€whether€women€doctors€were€employed€only€in€government€hospitals€or€alsoÏin€private€clinics,€the€representative€said€that€the€statistical€data€coveredÏonly€women€doctors€in€public€hospitals.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€13óóÌÌ73.à2 .2àRegarding€a€request€for€further€clarification€on€women's€access€to€credit,Ïand€questions€whether€the€beneficiaries€were€only€public€administrationÏofficials€or€also€rural€or€even€illiterate€women,€the€representative€said€thatÏloans€were€given€to€rural€women€if€they€were€landowners;€however,€the€grantingÏof€loans€had€generally€been€reduced€as€a€result€of€the€blockade.ÌÌ74.à2 .2àIn€an€additional€comment,€further€clarification€was€requested€on€the€accessÏof€women€to€credit,€bearing€in€mind€that€credit€constituted€the€doorway€toÏeconomic€activity€for€women.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€14óóÌÌ75.à2 .2àRegarding€a€request€for€more€information€on€the€measures€that€existed€toÏease€the€situation€of€rural€women,€the€representative€referred€to€theÏinformation€contained€in€the€report€under€article€14.€€She€also€said€that€womenÏwere€able€to€conclude€contracts€with€cooperatives€in€their€own€name.ÌÌ76.à2 .2àA€clarification€was€requested€of€the€statement€in€the€report€that€theÏapplication€of€laws€and€regulations€to€rural€women€still€left€"something€to€beÏdesired".€€It€was€asked€whether€it€was€because€of€lack€of€information,Ïilliteracy,€discrimination€on€the€part€of€banking€institutions,€pecuniaryÏproblems€or€lack€of€self-confidence€on€the€part€of€women.€€It€was€also€askedÏwhat€were€the€reasons€for,€and€what€was€the€percentage€of,€farmers'€householdsÏthat€were€headed€by€single€women.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€15óóÌÌ77.à2 .2àThe€representative€said€that€the€judicial€proceedings€were€in€conformityÏwith€the€Convention.€€No€information€was€given€on€how€the€legal€provisions€thatÏprotected€women's€rights€were€disseminated.€ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€16óóÌÌ78.à2 .2àMembers€welcomed€the€extensive€explanations€in€the€report€in€connectionÏwith€article€16,€but€they€commented€negatively€on€the€persistence€of€polygamy€inÏIraq.€€Referring€in€particular€to€a€decree€of€1991,€according€to€which€a€loan€ofÏ7,000€dinars€was€granted€to€any€man€who€married€a€war€widow,€it€was€commentedÏthat€such€an€encouragement€of€polygamy€was€unacceptable.€€Asked€whether€theÏdecree€had€been€promulgated€and€whether€its€provisions€were€subject€to€anyÏlimitations,€the€representative€said€that€it€was€of€a€temporary€nature€and€hadÏbeen€put€into€force€for€the€protection€of€women€before€the€outbreak€of€the€war.€ÏWidows€of€men€who€were€termed€"martyrs"€were€granted€lodging,€a€vehicle,Ïfinancial€facilities,€credits€and€higher€salaries.ÌÌ79.à2 .2àNo€information€was€supplied€on€the€incidence€of€polygamous€marriages€and€onÏwhether€women€wished€to€change€the€system€of€polygamy.€€However€theÏrepresentative€explained€that,€in€Iraq,€polygamy€was€allowed€only€under€certainÏvery€strict€conditions,€as€set€out€in€the€report.€€In€case€of€non-compliance,Ïthe€consequences€were€three€to€five€years'€imprisonment€for€the€husband€and€theÏpossibility€for€the€wife€to€request€a€divorce.̇80.à2 .2àThe€minimum€marriageable€age€was€15€years€for€both€girls€and€boys€with-Ïand€18€years€without€-€parental€authorization.€€With€regard€to€the€reason€why€aÏmentally€ill€person€could€contract€a€marriage,€but€why€such€a€person's€divorceÏwas€not€valid,€the€representative€said€that,€under€the€Shariah,€a€mentallyÏhandicapped€person€could€conclude€a€marriage€if€a€certificate,€signed€before€aÏcompetent€legal€authority,€indicated€that€the€spouse€was€aware€of€the€handicapÏand€was€still€prepared€to€enter€into€the€marriage.€€In€such€a€case,€no€divorceÏbased€on€the€existence€of€the€handicap€could€be€granted€later.ÌÌ81.à2 .2àIn€clarifying€the€term€"legitimate€woman"€in€the€definition€of€a€marriageÏcontract€in€the€report,€the€representative€said€that€the€term€was€reallyÏ"legitimate€wife",€thus€excluding€sisters€and€other€close€relatives.ÌÌ82.à2 .2àAsked€about€the€possibilities€for€a€woman€to€obtain€a€divorce€and€whetherÏthey€were€identical€for€both€spouses,€the€representative€referred€to€theÏinformation€contained€in€the€report€and€said€that€both€spouses€could€request€aÏdivorce€for€certain€well-specified€reasons.€€The€marriage€could€also€be€annulledÏif€it€had€not€been€consummated€within€two€years,€if€the€husband€had€a€contagiousÏdisease€or€if€he€refused€to€contribute€to€the€wife's€maintenance.€€A€woman€couldÏalso€divorce€her€husband€for€lack€of€harmony,€a€very€common€ground€for€divorce,Ïwhich€could€encompass€many€reasons.€€After€divorce,€the€woman€was€entitled€toÏreside€for€three€more€years€in€the€marital€domicile.€€If€the€husband€divorcedÏhis€wife€without€an€acceptable€reason,€the€wife€could€request€financialÏcompensation.€€If€a€marriage€was€contracted€under€duress€or€with€the€use€ofÏviolence,€the€perpetrator€was€imprisoned€for€3€to€10€years.ÌÌ83.à2 .2àInformation€was€requested€on€whether€the€provision€under€which€"a€mother€isÏmore€entitled€to€the€custody€of€her€child€during€her€marriage",€and€afterÏseparation,€conformed€to€the€Shariah.€€Members€also€asked€whether€the€GeneralÏFederation€of€Iraqi€Women€had€been€opposing€the€current€practices€and€laws€inÏfamily€relations€and€whether€there€were€any€other€areas€in€which€personal€lawsÏhad€such€a€strong€impact€on€the€status€of€women€in€Iraq€as€in€the€field€coveredÏby€article€16€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ84.à2 .2àIn€additional€comments,€the€representative€pointed€out€that€the€example€ofÏother€Muslim€countries€showed€that€it€was€possible€to€base€the€provisions€inÏforce€on€secular€laws€rather€than€on€the€Shariah,€and€consequently€to€do€awayÏwith€polygamy.€€Even€if€all€legislation€remained€within€the€purview€of€theÏKoran,€new€interpretations€could€be€found€in€order€to€change€the€policies€of€theÏcountry.ÌÌòòConcluding€observationsóóÌÌ85.à2 .2àThe€representative€of€Iraq€stressed€the€political€will€of€her€country€toÏimplement€the€articles€of€the€Convention€with€the€aim€of€promoting€the€social,Ïeconomic€and€cultural€status€of€women.€€In€spite€of€the€difficult€situationÏbrought€about€by€the€war,€the€country€was€pursuing€the€goal€of€progressiveÏlegislation.€€Women€faced€obstacles€that€had€to€be€periodically€reviewed€inÏorder€to€abolish€discriminatory€laws.€€Another€obstacle€was€the€psychologicalÏreluctance€on€the€part€of€both€women€and€men€to€accept€the€enacted€new€laws.€ÏBut€the€backwardness€of€developing€countries€in€general€and€the€economicÏblockade€had€most€severely€harmed€the€situation€of€women.ÌÌ86.à2 .2àMembers€commended€the€informative€replies€given€by€the€representative€ofÏIraq€and€expressed€understanding€for€the€difficult€economic€and€politicalÏconditions€in€which€the€Government€was€trying€to€promote€the€advancement€ofÏwomen.€€It€was€hoped€that€the€subsequent€report€would€be€submitted€as€early€as€possible€and€that€it€would€contain€details€about€the€number€of€women€andÏchildren€that€had€been€affected€by€military€action€and€the€blockade.€€MembersÏcommended€the€political€determination€of€Iraq€to€improve€the€status€of€women€inÏthe€process€of€modernization;€however,€they€questioned€how€progress€could€beÏachieved€if€the€reservations€to€the€Convention€were€maintained.ÌÌÌòòà@ì .òàKenyaóóˆÌÌ87.à2 .2àThe€Committee€considered€the€combined€initial€and€second€periodic€reportsÏof€Kenya€(CEDAW/C/KEN/1-2)€at€its€217th,€218th€and€221st€meetings,€on€25€andÏ27January€(see€CEDAW/C/SR.217,€218€and€221).ÌÌ88.à2 .2àIn€introducing€the€report,€the€representative€of€Kenya€emphasized€thatÏsocietal€and€cultural€attitudes€remained€major€obstacles€to€the€achievement€ofÏfull€de€facto€equality€between€men€and€women.€€She€outlined€the€measures€thatÏhad€been€taken€by€the€Government€to€implement€the€Convention€in€the€light€of€theÏsituation€of€women€in€the€country€and€the€country's€culture€and€values.ÌÌ89.€€She€indicated€that,€despite€the€progress€made€in€achieving€òòde€jureóóÏequality,€women€continued€to€be€discriminated€against€because€of€their€economicÏsituation€and€lower€standard€of€education,€the€various€laws€governing€marriageÏand€divorce,€and€the€fact€that€women€workers€were€concentrated€in€the€privateÏsector.€€She€stated€that€the€traditional€inferior€status€of€women€was€reinforcedÏby€the€predominance€of€marriages€under€some€form€of€customary€law€that€limitedÏwomen's€rights.€€Discrimination€manifested€itself€also€at€the€level€ofÏdecision-making,€where€women€were€few.ÌÌ90.à2 .2àThere€had€been€encouraging€achievements,€however,€through€policies,Ïprogrammes€and€projects.€€She€stated€that€the€Women's€Bureau,€which€theÏGovernment€had€set€up€as€a€division€within€the€Ministry€of€Culture€and€SocialÏServices,€recognized€the€need€for€a€gender€and€development€policy€and,€in€1988,Ïit€had€started€to€develop€a€national€policy€providing€guiding€principles€thatÏwould€influence€the€national€and€sectoral€planning€process€and€lead€to€theÏoverall€goal€of€putting€gender€concerns€in€the€mainstream€of€the€developmentÏprocess.€€The€task€of€the€Bureau€was€to€ensure€that€the€Government's€policiesÏdiminished€gender€disparities.ÌÌ91.à2 .2àThe€report€gave€a€detailed€account€of€the€measures€adopted€by€theÏGovernment€in€its€implementation€of€the€articles€of€the€Convention,€particularly€Ïits€efforts€to€ensure€equal€access€to€public€services,€such€as€health€care€andÏeducation,€and€to€allow€the€full€participation€of€women€in€public€and€politicalÏlife.€€The€representative€described€the€measures€taken€by€the€Government€aimedÏat€improving€the€economic€situation€of€women,€particularly€in€the€framework€ofÏagricultural€policies.ÌÌ92.à2 .2àShe€also€stressed€the€important€role€of€women€in€national€development,Ïparticularly€after€independence€in€1963.€€The€Government€had€shown€its€sincereÏcommitment€to,€and€acceptance€of,€its€obligations€under€the€Convention,€but€theÏfew€areas€that€might€need€some€change€were€those€affected€by€customary€laws€andÏcultures.ÌÌ93.à2 .2àIn€commenting€on€the€various€articles€of€the€Convention,€the€representativeÏdrew€the€attention€of€the€members€to€the€areas€that€might€need€changes€orÏamendments,€and€which€were€affected€by€customary€law€and€culture.€€She€alsoÏdescribed€the€Law€Reform,€the€8-4-4€system€of€education€that€did€away€with€the€stereotyped€roles€of€men€and€women€and€the€registration€of€various€laws€onÏmarriage€and€divorce.ÌÌòòGeneral€observationsóóÌÌ94.à2 .2àIn€its€general€comments,€the€Committee€expressed€its€appreciation€of€theÏfact€that€Kenya€had€ratified€the€Convention€without€reservations,€and€for€itsÏfrank€and€comprehensive€report€giving€a€clear€picture€of€the€real€situation€ofÏwomen€in€Kenya,€as€well€as€the€obstacles€encountered.€€The€efforts€to€overcomeÏdiscrimination€made€by€Kenya€since€the€World€Conference€to€Review€and€AppraiseÏthe€Achievements€of€the€United€Nations€Decade€for€Women:€€Equality,€DevelopmentÏand€Peace,€held€at€Nairobi€in€1985,€and€the€priority€given€to€implementing€theÏConvention,€were€noted,€especially€in€the€light€of€the€difficult€economicÏconditions€that€the€country€was€facing.€€One€of€the€members€expressed€herÏconcern€that€the€report€had€not€complied€with€the€general€guidelines€regardingÏthe€form€and€content€of€reports€and€she€suggested€that,€in€future,€Kenya€shouldÏseek€assistance€from€the€Secretariat.€€The€members€also€expressed€their€concernÏthat€the€report€did€not€contain€sufficient€statistical€information.ÌÌ95.€€More€information€was€requested€on€òòde€jureóó€and€de€facto€discrimination€andÏhow€the€Convention€was€applied€in€Kenya.€€The€Committee€suggested€that€theÏGovernment€needed€to€take€action€to€eliminate€conflicts€between€laws,€customaryÏpractices€and€the€economic€situation.ÌÌ96.€€Members€acknowledged€that€the€report€had€to€be€viewed€against€a€backgroundÏof€specific€cultural€attitudes,€which€had€a€bearing€on€the€situation€of€women€inÏKenya,€and€the€coexistence€of€a€different€system€of€law.€€Some€members€observedÏthat,€despite€the€high€percentage€of€women€voters,€women€were€hardly€representedÏin€higher€political€office.€€It€would€be€difficult€for€women€to€promoteÏthemselves€if€they€could€not€participate€in€the€planning€and€development€of€theÏcountry.ÌÌ97.€€It€was€also€noted€by€the€Committee€that,€although€women€had€been€promotedÏto€senior€posts€and€high€diplomatic€posts,€their€numbers€were€still€few.€€ThereÏwere€programmes€and€projects€relating€to€different€groups€of€women.€€It€wasÏnoted€that€in€the€area€of€finance,€the€Government€was€taking€action.€€BasicÏeducation€for€children€and€vocational€training€were€offered,€as€well€asÏscholarships.€€There€were€health€programmes€for€both€urban€and€rural€areas.€€TheÏCommittee€also€noted€that€socio-cultural€prejudices€still€prevailed€andÏconsidered€that€there€was€a€need€for€a€continuous€effort€to€overcome€them.€ÏLiteracy€was€considered€a€keystone€to€the€solution€of€problems€and,€since€halfÏof€the€female€population€was€illiterate,€the€Government€and€the€women'sÏorganizations€faced€an€urgent€task.€€If€illiterate€women€could€not€understandÏthe€information€distributed,€they€could€not€take€part€in€the€decision-makingÏprocess.€€With€regard€to€illiteracy€programmes,€members€asked€whether€women€wereÏrestrained€from€going€to€classes,€whether€family€obligations€were€an€obstacle€toÏsenior€training€positions,€and€whether€measures€were€being€taken€to€address€theÏsituation€and,€if€so,€what€those€measures€were.ÌÌ98.€€In€regard€to€the€Convention€and€internal€legislation,€the€Committee€wantedÏto€know€what€proposals€had€been€made€to€ensure€the€development€of€domesticÏlegislation€and€which€areas€were€being€looked€into.ÌÌ99.€€A€member€wanted€more€information€on€the€decentralization€of€women'sÏprogrammes€in€rural€areas€and€the€objectives,€and€on€what€was€being€done€inÏorder€to€establish€the€legal€principle€of€cultural€criteria€in€respect€ofÏarticles15€and€16€of€the€Convention.€€Other€members€considered€that€the€Government€was€aware€of€the€discriminatory€provisions€in€the€legislation€thatÏwere€still€directed€to€women.€€The€Committee€emphasized€that€awareness€was€theÏfirst€critical€step.€€In€that€case,€the€Committee€stressed€that€the€GovernmentÏshould€move€ahead€and€correct€those€laws€that€were€discriminatory€and€that€itÏshould€preserve€the€cultural€integrity€of€its€peoples,€most€importantly€theÏintegrity€of€women.ÌÌòòQuestions€related€to€specific€articlesóóÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€2óóÌÌ100.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€article€2,€the€Committee€noted€that€the€Law€of€SuccessionÏAct€of€1981€was€mentioned€in€the€report,€and€wished€to€have€more€detailedÏinformation€on€that€Law€in€relation€to€women€and€how€effective€it€was€in€theÏcontext€of€ethnic€diversity.€€The€Committee€noted€that€the€Constitution€of€KenyaÏdefined€discrimination€in€a€manner€that€could€allow€discrimination€againstÏwomen,€in€that€the€word€"sex"€was€not€included€in€the€article€definingÏdiscrimination.€€The€Committee€asked€about€the€process€of€reform,€as€well€as€theÏcustoms€and€practices€that€discriminated€against€women,€and€asked€whether€theÏconcept€of€discrimination€based€on€the€grounds€of€gender€would€be€added€to€theÏConstitution.€€In€replying€to€the€question€of€amending€the€definition€ofÏdiscriminatory€treatment,€the€representative€pointed€out€that€the€wordÏ"discriminatory"€under€the€Constitution€reflected€the€reality€under€the€KenyanÏLaw€and€thus€once€other€areas€of€personal€law€had€been€tackled,€then€a€properÏdefinition€would€fall€into€place.€€It€was€in€that€context€that€the€question€ofÏharmonizing€the€different€marriage€laws€had€been€studied.ÌÌ101.à2 .2àIn€noting€the€tremendous€workload€of€the€Law€Reform€Commission,€theÏCommittee€wanted€to€know€what€its€programme€was,€the€kinds€of€law€and€subjectsÏwith€which€it€dealt,€its€timetable,€and€the€means€it€had€at€its€disposal.€€InÏresponse,€the€representative€said€that€the€major€function€of€the€Commission€wasÏto€ensure€the€systematic€development€and€reform€of€legislation,€including€inÏparticular€the€integration,€unification€and€codification€of€laws,€theÏelimination€of€anomalies,€the€repeal€of€obsolete€and€unnecessary€enactments€andÏthe€simplification€and€modernization€of€laws.€€There€were€two€women€members€onÏthe€Commission;€one€was€a€judge€and€the€other€was€the€first€woman€town€clerk.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€3óóÌÌ102.à2 .2àIn€regard€to€the€Women's€Bureau,€members€sought€more€information€on€theÏnumber€of€its€staff€members,€how€it€was€organized,€whether€the€Director-GeneralÏwas€a€woman€and€whether€it€worked€well€with€the€staff€and€budget€assigned€to€it.€ÏIn€reply,€the€representative€said€that€the€Bureau's€aim€was€to€improve€theÏquality€of€women's€lives€by€facilitating€a€wide€range€of€activities€in€economicÏdevelopment,€education,€training€and€research.€€Its€functions€were€concernedÏwith€the€identification€of€areas,€projects€and€institutions€of€specialÏimportance€for€achieving€equality€in€women's€lives;€the€promotion€of€educationÏand€training€for€women;€the€conduct€of€research€for€gathering€and€disseminatingÏinformation€on€women's€activities;€the€provision€of€advice€to€the€Government€onÏpolicy€projects;€and€serving€as€a€channel€through€which€non-governmentalÏorganizations€could€give€assistance€to€women.€€She€added€that€the€Bureau€wasÏcomposed€of€eight€units€headed€by€a€Director,€it€was€the€body€concerned€withÏdefining€policy€on€women's€issues€for€the€Government,€and€its€annual€budget€wasÏ25million€Kenya€shillings.€€In€answer€to€a€question,€she€said€that€theÏMaendeleo€ya€Wanamake€Organization€was€a€non-governmental€organization€that€hadÏpreviously€been€affiliated€to€the€ruling€party,€the€Kenyan€African€NationalÏUnion€(KANU).̇à2 .2àòòArticle€4óóÌÌ103.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€the€District€Women's€Development€Committee,€members€inquiredÏabout€its€role€in€Government€policy-making,€whether€it€could€propose€specialÏtemporary€measures€to€improve€the€status€of€women,€how€its€members€were€electedÏor€appointed,€how€it€was€organized,€whether€it€had€its€own€budget,€whether€thereÏhad€been€a€debate€at€government€level€concerning€affirmative€action,€and€whetherÏthere€were€any€requests€from€women's€groups€for€positive€measures.ÌÌ104.à2 .2àWith€reference€to€circumcision,€the€Committee€asked€whether€it€wasÏappropriate€to€consider€addressing€the€problem€of€female€circumcision€of€girlsÏin€the€context€of€the€temporary€special€measures€foreseen€under€article€4€of€theÏConvention.€€The€representative€replied€that€female€circumcision€wasÏdisappearing€rapidly€owing€to€the€high€level€of€female€enrolment€in€primaryÏschools€and€as€communities€became€more€enlightened.ÌÌ105.à2 .2àThe€Committee€noted€with€concern€that€there€was€no€information€provided€inÏthe€report€on€the€subject€of€specific€problems€met€by€women.€€Questions€wereÏraised€as€to€what€could€be€done,€whether€there€were€obstacles€to€the€provisionÏof€measures€and€why€the€Government€had€not€undertaken€special€measures.ÌÌ106.à2 .2àRegarding€women's€organizations,€the€representative€said€that€thoseÏorganizations€were€very€active€in€the€advancement€of€women.€€Issues€raised€byÏsuch€bodies€were€often€taken€up€by€the€Government€and€given€due€consideration.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€5óóÌÌ107.à2 .2àMembers€took€note€of€the€new€syllabus€of€the€8-4-4€system€of€education€andÏexpressed€concern€about€women's€inferiority€in€Kenya.€€Other€members€noted€thatÏthere€was€a€contradiction€between€what€was€asserted€in€the€report€underÏarticle5€regarding€the€overhaul€of€the€education€system€and€what€was€said€aboutÏthe€8-4-4€system€of€education€having€done€away€with€sex€stereotyping.€€TheyÏrequested€further€elaboration€and€details€of€the€curriculum€of€the€8-4-4system.€ÏThe€representative€explained€that€the€system€had€been€introduced€seven€yearsÏpreviously.€€It€had€helped€young€people€to€change€their€attitudes€in€regard€toÏthe€roles€of€men€and€women.€€She€added€that€there€was€no€contradiction€as€theÏaim€of€the€system€was€to€eliminate€the€stereotyped€roles€of€men€and€women.€€ForÏexample,€under€the€system's€syllabus,€both€girls€and€boys€were€taught€cooking,Ïsewing,€construction€and€agriculture,€as€well€as€traditional€arts€and€scienceÏsubjects.ÌÌ108.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€an€additional€question€regarding€the€St.€Kizito€incident€inÏwhich€19€girls€had€died€from€abuse€by€young€men€in€1991,€and€the€types€ofÏdiscussion€that€had€taken€place,€the€representative€explained€that€it€had€been€aÏpainful€experience€for€the€country.€€The€saddest€aspect€was€that€it€had€been€aÏcrime€committed€by€children€on€children.€€She€informed€the€Committee€that€theÏGovernment€had€taken€prompt€action€to€punish€the€offenders.ÌÌ109.à2 .2àIn€regard€to€violence,€more€information€was€requested€on€the€legislation€onÏrape,€domestic€violence€and€sexual€roles€in€the€workplace,€as€well€asÏlegislation€on€the€trafficking€of€women€and€voluntary€prostitution.€€MembersÏasked€whether€the€legislation€was€being€effectively€enforced.€€TheÏrepresentative€explained€that€violence€against€women€came€in€different€forms;€Ïfor€instance,€prostitution€was€treated€as€violence€against€women,€which€was€aÏcrime€under€the€Penal€Code.€€Rape€was€a€crime€punishable€by€life€imprisonment.ÏCruelty€was€a€ground€for€divorce.€€In€addition,€assault€and€sexual€harassmentÏwere€penal€offences,€whether€at€home€or€at€the€workplace.€€She€also€informed€the€Committee€that,€in€collaboration€with€the€Public€Law€Institute,€the€Women'sÏBureau€had€initiated€a€legal€education€programme,€which€was€aimed€at€creatingÏawareness€of€the€legal€rights€and€obligations€of€women.€€A€major€campaign€hadÏbeen€launched€entitled€"Violence€against€women"€and€governmental€andÏnon-governmental€bodies€were€being€sensitized€to€play€a€role€in€implementing€theÏConvention.€€More€statistical€data€were€needed€on€the€results€and€obstacles€thatÏthe€legislation€was€encountering,€and€the€other€measures€that€had€been€taken€toÏchange€stereotyped€images€of€women.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€6óóÌÌ110.à2 .2àAs€the€report€had€indicated€that€prostitution€was€illegal€in€Kenya,€theÏCommittee€wanted€to€know€about€measures€taken€to€rehabilitate€prostitutes;€theÏaverage€age€of€females€who€practised€prostitution;€the€sanctions€imposed€forÏoffences€of€prostitution€and€whether€they€were€also€imposed€for€both€men€andÏwomen;€whether€prostitutes€had€access€to€contraceptives€to€protect€them€from€theÏhuman€immunodeficiency€virus€(HIV);€and€whether€prostitutes€were€exposed€toÏviolence€in€Kenya.€€Some€members€expressed€concern€that€there€was€no€judicialÏinformation€concerning€the€question€of€prostitution.€€Questions€were€asked€onÏthe€milieu€of€the€girls,€the€type€of€girls€and€the€principal€measures€beingÏtaken€to€combat€prostitution.€€In€reply,€the€representative€said€that€it€was€anÏoffence€under€the€Kenyan€Penal€Code€for€anyone€to€procure€or€attempt€to€procureÏany€girl€or€woman€for€sexual€purposes.€€She€explained€also€that€the€ImmigrationÏAct€further€prohibited€a€prostitute€or€a€person€living€on€the€earnings€of€aÏprostitute€from€entering€the€country,€which€also€prevented€women€or€others€fromÏtrafficking€in€women€for€immoral€purposes.€€There€were€no€specific€measures€toÏprotect€those€women€against€the€acquired€immunodeficiency€syndrome€(AIDS),€asÏthe€Government€sought€to€eliminate€prostitution,€and€the€programme€against€AIDSÏwas€directed€to€the€entire€population.€€Many€non-governmental€organizations€andÏchurch€groups,€however,€worked€on€rehabilitation€programmes€for€prostitutes,Ïespecially€the€young€ones.ÌÌ111.à2 .2àMembers€requested€more€detailed€information€on€the€Penal€Code.ÌÌòòà2 .2àArticle€7óóÌÌ112.à2 .2àMembers€asked€what€was€meant€in€the€report€by€"hiring€women".€€With€regardÏto€a€question€about€women€in€higher€levels€of€government€decision-making,€theÏrepresentative€informed€the€Committee€that,€currently,€there€were€two€womenÏpermanent€secretaries.€€One€was€in€charge€of€the€Ministry€of€Commerce€andÏIndustry,€and€the€other€was€in€charge€of€the€Ministry€of€Foreign€Affairs€andÏInternational€Cooperation.ÌÌ113.à2 .2àThe€Committee€wished€to€know€what€the€Women's€Bureau€was€doing€to€increaseÏawareness€of€the€need€to€place€women€in€higher€positions,€whether€KANU€had€aÏspecial€programme€to€encourage€women€to€participate€in€politics€at€the€local€andÏnational€levels,€and€whether€women€had€the€same€financial€support€as€men€forÏtheir€electoral€campaigns.€€With€regard€to€women€in€politics,€the€representativeÏexplained€that€the€awareness-creation€of€the€democratization€process€among€womenÏhad€produced€encouraging€results€during€the€elections€on€29December€1992.€ÏInitially,€80women€had€shown€interest€in€representative€leadership.€ÏEliminations€at€the€party€preliminaries€had€left€20€women€to€compete€forÏleadership€against€their€male€counterparts€for€188parliamentary€seats.€€Six€ofÏthem€had€been€elected€to€the€Seventh€Parliament,€the€highest€number€of€womenÏsince€independence.€€The€only€woman€elected€within€KANU€had€been€appointed€asÏAssistant€Minister€in€the€Ministry€of€Culture€and€Social€Services.ÌÌ114.à2 .2àThe€Committee€noted€that€half€the€members€of€KANU€were€women€yet€thereÏseemed€to€be€a€general€decrease€in€the€number€of€women€in€politics.€€TheÏCommittee€wished€to€know€whether€that€was€a€real€indication€of€women's€interestÏin€politics€or€whether€it€was€party€propaganda.€€Furthermore,€the€CommitteeÏinquired€whether€women€were€being€nominated€in€risky€seats,€which€discouragedÏthem€from€seeking€election,€or€whether€there€had€been€negative€reporting€thatÏhindered€women.€€More€details€were€requested€on€the€distribution€of€women€whoÏtook€an€active€part€in€politics.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€8óóÌÌ115.à2 .2àThe€Committee€wished€to€know€the€percentage€of€women€in€the€diplomaticÏservice.€€The€representative€indicated€that€over€40€per€cent€of€the€officers€inÏthe€Ministry€of€Foreign€Affairs€were€women.€€She€added€that,€in€1992,Ï27percent€of€the€officers€posted€outside€the€country€had€been€women.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€9óóÌÌ116.à2 .2àThe€Committee€noted€that€the€nationality€law€was€not€in€conformity€with€theÏConvention,€and€inquired€about€the€Government's€schedule€to€change€theÏsituation.€€A€further€question€was€asked€regarding€the€nationality€of€a€KenyanÏwoman€who€married€a€foreigner.€€The€representative€noted€that€any€Kenyan€womanÏwho€married€a€foreigner€remained€a€Kenyan€citizen€until€such€time€as€sheÏrenounced€her€nationality.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€10óóÌÌ117.à2 .2àThe€Committee€noted€with€concern€a€contradiction€in€the€report€(paras.33Ïand€34)€and€wanted€to€know€what€the€Government€was€doing€to€correct€thatÏcontradiction€in€the€education€of€boys€and€girls.€€Questions€were€raised€aboutÏthe€literacy€rates€of€both€men€and€women.€€The€Committee€also€expressed€itsÏconcern€over€women€drop-outs€and€suggested€that,€in€the€next€report,Ïconsideration€should€be€given€to€the€need€for€specific€programmes€for€them.€€TheÏCommittee€also€noted€that€there€were€persistent€discriminatory€regulations€inÏthe€report.ÌÌ118.à2 .2àThe€Committee€asked€whether€basic€primary-school€education€was€compulsory;Ïwhy€there€had€been€a€decrease€in€the€numbers€of€pupils€enrolled€in€1985/86;Ïwhether€there€was€segregation€in€high€schools;€and€whether€coeducation€was€partÏof€the€formal€education€in€Kenya.ÌÌ119.à2 .2àQuestions€were€raised€about€whether€the€diplomas€given€by€otherÏinstitutions€had€the€same€value€as€diplomas€from€State€schools,€and€whatÏpercentage€of€the€students€in€elementary€and€secondary€schools€were€boys€andÏwhat€percentage€were€girls.€€The€representative€confirmed€that€coeducation€wasÏprevalent€at€all€levels€and€that€basic€education€was€compulsory.ÌÌ120.à2 .2àThere€was€a€higher€representation€of€girls€than€of€boys€in€art€subjects,Ïand€the€Committee€asked€about€the€reasons€for€that.€€The€representative€saidÏthat€the€syllabus€for€all€schools€was€the€same€for€both€girls€and€boys;€however,Ïthere€were€some€schools€that€were€insufficiently€equipped€for€science€subjectsÏand€therefore€a€larger€number€of€students€took€art€subjects.€€She€explainedÏfurther€that€that€was€not€a€deliberate€discriminatory€move€against€girlÏstudents,€but€was€a€part€of€the€problem€of€a€developing€country.€€In€answer€to€aÏquestion€about€the€content€of€family-life€education,€she€said€that€suchÏeducation€was€included€in€the€curricula€of€primary,€as€well€as€secondary€schools.€€Churches€and€other€non-governmental€organizations€had€also€taken€anÏinterest€in€family-life€education€in€schools.ÌÌ121.à2 .2àThe€Committee€requested€more€gender-disaggregated€information€on€schoolÏleavers€in€the€third€periodic€report.€€Members€asked€why€there€were€more€girlsÏamong€the€school€leavers,€why€there€were€separate€and€fewer€centres€for€girls,Ïand€why€there€was€a€difference€in€the€instruction€received€by€girls€and€by€boysÏat€schools.€€Members€emphasized€that€that€situation€would€have€an€effect€onÏemployment€opportunities.€€They€also€asked€why€there€were€so€many€drop-outsÏamong€girls€and€whether€reasons€were€financial.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€11óóÌÌ122.à2 .2àMembers€observed€that€the€National€Hospital€Insurance€Fund€discriminatedÏagainst€married€women€except€when€they€were€the€principal€income-earners.€€TheyÏalso€observed€that€social€and€cultural€prejudices€still€existed€in€Kenya.€ÏQuestions€were€raised€about€the€kind€of€training€courses€from€which€women€wereÏbarred€by€their€family€obligations.€€With€reference€to€the€housing€allowance,Ïthe€Committee€noted€that€the€civil€service€code€of€regulations€denied€marriedÏwomen€such€an€allowance,€except€in€a€few€specific€instances,€and€wanted€to€knowÏwhat€those€specific€instances€were.ÌÌ123.à2 .2àIn€reply,€the€representative€said€that€with€the€advent€of€the€multi-partyÏera,€the€Government€had€granted€married€women€a€housing€allowance€with€effectÏfrom€1€December€1992.ÌÌ124.à2 .2àMembers€noted€that€most€women€in€the€civil€service€were€being€encouraged€toÏwork€on€contractual€terms,€which€had€the€effect€of€hampering€their€rise€toÏsenior€positions.€€The€Committee€wanted€to€know€whether€the€Government€CircularÏof€May€1989€was€benefiting€women.ÌÌ125.à2 .2àInformation€was€sought€on€whether€women€were€entitled€to€maternity€leaveÏand€whether€they€had€the€security€of€keeping€their€job€after€maternity€leave.€ÏThe€representative€explained€that€women€were€paid€while€on€maternity€leave,€theyÏdid€return€to€the€same€job€after€such€leave,€and€they€had€job€security.ÌÌ126.à2 .2àResponding€to€a€question€about€the€existence€of€child-care€facilities€forÏworking€women,€the€representative€said€that€there€were€kindergartens€and€nurseryÏschools;€however,€most€working€women€had€a€household€help€to€whom€they€entrustedÏthe€care€of€their€children.€ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€12óóÌÌ127.à2 .2àMembers€asked€whether€training€was€provided€to€traditional€birth€attendantsÏto€enable€them€to€upgrade€their€practices€and€make€them€safer.€€TheÏrepresentative€confirmed€that€traditional€birth€attendants€were€trained€by€theÏMinistry€of€Health€and€provided€with€the€necessary€surgical€equipment.€€InÏnoting€that€the€average€life€expectancy€of€women€had€increased€from€46€years€inÏ1965€to€56€years€in€1984,€the€Committee€asked€whether€the€life€expectancy€of€menÏhad€increased,€and€whether€there€were€any€statistics.€€The€representativeÏreported€that€life€expectancy€at€birth€in€1965€had€been€50years€for€females€andÏ46€years€for€males,€while€in€1989€it€was€61€years€for€females€and€57€years€forÏmales,€an€increase€of€more€than€10€years€for€both€sexes.ÌÌ128.à2 .2àMembers€requested€information€about€campaigns€to€combat€the€spread€ofÏHIV/AIDS;€sexual€education;€and€the€promotion€of€contraceptive€measures.€€It€wasÏsuggested€that€particular€attention€should€be€given€to€the€health€of€women.€€The€need€for€AIDS€education€programmes,€for€both€women€and€men,€was€stressed€toÏfacilitate€the€prevention€of€its€possible€spread.€€More€information€wasÏrequested€about€the€Presidential€Decree€Banning€Circumcision,€its€effects€andÏimplementation.€€In€addition,€members€asked€whether€there€was€any€information€onÏprogrammes€reducing€female€circumcision.€€They€also€requested€more€informationÏon€legislation€and€statistics€on€abortion.ÌÌ129.à2 .2àIn€reply€to€the€question€whether€pregnant€teenagers€had€difficulties€inÏbeing€accepted€by€their€families€or€society,€the€representative€pointed€outÏthat,€although€teenage€pregnancy€was€not€acceptable,€families€did€not€rejectÏgirls€who€had€become€pregnant.€€Often€the€grandparents€took€care€of€the€infantÏand€the€young€mother€went€back€to€a€new€school.€€In€addition,€counselling€andÏguidance€on€sex€prevention€was€provided€in€schools€by€non-governmentalÏorganizations.€€Since€abortion€was€illegal€in€Kenya€and€carried€penal€sanctions,Ïit€was€difficult€to€provide€statistics€on€clandestine€abortions.ÌÌ130.à2 .2àShe€said€that€the€Family€Planning€Association€of€Kenya€offered€informationÏand€created€awareness€about€family€planning.€€For€example,€in€Nairobi,€thereÏwere€more€than€14€clinics€offering€family-planning€methods,€which€served€bothÏmen€and€women.€€The€use€of€contraceptives€was€increasing.€€In€1989,€the€KenyaÏDemograph€Health€Survey€had€recorded€a€27€per€cent€level€of€contraceptive€useÏcompared€with€17€per€cent€in€1984€and€7€per€cent€in€1977/78.ÌÌ131.à2 .2àRegarding€the€use€of€contraceptives€and€the€decline€in€fertility€in€oneÏarea€in€Kenya,€the€representative€reported€that€the€prevalence€of€contraceptivesÏhad€risen€to€a€level€rare€in€rural€Africa,€and€that€fertility€rates€hadÏdeclined.€€In€addition,€the€contraceptive€methods€used€were€predominantly€highlyÏeffective€ones.€€Child-bearing€had€come€to€be€seen€as€an€aspect€of€life€overÏwhich€control€could€and€should€be€exercised.ÌÌ132.à2 .2àConcerning€the€availability€of€prenatal€clinics,€the€representative€statedÏthat€Kenya€had€witnessed€a€great€improvement€in€health€and€nutrition,€as€well€asÏgreater€access€to€services€and€amenities€through€the€initiatives€of€theÏGovernment€and€non-governmental€organizations.€€The€maternal,€child-health€andÏfamily-planning€activities€were€aimed€at€reducing€both€maternal€mortality,€byÏincreasing€women's€access€to€high-quality€health€services,€and€total€fertilityÏrates,€by€promoting€the€use€of€contraceptives.ÌÌ133.à2 .2àAs€a€result,€traditional€practices,€such€as€nutrition€taboos,€femaleÏcircumcision€and€child€marriage€were€on€the€decrease.€€Sex€education€wasÏprovided€through€counselling€and€guidance€in€schools,€but€had€not€yet€beenÏwidely€accepted€as€part€of€the€school€syllabus.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€13óóÌÌ134.à2 .2àThe€Committee€asked€about€the€kinds€of€plan€the€Government€had€to€deal€withÏthe€system€of€family€benefits.€€The€representative€stated€that,€with€effect€fromÏDecember€1992,€married€women€were€entitled€to€obtain€a€housing€allowance.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€14óóÌÌ135.à2 .2àMembers€asked€about€the€measures€taken€to€improve€farmers'€accessibility€toÏagricultural€credit€and€loans.€€In€regard€to€rural€women,€a€member€asked€whetherÏwomen€were€aware€of€their€rights.€€Members€expressed€their€desire€to€knowÏwhether€there€was€a€contradiction€in€the€Law€of€Succession€Act,€and€asked€forÏclarification.€€The€representative€replied€that€the€Law€of€Succession€ActÏprovided€a€uniform€code€as€far€as€devolution€of€property€on€death€was€concerned,€and€it€gave€both€men€and€women€the€equal€right€to€inherit,€own€and€dispose€ofÏproperty.€€The€interest€of€the€widow€was€paramount€to€any€other€interest€and€theÏLaw€was€only€invoked€to€ensure€that€the€children€were€being€adequately€takenÏcare€of.ÌÌ136.à2 .2àMembers€were€concerned€that€there€was€scarce€information€on€land€ownership,Ïand€asked€whether€there€was€any€provision€that€men€should€own€land€and,€if€so,Ïwhat€the€situation€was€and€what€was€being€done€to€improve€it.€€TheÏrepresentative€replied€that€land€ownership€was€governed€by€the€Registration€ofÏLand€Act.€€Most€of€the€land€in€rural€areas€was€not€registered.€€Once€the€familyÏdecided€to€register€the€land,€such€registration€was€usually€in€the€name€of€theÏhusband€alone;€however,€as€more€women€became€aware€of€the€benefits€of€owningÏland,€more€of€them€were€insisting€on€the€joint€registration€of€family€property.€ÏIn€addition,€the€Ministry€of€Lands€and€Housing€was€not€concerned€about€whetherÏwomen€owned€land€or€not,€but€the€Land€Control€Board€regulations€required€that,Ïin€all€transactions,€the€consent€of€the€wife€or€wives€was€necessary€beforehand.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€15óóÌÌ137.à2 .2àThe€members€noted€that€the€Law€of€Domicile€discriminated€against€women,Ïaffecting€also€the€status€of€other€rights€within€the€family,€and€asked€whetherÏthere€was€any€attempt€to€change€that€law.€€Considering€that€some€lawsÏdiscriminated€against€women€in€Kenya,€members€asked€whether€women€addressedÏthemselves€to€the€courts€and,€if€so,€how€successful€they€were.€€TheÏrepresentative€said€that€a€new€policy€was€being€developed€by€the€Women's€BureauÏon€laws€that€appeared€to€discriminate€against€women.€€She€added€that€women€didÏhave€recourse€to€the€courts€and€that€the€courts€decided€according€to€the€meritÏof€the€case€and€the€applicable€law.ÌÌ138.à2 .2àAs€it€was€stated€in€the€report€that€various€rights€were€governed€by€theÏcustomary€law€governing€men,€a€member€asked€whether€there€was€any€kind€ofÏinformation€or€advisory€service€to€create€awareness€on€the€part€of€women.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€16óóÌÌ139.à2 .2àMembers€asked€for€information€on€measures€contemplated€by€the€Government€toÏunify€marriage€and€divorce€laws,€and€asked€whether€women€could€be€assured€thatÏrapid€changes€would€take€place€in€the€family€law€system€in€Kenya.€€They€notedÏwith€concern€that€there€were€several€laws€governing€marriage€and€divorce,€basedÏon€the€different€major€religions€recognized€in€the€country,€but€in€every€caseÏwomen€were€still€discriminated€against,€and€they€therefore€urged€the€GovernmentÏto€take€the€necessary€action.€€The€representative€stated€that€the€Marriage€BillÏwas€an€attempt€at€such€unification;€however,€a€male-dominated€ParliamentÏinfluenced€the€types€of€laws€that€were€enacted€and€had€caused€the€Bill€to€beÏshelved.€€With€regard€to€appropriate€measures€to€eliminate€the€contradictionsÏbetween€laws,€customary€practices€and€the€economic€situation,€the€representativeÏsaid€that€customary€and€traditional€practices€were€dying€out;€thus,€for€example,Ïpolygamy€was€being€stamped€out€slowly€as€first€wives€found€the€practiceÏunacceptable€and€it€was€not€economical€for€a€man€to€have€more€than€one€wife.€ÏFurthermore,€there€was€a€rise€in€the€number€of€single€mothers€and€female-headedÏhouseholds.ÌÌòòÇConcluding€observationsóóÌÌ140.à2 .2àMembers€of€the€Committee€thanked€the€representatives€of€Kenya€for€theÏefforts€made€to€provide€such€detailed€and€frank€explanations.€€Some€of€themÏrecognized€that€the€implementation€of€the€articles€of€the€Convention€requiredÏmuch€further€action€by€the€Government€and€that€significant€legal€changes€wereÏneeded€to€bring€legislation€in€Kenya€into€line€with€the€stipulations€of€theÏConvention.ÌÌ141.à2 .2àThe€Committee€noted€that€some€problems€faced€by€women€in€Kenya€were€relatedÏto€tradition€and€customary€practices.€€One€member€considered€that€the€questionÏof€prostitution€required€close€monitoring.ÌÌ142.à2 .2àThe€Chairperson€expressed€her€appreciation€of€the€report.€€The€discussionÏhad€taken€the€form€of€a€thorough€dialogue€that€had€shown€the€Committee'sÏinterest€in€the€report.€€She€stressed€that€the€implementation€of€the€ConventionÏwould€contribute€to€all€fields€of€development€within€Kenya€and€expressed€theÏwish€that€she€would€see,€in€the€future,€the€country's€progress€and€furtherÏimplementation€of€the€Convention.€€She€believed€that,€in€the€near€future,€theÏGovernment€would€be€able€to€achieve€much€more.ÌÌ143.à2 .2àShe€added€that€it€was€most€important€for€the€Committee€to€identify€theÏpolicy€and€trends€in€regard€to€women's€problems€and€sufficient€information€hadÏbeen€obtained€to€identify€those€problems.€€Furthermore,€positive€trends€wereÏwelcomed€and€encouraged.€€She€encouraged€the€Government€to€show€even€greaterÏprogress€in€its€third€periodic€report€and€hoped€that€it€would€take€strongÏmeasures€to€eliminate€old€stereotypes€that€were€curtailing€the€role€of€women€andÏto€address€consciousness-raising€campaigns€to€both€women€and€men€to€allow€womenÏto€be€able€to€contribute€effectively€to€society.ÌÌÌÝ ƒÿÝÔ UK ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÑ\R3Ø'\ÑÑ X ÑÑ À ÑÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓ…+ÓÔ€ôôôÔÔO€<þ6X9`("Courier 12cpiOÔÓ(€  $(ÓØØÖ€(ÖÖ€ÖÓ882^ ÓÝ  ÝÓ882 Óà@ì .ŽàòòRomaniaóóˆÌÌ144.à2 .2àThe€Committee€considered€the€initial€and€combined€second€and€third€periodicÏreports€of€Romania€(CEDAW/C/5/Add.45€and€CEDAW/C/ROM/2-3)€at€its€209th,€210thÏand€215th€meetings,€on€18,€19€and€21€January€(see€CEDAW/C/SR.209,€210€and€215).ÌÌ145.à2 .2àIn€introducing€the€reports,€the€representative€of€Romania€stated€that€theÏfirst€part€of€the€combined€second€and€third€periodic€reports€gave€information€onÏthe€changes€in€the€political€life€of€the€country€after€the€revolution€ofÏDecember€1989€and€on€the€new€laws€referring€to€the€rights€of€women.€€She€saidÏthat,€after€the€revolution,€the€country€had€reverted€to€a€State€based€on€respectÏfor€the€rights€and€freedoms€of€all€human€beings;€restrictive€legal€provisionsÏhad€been€repealed€and€new€laws€adopted€in€accordance€with€the€internationalÏobligations€that€Romania€had€assumed.€€Political€pluralism€was€accepted€as€wellÏas€the€right€of€association€and€the€freedom€to€form€trade€unions€and€federationsÏof€trade€unions.€€At€the€same€time,€Romania€had€become€a€party€to€severalÏinternational€human€rights€instruments.€€In€order€to€respond€to€its€obligationsÏunder€those€international€instruments,€Romania€had€amended€many€laws€and€putÏinto€force€a€new€Constitution€on€8€December€1991.ÌÌ146.à2 .2àThe€representative€said€however€that€the€actual€situation€did€not€match€theÏlegal€one.€€There€should€be€measures€to€guarantee€women€the€right€to€participateÏequally€in€political€life.€€A€first€step€in€the€process€of€equal€opportunityÏshould€be€economic€independence;€however,€the€economic€means€were€stillÏinadequate€to€bring€women€into€political€life€on€an€equal€footing€with€men.€€SheÏpointed€out€the€important€role€being€played€by€trade€unions€and€said€that€no€women€had,€as€yet,€been€elected€to€a€position€of€leadership€in€the€trade-unionÏmovement.€€The€increased€unemployment€was€in€part€caused€by€privatization€inÏcertain€former€State€enterprises.€€On€15€December€1992,€more€women€than€men€wereÏunemployed€and,€among€them,€there€were€more€women€in€the€worker€and€semi-skilledÏcategories€than€in€the€highly€skilled€professions.€€Many€problems€existed€in€theÏprivate€sector€with€regard€to€the€enforcement€of€social€legislation.ÌÌ147.à2 .2àThe€representative€stated€that€in€Romania,€in€the€case€of€divergenceÏbetween€human€rights€and€domestic€legislation,€international€regulations€tookÏprecedence€over€domestic€ones.€€Women€were€represented€in€institutions€of€theÏnew€democracy,€such€as€the€judiciary.€€She€said€that€non-governmentalÏorganizations€played€an€increasingly€important€role€and€their€objectives€were€toÏimprove€the€status€of€women€in€society€and€to€influence€political€factors.€€InÏthe€second€part€of€her€presentation,€the€representative€enumerated€all€theÏlegislative€provisions€in€force€corresponding€to€the€substantive€articles€of€theÏConvention€and€drew€attention€to€the€prevailing€difficulties€and€problems.ÌÌòòGeneral€observationsóóÌÌ148.à2 .2àMembers€of€the€Committee€expressed€their€positive€appreciation€for€the€factÏthat€Romania€had€sent€a€representative€to€present€the€reports€to€the€Committee,Ïbecause€it€had€been€waiting€for€them€to€be€presented€for€a€long€time.€€TheyÏwelcomed€the€country's€transition€to€democracy,€showed€understanding€of€theÏdifficulties€involved€in€dealing€with€women's€issues€in€times€of€governmentalÏchange€and€hoped€that€Romanian€women€would€soon€become€aware€of€democracy€andÏthe€importance€of€their€political€participation.€€They€were€concerned,€however,Ïthat€the€Government€had€complied€with€neither€the€time-frame€nor€the€formatÏrequired€for€preparing€and€presenting€periodic€reports.€€One€member€said€thatÏafter€the€political€change€had€taken€place€in€Romania,€the€initial€report€shouldÏhave€been€withdrawn.ÌÌ149.à2 .2àConcerning€questions€about€the€executive€and€legislative€powers,€forms€ofÏownership€and€underlying€principles€of€Romania,€the€representative€referred€toÏthe€"Basic€document€concerning€Romania"€and€another€document€on€judicial€reformÏin€Romania€(both€of€which€were€given€to€the€Secretariat),€which€gave€an€overviewÏof€the€structure€and€principles€of€the€country.€€She€stated€that,€pursuant€toÏarticle1€of€its€Constitution,€Romania€was€a€republic€and€a€social€andÏdemocratic€legal€State,€in€which€human€dignity€and€the€free€development€of€theÏindividual€were€the€guaranteed€supreme€values.€€It€was€a€pluralistic€State€withÏthe€twin€chambers€of€Parliament€exercising€the€only€legislative€power€andÏindependent€judicial€power.ÌÌ150.à2 .2àIn€answer€to€a€question€on€the€extent€to€which€women€were€part€of€theÏtechnical€intelligentsia,€the€representative€gave€the€following€data€from€1991:€Ïwomen€held€44percent€of€jobs€in€industry;€56percent€in€telecommunications;Ï57.2percent€in€education€and€culture;€44.4percent€in€the€health€and€socialÏsector;€43.3percent€in€administration;€and€43.7percent€in€scientificÏresearch.ÌÌ151.à2 .2àAsked€why€there€was€so€much€passivity€on€the€part€of€women,€theÏrepresentative€said€that€all€of€the€former€socialist€States€had€experienced€aÏsimilar€regressive€movement€of€women.€€Although€women€were€allowed€toÏparticipate€in€all€economic€and€social€sectors,€they€were€absent€from€theÏleading€political€positions.€€It€was€not€so€much€a€question€of€passivity€on€theÏpart€of€women€but€rather€the€need€for€society€as€a€whole€to€become€used€to€theÏidea€of€political€power-sharing.€€One€could€speak€of€real€participation€only€ifÏwomen€shared€political€power€equally.̇152.à2 .2àIn€response€to€the€remarks€by€members€that€the€reports€did€not€containÏsufficient€information€about€the€status€of€women€in€practice,€the€representativeÏreplied€that€subsequent€reports€would€contain€more€data€about€the€de€factoÏsituation.€€Members€pointed€out€that€Governments€that€were€experiencingÏdifficulties€in€preparing€their€reports€could€ask€the€Secretariat€forÏassistance.ÌÌ153.à2 .2àReferring€to€the€question€whether€a€discrepancy€existed€between€domesticÏlegislation€and€international€regulations,€the€representative€said€that,Ïpursuant€to€its€Constitution,€Romania€was€obliged€to€implement€in€good€faith€theÏprovisions€of€international€treaties,€that€international€treaties€became€part€ofÏthe€domestic€legislation€and€that€national€laws€should€be€interpreted€inÏaccordance€with€the€stipulations€in€international€treaties.ÌÌòòQuestions€related€to€specific€articlesóóÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€3óóÌÌ154.à2 .2àReferring€to€the€question€whether€the€mechanism€specified€by€the€CommitteeÏin€its€general€recommendation€6€(seventh€session)€òò13óó/€had€been€set€up€toÏfacilitate€the€implementation€of€a€policy€of€equal€opportunity€for€women€and€menÏand,€if€so,€how€it€worked,€the€representative€replied€that€no€such€centralÏcoordinating€mechanism€existed€although€several€bodies€and€non-governmentalÏorganizations€were€dealing€with€gender€equality€in€various€fields.€€TheÏrepresentative€noted€that,€while€the€need€for€such€a€national€machinery€wasÏrecognized,€there€was€concern€that€it€should€take€a€form€appropriate€to€the€newÏpolitical€order€and€not€simply€adopt€the€ways€of€the€past.ÌÌ155.à2 .2àRegarding€the€preparation€of€the€reports,€the€representative€said€thatÏState€organs€as€well€as€women's€organizations€were€involved€in€their€preparationÏand€many€contacts€were€established€in€order€to€identify€the€problems€faced€byÏwomen.ÌÌ156.à2 .2àIn€additional€comments,€several€members€of€the€Committee€reported€on€theÏexperiences€of€their€countries€in,€and€after,€establishing€national€machineryÏfor€the€advancement€of€women,€as€a€focal€point€where€the€voices€of€women€andÏnon-governmental€organizations€could€be€heard€and€all€governmental€efforts€forÏthe€elimination€of€discrimination€could€be€concentrated.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€4óóÌÌ157.à2 .2àThe€representative€said€that€the€statements€in€the€reports€to€the€effectÏthat€temporary€special€measures€did€not€seem€necessary,€while€achieving€de€factoÏequality€required€the€fostering€of€social€attitudes€to€eliminate€discrimination,Ïwere€in€no€way€contradictory.€€The€adoption€of€temporary€special€measures€wouldÏindeed€be€desirable,€especially€in€order€to€eliminate€social€prejudices€and€toÏchange€attitudes.€€Women's€organizations€were€demanding€the€adoption€of€suchÏmeasures€and€some€special€measures€had€already€been€introduced€in€response€toÏactions€taken€by€non-governmental€organizations.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€5óóÌÌ158.à2 .2àIn€reply€to€queries€raised€concerning€violence€against€women,€and€theÏsomewhat€contradictory€statements,€in€the€combined€second€and€third€periodicÏreports,€"one€cannot€say€that€there€is€a€phenomenon€of€violence€against€women"Ïand€"domestic€violence€does€occur,€particularly€in€the€impoverished€socialÏsectors",€the€representative€said€that€violence€was€just€one€of€many€crimes,€but€it€did€not€constitute€a€major€national€problem.€€Similarly,€domestic€violenceÏwas€not€a€typical€occurrence€in€Romania€although€it€did€exist€for€some€veryÏsubtle,€cultural€reasons.€€No€data€on€its€incidence€existed€nor€on€the€number€ofÏwomen€who€had€been€injured€or€who€had€died€as€a€result€of€violence.€€So€far,Ïthere€were€no€shelters€for€battered€women.ÌÌ159.à2 .2àAsked€about€the€number€of€complaints€about€cases€of€violence,€the€type€ofÏmeasures€taken€by€the€Government€of€Romania€to€combat€violence€against€women€andÏthe€attitude€of€the€police,€the€representative€replied€that€women€were€certainlyÏnot€discouraged€from€lodging€a€complaint.€€Although€there€was€no€tradition€inÏsuch€matters,€complaints€were€being€lodged.€€The€police€intervened€only€inÏresponse€to€a€complaint€by€the€injured€party.€€No€statistics€were€available€onÏthe€number€of€complaints€that€had€been€received.ÌÌ160.à2 .2àAsked€whether€women's€organizations€had€made€the€elimination€of€violenceÏagainst€women€one€of€their€concerns,€the€representative€stated€that€theÏpriorities€of€women's€organizations€were€mainly€the€social€and€economic€rightsÏof€women€and€not€the€issue€of€violence.ÌÌ161.à2 .2àIn€additional€comments,€members€showed€concern€over€the€issue€of€domesticÏviolence€and€expressed€the€hope€that€the€subsequent€report€would€give€moreÏexhaustive€information€on€the€Government's€interest€in€the€issue€and€on€theÏmeasures€being€taken€to€combat€the€problem.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€6óóÌÌ162.à2 .2àAsked€whether€the€laws€prohibiting€traffic€in€women€and€the€exploitation€ofÏthe€prostitution€of€women€had€led€to€a€reduction€in,€or€the€elimination€of,Ïthose€offences,€the€representative€said€that€the€laws€were€being€enforced.€€As€aÏresult€of€the€changes€in€Romania,€prostitution€had€started€in€spite€of€itsÏprohibition;€however,€no€statistics€were€available€on€its€incidence€or€on€theÏnumber€of€offenders€that€had€been€taken€to€court.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€7óóÌÌ163.à2 .2àReferring€to€the€question€why€the€number€of€women€reported€to€be€in€topÏpositions€was€much€lower€in€the€combined€second€and€third€reports€than€it€hadÏbeen€in€the€initial€report,€in€particular€in€the€Cabinet€and€Parliament€-Ïwhether€it€was€because€of€fewer€suitable€candidates,€a€changed€attitude€on€theÏpart€of€the€Government,€a€reduced€interest€of€women€in€politics€or€the€result€ofÏthe€new€norms€and€policies€-€the€representative€said€that€the€initial€report€hadÏbeen€prepared€under€the€totalitarian€regime€and€contained€figures€imposed€by€it.€ÏWomen€were,€indeed,€interested€in€politics:€€they€had€participated€in€theÏrevolution.€€The€Government€had€not€adopted€a€new€attitude€towards€the€politicalÏparticipation€of€women€nor€had€the€conditions€been€changed,€but€they€could€noÏlonger€be€imposed.€€The€only€measures€that€the€State€could€take€to€encourageÏmore€women€to€be€interested€in€politics€would€be€juridical€and€administrativeÏones.€€There€was€no€real€explanation€why€women€did€not€hold€leading€positions,Ïbut€it€was€to€be€hoped€that,€after€the€achievement€of€economic€power,€theÏdesired€changes€would€follow€at€the€political€level.ÌÌ164.à2 .2àThe€electoral€system€was€universal€and€by€secret€ballot€without€anyÏdiscrimination€as€to€sex,€race€or€religion.€€It€was€the€same€for€theÏparliamentary€and€the€presidential€elections.€€There€was€no€quota€regulation€forÏwomen.ÌÌ165.à2 .2àQuestions€were€asked€about€the€rate€of€voting€for€women€and€men€and€theÏpercentage€of€women€and€men€in€the€electoral€lists€at€the€most€recent€elections.ÌÌ166.à2 .2àThe€representative€said€that€whether€women€candidates€appeared€on€theÏelectoral€lists€depended€on€the€political€parties,€not€on€the€electoral€system.€ÏThe€National€Women's€Council€had€been€abolished€and€a€new,€similar€body,€but€inÏan€improved€form,€was€being€created.€€The€three€women's€associations€listed€inÏthe€report€did€not€constitute€an€exhaustive€list;€there€were€many€more€women'sÏorganizations€in€different€fields.ÌÌ167.à2 .2àReplying€to€an€additional€request€by€a€Committee€member€for€comparativeÏstatistics€on€the€withdrawal€of€women€from€political€life€in€the€formerÏsocialist€countries,€the€representative€referred€to€a€meeting€that€the€UnitedÏNations€Educational,€Scientific€and€Cultural€Organization€(UNESCO)€had€held€atÏPrague€in€1991,€during€which€that€common€phenomenon€had€been€noted.€€OtherÏmembers€stated€that€women€ought€to€be€made€aware€of€the€importance€of€playing€anÏactive€role€in€the€political€life€of€their€country.€€The€representativeÏexplained€that€their€current€reticence€was€a€reaction€to€the€fact€that,€underÏthe€former€regime,€women€had€been€forced€to€occupy€certain€positions.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€10óóÌÌ168.à2 .2àAsked€about€the€number€of€women€who€worked€as€teachers€in€secondary€schoolsÏand€about€the€difficulties€that€the€Government€was€experiencing€in€the€processÏof€setting€up€an€educational€system€that€eliminated€discrimination,€theÏrepresentative€referred€to€the€information€given€in€the€combined€second€andÏthird€reports.€€She€said€that€the€new€Government€maintained€the€same€positiveÏattitude€as€the€former€one€regarding€education.€€Schooling€was€free€of€charge€atÏall€levels,€and€scholarships€were€available.ÌÌ169.à2 .2àRegarding€the€question€why€within€one€minority€group,€the€Roma,€the€drop„¼out€rate€from€school€was€the€highest€and€whether€any€programmes€existed€forÏtheir€benefit,€the€representative€said€that€the€State€was€giving€much€support,Ïtraining€teachers€and€carrying€out€programmes€for€their€overall€integration€intoÏsociety;€however,€it€was€more€a€matter€of€trying€to€reorient€the€way€of€thinkingÏof€that€group.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€11óóÌÌ170.à2 .2àRegarding€questions€relating€to€the€equal€access€of€women€to€professionalÏposts,€their€representation€in€positions€of€responsibility€at€all€levels€and€theÏproportion€of€women€workers€in€decision-making€positions€in€labour€unions,€theÏrepresentative€explained€that€women€did,€indeed,€have€equal€and€egalitarianÏaccess€to€professional€posts.€€They€were€strongly€represented€at€the€expertÏlevel€and€were€members€of€trade€unions.€€Yet€in€no€field€had€they€achievedÏpositions€of€power€or€leadership.€€As€examples,€the€representative€citedÏresearch€jobs€or€the€judiciary,€where€women€constituted€almost€50€per€cent€ofÏthe€employees.ÌÌ171.à2 .2àWorking€hours€for€both€women€and€men€were€eight€hours€a€day,€five€days€aÏweek.€€Women€who€worked€under€difficult€conditions€were€allowed€to€work€for€onlyÏsix€hours€a€day,€and€mothers€of€children€below€the€age€of€six€could€opt€forÏpart-time€work.ÌÌ172.à2 .2àIn€reply€to€requests€for€statistics€on€the€number€of€hours€a€day€that€womenÏdoing€paid€work€outside€the€house€dedicated€to€domestic€tasks,€and€the€extent€ofÏmen's€sharing€of€the€domestic€burden€with€women,€the€representative€said€no€such€data€were€available.€€Women€certainly€worked€longer€hours€and€were€also€burdenedÏby€the€lack€of€adequate€social€assistance.ÌÌ173.à2 .2àThe€law€in€Romania€stipulated€the€principle€of€equal€pay€for€work€of€equalÏvalue.€€During€the€transition€period€to€a€market€economy,€salary€negotiationsÏwere€being€held€with€private€enterprises.€€Asked€about€the€existence€of€a€systemÏfor€assessing€the€value€of€different€jobs,€statistics€on€the€wages€of€women€andÏmen€in€similar€jobs,€the€income€levels€of€women€in€general€and€the€participationÏrate€of€women€in€the€labour€force,€the€representative€promised€that€such€dataÏwould€be€included€in€the€subsequent€report.ÌÌ174.à2 .2àWhen€members€pointed€out€that€the€connection€between€extended€maternityÏleave€and€the€reduction€of€infant€mortality€would€seem€to€make€women€whoÏpreferred€to€continue€working€and€not€take€a€long€maternity€leave€solelyÏresponsible€for€infant€mortality,€the€representative€said€that€that€was€not€theÏcase.€€It€was€the€women's€choice€to€take€extended€maternity€leave€or€not.€€WhileÏtaking€extended€maternity€leave€and€working€shorter€hours€did€affect€the€careersÏof€mothers€of€children€below€the€age€of€six,€no€figures€were€provided€on€theÏextent€to€which€women€availed€themselves€of€those€possibilities.€€In€order€toÏreduce€infant€mortality,€the€State€had€been€providing€health€and€social€welfareÏmeasures.€€The€representative€made€clear€that€maternity€leave€amounted€to€112Ïdays,€not€11.ÌÌ175.à2 .2àThe€representative€said€that€women€were€very€well€represented€inÏprofessions€related€to€the€arts,€where€they€constituted€57.2€per€cent€of€theÏemployees.ÌÌ176.à2 .2àIn€spite€of€the€different€retirement€ages€for€men€and€women,€women€had€theÏsame€pension€entitlements€as€men.€€Regarding€statistics€on€the€unemployment€rateÏof€men€and€women,€the€representative€referred€to€the€data€provided€during€theÏpresentation€of€the€report.€€Unemployment€benefits€depended€on€the€age€of€theÏperson,€the€professional€sector€and€the€number€of€years€that€he€or€she€hadÏworked.€€Currently,€an€appropriate€level€was€being€worked€out€that€should€allowÏwomen€to€maintain€a€minimum€standard€of€living.€€The€training€of€women€for€newÏjobs€was€one€of€the€means€to€reduce€unemployment,€for€which€appropriate€fundsÏwere€earmarked€in€the€unemployment€fund,€which€received€contributions€from€StateÏand€private€enterprises.ÌÌ177.à2 .2àAsked€whether€the€situation€of€women€in€the€workforce€had€changed€in€law€orÏin€practice€after€the€revolution€of€1989,€the€representative€said€that€thereÏwere€sufficient€laws€from€the€time€before€the€political€change.€€The€only€newÏlaw€dealt€with€professional€competence.€€However,€the€Government€was€trying€toÏfind€adequate€resources€for€putting€the€laws€into€practice.ÌÌ178.à2 .2àDealing€with€questions€regarding€a€ban€on€night€work€for€pregnant€women€andÏnursing€mothers,€or€for€women€in€general,€and€possible€negative€consequences€forÏwomen's€careers,€the€representative€said€that€there€was€no€such€generalÏinterdiction€and€that€specific€jobs€could€be€performed€at€night.ÌÌ179.à2 .2àReferring€to€the€good€network€of€crches€and€kindergartens€for€both€urbanÏand€rural€women€that€had€existed€formerly,€the€representative€stated€that€itÏstill€existed,€but€it€was€undergoing€a€transformation€because€of€a€change€in€itsÏfinancing€system.ÌÌ180.à2 .2àThe€representative€explained€that€women€working€in€the€private€sectorÏbenefited€from€the€same€employment€legislation€as€women€working€in€the€public€sector,€and€the€former€discriminatory€system€under€which€certain€jobs€wereÏearmarked€for€women€or€for€men€had€been€abolished.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€12óóÌÌ181.à2 .2àReplying€to€a€request€for€an€explanation€of€the€"barbarous€means"€by€whichÏwomen€were€forced€to€give€birth,€the€representative€said€that€the€former€lawÏbanning€abortion€was€barbarous€as€some€women€had€preferred€to€die€rather€thanÏbring€their€babies€to€full€term.€€The€law€repealing€the€ban€on€abortion€had€beenÏput€into€force€immediately€after€the€revolution,€which€had€made€the€number€ofÏabortions€rise€sharply.€€Asked€whether€women€had€access€to€contraceptive€methodsÏother€than€abortion,€the€representative€stated€that€contraceptive€means€existed,Ïbut€they€were€too€scarce€and€fairly€expensive.€€She€referred€to€the€mass€mediaÏas€the€main€source€of€education€on€the€use€of€contraceptives.€€Some€familyÏplanning€units€existed,€but€they€were€run€mainly€by€non-governmentalÏorganizations.€€Statistical€data€on€the€incidence€of€abortions€in€public€and€inÏprivate€clinics€would€be€submitted€in€the€subsequent€report.ÌÌ182.à2 .2àThe€representative€explained€that€the€former€pro-natalistic€policy€had€beenÏabandoned€for€appropriate€economic€measures,€including€a€draft€bill€on€theÏallocation€of€State€subsidies€for€children.€€The€new€allocation€for€children€wasÏno€longer€paid€automatically€to€the€father;€it€could€be€paid€for€all€children,Ïwithout€any€differentiation,€to€the€mother€until€the€child€had€attained€the€ageÏof€16.€€She€said€that€the€number€of€abandoned€children€was€decreasing,€and€thatÏthere€were€plans€to€increase€child€allowances€and€scholarships.ÌÌ183.à2 .2àThe€immunization€of€babies€was€obligatory€and€free€of€charge.ÌÌ184.à2 .2àThe€representative€stated€that€general€statistics€on€the€number€of€cases€ofÏHIV/AIDS€were€not€available.€€Data€on€the€numbers€of€children€affected€byÏHIV/AIDS€would€be€included€in€the€subsequent€report.€€Asked€what€preventive€andÏeducational€measures€existed€for€dealing€with€the€problem€of€AIDS,€she€said€thatÏprogrammes€had€been€set€up€with€the€help€of€the€United€Nations,€and€special€AIDSÏclinics€had€been€created.ÌÌ185.à2 .2àThe€major€causes€of€female€mortality€and€morbidity€were€cancer€(on€accountÏof€the€Chernobyl€accident)€and€cardiovascular€and€other€stress-related€diseases;Ïtuberculosis€was€decreasing.€€Statistical€data€would€be€included€in€theÏsubsequent€report.ÌÌ186.à2 .2àAsked€whether€medical€assistants€had€the€necessary€medical€knowledge€toÏcare€for€their€patients,€the€representative€replied€that€the€medical€trainingÏsystem€was€extremely€good€and€provided€specialized€training€for€medicalÏpersonnel.ÌÌ187.à2 .2àIn€a€subsequent€remark,€concern€was€expressed€by€one€of€the€CommitteeÏmembers€about€the€scarcity€of€contraceptive€means.€€The€scarcity€ofÏcontraceptives€might€lead€to€repeated€abortions,€which€usually€involved€healthÏhazards€for€women.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€14óóÌÌ188.à2 .2àExplaining€why€it€had€been€stated€in€the€initial€report€that€women€wereÏdoing€most€of€the€rural€work,€the€representative€said€that€under€the€old€regimeÏthere€had€been€agricultural€cooperatives€in€rural€areas.€€As€practically€nothingÏhad€been€paid€for€the€work€done,€the€men€had€migrated€to€jobs€in€industry,Ïwhereas€women€had€stayed€behind€to€work€on€the€land.€€Currently,€the€land€was€being€given€back€to€the€former€owners€so€that€the€whole€family,€women,€men€andÏchildren,€was€again€sharing€agricultural€and€domestic€work.ÌÌ189.à2 .2àIn€rural€areas€also,€schooling€was€compulsory€up€to€the€end€of€secondaryÏschool;€however,€youths€in€rural€areas€received€no€higher-level€training.€€YoungÏwomen€emigrated€mainly€to€industrialized€areas.€€As€far€as€retirement€benefitsÏwere€concerned,€urban€women€were€discriminated€against€as€rural€women€couldÏretire€at€the€age€of€57€and,€unlike€urban€women,€widowed€women€in€rural€areasÏwere€entitled€to€the€retirement€benefits€of€their€late€husbands.ÌÌ190.à2 .2àRegarding€the€value€of€the€participation€of€rural€women€in€the€nationalÏeconomy,€the€representative€said€that€rural€women€contributed€by€working€theÏland€and€supplying€agricultural€produce,€as€in€other€market€economies.ÌÌ191.à2 .2àAsked€for€comparative€data€on€the€current€mortality€rate€of€urban€and€ruralÏwomen,€the€percentage€of€recipients€of€pre-€and€post-natal€services€and€theÏenrolment€figures€for€primary€and€secondary€schools,€the€representativeÏexplained€that€health€measures€were€identical€for€rural€and€urban€women.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€15óóÌÌ192.à2 .2àThe€representative€said€that€the€rights€set€out€in€article€15€of€theÏConvention€were€implemented€not€only€by€law€but€also€in€practice.ÌÌ193.à2 .2àRegarding€questions€on€the€number€of€cases€of€discrimination€that€had€beenÏbrought€to€the€courts,€the€representative€said€that€no€exact€data€wereÏavailable,€but€that€the€number€was€very€small€because€women€were€notÏsufficiently€educated€to€defend€their€rights.ÌÌÔ&  Ôà2 .2àòòArticle€16óóÌÌÔ'  Ô194.à2 .2àAsked€for€a€clarification€of€the€current€legal€situation€and€about€theÏpractice€regarding€the€choice€of€family€name,€the€representative€explained€thatÏeach€spouse€could€either€keep€his€or€her€own€name€or€the€couple€could€decide€onÏa€common€name,€either€that€of€the€husband€or€of€the€wife.ÌÌ195.à2 .2àRegarding€de€facto€unions,€the€representative€stated€that€they€were€notÏgoverned€by€law€but€that,€under€a€ruling€of€the€court,€the€children€of€suchÏunions€had€equal€rights€to€those€of€the€children€of€registered€marriages.ÌÌ196.à2 .2àNo€statistical€data€were€available€on€the€age€at€which€divorce€was€mostÏfrequent,€but€it€was€said€that€divorce€was€more€frequent€among€couples€who€hadÏmarried€at€a€very€young€age.€€Under€the€Family€Code,€the€normal€marriageable€ageÏwas€16€years€without€parental€consent.€€However,€the€usual€age€for€marriage€wasÏ20€years.ÌÌ197.à2 .2àThe€representative€said€that€the€social€welfare€services€for€mothers€andÏchildren€implemented€under€the€former€regime€were€being€maintained€and€amplifiedÏby€some€new€services,€such€as€compulsory€doctor's€visits€for€children€underÏoneyear€of€age,€which€were€free€of€charge,€and€the€supply€of€certain€freeÏmedicines.ÌÌòòConcluding€observationsóóÌÌ198.à2 .2àMembers€of€the€Committee€commended€the€representative€of€Romania€for€herÏexhaustive€replies.€€The€representative€welcomed€the€sharing€by€members€of€theirÏexperiences€in€setting€up€national€machinery€and€emphasized€the€Government's€firm€will€and€commitment€to€the€implementation€of€the€provisions€of€theÏConvention€with€the€help€of€all€women€and€men.ÌÌÌòòà@ì .òàYemenóóˆÌÌ199.à2 .2àThe€Committee€considered€the€initial,€second€and€third€periodic€reports€ofÏYemen€(CEDAW/C/5/Add.61,€CEDAW/C/13/Add.24€and€Amend.1€and€CEDAW/C/YEM/3)€at€itsÏ225th€and€228th€meetings,€on€29January€and€2February€(see€CEDAW/C/SR.225€andÏ228).ÌÌ200.à2 .2àIn€introducing€the€reports,€the€representative€apologized€for€the€fact€thatÏher€colleagues€from€the€Yemeni€capital€could€not€introduce€the€reports,€becauseÏthey€were€occupied€with€the€preparations€for€the€first€elections€in€the€countryÏsince€the€reunification€on€22May1990.€€The€elections,€which€would€be€free€andÏin€which€all€citizens€had€the€equal€right€to€participate,€marked€an€end€to€theÏtransition€period€the€country€was€undergoing€as€a€result€of€the€incorporation€ofÏthe€former€Democratic€Yemen€and€Yemen€Arab€Republic.ÌÌ201.à2 .2àThe€representative€referred€to€the€historical€backwardness€affectingÏwomen's€status€in€Yemen.€€Women's€struggle€for€human€dignity€and€self„¼determination€went€back€thousands€of€years;€only€after€the€revolutions€in€theÏtwo€parts€of€the€country€had€women's€role€in€motivating€Yemeni€society€andÏrestoring€its€civilization€been€realized.ÌÌ202.à2 .2àThe€Constitution€of€Yemen€guaranteed€equal€rights€and€duties€to€all,Ïwithout€distinguishing€between€men€and€women.€€Since€the€ratification€of€theÏConvention,€the€Government€had€made€available€all€the€possible€means€toÏimplement€it€and€to€achieve€defacto€equality.€€The€constitutional€rights€hadÏbeen€embodied€in€other€laws,€especially€those€concerning€politicalÏparticipation,€employment€and€education,€to€establish€firmly€equality€for€womenÏand€to€eliminate€discrimination€against€them.€€Legislation€provided€specialÏprovisions€to€protect€women€in€pregnancy€and€maternity.ÌÌ203.à2 .2àThe€efforts€of€the€Government€had€not€been€limited€to€legislation€but€hadÏbeen€expanded€to€translate€various€rights€into€reality€through€regulations€inÏall€areas€of€women's€life:€€the€judiciary,€the€civil€service,€general€electionsÏand€social€security.€€The€Government€had€established€meaningful€programmes,Ïfunded€by€international€organizations€or€foreign€assistance,€based€on€theÏcreation€of€appropriate€mechanisms€and€special€projects€to€increaseÏopportunities€for€the€education€and€employment€of€women€and€to€improve€theirÏhealth.€€A€special€concern€had€been€training€and€education,€including€makingÏwomen€aware€of€their€legal€rights.€€Making€the€Convention€known,€especiallyÏamong€young€generations,€was€a€priority€for€the€Government.ÌÌ204.à2 .2àThe€representative€said€that€participation€in€the€civil€service€was€free€ofÏgender€discrimination.€€Political€participation€had€also€been€made€equal€butÏsocial€and€regional€differences,€as€well€as€the€small€number€of€educated€andÏemployed€women,€led€to€a€lower€participation€of€women€in€both€political€life€andÏdecision-making.€€The€representative€noted€that€Yemeni€women€had€played€aÏprominent€role€in€international€forums.ÌÌ205.à2 .2àThe€representative€gave€a€detailed€explanation€of€parts€of€the€labourÏlegislation.€€She€referred€to€the€special€provisions€concerning€the€workingÏhours€of€pregnant€or€nursing€women,€and€to€the€long€maternity€leave€of€60days,Ïa€special€entitlement€to€leave€in€the€event€of€the€death€of€a€husband€and€theÏretirement€age.€€Nurseries€and€kindergartens€had€been€established€to€increase€women's€access€to€the€labour€market€and,€thus,€ensure€their€full€participationÏin€the€development€process.€€Nevertheless,€the€problem€of€early€marriage,€whichÏresulted€in€uncompleted€education€and€illiteracy,€as€well€as€social€andÏreligious€limitations€and€controls,€still€hindered€women's€participation.ÌÌ206.à2 .2àReference€was€made€to€the€special€problems€of€rural€women,€whoseÏparticipation€in€agricultural€development€was€very€high€because€of€the€migrationÏof€many€men€to€urban€areas.ÌÌ207.à2 .2àA€detailed€description€concerning€family€laws,€codified€in€the€new€PersonalÏStatute€Law€20€of€1992,€was€given.€€The€representative€said€that€polygamyÏoccurred€under€certain€conditions.€€The€minimum€age€for€marriage€was€15€yearsÏand€a€woman€was€free€to€dispose€of€her€dowry€as€she€wished.€€Details€concerningÏthe€annulment€of€marriage,€as€well€as€the€right€to€receive€compensation,€wereÏgiven.€€With€regard€to€the€granting€of€custody,€a€mother's€eligibility€had€to€beÏproved.€€Poor€morals€did€not€prevent€a€woman€from€being€granted€custody€until€aÏchild€was€5€years€old.€€Custody€was€granted€for€up€to€9years€for€boys€and€forÏup€to€12years€for€girls.ÌÌ208.à2 .2àThe€representative€said€that€the€distribution€of€information,€theÏmobilization€of€public€opinion€and€the€development€of€women's€legal€awarenessÏwere€high€priorities€of€the€Government.€€She€outlined€the€means€at€theÏGovernment's€disposal€for€disseminating€the€Convention.ÌÌ209.à2 .2àShe€concluded€by€saying€that€many€social,€economic€and€politicalÏdifficulties€had€prevented€the€full€implementation€of€the€Convention,€evenÏthough€the€Government€had€done€its€best€to€overcome€them.€€She€said€that€despiteÏnumerous€laws,€which€guaranteed€women€social,€political,€economic€andÏeducational€rights,€certain€traditions€and€values€of€a€negative€nature€stillÏaffected€attitudes€towards€women€and€impeded€their€real€participation.€€ThoseÏproblems€could€not€be€solved€in€a€short€period€of€time.ÌÌòòGeneral€observationsóóÌÌ210.à2 .2àMembers€said€that€the€reports€of€Yemen,€especially€the€third€periodicÏreport,€were€comprehensive€and€frank,€clearly€defining€the€progress€made€as€wellÏas€the€obstacles,€which€provided€a€good€agenda€for€the€Government€in€future.€ÏThe€reports€were€regarded€as€giving€hope€and€encouragement.€€In€addition,€theÏefforts€of€the€Government€in€submitting€and€representing€its€reports€deserved€aÏspecial€tribute,€since€the€country€was€going€through€serious€political€changesÏon€account€of€unification.€€Moreover,€Yemeni€women€were€to€be€congratulated€onÏcertain€laws€that€had€been€enacted€and€applied€in€order€to€enable€them€toÏparticipate€equally€in€the€development€of€their€country.€€Women€seemed€to€be€anÏintegral€part€of€society,€and€their€achievements€had€to€be€especially€praisedÏwhen€considering€the€social€pressures€under€which€they€lived.ÌÌ211.à2 .2àStructural€difficulties,€customary€traditions€and€cultural€patterns€hadÏimpeded€efforts€to€improve€women's€situation€quickly.€€A€clear€commitment€of€theÏGovernment€to€promoting€women's€issues€could,€however,€be€recognized.€€TheÏestablishment€of€national€machinery€was€acknowledged€especially;€however,Ïconsidering€its€functions,€its€workload€seemed€to€be€too€heavy,€especially€as€itÏsometimes€acted€as€a€family€tribunal.€€Therefore,€the€effective€coordination€ofÏthe€work€of€the€national€machinery€as€well€as€the€creation€of€specificÏinstitutions€for€action€on€family€disputes€was€requested.€€Clarification€wasÏsought€on€the€Shariah€and€how€it€was€applied.€€The€representative€stated€that€itÏwas€a€main€source€of€legislation€in€Yemen.ÌÌ212.à2 .2àMembers€urged€the€Government€to€pay€special€attention€to€education,€also€inÏrural€areas.€€They€cautioned€against€the€Government's€preference,€mentioned€inÏthe€second€periodic€report,€to€encourage€marriage€and€the€establishment€ofÏfamilies€as€it€prevented€youngsters,€especially€girls,€from€completing€evenÏtheir€basic€education.ÌÌ213.à2 .2àThe€Committee€was€reminded€that€Yemen€was€one€of€the€least€developedÏcountries€in€the€world€and,€therefore,€faced€serious€economic€difficulties€inÏachieving€its€policy€goals.€€The€Committee€appealed€to€Governments,Ïnon-governmental€organizations€and€UnitedNations€bodies€to€extend€theirÏassistance€to€women's€organizations€in€Yemen€in€order€to€promote€further€theÏadvancement€of€women€and€thereby€the€development€of€the€country.€€It€wasÏessential€to€maintain€the€momentum€as€the€foundation€for€real€changes€hadÏalready€been€laid.ÌÌ214.à2 .2àBefore€answering€the€questions€raised€by€the€Committee,€the€representativeÏmade€a€clarification€to€the€effect€that€the€initial€and€second€periodic€reportsÏhad€been€prepared,€prior€to€the€unification,€by€Democratic€Yemen,€which€hadÏratified€the€Convention.€€The€third€periodic€report€covered€the€unified€RepublicÏof€Yemen,€which€explained€why€it€might€seem€to€be€contradictory€to€previousÏreports,€as€it€reflected€the€new€legislation€adopted€for€the€unified€Republic.ÌÌ215.à2 .2àMembers€requested€clarification€on€the€country's€new€Constitution€and€askedÏspecifically€whether€it€had€been€worded€to€include€the€concept€of€discriminationÏbased€on€sex.€€The€representative€said€that€the€Constitution€guaranteed€equalityÏof€rights€to€all€citizens€and€referred€to€article27,€which€explicitlyÏstipulated€that€discrimination€based€on€sex€was€prohibited.ÌÌ216.à2 .2àThe€Committee€noted€with€appreciation€that€Yemen€had€not€made€anyÏsubstantial€reservations€to€the€Convention.€€The€only€one€that€had€been€madeÏconcerned€the€system€for€the€settlement€of€disputes,€on€which€many€otherÏcountries€had€made€reservations.€€Nevertheless,€members€asked€whether€theÏGovernment€could€consider€withdrawing€its€reservation.ÌÌòòQuestions€related€to€specific€articlesóóÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€2óóÌÌ217.à2 .2àMembers€asked€whether€the€stipulations€in€article48€of€the€Civil€ServiceÏLaw,€protecting€pregnant€and€nursing€women,€might€not€actually€be€discriminatoryÏin€their€nature,€as€they€negatively€affected€women's€employment€opportunities.€ÏThey€also€asked€if€the€same€regulation€applied€to€both€public€and€private€posts.€ÏThe€representative€replied€that€men€and€women€were€equal€in€the€labour€marketÏand€that€protective€measures€for€women,€also€in€dangerous€workplaces,€showedÏthat€women€enjoyed€their€full€rights€in€that€field.ÌÌ218.à2 .2àReferring€to€the€right€of€a€woman€to€have€a€maximum€of€40€days'€specialÏleave€in€the€event€of€her€husband's€death,€it€was€asked€whether€men€wereÏentitled€to€the€same€right€when€they€were€bereaved.€€According€to€theÏrepresentative,€even€new€legislation€did€not€mention€men€in€that€connection,Ïbecause€of€old€customs.€€A€widow€could€not€remarry€until€three€months€hadÏelapsed€after€her€husband's€death.€€Members€asked€for€an€explanation€why€theÏperiod€of€such€leave€was€so€long.€€The€representative€replied€that€under€the€newÏlaw,€the€period€was€three€months.ÌÌà2 .2àÔ&  ÔòòArticle€4óóÌÌ219.à2 .2àThe€representative€said€that€the€Government€had€created€mechanisms€andÏspecial€projects€to€encourage€women's€equality€in€all€sectors€of€the€economy,Ô'  ÔÏsociety€and€family,€as€well€as€to€promote€the€awareness€of€women's€rights.€€TheÏCommittee€wished€to€know€what€proportion€of€young€girls€were€included€in€thoseÏspecial€projects,€especially€in€those€providing€information€on€the€Convention.€ÏIn€addition,€information€on€the€impact€of€those€projects€was€requested€and€onÏwhether€the€new€awareness€was€reflected€in€the€demands€of€women€in€the€relevantÏareas€of€their€work,€as€well€as€in€private€and€public€life.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€5óóÌÌ220.à2 .2àAsked€about€how€the€Yemeni€Council€for€Mother€and€Child€Welfare€enforcedÏpolicies€for€mothers€and€children,€the€representative€said€that€maternity€child„¼care€centres€had€been€established,€as€well€as€centres€for€monitoring€healthÏconditions€and€distributing€contraceptives.ÌÌ221.à2 .2àConcerning€domestic€and€sexual€violence€against€women,€members€asked€whatÏkind€of€information€was€available€on€the€subject,€what€the€incidence€of€suchÏviolence€was€and€what€measures€the€Government€was€taking€in€the€form€ofÏlegislation,€public€information€campaigns€and€education€to€eliminate€violence.€ÏMembers€asked€whether€the€Government€worked€in€cooperation€with€women'sÏorganizations€in€providing€shelter€homes€or€other€protection€for€victims.€€TheÏrepresentative€regretted€that€no€statistics€were€available€on€violence,€but€heÏagreed€that€Yemen,€like€other€societies,€faced€such€a€phenomenon.€€TheÏGovernment€was€aware€that€violence€could€take€various€forms,€both€physical€andÏpsychological.€€Referring€to€the€latter,€he€mentioned€forcing€a€girl€to€marry€atÏyoung€age€or€preventing€her€from€obtaining€an€education.€€He€referred€toÏgovernment€campaigns€to€raise€awareness€among€women.€€Moreover,€if€a€womanÏwanted€to€file€a€lawsuit€against€violence,€she€had€the€right€to€claim€damages.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€7óóÌÌ222.à2 .2àWhen€asked€about€the€low€participation€of€women€in€public€service,Ïreflected€in€the€fact€that€only€10€of€the€301€members€of€the€Council€of€DeputiesÏwere€women,€the€representative€stated€that€illiteracy,€other€occupations€ofÏwomen€within€the€household€and€the€fact€that€over€70percent€of€Yemeni€womenÏlived€in€rural€areas€were€the€causes.€€Concerning€government€measures€toÏfacilitate€women's€access€to€administration€and€to€encourage€their€participationÏin€public€life,€he€said€that€the€Government€encouraged€women€in€all€areas€ofÏlife,€especially€by€improving€education.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€8óóÌÌ223.à2 .2àIn€the€third€periodic€report,€as€well€as€in€the€statement€of€theÏrepresentative,€it€was€mentioned€that€women€had€held€important€positions€inÏinternational€forums.€€The€Committee€asked€whether€it€would€be€possible€to€haveÏsome€statistical€data.€€The€representative€observed€that€Yemen€had€many€femaleÏdiplomats,€some€in€high€positions.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€9óóÌÌ224.à2 .2àThe€Committee€pointed€out€that€the€law€concerning€Yemeni€nationality€seemedÏto€be€in€contradiction€of€the€Convention.€€Since€no€reservation€had€been€madeÏunder€article€9,€they€asked€the€Government€to€examine€its€position€and€to€alterÏit.€€The€representative€indicated€that€the€question€did€not€appear€clear€and€that€he€saw€no€contradiction€between€the€Convention€and€the€Yemeni€lawÏconcerned.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€10óóÌÌ225.à2 .2àReference€was€made€to€the€education€of€girls€in€rural€areas.€€In€the€thirdÏperiodic€report€it€had€been€mentioned€that€problems€included€the€unavailabilityÏof€special€schools€for€girls€and€a€lack€of€qualified€female€teachers.€€Asked€whyÏgirls€had€to€be€trained€in€special€schools€and€by€female€teachers,€theÏrepresentative€said€that€when€girls€reached€the€secondary-school€stage,€theyÏwere€usually€separated€from€boys.ÌÌ226.à2 .2àMembers€asked€how€the€Government€proposed€to€remove€obstacles,€includingÏthe€definition€of€sex€roles,€and€to€encourage€the€access€of€girls€to€educationÏon€the€basis€of€their€own€motives.€€The€representative€answered€that€theÏGovernment€was€building€schools€in€villages€to€enable€girls€to€attend,€but€thatÏit€could€not€force€parents€to€send€their€girls€to€school.€€Many€traditions€andÏcustoms€affected€women€negatively€in€the€development€process€and€changes€neededÏtime.€€The€Constitution€guaranteed€education€to€both€sexes€on€the€same€basis.ÌÌ227.à2 .2àIn€reply€to€a€question€on€the€proportion€of€girls€leaving€school€withoutÏcompleting€primary€education,€the€representative€said€that€no€statistics€wereÏavailable€as€the€country€was€in€a€transitional€stage.€€Only€the€forthcomingÏelections€would€put€an€end€to€that€period,€when€the€elected€Parliament€wouldÏelect€the€President€and€the€Prime€Minister€and€Yemen€would€thus€complete€itsÏunification€process.€€He€underlined€the€difficult€economic€situation€in€theÏcountry.€€He€hoped€that€more€statistics€could€be€included€in€the€next€periodicÏreport.ÌÌ228.à2 .2àAsked€about€the€number€of€women€who€were€illiterate,€the€representativeÏsaid€that€he€had€no€statistics€but€that€he€presumed€the€percentage€was€veryÏhigh,€perhaps€even€95€per€cent.€€Concerning€government€literacy€programmes,€heÏsaid€that€they€could€not€be€carried€out€throughout€the€year€because€of€theÏcosts.€€Despite€the€limited€duration€of€the€programmes,€some€positive€resultsÏcould€be€seen.€€Referring€to€the€low€number€of€students€in€technical€andÏvocational€education€and€girls'€participation€in€that€field€of€education,€heÏsaid€that€no€percentages€could€be€given,€as€he€had€no€statistics.€€He€observedÏthat€women€could€register€in€those€schools,€but€that€they€were€usually€enrolledÏonly€in€sewing€and€handicraft€institutions€and€did€not€participate€in€otherÏareas.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€11óóÌÌ229.à2 .2àConcerning€the€unemployment€rate€in€Yemen,€the€representative€said€that€heÏhad€no€exact€information,€but€that€he€presumed€it€to€be€high,€especially€afterÏthe€Gulf€War,€when€about€1€million€workers€had€returned€to€Yemen,€together€withÏrefugees€from€neighbouring€countries.€€He€could€not€give€a€percentage€for€theÏnumber€of€unemployed€women,€but€thought€it€to€be€even€higher€than€that€of€men.€ÏHe€observed€that€education€programmes€and€the€merging€of€the€public€sectorÏbecause€of€the€unification€were€expensive€and€that€the€war€had€badly€affectedÏthe€economic€situation.ÌÌ230.à2 .2àA€question€was€asked€about€the€low€participation€rate€of€women€in€theÏlabour€market€and€about€government€measures€to€encourage€women's€economicÏactivities.€€The€representative€replied€that€the€Government€had€tried,€throughÏbetter€education,€to€increase€women's€role€in€development.ÌÌÔ&  Ôà2 .2àòòArticle€12óóÌÌ231.à2 .2àReferring€to€the€expansion€of€immunization€services,€members€asked€whetherÏthe€rural€areas€also€benefited€from€such€services.€€The€representative€repliedÏÔ'  Ôthat€the€State€made€no€distinction€between€different€areas€of€the€country;Ïhealth€services€were€for€the€entire€country.ÌÌ232.à2 .2àAsked€about€the€actual€maternal€mortality€rate,€what€the€major€causes€forÏfemale€mortality€were€and€whether€traditional€birth€attendance€practices€stillÏexisted,€the€representative€declared€that€he€had€no€statistics,€but€that€thereÏwere€several€reasons€for€maternal€mortality,€such€as€the€lack€of€awareness€ofÏhealth€conditions,€sickness€in€general€and€malnutrition.ÌÌ233.à2 .2àThe€Committee€asked€whether€family€planning€methods€had€proved€effectiveÏand€whether€the€Government€devoted€sufficient€time,€effort€and€resources€toÏencouraging€family€planning€and€birth€spacing,€as€the€high€birth€rateÏconstituted€a€serious€health€risk€for€women.€€Members€asked€whether€the€servicesÏwere€used€and€what€means€were€available€and€used€for€family€planning.€€TheÏrepresentative€said€that€the€issue€was€of€serious€concern€to€the€Government,Ïwhich€had€tried€to€affect€public€opinion€through€various€campaigns€and€generalÏeducation.€€He€noted€that€some€good€results€could€be€seen€from€the€previousÏyears€in€spite€of€the€fact€that€the€final€decision€had€to€be€made€by€peopleÏthemselves€and€that€the€Government€could€not€compel€them€to€adopt€a€certainÏbehaviour.€€The€reason€for€the€high€fertility€rate€was€the€custom€of€theÏcountry.€€Many€felt€that€religion€prohibited€the€use€of€contraceptives,€andÏusually€fathers€wanted€to€have€at€least€one€son.ÌÌ234.à2 .2àConcerning€the€incidence€of€AIDS€and€whether€the€Government€tookÏeducational€and€preventive€measures,€the€representative€noted€that€some€AIDSÏcases€existed,€but€that€government€resources€were€limited.€€It€tried€to€raiseÏpublic€awareness€and€conducted€health€campaigns€to€provide€information€aboutÏHIV.ÌÌ235.à2 .2àAsked€about€the€age€of€retirement€for€women€(10€years€lower€than€that€forÏmen),€the€representative€considered€that€that€kind€of€regulation€was€quiteÏuniversal€and€was€not€discriminatory€but€actually€favourable€for€women.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€13óóÌÌ236.à2 .2àAs€bank€loans€could€be€obtained€on€the€condition€that€the€borrower€was€aÏgovernment€employee€or€employed€by€a€public€institution,€the€Committee€viewedÏthat€condition€as€a€serious€obstacle€for€women€to€borrow€from€banks.€€AskedÏwhether€the€same€conditions€applied€in€rural€areas€and€whether€loans€could€beÏrequested€for€the€purpose€of€financing€a€business,€the€representative€said€thatÏState€loans€could€be€granted€for€agriculture,€housing€or€factory€constructionÏbut€were€for€a€limited€amount.€€The€intention€of€the€condition€relating€toÏpublic€office€was€to€guarantee€that€the€loan€would€be€paid€back.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€14óóÌÌ237.à2 .2àAsked€whether€women€in€rural€areas€had€the€same€access€to€health-careÏservices,€including€information,€counselling,€ante-€and€post-natal€services,€andÏabout€the€living€conditions€in€rural€areas,€especially€with€regard€toÏtransportation,€communication€and€sanitation€facilities,€the€representativeÏreplied€that€women€had€the€same€access€-€sometimes€even€better€-€to€health-careÏservices€as€men.€€The€Government's€resources€were€limited€however€in€theÏprovision€of€health-care€centres€to€villages.€€Regarding€rural€living€conditions,€he€mentioned€that€the€Government€was€trying€to€provide€a€telephoneÏnetwork€to€every€village€or€to€at€least€every€district.ÌÌ238.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€the€reason€for€the€lack€of€schools€in€rural€areas,€theÏrepresentative€said€that€the€Government€was€trying€to€have€a€primary€school€inÏeach€village€or€at€least€in€each€district.€€Distances€were€often€far€and€arduousÏfor€young€children.ÌÌ239.à2 .2àIn€his€reply€to€the€question€why€only€women€were€designated€to€carry€waterÏto€homes,€as€that€practice€created€a€serious€health€risk€for€them,€theÏrepresentative€referred€to€the€high€sense€of€responsibility€of€Yemeni€women.€ÏSometimes€drinking€water€had€to€be€carried€over€long€distances.€€Yemeni€womenÏhad€an€attitude€that€that€was€just€a€fact€of€life.€€Sometimes€men€didÏparticipate€in€carrying€water.ÌÌ240.à2 .2àAsked€about€the€equal€right€to€own€and€inherit€land,€the€representativeÏstated€that€the€Shariah€stipulated€that€men€inherited€twice€as€much€as€women.€ÏThe€Government€could€not€change€that.€€However,€if€a€woman€inherited€propertyÏfrom€her€father,€she€had€equal€rights€to€that€property.€€Based€on€experience€inÏother€countries,€the€Committee€proposed€further€options,€in€accordance€with€theÏShariah,€for€parents€to€treat€all€their€children€equally.€€As€a€will€was€notÏallowed€under€the€Shariah,€parents€could€give€a€gift€during€their€lifetime€soÏthat€all€children€would€inherit€equally.€€The€representative€replied€that€aÏwritten€explanation€was€required€if€parents€wanted€to€donate€a€portion€of€theirÏproperty€to€a€daughter€or€a€son.€€No€answer€was€provided€to€a€question€about€theÏpercentage€of€women€that€owned€land.ÌÌ241.à2 .2àThe€Committee€requested€information€on€government€measures€to€improve€theÏstatus€of€women€in€rural€areas.€€The€representative€answered€that€the€GovernmentÏwas€providing€education,€including€literacy€programmes€and€training,€for€exampleÏin€handicrafts.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€15óóÌÌ242.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€women's€legal€capacity€in€court€proceedings,€theÏrepresentative€said€that€women€could€file€lawsuits€in€courts€and€instituteÏproceedings€themselves.€€They€could€also€become€judges.€€He€said€that€womenÏcould€be€effective€in€defending€their€rights€and€thus€obtaining€equality.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€16óóÌÌ243.à2 .2àThe€Committee€requested€clarification€on€polygamy€in€Yemen€as€well€as€onÏthe€most€important€recent€changes€in€family€laws.€€The€representative€said€that,Ïafter€the€unification,€the€Government€had€had€to€rethink€its€policy€on€polygamy.€ÏPolygamy€was€permitted€under€certain€conditions.€€The€representative€referred€toÏthe€Shariah€as€the€main€source€of€law€that€the€Government€had€to€obey.€€TheÏGovernment€could€only€impose€conditions€on€polygamy;€it€did€not€encourage€it.€ÏIt€was€noticeable€that,€as€their€economic€situation€improved,€parents€more€oftenÏwanted€to€provide€a€good€education€for€their€children.€€As€awareness€increased,Ïpolygamy€became€less€prevalent€and€among€young€people€especially€the€phenomenonÏwas€decreasing.€€Education€therefore€played€a€major€role.€€The€task€was€notÏeasy,€especially€in€Yemen,€as€the€illiteracy€rate€was€so€high.ÌÌòòConcluding€observationsóóÌÌ244.à2 .2àThe€Committee€drew€the€attention€of€non-governmental€organizations€andÏGovernments€to€the€serious€financial€constraints€under€which€two€United€Nations€bodies,€the€United€Nations€Development€Fund€for€Women€(UNIFEM)€and€theÏInternational€Fund€for€Agricultural€Development€(IFAD),€had€to€operate.€€ManyÏdeveloping€countries€had€had€good€experiences€of€their€work€in€promoting€women'sÏequality,€especially€at€the€grass-roots€level.€€Experts€and€others€present€wereÏrequested€to€pressurize€their€Governments€to€increase€their€contributions€to€theÏtwo€United€Nations€organizations.ÌÌ245.à2 .2àThe€Committee€underlined€the€necessity€for€statistics,€especially€gender„¼disaggregated€data,€to€provide€a€full€picture€of€the€de€facto€situation€of€womenÏin€the€country€as€a€basis€for€planning.€€The€Government€of€Yemen€was€urged€toÏgive€a€high€priority€to€education,€especially€among€young€women.€€The€CommitteeÏsuggested€that€the€Government€should€include€a€women's€dimension€in€its€requestsÏfor€foreign€assistance€programmes€in€particular,€in€view€of€the€fact€thatÏprogrammes€with€a€women's€dimension€existed.€€Furthermore,€the€right€ofÏilliterate€persons€to€participate€should€not€be€undermined.ÌÌ246.à2 .2àThe€Committee€expressed€its€hope€that€the€Government€would,€in€the€light€ofÏthe€reforms€that€had€already€started€in€the€country,€examine€its€cultural€andÏhistorical€traditions€with€a€view€to€achieving€the€full€equality€of€men€andÏwomen.€€It€was€pointed€out€that€economic,€social€and€cultural€development€alwaysÏdepended€on€progress€in€respect€of€women's€rights.ÌÌÌà@ì .² à2.€€òòSecond€and€third€periodic€reportsóóˆÌÌ247.à2 .2àIn€accordance€with€the€procedure€adopted€by€the€Committee€at€its€ninthÏsession€for€the€consideration€of€second€and€subsequent€periodic€reports,€theÏquestions€to€be€discussed€with€the€representatives€of€States€parties€presentingÏa€second€periodic€report€had€been€identified€in€advance€by€the€pre-sessionÏworking€group.ÌÌÌòòà@ì .øàBangladeshóóˆÌÌ248.à2 .2àThe€Committee€considered€the€second€periodic€report€of€BangladeshÏ(CEDAW/C/13/Add.30)€at€its€220th€and€227th€meetings,€on€26January€andÏ1February€(see€CEDAW/C/SR.220€and€227).ÌÌ249.à2 .2àIn€his€introductory€statement,€the€representative€of€Bangladesh€said€thatÏan€updated€version€of€the€country's€second€periodic€report€had€been€drafted€inÏorder€to€comply€with€the€general€guidelines€regarding€the€form€and€content€ofÏreports€and€an€attempt€had€been€made€to€provide€more€information.ÌÌ250.à2 .2àHe€explained€that,€from€childhood€to€old€age,€women€in€Bangladesh€had€beenÏdiscriminated€against€by€parents,€husbands€and€sons.€€Social€taboos€and€normsÏplayed€a€decisive€role€and,€from€their€childhood,€women€had€been€consideredÏmainly€as€child-bearers€and€housewives€without€any€decision-making€power.€ÏHowever,€the€situation€had€changed€after€independence.€€Women€had€come€out€ofÏtheir€households€for€reasons€of€economic€solvency€and€survival.€€The€country'sÏper€capita€income€of€US$170€was€one€of€the€lowest€in€the€world€and€women'sÏincome€was€much€lower€than€that€of€men.ÌÌ251.à2 .2àHe€indicated€that€only€24.6€per€cent€of€the€population€had€attained€aÏmeasurable€degree€of€literacy€and€of€that€proportion€32€per€cent€were€males€andÏ68percent€females.€€Owing€to€the€lack€of€control€over€the€growing€population,Ïemployment€was€affected.€€Women's€employment€was€often€limited€and€did€notÏreceive€the€required€impetus.€€Nevertheless,€the€employment€of€women€in€traditional€occupations,€home-based€and€otherwise,€and€in€the€garment€sector€hadÏwitnessed€significant€progress€in€recent€years.ÌÌ252.à2 .2àHe€explained€that€since€most€women€lived€in€rural€areas,€it€was€necessaryÏto€bring€them€into€the€mainstream€of€the€national€development€process.€€In€1976,Ïthe€Government€had€created€the€Office€of€the€President's€Special€Assistant€onÏWomen's€Affairs,€which€had€helped€establish€the€Bangladesh€Jatiyo€Mohila€SangthaÏ(National€Women's€Organization)€as€a€Government-instituted€non-governmentalÏorganization€and€women's€affairs€cell€in€the€Department€of€Social€Welfare.€€TheÏprocess€of€placing€women€in€the€mainstream€of€national€development€had€gainedÏfurther€momentum€when€the€Government€set€up€a€separate€Ministry€of€Women'sÏAffairs,€in€1976,€and€when€it€established€focal€points€in€15ministries€to€workÏclosely€with€the€Ministry€of€Women's€Affairs.ÌÌ253.à2 .2àThe€representative€said€that€the€First€Five-Year€Plan€(1973/78)€hadÏemphasized€a€welfare-oriented€rehabilitation€approach;€the€subsequent€Two-YearÏPlan€(1978/80)€had€emphasized€women's€development€as€a€central€force;€and€theÏSecond€Five-Year€Plan€(1980/85)€had€emphasized€more€dynamic€and€diversifiedÏprogrammes.€€Emphasis€had€been€put€on€women's€participation€in€developmentÏactivities,€expansion€of€opportunities€for€specialized€training,€skillÏdevelopment,€provision€of€credit€for€income-generating€activities,€betterÏprotection€of€children€and€entrepreneurship€development€programmes.€€The€ThirdÏFive„Year€Plan€(1985/90)€had€strengthened€the€activities€of€previous€plans.€€ToÏachieve€the€overall€integration€of€women€into€the€development€process,€the€PlanÏhad€specific€objectives€to€reduce€imbalances€between€the€development€of€men€andÏwomen.€€More€emphasis€had€been€given€to€the€expansion€of€employment€and€creditÏfacilities,€provision€of€accommodation€for€job-seeking€women,€development€ofÏleadership€and€managerial€skills,€and€training.€€Primary€health€care,€employmentÏand€skill€training€were€linked€with€population€control.€€ImplementationÏstrategies€had€included€the€establishment€of€the€Supreme€Council€for€Mother€andÏChild,€rehabilitation€programmes€for€prostitutes,€provision€of€legal€aid€forÏwomen€and€strengthening€of€non-governmental€organizations.€€The€year€1990€hadÏbeen€declared€"Year€of€the€Girl€Child"€in€order€to€increase€consciousness€aboutÏthe€situation€of€girls€in€the€family.€€The€Fourth€Five-Year€Plan€(1990/95)€wasÏaimed€at€accelerating€economic€growth,€alleviating€poverty€and€increasing€self„¼reliance.€€Implementation€strategies€had€also€included€the€integration€of€womenÏinto€the€mainstream€of€sector-based€planning€in€order€to€reduce€genderÏdisparities.€€The€fourth€Plan€also€gave€greater€priority€to€human€resourceÏdevelopment,€including€a€women's€credit€programme,€promotion€of€femaleÏentrepreneurship,€skill€development€training€programmes€for€different€trades,€aÏpoverty€alleviation€programme€for€women€to€become€involved€in€income-generatingÏactivities,€and€a€vulnerable€group€development€programme€for€involving€destituteÏwomen€in€income-generating€activities€through€the€provision€of€a€food€subsidy.ÌÌ254.à2 .2àThe€representative€indicated€that€positive€steps€had€been€taken€by€theÏGovernment€to€enhance€the€role€of€women€in€agriculture;€for€instance€in€the€cropÏdiversification€programme.€€In€the€industrial€and€manufacturing€sectors,€womenÏwere€emerging€as€a€greater€force€on€account€of€economic€pressures€and€theÏexpanded€scope€created€in€various€manufacturing€industries,€such€as€garments,Ïtextiles,€electronics,€frozen€food,€packaging€and€processing.ÌÌ255.à2 .2àThe€representative€outlined€the€significant€policy€measures€that€had€beenÏtaken€by€the€Government€concerning€the€equal€participation€of€women€inÏdevelopment,€which€demonstrated€the€Government's€concern€in€promoting€women.€ÏThe€Minister€of€Women's€Affairs€was€a€permanent€member€of€the€National€EconomicÏCouncil,€which€approved€all€major€development€projects€to€ensure€that€theÏlegitimate€and€feasible€participation€of€women€was€not€denied€in€the€development€projects€and€programmes€that€came€before€the€Executive€Committee€of€the€NationalÏEconomic€Council€for€examination€and€approval.€€He€explained€that€the€role€ofÏnon-governmental€organizations€was€to€address€issues€specific€to€women€and€toÏcontribute€to€awareness-raising,€technology€transfer,€development€and€trainingÏfor€target€groups€in€the€country's€development€process.€€He€named€some€of€theÏ500€non-governmental€organizations€concerned.ÌÌ256.à2 .2àThe€representative€confirmed€that€the€Government€of€Bangladesh€had€ratifiedÏthe€Convention€with€some€reservations€as€some€domestic€laws€were€not€inÏconformity€with€the€provisions€of€the€Convention.€€He€also€outlined€some€lawsÏthat€provided€for€the€special€rights€of€women€and€that€were€intended€toÏeliminate€discrimination€against€women,€namely,€the€Muslim€Family€Law€OrdinanceÏof€1961,€amended€in€1986;€the€Dowry€Prohibition€Act€of€1980,€amended€in€1986;Ïthe€Cruelty€to€Women€(Deterrent€Punishment)€Ordinance€of€1983;€the€Family€CourtÏOrdinance€of€1985;€the€Child€Marriage€and€Divorce€Registration€Act€of€1974;€andÏthe€Anti-Terrorism€Ordinance€of€1992.ÌÌ257.à2 .2àConcerning€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€and€their€implementation,€theÏrepresentative€said€that€the€Government€of€Bangladesh€attached€due€importance€toÏthe€provisions€of€the€Convention€and€had€taken€measures€to€ensure,€to€the€extentÏpossible,€the€implementation€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ258.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€article€2,€the€representative€said€the€Constitution€hadÏgranted€equal€rights€to€women€in€all€spheres€of€life,€although€some€degree€ofÏinequality€was€still€recognized.€€Some€provisions€of€Muslim€Personal€Law€hadÏbeen€modified,€but€it€would€not€be€easy€to€modify€Hindu€Personal€Law€because€ofÏthe€complex€religious€issues€involved.ÌÌ259.à2 .2àThe€representative€said€that€the€legal€system€of€the€country€ensured€humanÏrights,€but€some€infringements€occurred€owing€to€taboos€prevalent€in€society.€ÏThe€representative€informed€the€Committee€further€that,€owing€to€the€increasedÏincidence€of€poverty,€economic€aspirations€and€urbanization,€traditional€valuesÏwere€disintegrating€fast,€compelling€women€to€come€out€of€seclusion€in€order€toÏseek€work.ÌÌ260.à2 .2àRegarding€the€role€of€non-governmental€organizations,€he€said€that€theÏGovernment€and€some€non-governmental€organizations€had€undertaken€programmes€forÏcreating€social€awareness€about€the€change€in€women's€roles.€€All€trainingÏinstitutions€had€introduced€gender€and€women-in-development€concerns€in€theirÏtraining€programmes.ÌÌ261.à2 .2àThe€representative€stated€that€trafficking€in€women€and€children€had€becomeÏa€major€concern€for€the€Government,€which€had€taken€firm€steps€and€made€the€lawÏsevere€for€such€offences.€€Poverty€was€one€of€the€main€reasons€for€suchÏtrafficking€and€the€Government€had€introduced€programmes€designed€to€alleviateÏpoverty,€particularly€in€the€rural€areas.ÌÌ262.à2 .2àThe€representative€said€that,€under€the€Constitution,€women€were€grantedÏequal€opportunities€for€participating€in€public€life.€€The€current€PrimeÏMinister€and€the€Leader€of€the€Opposition€were€both€women.€€He€explained€that€30Ïseats€in€Parliament€were€reserved€for€women,€as€well€as€seats€on€all€municipalÏand€local€government€bodies.ÌÌ263.à2 .2àRegarding€equal€opportunities€for€women€to€represent€Bangladesh€at€theÏinternational€level,€the€representative€said€that€such€a€need€had€beenÏrecognized€by€the€Government.€€The€law€allowed€women's€representation€at€theÏnational€and€international€levels.€€A€quota€system€ensured€women's€participation€in€Government€service;€for€example,€a€quota€of€10€per€cent€of€gazetted,€andÏ15per€cent€of€non-gazetted,€posts€had€been€reserved€for€women.ÌÌ264.à2 .2àThe€representative€said€that€nationality€in€Bangladesh€was€determined€byÏbirth.€€According€to€the€Citizenship€Act,€citizenship€could€be€transmitted€fromÏa€father€to€his€children.€€Concerning€the€equal€rights€of€women€in€the€field€ofÏeducation€under€article10€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€said€that€equalÏrights€for€education€were€highly€prominent€in€Government€policies,€and€one€ofÏthe€objectives€of€the€Fourth€Five-Year€Plan€was€universal€primary€education,Ïnon-formal€primary€education€and€the€reduction€of€mass€illiteracy.ÌÌ265.à2 .2àConcerning€equal€employment€and€training€opportunities€for€women,€theÏrepresentative€said€that€employment€opportunities€remained€unequal,€although€inÏthe€public€sector€there€was€a€10€per€cent€quota€of€gazetted€posts€and€aÏ15percent€quota€of€non-gazetted€posts€for€women€at€the€entry€level.€€The€age„¼limit€for€the€entry€of€women€into€Government€service€had€been€raised€from€27€toÏ30€years.ÌÌ266.à2 .2àUnder€the€fourth€Plan,€the€representative€said€that€efforts€were€being€madeÏto€eliminate€discrimination€against€women€in€health€care€by€strengthening,Ïplanning€and€managing€the€capabilities€for€utilizing€existing€facilities.€€HeÏalso€said€that€under€the€Plan€women's€participation€in€all€games€and€sports€wasÏencouraged.ÌÌ267.à2 .2àWith€reference€to€equality€before€the€law,€the€representative€said€that€theÏConstitution€upheld€equal€rights€for€men€and€women.€€The€fourth€Plan€emphasizedÏlegal€education€and€legal€aid€to€assist€women€in€exercising€their€rights.€€TheÏFamily€Court€had€helped€women€to€exact€justice,€and€special€projects€wereÏoperating€under€the€Ministry€of€Women's€Affairs€to€create€legal€awareness€andÏprovide€legal€aid.ÌÌ268.à2 .2àThe€representative€explained€that€issues€such€as€marriage,€child€custodyÏand€property€were€governed€by€religious€laws€and€some€discriminatory€provisionsÏstill€existed.€€He€stated€further€that€the€Council€for€Mother€and€ChildÏcoordinated€child€welfare€activities,€and€a€number€of€non-governmentalÏorganizations,€including€International€Federation€Terre€des€Hommes,€Save€theÏChildren,€Underprivileged€Children's€Educational€Programme,€and€Bangladesh€RuralÏAdvancement€Committee,€were€working€to€promote€literacy€and€the€health€ofÏchildren,€and€to€impart€vocational€training.€€The€non-governmental€organizationsÏhad€established€a€Child€Rights€Forum€to€protect€children's€rights.ÌÌ269.à2 .2àThe€Committee€noted€that,€while€the€Government€of€Bangladesh€was€to€beÏcongratulated€on€the€preparation€of€its€second€periodic€report€and€on€itsÏfrankness€concerning€the€many€problems€facing€women€in€Bangladesh,€there€were€aÏnumber€of€problems€with€the€report.€€When€the€initial€report€had€been€presented,Ïmany€questions€had€been€posed€to€the€government€representative.€€Some€of€thoseÏhad€been€answered€but€many€had€been€left€unanswered€on€the€understanding€thatÏthe€second€periodic€report€would€provide€the€information€needed.€€The€unansweredÏquestions€had€not€been€commented€on€in€the€second€periodic€report€nor€had€itÏfollowed€the€general€guidelines€regarding€the€form€and€content€of€reports€andÏthere€were€many€gaps€in€the€information€provided.€€Members€of€the€pre-sessionÏworking€group€said€that€they€had€had€some€difficulties€in€reviewing€the€secondÏperiodic€report€because€the€information€provided€was€inadequate.€€They€indicatedÏfurther€that€they€might€be€overcritical€of€the€report€but€they€had€no€otherÏmeans€owing€to€the€gaps€in€the€information€provided.ÌÌ270.à2 .2àIn€replying€to€the€comments€of€the€Committee,€the€representative€regrettedÏthat,€at€the€time€of€the€Committee's€review,€the€updated€second€periodic€report,Ïwhich€had€been€formulated€according€to€the€guidelines€of€the€Committee€andÏprovided€more€information,€had€not€been€available.ÌÌ271.à2 .2àThe€representative€said€that€the€Government€was€reducing€the€gender€gap€andÏputting€women€in€the€mainstream€of€the€economy;€namely,€allowing€them€access€toÏemployment€in€all€sectors€of€the€economy,€both€traditional€and€non-traditional,Ïwhich€was€the€major€strategy€for€increasing€their€contribution.€€He€indicatedÏthat€the€gender€gap€could€gradually€be€reduced€by€giving€women€appropriateÏtraining€to€improve€their€skills;€providing€them€with€employment€on€a€priorityÏbasis€and€with€credit€on€easy€terms€for€self-employment€in€house-based€and€out„¼of„home€activities;€improving€medical€and€other€ancillary€facilities€for€women;Ïmaking€men€and€women€aware€of€the€need€and€justification€for€elevating€women'sÏposition€in€society;€influencing€public€opinion€in€their€favour;€and€enactingÏlaws€to€halt€discriminatory€practices.ÌÌ272.à2 .2àReplying€to€the€questions€compiled€by€the€pre-session€working€group,€theÏrepresentative€said€that€his€Government€had€pledged,€both€at€the€national€andÏlocal€levels,€to€remove€gender€disparities,€on€the€basis€of€not€onlyÏhumanitarian€considerations€but€also€sheer€economics.€€He€added€that€theÏcontribution€of€women€to€the€economy€had€to€be€increased€in€order€to€accelerateÏthe€pace€of€development.ÌÌòòQuestions€of€a€general€natureóóÌÌ273.à2 .2àA€question€was€raised€whether€the€Government€of€Bangladesh€intended€toÏavail€itself€of€the€assistance€available€from€national€and€international€women'sÏorganizations€in€the€preparation€of€its€periodic€reports.€€The€representativeÏsaid€that€the€updated€second€report€had€been€prepared€by€the€experts€of€theÏGovernment€machinery.€€The€Government€would€endeavour€in€future€to€avail€itselfÏof€the€assistance€of€other€local€experts€for€the€preparation€of€similar€reports.ÌÌ274.à2 .2àIn€replying€to€the€question€whether€the€Fourth€Five-Year€Plan€had€had€anÏimpact€on€the€status€of€women€in€Bangladesh,€the€representative€said€that€theÏPlan€had€been€referred€to€in€the€updated€second€periodic€report€of€BangladeshÏand€policy€measures€regarding€the€placing€of€women€in€the€mainstream€had€beenÏincorporated€in€the€Plan.€€The€need€to€reduce€gender€disparities€had€beenÏstressed,€and€the€implementation€of€projects€concerning€women€had€been€outlined.€ÏThe€implementation€of€projects€along€those€lines€had€had€a€definite€impact€onÏthe€status€of€women€in€Bangladesh.ÌÌ275.à2 .2àThe€Committee€noted€that,€during€the€presentation€of€the€initial€report€toÏthe€Committee€at€its€sixth€session,€the€representative€had€told€the€CommitteeÏthat€the€reservations€to€article€2,€article€13(a)€and€article16,Ïparagraph1(c)€and€(f),€of€the€Convention€would€be€dealt€with€and€it€wished€toÏknow€what€had€been€done€about€that.€€The€Committee€also€asked€the€Government€toÏstudy€article€2€of€the€Convention€with€a€view€to€including€in€its€subsequentÏreports€its€comments€on€the€legislation€or€other€structures€that€were€preventingÏit€from€implementing€that€article.€€The€Committee€asked€what€proposals€theÏGovernment€had€for€withdrawing€its€reservation,€which€appeared€to€contraveneÏarticles€27,€28€and€29€of€the€Constitution€of€Bangladesh.€€The€representativeÏexplained€that€the€Government€had€ratified€the€Convention€with€some€reservationsÏon€article€2,€article€13€(a)€and€article€16,€paragraph1€(c)€and€(f),€becauseÏthe€provisions€of€personal€law€could€not€be€changed€easily,€as€they€were€basedÏon€religion.€€However,€some€provisions€of€Muslim€personal€law€had€been€modified.ÌÌ276.à2 .2àConcerning€measures€to€improve€the€situation€of€women,€the€representativeÏpointed€to€the€ministries€for€agriculture,€industry,€health€and€family€welfare,Ïrural€development€and€cooperatives,€local€government,€social€welfare,€and€labourÏand€manpower,€which€all€had€their€own€projects€on€women's€issues.€€He€concludedÏby€saying€that,€through€the€collective€efforts€of€the€Government,Ïnon-governmental€organizations€and€international€bodies,€the€goal€of€eliminatingÏdiscrimination€against€women€would€soon€be€realized.ÌÌòòQuestions€related€to€specific€articlesóóÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€2óóÌÌ277.à2 .2àThe€Committee€observed€that€the€application€of€personal€laws€was€based€onÏthe€different€social€and€cultural€practices€of€ethnic€and€religious€groups,Ïwhich€appeared€to€result€in€discrimination€against€women€in€health,€education,Ïinheritance€and€before€the€law.€€The€Committee€asked€whether€the€State€had€madeÏa€move€to€identify€all€personal€laws€that€were€discriminatory.€€TheÏrepresentative€stated€that€no€discriminatory€practices€existed€in€providingÏfacilities€in€the€areas€of€health€education€and€all€persons€were€equal€beforeÏthe€law.€€Discriminatory€practices€due€to€personal€law€had€been€identified.ÌÌ278.à2 .2àThe€representative€said€that€the€reasons€for€discrimination€because€ofÏpersonal€laws€had€been€explained€earlier€and€such€practices€had€been€Ïidentified.ÌÌ279.à2 .2àReferring€to€the€system€of€redress€for€women€covered€by€personal€law,€theÏrepresentative€confirmed€that€any€aggrieved€woman€could€turn€to€the€court€toÏassert€her€rights€regarding€divorce€and€custody€of€a€child.ÌÌ280.à2 .2àIn€answering€the€question€whether€personal€law€was€the€only€area€in€whichÏreligious€and€ethnic€laws€remained€intact€and€whether€in€other€legal€fieldsÏ(criminal,€contractual€and€civil)€women's€rights€were€governed€by€a€singleÏgeneral€law,€the€representative€stated€that€men€and€women€were€governed€by€theÏsame€laws€in€respect€of€criminal,€contractual€and€civil€laws.ÌÌ281.à2 .2àThe€Committee€wished€to€know€how€the€Government€of€Bangladesh€intended€toÏreconcile€its€constitutional€guarantees€of€equality€before€the€law€to€allÏcitizens€and€its€ratification€of€the€Convention€with€the€exception€of€theÏdiscriminatory€practices€remaining€under€personal€laws.€€The€representativeÏreplied€that€the€Parliament€and€the€Supreme€Court€were€competent€to€resolve€anyÏconflict€between€the€constitutional€provision€of€equality€and€personal€law.ÌÌ282.à2 .2àThe€Committee€noted€that€all€measures€taken€to€establish€family€courts,Ïdowry€prohibition,€the€Muslim€Family€Law€Ordinance,€the€Child€Marriage€Act€andÏother€legislation€were€important€for€the€promotion€of€equality€for€women.€ÏQuestions€were€raised€as€to€whether€those€measures€had€improved€the€situation€ofÏwomen€in€Bangladesh€and€whether€the€establishment€of€a€high-powered€advisoryÏcouncil€was€intended€to€facilitate€that€process.€€The€representative€explainedÏthat€accurate€data€had€not€yet€been€compiled;€however,€he€confirmed€that€suchÏlegislation€had€improved€the€overall€situation€of€women€and€that€the€high„¼powered€advisory€council,€headed€by€the€Prime€Minister,€was€intended€to€giveÏstrong€support€to€the€process.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€3óóÌÌ283.à2 .2àIn€replying€to€questions€concerning€the€measures€taken€to€ensure€the€fullÏdevelopment€and€advancement€of€women,€such€as€separating€the€issue€of€the€rights€and€status€of€women€from€religious€practices,€the€representative€said€thatÏsufficient€measures€for€improving€the€status€of€women€had€been€adopted€and€wereÏoutlined€in€the€Fourth€Five-Year€Plan,€which€was€the€responsibility€of€allÏdevelopment€ministries.€€Non-governmental€organizations€were€also€involved€inÏsimilar€work.ÌÌ284.à2 .2àReferring€to€measures€to€protect€the€legal€rights€of€the€15€per€cent€ofÏnon-Muslim€women€in€Bangladesh,€the€representative€said€that€non-Muslim€womenÏwere€treated€on€a€par€with€Muslim€women€except€in€areas€covered€by€theirÏrespective€personal€laws.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€4óóÌÌ285.à2 .2àThe€Committee€noted€that€10€per€cent€of€all€gazetted€and€15€per€cent€of€allÏnon-gazetted€public€service€posts€were€reserved€for€women€and€asked€to€whatÏextent€those€quotas€had€been€filled.€€The€representative€explained€that,€inÏorder€to€increase€women's€participation€in€the€public€sector,€the€Government€hadÏintroduced€a€quota€system€in€1976,€at€the€entry€level€in€the€public€sector.€ÏCurrently€however,€women€occupied€about€5€per€cent€of€the€officer€positions,Ï12per€cent€of€the€staff€positions€and€3€per€cent€of€the€lower€blue„collar„¼worker€positions.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€5óóÌÌ286.à2 .2àThe€Committee€observed€that€the€Government€of€Bangladesh€was€to€beÏcommended€on€its€enactment€of€laws€to€prevent€violence€and€trafficking€in€women.€ÏIn€information€from€non-governmental€organizations,€however,€it€had€been€statedÏthat,€according€to€research,€women€were€more€likely€to€die€from€violence€thanÏfrom€childbirth.€€Questions€were€asked€on€the€extent€to€which€the€problem€ofÏviolence€against€women€contributed€to€the€diminished€life€expectancy€of€women.€ÏThe€representative€explained€that€the€incidence€of€such€crimes€was€not€so€highÏas€to€have€a€strong€impact€on€the€average€life€expectancy€of€Bangladeshi€women.€ÏThe€life€expectancy€of€women€was€lower€than€that€of€men€because€women€sufferedÏmore€than€men€from€the€scourge€of€poverty,€particularly€in€the€rural€and€poorÏremote€areas.ÌÌ287.à2 .2àThe€Committee€asked€whether€the€incidence€of€death€or€injury€in€dowryÏdisputes€had€been€reduced€since€the€enactment€of€the€Cruelty€to€Women€(DeterrentÏPunishment)€Ordinance€of€1983,€whether€those€committing€such€offences€wereÏroutinely€tried€and€whether€the€rate€of€prosecution€had€changed€since€theÏpresentation€of€the€initial€report.€€The€representative€said€that,€afterÏenactment€of€the€Ordinance,€the€incidence€of€death€or€injury€had€decreased.€ÏThose€who€committed€such€offences€were€tried€in€court€and€the€rate€ofÏprosecution€had€increased.ÌÌ288.à2 .2àIn€reply€to€a€question€on€female€circumcision,€the€representative€said€thatÏcircumcision€was€never€a€part€of€Bangladeshi€culture€and€it€had€never€beenÏpractised€in€the€country.ÌÌ289.à2 .2àConcerning€the€level€of€violence€against€women€in€Bangladesh,€theÏrepresentative€stated€that€accurate€data€were€not€available;€however,€a€fewÏsample€surveys€had€been€conducted€in€order€to€calculate€the€probable€number€ofÏcases.€€Concerning€the€measures€introduced€to€protect€women€against€violence€inÏthe€home,€the€representative€said€that€a€pilot€project€entitled€"Support€toÏbattered€women"€had€been€launched€by€the€Ministry€of€Women's€Affairs€to€provideÏshelter€and€legal€assistance€for€battered€women.ÌÌ290.à2 .2àRegarding€the€measures€taken€in€schools€and€at€the€workplace€to€depictÏwomen€as€equal€to€men,€the€representative€indicated€that€equality€in€allÏrespects€was€maintained€in€schools€and€workplaces€for€both€men€and€women.ÌÌ291.à2 .2àReplying€to€the€question€whether€the€quota€system€of€reserving€posts€forÏwomen€was€not€reinforcing€sex-stereotyping€in€employment,€the€representativeÏindicated€that€the€quota€was€applicable€to€all€posts€at€the€entry€level;Ïhowever,€there€was€no€bar€to€the€employment€of€women€in€any€posts€on€a€meritÏbasis.€€The€quota€system€had€not€led€to€sex-stereotyping€in€employment.€€AskedÏabout€plans€to€introduce€a€quota€system€in€other€fields€of€employment,€heÏexplained€that€there€was€currently€no€plan€to€introduce€a€quota€system€in€theÏprivate€sector;€women€were€employed€in€large€numbers€in€the€private€sector,Ïparticularly€in€the€garment,€fish€processing,€packaging€and€electronicÏindustries.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€6óóÌÌ292.à2 .2àIn€answering€a€question€on€measures€to€rehabilitate€prostitutes€to€reduceÏthe€numbers€of€women€who€were€compelled€to€earn€their€living€throughÏprostitution€on€account€of€poverty€and€unemployment,€the€representativeÏindicated€that€there€were€a€few€programmes€for€giving€prostitutes,€salvaged€fromÏred-light€areas,€skill€training€for€gainful€employment€and€ultimately€toÏrehabilitate€them€in€society.€€The€programmes€had€been€undertaken€by€both€theÏGovernment€and€some€non-governmental€organizations,€but€their€success€had€beenÏvery€modest.€€In€reply€to€a€question€on€rehabilitation€programmes,€he€said€thatÏa€proposal€for€making€the€scheme€more€effective€was€on€the€anvil.€€He€said€thatÏpeople€guilty€of€exploiting€women€for€prostitution€were€charged€under€theÏCruelty€to€Women€(Deterrent€Punishment)€Ordinance€of€1983.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€7óóÌÌ293.à2 .2àThe€Committee€noted€that€30€seats€in€the€national€legislature€were€reservedÏfor€women€and€wished€to€know€whether€that€provision€had€been€effective€inÏincreasing€respect€for€women€politicians€and€whether€those€women€were€givenÏresponsible€tasks€in€Government.€€The€representative€confirmed€that€both€theÏPrime€Minister,€who€was€the€head€of€Government,€and€the€Leader€of€the€OppositionÏwere€women.€€In€addition€to€the€Minister€of€State,€two€women€had€been€appointedÏto€the€present€Cabinet.ÌÌ294.à2 .2àQuestioned€about€the€total€number€of€seats€in€the€national€legislature€andÏhow€many€of€them€were€held€by€women,€the€representative€said€that€there€were€330Ïseats€in€the€national€parliament,€of€which€37€were€held€by€women.ÌÌ295.à2 .2àConcerning€the€age€of€franchise,€the€representative€said€that€any€personÏaged€18years€or€more,€irrespective€of€sex,€colour€and€creed,€was€entitled€toÏregister€as€a€voter.€€About€40percent€of€the€eligible€women€voters€cast€aÏvote,€and€there€was€no€traditional€opposition€to€their€doing€so.ÌÌ296.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€the€proportion€of€women€to€men€in€the€legal€profession€andÏin€all€branches€of€the€judiciary,€and€positive€measures€to€train€and€recruitÏwomen€in€those€professions,€the€representative€indicated€that€there€wereÏapproximately€400€to€500€women€lawyers€in€the€country.€€The€number€of€women€inÏthe€judicial€service€was€also€increasing€gradually.€€Positive€measures€had€beenÏtaken€to€train€and€recruit€women€in€the€legal€professions.ÌÌÔ&  Ôà2 .2àòòArticle€8óóÌÌ297.à2 .2àIn€answering€a€question€on€the€number€of€women€diplomats,€theÏrepresentative€said€that€there€were€about€10€career€women€diplomats.ÌÌÔ'  Ôà2 .2àòòArticle€9óóÌÌ298.à2 .2àThe€Committee€noted€that€it€had€received€information€from€aÏnon-governmental€organization€to€the€effect€that€a€child€born€in€a€foreignÏcountry€to€a€Bangladeshi€woman€and€a€non-Bangladeshi€man€could€not€be€given€theÏnationality€of€the€mother,€whereas€a€child€born€in€a€foreign€country€to€aÏBangladeshi€man€and€a€non-Bangladeshi€woman€could€be€given€the€father'sÏnationality.€€The€Committee€wanted€to€know€whether€measures€were€planned€toÏamend€that€provision€so€as€to€comply€with€article€9€of€the€Convention.€€TheÏrepresentative€replied€that€some€women's€organizations€had€taken€up€the€issue.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€10óóÌÌ299.à2 .2àAsked€whether€primary€education€for€girls€was€compulsory,€theÏrepresentative€said€that€primary€education€for€girls€was€compulsory.€€He€furtherÏindicated€that,€to€encourage€girls€to€study€beyond€the€primary€level,€there€wereÏprovisions€for€the€free€education€of€girls€up€to€classVIII€in€all€parts€of€theÏcountry€except€for€the€metropolitan€areas.€€The€Government€had€also€increasedÏeducational€facilities€by€providing€more€girls€schools€in€rural€areas;Ï60percent€of€Government€primary-school€teachers'€posts€were€reserved€forÏwomen.ÌÌ300.à2 .2àConcerning€the€percentage€of€scholarships€granted€to€girls€rather€thanÏboys,€the€representative€explained€that€girls€were€receiving€a€higher€percentageÏof€scholarships€compared€with€boys€at€all€levels€of€education;€however,€anÏaccurate€figure€was€not€available.€€He€said€that€a€separate€development€schemeÏfor€the€allocation€of€scholarships€to€secondary€schools€would€be€implementedÏduring€the€Fourth€Five-Year€Plan€to€encourage€the€education€of€girls.€€InÏaddition,€under€the€scheme€of€internal€scholarships€for€general€education,Ï40percent€were€reserved€for€girls.€€In€1992,€that€scholarship€programme€hadÏsucceeded€in€almost€doubling€female€enrolment€in€secondary€schools,€as€well€asÏin€promoting€a€higher€level€of€women's€participation€in€the€labour€force€leadingÏto€later€marriage€and€lower€fertility.ÌÌ301.à2 .2àThe€Committee€noted€that,€in€1984/85,€66percent€of€females€compared€withÏ49percent€of€males€had€no€access€to€education.€€One€fifth€of€females€andÏonequarter€of€males€had€education€up€to€classIV€but€only€9percent€ofÏfemales,€compared€with€18percent€of€males,€went€beyond€classV.€€Members€askedÏwhat€the€comparable€figures€were€for€girls€in€education€for€the€periodÏ1987-1992.€€The€representative€indicated€that€a€comparative€figure€for€girls€inÏeducation€for€that€period€was€provided€in€annexIII€to€the€updated€secondÏperiodic€report.ÌÌ302.à2 .2àIn€replying€to€a€question€on€the€current€literacy€rates€for€females€andÏwhether€it€had€improved€from€the€19percent€recorded€in€1985,€theÏrepresentative€said€that€the€current€literacy€rate€for€females€was€16percent,Ïand€the€figure€of€19percent,€recorded€in€the€report€of€the€pre-session€workingÏgroup,€was€not€correct.ÌÌ303.à2 .2àRegarding€the€percentage€of€women€students€in€traditional€male„dominatedÏcourses€and€the€measures€taken€to€encourage€women€to€enrol€in€those€courses,€the€representative€said€that€women€were€currently€participating€in€all€traditionalÏmale„dominated€courses.ÌÌ304.à2 .2àReferring€to€a€question€on€the€provision€of€information€on€family€planningÏto€girls€at€school,€the€representative€indicated€that€indirect€information€wasÏprovided€regarding€the€population€of€the€country.ÌÌ305.à2 .2àThe€Committee€noted€that€urban€women€had€a€greater€chance€(20percentÏcompared€with€8percent€of€rural€women)€of€continuing€their€education€toÏclassX.€€It€wanted€to€know€whether€the€Government€had€introduced€measures€toÏimprove€rural€women's€access€to€education.€€The€representative€indicated€thatÏfree€schooling€for€girls€up€to€classVIII€had€been€introduced€in€rural€areas.€ÏMoreover,€scholarships€were€also€awarded€to€encourage€the€education€of€girls.ÌÌ306.à2 .2àThe€Committee€inquired€whether,€given€the€high€rate€of€female€illiteracy,Ïwhich€had€reached€90percent€and€which€did€not€make€it€possible€for€women€toÏimprove€their€status,€the€Government€was€developing,€or€planning€to€develop,€aÏnational€literacy€campaign€aimed€specifically€at€women.€€The€representativeÏexplained€that€there€was€no€such€campaign,€but€there€was€a€national€massÏeducation€programme.€€However,€the€Government€planned€to€educate€all€itsÏcitizens€by€the€year€2000.€€The€representative€explained€further€that€non-formalÏeducation€had€been€introduced€under€the€Ministry€of€Women's€Affairs,€otherÏgovernment€departments€and€some€non-governmental€organizations€to€improveÏwomen's€access€to€better€jobs.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€11óóÌÌ307.à2 .2àIn€replying€to€the€question€whether€the€Constitution€forbade€discriminationÏagainst€women,€the€representative€said€that€women€had€equal€access€with€men€toÏemployment,€and€equal€pay€for€equal€work€was€granted€by€the€Government.ÌÌ308.à2 .2àAsked€whether€government€policy€guaranteed€maternity€leave€to€women,€theÏrepresentative€confirmed€that,€in€the€Government€and€formal€sector,€women€wereÏallowed€to€take€paid€maternity€leave€for€three€months€twice€during€their€periodÏof€service€(up€to€the€age€of€57).€€However,€in€the€private€and€informal€sector,Ïthat€provision€had€not€yet€been€ensured€as€those€sectors€were€not€bound€toÏfollow€government€regulations.€€He€indicated€further€that€women€employed€in€theÏfood„for„work€programmes€in€construction,€repair€and€maintenance€work€were€paidÏthe€same€as€men.€€He€also€informed€the€Committee€that€the€disproportionateÏunderrepresentation€of€women€in€wage€employment€was€decreasing€gradually,€andÏthere€had€been€an€increase€in€the€number€of€women€engaged€in€higher€paidÏemployment€since€1987.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€12óóÌÌ309.à2 .2àThe€Committee€noted€that€rural€women's€life€expectancy€was€much€lower€thanÏthat€of€urban€women.€€The€Committee€wished€to€know€what€measures€were€beingÏtaken€to€improve€health€standards€for€rural€women.€€The€representative€explainedÏthat€health„service€coverage€had€been€extended€and€health€awareness€on€the€partÏof€women€had€been€increased€because€of€the€expansion€of€health€infrastructureÏfacilities,€particularly€at€the€rural€level,€and€the€dissemination€ofÏinformation€on€health€through€various€channels.€€Maternal€and€child€health€careÏthrough€the€establishment€of€health€complexes€and€family€welfare€centres€hadÏbeen€strengthened€and€family€planning€programmes€had€been€expanded.ÌÌ310.à2 .2àThe€Committee€noted€further€that€the€Government€had€identified€theÏoverwhelming€problem€of€population€explosion€as€one€of€the€factors€precluding€the€achievement€of€equal€rights€for€women.€€It€wanted€to€know€whether€theÏobjective€of€a€population€growth€rate€of€1.8percent€by€1990€had€been€achieved.€ÏThe€representative€replied€that€it€had€not;€however,€the€Government€had€givenÏdue€emphasis€to€health€and€family€planning€programmes€and€services.€€PopulationÏcontrol€programmes€were€separate€from€the€health€services€so€as€to€intensify€theÏactivities€to€control€the€rapid€population€growth.€€He€also€confirmed€that€theÏbirth€rate€for€rural€women€was€different€from€that€of€urban€women.€€TheÏrepresentative€stated€further€that€family€planning€information€was€offered€toÏall€Bangladeshi€women€and€the€measures€used€were€scientific.€€The€practice€ofÏabortion€was€not€yet€permissible€but,€under€special€circumstances,€menstruationÏregulation€was€allowed.ÌÌ311.à2 .2àConcerning€the€annual€per€capita€health€expenditure€and€whether€the€moneyÏwas€spent€equally€on€women€and€men,€the€representative€indicated€that€the€annualÏper€capita€health€expenditure€currently€stood€at€29taka.€€Health€expenditureÏwas€equal€for€men€and€women,€and€no€extra€allocation€in€the€health€sector€wasÏmade€for€women.€€He€indicated€further€that€small€land€holdings,€low€levels€ofÏeducation,€small€incomes€and€large€families€were€the€underlying€general€causesÏof€malnutrition€affecting€both€women€and€children.€€Other€causes€included€poorÏsanitation,€lack€of€proper€health€education,€non-availability€of€safe€drinkingÏwater,€poor€cooking€practices,€general€misconceptions€about€food€and€bad€eatingÏhabits.€€He€also€said€that€malnutrition€was€linked€with€poverty€and€efforts€wereÏbeing€made€to€raise€the€level€of€household€income.€€The€Government€had€createdÏadditional€opportunities€for€the€gainful€employment€of€females,€throughÏpromoting€cottage€industries,€food-for-work€programmes€and,€where€possible,Ïredistributing€productive€resources.€€The€Government€also€organized€appropriateÏtraining€programmes€for€rural€women,€teaching€them€the€techniques€of€kitchenÏgardening,€pond€fishery,€backyard€poultry€farming,€plantation€of€fruit€trees,Ïgoat€and€cattle€raising,€and€the€small-scale€preservation€of€various€food€items,Ïsuch€as€fruit€and€vegetables.€€Nutrition€education€was€also€imparted€throughÏprimary€and€secondary€schools€and€the€mass€media.€€Rehabilitation€centres€forÏseverely€malnourished€children€had€also€been€established.€€Such€centres€wereÏproviding€nutrition€education€and€food€supplements€to€pregnant€women€andÏlactating€mothers€and€supplying€suitable€weaning€food€to€the€children.ÌÌ312.à2 .2àThe€representative€said€that€there€was€no€problem€with€the€health€systemÏbecause,€even€in€the€remote€areas,€there€were€enough€doctors.€€Concerning€theÏdiscrimination€of€the€girl€child,€he€said€that€the€preference€for€boys€did€existÏbut,with€more€education,€such€a€tradition€was€changing€gradually.ÌÌ313.à2 .2àThe€representative€noted€that€there€was€no€incidence€of€AIDS€in€Bangladesh,Ïeither€among€men€or€women.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€13óóÌÌ314.à2 .2àThe€Committee€noted€that€the€Government€of€Bangladesh€had€made€aÏreservation€on€article€13(a)€of€the€Convention€and€wished€to€know€what€measuresÏhad€been€taken€to€withdraw€it.€€The€representative€indicated€that€the€wives€andÏchildren€of€government€personnel€and€other€pensionable€employees€were€entitledÏto€receive€the€gratuity,€pension,€group€insurance,€benevolent€fund€etc.€ofÏhusbands€or€fathers€who€had€completed€10years€of€service.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€14óóÌÌ315.à2 .2àThe€representative€informed€the€Committee€that€women€had€equal€access€toÏcredit€for€their€economic€activities.€€The€Government€had€a€mandate€toÏdistribute€land€equally€between€men€and€women.€€The€Committee€wished€to€know€what€measures€had€been€taken€to€ensure€that€women€obtained€their€equal€share€ofÏland€in€view€of€reports€that€almost€all€newly€reclaimed€land€was€going€to€maleÏowners.€€The€representative€said€that€no€such€information€had€been€received.€€HeÏstated€further€that€where€ideal€villages€had€been€set€up€by€allocatingÏgovernment€land€to€poor€landless€families,€such€land€was€jointly€registered€inÏthe€name€of€the€husband€and€wife.ÌÌ316.à2 .2àAsked€what€measures€had€been€introduced€in€the€past€five€years€to€improveÏthe€health€education€of€rural€women€and€what€specific€measures€were€being€takenÏto€increase€rural€women's€access€to€education,€the€representative€said€that€theÏGovernment€was€taking€all€the€measures€within€its€resources€to€improve€theÏhealth€and€education€of€rural€women.€€The€Committee€noted€that€rural€women'sÏaccess€to€education€was€only€30percent€and€that€of€urban€women€wasÏ64percent.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€15óóÌÌ317.à2 .2àThe€representative€informed€the€Committee€that€women€were€able€to€giveÏevidence€in€court.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€16óóÌÌ318.à2 .2àThe€Committee€observed€that€there€were€different€laws€for€Muslim,€Hindu€andÏChristian€women€concerning€inheritance.€€According€to€the€Hindu€religion,€aÏwoman€had€no€right€to€property,€financial€independence€and€to€be€self„¼supporting.€€The€Committee€wished€to€know€whether€there€was€a€proposal€to€ensureÏthat€all€Bangladeshi€women€had€equal€rights€in€inheriting€property.€€TheÏrepresentative€replied€that€no€proposal€had€been€initiated€by€the€Government€toÏchange€the€personal€laws€of€different€religious€communities.ÌÌ319.à2 .2àThe€Committee€also€observed€that€the€Government€of€Bangladesh€had€enactedÏprogressive€legislation€in€the€area€of€marriage€and€family€law;€however,€thereÏappeared€to€be€provisions€under€religious€laws€for€polygamy,€easier€access€toÏdivorce€for€men€and€discrimination€against€women€in€the€right€to€the€custody€ofÏtheir€children.€€The€Committee€inquired€whether€there€were€proposals€for€theÏenforcement€of€equal€rights€in€marriage€and€family€law€for€women€and€men.€€TheÏrepresentative€replied€that€men€and€women€had€an€equal€right€to€seek€redress€inÏa€court€of€law€regarding€their€rights€in€marriage,€polygamy€and€the€custody€ofÏchildren€according€to€the€existing€law€of€the€country.ÌÌ320.à2 .2àIn€answering€the€questions€concerning€how€many€cases€of€murder€andÏattempted€murder€for€dowry,€rape,€violence€against€women€and€disfiguration€byÏacid€had€been€reported,€the€representative€stated€that€accurate€figures€were€notÏavailable.€€However,€the€Anti-Terrorism€Act€recently€passed€by€the€GovernmentÏhad€helped€in€reducing€those€crimes.ÌÌ321.à2 .2àAsked€whether€polygamy€was€accepted€by€Muslim€people€and€whether€there€wasÏa€movement€against€it,€the€representative€indicated€that€it€was€not€generallyÏaccepted€and€there€was€a€strong€movement€by€women€activists€against€polygamy.ÌÌ322.à2 .2àThe€Committee€observed€that€since€the€Child€Marriage€Act€of€1984,€the€ageÏfor€marriage€of€Bangladeshi€women€was€18years.€€The€1981€census€showed€thatÏ7percent€of€girls€in€the€10-14€age€group€were€married€and€the€mean€age€ofÏmarriage€was€17.9years.€€The€Committee€wanted€to€know€whether€the€GovernmentÏhad€prosecuted€those€men€marrying€girls€under€the€age€of€18years,€and€whetherÏthere€had€been€an€increase€in€the€mean€age€of€marriage.€€The€representativeÏstated€that,€owing€to€illiteracy€and€poverty,€child€marriage€was€still€to€some€extent€prevalent€but€the€Government€was€taking€all€possible€measures€to€punishÏthe€offenders.ÌÌ323.à2 .2àConcerning€the€right€of€unmarried€mothers€to€the€custody€of€their€childrenÏand€to€obtain€support€from€the€father€of€the€children,€the€representativeÏindicated€that€the€children€of€unmarried€women€were€not€recognized€inÏBangladesh.€€He€also€informed€the€Committee€that€husbands€were€legally€bound€toÏprovide€maintenance€to€their€wives€for€up€to€three€months€after€theÏpronouncement€of€divorce.ÌÌ324.à2 .2àRegarding€the€question€whether€Bangladeshi€men€supported€their€children€asÏrequired€by€personal€law,€and€whether€measures€could€be€taken€to€obtain€andÏenforce€support€for€children€during€and€after€marriage,€the€representative€saidÏthat,€according€to€personal€law,€fathers€were€obliged€to€support€their€children.€ÏIn€the€case€of€fathers€failing€to€give€support€to€their€children,€the€guardianÏof€the€children€could€go€to€court€for€their€legal€rights.ÌÌòòConcluding€observationsóóÌÌ325.à2 .2àThe€Committee€thanked€the€representative€of€Bangladesh€for€providingÏdetailed€and€frank€explanations.€€The€Committee€noted€that€some€problems€beingÏfaced€by€women€in€Bangladesh€were€based€on€personal€laws,€which€includedÏreligious€and€customary€practices.€€Members€of€the€Committee€expressed€theirÏconcern€over€the€reservations€made€on€article€2,€article€13(a)€andÏarticle16,paragraph1(c)€and€(f),€of€the€Convention.€€Others€requested€moreÏinformation€on€issues€concerning€the€awareness€of€women€regarding€their€legalÏrights,€legal€aid,€the€effective€measures€taken€concerning€personal€laws€of€theÏHindu€religion€or€of€other€minority€groups,€the€participation€of€women€in€theÏpublic€sector€and€violence.€€Emphasis€was€placed€on€issues€such€as€education,Ïilliteracy,€health€(especially€infant€mortality),€the€role€of€the€Ministry€ofÏWomen's€Affairs,€its€budget€and€responsibility€concerning€the€projects,€and€theÏtemporary€measures€taken€to€improve€the€situation€of€women.ÌÌ326.à2 .2àIn€its€concluding€observation,€the€Committee€commended€the€efforts€theÏGovernment€was€making,€despite€its€difficulties,€to€strengthen€the€role€of€womenÏin€the€development€process.€€The€Chairperson€expressed€her€concern€regarding€theÏhealth€situation€of€women€in€Bangladesh€and€the€way€in€which€the€GovernmentÏprovided€health€services€to€the€affected€women€and€children.€€She€emphasizedÏhealth€education,€including€family€planning€and€literacy.€€She€hoped€that€theÏGovernment€of€Bangladesh€would€be€able€to€show€the€best€possible€results€in€itsÏthird€periodic€report.ÌÌÌòòà@ì .ÀàFranceóóˆÌÌ327.à2 .2àThe€Committee€considered€the€second€periodic€report€of€FranceÏ(CEDAW/C/FRA/2/Rev.1)€at€its€222nd€meeting,€on€27€January€(see€CEDAW/C/SR.222).ÌÌ328.à2 .2àIn€presenting€the€report,€the€representative€of€France€addressed€a€majorÏconcern€of€the€Committee€at€the€time€of€the€presentation€of€the€initial€report,Ïnamely,€the€replacement€of€the€Ministry€for€Women's€Rights€by€a€delegation€forÏthe€status€of€women,€which€was€lower€in€the€administrative€hierarchy.€€She€saidÏthat,€in€turn,€the€delegation€had€been€replaced€in€1988€by€a€State€SecretariatÏfor€Women's€Rights€with€the€full€powers€of€a€ministry€and€its€own€budget.€€ThatÏdecision€had€shown€the€Government's€political€will€to€make€the€defence€ofÏwomen's€rights€one€of€its€priorities.€€The€tasks€of€the€Secretariat€were€toÏensure€the€implementation€and€monitoring€of€adopted€legal€texts€and€to€propose€new€measures.€€It€had€a€central€administration€and€regional€and€departmentalÏdelegates€to€promote€women's€rights,€mainly€in€the€fields€of€employment€andÏprofessional€training€in€close€collaboration€with€the€Ministry€of€Labour€andÏProfessional€Training.€€In€order€to€make€the€best€use€of€its€modest€budget,€theÏState€Secretariat€had€chosen€as€its€priorities€measures€for€promoting€equalityÏin€employment€and€measures€to€combat€sexual€violence,€and€positive€developmentsÏhad€been€registered€over€the€past€few€years;€however,€the€two€major€areas€whereÏfailures€could€be€noticed€were€women€in€power€and€women€at€work.ÌÌ329.à2 .2àThe€representative€said€that€French€women€had€not€obtained€a€share€of€powerÏin€1945€when€they€had€been€given€the€right€to€vote,€but€rather€in€the€1970s€whenÏthe€process€of€dissociation€between€sexuality€and€procreation€had€beenÏaccomplished€through€the€adoption€of€the€contraception€and€abortion€laws.€€SheÏsaid€that€contraception€and€abortion€were€the€true€revolutions€of€the€twentiethÏcentury,€constituting€not€a€power-sharing€between€women€and€men,€but€a€transferÏof€power€from€men€to€women.€€Women€alone€could€decide€on€maternity,€they€couldÏdetermine€whether€they€chose€to€live€with€the€child's€father,€to€be€married€andÏto€recognize€the€father's€rights.€€They€alone€currently€had€the€power€in€theÏfamily€under€the€law.ÌÌ330.à2 .2àThe€representative€said€that€the€French€mentality€was€still€influenced€byÏthe€Napoleonic€Code,€which€had€given€women€an€inferior€position€in€society.€ÏConsiderable€strides€had€been€made€in€general,€but€women€continued€to€sufferÏfrom€that€heritage.€€In€the€twentieth€century,€women€in€France€had€acquiredÏfreedom€and€dignity€and€had€passed€from€being€objects€of€history€to€subjects€ofÏhistory.€€It€was€to€be€hoped€that€women€would€achieve€equality€in€the€twenty„¼first€century.ÌÌòòÔ&  ÔGeneral€observationsóóÌÌÔ'  Ô331.à2 .2àRegarding€the€concern€expressed€by€members€at€the€maintenance€of€theÏreservations€to€the€Convention,€the€representative€said€that€some€of€them€hadÏbeen€withdrawn.€€Yet€there€was€no€intention€of€withdrawing€the€remaining€onesÏunder€articles€5(b)€and€16,€paragraph1(d),€regarding€the€exercise€of€parentalÏauthority,€nor€the€ones€related€to€social€security€provisions€under€article€14,Ïparagraph2(c)€and€(h),€regarding€the€acquisition€of€property€by€rural€women,Ïsince€the€legal€situation€in€France€was€extremely€beneficial€to€women.€€TheÏreservation€to€article€16,€paragraph1(g),€regarding€the€right€to€choose€theÏfamily€name€was€also€being€maintained,€although€a€new€law€of€1993€gave€bothÏparents€more€flexibility€in€choosing€the€first€name€of€their€children€and€madeÏit€easier€to€change€one's€name.€€Regarding€the€reservation€to€article€29,€theÏrepresentative€said€that€there€were€mediation€bodies€in€the€country€and€thatÏFrance€did€not€consider€it€necessary€to€refer€disputes€to€the€InternationalÏCourt€of€Justice.ÌÌ332.à2 .2àMembers€asked€additional€questions€about€the€availability€of€specialÏprogrammes€for€immigrant€women€and€their€families€and€about€related€problems.€ÏThey€recommended€that€France€should€play€a€vanguard€role€in€maintainingÏhumanrights€and,€therefore,€also€respond€strongly€to€campaigns€againstÏmigrants.ÌÌ333.à2 .2àAsked€about€the€attitude€of€the€Government€to€practices€of€polygamy€andÏfemale€circumcision€among€immigrants,€the€representative€said€that€both€wereÏforbidden€on€French€territory€and€that€immigrants€had€to€comply€with€theÏrelevant€French€legislation.ÌÌòòÔ&  ÔQuestions€related€to€specific€articlesóóÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle5óóÌÌ334.à2 .2àRegarding€the€measures€taken€to€combat€sexual€harassment,€theÏrepresentative€said€that€the€Government€had€enacted€a€bill€in€1992.€€AccordingÏÔ'  Ôto€a€survey,€21percent€of€the€women€in€France€had€been€victims€or€witnesses€ofÏsexual€harassment,€representing€19percent€of€all€working€women.€€In€order€toÏafford€women€better€protection,€sanctions€for€sexual€harassment€had€beenÏprovided€in€the€Penal€and€Labour€Codes€if€the€perpetrator€was€hierarchicallyÏsuperior€to€the€victim.ÌÌ335.à2 .2àIn€combating€marital€violence,€the€State€Secretariat€had€tripled€itsÏsubsidies€over€the€last€years€for€assisting€shelters€and€creating€new€ones.€ÏFurthermore,€a€national€awareness-raising€campaign€had€been€launched€onÏtelevision€to€shock€the€public€by€the€statistics€on€violence€against€women,Ïaccompanied€by€a€nationwide€telephone€hot€line€for€listening€to€the€victims,Ïgiving€them€guidance€and€legal€counselling€and€providing€them€and€their€childrenÏwith€accommodation.ÌÌ336.à2 .2àAsked€by€members€about€the€Government's€position€regarding€pornography,€theÏrepresentative€said€that€it€was€sanctioned€by€imprisonment€or€monetary€fines.ÌÌ337.à2 .2àAdditional€questions€concerned€the€number€of€court€cases€dealing€withÏsexual€harassment,€the€type€of€sanctions€applied€and€the€occupational€groups€toÏwhich€most€victims€of€sexual€harassment€belonged.ÌÌÔ&  Ôà2 .2àòòArticle6óóÌÌÔ'  Ô338.à2 .2àRegarding€questions€about€the€number€and€age€of€prostitutes,€theÏrepresentative€said€that€no€official€data€were€available,€but€that€the€number€ofÏprostitutes€was€probably€in€the€range€of€10,000€to€15,000.€€Financial€assistanceÏfor€the€reintegration€and€rehabilitation€of€former€prostitutes€was€available,Ïand€prostitutes€had€to€pay€tax.€€The€representative€said€that€prostitution€cameÏwithin€the€purview€of€the€Ministry€of€the€Interior.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle7óóÌÌ339.à2 .2àThe€representative€said€that€women€in€France€were€still€excluded€from€theÏpolitical€arena.€€That€backlog€was€a€heritage€from€the€past€as€the€FrenchÏRevolution€had€not€encompassed€gender€issues,€and€women€had€obtained€the€rightÏto€vote€very€late.€€In€the€French€Parliament€only€5percent€of€the€deputiesÏwere€women.€€The€reason€why€there€were€more€French€women€in€the€EuropeanÏParliament€than€in€the€National€Assembly€was€that€voting€was€done€on€the€basisÏof€lists€and€the€European€Parliament€was€not€of€such€political€concern.€€WomenÏwere€still€excluded€from€political€participation€in€spite€of€such€dynamic€stepsÏas€appointing€women€to€6€out€of€45€ministers'€posts€or€a€woman€as€primeÏminister.ÌÌ340.à2 .2àAsked€whether€actions€similar€to€those€taken€to€combat€sexual€violenceÏwould€initiate€progress,€the€representative€said€that€the€political€activity€ofÏwomen€depended€on€the€political€determination€of€the€parties.€€Candidates€forÏelections€were€nominated€by€the€party€officials.€€One€way€of€enabling€more€womenÏto€obtain€political€power€would€be€to€establish€positive€discriminationÏprocedures;€however,€such€measures€were€not€popular€with€the€French€people.ÌÌ341.à2 .2àAsked€for€further€information€on€the€declaration€that€had€been€signed€byÏthe€leaders€of€the€four€main€political€parties€in€1989€to€modify€the€òòmodusÏoperandióó€of€the€political€parties€and€what€effect€it€had€had€on€the€attitude€ofÏthe€parties,€the€representative€said€that€the€declaration€was€not€supported€byÏsufficient€political€will.€€Members€of€political€parties€were€mostly€men€becauseÏpolitical€life,€as€practised,€was€not€compatible€with€the€requirements€of€familyÏlife.ÌÌ342.à2 .2àReferring€to€an€additional€comment€by€a€member€that€the€new€definition€ofÏpower€referred€to€by€the€representative,€meaning€power€in€the€family,€mightÏovercome€the€division€between€the€private€and€the€public€domain,€theÏrepresentative€said€that€the€present€young€generation€of€women€were€admitted€toÏthe€same€curricula€as€men€to€prepare€themselves€for€participation€in€politicalÏlife.€€They€could,€therefore,€also€take€up€positions€of€authority€and€imposeÏequality.€€Replying€to€the€question€whether€women€were€equally€disadvantaged€inÏpublic€office€and€the€civil€service,€the€representative€said€that€civil€serviceÏjobs€were€compatible€with€family€life€and,€since€1980,€significant€progress€hadÏbeen€made€in€that€sector.ÌÌ343.à2 .2àFurther€questions€posed€by€members€concerned€the€type€of€measures€that€wereÏbeing€undertaken€to€overcome€the€obstacles€to€political€power-sharing€by€women,Ïthe€attitude€of€women's€associations€òòvis--visóó€the€low€representation€of€womenÏin€political€life,€the€relationship€of€the€State€Secretariat€with€women€leadersÏof€women's€organizations,€trade€unions€and€other€areas€of€political€power,€andÏthe€support€given€by€the€State€Secretariat€to€their€initiatives.€€Members€alsoÏasked€whether€political€parties€had€adopted€a€quota€system,€whether€theyÏencouraged€women€to€participate€in€politics€at€the€local€and€national€levels€andÏwhether€the€financial€support€given€to€women€was€the€same€as€that€given€to€men.ÌÌÔ&  Ôà2 .2àòòArticle10óóÌÌÔ'  Ô344.à2 .2àAsked€whether€the€system€of€scholarships€still€existed€for€deserving€youngÏgirls,€the€representative€replied€in€the€affirmative.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle11óóÌÌ345.à2 .2àTurning€to€measures€taken€to€promote€gender€equality€in€employment,€theÏrepresentative€said€that€the€participation€rate€of€French€women€aged€between€25Ïand€60€years,€who€constituted€46percent€of€the€active€labour€force,€wasÏ76percent,€the€highest€in€the€European€Economic€Community€(EEC).€€Even€thoughÏwomen€did€not€leave€the€labour€force€to€have€children,€France€had€one€of€theÏhighest€birth€rates€in€Europe.€€Girls€outnumbered€boys€at€secondary€school€andÏat€university€and€they€also€obtained€better€marks.€€However,€the€wageÏdifferential€between€women€and€men€was€on€average€30percent€and€the€rate€ofÏunemployment€for€women€was€twice€as€high€as€that€for€men.€€The€representativeÏexplained€that,€on€the€one€hand,€there€was€still€a€generation€of€women€who€hadÏnever€worked,€apart€from€many€immigrant€women€who€had€no€professionalÏqualifications€and€were€often€illiterate€and,€on€the€other€hand,€there€was€theÏfirst€generation€leaving€mixed€schools€who€continued€to€choose€traditionallyÏfemale€jobs€that€earned€them€lower€pay€than€jobs€in€more€technical€sectors.€€InÏorder€to€change€the€behavioural€patterns€of€girls,€parents,€teachers,€trainersÏand€employers,€the€Secretary€of€State€had€initiated€in€1992€a€major€nationalÏcampaign€entitled€"This€is€technical,€this€is€for€her".€€Simultaneously,€allÏheads€of€universities€had€to€work€out€a€five-year€plan€under€the€supervision€ofÏthe€Ministry€of€National€Education€for€diversifying€the€orientation€and€trainingÏof€girls.ÌÌ346.à2 .2àThe€representative€said€further€that,€during€the€previous€three€years,Ïgreat€efforts€had€been€targeted€on€combating€female€unemployment€by€retrainingÏwomen€for€technical€jobs€in€various€branches€of€industry,€thus€responding€to€theÏneeds€of€industry,€and€also€on€integrating€women€into€the€labour€market.€€UnderÏthe€supervision€of€the€Secretary€of€State€and€the€Minister€of€Labour,€regionalÏcommittees€had€been€set€up€to€monitor€the€employment€of€women.€€The€StateÏSecretariat€had€also€created€a€special€fund€to€finance€the€costs€connected€withÏretraining,€such€as€care€for€children€or€an€aged€parent,€transport€andÏaccommodation.€€Since€it€was€considered€that€the€law€on€professional€equalityÏhad€not€had€the€desired€impact,€a€training€manual€had€been€developed€on€equalityÏin€employment€with€the€intention€of€demonstrating€to€companies€the€economicÏadvantages€of€training€and€employing€women.ÌÌ347.à2 .2àThe€representative€said€that€equality€in€the€field€of€education€was€notÏmatched€by€equality€in€employment€and€in€remuneration€because€girls€were€stillÏbeing€trained€in€traditional€fields€as€a€result€of€the€persistent€image€ofÏwomen's€roles€on€the€part€of€parents,€teachers€and€employers.€€Trade€unions€hadÏnever€taken€an€active€part€in€promoting€women's€equality€in€professions.€€SheÏsaid€that€thought€should€be€given€to€the€image€of€women€that€sons€received€inÏtheireducation.€€It€was€a€primary€concern€of€the€society€to€reorient€familyÏpolicy.ÌÌ348.à2 .2àAsked€whether€any€efforts€were€being€made€to€introduce€job-sharing,€aboutÏflexible€working€hours,€and€whether€women€were€in€favour€of€such€arrangements,Ïthe€representative€said€that,€although€a€great€percentage€of€women€worked€inÏpart„time€employment,€it€was€not€out€of€choice.€€She€was€sceptical€about€part„¼time€work€and€said€that€it€had€been€imposed€on€women€for€family€reasons.€€MostÏwomen€would€prefer€to€work€full€time€so€as€to€earn€enough€money€to€be€able€toÏpay€for€child€care.€€Turning€to€questions€about€the€introduction€of€shorterÏworking€hours€for€women,€she€said€that€the€working€hours€should€be€shorter€forÏmen€and€women€as€was€already€the€case€in€some€other€countries.€€Asked€aboutÏnight€work,€she€said€that€if€a€ban€on€industrial€night€work€were€to€beÏintroduced€for€women,€women€would€be€the€first€ones€to€be€dismissed€when€thoseÏenterprises€experienced€difficulties.ÌÌ349.à2 .2àMembers€asked€the€representative€whether€the€principle€of€equal€pay€forÏwork€of€equal€value€was€applied€in€France€and€(considering€the€differentialÏbetween€men€and€women)€which€obstacles€prevented€its€strict€application€andÏwhether€the€differential€was€attributable€to€the€fact€that€many€women€workedÏpart€time.€€The€representative€replied€that€appropriate€laws€existed€and€onlyaÏfew€women€had€chosen€part-time€employment;€lack€of€implementation€was€theÏproblem.€€It€was€extremely€difficult€to€prove€wage€discrimination.€€More€womenÏwere€engaged€in€work€that€required€special€skills€than€in€executive€jobs.ÌÌ350.à2 .2àAn€additional€question€was€raised€as€to€whether€part-time€employmentÏaffected€women's€social€security€benefits.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle12óóÌÌ351.à2 .2àThe€representative€mentioned€the€measures€taken€against€the€so-calledÏ"anti-abortion€squads"€that€had€demonstrated€for€the€past€few€years€at€StateÏhospitals€and€private€clinics€to€stop€the€abortion€services€and€to€intimidateÏthe€women€who€were€seeking€assistance€and€the€staff€in€order€to€undermine€theÏprovisions€of€the€abortion€law€of€1975.€€As€their€activities€had€beenÏnon-violent,€they€remained€unsanctioned€because€of€a€gap€in€the€law.€€A€new€lawÏhad€been€put€into€force€to€put€such€acts€under€sanction.ÌÌ352.à2 .2àAsked€about€more€information€on€the€consequences€and€use€of€theÏanti-contraception€pill€RU€486,€the€representative€said€that€its€use€had€notÏresolved€the€abortion€problem.€€It€was€freely€available€to€women€aged€between€25Ïand€40€years.€€However,€young€women€did€not€use€it€to€the€same€extent,€which€ledÏto€early€pregnancies€and€clandestine€abortions.€€She€put€the€number€of€abortionsÏper€year€at€170,000,€compared€with€600,000€births€per€year.€€ContraceptionÏcampaigns€included€the€use€of€condoms€because€of€the€incidence€of€HIV€infection,Ïand€recently€it€had€been€decided€to€distribute€them€free€of€charge€to€high„¼school€students.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle16óóÌÌ353.à2 .2àThe€representative€said€that€the€rate€of€marriages€ending€in€divorce€hadÏbeen€30€per€cent€during€the€past€10€years€and€the€number€of€one-parent€familiesÏhad€doubled,€and€had€been€over€1€million€in€1990.ÌÌ354.à2 .2àConcern€was€expressed€by€members€about€the€high€rate€of€divorce€and€theyÏasked€what€its€causes€were€and€whether€any€measures€were€envisaged€to€remedyÏthat€situation.€€Whereas€the€representative€made€only€the€level€of€independenceÏof€women€responsible€for€the€phenomenon,€members€said€that€in€other€countriesÏdivorce€was€very€common€also,€but€for€different€reasons.€€They€asked€whether€anyÏresearch€was€being€carried€out€on€the€incidence€of€single€female„headedÏfamilies,€whether€freedom€of€choice€was€the€only€reason,€whether€it€had€anyÏeffect€on€the€role€of€the€male€spouse,€whether€the€Government€supported€women'sÏpreference€for€one-parent€families,€whether€it€was€envisaging€any€measures€toÏcombat€that€phenomenon,€whether€French€women€considered€it€to€be€an€achievementÏand€what€the€consequences€of€its€increase€were€for€the€structure€of€FrenchÏsociety€and€in€what€way€the€phenomenon€was€being€monitored.ÌÌ355.à2 .2àWhen€members€said€that€the€appropriate€environment€ought€to€be€created€inÏorder€to€make€it€possible€for€women€to€have€a€career€and€a€family€life€in€theÏtraditional€sense,€the€representative€replied€that€while€it€was€the€concern€ofÏthe€State€Secretariat€to€offer€women€the€best€possible€conditions,€it€could€notÏdecide€for€women€on€the€private€lives€they€wished€to€have.€€Taking€into€accountÏthe€fact€that€France€was€one€of€the€EEC€countries€with€the€highest€birth€rateÏwithout€its€women€feeling€the€need€to€be€married,€the€representative€said€thatÏthe€Government€was€neither€encouraging€nor€discouraging€that€situation€and€thatÏno€links€should€be€established€between€the€promotion€of€women's€rights€and€theÏexistence€of€families.ÌÌ356.à2 .2àReferring€to€additional€comments€on€the€high€rate€of€one-parent€families€inÏFrance,€the€representative€said€that€the€main€reasons€for€the€one-parentÏfamilies€were€the€high€divorce€rate€-€emphasizing€that€85€per€cent€of€theÏdivorces€had€been€initiated€by€women€after€three€to€four€years€of€marriage€-Ïwidowhood€as€a€result€of€accidents,€and€the€choice€of€young€women€to€giveÏpreference€to€their€professional€career€over€marriage,€and€to€cohabitationÏwithout€contracting€a€marriage.€€She€said€that€young€women€were€more€aware€ofÏtheir€identity€than€their€mothers.ÌÌ357.à2 .2àThe€additional€comments€of€members€referred€to€the€difference€inÏmarriageable€age€for€women€and€men.ÌÌòòConcluding€observationsóóÌÌ358.à2 .2àThe€members€commended€the€report€for€its€clear€structure€and€adherence€toÏthe€general€guidelines€regarding€the€form€and€content€of€reports,€and€praisedÏFrance€for€having€played€a€pioneering€role€in€many€sectors€of€human€rights€and€in€advancing€the€status€of€women.€€They€also€commended€its€presentation€by€theÏSecretary€of€State€herself€and€the€fruitful€and€constructive€dialogue€followingÏthe€presentation.€€However,€concern€was€expressed€about€the€late€submission€ofÏthe€revised€version€of€the€report€and€the€fact€that€a€number€of€questionsÏprepared€by€the€pre-session€working€group,€that€had€been€transmitted€to€theÏGovernment,€had€not€been€responded€to€in€the€oral€presentation.ÌÌÝ ƒÿÝÔ UK ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÑ\R3Ø'\ÑÑ X ÑÑ À ÑÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓ…+ÓÔ€ôôôÔÔO€<þ6X9`("Courier 12cpiOÔÓ(€  $(ÓØØÖ€)ÖÖ€ÖÓ882^ ÓÝ  ÝÌà@ì .*àòòNicaraguaóóˆÌÌ359.à2 .2àThe€Committee€considered€the€second€and€third€periodic€reports€of€NicaraguaÏ(CEDAW/C/13/Add.20€and€CEDAW/C/NIC/3)€at€its€219th€meeting,€on€26January€(seeÏCEDAW/C/SR.219).ÌÌ360.à2 .2àThe€Committee€noted€that€the€political€changes€and€economic€conditions€inÏrecent€years€had€affected€progress€in€Nicaragua.€€It€noted€that,€apart€fromÏplaying€an€active€role€in€the€tragic€and€drawn-out€conflict,€Nicaraguan€womenÏhad€contributed€considerably€to€their€country€in€making€important€socialÏadvances€as€a€result€of€their€awareness€of€their€duties€and€rights€as€one€of€theÏbasic€constituents€of€their€society.ÌÌ361.à2 .2àThe€Committee€observed€that€the€second€and€third€periodic€reports€submittedÏby€Nicaragua€were€not€as€systematically€presented€as€would€have€been€desirableÏand,€in€some€instances,€involved€contradictions.€€It€suggested€that€futureÏreports€adhere€more€closely€to€the€general€guidelines€regarding€the€form€andÏcontent€of€reports€received€from€States€parties€under€article€18€of€theÏConvention€(CEDAW/C/7)€and€to€the€general€recommendations€of€the€Committee.ÌÌ362.à2 .2àBefore€replying€to€questions,€the€representative€of€Nicaragua€said€thatÏboth€reports€reflected€the€history€of€the€country,€which€had€involved€politicalÏevents€that€had€had€a€strong€impact€on€the€status€of€Nicaraguan€women.€€WhereasÏthe€second€periodic€report€portrayed€the€legal€situation€and€the€participationÏof€women€in€all€walks€of€life€as€a€result€of€the€war,€the€third€periodic€reportÏpresented€the€actual€situation€and€showed€the€efforts€made€and€the€politicalÏwill€to€work€on€the€elimination€of€the€causes€that€had€given€rise€toÏdiscrimination€against€women.ÌÌòòQuestions€related€to€specific€articlesóóÌÌà2 .2àòòArticles€1,€2,€3€and€4óóÌÌ363.à2 .2àAsked€about€the€Constitution€of€Nicaragua€that€had€been€promulgated€in€1987Ïand€that€had€been€inspired€by€a€new€social€order,€the€representative€said€thatÏit€was€still€in€force€and€had€been€neither€repealed€nor€amended.ÌÌ364.à2 .2àRegarding€the€questions€whether€the€Government€Office€for€Women,Ïestablished€in€1982,€still€existed€and€what€its€functions€were,€theÏrepresentative€explained€that€that€Office€had€been€reorganized€and€transformedÏinto€the€Nicaraguan€Institute€for€Women€(INIM)€in€1987.€€Its€main€functions€wereÏto€participate€actively€in€defining€and€revising€government€policies€and€toÏcoordinate€with€all€governmental€institutions€in€order€to€ensure€that€they€tookÏinto€account€the€status€of€women;€to€disseminate€data€on€the€participation€ofÏwomen€in€economic€development€so€as€to€make€the€Government€and€society€aware€ofÏthe€real€situation€of€women;€to€promote€the€participation€of€women€inÏGovernment-sponsored€projects;€to€obtain€external€financing€for€theÏstrengthening€of€INIM€and€the€promotion€of€its€programmes;€to€initiate€theÏrevision€of€laws€concerning€the€status€of€women;€to€launch€and€monitor€technical€training€programmes€that€should€take€into€account€gender€perspectives;€toÏparticipate€in€national€and€international€conferences€dealing€with€women'sÏissues;€and€to€promote€sources€of€income€and€employment€for€unemployed€women.€ÏCurrently,€INIM€received€allocations€from€the€national€budget€and€fromÏcooperating€agencies.ÌÌ365.à2 .2àAsked€for€further€information€on€what€had€been€termed€in€the€third€periodicÏreport€a€"reactivation"€of€INIM€in€November€1990,€the€representative€explainedÏthat€INIM€had€had€to€start€from€scratch€because€neither€the€former€documentationÏcentre€of€over€2,500€volumes,€research€findings€about€Nicaraguan€women,€theÏcomputer€centre,€archives€and€documents€about€projects€and€the€administration€ofÏINIM€nor€the€vehicles€could€be€located.€€INIM€had€been€brought€back€to€life€onlyÏthrough€the€Government's€efforts€and€the€support€of€neighbouring€States.ÌÌ366.à2 .2àAsked€whether€the€Centre€for€the€Guardianship€of€Minors€was€still€inÏexistence,€the€representative€said€that€it€had€been€converted€into€anÏinstitution€with€additional€responsibilities€within€the€Nicaraguan€Institute€forÏSocial€Security€and€Welfare.€€It€provided€legal€assistance€and€care€to€minors,Ïthe€family€and€the€community,€it€dealt€with€the€legal€requirements€for€adoption,Ïmarital€conflicts,€the€right€of€guardianship€for€children€and€maintenanceÏpayments,€and€it€gave€legal€advice€to€women€in€need.ÌÌ367.à2 .2àRegarding€the€former€Family€Guidance€and€Protection€Office€of€thatÏInstitute,€which€had€been€dealing€with€the€legal,€social€and€psychologicalÏproblems€of€women,€the€representative€said€that€its€legal€functions€had€beenÏtransferred€to€the€Legal€Petition€Office€for€Minors€and€the€Family€(Direccið;ðn€deÏInstancia€Legal€del€Menor€y€la€Familia).€€Its€psycho-social€functions€had€beenÏtransferred€to€the€Office€for€Centres€and€Zones€(Direccið;ðn€de€Centros€yÏZonales),€with€the€same€hierarchical€structure€as€the€former€Office€for€FamilyÏOrientation€and€Protection.ÌÌ368.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€the€Women's€Legal€Office,€an€organ€of€the€Luisa€AmandaÏEspinoza€Association€of€Nicaraguan€Women,€the€representative€said€that€it€was€aÏwomen's€organization€with€the€political€orientation€of€the€FrenteSandinista.€ÏShe€said€that€currently,€the€Government€supported€mainly€development€projects€inÏfavour€of,€and€at€the€request€of,€women.ÌÌ369.à2 .2àAsked€for€further€information€on€the€planned€establishment€of€a€statisticalÏinformation€system€disaggregated€by€gender€and€age€group€as€well€as€by€otherÏcharacteristics,€the€representative€stated€that€INIM€was€currently€working€onÏthe€establishment€of€such€a€nationwide€network.€€Furthermore,€a€census€ofÏhouseholds,€covering€population,€housing€and€farming,€disaggregated€by€gender,Ïwas€being€planned.ÌÌ370.à2 .2àAn€additional€comment€was€made€by€a€member€to€the€effect€that€theÏConvention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€Discrimination€against€Women€hadÏnot€been€mentioned€among€the€legal€instruments€on€which€the€unrestricted€respectÏfor€human€rights€was€based,€and€yet€the€Convention€was€recognized€in€theÏcountry's€Constitution.€€She€asked€whether€discrimination€as€specified€in€theÏConvention€was€actually€forbidden€by€the€Constitution.ÌÌ371.à2 .2àBearing€in€mind€that€the€adjustment€programme€had€led€to€a€reduction€of€theÏdeficit€from€20percent€to€7percent€of€GNP,€as€mentioned€in€the€thirdÏperiodic€report,€which€had€resulted€in€a€decline€of€the€living€conditions€ofÏwomen€and€children,€a€member€asked€whether€thought€had€been€given€earlier€to€theÏsocial€dimension€of€the€structural€adjustment€programmes,€in€order€to€reduce€their€negative€effects,€and€what€kind€of€emergency€measures€had€been€adopted€toÏabsorb€those€effects.ÌÌÔ&  Ôà2 .2àòòArticle€5óóÌÌ372.à2 .2àRegarding€the€question€whether€the€decree€of€1979€prohibiting€theÏpublication€or€use€of€representations€of€women€as€sexual€commercial€objectsÏÔ'  Ôstill€existed,€the€representative€said€that€the€law€had€been€put€into€force€inÏ1979€and€had€been€abolished€in€1990.ÌÌ373.à2 .2àRegarding€the€measures€taken€to€overcome€all€forms€of€gender-based€violenceÏand€a€request€for€detailed€reports€on€the€nature€and€extent€of€the€problem€ofÏviolence€against€women,€the€representative€stated€that€the€President€hadÏestablished€the€Commission€on€Violence€against€Women€in€1992.€€The€CommissionÏcoordinated€its€activities€for€setting€up€centres€for€female€victims€of€violenceÏwith€the€Institute€for€Social€Security€and€Welfare.€€A€centre€offeringÏpsychological€counselling€for€young€female€victims€of€sexual€violence€hadÏalready€been€established.€€The€Commission€was€also€organizing,€together€with€theÏpolice,€seminars€for€dealing€with€female€victims€of€violence.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€6óóÌÌ374.à2 .2àIn€reply€to€several€questions€related€to€prostitution,€the€representativeÏstated€that€prostitution€was€not€legal€in€Nicaragua.€€Incitement€to€prostitutionÏwas€punishable€by€three€to€six€years'€imprisonment€and,€if€the€perpetrator€wasÏmarried€to,€or€lived€in€a€de€facto€union€with€the€victim,€by€up€to€10€years'Ïimprisonment.€€The€incidence€of€prostitution€was€increasing€as€a€result€of€theÏeconomic€situation€in€Nicaragua.€€The€State€was€not€taking€any€specific€measuresÏon€behalf€of€prostitutes,€but€efforts€were€being€made€to€integrate€them€intoÏvocational€training.€€They€could€also€undergo€monthly€gynaecologicalÏexaminations€in€a€health€centre.ÌÌ375.à2 .2àAsked€about€the€measures€taken€by€the€Government€to€protect€prostitutesÏfrom€HIV/AIDS,€the€representative€said€that€education€campaigns€were€beingÏcarried€out€through€the€mass€media€and€other€forms€of€publicity.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€7óóÌÌ376.à2 .2àAlthough€15€of€the€92€representatives€in€the€National€Assembly€were€women,Ïonly€one€woman€held€a€senior€position€in€the€legislature.€€The€representativeÏsaid€that€the€Electoral€Law€did€not€call€for€a€specific€percentage€of€women€onÏthe€election€lists.€€There€was€only€one€woman€among€the€seven€judges€sitting€inÏthe€Supreme€Court€of€Justice,€and€only€one€woman€among€the€five€judges€who€madeÏup€the€Supreme€Electoral€Council.ÌÌ377.à2 .2àAsked€about€the€number€of€women€represented€on€the€Council€of€Ministers,Ïthe€representative€said€that€there€were€two,€the€Health€Minister€and€theÏVice-Minister€of€Finance.€€She€said€that€women€were€represented€on€many€otherÏbodies€of€administrative€authority,€such€as€the€Office€of€the€Attorney.€ÏFurthermore,€the€Director€of€the€Culture€Institute€and€the€Director€and€DeputyÏDirector€of€INIM€were€also€women.€€The€proportion€of€women€in€the€legalÏprofession€was€about€20percent.€€In€general,€women€were€well€represented€amongÏthe€advisers€of€persons€holding€political€decision-making€positions.ÌÌÔ&  Ôà2 .2àòòArticle€8óóÌÌ378.à2 .2àAsked€how€many€women€were€representing€Nicaragua€in€other€countries€and€howÏmany€were€employed€in€international€organizations,€and€what€their€proportion€inÏÔ'  Ôrelation€to€men€was,€the€representative€said€that€there€was€one€woman€ambassadorÏwho€was€serving€as€ambassador€in€five€countries€concurrently.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€10óóÌÌ379.à2 .2àQuestioned€about€the€fact€that€women€accounted€for€51.6percent€of€allÏilliterate€persons€in€Nicaragua€and€asked€whether€any€literacy€trainingÏprogrammes€were€targeted€on€women,€the€representative€said€that€the€adultÏeducation€programmes€were€not€specifically€directed€to€women.ÌÌ380.à2 .2àIn€answer€to€questions€about€special€programmes€to€encourage€education€forÏwomen,€the€methods€pursued€by€the€Government€to€eliminate€stereotyped€conceptsÏof€the€roles€of€men€and€women,€and€programmes€to€steer€women€in€the€direction€ofÏindustrial€education€courses,€in€keeping€with€the€requirements€of€the€State,€theÏrepresentative€said€that€the€Government€carried€out€training€activities€inÏnon-traditional€sectors€through€the€National€Technological€Institute.€€ThatÏtraining€had€an€impact€on€women€because€they€became€interested€in€seekingÏalternative€employment.€€More€and€more€women€were€looking€for€alternativeÏeducation€patterns,€but€the€impact€of€those€programmes€would€be€felt€only€in€theÏlong€term.€€Use€was€made€of€publicity€campaigns€on€the€radio€to€inform€women€ofÏtraining€opportunities.€€She€said€that€at€the€end€of€1992€it€had€been€urged€thatÏan€information€centre€for€the€training€and€employment€of€women€should€be€createdÏto€carry€out€the€vocational€training€of€women€through€seminars€for€employers,Ïteachers€and€people€in€general,€and€through€publicity.€€The€programme€of€theÏNational€Technological€Institute€had€become€part€of€a€regional€trainingÏprogramme€involving€eight€Latin€American€countries.ÌÌ381.à2 .2àIn€an€additional€comment,€a€member€underlined€the€need€for€furtherÏimprovement€in€the€educational€and€cultural€levels€of€women,€saying€that,Ïinspite€of€the€Government's€efforts,€the€country's€goals€had€still€not€beenÏattained.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€11óóÌÌ382.à2 .2àAsked€about€the€effect€on€women€of€the€changes€introduced€since€1990€in€theÏapproach€to€the€economy,€the€representative€explained€that€the€impact€had€beenÏgreatest€on€women€heads€of€household.€€As€they€were€less€educated€and€hadÏinsufficient€training€to€qualify€them€for€higher€paid€jobs,€they€had€access€onlyÏto€low€paid€jobs,€which€had€led€to€an€increase€in€the€number€of€persons€livingÏin€poverty.ÌÌ383.à2 .2àConcerning€questions€on€the€actual€rate€of€unemployment€in€Nicaragua€andÏthe€proportion€of€women€that€were€unemployed,€the€representative€replied€thatÏcurrently€51percent€of€the€economically€active€population€was€unemployed.ÌÌ384.à2 .2àRegarding€the€participation€of€women€in€the€economically€active€population,Ïthe€representative€confirmed€that€the€figure€of€34percent,€given€in€the€thirdÏperiodic€report,€was€correct.ÌÌ385.à2 .2àAsked€for€the€reasons€for€the€decrease€in€the€economically€active€femaleÏpopulation€in€the€rural€sector,€the€representative€said€that€many€of€the€personsÏwho€had€made€up€the€rural€population€had€emigrated€to€urban€areas€because€ofÏalmost€10€years€of€war€and€because€of€natural€disasters.€€In€urban€areas,€women€mostly€tried€to€find€jobs€in€the€informal€sector€and€in€domestic€employment.€€NoÏinformation€was€given€on€measures€taken€to€correct€the€situation.ÌÌ386.à2 .2àWhile€the€representative€did€not€indicate€the€current€percentage€of€womenÏworking€in€the€informal€sector,€she€enumerated€various€economic€assistanceÏprogrammes€for€women€employed€in€the€informal€sector,€such€as€financingÏprogrammes€for€small€and€medium-sized€businesses€and€programmes€of€communalÏbanks€for€financing€the€productive€and€commercial€activities€of€women€heads€ofÏhousehold€who€had€no€access€to€credit€and€lived€in€extreme€poverty.ÌÌ387.à2 .2àIn€response€to€a€question€on€the€outcome€of€a€ruling€by€the€InternationalÏCourt€of€Justice€at€The€Hague€under€which€Nicaragua€should€be€compensated€forÏthe€losses€that€it€had€suffered€as€the€result€of€indirect€aggression€andÏwhether,€if€it€had€been,€any€of€the€money€was€being€used€to€improve€theÏsituation€of€women€in€Nicaragua,€the€representative€said€that€no€such€ruling€hadÏbeen€made€and€consequently€no€indemnity€had€been€paid.ÌÌ388.à2 .2àAsked€about€the€kind€of€assistance€given€to€women€heads€of€household,€theÏrepresentative€said€that€the€Government€was€encouraging€a€promotion€and€trainingÏprogramme€through€INIM,€in€coordination€with€several€ministries€and€theÏInstitute€for€Social€Security€and€Welfare,€which€consisted€in€literacy€campaignsÏand€training€activities€in€traditional€and€non-traditional€jobs€in€order€toÏfacilitate€access€to€income-generating€credit.€€The€latter€organization€was€alsoÏestablishing€day-care€centres€to€offer€security€to€children€and€to€facilitateÏwomen's€integration€into€the€labour€force.ÌÌ389.à2 .2àIn€additional€comments,€further€information€was€requested€on€women€in€theÏinformal€sector,€including€statistical€data€and€details€about€their€workingÏconditions;€job-creation€measures€for€women;€and€the€situation€of€workingÏmothers,€since€not€enough€day-care€centres€were€available€and€women€did€not€haveÏadequate€access€to€labour-saving€technology.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€12óóÌÌ390.à2 .2àAsked€about€the€plans€of€the€Government€to€adopt€a€general€policy€for€the€Ïprotection€of€maternity,€reproductive€health,€and€occupational€health€andÏsafety,€the€representative€said€that€the€right€to€health€of€all€citizens€wasÏcovered€by€article€59€of€the€Constitution.€€Through€the€Institute€for€SocialÏSecurity€and€Welfare,€the€Government€was€trying€to€decentralize€the€healthÏservices€and€to€provide€social€assistance€to€all€workers.ÌÌ391.à2 .2àRegarding€the€question€whether€the€Government€was€carrying€out€anyÏprogramme€of€education€and€assistance€to€deal€with€the€problem€of€abortion,Ïwhich€was€referred€to€as€the€third€most€common€cause€of€death€among€mothers,€theÏrepresentative€explained€that€the€Government€was€a€member€of€the€regionalÏcommission€for€combating€maternal€death€and€it€acted€through€the€Ministry€ofÏHealth€and€various€subcommissions.€€The€reduction€of€maternal€death€was€one€ofÏthe€priorities€of€the€Ministry€of€Health€within€the€framework€of€its€programmeÏfor€mothers€covering€the€time€of€pregnancy€and€the€first€years€of€infancy.ÌÌ392.à2 .2àIn€additional€comments,€concern€was€expressed€about€the€high€incidence€ofÏdeath€related€to€abortion€and€the€question€was€reiterated€as€to€what€kind€ofÏfamily€planning€and€assistance€measures€the€Government€was€carrying€out.€ÏMembers€also€asked€whether€the€Government€had€approached€governmental€andÏnon-governmental€organizations€to€assist€the€country€in€alleviating€its€foodÏshortage€that€affected€mostly€women€and€children.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€14óóÌÌ393.à2 .2àIn€response€to€a€question,€the€representative€said€that,€according€to€theÏstatistics€of€1990,€women€accounted€for€40percent€of€the€agriculturalÏwage-earning€workforce.ÌÌ394.à2 .2àAsked€about€programmes€of€assistance€for€rural€working€women,€theÏrepresentative€mentioned€the€programme€"Women,€environment€and€development",Ïwhich€promoted€the€participation€of€rural€women€in€the€country's€development.€ÏIt€was€an€integral€programme€that€was€aimed€at€the€practical€and€strategicalÏnecessities€of€rural€women,€including€access€to€credit,€self-esteem€and€legalÏliteracy.ÌÌ395.à2 .2àRegarding€the€data€in€the€second€periodic€report€on€the€proportion€of€ruralÏwomen€who€were€heads€of€households,€the€representative€said€that€no€moreÏcontemporary€data€were€available,€but€it€could€be€assumed€that€the€proportionÏhad€increased€because€many€women€had€become€widows€or€orphans€as€a€result€of€theÏwar.ÌÌ396.à2 .2àReferring€to€assistance€programmes€for€rural€women€workers,€theÏrepresentative€said€that€the€Government€was€trying€to€promote€the€extension€ofÏeducation,€health,€training€and€medical€services€through€municipal€governments.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€15óóÌÌ397.à2 .2àReplying€to€the€question€whether€women€still€did€not€have€full€legalÏcapacity€because€as€stated€in€the€second€periodic€report,€they€were€equated,€inÏterms€of€legal€capacity,€with€children€and€disabled€persons€and€required€legalÏrepresentation€in€most€cases,€the€representative€said€that€articles€27€and€48€ofÏthe€Constitution€gave€women€equality€before€the€law€with€men.ÌÌ398.à2 .2àIn€an€additional€comment,€a€member€pointed€to€a€contradiction€between€lawÏand€practice€in€Nicaragua.€€She€was€concerned€that€while€women€participated€inÏthe€political€life€of€the€country,€they€did€not€have€full€legal€capacity€andÏcould€not€appear€in€court€on€their€own€behalf.€€When€asked€how€women€reacted€toÏthat€situation,€the€representative€replied€that€women€were€represented€in€allÏpolitical€institutions€and,€in€the€absence€of€appropriate€written€laws,€womenÏresolved€their€problems€in€a€pragmatic€way.ÌÌà2 .2àòòArticle€16óóÌÌ399.à2 .2àReferring€to€observations€made€on€Law€No.€38€on€the€dissolution€of€marriageÏat€the€wish€of€one€of€the€parties,€a€practice€that€gave€rise€to€a€series€ofÏinjustices€whose€effects€would€be€felt€most€by€women€and€children,€theÏrepresentative€said€that€the€law€had€been€promulgated€in€1988.€€Although€the€lawÏwas€still€in€force,€some€progress€had€been€made€in€that€it€had€been€analysed;Ïthe€population,€mainly€women,€had€been€consulted€and€more€Government€support€forÏthe€payment€of€maintenance€had€been€required.€€She€said€that€women€had€made€mostÏuse€of€the€law.€€Simultaneously,€other€laws€had€been€put€into€force,€such€as€theÏlaw€on€alimony.ÌÌ400.à2 .2àAsked€to€clarify€a€presumed€contradiction€between€the€second€and€the€thirdÏperiodic€reports€regarding€the€treatment€of€pregnant€women€prisoners,€theÏrepresentative€said€that€there€was€no€contradiction€between€the€two€reports.€€ItÏwas€correct€to€say€that€no€special€law€protected€pregnant€women€prisoners,€andÏthe€statement€concerning€their€special€treatment€referred€to€administrative€measures€to€protect€pregnant€women€prisoners€because€of€the€non-existence€of€aÏspecial€law.ÌÌ401.à2 .2àRegarding€the€concern€expressed€by€members€over€the€high€incidence€of€earlyÏmarriages€and€the€high€percentage€of€unregistered€marriages,€and€questioned€onÏthe€Government's€view,€the€representative€said€that€the€Government€did€notÏpromote€early€marriages.€€They€were€a€fact€of€life€on€account€of€the€naturalÏconditions€of€the€country€with€its€numerous€seismic€events,€its€volcanoes€andÏother€natural€disasters,€and,€most€important€of€all,€the€early€maturity€gainedÏfrom€participation€in€the€war.ÌÌ402.à2 .2àAn€additional€comment€was€made€on€the€number€of€families€where€childrenÏlived€with€only€their€mother,€a€situation€that€was€harmful€for€their€upbringing.€ÏA€member€asked€what€the€Government's€view€was.ÌÌ403.à2 .2àRegarding€the€high€divorce€rate€and€questioned€why€most€divorces€wereÏinitiated€by€women,€the€representative€replied€that€women€had€never€shirkedÏplaying€many€roles.€€Although€men€continued€to€be€the€political€decision€makers,Ïwomen€took€decisions€behind€the€scenes.€€She€said€that€women€carried€aÏsufficient€part€of€the€burden€of€income-earning€and€child€care,€that€they€wereÏunwilling€to€support€a€spouse€who€did€not€contribute€and€accordingly€they€wereÏwilling€to€ask€for€a€divorce€rather€than€to€continue€supporting€an€unnecessarilyÏdependent€husband.€€In€the€same€way€as€they€carried€out€any€kind€of€activity,Ïthey€also€asked€for€a€divorce€if€necessary.ÌÌòòConcluding€observationsóóÌÌ404.à2 .2àMembers€commended€Nicaragua€for€the€fact€that€it€had€ratified€theÏConvention€without€entering€any€reservations,€for€the€timely€preparation€of€itsÏreports€and€their€presentation€to€the€Committee,€and€for€the€detailed€replies€toÏthe€questions.€€It€was€particularly€impressive€because€the€country€Ìhad€undergone€so€many€changes€and€had€suffered€from€a€war,€natural€disasters€andÏa€trade€embargo.€€It€demonstrated€the€political€will€of€the€Government€and€itsÏcommitment€to€the€women's€cause.€€Tribute€was€paid€to€Nicaraguan€women€who€hadÏtaken€such€an€active€part€in€all€walks€of€life.€€Members€commended€the€country'sÏratification€of€several€other€international€conventions€relevant€to€women'sÏrights€and€they€hoped€that€those€international€instruments€would€also€beÏproperly€implemented.€€Concern€was€expressed,€however,€that€neither€of€theÏreports€had€followed€the€Committee's€general€guidelines€regarding€the€form€andÏcontent€of€reports€nor€had€they€taken€into€account€the€Committee's€generalÏrecommendations.€€Members€said€that€a€consideration€of€the€Convention,€articleÏby€article,€would€help€the€Government€in€overcoming€some€of€its€difficulties€inÏpromoting€the€status€of€women.€€An€effective€application€of€the€provisions€ofÏthe€Convention€would€improve€the€situation€of€the€entire€society.ÌÌÌòòà@ì .šàRepublic€of€KoreaóóˆÌÌ405.à2 .2àThe€Committee€considered€the€second€periodic€report€of€the€Republic€ofÏKorea€(CEDAW/C/13/Add.28€and€Corr.1)€at€its€224th€meeting,€on€28€January€(seeÏCEDAW/C/SR.224).ÌÌ406.à2 .2àThe€Committee€considered€that€the€report€gave€a€good€overview€of€legal€andÏadministrative€developments€in€the€Republic€of€Korea€in€terms€of€women's€rightsÏsince€the€submission€of€the€initial€report,€testifying€to€the€continuedÏcommitment€of€the€Government€to€eliminate€discrimination€against€women.€ÏHowever,€the€remarkable€development€of€the€economy,€which€had€brought€an€increasing€number€of€women€into€the€economically€active€group,€had€yet€to€bringÏabout€a€corresponding€advancement€in€terms€of€women's€political€role€and€theirÏparticipation€in€decision-making.ÌÌ407.à2 .2àIn€her€introductory€statement,€the€representative€briefly€described€theÏcontents€of€the€second€periodic€report€and€the€developments€that€had€beenÏachieved€or€attempted.€€She€informed€the€Committee€that€the€report€had€beenÏformulated€according€to€the€general€guidelines€regarding€the€form€and€content€ofÏreports€and€the€initial€report€that€had€been€reviewed€by€the€Committee€at€itsÏsixth€session.€€The€second€periodic€report€dealt€mainly€with€the€progress€of€theÏimplementation€of€the€Convention€and€also€with€the€questions€unanswered€at€theÏtime€the€initial€report€was€submitted.€€The€second€periodic€report€had€beenÏprepared€jointly€by€the€ministries€and€non-governmental€organizations€concernedÏwith€women's€affairs.ÌÌ408.à2 .2àThe€representative€said€that€the€introductory€part€of€the€report€mentionedÏthe€institutional€framework,€the€progress€made€in€achieving€òòde€jureóó€and€de€factoÏequality,€and€the€policies€to€abolish€the€discrimination€faced€by€women€in€theÏRepublic€of€Korea.ÌÌ409.à2 .2àIn€addressing€the€status€of€women€in€her€country,€the€representativeÏpointed€out€that€as€a€result€of€industrialization,€women€had€become€activelyÏinvolved€in€economic€activities€and,€since€the€revision€in€1989€of€the€EqualÏEmployment€Opportunity€Act€enacted€in€1987,€women€no€longer€faced€suchÏdiscrimination€as€restrictive€recruitment,€wage€differentials€and€limitedÏopportunities€for€promotion.ÌÌ410.à2 .2àShe€said€that€since€the€inauguration€of€the€Republic€of€Korea€in€1945,Ïwomen€had€enjoyed€the€same€political€rights€as€men;€however,€their€participationÏin€the€national€decision-making€process€was€still€unsatisfactory.€€Yet€theirÏparticipation€in€the€civil€service,€education€and€the€mass€media€was€graduallyÏimproving.€€She€explained€that€women€were€very€active€in€non-governmentalÏorganizations,€in€accordance€with€the€freedom€of€association€guaranteed€by€theÏConstitution.€€Most€importantly,€she€claimed,€the€revision€of€the€Family€Law€inÏ1989€had€been€a€significant€breakthrough€in€providing€the€same€status€to€womenÏas€men,€especially€in€the€area€of€property€rights.ÌÌ411.à2 .2àThe€representative€said€that€the€main€provisions€of€the€Convention€had€notÏonly€been€integrated€into€the€Constitution€but€had€also€become€the€legal€basisÏfor€the€advancement€of€women€in€the€country.€€The€Committee€noted€that€theÏGovernment€still€maintained€reservations€to€the€Convention€and€hoped€that,€inÏthe€future,€a€sustained€effort€would€be€made€to€withdraw€those€reservations.ÌÌ412.à2 .2àIn€replying€to€the€questions€that€had€been€submitted€by€the€pre-sessionÏworking€group,€the€representative€highlighted€specific€measures€aimed€atÏaccelerating€the€process€of€achieving€de€facto€equality.ÌÌ413.à2 .2àThose€measures€included€the€abolition€of€the€sex-segregated€recruitmentÏsystem€for€government€employees,€the€establishment€of€Family€Welfare€DivisionsÏin€cities,€provinces€and€districts;€the€inclusion€of€women's€studies€in€coursesÏfor€the€training€of€civil€servants€and€teachers€to€enhance€social€consciousnessÏof€equality€and€end€traditional€prejudices€against€women,€and€the€Decree€of€theÏPrime€Minister€intended€to€increase€the€proportion€of€female€participants€inÏpolicy-making€committees€of€the€Government€to€15percent€by€the€year2000.ÌÌòòÔ&  ÔQuestions€related€to€specific€articlesóóÌÌ€€€€à2 .2àòòArticles€2-4óóÌÌ414.à2 .2àIn€answer€to€a€question,€the€representative€said€that€the€Ministry€ofÏPolitical€AffairsII€was€in€charge€of€women's€affairs,€particularly€thoseÏÔ'  Ôrelated€to€women's€participation€in€various€social,€economic€and€politicalÏactivities.€€It€surveyed€public€opinion€and€made€policy€recommendationsÏconcerning€the€status€of€women.€€It€also€liaised€with€the€departments€concernedÏwith€coordinating€and€implementing€various€programmes€on€women.ÌÌ415.à2 .2àThe€Committee€praised€the€Government€of€the€Republic€of€Korea€for€the€factÏthat€a€number€of€special€laws€concerning€women's€interests€had€been€enacted€orÏrevised.€€Such€laws€included€the€Equal€Employment€Opportunity€Act€of€1987,€theÏrevised€Family€Law€of€1989€and€the€revised€Equal€Employment€Opportunity€Act€ofÏ1989€to€regulate€the€question€of€equality€between€men€and€women.€€The€CommitteeÏnoted€that€the€revised€Labour€Standard€Act€(art.56)€stipulated:€€"no€female€...Ïshall€be€authorized€to€work€between€the€hours€of€22.00€and€6.00€or€on€holidaysÏunless€otherwise€approved€by€the€Minister€of€Labour".€€According€to€article€57Ï"an€employer€shall€be€forbidden€to€place€any€female€18years€or€older€onÏovertime€work€for€a€period€exceeding€two€hours€a€day,€sixhours€a€week€and€150Ïhours€a€year,€even€if€provided€for€in€a€collective€bargaining€agreement".€€TheÏCommittee€asked€what€kind€of€exceptions€the€Ministry€of€Labour€had€decided€toÏauthorize€with€regard€to€those€provisions.€€In€response,€the€representative€saidÏthat€article€56€(Prohibition€of€night€and€holiday€work)€had€been€amended,€inÏMarch€1989,€to€read€"unless€otherwise€approved€by€the€Minister€of€Labour€withÏthe€consent€of€the€employee".€€She€explained€that€the€right€of€the€femaleÏemployee€had€been€expanded€in€that€the€consent€of€the€employee€preceded€theÏauthorization€of€the€Minister€of€Labour.ÌÌ416.à2 .2àIn€reply€to€another€question€concerning€the€extent€to€which€the€Ministry€ofÏLabour's€advice€had€been€followed€that€20€industries€with€over1,000€womenÏworkers€should€establish€day-care€centres€at€the€workplace,€the€representativeÏsaid€that,€in€September€1992,€the€total€number€of€day-care€centres€in€theÏRepublic€of€Korea€was€4,366,€of€which€27€facilities€were€in€the€workplace,€andÏ41€were€in€the€process€of€being€established.€€Government€and€non-profitÏorganizations€subsidized€the€establishment€of€those€centres.€€The€percentage€ofÏeach€age€group€being€accommodated€was€as€follows:€€24,370€(20.2percent)Ïchildren€below€three€years€of€age€and€95,857€(79.8percent)€children€betweenÏthree€and€five€years€of€age.ÌÌ€€€€à2 .2àòòArticle€5óóÌÌ417.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€the€measures€taken€to€abolish€the€traditional€stereotype€ofÏwomen€in€the€mass€media,€education€and€employment,€the€representative€informedÏthe€Committee€that,€in€the€field€of€mass€media,€the€Government€was€sponsoring€aÏprogramme€entitled€"The€World€of€Professions"€on€the€newly€established€PublicÏEducation€Broadcasting€Station€to€encourage€girl€students€to€acquire€a€healthyÏand€enlightened€attitude€towards€careers.ÌÌ418.à2 .2àIn€the€field€of€education€and€employment,€she€said€that€a€long-termÏstrategy€to€eliminate€sexual€discrimination€was€important,€providing€educationÏat€an€early€age€to€change€traditional€attitudes€towards€women.€€The€GovernmentÏalso€operated€special€programmes€for€high-school€girl€students€to€promoteÏdesirable€attitudes€towards€careers.€€In€1990,€the€Government€had€adoptedÏaModel€Career€Guidance€Programme€for€middle-school€girl€students,€which€hadÏbeen€disseminated€to€the€education€committees€in€cities€and€provinces.̇419.à2 .2àSince€1990,€coeducation€was€widely€practised€in€all€primary€schools:€Ï54.3percent€of€all€middle€schools€and€38.7percent€of€all€high€schools€wereÏcoeducational.ÌÌ420.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€the€nature€and€extent€of€the€problem€of€violence€againstÏwomen,€the€representative€said€that€her€Government€had€been€a€sponsor€of€theÏdraft€resolution€on€violence€against€women€in€all€its€forms€adopted€by€theÏCommission€on€the€Status€of€Women€at€its€thirty-sixth€session€and€subsequentlyÏadopted€by€the€Economic€and€Social€Council€as€resolution1992/18.€€TheÏGovernment€had€accordingly€adopted€various€measures,€including€public€awarenessÏprogrammes;€mass€media€information€on€the€role€of€education€and€the€community;Ïprovision€of€shelter€houses€for€battered€women,€counselling€centres€for€theÏvictims€of€sexual€violence€in€the€workplace,€guides€and€a€manual€for€counsellorsÏand€hot€lines€at€police€stations;€and€the€dissemination€of€brochures,€pamphletsÏand€stickers.ÌÌ€€€€à2 .2àòòArticle€6óóÌÌ421.à2 .2àIn€reply€to€a€question€on€the€specific€penalties€or€terms€of€imprisonmentÏfor€offenders€under€the€Prostitution€Prevention€Act€and€the€Enforcement€DecreeÏon€the€Prevention€of€Prostitution,€the€representative€said€that,€according€toÏthe€Act,€any€person€found€guilty€of€prostitution,€or€of€inciting€another€toÏcommit€such€an€act,€could€be€fined€up€to€30,000€won€(US$40)€or€be€punished€byÏimprisonment.€€In€addition,€those€who€provoked€or€forced€others€intoÏprostitution,€or€a€husband€who€provided€his€wife€for€such€purposes,€could€beÏfined€up€to€100,000€won€(US$133)€or€be€imprisoned€for€a€maximum€term€ofÏoneyear.ÌÌ422.à2 .2àRegarding€the€operation€of€the€rehabilitation€centres€for€prostitutes,€theÏnumber€of€prostitutes€who€had€benefited€and€whether€any€follow-up€was€providedÏuntil€they€found€employment,€the€representative€explained€that€prostitution€wasÏprohibited€by€the€Prostitution€Prevention€Act€and€threewomen's€vocationalÏguidance€centres€were€in€operation€to€prevent€the€occurrence€of€prostitution€andÏto€reinstate€prostitutes€in€society€through€technical€and€cultural€training.€ÏShe€provided€statistics.ÌÌ€€€€à2 .2àòòArticle€7óóÌÌ423.à2 .2àThe€Committee€noted€that€it€was€stated€in€the€second€periodic€report€thatÏthere€were€60€women€legislators,€but€only€26.7percent€had€been€elected€fromÏelectoral€districts,€while€the€remaining€73.3percent€occupied€seats€in€theÏNational€Assembly€as€a€result€of€the€national€representation€system.€ÏClarification€of€the€national€representation€system€and€the€electoral€system€wasÏsought.€€The€representative€explained€that€there€were€two€categories€ofÏconstituency€to€elect€members€to€the€National€Assembly,€namely,€the€localÏelectoral€districts€and€the€national€electoral€districts.€€The€allocation€ofÏseats€to€national€electoral€districts€was€proportional€to€each€political€partyÏthat€gained€five€or€more€seats€in€the€general€election€for€the€localÏconstituencies.€€In€cases€where€there€were€political€parties€that€had€obtainedÏno€seat€or€that€had€gained€five€or€fewer€seats€in€the€general€election€for€localÏconstituencies,€but€had€obtained€a€number€of€votes€exceeding€0.3percent€of€theÏtotal€valid€votes,€then€one€seat€would€be€allotted€preferentially€to€each€ofÏthose€political€parties.ÌÌ424.à2 .2àThe€Committee€noted€that,€in€the€last€National€Assembly,€only€6€out€of€aÏtotal€of€299€deputies€were€women,€and€in€the€election€of€24€March€1992€theÏnumber€of€female€parliamentarians€had€further€dropped€to€3.€€Members€asked€what€was€preventing€women€from€attaining€high€positions€and€what€had€been€done€toÏensure€their€equal€representation.€€The€representative€said€that€in€theÏThirteenth€National€Assembly,€for€the€term€1988-1991,€all€the€parliamentariansÏhad€been€elected€in€the€national€electoral€districts.€€However,€no€femaleÏcandidates€in€the€local€electoral€districts€had€been€successful.€€Since€theÏcomposition€of€the€parliament€depended€on€the€political€parties€and€three€of€theÏfourmain€parties€had€merged,€the€number€of€female€parliamentarians€representingÏthe€parties€in€the€electoral€districts€had€accordingly€decreased.ÌÌ425.à2 .2àConcerning€public€affairs,€she€said€that€the€level€of€women€in€politics€andÏin€decision-making€had€not€changed€significantly.€€Women€were€poorly€representedÏin€decision-making€positions€in€the€Government.€€In€terms€of€cultural€and€socialÏactivities,€the€consumers'€movement€and€some€women's€organizations€had€beenÏsuccessful,€although€some€women's€organizations€suffered€from€financialÏdifficulties.ÌÌ€€€€à2 .2àòòArticle€8óóÌÌ426.à2 .2àIn€answer€to€a€question€on€the€percentage€of€women€in€the€diplomatic€corpsÏand€what€had€been€done€to€increase€female€participation€in€higher€positions€inÏthe€international€field,€the€representative€stated€that€there€were€58€women€inÏthe€diplomatic€corps,€representing€4.9percent€of€the€total€at€the€end€of€1992.€ÏThe€Government€was€developing€a€training€programme€to€expand€femaleÏparticipation€in€the€international€field.ÌÌ€€€€à2 .2àòòArticle€9óóÌÌ427.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€the€withdrawal€of€the€reservation€to€article€9,€theÏrepresentative€said€that€the€public€hearing€on€that€matter€had€been€completedÏand€the€revision€process€was€under€way.ÌÌ€€€€à2 .2àòòArticle€10óóÌÌ428.à2 .2àReplying€to€a€question€concerning€an€assessment€of€the€Sixth€Five-YearÏNational€Socio-Economic€Development€Plan,€1987-1991,€with€regard€to€women'sÏissues,€the€representative€outlined€the€major€problems€that€had€been€identifiedÏby€the€Committee€on€the€Seventh€Plan,€such€as€the€lack€of€equality€in€educationÏand€sex-segregated€training.€€A€different€educational€environment€had€beenÏcreated€for€each€sex€because€of€traditional€sex€roles€and€prejudices.€€TheÏdifferences€covered€curricula,€textbooks,€choice€of€fields€of€study,€educationalÏand€vocational€guidance,€opportunities€to€study€science€and€technology,€trainingÏin€women's€institutions,€and€teachers'€lack€of€awareness€of€gender€issues.ÌÌ429.à2 .2àAs€girl€students€accounted€for€only€1.4percent€of€the€student€body€ofÏtechnical€vocational€schools,€members€wished€to€know€whether€there€were€any€dataÏon€the€number€of€girl€students€attending€vocational€high€schools,€according€toÏthe€subjects€that€they€specialized€in,€and€whether€measures€were€being€taken€toÏencourage€more€girls€to€follow€technical€vocational€training€or€to€studyÏtechnology€at€universities.€€They€also€wished€to€know€how€many€scholarships€andÏfellowships€had€been€granted€to€girls€to€encourage€them€to€follow€careers€inÏnon-traditional€fields.€€The€representative€indicated€that€male€studentsÏconstituted€the€majority€of€students€specializing€in€engineering,€agricultureÏand€science,€while€females€were€highly€represented€in€commercial€high€schools.€ÏShe€provided€statistics€on€vocational€high-school€enrolment€by€gender.€€SheÏindicated€further€that€the€Government€had€established€a€girls'€high€school€toÏencourage€more€girls€to€pursue€technical€vocational€training€and€that€the€number€of€such€schools€would€be€increased.€€One€women's€university€was€in€the€processÏof€establishing€a€college€of€engineering.ÌÌ€€€€à2 .2àòòArticle€11óóÌÌ430.à2 .2àThe€Committee€noted€that€the€revised€Equal€Employment€Opportunity€ActÏincluded€the€principle€of€equal€pay€for€equal€work€regardless€of€the€workers'Ïsexual€identity.€€Members€asked€whether€that€principle€had€been€put€intoÏpractice€and€whether€there€had€been€difficulties€in€applying€it.€€TheÏrepresentative€said€that,€in€1991,€the€Government€had€furnished€all€industriesÏwith€guidelines€for€eliminating€sexual€discrimination€in€employment€in€order€toÏhelp€ensure€the€strict€enforcement€of€the€Act;€however,€employers€had€notÏabandoned€many€discriminatory€practices.€€There€were€no€concrete€standards€forÏdetermining€discrimination€nor€were€there€concrete€guidelines€for€determiningÏthe€equal€nature€of€work.ÌÌ431.à2 .2àAsked€about€the€percentage€of€divorced€and€separated€women€in€the€labourÏforce,€the€representative€said€that,€in€1988,€the€marriage€rate€was€62.7€perÏ1,000€persons€and€the€divorce€rate€was€1.7€per€1,000€persons€in€the€labourÏforce;€however,€the€divorce€rate€had€risen€to€1.8per€1,000persons€in€1990Ïwhile€the€marriage€rate€had€remained€unchanged.ÌÌ432.à2 .2àThe€question€was€raised€whether€efforts€had€been€made€to€procure€employmentÏfor€women€who€had€lost€their€jobs€in€the€traditional€labour-intensiveÏmanufacturing€trade,€as€it€was€transferred€elsewhere.€€The€representative€statedÏthat€the€Government€was€shifting€the€emphasis€of€its€vocational€training€to€theÏprofessional€and€technical€fields€after€recognizing€the€changed€structure€of€theÏindustry,€which€was€expanding€the€opportunities€for€retraining€female€workersÏwho€had€lost€their€jobs€in€the€labour-intensive€sectors.€€In€1991,€theÏGovernment€had€opened€a€vocational€training€school€for€women,€which€providedÏcourses€on€office€automation,€metal€crafts,€electronics,€machine€design€andÏfashion€design.ÌÌ433.à2 .2àShe€provided€statistics€in€answer€to€a€question€on€the€unemployment€rate€ofÏwomen€according€to€industrial€sector.ÌÌ434.à2 .2àAsked€whether€women€workers€were€being€trained€to€perform€in€traditionalÏoccupations,€the€representative€said€that,€in€order€to€promote€women'sÏadvancement€into€non-traditional€fields,€the€Government€had€founded€the€AnSungÏVocational€Training€Centre€for€Women,€which€provided€training€programmes€forÏtechnicians.€€The€Government€and€some€women's€organizations€were€alsoÏconcentrating€their€efforts€on€developing€non-traditional€occupations€for€women.ÌÌ435.à2 .2àIn€answer€to€the€question€whether€the€Government€encouraged€women'sÏeducation€for€employment€that€would€give€them€higher€pay€and€status,€theÏrepresentative€referred€to€the€Model€Career€Guidance€Programme.€€The€GovernmentÏwas€also€trying€to€increase€high-tech€vocational€training€and€in-serviceÏtraining.ÌÌ436.à2 .2àRegarding€welfare,€the€representative€said€that€the€Government€providedÏselective€welfare€programmes€for€the€less€privileged,€based€on€the€principleÏthat€the€family€was€primarily€responsible€for€welfare€and€that€the€socialÏsecurity€system€was€secondary€to€the€family.€€The€Government's€social€welfareÏwas€based€on€selection,€while€the€women's€welfare€programme€was€focused€onÏchildren€and€the€less€privileged.ÌÌÔ&  Ô€€€€à2 .2àòòArticle€12óóÌÌ437.à2 .2àThe€representative€said€that,€in€April€1989,€the€Maternal-Child€Welfare€ActÏwas€enacted€to€support€fatherless€families€and€unwed€mothers.€€Under€the€Act,ÏÔ'  Ôthe€Government€had€constructed€77maternal€and€child-health€centres€to€improveÏthe€health€of€mothers€and€children.ÌÌ438.à2 .2àAsked€whether€abortion€was€legally€permitted€and,€if€so,€under€whatÏcircumstances,€the€representative€explained€that,€according€to€the€Criminal€Act,Ïabortion€was€prohibited.€€Offenders€were€fined€10,000€won€(US$12)€or€imprisonedÏfor€up€to€one€year.€€However,€abortion€was€allowed€in€exceptional€cases€underÏthe€Maternal€and€Child€Health€Act.ÌÌ439.à2 .2àIn€answer€to€a€question€concerning€the€family€planning€policy€of€theÏRepublic€of€Korea,€the€representative€said€that€the€country€had€had€comparativeÏsuccess€in€controlling€its€population€by€means€of€family€planning.€€As€a€result,Ïthe€rate€of€population€increase€had€dropped€to€0.96percent€in€1992€fromÏ3percent€in€1960;€while€the€total€fertility€rate€had€dropped€to€1.6percentÏfrom€6percent€in€the€same€period.€€Major€family€planning€programmes€includedÏsocial€support€programmes,€government-supplied€contraceptive€services€andÏsterilization€operations.€€One€of€the€reasons€for€the€country's€success€was€theÏactivities€of€the€women's€groups.ÌÌ440.à2 .2àReplying€to€a€question€on€the€effects€of€AIDS€on€the€situation€of€women€andÏon€the€action€taken€to€cater€to€the€needs€of€those€women€who€were€sero-positive,Ïthe€representative€said€that,€under€the€AIDS€Prevention€Act€of€December€1987,Ïregular€medical€check-ups€were€provided€for€vulnerable€groups€of€the€population,Ïall€donated€blood€was€tested,€and€education€and€counselling€were€provided€forÏthose€who€were€infected.€€At€31€December€1992,€there€were€245sero-positiveÏpersons,€including€27women,€of€whom€11€were€commercial€sexual€workers,€butÏsince€1989€no€further€cases€had€been€reported.€€Out€of€10reported€cases€ofÏAIDS,€8€had€been€fatal.ÌÌ€€€€à2 .2àòòArticle€13óóÌÌ441.à2 .2àMembers€noted€that€the€Government€of€Korea€"had€emphasized€the€protectionÏof€fatherless€families"€and€asked€how€widespread€the€problem€was€and€what€theÏmain€reasons€were€for€the€single€mothers€that€had€led€to€the€enactment€of€theÏMaternal-Child€Welfare€Act.€€The€representative€explained€that€the€main€reasonsÏfor€the€single€mothers€were€death€of€spouse€(75percent),€divorceÏ(12percent),€abandonment€by€spouse€(3percent)€unknown€whereabouts€of€spouseÏ(3percent)€and€unmarried€mothers€(3percent).€€The€problems€of€fatherlessÏfamilies€were€mainly€poverty,€child€education,€and€mental€insecurity.€€AccordingÏto€the€Maternal-Child€Welfare€Act,€low-income€female-headed€families€withÏchildren€of€18€years€or€younger€were€entitled€to€protection.€€She€said€that€theÏGovernment€had€been€providing€such€families€with€the€means€to€raise€and€educateÏtheir€children€(including€middle€and€high€schools€and€vocational€training).€ÏFrom€1992,€such€families€had€priority€over€others€in€the€allocation€of€permanentÏrental€apartments.ÌÌ€€€€à2 .2àòòArticle€15óóÌÌ442.à2 .2àAsked€whether€women€could€obtain€a€bank€loan€or€conclude€contracts€withoutÏthe€consent€of€their€husbands,€she€said€that€anyone€who€had€an€income€or€whoÏowned€property€was€qualified€to€obtain€a€bank€loan€in€the€Republic€of€Korea.€ÏThe€consent€of€the€husband€was€not€necessary€in€order€to€conclude€a€contract.ÌÌ443.à2 .2àIn€answering€a€question€on€the€prospect€of€changing€the€law€concerningÏinheritance€so€that€women€farmers€could€inherit€land€from€their€deceasedÏhusbands€and€not€be€bypassed€because€of€their€sex,€the€representative€said€thatÏthe€Family€Law€provided€for€the€equal€status€of€women€in€the€family,€especiallyÏregarding€property.€€Both€wife€and€husband€had€an€equal€right€to€propertyÏacquired€after€marriage,€and€had€the€right€to€ask€for€an€equal€division€of€suchÏproperty.€€In€accordance€with€the€revised€Family€Law,€the€Government€had€revisedÏthe€inheritance€law€in€1990€and€had€increased€the€inheritance€tax€allowance€forÏspouses,€based€on€the€recognition€that€an€unemployed€spouse€and€especially€aÏhousewife€also€had€significant€property€rights.€€Accordingly,€women€farmersÏcould€inherit€land€from€their€deceased€husbands.ÌÌ€€€€à2 .2àòòArticle€16óóÌÌ444.à2 .2àRegarding€the€State€party's€reservation€to€article€16,€paragraph€1(g),€theÏrepresentative€indicated€that€it€was€the€custom€to€use€the€paternal€name€as€theÏfamily€name€and€there€was€rarely€any€objection€to€that€custom;€however,€when€theÏrevision€of€the€Family€Registration€Act€began,€that€custom€could€change.ÌÌ445.à2 .2àIn€answer€to€a€question€about€the€equal€right€of€the€husband€and€wife€withÏregard€to€property€based€on€the€extent€of€their€contribution€to€the€accumulatedÏassets,€even€if€the€wife€had€never€worked€outside€the€home,€the€representativeÏexplained€that,€in€accordance€with€the€revised€Family€Law,€the€Government€hadÏrevised€the€provisions€on€family€registration,€tax,€and€domestic€litigation€toÏre-establish€the€relationship€between€family€members.ÌÌ446.à2 .2àAccording€to€the€draft€of€the€bill€revising€the€Family€Law,€the€custody€ofÏchildren€upon€divorce€would€be€decided€on€by€the€court.€€A€question€was€raisedÏas€to€whether€that€provision€constituted€discrimination€against€mothers.€€TheÏrepresentative€indicated€that€the€custody€of€the€children€upon€divorce€wasÏdetermined€either€by€the€couple's€mutual€agreement€or€the€court€in€accordanceÏwith€the€current€family€code.€€That€meant€that€if€the€wife€could€not€achieve€herÏwish€on€the€basis€of€mutual€agreement,€she€could€go€to€court.ÌÌ447.€€Asked€whether€there€was€a€criterion€or€jurisprudence€on€who€was€to€haveÏcustody€of€the€children,€the€representative€said€that,€according€to€article837Ï(divorce€and€responsibility€for€fostering€and€education€of€the€children),€in€theÏabsence€of€an€agreement€on€matters€concerning€fostering€and€education,€theÏFamily€Court€could€decide€on€matters€necessary€for€such€fostering€and€educationÏby€taking€into€consideration€the€age€of€the€children,€the€property€status€of€theÏfather€and€mother€and€any€other€circumstances.€€The€Family€Court€could€also€atÏany€time€change€such€provisions€or€take€any€other€proper€disposition.ÌÌòòConcluding€observationsóóÌÌ448.à2 .2àMembers€thanked€the€representatives€for€the€detailed€answers€that€had€beenÏprovided€to€the€questions.€€Additional€clarification€was€sought€on€a€number€ofÏpoints,€including€the€participation€of€women€in€political€life,€the€measuresÏenvisaged€to€encourage€women€to€take€a€more€active€part€in€the€economic€sector,Ïand€the€provisions€on€family€rights,€education€and€health.€€Other€membersÏexpressed€their€concern€that€the€second€periodic€report€lacked€statistics€andÏinformation€on€labour€laws,€especially€in€view€of€the€country's€high€rate€ofÏeconomic€growth,€on€the€coordination€of€the€different€bodies€dealing€withÏwomen's€issues€and€on€the€practice€of€sterilization,€which€seemed€to€be€aÏwidespread€phenomenon.€€The€Committee€also€expressed€its€concern€about€theÏreservations€to€the€Convention€made€by€the€Government€of€the€Republic€of€Korea,Ïand€hoped€that€it€would€consider€withdrawing€those€reservations.̇449.à2 .2àIn€expressing€her€appreciation€for€the€detailed€answers,€the€ChairpersonÏsaid€that€there€were€still€some€obstacles€discriminating€against€women€in€theÏRepublic€of€Korea,€such€as€family€laws,€traditions€and€discrimination€at€theÏworkplace.€€She€hoped€that€the€third€periodic€report€would€be€better€and€wouldÏinclude€all€the€necessary€information€and€statistical€data€that€had€beenÏrequested€by€the€Committee.ÌÌ450.à2 .2àIn€her€final€reply,€the€representative€of€the€Republic€of€Korea€indicatedÏthat€her€Government€would€attempt€to€withdraw€the€reservations.€€On€theÏparticipation€of€women€in€decision-making,€she€assured€members€that€the€RepublicÏof€Korea€would€do€its€utmost€to€improve€the€situation€of€women.€€Other€detailsÏwere€provided€on€such€issues€as€maternity€leave,€the€functioning€of€the€nationalÏmachinery€and€family€law.ÌÌÌòòà@ì .ÀàRwandaóóˆÌÌ451.à2 .2àThe€Committee€considered€the€third€periodic€report€of€RwandaÏ(CEDAW/C/RWA/3)€at€its€227th€meeting,€on€1€February€(see€CEDAW/C/SR.227).ÌÌ452.à2 .2àIn€presenting€the€third€periodic€report,€the€representative€apologized€forÏnot€being€able€to€reply€to€the€questions€of€the€pre-session€working€group,€whichÏhad€been€sent€to€the€Government€before€the€twelfth€session.€€He€said€thatÏcommunication€problems€between€the€permanent€mission€and€the€competentÏgovernment€offices€had€prevented€him€from€doing€so.€€He€referred€to€the€armedÏconflict€that€had€been€going€on€since€October€1990,€which€had€led€toÏdestabilization€and€a€deterioration€in€the€quality€of€life€of€the€population,€inÏparticular€of€women€and€children.€€He€noted€that€the€establishment€of€aÏmultiparty€system€had€created€uncertainty.€€He€underlined€the€socio-economicÏfactors€that€hampered€the€effective€implementation€of€the€Convention€and€pointedÏto€the€emphasis€in€the€report€on€the€situation€of€rural€women,€since€theyÏconstituted€the€majority€of€women€in€Rwanda€and€carried€out€the€most€arduousÏtasks.ÌÌ453.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€the€political€aspects€of€the€status€of€women,€theÏrepresentative€said€that€expenses€had€been€incurred€in€the€course€of€the€warÏthat€should€have€been€dedicated€to€the€development€of€the€country,€in€particularÏto€the€well-being€of€women.€€However,€all€political€parties€had€included€theÏadvancement€of€women€in€their€programmes,€and€a€Ministry€for€the€Family€and€theÏAdvancement€of€Women€had€been€created€to€help€women€become€aware€of€their€rightsÏand€liberties.€€Currently,€there€were€three€women€ministers.€€Although€there€wasÏno€machinery€to€press€for€the€recruitment€of€women€in€public€service,€the€numberÏof€women€in€political€positions€had€increased€considerably.€€He€noted,€however,Ïthat€the€legislation€referring€to€the€elimination€of€discrimination€againstÏwomen€could€still€be€considerably€improved.ÌÌ454.à2 .2àRegarding€socio-cultural€aspects,€the€representative€spoke€about€theÏGovernment's€education€and€health€policy€and€stated€that€women's€associationsÏlike€Urunana€rw'Abanyarwandakazi€mu€Majyambere€(URAMA)€were€currently€stagnatingÏbecause,€in€the€past,€URAMA€had€been€attached€to€what€had€then€been€the€onlyÏpolitical€party.€€Currently,€however,€URAMA€and€other€non-governmental€women'sÏassociations€were€trying€to€establish€their€identity€and€find€new€ways€andÏmethods€of€carrying€out€their€work.€€The€Government's€health€policy€concentratedÏon€the€most€vulnerable€groups€of€society,€namely,€mothers€and€children.ÌÌòòÔ&  ÔGeneral€observationsóóÌÌ455.à2 .2àMembers€pointed€out€that€the€Government€should€be€fully€aware€thatÏmarginalization€and€the€increasing€impoverishment€of€women€constituted€a€seriousÏÔ'  Ôobstacle€to€society€as€a€whole.€€Regarding€government€programmes€andÏawareness-raising€campaigns€to€promote€the€advancement€of€women,€members€wantedÏto€know€what€those€programmes€were€and€what€the€practical€results€of€thoseÏcampaigns€had€been.ÌÌ456.à2 .2àAsked€whether€any€efforts€were€being€undertaken€to€remedy€the€current€lackÏof€statistical€data€disaggregated€by€gender,€the€representative€stated€that€theÏstatistical€service€was€not€well€developed,€nor€was€the€need€for€disaggregatingÏdata€by€gender€properly€understood€in€the€country.ÌÌ457.à2 .2àIn€reply€to€questions€on€the€number€and€category€of€persons€that€had€beenÏaffected€by€the€civil€war,€the€representative€stated€that€the€number€ofÏdisplaced€persons€was€320,828,€among€whom€there€were€18,828€children€under€fiveÏyears€of€age,€2,832€orphans,€780€widows€and€11,000€pregnant€or€lactating€women.ÌÌ458.à2 .2àConcerning€the€preparation€of€the€third€periodic€report,€members€inquiredÏwhether€it€reflected€national€consensus€and€whether€women's€organizations€hadÏalso€been€involved€in€its€preparation.ÌÌòòQuestions€related€to€specific€articlesóóÌÌ€€€€à2 .2àòòArticle€2óóÌÌ459.à2 .2àConsidering€that€women€were€deprived€of€equal€rights€in€many€fields,€suchÏas€inheritance,€property,€access€to€credit,€legal€capacity€(of€married€women)Ïand€political€representation,€members€asked€whether€there€were€plans€to€enactÏthe€necessary€laws€or€to€amend€existing€ones.€€The€representative€explained€thatÏit€was€difficult€to€make€parents€change€their€traditions€and€to€make€themÏunderstand€that€their€daughters,€even€if€married,€still€had€the€right€to€inheritÏfrom€their€parents.€€Traditionally,€families€assumed€the€debts€of€their€membersÏand€were€entities€that€belonged€to€men€rather€than€to€women.€€To€change€people'sÏcustomary€outlook€was€a€very€slow€process.ÌÌ460.à2 .2àMembers€asked€why€the€President€of€the€Republic€had€not€enacted€the€familyÏcode€although€it€had€been€adopted€in€1988.ÌÌ€€€€à2 .2àòòArticle€3óóÌÌ461.à2 .2àMembers€asked€whether€specific€programmes€were€being€carried€out€in€RwandaÏto€advance€the€status€of€women€and€what€form€they€took.ÌÌ462.à2 .2àWhen€asked€for€a€timetable€of€URAMA€efforts€to€advance€the€status€of€women,Ïfor€information€about€the€relationship€between€that€association€and€the€nationalÏmachinery€for€the€advancement€of€women€or€other€similar€institutions,€whether€itÏwas€a€legitimate€organization€and€what€its€administrative€structure€was,€theÏrepresentative€said€that,€previously,€URAMA€had€had€close€links€with€the€singleÏexisting€party€in€the€country.€€With€the€establishment€of€the€multiparty€system,Ïthe€association€had€lost€its€identity€and€structure.€€Currently,€there€was€noÏfurther€close€connection€with€the€Government€and€subsidies€would€have€to€beÏsought.€€Only€when€democracy€had€taken€hold€could€it€be€expected€that€URAMAÏwould€draw€up€a€plan€of€action.ÌÌ463.à2 .2àAs€it€had€been€stated€in€the€third€periodic€report€that€the€monitoring€ofÏthe€implementation€of€the€Convention€was€the€responsibility€of€the€Ministry€ofÏthe€Interior,€members€asked€about€the€nature€of€the€machinery€for€suchÏmonitoring€and€whether€URAMA€was€also€involved€in€the€process.ÌÌ€€€€€òòArticle€5óóÌÌ464.à2 .2àThe€representative€explained€that€currently€no€change€in€traditionalÏpractices€and€customs€was€foreseen€in€any€programmes.ÌÌ€€€€€òòArticle€9óóÌÌ465.à2 .2àIn€view€of€the€contradiction€between€the€Law€of€28€September€1963€regardingÏthe€conditions€for€transmission,€retention,€acquisition€or€change€of€nationalityÏand€the€Convention,€in€that€the€Law€was€discriminatory€to€women,€theÏrepresentative€agreed€with€the€Committee's€recommendation€that€the€GovernmentÏshould€do€everything€possible€to€revise€the€Law€and€bring€it€into€line€with€theÏprovisions€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ€€€€à2 .2àòòArticle€10óóÌÌ466.à2 .2àConsidering€the€low€level€of€literacy€in€Rwanda,€members€inquired€whetherÏspecific€machinery€existed€to€pursue€the€objective€of€URAMA€to€eliminateÏilliteracy€among€women.€€The€representative€replied€that€there€was€no€specialÏmachinery€to€ensure€that€girls€or€boys€received€schooling,€but€thatÏawareness-raising€was€being€carried€out€through€local€community€meetings,Ïparticularly€as€primary€education€was€obligatory€and€free€of€charge.ÌÌ€€€€à2 .2àòòArticle€11óóÌÌ467.à2 .2àWhen€asked€about€the€existence€of€structural€adjustment€programmes,Ïanalyses€of€their€negative€effects€and€possible€measures€to€secure€theÏemployment€of€women,€the€representative€said€that€the€effects€in€Rwanda€had€beenÏdevastating.€€A€meeting€with€URAMA€and€the€donor€parties€was€planned€to€overcomeÏthe€negative€effects.ÌÌ€€€€à2 .2àòòArticle€12óóÌÌ468.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€a€question€about€family€planning€services,€theÏrepresentative€stated€that€family€planning€was€dealt€with€by€the€National€OfficeÏfor€Population.€€Its€most€important€task€was€alerting€women€and€men€to€theÏdangers€that€closely€spaced€pregnancies€constituted€for€the€lives€of€women€andÏtheir€children.ÌÌ469.à2 .2àMembers€asked€whether€the€statement€in€the€third€periodic€report€thatÏRwandese€health€policy€remained€"oriented€towards€mass€medicine"€and€whetherÏoffering€"priority€care€to€the€most€vulnerable€population€groups"€meant€thatÏcontraceptives€were€easily€available€in€Rwanda.€€They€asked€further€what€theÏcontents€of€the€family€planning€programmes€and€their€results€were,€in€view€ofÏthe€fact€that€a€woman's€fertility€had€a€very€important€social€meaning€in€AfricanÏcountries.€€In€view€of€statistical€data€indicating€that€the€most€frequentÏoffences€for€which€women€were€imprisoned€were€illegal€abortions,€membersÏinquired€whether€women€had€any€access€at€all€to€safe€and€legal€abortion.ÌÌ470.à2 .2àThe€representative€mentioned€the€recently€created€National€Laboratory€forÏthe€Fight€against€AIDS€to€raise€people's€awareness€of€the€importance€of€usingÏcondoms.€€Awareness€was€being€promoted€through€radio€publicity,€information€distributed€by€local€dispensaries€and€specific€seminars.€€Members€asked€whetherÏeducation€programmes€for€young€girls€existed.ÌÌ€€€€à2 .2àòòArticle€14óóÌÌ471.à2 .2àConsidering€the€large€percentage€of€women€living€in€rural€regions,€membersÏasked€whether€any€specific€programmes€had€been€implemented€for€them€and€whetherÏthere€was€the€intention€and€means€of€evaluating,€in€monetary€terms,€the€economicÏvalue€of€the€domestic€work€undertaken€by€rural€women.€€The€representative€statedÏthat,€apart€from€awareness-raising€campaigns,€there€were€no€specific€programmesÏfor€rural€women.€€The€five-year€plans€referred€to€development€in€general,€butÏwere€not€specifically€geared€to€women.ÌÌ472.à2 .2àMembers€asked€under€which€exceptional€conditions€rural€women€could€own€landÏand€obtain€access€to€credit.ÌÌòòConcluding€observationsóóÌÌ473.à2 .2àWhile€members€of€the€Committee€expressed€appreciation€for€the€timelyÏsubmission€of€the€third€periodic€report,€in€spite€of€the€country's€dire€economicÏand€political€situation,€and€also€for€the€frank€presentation,€they€suggestedÏthat€the€third€periodic€report€did€not€show€the€Government's€commitment€toÏadvancing€the€status€of€women€since€it€often€referred€to€legal€institutions€thatÏhad€been€in€force€at€the€time€of€the€previous€report.€€It€was€not€apparentÏwhether€the€actual€situation€of€women€had€changed€and€what€measures€had€beenÏtaken€to€improve€their€situation.€€As€the€representative€had€not€answered€mostÏof€the€questions€that€had€been€sent€to€the€Government€before€the€twelfthÏsession,€members€asked€that€the€answers€be€provided€to€the€Secretariat€inÏwriting€within€a€month€and€be€circulated€to€them€in€the€working€languages.€€TheyÏurged€that€the€Convention€be€disseminated€as€broadly€as€possible€and€hoped€thatÏit€would€be€a€useful€instrument€for€Rwandese€women€to€make€the€Government€adhereÏto€its€international€commitment€to€improve€the€status€of€women.ÌÌÌòòà@ì .ÀàSwedenóóˆÌÌ474.à2 .2àThe€Committee€considered€the€third€periodic€report€of€SwedenÏ(CEDAW/C/18/Add.1)€at€its€226th€meeting,€on€1February€(see€CEDAW/C/SR.226).ÌÌ475.à2 .2àIn€introducing€the€report,€the€representative€reminded€members€that€activeÏand€continuous€work€was€needed€to€achieve€a€balance€of€power€and€defactoÏequality€between€men€and€women,€which€meant€that€the€differences€in€conditionsÏin€society€had€to€be€made€more€visible€and€taken€into€consideration€in€allÏpolicy€fields.€€Of€as€much€importance€as€political€will€was€activity€by€womenÏthemselves€in€demanding€changes€and€improvements.€€Although€Sweden€had€comeÏfurther€than€many€other€countries,€problems€still€remained€and€prejudices€andÏtraditional€views€persisted,€which€prevented€women€from€the€full€enjoyment€ofÏentirely€equal€opportunities.ÌÌ476.à2 .2àShe€described€the€latest€developments€in€Sweden,€pointing€out€that€theÏMinister€of€Social€Affairs,€who€was€also€Deputy€Prime€Minister,€had€taken€overÏequality€issues€in€January.€€As€a€result€of€the€general€election€inÏSeptember1991,€a€coalition€Government€had€been€formed,€which€included€8€womenÏin€a€cabinet€of€21ministers.€€Among€others,€the€ministers€of€finance,€justiceÏand€culture€were€women.€€The€number€of€women€in€Parliament€had€decreased€(fromÏ38€to€34percent)€mainly€because€two€new€political€parties,€both€with€a€lowÏproportion€of€women,€had€obtained€seats€in€Parliament.̇477.à2 .2àThe€new€Equal€Opportunities€Act€had€entered€into€force€on€1January€1992.€ÏIts€purpose€was€to€strengthen€the€possibilities€for€men€and€women€to€have€theÏsame€opportunities€in€working€life,€and€to€improve€cooperation€between€employersÏand€employees€in€order€to€attain€equality€and€prevent€the€occurrence€ofÏdifferences€in€pay€and€other€terms€of€appointment.ÌÌ478.à2 .2àEmployers€were€obliged€to€take€active€steps€to€promote€equality€at€theÏworkplace:€€those€with€10or€more€employees€had€to€draw€up€a€plan€for€their€workÏto€achieve€equality.€€An€account€of€how€the€measures€had€been€implemented€had€toÏbe€included€in€the€plan€for€the€following€year.€€In€addition,€employers€had€toÏensure€that€no€employee€was€subject€to€sexual€harassment.€€An€employer€who€didÏnot€comply€with€the€obligations€would€be€liable€to€a€fine.€€The€EqualÏOpportunities€Ombudsman€and€the€Equal€Opportunities€Council€oversaw€complianceÏwith€the€Act.ÌÌ479.à2 .2àThe€second€part€of€the€Act€contained€several€provisions€concerning€sexÏdiscrimination.€€The€rules€on€pay€discrimination€had€been€strengthened€so€as€to€Ïenforce€the€principle€of€equal€pay€for€equal€work€and€work€of€equal€value.€ÏCases€of€infringement€were€tried€mainly€by€the€Labour€Court€on€the€initiative€ofÏthe€Equal€Opportunities€Ombudsman€or€a€trade€union.ÌÌ480.à2 .2àMoreover,€the€Act€contained€proposals€to€strengthen€the€Five-Year€Plan€ofÏAction€for€Equality.€€Violence,€battering€and€other€forms€of€physical€abuseÏagainst€women€were€considered€to€be€serious€expressions€of€the€lack€of€equalityÏand€imbalance€of€power.€€Corrective€measures€included€the€nationwide€training€ofÏpersonnel€(police€officers,€judges,€medical€doctors€and€social€welfare€officers)Ïwho€came€into€contact€with€battered€women.€€The€aim€was€also€to€achieve€betterÏcoordination€between€the€authorities€at€the€regional€and€local€levels.€€TheÏpolice€had€been€allocated€funds€to€provide€technical€equipment€and€bodyguardsÏfor€women€who€were€subjected€to€threats€of€violence.€€In€addition,€ParliamentÏwas€taking€action€to€increase€the€penalties€for€crimes€of€trivial€assault€from€aÏfine€to€imprisonment€for€up€to€six€months.€€The€sentence€for€aggravated€assaultÏwas€at€least€one€year€and€at€the€most€10years.ÌÌ481.à2 .2àIn€accordance€with€general€recommendation18€(tenth€session),òò14óó/€theÏrepresentative€mentioned€special€provisions€concerning€the€status€of€disabledÏpersons.€€She€also€referred€to€a€bill€that€would€strongly€increase€the€financialÏsupport€for€disabled€persons,€and€the€provision€of€a€supplementary€pension€forÏthose€taking€care€of€a€disabled€child.€€She€noted€the€project€entitled€"WomenÏwith€disabilities",€which€was€intended€to€create€networks,€stimulate€activitiesÏand€draw€attention€to€the€situation€of€disabled€women.ÌÌ482.à2 .2àShe€said€that€the€Swedish€educational€system€was€undergoing€a€change.€ÏMunicipalities€were€free€to€set€their€own€priorities€for€the€use€of€resourcesÏbut€the€general€goals€were€set€by€Parliament.€€The€national€goal,€according€toÏthe€Education€Act,€was€the€achievement€of€equality€between€men€and€women.€ÏRecently€the€Government€had€instructed€the€National€Agency€for€Education€toÏdevelop€a€strategy€to€attain€that€goal.€€Two€working€groups€had€been€set€up€toÏstudy€the€promotion€of€equality€in€the€school€system€and€female€participation€inÏhigher€education.ÌÌ483.à2 .2àThe€participation€of€women€in€the€labour€market€was€very€high;€83percentÏof€Swedish€women€were€gainfully€employed€in€1991.€€However,€women's€increasingÏparticipation€had€not€been€matched€by€a€similar€increase€in€men's€use€of€theÏparental€benefit.€€Currently,€only€8.1percent€of€fathers€used€the€benefit€toÏstay€at€home€on€almost€full€salary€during€the€first€12months€after€the€birth€ofÏa€child.€€A€new€working€group,€"Fathers,€children€and€working€life",€had€been€appointed€to€deal€with€the€issue€and€to€study€the€obstacles€in€working€life€thatÏhindered€men€from€taking€such€a€leave€of€absence.ÌÌ484.à2 .2àThe€labour€market€continued€to€be€sex-segregated€to€a€large€extent.€ÏTogether€with€other€measures,€the€upgrading€of€women's€traditional€work€wasÏconsidered€important.€€The€issue€of€pay€differences€was€high€on€the€agenda€inÏSweden.€€A€committee€had€been€appointed€to€look€into€the€matter€and€it€would€beÏpresenting€its€report€to€the€Government€shortly.ÌÌòòGeneral€observationsóóÌÌ485.à2 .2àMembers€commended€the€third€periodic€report€for€its€comprehensiveness,€withÏregard€to€both€content€and€form.€€Members€noted€that€there€was€not€much€need€forÏfurther€questioning.€€Sweden€was€praised€for€submitting€its€reports€in€a€timely,Ïinteresting€and€well-organized€fashion.€€Moreover,€the€fact€that€the€GovernmentÏhad€not€made€reservations€to€the€Convention€was€noted€with€appreciation.€€TheÏCommittee€was€pleased€that€the€Government€recognized€the€importance€of€theÏConvention€as€a€major€human€rights€instrument.ÌÌ486.à2 .2àThe€members€acclaimed€the€activeness€of€Swedish€women,€which€theyÏcharacterized€as€a€movement,€in€promoting€equal€opportunities€between€men€andÏwomen€for€many€years.€€They€referred€to€the€research€and€analysis€conducted,€theÏpolitical€pressure€exerted€and€their€other€means€of€work.€€Special€reference€wasÏmade€to€an€international€meeting€(Kvinnor€kan)€held€the€previous€year€atÏStockholm,€at€which€thousands€of€women€had€gathered€to€examine€the€achievementsÏof€Swedish€women€in€all€fields€of€society.€€Many€members€had€had€a€chance€ofÏparticipating€in€that€extraordinary€event.€€They€had€recognized€how€the€women'sÏmovement€in€Sweden€had€attracted€an€extremely€large€number€of€women,€who€had€aÏstrong€will€and€the€enthusiasm€to€make€still€further€progress€in€their€status.ÌÌ487.à2 .2àThe€valuable€experience€of€the€policies€of€the€Government€of€Sweden€wasÏsaid€to€provide€a€good€model€for€other€States€parties.€€The€formula€for€bringingÏabout€equality€seemed€to€be€a€combination€of€Government€action€to€determine€theÏframework,€and€a€positive€individual€response,€for€the€removal€of€all€theÏbarriers.€€Government€policy€concentrated€not€only€on€equality€between€men€andÏwomen,€but€also€on€the€improvement€of€the€living€standards€of€all€citizens,Ïwhich€had€made€Sweden€a€model€of€the€welfare€State.€€While€the€policies€of€theÏGovernment€were€praised,€anxiety€was€at€the€same€time€expressed€by€the€CommitteeÏabout€what€would€happen€if€the€welfare€system€(if€it€was€the€main€contributor€toÏthe€advancement€of€women)€was€called€in€question€and€policies€changed€on€accountÏof€structural€economic€problems.€€Members€specifically€asked€whether€the€newÏGovernment€of€Sweden€would€continue€the€policies€of€the€previous€Government€andÏmaintain€the€same€social€services.€€The€Committee€expressed€its€concern€aboutÏhow€the€Government€would€adjust€its€policies€to€reflect€economic€reality€duringÏthe€recession.€€It€was€hoped€that€the€continued€and€sufficient€exercise€of€theÏexisting€machinery€and€power€of€women€would€ensure€that€adjustment€policiesÏwould€not€be€detrimental€to€Swedish€women.ÌÌ488.à2 .2àThe€representative€replied€that€the€welfare€State€of€Sweden€was€not€overÏyet,€although€economic€recession€had€precipitated€a€serious€discussionÏconcerning€the€necessary€adjustments.€€The€Government€intended€to€maintain€andÏfurther€a€high€level€of€social€services.€€She€noted€that€economic€problems€hadÏstrengthened€the€movement€of€women€in€their€work€of€defending€equal€rights.ÌÌ489.à2 .2àThe€Committee€also€applauded€the€institution€of€the€Equal€OpportunitiesÏOmbudsman€to€monitor€and€implement€equal€rights€legislation.€€Moreover,€aÏtribute€was€paid€to€the€work€of€women's€organizations€in€instituting€development€programmes€in€developing€countries.€€Noting€that€Sweden€had€been€ranked€first€inÏan€index€concerning€the€status€of€women,òò15óó/€a€member€pointed€out€the€flawedÏmethodology€of€using€certain€indicators,€representing€mainly€social€and€economicÏmeasures.€€Such€a€practice€had€a€negative€effect€on€the€ranking€of€poorÏcountries,€which€might€have€succeeded€better€in€the€human€rights€area,Ïspecifically€concerning€women's€rights.€€A€more€realistic€and€objective€systemÏof€evaluation€was€required€to€conform€the€methodology€of€measuring€humanÏdevelopment€to€the€criteria€used€by€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€ofÏDiscrimination€against€Women,€giving€consideration,€among€others,€to€the€socialÏrole€of€women,€their€participation,€self-administration€and€individual€mobility.ÌÌ490.à2 .2àWhile€the€high€political€participation€of€women€was€acknowledged,€theÏCommittee€was€concerned€about€true€equality€in€the€labour€market.€€AlthoughÏwomen's€participation€rate€in€the€labour€market€was€one€of€the€highest€in€theÏworld,€women€still€lacked€access€to€the€highest€positions,€especially€in€theÏprivate€sector.€€Taking€into€account€the€high€level€of€education€and€theÏencouraging€policies€of€the€Government,€members€regretted€that€the€labour€marketÏremained€highly€sex-segregated.€€The€Committee€asked€an€additional€questionÏabout€a€possible€new€concept€of€gender€neutrality,€as€reference€was€made€in€theÏEqual€Opportunities€Act€to€"the€equal€rights€and€opportunities€for€men€andÏwomen".€€Members€considered€that,€in€order€to€promote€women's€rights€inÏprofessional€life,€the€law€should€stipulate€more€explicitly€the€goal€ofÏimproving€the€status€of€women.€€The€representative€answered€that,€although€theÏwording€of€the€Act€was€not€biased€in€favour€of€either€sex,€the€law€in€the€firstÏinstance€clearly€stated€its€aim,€namely,€improving€the€status€of€women.ÌÌ491.à2 .2àAn€additional€question€was€asked€concerning€the€role€of€non-governmentalÏorganizations€in€the€preparation€of€the€third€periodic€report€and,€specifically,Ïhow€many€and€what€kind€of€organizations€had€been€involved€and€what€kind€ofÏconsultations€had€been€held€between€them€and€the€Government.€€The€representativeÏreplied€that€the€Council€on€Equality€Issues,€consisting€of€29members€fromÏnon-governmental€organizations,€women's€organizations,€political€parties€etc.Ïhad€made€valuable€comments€on€the€report.€€The€Minister€of€Equality€Affairs€heldÏconsultations€with€the€Council€four€to€five€times€a€year€in€order€to€shareÏinformation.ÌÌòòQuestions€related€to€specific€articlesóóÌÌ€€€€à2 .2àòòArticle€2óóÌÌ492.à2 .2àThe€Committee€wanted€to€know,€with€a€view€to€extending€the€protectionÏafforded€under€the€Penal€Code,€what€the€most€frequent€forms€of€sexÏdiscrimination€in€Sweden€were.€€The€representative€replied€that€sexÏdiscrimination€usually€concerned€the€conditions€of€women€in€working€life,€whichÏwas€why€the€Equal€Opportunities€Act€(a€part€of€the€labour€law)€regulated€thatÏarea.€€In€addition€to€the€Constitution,€there€were€rules€in€other€fields€also,Ïmost€notably€in€education.€€Sex€discrimination€was€not€treated€as€a€criminalÏoffence,€except€in€cases€of€violence€and€molestation.€€No€decision€had€beenÏmade,€nor€was€one€likely€to€be€made€in€the€near€future,€on€extending€the€scopeÏof€the€Swedish€Penal€Code€to€cover€sex€discrimination.ÌÌ493.à2 .2àRegarding€the€punishments€for€employers€who€infringed€the€EqualÏOpportunities€Act,€the€representative€said€that€employers€could€be€forcedÌto€pay€compensation€to€the€victims.€€Compensation€was€paid€for€both€financialÏloss€and€moral€injury.€€Although€there€had€been€a€tendency€towards€awardingÏhigher€compensation,€the€level€of€payment€had€generally€been€recognized€to€beÏrather€low.€€The€highest€amount€paid€so€far€had€been€40,000€kronor€(US$5,600).̇494.à2 .2àThe€representative€did€not€believe€that€a€fear€of€punishment€led€to€theÏsettlement€of€discrimination€disputes€by€negotiation.€€On€the€contrary,€theÏEqual€Opportunities€Ombudsman€had€a€duty€to€attempt€to€bring€about€a€voluntaryÏsettlement€first.€€Only€if€the€ruling€would€constitute€a€precedent,€or€for€otherÏspecial€reasons,€would€the€case€be€presented€at€the€Labour€Court.€€Moreover,Ïmany€women€felt€the€judicial€process€to€be€difficult€and€embarrassing.ÌÌ495.à2 .2àAsked€about€the€nature€of€the€majority€of€the€cases€that€had€been€broughtÏto€court,€the€representative€said€that€most€were€related€to€conditions€for€work.€ÏUsually€the€problem€was€about€evaluating€and€comparing€qualifications€for€theÏjob€concerned.€€The€hearing€of€a€case€thus€centred€more€on€the€merit€of€theÏcandidate€than€on€the€issue€of€discrimination.€€Section€17€of€the€new€Act€wasÏintended€to€deal€with€cases€where€the€employer€had€a€direct€discriminatoryÏpurpose.ÌÌ496.à2 .2àClarification€was€requested€on€the€national€machinery,€especially€in€viewÏof€the€recent€transfer€of€responsibility€for€equality€issues€from€the€MinistryÏof€Culture€to€the€Ministry€of€Social€Affairs.€€It€was€noted€that€properÏcoordination€and€integrated€problem-solving€were€essential€for€efficient€work.€ÏThe€representative€stated€that€there€was€no€ministry€dealing€solely€withÏequality€issues;€the€issues€had€been€incorporated€into€various€ministries,Ïdepending€on€which€minister€was€responsible€for€equality€affairs,€which,€inÏturn,€depended€on€the€political€situation€and€who€wanted€to€assumeÏresponsibility€for€the€task.€€The€Equality€Affairs€Division€was€a€coordinatingÏbody€monitoring€and€influencing€other€ministries€to€take€gender€perspectivesÏinto€account€in€their€proposals,€recommendations€and€legislative€work.€€ItÏfunctioned€as€a€watchdog€for€other€bodies.ÌÌ€€€€à2 .2àòòArticle€3óóÌÌ497.à2 .2àReferring€to€a€bill€that€would€strongly€increase€the€level€of€financialÏsupport€for€disabled€people,€the€Committee€requested€that€a€copy€of€the€bill€beÏmade€available,€as€well€as€information€on€how€it€affected€disabled€persons.€ÏMembers€asked€whether€disabled€women€had€their€own€non-governmentalÏorganizations€or€whether€they€acted€inside€the€existing€women's€organizations.ÌÌ€€€€à2 .2àòòArticle€4óóÌÌ498.à2 .2àReplying€to€a€question€on€the€award€of€parental€benefit€until€a€child€wasÏeightyears€old,€the€representative€said€that€the€duration€of€parental€benefitÏtotalled€15€months,€which€could€be€deferred€and€spread€over€an€eight-yearÏperiod.€€Parents€could€decide€between€them€how€they€divided€the€time€taken€offÏfrom€work;€however,€both€parents€could€not€receive€such€a€benefitÏsimultaneously.€€Fathers€were€entitled€to€10days€of€leave€with€parental€benefitÏin€connection€with€childbirth.ÌÌ€€€€à2 .2àòòArticle€5óóÌÌ499.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€the€funding€of€the€Ethical€Council,€the€funds€were€receivedÏsolely€from€the€advertising€associations€and€the€Council€did€not€receive€anyÏfunds€from€the€Government.ÌÌ500.à2 .2àAsked€about€the€incidence€of€violence,€statistics€on€the€subject€and€recentÏtrends,€as€well€as€the€most€frequent€forms€of€violence,€the€representative€saidÏthat€assault€was€the€most€frequent€form;€14,285€cases€had€been€reported€in€1991.€ÏIn€comparison€with€1990,€there€had€been€a€slight€decrease.€€The€trendsÏconcerning€reported€rape€had€been€more€or€less€constant€since€1989;€however,€the€statistics€did€not€provide€an€accurate€picture,€since€many€women€did€not€reportÏsuch€crimes.€€There€had€been€limited,€inconclusive€research€on€the€reasons€forÏmale€aggression,€but€there€was€a€consensus€that€the€overall€explanation€lay€inÏthe€lack€of€equality€and€imbalance€of€power€between€men€and€women.ÌÌ501.à2 .2àIn€general€observations,€the€Committee,€referring€to€training€given€toÏpersons€dealing€with€battered€women,€wished€for€more€information€on€the€effectsÏof€that€training€in€the€next€periodic€report.€€In€a€time€of€changing€socialÏpatterns,€the€key€questions€were€how€to€change€the€violent€pattern€of€maleÏbehaviour€and€how€to€reach€suffering€women.€€It€was€suggested€that€a€surveyÏshould€be€conducted€among€the€battered€women€themselves.ÌÌ502.à2 .2àReferring€to€the€achievements€of€the€Government€of€Sweden€in€other€fields,Ïmembers€noted€with€concern€that€the€trend€of€violence€was€constant.€€TheyÏpointed€out€that€the€issue€had€appeared€on€the€agenda€of€the€Government€quiteÏrecently,€which€was€a€reason€for€them€to€request€that€a€closer€relationship€beÏforged€between€the€Government€and€the€grass-roots€levels,€especially€women'sÏgroups.€€The€Government€was€asked€to€consider€taking€a€different€approach€to€theÏtreatment€of€domestic€violence,€because€the€problem€seemed€to€be€hidden,€asÏreflected€in€the€underreporting.€€If€the€cases€were€treated€as€other€criminalÏoffences€were,€with€the€police€being€obliged€to€arrest€and€prosecute€theÏperpetrators€regardless€of€whether€the€women€wished€to€prosecute€or€not,€withÏtherapy€provided€for€the€perpetrator,€the€positive€outcome€would€be€a€changedÏsocial€attitude€towards€domestic€violence.ÌÌ503.à2 .2àThe€representative€responded€that€the€subject€of€violence€had€not€recentlyÏbeen€taken€up€by€the€Government€and€it€had€definitely€not€been€forgotten,€asÏlegislation€had€been€quite€severe€and€public€procedures€provided.€€DomesticÏviolence€was€an€extremely€difficult€area€with€particular€characteristics€thatÏcould€not€be€compared€with€those€of€other€acts€of€violence.€€The€policy€of€theÏGovernment€in€addressing€the€problem€was€to€take€into€account€all€aspects€of€theÏequal€opportunities€policy€in€order€to€bring€about€changed€patterns€of€behaviourÏin€all€fields.ÌÌ504.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€men's€response€to€the€"Daddy€come€home"€campaign,€theÏrepresentative€said€that€no€statistics€were€available€on€the€impact€of€theÏcampaign.€€The€campaign€was€continuing,€taking€different€forms€each€year.€€ItsÏaim€was€to€achieve€changed€behavioural€patterns€in€the€long€run.ÌÌ505.à2 .2àIn€an€additional€question,€members€asked€whether€statistics€were€availableÏthat€would€show€differences€between€urban€and€rural€areas€with€regard€to€men'sÏuse€of€the€parental€benefit.€€The€representative€regretted€that€no€suchÏinformation€was€available€but€hoped€that€some€statistics€could€be€included€inÏthe€next€periodic€report.ÌÌ506.à2 .2àAsked€about€the€role€of€men€within€families,€she€referred€to€a€recentÏstudy,€which€had€shown€the€amount€of€time€that€women€and€men€spent€on€work.€€TheÏamount€of€time€was€approximately€the€same,€the€difference€being€that€only€halfÏof€the€working€time€of€women€was€paid.€€Members€asked€for€more€information€onÏsingle-parent€households€and€on€the€sharing€of€household€tasks.ÌÌ€€€€à2 .2àòòArticle€6óóÌÌ507.à2 .2àAsked€about€public€opinion,€as€well€as€that€of€women's€organizations,€onÏprostitution,€whether€prostitution€was€increasing€or€decreasing,€and€whetherÏmainly€Swedish€women€or€also€immigrants€were€involved,€the€representative€saidÏthat€the€latest€survey€concerning€prostitution€was€10€years€old.€€Currently€the€issue€of€whether€the€act€of€purchasing€the€services€of€a€prostitute€should€beÏcriminalized€was€being€debated€intensively€and€a€committee€had€been€appointed€toÏstudy€the€matter.ÌÌ€€€€à2 .2àòòArticle€7óóÌÌ508.à2 .2àRegarding€legislation€that€would€ensure€a€certain€proportion€of€women€inÏthe€lists€of€candidates€for€popular€election,€the€representative€stated€thatÏsuch€legislation€did€not€exist.€€However,€many€political€parties€had€internalÏrules€or€practices€on€the€nomination€of€women.ÌÌ509.à2 .2àAsked€whether€Sweden€still€promoted€the€"Fifty-Fifty"€campaign€as€seen€inÏsome€international€forums,€the€representative€stated€that€the€goal€remained€theÏsame,€although€the€Government€could€not€impose€a€certain€behaviour€on€politicalÏparties.€€The€Government€was€only€responsible€for€certain€areas€(boards€ofÏpublic€bodies,€committees,€working€groups€etc.).€€To€affect€the€politicalÏparties,€public€opinion€needed€to€be€created.€€Generally,€women€remained€activeÏin€political€life;€all€political€parties€had€their€own€women's€organizations.ÌÌ510.à2 .2àThe€representative€gave€a€positive€answer€to€a€question€concerning€theÏcurrent€target€of€attaining€30percent€of€women€on€public€bodies.€€OnÏcommittees€and€at€the€regional€level,€the€number€was€slightly€under€30.€€TheÏnext€goal€was€40percent€by€1995.€€An€evaluation€of€measures€taken€in€recentÏyears€would€be€presented€to€the€Government€shortly.€€In€an€additional€question,Ïan€explanation€by€the€Government€was€requested€concerning€the€obvious€obstaclesÏwomen€experienced.ÌÌ511.à2 .2àAsked€about€the€efforts€of€employers'€and€employees'€organizations€toÏincrease€the€number€of€women€in€decision-making€bodies,€the€representative€saidÏthat€general€activity€had€risen€in€that€field.€€She€referred€to€training€andÏprojects,€which€were€aimed€at€both€encouraging€women€to€seek€higher€positionsÏand€bringing€about€a€change€in€attitude.€€Special€reference€was€made€to€theÏSwedish€Trade€Union€Confederation,€which€had€created€a€large€network€and€actedÏsuccessfully€as€a€pressure€group€contributing€to€an€increased€visibility€of€theÏproblem.ÌÌ€€€€à2 .2àòòArticle€11óóÌÌ512.à2 .2àRegarding€the€current€level€of€female€unemployment,€the€representative€saidÏthat€it€had€increased€to€3.6percent,€as€against€5.5percent€for€men.€€TheÏunemployment€rate€for€young€women€was€as€high€as€9.1percent€(11.6percent€forÏyoung€men).ÌÌ513.à2 .2àIn€an€additional€question,€the€Committee€indicated€its€serious€concernÏabout€the€high€unemployment€rate€among€young€girls,€as€the€first€work€experienceÏof€a€person€was€crucial€to€her€or€his€attitude€towards€employment€generally.€ÏMembers€asked€whether€the€Government€intended€to€improve€the€situation.€€TheÏrepresentative€replied€that€the€Government€had€not€given€up€its€goal€to€maintainÏfull€employment€in€the€country.€€The€unemployment€rate€was,€however,€likely€toÏincrease€in€the€future,€because€of€the€restructuring€of€the€public€sector,Ïespecially€at€the€local€level.€€The€Government€planned€support€programmes€forÏyoung€unemployed€persons.ÌÌ514.à2 .2àAsked€about€the€criterion€on€which€the€decision€to€phase€out€gradually€theÏwidow's€pension€had€been€based,€the€representative€noted€that€the€main€reasonÏwas€to€strengthen€the€financial€support€provided€for€children€and€to€have€theÏsame€rules€for€men€and€women.̇515.à2 .2àConcerning€the€minimum€wage,€she€explained€that€it€was€not€covered€byÏlegislation;€wages€were€set€by€collective€bargaining.€€Collective€agreementsÏmight€contain€minimum€wage€provisions€for€certain€categories€of€worker.ÌÌ516.à2 .2àThe€Committee€asked€whether€the€goal€that€all€children€under€six€years€ofÏage€should€be€entitled€to€State€child-care€facilities€had€been€reached.€€TheÏrepresentative€replied€that€some€municipalities€had€reached€the€goal,€whileÏothers€still€lacked€a€sufficient€number€of€child-care€facilities.€€The€issue€wasÏcurrently€being€discussed€within€the€Government.ÌÌ517.à2 .2àAsked€about€the€sex-segregated€labour€market,€the€representative€noted€thatÏthe€same€problem€prevailed€in€the€school€system.€€In€reply€to€a€question€aboutÏthe€effects€of€the€Equal€Opportunities€Act,€she€said€that€an€evaluation€of€theÏFive-Year€Plan€of€Action€for€Equality€would€begin€in€1993€and€its€results€wouldÏaffect€the€implementation€of€the€new€Act.€€Members€pointed€to€the€low€percentageÏof€women€in€higher€positions,€especially€in€trade€unions€and€privateÏenterprises.€€They€asked€whether€private€companies€had€internal€plans€of€actionÏto€promote€the€progress€of€women€in€the€workplace.€€The€representative€referredÏto€a€strong€women's€movement€in€trade€unions,€and€was€hopeful€that€the€situationÏwould€improve€in€the€near€future.€€A€study€had€revealed€that,€although€the€veryÏtop-level€echelons€lacked€women,€many€women€were€employed€at€the€levelÏimmediately€below.€€The€Government€tried€to€encourage€companies€or€offices€toÏpromote€women€to€higher€positions.€€She€remarked€that€it€was€very€important€toÏhave€statistics€to€make€the€problem€more€visible.€€She€affirmed€that€theÏprovisions€of€the€new€Equal€Opportunities€Act€applied€similarly€to€public€andÏprivate€employers.ÌÌ518.à2 .2àAsked€about€the€disadvantages€experienced€by€disabled€women€in€entering€theÏlabour€market,€she€said€that€she€presumed€that€double€disadvantages€for€themÏexisted,€although€there€were€no€studies€on€the€matter.€€In€reply€to€a€questionÏconcerning€male€dominance€and€promotion€differences€in€the€Foreign€Ministry,€theÏrepresentative€said€that€a€network€had€been€created€recently€among€the€womenÏworking€in€the€foreign€service€aimed€at€improving€the€situation€within€theÏMinistry.ÌÌ519.à2 .2àAdditional€questions€were€asked€about€women€working€part€time,€since€theÏnumber€in€Sweden€was€extraordinarily€high.€€Members€also€asked€what€the€resultsÏhad€been€of€the€Government€effort€to€reduce€involuntary€part-time€work€and€whatÏwas€the€attitude€of€labour€unions.€€The€representative€referred€to€the€previousÏGovernment's€declaration€to€consider€other€measures€if€the€situation€remainedÏunchanged.€€Although€the€previous€Government€had€had€no€success€on€that€issue,Ïshe€hoped€that€changes€would€occur€under€the€new€Government.€€Since€theÏunemployment€rate€had€increased,€however,€part-time€employment€had€become€aÏminor€problem.ÌÌ€€€€à2 .2àòòArticle€12óóÌÌ520.à2 .2àA€member€of€the€Committee€requested€information€on€the€incidence€ofÏAIDS/HIV€among€women.ÌÌ€€€€à2 .2àòòArticle€16óóÌÌ521.à2 .2àAn€additional€question€was€asked€about€the€trend€concerning€single-parentÏhouseholds,€what€the€divorce€rate€was,€and€how€many€children€were€born€out€ofÏwedlock.€€The€Committee€also€wanted€to€know€about€public€opinion€onÏsingle-headed€households,€and€what€women€especially€thought€about€the€matter.€€No€statistics€were€immediately€available,€but€the€Government€promised€to€includeÏthem€in€the€next€periodic€report.ÌÌòòConcluding€observationsóóÌÌ522.à2 .2àThe€experience€of€Sweden€could€be€viewed€with€both€admiration€and€anxiety.€ÏSweden€was€at€the€vanguard€of€the€movement€for€women's€rights,€but€theÏexperience€also€showed€how€long€the€process€took€and€the€problems€that€remained.€ÏOn€account€of€economic€crisis€and€technological€progress,€many€Western€EuropeanÏcountries€were€facing€new€challenges,€not€least€a€welfare€State€like€Sweden,Ïwhich€in€former€years€had€guaranteed€full€employment€for€its€citizens.€€All€theÏchanges€would€have€an€effect€on€the€status€of€women€also.€€The€CommitteeÏobserved€that€it€was€therefore€essential€that€Swedish€women,€among€others,Ïdoubled€their€efforts€in€pushing€women's€rights€further€forward.€€The€CommitteeÏexpressed€its€hope€that€women€would,€after€their€efforts,€stand€even€stronger,Ïtogether€with€the€welfare€State€itself.ÌÌòòÌà@ì .Ä àUnited€Kingdom€of€Great€Britain€and€Northern€IrelandóóˆÌÌ523.à2 .2àThe€Committee€considered€the€second€periodic€report€(CEDAW/C/UK/2€andÏAmend.1)€of€the€United€Kingdom€of€Great€Britain€and€Northern€Ireland€at€itsÏ223rdmeeting,€on€28€January€(see€CEDAW/C/SR.223).ÌÌ524.à2 .2àIn€the€opinion€of€the€Committee,€the€second€periodic€report€of€theÏUnitedKingdom€contained€a€wealth€of€valuable€information,€but€it€could€haveÏbeen€more€analytical€and€could€have€included€the€most€up-to-date€information.€ÏIt€would€be€desirable€if€future€reports€would€follow€the€general€guidelinesÏregarding€the€form€and€content€of€reports€(CEDAW/C/7)€and€comment€in€particularÏon€all€the€general€recommendations€that€had€been€made€by€the€Committee.ÌÌ525.à2 .2àIn€introducing€the€report,€the€representative€outlined€the€reformedÏnational€machinery€and€brought€the€members€up€to€date€on€the€main€areas€ofÏprogress€in€women's€issues.€€She€said€that€the€Secretary€of€State€for€EmploymentÏcoordinated€policy€issues€of€special€concern€to€women€in€a€new€CabinetÏSubcommittee€for€Women's€Issues,€consisting€of€ministers€from€all€the€keyÏgovernment€departments.€€The€Subcommittee€reviewed€and€developed€policy€andÏstrategy€for€women€and,€most€importantly,€oversaw€the€implementation€of€work€inÏthat€area.€€A€policy€framework€had€been€agreed€to€ensure€that€women's€issuesÏwere€considered€as€an€integral€part€of€government€policy€development.€€TheÏSubcommittee€reported€regularly€to€the€Ministerial€Committee€on€Home€and€SocialÏAffairs€and€to€the€Prime€Minister.ÌÌ526.à2 .2àThe€Equal€Opportunities€Commission,€established€under€the€SexÏDiscrimination€Act€of€1975,€worked€towards€the€elimination€of€discrimination,Ïpromoted€equality€of€opportunity€between€men€and€women,€kept€legislation€underÏreview€and€drew€up€and€submitted€proposals€for€amendment.€€The€Commission€was€aÏnon-departmental€public€body,€funded€by€the€Government.€€Its€main€function€wasÏadvising€and€assisting€individuals€in€taking€action€under€the€law€on€sexÏdiscrimination€or€on€equal€pay.€€It€published€guidance€and€research€promotingÏits€objectives.€€In€addition,€the€Women's€National€Commission,€consisting€ofÏmembers€of€voluntary€organizations,€political€parties€and€trade€unions€as€wellÏas€religious€and€professional€groups,€functioned€as€an€advisory€committee€to€theÏGovernment.€€It€represented€the€views€of€women's€organizations€and€its€reportsÏwere€sent€to€government€departments€in€order€to€raise€current€issues€and,Ïpossibly,€to€review€policies.€€The€representative€paid€a€tribute€to€the€activeÏrole€of€women's€organizations€in€the€consultative€process.̇527.à2 .2àHighlighting€recent€achievements,€the€representative€mentioned€theÏincreased€number€of€women€elected€to€Parliament€in€1992€(60€had€been€elected,Ïwhich€was€9.2percent€of€the€total),€and€the€progress€made€in€higher€positionsÏin€the€civil€service,€as€well€as€a€government€initiative€to€increase€the€publicÏappointments€of€women€and€members€of€ethnic€minorities.€€With€regard€toÏemployment€issues,€the€representative€said€that€women€continued€to€play€an€ever„¼increasing€role€in€the€workplace;€over€70percent€of€women€of€working€age€hadÏbeen€economically€active€in€1991.€€The€wage€differential€between€men€and€womenÏhad€narrowed€for€five€successive€years€and€was€currently€21percent.€€A€newÏgrant€scheme€to€develop€an€additional€50,000€places€for€out-of-school€child€careÏwould€begin,€and€child€care€for€pre-school€children€would€expand€further€underÏthe€Children€Act€of€1989,€so€as€to€enable€parents€to€return€to€work€and€have€aÏwider€choice€of€hours€in€which€to€work.ÌÌ528.à2 .2àOn€women's€status€and€participation,€she€noted€that€the€aim€was€not€only€toÏget€women€to€the€top,€but€also€to€extend€opportunities€for€women€across€a€broadÏspectrum€and€help€them€to€make€progress,€as€well€as€to€gain€a€first€foothold€atÏall€levels€of€private,€public€and€community€life.€€The€Government€had€recentlyÏmade€publications€widely€available€to€promote€women€in€the€workplace.€€TheirÏtopics€included€equal€opportunities,€flexible€working€practices,€sexualÏharassment€and€positive€action€measures€under€the€law.ÌÌ529.à2 .2àOn€women's€health,€screening€for€breast€and€cervical€cancer€was€accorded€aÏhigh€priority;€the€objective€was€to€reduce€the€death€rates€by€at€leastÏ25percent€and€20percent,€respectively,€by€the€year2000.€€On€socialÏsecurity,€the€representative€stated€that€the€Government€was€committed€to€theÏequalization€of€the€state€pension€age€for€men€and€women.€€In€relation€toÏoccupational€pension€schemes,€equalization€was€already€in€place.€€The€ChildÏSupport€Act€of€1991€would€have€a€substantial€impact€on€single€parents,Ï90percent€of€whom€were€women.€€The€aim€of€the€Act€was€to€ensure€that€parentsÏmade€fair€and€consistent€financial€provision€for€their€children.€€The€ChildÏSupport€Agency,€which€would€start€its€work€in€April€1993,€would€be€responsibleÏfor€implementing€and€enforcing€the€Act.ÌÌ530.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€education€the€representative€stated€that,€under€the€nationalÏcurriculum,€girls€studied€the€same€range€of€subjects€as€boys.€€Girls€wereÏgaining€better€examination€results€in€nearly€all€subjects€at€the€age€of€16€thanÏboys.€€She€said€that€women€were€enrolling€in€further€and€higher€education€asÏmuch€as€men.€€It€was€asked€whether€girls€were€commended€for€their€achievements.€ÏNo€direct€answer€was€provided.ÌÌ531.à2 .2àThe€representative€concluded€by€saying€that,€although€the€United€KingdomÏstill€had€a€long€way€to€go,€the€recent€positive€developments€that€had€extendedÏwomen's€opportunities€were€appreciable.ÌÌòòGeneral€observationsóóÌÌ532.à2 .2àThe€Committee€thanked€the€representative€for€the€up-to-date€information€asÏwell€as€for€the€detailed€and€exhaustive€answers€to€the€questions€raised€by€theÏCommittee.ÌÌ533.à2 .2àNoting€that€the€second€periodic€report€covered€the€dependent€territories€ofÏthe€British€Virgin€Islands,€the€Falkland€Islands€(Malvinas)€and€the€Turks€andÏCaicos€Islands,€a€member€asked€whether€Anguilla€and€Montserrat€had€been€excludedÏbecause€of€their€constitutional€status€or€because€it€was€expected€that€theyÏwould€submit€their€own€reports.€€Furthermore,€concerning€the€dependentÏterritories,€it€was€asked€whether€they€had€had€a€chance€to€participate€in€the€preparation€of€the€second€periodic€report€or€to€review€it€afterwards.€€OneÏmember€questioned€the€assumption€regarding€sovereignty€over€the€Falkland€IslandsÏ(Malvinas)€given€the€existence€of€a€dispute€concerning€it.ÌÌ534.à2 .2àA€member€asked€whether€women€in€Hong€Kong€were€covered€by€the€Convention,Ïin€view€of€the€fact€that€China€would€resume€authority€over€Hong€Kong€onÏ1July1997€and€that€both€China€and€the€United€Kingdom€had€ratified€theÏConvention.€€Another€member€informed€the€Committee€of€the€proper€procedures€inÏthe€event€of€any€intention€to€extend€the€Convention€to€Hong€Kong€during€theÏtransitional€period€before€30€June€1997€or€thereafter.ÌÌ535.à2 .2àThe€Committee€expressed€its€appreciation€for€the€fact€that€non-governmentalÏorganizations€had€been€consulted€both€after€the€initial€report€had€beenÏpresented,€and€before€the€second€periodic€report€had€been€prepared,€whichÏprovided€a€model€for€other€States€parties€to€follow.ÌÌòòQuestions€of€a€general€natureóóÌÌ536.à2 .2àConcerning€a€question€on€the€lower€living€standards€of€women€in€theÏUnitedKingdom,€which€was€included€in€the€statement€received€by€the€CommitteeÏfrom€non-governmental€women's€organizations,€the€representative€replied€thatÏmost€people€lived€in€families€and€that€their€living€standards€were€thus€familyÏliving€standards.€€She€referred€to€the€narrowing€gap€in€earnings,€to€the€lowerÏunemployment€rate€of€women€and€to€the€fact€that€most€women€worked€part€time€byÏchoice.ÌÌ537.à2 .2àAsked€about€the€effect€of€recently€adopted€laws€and€programmes€and€aboutÏareas€in€which€progress€had€been€achieved,€the€representative€first€referred€toÏthe€developments€that€had€provided€significant€role€models€encouraging€women€toÏaspire€to€leadership€in€all€fields.€€She€mentioned€the€first€woman€Speaker€ofÏthe€House€of€Commons,€the€first€woman€Director€of€Public€Prosecutions,€the€firstÏwoman€Director€of€the€Security€Services€and€the€first€British€woman€in€space.€ÏShe€then€turned€to€women's€involvement€in€the€workforce,€which€was€increasingÏsteadily.€€She€noted€that€employers€both€in€the€public€and€the€private€sectorsÏwere€introducing€family-friendly€policies,€including€flexible€working€patterns,Ïto€ensure€that€they€would€be€able€to€attract€and€retain€women€workers.€ÏMoreover,€the€Children€Act€of€1989€provided€a€framework€for€local€authorities€toÏreview€and€plan€child-care€provisions,€enabling€more€women€to€work.ÌÌ538.à2 .2àShe€then€referred€to€the€increasing€role€of€women€in€public€life.€€ThereÏhad€been€an€increase€in€the€number€of€women€appointed€to€tribunals,€the€bodiesÏthat€heard€complaints€made€under€the€Sex€Discrimination€Act€and€the€Equal€PayÏAct.€€The€Prime€Minister€had€launched€an€employer-led€campaign€in€October€1991Ïto€increase€the€quality€and€quantity€of€women's€participation€in€the€workforce.€ÏA€number€of€major€employers€were€involved€in€setting€goals€for€increasingÏopportunities€for€women€and€in€monitoring€and€reporting€on€the€progress€made.ÌÌ539.à2 .2àConcerning€specific€goals€in€the€national€plan€of€action,€theÏrepresentative€stated€that€plans€were€made€by€organizations,€includingÏgovernment€departments.€€Those€plans€set€targets€for€women's€participation,Ïespecially€at€the€decision-making€level,€such€as€doubling€the€number€of€women€inÏsenior€posts€in€the€civil€service€by€2000€and€increasing€the€amount€of€women€inÏall€public€appointments€to€a€level€of€25-50percent€by€1996.€€The€progress€inÏachieving€the€targets€had€been€increasingly€made€public.ÌÇ540.à2 .2àAsked€about€the€Government's€intentions€to€withdraw€its€reservations,€whichÏwas€a€matter€of€priority,€the€representative€announced€that€the€UnitedKingdomÏwould€remove€parts€of€its€reservations€to€articles€11€and13.€With€respect€toÏarticle€11,€the€UnitedKingdom€could€withdraw€the€section€concerning€employmentÏin€underground€work€in€mines.€€With€respect€to€article13,€the€section€thatÏreferred€to€married€men's€tax€allowances€could€be€withdrawn.€€Other€reservationsÏmight€be€amended€in€the€light€of€changes€to€domestic€legislation.€€She€stressedÏthat€the€remaining€reservations€either€preserved€greater€rights€for€women€orÏleft€scope€for€individual€choice;€however,€all€reservations€were€kept€underÏreview€and€there€might€be€scope€for€their€removal€in€the€coming€years.ÌÌ541.à2 .2àThe€Committee€expressed€its€satisfaction€that€parts€of€the€State€party'sÏreservations€were€to€be€withdrawn.€€At€the€same€time,€it€noted€with€graveÏconcern€that€the€remaining€reservations,€which€were€not€only€numerous€but€alsoÏsubstantially€important,€did€not€provide€a€good€model€for€other€States€parties.€ÏIt€hoped€that€the€improvements€made€in€that€respect€would€be€included€in€theÏthird€periodic€report.€€It€asked€whether€the€Government€had€made€similarÏreservations€to€other€human€rights€treaties€that€it€had€signed.ÌÌòòQuestions€related€to€specific€articlesóóÌÌ€€€€à2 .2àòòArticle€2óóÌÌ542.à2 .2àReplying€to€the€questions€which€social€groups€of€women€committed€the€mostÏcommon€crimes,€such€as€theft,€fraud€and€forgery,€and€whether€there€was€aÏprogramme€curbing€such€crimes,€the€representative€regretted€that€no€data€wereÏcollected€routinely€on€the€social€class€of€female€offenders.€€The€Government€wasÏrequired,€under€the€Criminal€Justice€Act€of€1991,€to€publish€informationÏannually€about€women,€crime€and€criminal€justice.€€Fraud€and€forgery€constitutedÏonly€7percent,€and€theft€69percent,€of€women's€offences.€€The€programmes€forÏall€offenders€included€attendance€centres,€supervision€or€probation€andÏcommunity€service€orders.ÌÌ543.à2 .2àAsked€about€the€conditions€under€which€women€with€infants€were€held€inÏprisons,€the€representative€noted€that€there€were€three€mother-and-baby€units,Ïwhose€facilities€were€said€to€be€of€the€highest€standard.€€The€Social€ServicesÏInspectorate€had€carried€out€inspections€in€1990€and€1992€and€its€practicalÏadvice€had€contributed€to€the€development€of€those€units.€€The€improvedÏconditions€included€more€spacious€accommodation,€with€access€to€outside€exerciseÏand€recreation€areas.€€In€another€prison,€the€staff€included€nursery€nurses,€andÏa€nutrition€policy€following€professional€advice€had€been€adopted.€€New€guidanceÏhad€been€issued€and,€for€mothers€whose€children€were€not€with€them,€all-dayÏchildren's€visiting€hours€and€family€open€days€were€offered.ÌÌ544.à2 .2àRegarding€new€legislation,€and€de€facto€changes€since€the€submission€of€theÏinitial€report,€the€representative€listed€recent€measures,€which€includedÏindependent€taxation€for€husbands€and€wives,€and€clarification€of€the€law€thatÏrape€in€marriage€was€an€offence.€€Furthermore,€the€Church€of€England€GeneralÏSynod€had€voted€to€allow€women€to€become€priests,€which,€subject€to€approval€byÏboth€Houses€of€Parliament,€would€become€law;€discrimination€in€occupationalÏpensions€had€been€made€illegal;€discrimination€against€women€serving€in€theÏarmed€forces€had€been€made€illegal,€and€the€anonymous€complaints€procedure€hadÏbeen€expanded€in€cases€of€rape€or€sexual€assault.ÌÌ545.à2 .2àIn€an€additional€question,€members€requested€information€on€the€increase€inÏthe€budget€of€the€Equal€Opportunities€Commission,€on€its€personnel€and€its€mainÏobjectives.€€The€representative€announced€that€its€budget€had€increased,€also€in€real€terms,€recently.€€Its€personnel€numbered€approximately€160,€located€atÏManchester.€€With€regard€to€the€objectives€of€the€Commission,€she€referred€toÏher€presentation.ÌÌ€€€€à2 .2àòòArticle€3óóÌÌ546.à2 .2àReferring€to€general€recommendation€18€(tenth€session),òò14óó/€membersÏrequested€statistics€on€disabled€women.€€Furthermore,€they€asked€whetherÏdisabled€women€had€equal€opportunities€in€the€labour€market,€in€education€and€inÏpublic€life.€€The€representative€said€that€legislation€and€all€positiveÏprogrammes€were€equally€applicable€to€disabled€women.€€In€addition,€there€was€aÏquota€system,€requiring€employers€of€20€or€more€persons€to€employ€at€leastÏ3percent€of€registered€disabled€people.€€It€was€generally€recognized€that€theÏquota€scheme€was€not€operating€as€intended€as€not€all€eligible€employeesÏregistered€as€disabled.€€However,€after€a€consultation€exercise€on€theÏemployment€and€training€of€disabled€people€in€1990,€ministers€had€decided€toÏretain€the€quota€system€for€the€time€being.ÌÌ547.à2 .2àMembers€asked€whether€the€Government€should€rethink€its€position€on€theÏadditional€protocol€on€social€policy€to€the€Treaty€on€European€Union€(Treaty€ofÏMaastricht),€since€those€social€issues€had€a€considerable€impact€on€women'sÏissues€as€well.€€Europe€could€be€more€effective€in€advancing€all€women€in€EuropeÏif€the€European€Community€worked€together.€€The€representative€answered€thatÏthat€was€not€appropriate€as€the€issues€surrounding€the€protocol€on€social€policyÏto€the€Treaty€of€Maastricht€went€much€farther€than€those€related€to€women€andÏconcerned€the€principle€of€subsidiarity€and€institutional€matters.€€TheÏGovernment€was,€however,€committed€to€the€recently€adopted€European€Directives,Ïwhich€helped€women€in€such€matters€as€maternity€rights.ÌÌ€€€à2 .2àòòArticle€4óóÌÌ548.à2 .2àThe€Committee€said€that€temporary€special€measures€under€article€4€remainedÏa€live€issue.€€Referring€to€an€additional€question€about€the€possibility€ofÏintroducing€a€so-called€flexible€or€"soft"€quota€system€for€women,€theÏrepresentative€said€that€in€the€United€Kingdom€the€word€"target"€was€usedÏinstead€of€the€word€"quota".€€It€meant€setting€numerical€targets€to€improve€theÏrepresentation€of€women,€but€the€Government€did€not€favour€fixed€quotas€forÏwomen,€which€could€lead€to€tokenism.ÌÌ€€€€à2 .2àòòArticle€5óóÌÌ549.à2 .2àWhen€asked€if€the€Government€believed€that€the€provisions€of€section€38€ofÏthe€Sex€Discrimination€Act€were€effective€in€preventing€advertising€of€aÏdiscriminatory€nature,€the€representative€said€that€both€newspapers€and€jobÏcentres€refused€to€accept€discriminatory€job€advertisements€and€reported€anyoneÏdoing€so€to€the€Equal€Opportunities€Commission.€€Asked€about€the€number€of€casesÏthat€had€been€brought€to€court€and€the€number€that€had€been€ruled€as€unlawful,Ïthe€representative€noted€that,€in€1991,€the€Commission€had€received€4,650Ïinquiries,€including€191€complaints.ÌÌ550.à2 .2àTo€the€questions€why€there€was€so€little€media€coverage€on€the€problems€ofÏwomen,€why€women€were€not€employed€at€senior€positions€in€the€broadcastingÏindustry€and€why€no€training€was€arranged€to€enable€women€to€occupy€thoseÏpositions,€the€representative€replied€that€the€responsibility€for€the€contentÏand€scheduling€of€programmes€rested€with€the€broadcasters,€who€were€independentÏof€the€Government.€€Under€the€Broadcasting€Act€of€1990,€the€independent€Çbroadcasting€regulatory€bodies€were€charged€to€make€conditions€in€grantingÏbroadcasting€licences,€requiring€their€holders€to€promote€equal€opportunityÏpolicies.ÌÌ551.à2 .2àRegarding€the€incidence€of€violence€against€women,€the€implementation€ofÏthe€recommendations€to€deal€with€it€and€the€prosecution€level€for€offences€ofÏviolence,€the€representative€noted€that€more€than€half€of€all€cases€of€assaultÏagainst€women€involved€domestic€violence.€€She€referred€to€local€victim€supportÏservices,€to€the€Safer€Cities€programme€and€to€the€policies€of€all€police€forcesÏto€deal€with€cases€of€domestic€violence.€€She€mentioned€that€the€civil€law€toÏprovide€remedies€and€safeguards€for€women€was€under€review.€€Additionally,€sheÏmentioned€the€alleged€disparity€in€the€law's€reaction€to€women€and€men€whoÏkilled,€which€had€recently€received€considerable€publicity.€€There€had€beenÏsuccessful€appeals€on€the€basis€of€diminished€responsibility€as€a€consequence€ofÏdomestic€violence.€€The€clarification€of€the€law€that€rape€in€marriage€was€anÏoffence€was€mentioned,€as€was€the€strengthened€protection€of€the€anonymity€ofÏrape€victims.€ÌÌ552.à2 .2àIn€an€additional€question,€praising€the€judicial€clarification€of€rape€inÏmarriage,€a€member€asked€whether€victims€of€rape€increasingly€asked€for€help€andÏcontacted€the€police.€€In€her€answer,€the€representative€noted€an€increasing€andÏencouraging€trend€of€victims€turning€to€the€police.€€She€said€that€manyÏsympathetic€counselling€practices€were€used€by€the€police€to€handle€cases€ofÏviolence.€€In€addition,€the€number€of€women€in€the€police€force€had€beenÏincreased.€€Asked€about€rapists€among€boys€under€14,€the€representative€referredÏto€the€pending€bill€on€kerb-crawling,€which€would€have€removed€the€presumptionÏthat€boys€could€not€commit€rape.ÌÌ553.à2 .2àMembers€asked€whether€the€Government€considered€the€current€law€adequateÏwith€regard€to€rape€and€pornography€in€the€light€of€the€continued€pictures€ofÏwomen.€€In€the€reply,€the€legislation€was€said€to€be€adequate;€however,€theÏcontinued€exploitation€of€women€in€the€media€by€means€of€sexually€explicitÏpictures€was€a€grave€concern€and€needed€to€be€remedied.€€One€member,€being€aÏcitizen€of€a€country€in€which€decisions€of€United€Kingdom€courts€carried€someÏweight,€welcomed€the€ruling€whereby€rape€in€marriage€was€considered€a€crime.€ÏReference€was€made€to€a€study€that€had€reviewed€the€relationship€betweenÏpornography€and€crimes€of€violence€and€that€had€found€the€evidence€of€such€aÏlink€to€be€inconclusive.€€The€Government€was€committed€to€enforcing€laws€in€aÏmanner€that€excluded€improper€publications,€controlled€proper€standards€andÏupheld€decency.ÌÌ€€€€à2 .2àòòArticle€6óóÌÌ554.à2 .2àIn€reply€to€the€question€why€Parliament€had€not€passed€a€bill€that€wouldÏhave€made€kerb-crawling€an€offence,€the€representative€said€that€the€passage€ofÏthe€bill€had€been€obstructed,€but€the€Government€was€looking€for€a€suitableÏopportunity€to€introduce€such€a€measure.€€In€answer€to€the€question€how€many€menÏhad€been€convicted€for€accosting€women€on€the€street€and€what€their€sentencesÏwere,€the€representative€cited€the€number€1,132.ÌÌ555.à2 .2àConcerning€the€question€of€eliminating€prostitution,€the€representativeÏmentioned€laws€aimed€at€discouraging€women€from€becoming€prostitutes€as€well€asÏat€penalizing€those€who€made€financial€gain€from€it.€€Recent€figures€showed€thatÏthe€number€of€women€convicted€for€prostitution€was€still€considerably€higherÏthan€the€number€of€persons€convicted€for€brothel-keeping€and€procurationÏoffences.€€The€representative€said€that€the€prevention€policies€of€theÏGovernment€concentrated€on€the€most€vulnerable,€including€the€very€young.̇556.à2 .2àIn€an€additional€question,€clarification€was€requested€concerningÏprostitution€in€the€Falkland€Islands€(Malvinas)€as€the€report€was€felt€to€beÏcontradictory.€€The€representative€said€that€the€information€concerning€theÏdependent€territories€was€not€immediately€available€and€would€be€provided€later.ÌÌ€€€€à2 .2àòòArticle€7óóÌÌ557.à2 .2àThe€representative€explained€the€cause€of€the€disproportionately€low€numberÏof€women€at€the€managerial€level€by€saying€that€it€would€take€time€for€changesÏto€be€felt€and€that€a€fair€appointments€policy€meant€filling€posts€only€withÏthose€with€the€appropriate€ability€and€experience.€€The€Committee's€concern€wasÏthat€the€increase€in€the€proportion€of€women€in€the€civil€service€was€so€slightÏthat€it€could€not€be€regarded€as€noticeable€progress.€€The€representativeÏreplied€that€a€target€of€15percent€in€the€top€threegrades€by€the€year€2000Ïhad€been€set.€€The€representative€stressed€the€importance€of€theÏinfrastructure„€training€possibilities,€flexible€working€patterns€andÏchild-care€facilities€„€in€achieving€sustained€improvement.€€She€added€thatÏtraditional€attitudes€had€not€been€eliminated€entirely.ÌÌ558.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€changes€in€the€number€of€women€members€of€Parliament,€sheÏnoted€that€a€record€number€of€60€women€had€been€elected€in€the€general€electionÏin€1992.€€Asked€about€female€candidates€and€electors€appearing€on€television,Ïshe€replied€that€that€was€a€matter€for€parties€and€broadcasting€authorities.€ÏRegarding€the€position€that€the€United€Kingdom€occupied€within€EEC€in€terms€ofÏthe€percentage€ratio€of€women€and€men€in€Parliament,€she€said€the€United€KingdomÏranked€seventh€among€the€12€member€States.ÌÌ559.à2 .2àReplying€to€a€question€on€women€gaining€access€to€public€appointments€andÏon€relevant€affirmative€action€plans,€she€referred€to€a€new€programme€of€actionÏthat€had€been€launched€by€the€Prime€Minister.€€The€legislation€of€the€UnitedÏKingdom€did€not€allow€quotas€and€the€emphasis€was€on€ensuring€fair€proceduresÏand€open€opportunities€for€qualified€women.€€In€reply€to€a€question€about€theÏrecruitment€of€women€graduates€in€government€service,€she€said€that€women€wereÏrecruited€at€the€professional€and€administrative€levels.ÌÌ560.à2 .2àConcerning€equal€opportunities€for€women€in€the€police€force€and€in€theÏprobation€service,€the€representative€acknowledged€that€the€police€service€wasÏstill€largely€male,€even€though€real€improvements€had€been€made.€€The€proportionÏof€women€in€the€police€force€was€12.1percent€in€1991€and€the€recruitment€levelÏof€women€was€over€25percent€of€the€total.€€In€the€chief€officer€ranks,€theÏnumber€of€women€had€doubled€in€two€years.€€The€Equal€Opportunities€CommissionÏwas€assisting€the€forces€to€develop€policies€and€practices,€and€all€forces€hadÏpublished€equal€opportunities€policies.€€Development€was€linked€to€servicing€theÏcommunity€representatively€and,€consequently,€successfully.€€Furthermore,€allÏprobation€services€were€required€to€have€equal€opportunities€policies;Ï45percent€of€the€probation€officers€were€women.ÌÌ561.à2 .2àInformation€was€requested€on€cooperation€between€women's€organizations€andÏpolitical€parties,€especially€with€a€view€to€ensuring€that€women's€interestsÏwere€represented€in€politics.€€The€representative€replied€that€women'sÏorganizations€were€active€in€pressuring€the€political€parties€into€includingÏwomen€in€their€activities.€€An€additional€question€was€asked€about€theÏdistribution€of€the€60€women€in€Parliament€among€the€political€parties,€as€wellÏas€on€any€specific€plans€the€parties€might€have€to€attract€more€women€toÏparticipate.€€No€information€was€provided€immediately€to€the€first€question;€asÏto€the€latter€one,€the€representative€said€that€she€understood€that€they€all€hadÏplans.̇€€€€à2 .2àòòArticle€9óóÌÌ562.à2 .2àMembers€asked€about€the€new€Immigration€Act€and€its€purposes€and€whether€itÏrepresented€progressive€legislation€that€would€improve€the€situation€of€women.€ÏThe€representative€replied€that€the€new€legislation€had€been€introduced€toÏsimplify€and€accelerate€decision-making€in€view€of€the€increasing€volume€ofÏapplications€for€asylum.€€Around€20percent€of€the€applicants€were€female€andÏwere€covered€by€equal€opportunities€legislation.ÌÌ563.à2 .2àThe€members€thought€that€the€problem€of€migrant€women€had€not€beenÏaddressed€adequately€in€the€second€periodic€report€and€thought€that€the€subjectÏshould€be€given€more€attention€in€the€next€one.ÌÌ€€€€à2 .2àòòArticle€10óóÌÌ564.à2 .2àWhen€asked€about€elementary-school€curricula€and€whether€they€took€intoÏaccount€the€equal€rights€of€both€sexes,€the€representative€noted€that€theÏintroduction€of€a€national€curriculum€in€schools€ensured€women€equal€access€toÏall€subjects.€€The€national€curriculum€was€also€taken€into€account€inÏindependent€schools.€€Whether€children€attended€single-sex€or€coeducationalÏschools€was,€according€to€the€representative,€a€matter€of€parental€choice.ÌÌ565.à2 .2àRegarding€the€question€whether€sufficient€information€was€provided€inÏschools€on€family€planning€and€on€the€prevention€of€AIDS,€the€representative€Ïsaid€that€the€national€curriculum€included€certain€health€issues,€includingÏaspects€of€sex€education€and€the€HIV€virus.ÌÌ566.à2 .2àWhen€asked€about€the€Government's€response€to€the€low€percentage€of€womenÏin€higher€education,€the€representative€said€that€the€proportion€of€womenÏstudents€had€increased€in€most€of€the€subjects€studied€and€that€there€was€nowÏparity€between€the€numbers€of€men€and€women€entering€higher€education.€€WomenÏaccounted€for€40percent€of€all€postgraduate€students€in€1990,€and€for€aboutÏthree€quarters€of€the€increase€in€the€numbers€enrolling€in€further€educationÏcourses€between€1980-1990.€€Among€the€full-time€academic€staff€at€universities,Ïthe€proportion€of€women€was€21percent.ÌÌ€€€€à2 .2àòòArticle€11óóÌÌ567.à2 .2àReferring€to€a€continuous€rise€in€the€proportion€of€women€in€the€country'sÏworkforce,€members€asked€whether€the€encouragement€given€by€the€GovernmentÏreflected€a€radical€policy€change€towards€the€role€of€women€in€society.€€TheÏrepresentative€answered€that€Government€policy€did€address€changes€in€societyÏand€that€employers€were€increasingly€attracting€and€retaining€female€staff€so€asÏto€achieve€maximum€economic€efficiency.€€Women€were€also€choosingÏself-employment€to€a€greater€extent.€€Improved€and€more€affordable€child€careÏwould€further€contribute€to€the€number€of€women€entering€and€advancing€in€theÏlabour€market.ÌÌ568.à2 .2àRegarding€the€social€consequences€of€converting€military€manufacturingÏfacilities€into€civilian€production€facilities,€the€representative€said€thatÏwomen€were€generally€underrepresented€in€those€industries,€and€that€the€declineÏin€employment€would€therefore€affect€men€more€than€women.ÌÌ569.à2 .2àAnswering€a€question€on€the€effective€implementation€of€the€Equal€Pay€Act,Ïthe€representative€referred€to€a€continuously€narrowing€pay€gap€between€men€andÏwomen.€€She€noted€that,€during€the€period€1986-1991,€almost€3,300equal€payÏclaims€had€been€lodged,€80percent€of€which€had€been€settled€in€favour€of€the€complainant.€€With€regard€to€the€work€evaluation€system,€she€noted€that€the€lawÏwas€complex€-€indeed€the€law€needed€to€be€complex€-€and€that€the€proceduresÏrequired€reports€from€independent€experts.€€It€could€take€time€to€compare€jobsÏproperly€on€the€basis€of€skill,€effort€and€other€criteria.€€Asked€for€Ïinformation€on€the€income€of€both€sexes€in€various€occupations,€she€said€thatÏfigures€for€relative€pay€by€broad€occupation€were€only€available€on€a€comparableÏbasis€up€to€1990.€€From€1984-1990,€the€pay€of€women€in€comparison€to€that€of€menÏhad€risen€in€the€majority€of€occupations.ÌÌ570.à2 .2àCommenting€on€the€narrowing€wage€differential€between€men€and€women,Ïmembers€asked€whether€the€Government€intended€to€expand€its€legislation,€as€theÏprinciple€of€equal€pay€for€equal€work€was€so€far€implemented€only€at€theÏsame-employer€level€and€not€on€the€basis€of€a€comparison€with€other€employers€orÏother€industries,€which€was€the€actual€source€of€the€discrimination.€€TheÏrepresentative€replied€that€a€comparison€was€made€not€only€between€exactly€equalÏwork,€but€also€between€work€of€equal€value€for€the€same€employer;€however,Ïbecause€wage€rates€were€negotiated€with€individual€employers,€a€full€comparisonÏof€wage€rates€across€all€job€levels€between€different€companies€was€notÏpossible.€€The€Committee€stated€that€such€a€comparison€would€be€desirable.ÌÌ571.à2 .2àConcerning€the€reasons€for€women€choosing€part-time€work,€theÏrepresentative€replied€that€the€burden€of€domestic€responsibilities€was€only€oneÏof€the€reasons,€although€it€was€evident€that€women€undertook€a€far€greater€shareÏof€household€tasks.€€Only€22percent€of€couples€shared€tasks€equally,€but€itÏwas€a€matter€to€be€discussed€by€couples€themselves€and€not€for€governmentÏintervention.€€Women€might€choose€part-time€work€in€order€to€participate€inÏother€activities.€€With€regard€to€the€regulation€of€part-time€work,€she€saidÏthat€significant€employment€rights,€including€equal€pay,€legislation€on€sex€andÏrace€discrimination,€regulations€on€health€and€safety€and€the€provision€of€timeÏoff€for€antenatal€care€were€available€to€all€employees.ÌÌ572.à2 .2àAn€additional€question€was€asked€concerning€working€mothers,€especiallyÏthose€working€part€time.€€The€Committee€wanted€to€obtain,€possibly€in€the€thirdÏperiodic€report,€more€information€on€the€sharing€of€work€and€familyÏresponsibilities;€why€women€tended€to€work€part€time;€how€many€men€worked€partÏtime;€the€amount€of€time€that€men€and€women€devoted€to€household€tasks€and€childÏcare;€and€how€the€responsibility€was€shared€of€taking€care€of€elderly€andÏdisabled€adults€who€could€not€manage€for€themselves.€€The€representative€repliedÏthat€opinion€polls€had€revealed€that,€although€men€felt€that€household€dutiesÏshould€be€shared€equally,€in€practice€they€were€not€shared.€€She€said€that€ifÏthose€duties€were€shared€more€equally€women€would€have€a€fairer€chance€ofÏworking€full€time.€€She€said€that€many€family-friendly€policies,€introduced€byÏthe€Government,€had€further€increased€the€numbers€of€women€working€part€time.€ÏThe€policies€were€not€limited€to€the€taking€care€of€children€but€of€otherÏpopulation€groups€as€well.€€Moreover,€the€demands€of€€the€labour€market€hadÏcontributed€to€the€part-time€work€phenomenon.ÌÌ573.à2 .2àWhen€asked€whether€the€State€provided€allowances€for€periods€of€vocationalÏretraining,€the€representative€said€that€there€were€a€number€of€schemesÏsupporting€such€training.€€Government-funded€training€concentrated€onÏschool-leavers€and€the€long-term€unemployed.€€Special€rules€enabled€those€whoÏhad€been€out€of€the€labour€force€for€some€years€to€join€training€schemes;Ï95percent€of€the€returnees€were€women€and€they€received€allowances€during€theÏfree€training.€€Women€might€also€qualify€for€means-tested€mandatory€grants€andÏloans€to€attend€full-time€higher€education€courses€with€a€vocational€element.ÌÌ574.à2 .2àIn€answer€to€the€Committee's€request€for€statistics€on€the€women€employedÏon€an€unremunerated€basis€in€family€businesses,€the€representative€said€that€itÏwas€difficult€to€measure€that€phenomenon€reliably.€€In€the€regular€Labour€ForceÏSurvey€(1992),€there€were€126,000€female€unpaid€workers,€representing€aboutÏ70percent€of€all€unpaid€family€workers.€€When€asked€if€that€work€was€includedÏin€the€gross€national€product,€she€replied€that€the€United€Kingdom€followedÏinternational€conventions€and€definitions€and€recognized€the€difficulties€ofÏvaluing€unpaid€work.ÌÌ575.à2 .2àConcerning€sexual€harassment,€members€asked€about€government€measures€toÏprotect€women's€dignity.€€The€representative€said€that€sexual€harassment€mightÏconstitute€sexual€discrimination€under€the€Sex€Discrimination€Act.€€TheÏGovernment€had€issued€a€booklet€on€the€law,€the€steps€to€be€taken€to€preventÏharassment€and€the€handling€of€complaints.ÌÌ576.à2 .2àAsked€what€percentage€of€working€mothers€and€of€those€wishing€to€work€wereÏable€to€use€child-care€facilities,€the€representative€answered€that€no€data€hadÏbeen€collected€in€the€form€requested.€€Child€care€facilities€were€provided€onÏthe€basis€of€need,€in€the€interests€of€the€welfare€of€the€child.€€AboutÏ70percent€of€children€under€five€years€of€age€were€affected€by€some€form€ofÏchild€care.€€The€Children€Act€should€encourage€expansion€to€meet€local€needs.€ÏMoreover,€the€number€of€private€and€voluntary€day€nurseries€had€been€increasingÏfast.€€A€clear€majority€of€the€women€who€were€not€working€had€a€positiveÏcommitment€to€looking€after€their€children€at€home.ÌÌ577.à2 .2àAsked€about€exceptions€to€the€principle€of€equal€treatment€in€some€socialÏsecurity€matters,€the€representative€said€that€legislation€usually€discriminatedÏin€favour€of€women€and€those€measures€were€to€be€retained.€€In€line€with€its€EECÏtreaty€obligations,€the€United€Kingdom€had€implemented€equality€in€relation€toÏoccupational€pension€schemes.€€In€relation€to€the€age€of€entitlement€to€a€StateÏpension,€the€Government€was€considering€the€matter.€ÌÌ578.à2 .2àIn€response€to€an€additional€question€about€hidden€unemployment€and€the€Ïunrealistically€low€unemployment€rate€of€women,€the€representative€said€that€itÏwas€clear€that€some€women€who€wanted€to€work€did€not€register€themselves€asÏunemployed.€€The€number€was,€however,€very€hard€to€calculate.€€With€regard€toÏwhether€allowances€were€too€low€for€survival,€she€said€that€in€addition€toÏunemployment€benefits,€which€were€a€pure€income-replacement€device,€there€wereÏother€income-related€benefits,€which€were€sufficient€when€they€were€combined.ÌÌ579.à2 .2àMembers€asked€whether€the€Equal€Opportunities€Commission€had€specialÏprovisions€regarding€immigrants,€who€were€usually€more€vulnerable€and€had€lessÏaccess€to€the€labour€market€than€others.€€The€representative€from€the€HomeÏOffice€stated€that€the€Government€was€very€much€aware€of€the€problem€and€of€theÏcultural€barriers€those€people€faced.€€There€were€special€programmes€forÏimmigrants,€who€often€experienced€double€disadvantages.€€In€addition€to€theÏEqual€Opportunities€Commission,€there€was€the€Commission€for€Racial€Equality,Ïwhich€was€responsible€for€enforcing€the€Race€Relations€Act€and€further€promotingÏequal€rights.€€In€addition,€activities€at€the€local€level,€grants€for€trainingÏand€education,€English€teaching,€and€urban€programmes€such€as€Safer€Cities€wereÏdirected€to€immigrants.ÌÌ580.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€women's€participation,€members€asked€whether€the€GovernmentÏintended€to€translate€various€affirmative€action€programmes€into€legislation.€ÏThe€representative€replied€that€the€results€of€programmes€were€being€carefullyÏmonitored,€and€that€much€depended€on€the€goodwill€of€employers€and€their€abilityÏto€recognize€the€benefits€of€fully€utilizing€the€talents€of€women.€€Cooperation€was€the€primary€goal,€and€legislative€measures€were€seen€to€be€useful€only€if€noÏpositive€results€were€otherwise€achieved.ÌÌ581.à2 .2àAsked€whether€discrimination€against€those€who€had€HIV/AIDS€was€prohibited,Ïthe€representative€replied€that€the€mandate€of€the€Equal€OpportunitiesÏCommission€allowed€it€to€pay€attention€only€to€discrimination€based€on€sex,Ïalthough€the€Government€was€very€conscious€of€such€serious€impediments€toÏentering€the€labour€market.ÌÌ€€€€à2 .2àòòArticle€12óóÌÌ582.à2 .2àAsked€about€the€social€considerations€in€setting€a€24-week€limit€in€the€newÏAbortion€Act,€the€representative€replied€that€the€limit€was€medical€and€notÏsocial.€€A€clinical€judgement€of€two€registered€medical€practitioners€wasÏrequired€to€terminate€a€pregnancy.€€Members€asked€about€the€reaction€of€women'sÏorganizations€to€health-care€reform.€€The€representative€said€that€the€reformsÏin€the€National€Health€Service€had€clarified€each€local€authority'sÏresponsibility€to€provide€appropriate€health€care€for€those€within€itsÏjurisdiction.€€The€reaction€had€been€both€favourable€and€less€favourable.€€TheÏGovernment€had,€moreover,€adopted€a€strategy,€consisting€of€five€key€areas€forÏpreventive€action€on€improving€the€health€of€the€country.€€No€answer€wasÏprovided€to€the€question€whether€treatment€institutions€were€maintained€in€theÏsame€way€as€formerly.€€Instead,€information€was€given€on€family€planning.ÌÌ583.à2 .2àConcerning€a€question€on€the€effects€of€HIV/AIDS€on€women€and€on€the€actionÏtaken,€the€representative€said€that,€according€to€the€latest€figures€fromÏSeptember€1992,€there€were€2,174€(12percent)€reported€cases€of€women€with€theÏHIV€virus,€as€against€15,887€reported€cases€of€men,€and€579€(5percent)Ïreported€cases€of€women€with€AIDS,€as€against€9,940€reported€cases€of€men.€ÏAlthough€the€proportion€of€women€was€lower,€the€situation€was€alarming€as€theÏrate€of€increase€for€women€for€both€HIV€and€AIDS€was€higher€than€for€men€overÏthe€previous€years.€€An€amount€of€ð ð200€million€had€been€provided€in€1992/93€forÏboth€preventive€and€treatment€services.€€Preventive€work€included€a€booklet€forÏthose€working€with€HIV/AIDS€and€research€on€drug-using€prostitutes.€€AÏsuggestion€had€been€made€that€health€authorities€should€offer€antibody€testingÏto€all€women€receiving€antenatal€care.€€HIV/AIDS€was€one€of€the€five€priorityÏareas€for€action€in€the€health€promotion€programme€of€the€Government.ÌÌ€€€€à2 .2àòòArticle€14óóÌÌ584.à2 .2àIn€answer€to€a€question€on€the€problem€of€unpaid€labour€in€familyÏbusinesses€in€rural€areas,€the€representative€stated€that€the€proportion€of€paidÏwomen€employees€in€agriculture€had€been€increasing.€€Training€for€women€inÏagriculture€recognized€the€role€of€unpaid€family€members€in€the€administrativeÏand€financial€aspects€of€farm€management.€€In€Northern€Ireland,€a€programme€wasÏbeing€funded€to€assist€women€in€developing€rural€businesses.ÌÌ585.à2 .2àConcerning€the€findings€of€the€research€financed€by€the€Rural€DevelopmentÏCommission€on€women's€employment€in€rural€areas,€the€representative€said€thatÏthe€study€highlighted€problems€-€low€pay,€lack€of€services,€poor€transportationÏand€housing€-€and€suggested€innovative€local€solutions€to€them.€€TransportationÏhad€been€deregulated€and€subsidies€provided€for€services€that€were€sociallyÏnecessary.€€Training€for€work€in€rural€areas€was€supported€by€the€CommissionÏwith€locally€based€Training€and€Enterprise€Councils€and€community€councils.ÌÌÔ&  Ô€€€€à2 .2àòòArticle€16óóÌÌ586.à2 .2àAsked€about€Government€measures€to€ensure€that€family€responsibilities€wereÏcarried€out,€considering€the€high€number€of€single-parent€families,€theÏÔ'  ÔCommittee€was€informed€that€17percent€of€families€with€dependent€children€wereÏsingle-parent€families.€€The€Child€Support€Act€of€1991,€and€equivalentÏlegislation€in€Northern€Ireland,€was€intended€to€provide€a€consistent€and€fairÏapproach€to€child€maintenance€through€administrative€procedures€rather€than€theÏcourts.€€The€Act€would€provide€an€income€to€single€parents.ÌÌ587.à2 .2àRegarding€the€impact€on€children€of€the€high€incidence€of€free€unions€andÏseparation,€the€representative€said€that€consideration€was€being€given€toÏreforming€the€divorce€law€to€require€conciliation€before€granting€divorce.€€TheÏsmooth€transition€of€and€assurance€of€continuity€for€responsibilities€forÏchildren€were€the€main€purposes€of€conciliation,€and€it€might€also€lead€toÏreconciliation.€€In€addition,€the€Government€supported€the€work€of€marriageÏguidance€councils.ÌÌ588.à2 .2àThe€Committee€pointed€to€the€trend€of€family€dissolution€and€wanted€to€knowÏif€it€was€a€deliberate€trend,€if€there€had€been€any€surveys€about€it€and€whatÏwas€the€position€of€the€Government.€€In€her€reply,€the€representative€said€thatÏthere€seemed€to€be€a€trend€towards€an€increase€in€the€number€of€single-personÏhouseholds€and€that€it€reflected€a€person's€free€choice.€€Additional€informationÏon€that€matter€could€be€provided€in€the€next€periodic€report€if€the€Committee€soÏrequested.ÌÌòòConcluding€observationsóóÌÌ589.à2 .2àThe€Committee€remarked€that,€irrespective€of€the€development€status€of€aÏcountry,€women€seemed€to€encounter€obstacles€to€the€full€enjoyment€of€theirÏrights.€€Members€stated€that€women€in€developed€countries€faced€new€types€ofÏproblems,€related€to€entry€to€the€labour€market,€professional€skills,€part-timeÏwork€and€violence,€which€was€a€most€serious€concern.€€Therefore,€although€aÏgreat€deal€had€been€accomplished€in€the€United€Kingdom,€there€was€still€room€forÏimprovement.ÌÌÌÇÝ ƒÿÝÔ UK ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÑ\R3Ø'\ÑÑ X ÑÑ À ÑÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓ…+ÓÔ€ôôôÔÔO€<þ6X9`("Courier 12cpiOÔÓ(€  $(ÓØØÖ€*ÖÖ€ÖÓ882^ ÓÝ  ÝÓ ÿÿ¤˜ð ÓÓÿÿ,  ð Óà@ì .làIV.€€CONTRIBUTIONS€OF€THE€COMMITTEE€TO€INTERNATIONAL€CONFERENCESˆÌÌ590.à, .,àThe€Committee€considered€the€question€of€its€contributions€to€internationalÏconferences€(agenda€item€9)€at€its€211th,€213th€and€214th€meetings,€on€19,€20Ïand€21€January.ÌÌÌà@ì .ä àA.€€òòInternational€Year€of€the€FamilyóóˆÌÌ591.à, .,àThe€Director€of€the€Social€Development€Division,€who€was€also€theÏCoordinator€for€the€International€Year€of€the€Family,€described€the€activitiesÏbeing€carried€out€in€preparation€for€the€Year€(1994),€had€been€proclaimed€by€theÏGeneral€Assembly€in€its€resolution€44/82.€€The€main€problem€was€to€find€theÏresources€to€finance€those€activities.€€With€regard€to€national-levelÏpreparations,€some€90€countries€had€contributed€information€on€their€nationalÏcoordination€efforts.€€At€the€regional€level,€he€said€that€there€were€plans€toÏhold€four€preparatory€meetings;€namely,€at€Tunis€(29March-2€April€1993)€forÏArab€and€African€States;€at€Valletta€(26-30April1993)€for€European€and€NorthÏAmerican€States;€in€Beijing€(24-28May1993)€for€the€region€covering€Asia€andÏthe€Pacific;€and€at€Cartagena€(9-14August1993)€for€the€Latin€American€andÏCaribbean€region.€€There€would€also€be€a€world€non-governmental€organizationÏforum€at€Valletta€from€28€November€to€2December1993.ÌÌ592.à, .,àHe€indicated€that,€especially€at€the€start€of€the€preparatory€process,Ïconcern€had€been€expressed€about€the€Year,€including€whether€it€would€reinforceÏtraditional€distinctions€in€sex€roles;€whether€it€might€lead€to€a€singleÏnormative€model€for€the€family;€and€whether€there€would€be€more€emphasis€on€theÏrights€of€families€than€on€their€responsibilities.€€He€added€that€the€CommitteeÏcould€contribute€a€great€deal€to€the€Year€by€making€a€general€recommendation€toÏthe€States€parties€concerning€the€Year.€€He€believed€that€such€a€generalÏrecommendation€would€be€proper€and€effective,€especially€if€States€parties€wereÏasked€to€include€in€their€reports€how€they€had€incorporated€the€objectives€andÏprinciples€of€the€Year€in€their€implementation€of€the€Convention.€€He€statedÏthat,€in€relation€to€articles€9,€15€and€16€of€the€Convention,€the€secretariatÏfor€the€Year€was€ready€to€publicize€the€work€of€the€Committee,€either€byÏsupporting€a€small€meeting€of€experts€or€by€preparing€a€publication.ÌÌ593.à, .,àThe€Committee€noted€with€appreciation€the€level€and€quality€of€theÏpreparations€for€the€Year.€€In€the€ensuing€discussion,€concern€was€expressedÏthat,€in€many€societies,€the€family€was€facing€pressure€on€account€of€economicÏand€social€problems,€including€drugs€and€crime.€€It€was€noted€that,€in€someÏcountries,€focus€was€placed€on€the€elimination€of€discrimination€within€theÏfamily€between€boys€and€girls€and€on€the€role€of€women€in€educating€theÏchildren.€€Violence€in€the€family€was€a€priority€issue,€as€well€as€the€role€ofÏthe€State€in€protecting€abused€children.ÌÌ594.à, .,àOn€the€recommendation€of€working€group€I,€the€Committee€decided€that€itsÏcontribution€to€the€International€Year€of€the€Family€would€be€a€generalÏrecommendation€on€article€16€and€related€articles€9€and€15,€as€agreed€at€theÏeleventh€session.€òò16óó/ÌÌÌà@ì .ä àB.€€òòFourth€World€Conference€on€WomenóóˆÌÌ595.à, .,àThe€representative€of€the€Secretary-General€informed€the€Committee€of€theÏwork€of€the€Commission€on€the€Status€of€Women€and€its€contribution€to€the€FourthÏWorld€Conference€on€Women:€€Action€for€Equality,€Development€and€Peace,€to€be€held€in€Beijing€from€4€to€15€September€1995.€€He€stated€that,€at€itsÏthirty-sixth€session,€the€Commission€had€already€defined€the€organizationalÏelements€of€the€Conference,€and€had€decided€that€the€members€of€the€CommitteeÏwould€be€invited€to€attend€the€Conference.€€He€also€mentioned€the€preparation€ofÏthe€compendium€on€the€implementation€of€the€Convention,€a€document€firstÏprepared€for€the€World€Conference€to€Review€and€Appraise€the€Achievements€of€theÏUnited€Nations€Decade€for€Women:€€Equality,€Development€and€Peace,€held€atÏNairobi€from€15€to€26€July€1985,€which€would€analyse€the€history€of€women'sÏrights€since€the€founding€of€the€United€Nations€as€well€as€specific€articles€ofÏthe€Convention.òò17óó/€€He€said€that€the€draft€would€be€prepared€by€the€SecretariatÏand€could€be€available€for€comments€by€the€Committee€in€1995.€€The€CommitteeÏrequested€the€Secretariat€to€provide€it,€for€its€review€at€its€thirteenthÏsession,€with€an€outline€of€the€draft€of€the€updated€compendium€on€theÏimplementation€of€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€ofÏDiscrimination€against€Women;€it€further€requested€that€the€draft€compendiumÏshould€be€submitted€to€it€at€its€fourteenth€session,€so€that€its€comments€couldÏbe€included€in€the€final€version.ÌÌÌà@ì .˜àC.€€òòInternational€Conference€on€Population€and€DevelopmentóóˆÌÌ596.à, .,àA€member€of€the€Secretariat€informed€the€Committee€about€preparations€forÏthe€International€Conference€on€Population€and€Development,€to€be€held€at€CairoÏfrom€5€to€13September€1994.€€He€stressed€that€it€had€been€the€trend€in€the€lastÏtwo€years€to€pay€considerable€attention€to€women's€issues.€€He€described€theÏobjectives€of€the€Conference€and€also€the€efforts€of€the€six€expert€groupÏmeetings€to€be€held€prior€to€the€Conference.€€In€addition,€he€informed€theÏCommittee€that€papers€would€emerge€from€each€regional€meeting,€stressing€women'sÏdimensions€as€well€as€gender€dimensions,€to€enable€the€Conference€to€deal€withÏissues€related€to€health,€environment,€demography,€economic€development,€familyÏplanning,€migration€and€poverty€that€had€been€overlooked€in€the€past.ÌÌ597.à, .,àOn€the€recommendation€of€Working€Group€I,€the€Committee€decided€to€prepareÏa€special€recommendation€at€its€thirteenth€session€as€a€contribution€to€theÏInternational€Conference€on€Population€and€Development€and€that€the€SecretariatÏshould€provide€members€of€the€Committee€with€information€about€the€preparationsÏfor€that€Conference,€if€possible€in€advance.ÌÌÌà@ì .ä àD.€€òòWorld€Conference€on€Human€RightsóóˆÌÌ598.à, .,àThe€Committee€considered€its€contribution€to€the€World€Conference€on€HumanÏRights,€to€be€held€at€Vienna€from€14€to€25€June€1993,€and,€at€its€230thmeeting,Ïon€4€February€1993,€adopted€a€suggestion€concerning€the€ConferenceÏ(suggestion4).€€For€the€text,€see€chapter€I,€section€A.ÌÌÌà@ì .N àE.€€òòWorld€Summit€for€Social€DevelopmentóóˆÌÌ599.à, .,àOn€the€recommendation€of€Working€Group€I,€the€Committee€decided€to€requestÏthe€Secretariat€to€provide€it,€at€its€thirteenth€session,€with€information€onÏpreparations€for€the€World€Summit€for€Social€Development,€which€the€GeneralÏAssembly€had€decided€to€convene€in€1995€(resolution€47/92)€and€to€considerÏòòóópreparing€an€appropriate€contribution€to€the€Summit€at€its€thirteenth€session,Ïin€1994,€or€its€fourteenth€session,€in€1995.ÌÇ€€€€€€€€€V.€€CONSIDERATION€OF€THE€REPORT€OF€THE€FOURTH€MEETING€OF€PERSONSÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€CHAIRING€THE€HUMAN€RIGHTS€TREATY€BODIES€AND€ACTION€TAKEN€BYÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€THE€GENERAL€ASSEMBLY€CONCERNING€TREATY€BODIESÌÌÌ600.à, .,àAt€its€211th€meeting,€on€19€January,€the€Committee€considered€the€report€ofÏthe€fourth€meeting€of€persons€chairing€the€human€rights€treaty€bodies€convenedÏpursuant€to€General€Assembly€resolution€46/111€of€17December1991€(A/47/628)Ïand€the€action€taken€by€the€General€Assembly€in€its€resolution47/111€(agendaÏitem8).ÌÌ601.à, .,àThe€Chairperson€of€the€tenth€and€eleventh€sessions,€Mervat€Tallawy,€who€hadÏrepresented€the€Committee€at€the€fourth€meeting,€and€who€had€been€elected€toÏchair€that€meeting,€said€that€two€important€items€had€been€discussed,€namely,€aÏreview€of€recent€developments€relating€to€the€work€of€the€treaty€bodies€and€theÏfollow-up€to€the€conclusions€and€recommendations€adopted€at€the€third€meeting.€ÏMatters€requiring€special€consideration€included€the€general€situation€ofÏoverdue€reports;€the€identification€of€possible€technical€assistance€projects;Ïthe€question€of€reservations€to€human€rights€instruments;€the€comments€andÏrecommendations€forwarded€to€the€Preparatory€Committee€for€the€World€ConferenceÏon€Human€Rights;€and€developments€relating€to€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights,Ïincluding€support€for€the€work€of€the€treaty€bodies.€€She€described€theÏconclusions€and€recommendations€that€had€been€included€in€the€report€transmittedÏto€the€General€Assembly,€including€those€related€to€moving€the€organizationalÏlocation€of€servicing€for€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€DiscriminationÏagainst€Women€to€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights.ÌÌ602.à, .,àResponding€to€a€question,€Ms.€Tallawy€stated€that€the€provisional€agendaÏfor€the€World€Conference€on€Human€Rights,€adopted€by€the€General€Assembly€in€itsÏresolution€47/122,€covered€the€human€rights€of€both€men€and€women.€€In€theÏensuing€discussion,€a€member€suggested€that€the€extensive€work€undertaken€by€theÏCommittee,€particularly€relating€to€violence€against€women,€should€beÏincorporated€into€the€Committee's€recommendation€to€be€submitted€to€theÏConference.ÌÌ603.à, .,àWith€regard€to€reservations€to€the€Convention,€one€member€noted€that€otherÏtreaty€bodies€also€had€the€same€problem€concerning€the€number€of€reservationsÏbut€she€was€concerned€about€the€large€number€of€reservations€that€had€been€madeÏto€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€Discrimination€againstÏWomen.€€She€wanted€to€know€whether€the€Committee€could€take€the€matter€ofÏreservations€to€the€Convention€to€the€International€Court€of€Justice.€€In€reply,ÏMs.€Tallawy€noted€that€the€matter€of€the€reservations€would€have€to€be€taken€toÏthe€Court€through€the€General€Assembly.€€However,€she€observed€that€it€would€beÏunwise€to€take€the€matter€to€the€Court€separately€and€the€Assembly€would€be€moreÏlikely€to€refer€it€to€the€Court€if€the€question€of€reservations€had€been€raisedÏby€all€the€human€rights€treaty€bodies€jointly.ÌÌ604.à, .,àAfter€examining€the€report€of€the€fourth€meeting€of€persons€chairing€humanÏrights€treaty€bodies,€the€Committee€considered€a€recommendation€made€at€thatÏmeeting.€€After€some€discussion,€and€bearing€in€mind€the€lack€of€communicationÏbetween€the€various€treaty€bodies,€the€Committee€decided,€at€its€230th€meeting,Ïon€4€February,€that€immediately€following€each€session€a€summary€of€that€sessionÏshould€be€prepared€by€the€Chairperson€of€the€Committee.€€That€summary€should€beÏsent€to€the€persons€chairing€other€treaty€bodies.€€General€recommendations€andÏsuggestions€adopted€by€the€Committee€should€be€annexed€to€the€summary.ÌÌ605.à, .,àIn€addition,€the€report€on€each€session€should€be€sent,€as€soon€asÏpossible,€to€the€persons€chairing€other€treaty€bodies,€for€their€information.ÌÌÇà@ì .fàVI.€€WAYS€AND€MEANS€OF€EXPEDITING€THE€WORK€OF€THE€COMMITTEEˆÌÌÌ606.à, .,àThe€Committee€considered€ways€and€means€of€expediting€its€work€(agendaÏitem7)€at€its€210th€and€211th€meetings,€on€19January.ÌÌ607.à, .,àA€representative€of€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights€informed€the€Committee€thatÏthe€Centre€serviced€six€out€of€seven€major€human€rights€treaty€and€monitoringÏbodies,€namely,€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Racial€Discrimination,€whichÏwas€responsible€for€monitoring€the€International€Convention€on€the€EliminationÏof€All€Forms€of€Racial€Discrimination€(General€Assembly€resolution€2106€A€(XX),Ïannex);€the€Committee€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights,€which€wasÏresponsible€for€monitoring€the€International€Covenant€on€Economic,€SocialÏandCultural€Rights€(resolution2200A€(XXI),€annex);€theHuman€RightsÏCommittee,€which€was€responsible€for€monitoring€the€International€Covenant€onÏCivil€and€Political€Rights€(resolution€2200A€(XXI),€annex);€the€so-called€GroupÏof€Three,€which€was€responsible€for€monitoring€the€International€Convention€onÏthe€Suppression€and€Punishment€of€the€Crime€of€Apartheid€(resolutionÏ3068(XXVIII),€annex);€the€Committee€against€Torture,€which€was€responsible€forÏmonitoring€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€DegradingÏTreatment€or€Punishment€(resolution€39/46,€annex)€and€the€Committee€on€theÏRights€of€the€Child,€which€was€responsible€for€monitoring€the€Convention€on€theÏRights€of€the€Child€(resolution€44/25,€annex).ÌÌ608.à, .,àAlthough€the€International€Convention€on€the€Protection€of€the€Rights€ofÏAll€Migrant€Workers€and€Members€of€Their€Families€(General€AssemblyÏresolution45/158,€annex)€had€been€adopted,€no€committee€had€yet€beenÏestablished€to€monitor€its€implementation.ÌÌ609.à, .,àShe€informed€the€Committee€that€those€conventions€had€been€ratified€byÏbetween€70€and€132€States€parties.€€With€the€increase€in€the€number€of€StatesÏparties,€the€work€of€the€treaty€bodies€and€the€Secretariat€had€increased.ÌÌ610.à, .,àThe€number€of€members€of€the€monitoring€bodies€of€those€treaties€rangedÏfrom€10€to€18.€€The€Committee€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights€and€theÏHuman€Rights€Committee€had€more€members€while€the€Committee€against€Torture€andÏthe€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€had€fewer€members.ÌÌ611.à, .,àWith€regard€to€the€mandates€of€the€treaty€bodies,€she€explained€that€theÏmajor€principle€was€the€periodic€examination€of€States€parties'€reports.€ÏHowever,€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Racial€Discrimination,€the€HumanÏRights€Committee€and€the€Committee€against€Torture€had€an€additional€mandate€inÏthat€it€was€possible€for€individuals€to€make€complaints,€if€States€parties€hadÏacceded€to€an€optional€protocol€or€had€made€a€declaration€under€a€specificÏarticle€of€the€convention€concerned.€€In€the€case€of€the€International€CovenantÏon€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€for€example,€67€of€the€115€ratifying€States€hadÏaccepted€that€procedure.€€In€the€Committee€on€Economic,€Social€and€CulturalÏRights,€where€the€individual€complaints€procedure€did€not€exist,€considerationÏhad€been€given€to€formulating€an€optional€protocol€on€some€of€the€rights€underÏthe€Covenant.€€The€Group€of€Three€met€every€two€years€as€a€body€designated€byÏthe€Chairman€of€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights€from€among€States€that€were€atÏthe€same€time€both€members€of€that€Commission€and€parties€to€the€InternationalÏConvention€on€the€Suppression€and€Punishment€of€the€Crime€of€Apartheid.ÌÌ612.à, .,àThe€Committee€against€Torture€was€empowered€to€send€one€or€more€of€itsÏmembers€to€countries€where€incidences€of€torture€were€alleged€to€be€taking€placeÏto€investigate€and€report€back€to€that€Committee.̇613.à, .,àShe€informed€the€Committee€that€one€proposal,€made€by€the€Centre€for€HumanÏRights,€for€making€the€work€of€the€reporting€States€easier€was€to€establishÏconsolidated€guidelines€for€the€initial€part€of€periodic€reports.€€In€that€way,Ïa€reporting€State€would€be€required€to€submit€general€information€on€its€landÏand€people€and€its€constitutional€and€legislative€provisions€in€regard€to€theÏsubject€in€question€only€once.€€That€would€constitute€the€so-called€coreÏdocument,€which€would€be€circulated€whenever€the€country€submitted€a€specificÏreport€so€that€the€information€would€not€have€to€be€repeated€each€time.ÌÌ614.à, .,àWith€regard€to€the€problem€of€the€non-compliance€of€States€parties€withÏtheir€reporting€obligations,€she€said€that€various€solutions€were€beingÏconsidered.€€One€procedure€was€for€the€Secretary-General€to€send€a€formalÏreminder€to€the€State€party€concerned,€inviting€it€to€submit€a€report;€anotherÏprocedure€was€to€designate€one€or€more€members€of€the€Committee€to€contact€theÏpermanent€representative€of€the€State€party€concerned€in€order€to€find€out€theÏreasons€for€the€delay.€€The€practice€of€the€Committee€on€Economic,€Social€andÏCultural€Rights€was€to€mention€the€defaulting€States€at€the€beginning€of€itsÏreports,€so€that€their€names€would€be€known€in€the€Economic€and€Social€Council.ÌÌ615.à, .,àWith€regard€to€information€from€non-governmental€organizations,€a€number€ofÏtreaty€bodies€had€initially€hesitated€to€include€material€from€thoseÏorganizations€in€their€reports,€but€the€present€trend€was€to€solicit€their€inputÏand€the€fourth€meeting€of€persons€chairing€the€human€rights€treaty€bodies€hadÏfound€that€the€information€from€non-governmental€organizations€was€very€useful.ÌÌ616.à, .,àThe€Chairperson€said€that€the€information€provided€on€the€procedures€ofÏother€treaty€bodies€would€be€very€useful€for€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€ofÏDiscrimination€against€Women,€particularly€in€terms€of€the€importance€attachedÏto€information€provided€by€non-governmental€organizations.€€She€asked€whetherÏother€treaty€bodies€were€able€to€inform€Governments€officially€that€they€hadÏreceived€such€information€on€specific€matters.€€The€representative€of€the€CentreÏfor€Human€Rights€said€that€the€information€from€non-governmental€organizationsÏwas€usually€received€in€written€form.ÌÌ617.à, .,àAnother€member€observed€that€certain€countries€had€made€reservations€whenÏratifying€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€DiscriminationÏagainst€Women€but€had€ratified€the€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€RightsÏwithout€any€reservations.€€She€asked€how€the€Human€Rights€Committee€dealt€withÏthat€situation€and€whether€the€Secretariat€brought€the€matter€to€the€attentionÏof€its€members.€€In€reply€to€the€question€on€reservations,€the€representative€ofÏthe€Centre€for€Human€Rights€said€that€the€Human€Rights€Committee€usuallyÏrestricted€its€questioning€to€reservations€to€the€Covenant€on€Civil€andÏPolitical€Rights.€€It€asked€searching€questions€about€the€reasons€for€theÏreservations€and€their€exact€content€and€whether€the€State€party€intended€toÏwithdraw€them€at€a€later€stage.€€She€explained€that€nearly€all€the€treaty€bodiesÏprepared€lists€of€questions€to€which€the€representatives€of€States€partiesÏreplied.ÌÌ618.à, .,àIn€response€to€a€question€on€the€role€of€women€in€other€human€rights€treatyÏbodies,€the€representative€of€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights€informed€the€CommitteeÏthat€women€were€not€highly€represented.€€However,€3€of€the€18€members€of€theÏHuman€Rights€Committee,€6€of€the€18€members€of€the€Committee€on€Economic,€SocialÏand€Cultural€Rights€and€4€of€the€10€members€of€the€Committee€on€the€Rights€ofÏthe€Child€were€women.ÌÌ619.à, .,àIn€expressing€her€wish€for€the€improvement€of€the€Committee€on€theÏElimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women,€one€member€wanted€it€to€be€placed€on€record€that€she€understood€that€the€United€Nations€was€facing€financialÏconstraints€and,€at€the€same€time,€wished€to€know€what€languages€the€otherÏcommittees€were€using.€€She€stressed€that€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€ofÏDiscrimination€against€Women€was€treated€differently€from€other€committees.€ÏFurthermore,€she€was€concerned€because€the€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€the€ChildÏheld€two€sessions€a€year,€each€of€two€weeks'€duration,€whereas€the€Committee€onÏthe€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women€met€only€once€a€year,€usuallyÏfor€two€weeks,€with€the€exception€of€the€present€and€the€following€sessions.ÌÌÌà@ì .ÐàòòAction€taken€by€the€Committee€on€the€report€of€Working€Group€IóóˆÌÌ620.à, .,àAt€its€229th€and€230th€meetings,€on€4€February,€the€Committee€consideredÏthe€report€of€Working€Group€I.ÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€1.€€òòMatters€relating€to€the€organization€of€the€thirteenthóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòsession€and€subsequent€sessions€of€the€CommitteeóóÌÌòòDate€and€duration€of€the€thirteenth€sessionóóÌÌ621.à, .,àBearing€in€mind€that€the€General€Assembly,€in€its€resolution€47/94,Ïsupported€the€Committee's€request€for€additional€meeting€time€and€requested€thatÏthe€Committee's€twelfth€and€thirteenth€sessions€should€be€of€three€weeks'Ïduration,€the€Committee€decided,€on€the€recommendation€of€the€Working€Group,€toÏhold€its€thirteenth€session€in€New€York€from€17€January€to€4€February€1994,Ïpreceded€by€one€week€of€meetings€of€a€pre-session€working€group.ÌÌ622.à, .,àIn€view€of€the€continuing€backlog€in€the€consideration€of€reports,€theÏCommittee€requested€that€its€fourteenth€and€fifteenth€sessions€should€also€be€ofÏthree€weeks'€duration,€preceded€by€one€week€of€meetings€of€a€pre-session€workingÏgroup.€€As€the€General€Assembly€had€supported€the€request€of€the€Committee€forÏadditional€meeting€time,€the€Secretariat€explained€that€the€renewed€request€forÏa€session€of€three€weeks'€duration€would€have€no€extra€programme€budgetÏimplications.ÌÌòòPre-session€working€groupóóÌÌ623.à, .,àAfter€consultations€among€experts€belonging€to€the€regional€groupsÏconcerned,€the€Committee€decided€that€the€pre-session€working€group€for€theÏthirteenth€session€should€consist€of€the€following€members€and€alternates:ÌÌÓ ÿÿ@DÓ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòMemberóó€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòAlternateóóÌÌà@ .@àCarlota€Bustelo€Garca€del€RealàD .DàPirkko€Anneli€Mkinen€(Finland)Ìà@ .@à(Spain)ÌÌà@ .@àNorma€Monica€Forde€(Barbados)àD .DàDora€Bravo€Nuez€de€Ramsey€Ìà@ .@ààD .Dà(Ecuador)ÌÌà@ .@àSalma€Khan€(Bangladesh)àD .DàLin€Shangzhen€(China)ÌÌà@ .@àTatiana€Nikolaeva€(Russian€Federation)àD .DàZagorka€Ilic€(Yugoslavia)ÌÌ€à@ .@àAhoua€Ouedraogo€(Burkina€Faso)àD .DàEmna€Aouij€(Tunisia)ÌÌÌÓ ÿÿ¤DÓòòÓ882^ ÓReports€to€be€considered€at€the€thirteenth€sessionóóÌÌ624.à2 .2àThe€Committee€decided€to€consider€at€its€thirteenth€session€a€total€of€sixÏinitial€reports,€six€second€periodic€reports€and€two€third€periodic€reports,Ïbased€on€the€criteria€of€order€of€receipt,€geographical€representation€at€aÏgiven€session,€and€interest€expressed€by€Governments.€€The€reserve€list€ofÏcountries€that€were€to€present€reports,€in€the€event€that€any€of€those€selectedÏdecided€not€to€present€their€reports,€should€consist€of€all€other€States€partiesÏwhose€reports€were€pending,€in€order€of€their€receipt.€€Countries€on€the€reserveÏlist€should€also€be€notified€by€the€Secretariat€immediately€after€the€completionÏof€the€twelfth€session€of€the€possible€request€that€they€present€their€reportsÏat€the€thirteenth€session,€indicating€their€order€on€the€reserve€list.€€AlthoughÏthe€Secretariat€had€received€the€report€of€Australia€earlier,€one€memberÏconsidered€that€the€report€of€New€Zealand€ought€to€be€selected€for€considerationÏat€the€thirteenth€session€because€of€the€particular€impact€the€considerationÏwould€have€in€that€country€in€view€of€the€celebration€of€a€national€eventÏdealing€with€women.ÌÌ625.à2 .2àAccordingly,€the€following€list€of€States€parties€whose€initial,€second€orÏthird€periodic€reports€were€selected€for€consideration€was€drawn€up:ÌÓ ÿÿtœÓÌòòóó€€€€€€€€€òòInitial€reportóóàt .tàòòSecond€periodic€reportóóàœ .œàòòThird€periodic€reportóóÌÌÓ ÿÿ¸¨Ó€€€€€Guatemalaภ.¸àBarbadosਠ.¨àEcuador*ÌÌ€€€€€Guyanaภ.¸àColombiaਠ.¨àNorwayÌÌ€€€€€Libyan€Arab€Jamahiriyaภ.¸àEcuador*ÌÌ€€€€€Madagascarภ.¸àJapanÌÌ€€€€€Netherlandsภ.¸àNew€ZealandÌÌ€€€€€Zambiaภ.¸àSenegalÌÌ€€€€€________________________ÌÌÓ882^ Óà02 .2à€€€€€*à . àThe€initial€and€second€periodic€reports€of€Ecuador€would€beÏconsidered€together.ÌÌ626.€The€following€list€of€States€parties€whose€initial,€second€or€thirdÏperiodic€reports€were€selected€for€inclusion€in€the€reserve€list€was€drawn€up:ÌÌÓ ÿÿ¸pÓ€€€€€€€€€òòInitial€reportóó€€€€òòSecond€periodic€reportóó€€€òòThird€periodic€reportóóÌÌ€€€€€Boliviaภ.¸àArgentinaàp .pàCanadaÌÌ€€€€€Chileภ.¸àAustraliaàp .pàHungaryÌÌ€€€€€Mauritiusภ.¸àCubaàp .pàPhilippinesÌÌ€€€€€Paraguayภ.¸àPeruàp .pàUkraineÌÌ€€€€€Saint€Vincent€andÌ€€€€€the€GrenadinesÌÌ€€€€€UgandȧÓ ÿÿ¤˜ð Ó€€€€€€€€€€€€€2.€€òòWays€and€means€of€improving€the€effectiveness€of€theÌóó€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòCommittee€óóòòin€considering€reports€of€States€partiesóóÌÌÓ882^ ÓÓ882 Ó627.à2 .2àThe€Committee€adopted€the€decisions€set€out€below€in€order€to€improve€theÏefficiency€of€its€work€within€available€resources€and€the€provisions€of€theÏConvention.ÌÌòòProcedures€for€ensuring€that€States€parties€present€their€reportsóóÌÌ628.à2 .2àIt€was€decided€to€set€1€September€of€the€year€preceding€the€session€as€aÏformal€deadline€by€which€date€a€State€party€that€had€been€selected€by€theÏCommittee€to€present€its€report€should€give€its€agreement€in€writing,€preferablyÏby€fax.€€Any€additional€written€information€to€be€given€to€the€Committee€shouldÏalso€be€provided€by€1€September.€€If€no€written€confirmation€had€been€receivedÏby€1€September,€it€was€to€be€assumed€that€the€State€party€did€not€wish€toÏpresent€its€report€at€the€following€session€and€a€State€party€on€the€reserveÏlist,€in€order€of€receipt€of€reports,€should€then€be€requested€to€present€itsÏreport€instead.€€The€State€party€on€the€reserve€list€should€be€requested€toÏprovide€its€agreement€in€writing€by€15€September,€also€by€fax.ÌÌ629.à2 .2àLetters€inviting€States€parties€to€present€their€reports€and€indicating€theÏdeadlines€should€be€issued€by€the€Secretariat€immediately€after€the€Committee'sÏsession.€€Letters€to€States€parties€on€the€reserve€list€should€also€be€issuedÏimmediately€after€the€session€and€should€indicate€the€procedures€to€be€followedÏand€the€State's€position€on€the€reserve€list.ÌÌòòSubstitution€of€outdated€reportsóóÌÌ630.à2 .2àThe€Committee€decided€that€States€parties€should€be€offered€the€opportunityÏof€providing€a€revised€or€new€report€for€the€report(s)€already€submitted,€if€theÏnational€situation€had€changed€sufficiently€to€warrant€the€substitution.€€InÏthat€case,€members€would€review€only€the€revised€or€new€report€and€wouldÏdisregard€the€report(s)€thus€qualified€by€the€State€party€as€being€outdated.€ÏConsidering€that,€at€the€twelfth€session,€reports€had€reached€the€Secretariat€atÏa€very€late€date,€it€was€decided€that€the€deadline€of€1€September€would€apply€toÏthe€receipt€of€any€new€material,€and€that€any€new€information€received€afterÏthat€date€would€not€be€processed.ÌÌòòImproving€the€circulation€of€relevant€materialóóÌÌ631.à2 .2àIn€view€of€the€general€six-week€rule€governing€the€distribution€ofÏpre-session€documents€for€any€United€Nations€meeting,€by€which€time€allÏdocuments€had€to€be€ready€for€issuance€to€all€the€participants,€it€was€decidedÏthat€all€pre-session€documentation€for€a€session€should€reach€the€members€noÏlater€than€four€weeks€before€the€date€that€the€session€was€due€to€begin.€€It€wasÏalso€decided€that€the€Secretariat€should€take€steps€to€ensure€that€core€reportsÏand€other€human€rights€documents€of€general€interest€were€sent€to€the€membersÏdirectly€by€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights,€as€soon€as€they€had€been€issued.ÌÌòòÇSecretariat€report€on€ways€and€means€of€improving€the€effectiveness€of€theóóÏòòCommittee€in€considering€the€reports€of€States€partiesóóÌÌ632.à2 .2àThe€Committee€decided€that€the€Secretariat€should€prepare€every€year,€as€aÏpre-session€document,€a€report€on€ways€and€means€of€improving€the€work€of€theÏCommittee,€containing€all€the€information€that€the€Secretariat€believed€wasÏnecessary€for€the€consideration€of€the€item,€arising€from€the€Secretariat'sÏexperience€from€the€previous€year,€the€comments€made€by€members€to€theÏSecretariat,€or€developments€elsewhere€in€the€human€rights€regime.€€It€shouldÏalso€contain€a€list€of€States€parties€whose€reports€could€be€considered€at€theÏsubsequent€session€according€to€geographical€representation€and€order€ofÏreceipt.ÌÌòòReview€of€the€rules€of€procedureóóÌÌ633.à2 .2àTaking€into€account€the€fact€that€the€Committee's€rules€of€procedure€hadÏbeen€drafted€in€1981,€that€over€the€years€its€workload€had€increased€and€certainÏworking€methods€had€been€adopted€to€expedite€its€work,€the€Committee€decided€toÏreview€its€rules€of€procedure.ÌÇà@ì .Ä àVII.€€IMPLEMENTATION€OF€ARTICLE€21€OF€THE€CONVENTIONˆÌÌÌ634.à2 .2àThe€Committee€considered€the€implementation€of€article€21€of€the€ConventionÏ(agenda€item€6)€at€its€210th€and€213th€meetings,€on€19€and€20€January.ÌÌ635.à2 .2àIn€order€to€improve€and€facilitate€its€preparation€of€generalÏrecommendations€based€on€the€consideration€of€reports€submitted€by€StatesÏparties€under€article€18€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€had€agreed€atÏitseleventh€session€òòóóthat€it€would€prepare€draft€general€comments€on€individualÏarticles€of€the€Convention€for€consideration€at€its€twelfth€session.òò18óó/€€TheÏSecretariat€had€been€asked€to€prepare€and€coordinate€additional€material€onÏarticles€of€the€Convention,€including€material€from€other€United€Nations€bodiesÏand€non-governmental€organizations,€and€to€submit€it€to€members€of€the€CommitteeÏearly€enough€to€be€considered€by€them€in€drafting€general€comments.ÌÌ636.à2 .2àThe€Secretary€of€the€Committee€introduced€the€background€report€of€theÏSecretariat€for€the€Committee's€analysis€of€article€16€and€other€articles€of€theÏConvention€related€to€the€family€(CEDAW/C/1993/4€and€Corr.1),€and€noted€thatÏarticle16€was€closely€related€to€articles€2,€3,€5,€9,€12,€13€and€15€of€theÏConvention.€€The€report€reviewed€compliance€with€articles9,€15€and€16€of€theÏConvention€on€the€basis€of€information€received€from€62States€parties.€€TheÏreport€concentrated€on€the€constitutional,€legislative€and€administrativeÏprovisions€and€other€measures€in€force,€restrictions€or€limitations€by€law€orÏpractice€on€the€enjoyment€of€equal€rights€and€the€developments€that€had€takenÏplace€since€the€first€reports€had€been€prepared.€€It€took€into€account€theÏstandards€set€in€international€instruments€and€the€recommendations€contained€inÏthe€Nairobi€Forward-looking€Strategies€for€the€Advancement€of€Women€òò19óó/€in€soÏfar€as€they€could€help€the€Committee€to€comment€on€specific€rights.€€She€notedÏthat€some€problems€reported€by€Governments€and€reflected€in€the€report€mightÏhave€been€overcome€in€the€intervening€period.€€She€observed€that€(a)€StatesÏparties€had€not€always€been€consistent€in€their€use€of€terminology,€especiallyÏin€clarifying€what€they€meant€by€equality;€(b)€reporting€by€States€parties€hadÏbeen€uneven,€possibly€owing€to€different€cultural€development€and€priorities;Ïand€(c)€specific€indicators€on€which€all€Governments€should€report€might€make€itÏpossible€to€obtain€more€comparable€information.€€One€member€of€the€CommitteeÏsuggested€that€the€Secretariat€should€determine€from€all€the€important€variablesÏthose€specific€indicators€that€were€the€most€important€for€States€parties€toÏconsider€in€their€reporting.ÌÌÌà@ì .žàòòAction€taken€by€the€Committee€on€the€report€of€Working€Group€IIóóˆÌÌ637.à2 .2àAt€its€230th€meeting,€on€4€February,€the€Committee€considered€the€item€onÏthe€basis€of€the€report€of€Working€Group€II.ÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€1.€€òòPreparation€of€draft€general€comments€and€a€draft€generalóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòrecommendation€on€articles€9,€15€and16€of€the€óóòòConventionÌóóÌ638.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€the€preparation€of€the€draft€general€comments€and€draftÏgeneral€recommendation€on€articles€9,€15€and€16€of€the€Convention,€the€WorkingÏGroup€had€before€it€the€report€of€the€Secretariat€(CEDAW/C/1993/4€and€Corr.1);€aÏnote€by€the€Secretary-General€on€declarations,€reservations,€objections€andÏnotifications€of€withdrawal€of€reservations€relating€to€the€ConventionÏ(CEDAW/SP/1992/2);€a€report€of€the€Secretary-General€on€the€state€ofÏpreparations€for€the€International€Year€of€the€Family€(E/CN.5/1993/3);€the€Committee's€general€recommendation€19€(eleventh€session)€on€violence€againstÏwomen;€comments€on€article€9€prepared€by€Ms.€Aouij€and€comments€on€article16Ïprepared€by€Ms.€Forde€and€Ms.€Quintos-Deles;€general€comment€19€(39)€of€theÏHuman€Rights€Committee€relating€to€article€23€(the€family)€of€the€InternationalÏCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights;òò20óó/€a€compilation€of€general€commentsÏand€general€recommendations€adopted€by€human€rights€treaty€bodies€(HRI/GEN/1);Ïrecommendations€on€family€planning€of€the€Expert€Group€Meeting€on€FamilyÏPlanning,€Health€and€Family€Well-being,€prepared€for€submission€to€theÏPreparatory€Committee€for€the€International€Conference€on€Population€andÏDevelopment€(see€E/CONF.84/PC/7,€sect.€II);€issues€and€recommendations€forÏimplementation€relating€to€human€rights€in€the€family,€submitted€by€theÏInternational€Women's€Rights€Action€Watch;€and€a€document€submitted€by€the€WomenÏin€the€Law€Project€of€the€International€Human€Rights€Law€Group.ÌÌ639.à2 .2àThe€draft€general€recommendation€on€articles€9,€15€and€16€that€was€preparedÏhad€been€coordinated€and€revised€by€Silvia€RoseCartwright,€the€Rapporteur€ofÏWorking€Group€II,€on€the€basis€of€the€Group's€discussions.ÌÌ640.à2 .2àAfter€some€discussion€in€plenary€meeting,€the€Committee€adopted€theÏsubstance€of€the€draft€general€recommendation,€with€the€agreement€that€threeÏadditions€would€be€included€in€the€final€edited€draft.€€Those€additions€referredÏto€the€unequal€power€held€by€men€and€women€within€the€family;€the€impact€of€theÏnon-recognition€of€women's€unpaid€work€at€home;€and€the€status€of€a€minority€ofÏinfertile€women,€who,€in€many€African€countries,€had€no€inheritance€rights€afterÏthe€death€of€their€husbands.€€The€Committee€asked€the€members€concerned€to€sendÏthe€additions€to€the€Secretariat€without€delay.€€The€three€parts€to€beÏincorporated€should€be€put€in€brackets.€€It€was€also€agreed€that€the€draftÏgeneral€recommendation€would€be€included€in€the€provisional€agenda€for€theÏthirteenth€session€of€the€Committee€for€its€final€approval€without€furtherÏdiscussion.ÌÌ641.à2 .2àOne€member€sought€clarification€with€regard€to€the€concept€of€the€family,Ïas€the€draft€general€recommendation€referred€to€various€forms€of€the€family.€ÏThe€Rapporteur€of€Working€Group€II€explained€that,€in€view€of€the€InternationalÏYear€of€the€Family,€1994,€the€group€had€wanted€to€ensure€that€the€concept€of€theÏfamily€would€not€be€limited€to€the€traditional€model€of€husband€and€wife€withÏchildren.€€Neither€should€it€constrain€the€rights€of€women€in€whatever€form€ofÏfamily€they€lived.ÌÌ642.à2 .2àThe€Committee€agreed€that€the€Secretariat€could€make€the€draft€generalÏrecommendation€available€for€the€information€of€the€Commission€on€the€Status€ofÏWomen,€at€its€thirty-seventh€session,€and,€if€possible,€for€the€information€ofÏthe€Commission€for€Social€Development,€at€its€thirty-third€session,€on€theÏunderstanding€that€it€was€a€draft€and€that€it€would€be€accompanied€by€anÏindication€of€the€three€points€still€to€be€incorporated.ÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€2.€€òòPreparation€of€draft€general€comments€and€draft€óóòògeneralÌóó€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòrecommendations€on€other€articles€of€the€óóòòConventionÌóóÌ643.à2 .2àThe€Committee€had€decided€at€its€tenth€session€that€it€should€prepareÏcomments€on€particular€articles€of€the€Convention,€which€would€assist€in€theÏformulation€of€the€Committee's€recommendations€relating€to€those€articles.òò21óó/ÌÌ644.à2 .2àAt€the€eleventh€session,€members€of€the€Committee€had€volunteered€toÏprepare€draft€general€comments€on€specific€articles€of€the€Convention€for€theÏconsideration€of€the€Committee€at€its€twelfth€session.òò22óó/€€The€Working€Group€recommended€that€that€work€should€be€continued€and€accordingly€invited€the€newÏmembers€of€the€Committee€to€join€in€that€effort.ÌÌ645.à2 .2àMembers€of€the€Committee€volunteered€to€prepare€general€comments€andÏrecommendations€as€follows:ÌÌà2 .2àMs.€Garca-Prince€and€Ms.€Ukeje€(article€2)ÌÌà2 .2àMs.€Schpp-Schilling€and€Ms.€Ukeje€(article€4)ÌÌà2 .2àMs.€Aouij€and€Ms.€Garca-Prince€(article€5)ÌÌà2 .2àMs.€Aouij€and€Ms.€Bustelo€Garca€del€Real€(article€6)ÌÌà2 .2àMs.€Bravo€Nuez€de€Ramsey,€Ms.€Corti,€Ms.€Garca-Prince,Ìà2 .2àMs.€Gurdulich€de€Correa€and€Ms.€Khan€(article€7)ÌÌà2 .2àMs.€Garca-Prince€(article€8)ÌÌà2 .2àMs.€Abaka,€Ms.€Bustelo€Garca€del€Real€and€Ms.€Nikolaeva€(article€11)ÌÌà2 .2àMs.€Abaka€(article€12)ÌÌÌ646.€For€the€thirteenth€session€of€the€Committee,€Ms.€Garca-Prince€would€be€theÏCoordinator€for€the€preparation€of€draft€general€comments€and€a€draft€generalÏrecommendation€on€articles€7€and8€of€the€Convention.€€The€Committee€agreedÏfurther€to€begin€with€thepreparation€of€a€general€recommendation€on€article4Ïfor€which€Ms.Schpp-Schilling€would€be€the€Coordinator.€€The€draft€generalÏcomments€and€draft€general€recommendations€should€reach€the€Secretariat€byÏ1September€1993€so€that€they€could€be€translated€and€circulated€to€the€otherÏmembers€of€the€Committee€well€in€advance€of€the€thirteenth€session€of€theÏCommittee.ÌÌ647.à2 .2àThe€Committee€agreed€further€to€the€Working€Group's€proposal€that€anÏanalysis€be€made€of€article€2€of€the€Convention,€and€the€reservations€that€hadÏbeen€made€to€it,€for€the€consideration€of€the€Committee€at€its€fourteenthÏsession,€in€1995.ÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€3.€€òòResponse€to€resolution€1992/3€of€the€Sub-CommissionóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòon€Prevention€of€Discrimination€and€Protection€oóófÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòMinoritiesóóÌÌ648.à2 .2àThe€action€taken€by€the€Committee€in€response€to€resolution€1992/3€of€theÏSub-Commission€on€Prevention€of€Discrimination€and€Protection€of€Minorities€ofÏthe€Commission€on€Human€Rights,€by€which€the€Secretary-General€was€requested€toÏseek€the€views€of€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€againstÏWomen€and€the€Commission€on€the€Status€of€Women€on€the€desirability€of€obtainingÏan€advisory€opinion€on€the€validity€and€legal€effect€of€reservations€to€theÏConvention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€Discrimination€against€Women,€isÏreported€in€chapter€I,€section€C,€of€the€present€report.ÌÌÇ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€VIII.€€PROVISIONAL€AGENDA€FOR€THE€THIRTEENTH€SESSIONÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€OF€THE€COMMITTEEÌÌÌ649.à2 .2àSome€discussion€was€held€on€the€need€for€the€Chairperson€to€brief€theÏCommittee€on€activities€and€events€that€had€a€bearing€on€the€Committee's€work.€ÏIn€particular,€members€asked€to€be€informed€about€the€results€of€investigationsÏof€alleged€human€rights€violations€in€the€territory€of€the€former€Yugoslavia,Ïespecially€violations€of€human€rights€referring€to€women.€€ÌÌ650.à2 .2àAt€its€230th€meeting,€on€4€February,€the€Committee€adopted€the€followingÏprovisional€agenda€for€its€thirteenth€session:ÌÌ€€€à2 .2à1.à .àAdoption€of€the€agenda€and€organization€of€work.ÌÌ€€€€à2 .2à2.à0 .àBackground€report€of€the€Chairperson€on€the€activities€undertakenÏduring€the€year.ÌÌ€€€€à2 .2à3.€à0 .àConsideration€of€reports€submitted€by€States€parties€under€article18Ïof€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€DiscriminationÏagainst€Women.ÌÌ€€€€à2 .2àà .àòòDocumentationóóÌÌà2 .2àà0 .àReports€of€States€parties€to€be€considered€at€the€thirteenth€sessionÌÌà2 .2à4.à0 .àImplementation€of€article€21€of€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€ofÏAll€Forms€of€Discrimination€against€Women.ÌÌà02 .2àà0 .àòòDocumentationóóÌÌà02 .2àà0 .àBackground€report€of€the€Secretariat€on€the€analysis€of€articles€7Ïand8ÌÌà02 .2àà0 .àReport€of€the€Secretariat€on€the€implications€for€the€work€of€theÏCommittee€of€the€priority€themes€of€the€Commission€on€the€Status€ofÏWomenÌÌà2 .2à5.à0 .àWays€and€means€of€expediting€the€work€of€the€Committee€on€theÏElimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women.ÌÌà02 .2àà0 .àòòDocumentationóóÌÌà2 .2àà0 .àReport€of€the€Secretariat€on€ways€and€means€of€expediting€the€work€ofÏthe€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€WomenÌÌà2 .2à6.à0 .àContributions€of€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€DiscriminationÏagainst€Women€to€international€conferences.ÌÌà2 .2àà .àòòDocumentationóóÌÌà2 .2àà0 .àReport€of€the€Secretariat€on€the€outline€of€the€updated€compendium€onÏthe€implementation€of€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€FormsÏof€Discrimination€against€WomenÌÌÇà2 .2à7.à .àProvisional€agenda€for€the€fourteenth€session.ÌÌà2 .2à8.à0 .àAdoption€of€the€report€of€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€ofÏDiscrimination€against€Women€on€its€thirteenth€session.ÌÌÌÇà@ì .¦àIX.€€ADOPTION€OF€THE€REPORTˆÌÌÌ651.à2 .2àAt€its€232nd€meeting,€on€5€February€1993,€the€Committee€adopted€the€reportÏon€its€twelfth€session€(CEDAW/C/1993/L.1€and€Add.1„14),€as€orally€amended.ÌÌÌà@ì .òàòòNotesóóˆÌÌà2 .2àòò1óó/€€General€Assembly€resolution€217€A€(III).ÌÌà2 .2àòò2óó/€€General€Assembly€resolution€2200€A€(XXI),€annex.ÌÌà2 .2àòò3óó/€€General€Assembly€resolution€39/46,€annex.ÌÌà2 .2àòò4óó/€€General€Assembly€resolution€2106€A€(XX),€annex.ÌÌà2 .2àòò5óó/€€General€Assembly€resolution€44/25,€annex.ÌÌà2 .2àòò6óó/€€General€Assembly€resolution€34/180,€annex.ÌÌà2 .2àòò7óó/€€òòFinal€Act€of€the€International€Conference€on€Human€Rights,€Tehranóó,òòÏ22April€to€13€May€1968óó€(United€Nations€publication,€Sales€No.€E.68.XIV.2),Ïchap.II.ÌÌà2 .2àòò8óó/€€See€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty-seventh€Sessionóó,òòÏSupplement€No.€38óó€(A/47/38),€chap.€I.ÌÌà2 .2àòò9óó/€€See€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€Economic€and€Social€Council,€1992óó,òòÏSupplement€No.€2Aóó€(E/1992/22/Add.1/Rev.1),€chap.€II.ÌÌà2 .2àòò10óó/à .àSee€E/CN.4/1993/2,€chap.€II,€sect.€A.ÌÌà2 .2àòò11óó/à .àòòOfficial€Records€of€the€Genóóòòeral€Assembly,€Forty„fifth€Sessionóó,ÏòòSupplement€No.38€and€corrigendumóó€(A/45/38€and€Corr.1),€paras.€28-31.ÌÌà2 .2àòòóóòò12óó/€€òòóóAt€its€tenth€session,€the€Committee€had€decided€that,€if€StatesÏparties€whose€reports€were€overdue€by€the€conclusion€of€that€session€so€wished,Ïthey€could€submit€a€combined€report€to€the€Committee€and€that€such€reportsÏshould€be€numbered€by€the€Secretariat€in€a€way€that€facilitated€theirÏidentification€(òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„sixth€Sessionóó,ÏòòSupplement€No.€38óó€(A/46/38),€para.€370).ÌÌà2 .2àòò13óó/à .àSee€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„third€Sessionóó,ÏòòSupplement€No.€38óó€(A/43/38),€chap.€V.ÌÌà2 .2àòò14óó/à .àIbid.,€òòForty„sixth€Session,€Supplement€No.€38óó€(A/46/38),€chap.I.ÌÌà2 .2àòò15óó/à .àPopulation€Crisis€Committee,€Population€Briefing€Paper€No.20,ÏJune1988.ÌÌà2 .2àòò16óó/à .àòòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„seventh€Sessionóó,ÏòòSupplement€No.€38óó€(A/47/38),€para.€462.ÌÌÇà2 .2àòò17óó/à .àThe€first€compendium€(A/CONF.116/13)€was€prepared€by€the€SecretariatÏas€the€report€of€the€Committee€on€the€achievements€of€and€obstacles€encounteredÏby€States€parties€in€the€implementation€of€the€Convention€submitted€to€the€WorldÏConference€to€Review€and€Appraise€the€Achievements€of€the€United€Nations€DecadeÏfor€Women€(Nairobi,€1985).ÌÌà2 .2àòò18óó/à .àSee€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„seventh€Sessionóó,ÏòòSupplement€No.€38óó€(A/47/38),€para.€456.ÌÌà2 .2àòò19óó/à .àòòReport€of€the€World€Conference€to€Review€and€Appraise€the€AchievementsÏof€the€United€Nations€Decade€for€Women:€€Equality,€Development€and€Peaceóó,ÏòòNairobi,€15„26€July€1985óó€(United€Nations€publication,€Sales€No.€E.85.IV.10),Ïchap.€I,€sect.A.ÌÌà2 .2àòò20óó/à .àSee€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„fifth€Sessionóó,ÏòòSupplement€No.€40óó€(A/45/40),€vol.€I,€annex€VI.B.ÌÌà2 .2àòò21óó/à .àIbid.,€òòForty„sixth€Session,€Supplement€No.€38óó€(A/46/38),€para.380.ÌÌà2 .2àòò22óó/à .àIbid.,€òòForty„seventh€Session,€Supplement€No.€38óó€(A/47/38),€para.458.ÌÌÇÝ ƒÿÝÔ UK ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÑ\R3Ø'\ÑÑ X ÑÑ À ÑÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓ…+ÓÔ€ôôôÔÔO€<þ6X9`("Courier 12cpiOÔÓ(€  $(ÓØØÖ€+ÖÖ€ÖÓ882^ ÓÝ  ÝÓ882 Óà@ì .ŽàòòAnnex€IóóˆÌÌà@ì .üàLETTER€DATED€22€JANUARY€1993€FROM€THE€CHAIRPERSON€OF€THEˆÌà@ì .üàCOMMITTEE€ON€THE€ELIMINATION€OF€DISCRIMINATION€AGAINST€€ˆÌà@ì .üàWOMEN€TO€THE€SPECIAL€RAPPORTEUR€OF€THE€COMMISSION€ON€€€€ˆÌà@ì .üàHUMAN€RIGHTS€ON€THE€SITUATION€OF€HUMAN€RIGHTS€IN€THE€€€€ˆÌà@ì .H àTERRITORY€OF€THE€FORMER€YUGOSLAVIAˆÌÌÌà2 .2àThe€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women,€at€itsÏtwelfth€session€(214th€meeting),€expressed€its€deep€concern€about€the€situationÏof€women€in€former€Yugoslavia,€namely€in€Bosnia€and€Herzegovina.ÌÌà2 .2àThe€Committee€was€established€for€the€purpose€of€monitoring,€òòinter€aliaóó,Ïrespect€for€the€human€rights€of€women.€€It€has€noted€with€regret€the€prevalenceÏof€mass€violence€against€women€and€the€violation€of€their€fundamental€humanÏrights€in€different€parts€of€the€world,€especially€during€civil€strife€and€armedÏconflict.ÌÌà2 .2àThe€Committee€emphasized€that€rape€and€other€attacks€on€women's€physicalÏand€mental€integrity€and€security€of€person€violate€international€human€rightsÏguarantees,€including€the€norms€stated€in€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€ofÏAll€Forms€of€Discrimination€against€Women.€€In€its€general€recommendation19,€onÏviolence€against€women,€the€Committee€stated€that€violence€against€women€is€aÏform€of€discrimination€prohibited€by€the€Convention€and€that€such€violenceÏbreaches€the€duty€to€ensure€equal€protection€according€to€humanitarian€norms€inÏtime€of€international€or€internal€armed€conflict.ÌÌà2 .2àRape,€other€violent€acts€or€attacks€on€women's€dignity€constitute€graveÏbreaches€of€the€Fourth€Geneva€Convention€and€of€customary€humanitarian€law.€ÏMeasures€taken€to€bring€to€justice€those€responsible€for€grave€breaches€ofÏhumanitarian€law€must€therefore€include€prosecution€of€rape,€other€violent€actsÏor€attacks€on€the€dignity€of€women.ÌÌà2 .2àVarious€sources€of€information€on€the€human€rights€situation€in€the€formerÏYugoslavia€suggest€that€abuses€have€been€targeted€particularly€against€women,€asÏa€means€of€furthering€political€objectives€in€the€conflict.€€Reports€indicateÏthat€women,€regardless€of€their€religious€or€ethnic€origin,€have€been€subjectedÏto€systematic€rapes,€resulting€in€some€instances€in€death,€and€to€forcedÏpregnancies.ÌÌà2 .2àTherefore,€the€Committee€has€decided€to€invite€you,€in€your€capacity€asÏSpecial€Rapporteur€of€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights€on€the€situation€of€humanÏrights€in€the€territory€of€the€former€Yugoslavia,€to€investigate€all€allegationsÏconcerning€sexual€and€other€violations,€as€well€as€measures€to€bring€to€justiceÏthose€responsible€for€these€abuses.ÌÌà2 .2àThe€Committee€would€appreciate€being€informed€of€your€findings.ÌÌà2 .2àOn€behalf€of€the€Committee,€I€should€like€to€thank€you€for€your€esteemedÏcooperation.ÌÌÌÓ882 8Ó€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(òòSignedóó)àQ8 .ààIvanka€CORTIˆÌà2 .2àà .àà . ààQ8 .àChairpersonˆÌà2 .2àà .àà . ààQ8 .*àCommittee€on€the€Elimination€ofˆÌà2 .2àà .àà . ààQ8 .ÀàDiscrimination€against€WomenˆÌ‡Ó882 ÓÓ ÿÿ@4Óà@ì .\àòòAnnex€IIóóˆÌÌà@ì .làLETTER€DATED€1€FEBRUARY€1993€FROM€THE€SPECIAL€RAPPORTEUR€OF€THE€ˆÌà@ì .làCOMMISSION€ON€HUMAN€RIGHTS€ON€THE€SITUATION€OF€HUMAN€RIGHTS€IN€€ˆÌà@ì .làTHE€TERRITORY€OF€THE€FORMER€YUGOSLAVIA€TO€THE€CHAIRPERSON€OF€THEˆÌà@ì .4àCOMMITTEE€ON€THE€ELIMINATION€OF€DISCRIMINATION€AGAINST€WOMENˆÌÌÌà@ .@àI€should€like€to€thank€you€for€your€letter€of€22€January€1993€in€which€youÏexpressed€the€deep€concern€of€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€DiscriminationÏagainst€Women€about€the€situation€of€women€in€former€Yugoslavia.ÌÌà@ .@àI€wish€to€assure€you€that€I€share€the€Committee's€preoccupation€over€theÏreported€occurrence€of€massive€rape€and€other€attacks€on€the€physical€and€mentalÏintegrity€of€women€in€the€conflict€prevailing€in€part€of€the€territory€of€theÏformer€Yugoslavia,€in€particular€Bosnia€and€Herzegovina.ÌÌà@ .@àSince€it€was€very€difficult€to€obtain€credible€and€sufficiently€concreteÏinformation,€I€have€dispatched€on€12€January€1993€to€the€area,€a€specialÏmission,€composed€of€four€medical€experts€and€accompanied€by€experienced€femaleÏstaff€from€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights€as€well€as€the€Director€of€the€DivisionÏfor€the€Advancement€of€Women,€to€investigate€allegations€into€rape€and€otherÏabuses€of€women.€€On€the€basis€of€the€data€collected€and€analysed€by€the€medicalÏexperts,€there€is€strong€evidence€that€rape€has€been€committed€on€a€large€scaleÏduring€this€conflict.€€The€crime€of€rape€has€been€committed€by€combatants€on€allÏsides€of€the€conflict€in€the€former€Yugoslavia.€€Solid€evidence€was€found€thatÏCroatian,€Muslim€and€Serbian€women€have€been€detained€for€extended€periods€ofÏtime€and€repeatedly€raped.€€However,€the€majority€of€the€rapes€documented€haveÏbeen€committed€against€Muslim€women€of€Bosnia€and€Herzegovina.€€In€Bosnia€andÏHerzegovina,€rape€has€been€used€as€an€instrument€of€ethnic€cleansing.ÌÌà@ .@àI€shall€include€the€findings€of€the€experts€in€more€detail€in€my€own€reportÏto€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights€at€its€forty„ninth€session,€which€has€startedÏtoday.€€I€shall€not€fail€to€make€available€to€the€Committee€on€the€EliminationÏof€Discrimination€against€Women€a€copy€of€my€report.ÌÌÌÓ882 dÓ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(òòSignedóó)àQd .ààTadeusz€MAZOWIECKIˆÌà2 .2àà .àà . ààQd .ààSpecial€RapporteurˆÌà2 .2àà .àà . ààQd .PàCommission€on€Human€RightsˆÌÇà@ì .*àòòAnnex€IIIóóˆÌÌà@ì .ÖàSTATES€PARTIES€TO€THE€CONVENTION€ON€THE€ELIMINATION€OF€ALL€FORMS€OFˆÌà@ì .¾ àDISCRIMINATION€AGAINST€WOMEN€AS€AT€1€MARCH€1993ˆÌÌÌÓ 8ÌôÓàQÌ .€àòòDate€of€receipt€of€theóóˆÌàQÌ .Bàòòinstrument€ofóóˆàQô .–àòòDate€ofóóˆÌòòStates€partiesóóàQÌ .êàòòratification€or€accessionóóˆàQô .Ôàòòentry€into€forceóóˆÌÌÓ 8€ÔÓAngolaà€ .€à17€September€1986€òòaóó/àÔ .Ôà17€October€1986ÌAntigua€and€Barbudaà€ .€à€1€August€1989€òòaóó/àÔ .Ôà31€August€1989ÌArgentinaà€ .€à15€July€1985€òòbóó/àÔ .Ôà14€August€1985ÌAustraliaà€ .€à28€July€1983€òòbóó/àÔ .Ôà27€August€1983ÌAustriaà€ .€à31€March€1982€òòbóó/àÔ .Ôà30€April€1982ÌBangladeshà€ .€à€6€November€1984€òòaóó/€òòbóó/àÔ .Ôà€6€December€1984ÌBarbadosà€ .€à16€October€1980àÔ .Ôà€3€September€1981ÌBelarusà€ .€à€4€February€1981€òòcóó/àÔ .Ôà€3€September€1981ÌBelgiumà€ .€à10€July€1985€òòbóó/àÔ .Ôà€9€August€1985ÌBelizeà€ .€à16€May€1990àÔ .Ôà15€June€1990ÌBeninà€ .€à12€March€1992àÔ .Ôà11€April€1992ÌBhutanà€ .€à31€August€1981àÔ .Ôà30€September€1981ÌBoliviaà€ .€à€8€June€1990àÔ .Ôà€8€July€1990ÌBrazilà€ .€à€1€February€1984€òòbóó/àÔ .Ôà€2€March€1984ÌBulgariaà€ .€à€8€February€1982€òòbóó/àÔ .Ôà10€March€1982ÌBurkina€Fasoà€ .€à14€October€1987€òòaóó/àÔ .Ôà13€November€1987ÌBurundi€à€ .€à€8€January€1992àÔ .Ôà€7€February€1992ÌCambodiaà€ .€à15€October€1992€òòaóó/àÔ .Ôà14€November€1992ÌCanadaà€ .€à10€December€1981€òòbóó/àÔ .Ôà€9€January€1982ÌCape€Verdeà€ .€à€5€December€1980€òòaóó/àÔ .Ôà€3€September€1981ÌCentral€African€Republicà€ .€à21€June€1991€òòaóó/àÔ .Ôà21€July€1991ÌChileà€ .€à€7€December€1989àÔ .Ôà€6€January€1990ÌChinaà€ .€à€4€November€1980€òòbóó/àÔ .Ôà€3€September€1981ÌColombiaà€ .€à19€January€1982àÔ .Ôà18€February€1982ÌCongoà€ .€à26€July€1982àÔ .Ôà25€August€1982ÌCosta€Ricaà€ .€à€4€April€1986àÔ .Ôà€4€May€1986ÌCroatiaà€ .€à€9€September€1992€òòdóó/àÔ .Ôà€9€October€1992ÌCubaà€ .€à17€July€1980€òòbóó/àÔ .Ôà€3€September€1981ÌCyprusà€ .€à23€July€1985€òòaóó/€òòbóó/àÔ .Ôà22€August€1985ÌCzech€Republic€òòeóó/à€ .€à22€February€1993€òòcóó/€òòdóó/àÔ .Ôà24€March€1993ÌDenmarkà€ .€à21€April€1983àÔ .Ôà21€May€1983ÌDominicaà€ .€à15€September€1980àÔ .Ôà€3€September€1981ÌDominican€Republicà€ .€à€2€September€1982àÔ .Ôà€2€October€1982ÌEcuadorà€ .€à€9€November€1981àÔ .Ôà€9€December€1981ÌEgyptà€ .€à18€September€1981€òòbóó/àÔ .Ôà18€October€1981ÌEl€Salvadorà€ .€à19€August€1981€òòbóó/àÔ .Ôà18€September€1981ÌEquatorial€Guineaà€ .€à23€October€1984€òòaóó/àÔ .Ôà22€November€1984ÌEstonia€à€ .€à21€October€1991€òòaóó/òòóóàÔ .Ôà20€November€1991ÌEthiopiaà€ .€à10€September€1981€òòbóó/àÔ .Ôà10€October€1981ÌFinlandà€ .€à€4€September€1986àÔ .Ôà€4€October€1986ÌFranceà€ .€à14€December€1983€òòbóó/€òòcóó/àÔ .Ôà13€January€1984ÌGabonà€ .€à21€January€1983àÔ .Ôà20€February€1983ÌGermany€òòfóó/à€ .€à10€July€1985€òòbóó/àÔ .Ôà€9€August€1985ÌGhanaà€ .€à€2€January€1986àÔ .Ôà€1€February€1986ÌGreeceà€ .€à€7€June€1983àÔ .Ôà€7€July€1983ÌGrenadaà€ .€à30€August€1990àÔ .Ôà29€September€1990ÌGuatemalaà€ .€à12€August€1982àÔ .Ôà11€September€1982ÇÓ 8ÌôÓàQÌ .€àòòDate€of€receipt€of€theóóˆÌàQÌ .Bàòòinstrument€ofóóˆàQô .–àòòDate€ofóóˆÌòòStates€partiesóóàQÌ .êàòòratification€or€accessionóóˆàQô .Ôàòòentry€into€forceóóˆÌÌÓ 8€ÔÓGuineaà€ .€à€9€August€1982àÔ .Ôà€8€September€1982ÌGuinea-Bissauà€ .€à23€August€1985àÔ .Ôà22€September€1985ÌGuyanaà€ .€à17€July€1980àÔ .Ôà€3€September€1981ÌHaitià€ .€à20€July€1981àÔ .Ôà€3€September€1981ÌHondurasà€ .€à€3€March€1983àÔ .Ôà€2€April€1983ÌHungaryà€ .€à22€December€1980€òòbóó/àÔ .Ôà€3€September€1981ÌIcelandà€ .€à18€June€1985àÔ 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.€à€7€January€1982€òòbóó/àÔ .Ôà€6€February€1982ÌRussian€Federationà€ .€à23€January€1981€òòcóó/àÔ .Ôà€3€September€1981ÌRwandaà€ .€à€2€March€1981àÔ .Ôà€3€September€1981ÌSaint€Kitts€and€Nevisà€ .€à25€April€1985€òòaóó/àÔ .Ôà25€May€1985ÌSaint€Luciaà€ .€à€8€October€1982€òòaóó/àÔ .Ôà€7€November€1982ÌSaint€Vincent€and€the€Grenadinesà€ .€à€4€August€1981€òòaóó/àÔ .Ôà€3€September€1981ÌSamoaà€ .€à25€September€1992€òòaóó/àÔ .Ôà25€October€1992ÌSenegalà€ .€à€5€February€1985àÔ .Ôà€7€March€1985ÌSeychellesà€ .€à€5€May€1992€òòaóó/àÔ .Ôà€4€June€1992ÌSierra€Leoneà€ .€à11€November€1988àÔ .Ôà11€December€1988ÌSloveniaà€ .€à€6€July€1992€òòdóó/àÔ .Ôà€5€August€1992ÇÓ 8ÌôÓàQÌ .€àòòDate€of€receipt€of€theóóˆÌàQÌ .Bàòòinstrument€ofóóˆàQô .–àòòDate€ofóóˆÌòòStates€partiesóóàQÌ .êàòòratification€or€accessionóóˆàQô .Ôàòòentry€into€forceóóˆÌÌÓ 8€ÔÓSpainà€ .€à€5€January€1984€òòbóó/àÔ .Ôà€4€February€1984ÌSri€Lankaà€ .€à€5€October€1981àÔ .Ôà€4€November€1981ÌSurinameà€ .€à€1€March€1993€òòaóó/àÔ .Ôà€31€March€1993ÌSwedenà€ .€à€2€July€1980àÔ .Ôà€3€September€1981ÌThailandà€ .€à€9€August€1985€òòaóó/€òòbóó/€òòcóó/àÔ .Ôà€8€September€1985ÌTogoà€ .€à26€September€1983€òòaóó/àÔ .Ôà26€October€1983ÌTrinidad€and€Tobagoà€ .€à12€January€1990€òòbóó/àÔ .Ôà11€February€1990ÌTunisiaà€ .€à20€September€1985€òòbóó/àÔ .Ôà20€October€1985ÌTurkeyà€ .€à20€December€1985€òòaóó/€òòbóó/àÔ .Ôà19€January€1986ÌUgandaà€ .€à22€July€1985àÔ .Ôà21€August€1985ÌUkraineà€ .€à12€March€1981€òòcóó/àÔ .Ôà€3€September€1981ÌUnited€Kingdom€of€GreatÌ€€Britain€and€Northern€Irelandà€ .€à€7€April€1986€òòbóó/àÔ .Ôà€7€May€1986ÌUnited€Republic€of€Tanzaniaà€ .€à20€August€1985€àÔ .Ôà19€September€1985ÌUruguayà€ .€à€9€October€1981àÔ .Ôà€8€November€1981ÌVenezuelaà€ .€à€2€May€1983€òòbóó/àÔ .Ôà€1€June€1983ÌViet€Namà€ .€à17€February€1982€òòbóó/àÔ .Ôà19€March€1982ÌYemen€òògóó/à€ .€à30€May€1984€òòaóó/€òòbóó/àÔ .Ôà29€June€1984ÌYugoslaviaà€ .€à26€February€1982àÔ .Ôà28€March€1982ÌZaireà€ .€à17€October€1986àÔ .Ôà16€November€1986ÌZambiaà€ .€à21€June€1985àÔ .Ôà21€July€1985ÌZimbabweà€ .€à13€May€1991€òòaóó/àÔ .Ôà12€June€1991ÌÌ________________________ÌÓÿÿ@Ð( øÈÓÌà@ .@àòòaóó/àÐ .ÐàAccession.ÌÌà@ .@àòòbóó/àÐ .ÐàDeclarations€and€reservations.ÌÌà@ .@àòòcóó/àÐ .ÐàReservation€subsequently€withdrawn.ÌÌà@ .@àòòdóó/àÐ .ÐàSuccession.ÌÌà@ .@àòòeóó/àÐ .ÐàBefore€becoming€a€separate€State€on€1January1993,€the€Czech€RepublicÏformed€part€of€Czechoslovakia,€which€State€had€ratified€the€Convention€onÏ16February1982.ÌÌà@ .@àòòfóó/àÐ .ÐàWith€effect€from€3€October€1990,€the€German€Democratic€Republic€(whichÏratified€the€Convention€on€9July1980)€and€the€Federal€Republic€of€GermanyÏ(which€ratified€the€Convention€on€10€July€1985)€united€to€form€one€sovereignÏState,€which€acts€in€the€United€Nations€under€the€designation€"Germany".ÌÌà@ .@àòògóó/àÐ .ÐàOn€22€May€1990€Democratic€Yemen€and€Yemen€merged€to€form€a€singleÏState,€which€acts€in€the€United€Nations€under€the€designation€"Yemen".ÌÇà@ì .\àòòAnnex€IVóóˆÌÌà@ì .Z 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$(ÓØØÖ€,ÖÖ€ÖÓ882^ ÓÝ  Ýà@ì .\àòòAnnex€VIóóˆÌÌà@ì .fàSTATUS€OF€SUBMISSION€AND€CONSIDERATION€OF€REPORTS€SUBMITTEDˆÌà@ì .fàBY€STATES€PARTIES€UNDER€ARTICLE€18€OF€THE€CONVENTION€ON€THEˆÌà@ì .fàELIMINATION€OF€ALL€FORMS€OF€DISCRIMINATION€AGAINST€WOMEN€ASˆÌà@ì .þàAT€1€MARCH€1993ˆÌòòóóÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòConsideredóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòbyóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòCommitteeóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(òòsessionóó/ÌòòStates€partiesóó*€€€€€€€€€€€€òòDate€dueóó**€€€€€€€€€òòDate€of€submissionóó€€€€€€€€òòyearóó)ÌÌà@ì .üàA.€€òòInitial€reports€due€and€submitted€as€at€1€March€1993óóˆÌÌÓ ÿÿ¬ ÌX ÓAngolaଠ.¬ à17€October€1987ÌÌAntigua€and€Barbudaଠ.¬ à31€August€1990ÌÌArgentinaଠ.¬ à14€August€1986àÌ .Ìà6€October€1986àX .X àSeventhÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.39)àX .X à(1988)ÌÌAustraliaଠ.¬ à27€August€1984àÌ .Ìà3€October€1986àX .X àSeventhÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.40)àX .X à(1988)ÌÌAustriaଠ.¬ à30€April€1983àÌ .Ìà20€October€1983àX .X àFourthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.17)àX .X à(1985)ÌÌBangladeshଠ.¬ à6€December€1985àÌ .Ìà12€March€1986àX .X àSixthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.34)àX .X à(1987)ÌÌBarbadosଠ.¬ à3€September€1982àÌ .Ìà11€April€1990àX .X àEleventhÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.64)àX .X à(1992)ÌÌBelgiumଠ.¬ à9€August€1986àÌ .Ìà20€July€1987àX .X àEighthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.53)àX .X à(1989)ÌÌBelizeଠ.¬ à15€June€1991ÌÌBhutanଠ.¬ à30€September€1982ÌÌBoliviaଠ.¬ à8€July€1991àÌ .Ìà8€July€1991Ìଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/BOL/1)ÌÌBrazilଠ.¬ à2€March€1985ÌÌÌÌÌòòóó________________________ÌÌ€€€€€*€€€€In€the€present€annex,€certain€country€names€and€designations€are€thoseÏthat€were€in€use€when€the€reports€were€due€or€submitted.ÌÌ€€€€**€€€€One€year€prior€to€the€due€date,€the€Secretary-General€invites€theÏState€party€to€submit€its€report.Ç€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòConsideredóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòbyóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòCommitteeóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(òòsessionóó/ÌòòStates€partiesóó*€€€€€€€€€€€€òòDate€dueóó**€€€€€€€€€òòDate€of€submissionóó€€€€€€€€òòyearóó)ÌÌBulgariaଠ.¬ à10€March€1983àÌ .Ìà13€June€1983àX .X àFourthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.15)àX .X à(1985)ÌÌBurkina€Fasoଠ.¬ à13€November€1988àÌ .Ìà24€May€1990àX .X àTenthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.67)àX .X à(1991)ÌÌByelorussianଠ.¬ à3€September€1982àÌ .Ìà4€October€1982àX .X àSecondÌSoviet€Socialistଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.5)àX .X à(1983)ÌRepublicଠ.¬ àÌÌCanadaଠ.¬ à9€January€1983àÌ .Ìà15€July€1983àX .X àFourthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.16)àX .X à(1985)ÌÌCape€Verdeଠ.¬ à3€September€1982ÌÌCentral€Africanଠ.¬ à21€July€1992ÌRepublicÌÌChileଠ.¬ à6€January€1991àÌ .Ìà3€September€1991Ìଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/CHI/1)ÌÌChinaଠ.¬ à3€September€1982àÌ .Ìà25€May€1983àX .X àThirdÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.14)àX .X à(1984)ÌÌColombiaଠ.¬ à18€February€1983àÌ .Ìà16€January€1986àX .X àSixthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.32)àX .X à(1987)ÌÌCongoଠ.¬ à25€August€1983ÌÌCosta€Ricaଠ.¬ à4€May€1987ÌÌCubaଠ.¬ à3€September€1982àÌ .Ìà27€September€1982àX .X àSecondÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.4)àX .X à(1983)ÌÌCyprusଠ.¬ à22€August€1986ÌÌCzechoslovakiaଠ.¬ à18€March€1983àÌ .Ìà4€October€1984àX .X àFifthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.26)àX .X à(1986)ÌÌDenmarkଠ.¬ à21€May€1984àÌ .Ìà30€July€1984àX .X àFifthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.22)àX .X à(1986)ÌÌDominicaଠ.¬ à3€September€1982ÌÌDominican€Republicଠ.¬ à2€October€1983àÌ .Ìà2€May€1986àX .X àSeventhÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.37)àX .X à(1988)ÌÌEcuadorଠ.¬ à9€December€1982àÌ .Ìà14€August€1984àX .X àFifthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.23)àX .X à(1986)ÌÌÇ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòConsideredóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòbyóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòCommitteeóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(òòsessionóó/ÌòòStates€partiesóó*€€€€€€€€€€€€òòDate€dueóó**€€€€€€€€€òòDate€of€submissionóó€€€€€€€€òòyearóó)ÌÌEgyptଠ.¬ à18€October€1982àÌ .Ìà2€February€1983àX .X àThirdÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.10)àX .X à(1984)ÌÌEl€Salvadorଠ.¬ à18€September€1982àÌ .Ìà3€November€1983àX .X àFifthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.19)àX .X à(1986)ÌÌEquatorial€Guineaଠ.¬ à22€November€1985àÌ .Ìà16€March€1987àX .X àEighthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.50)àX .X à(1989)ÌÌEstoniaଠ.¬ à20€November€1992ÌÌEthiopiaଠ.¬ à10€October€1982ÌÌFinlandଠ.¬ à4€October€1987àÌ .Ìà16€February€1988àX .X àEighthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.56)àX .X à(1989)ÌÌFranceଠ.¬ à13€January€1985àÌ .Ìà13€February€1986àX .X àSixthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.33)àX .X à(1987)ÌÌGabonଠ.¬ à20€February€1984àÌ .Ìà19€June€1987àX .X àEighthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.54)àX .X à(1989)ÌÌGerman€Democraticଠ.¬ à3€September€1982àÌ .Ìà30€August€1982àX .X àSecondÌRepublic€à¬ .¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.1)àX .X à(1983)ÌÌGermany,€Federalଠ.¬ à9€August€1986àÌ .Ìà15€September€1988àX .X àNinthÌRepublic€of€à¬ .¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.59)àX .X à(1990)ÌÌGhanaଠ.¬ à1€February€1987àÌ .Ìà29€January€1991àX .X àEleventhÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/GHA/1-2)àX .X à(1992)ÌÌGreeceଠ.¬ à7€July€1984àÌ .Ìà5€April€1985àX .X àSixthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.28)àX .X à(1987)ÌÌGrenadaଠ.¬ à29€September€1991ÌÌGuatemalaଠ.¬ à11€September€1983àÌ .Ìà2€April€1991Ìଠ.¬ à€€€€€€€€€€€àÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/GUA/1-2€andÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà€Corr.1)ÌÌGuineaଠ.¬ à8€September€1983ÌÌGuinea-Bissauଠ.¬ à22€September€1986ÌÌGuyanaଠ.¬ à3€September€1982àÌ .Ìà23€January€1990Ìଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.63)ÌÌHaitiଠ.¬ à3€September€1982ÌÌHondurasଠ.¬ à2€April€1984àÌ .Ìà3€December€1986àX .X àEleventhÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.44)àX .X à(1992)Ç€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòConsideredóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòbyóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòCommitteeóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(òòsessionóó/ÌòòStates€partiesóó*€€€€€€€€€€€€òòDate€dueóó**€€€€€€€€€òòDate€of€submissionóó€€€€€€€€òòyearóó)ÌÌHungaryଠ.¬ à3€September€1982àÌ .Ìà20€September€1982àX .X àThirdÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.3)àX .X à(1984)ÌÌIcelandଠ.¬ à18€July€1986ÌÌIndonesiaଠ.¬ à13€October€1985àÌ .Ìà17€March€1986àX .X àSeventhÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.36)àX .X à(1988)ÌÌIraqଠ.¬ à12€September€1987àÌ .Ìà16€May€1990àX .X àTwelfthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.66/Rev.1)àX .X à(1993)ÌÌIrelandଠ.¬ à22€January€1987àÌ .Ìà18€February€1987àX .X àEighthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.47)àX .X à(1989)ÌÌIsraelଠ.¬ à2€November€1992ÌÌItalyଠ.¬ à10€July€1986àÌ .Ìà20€October€1989àX .X àTenthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.62)àX .X à(1991)ÌÌJamaicaଠ.¬ à18€November€1985àÌ .Ìà12€September€1986àX .X àSeventhÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.38)àX .X à(1988)ÌÌJapanଠ.¬ à25€July€1986àÌ .Ìà13€March€1987àX .X àSeventhÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.48)àX .X à(1988)ÌÌKenyaଠ.¬ à8€April€1985àÌ .Ìà4€December€1990àX .X àTwelfthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/KEN/1-2)àX .X à(1993)ÌÌLao€People'sଠ.¬ à13€September€1982ÌDemocratic€RepublicÌÌLiberiaଠ.¬ à16€August€1985ÌÌLibyan€Arabଠ.¬ à15€June€1990àÌ .Ìà18€February€1991ÌJamahiriyaଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/LIB/1)ÌÌLuxembourgଠ.¬ à4€March€1990ÌÌMadagascarଠ.¬ à16€April€1990àÌ .Ìà21€May€1990Ìଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.65€andÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà€Rev.1)ÌÌMalawiଠ.¬ à11€April€1988àÌ .Ìà15€July€1988àX .X àNinthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.58)àX .X à(1990)ÌÌMaliଠ.¬ à10€October€1986àÌ .Ìà13€November€1986àX .X àSeventhÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.43)àX .X à(1988)ÌÌMaltaଠ.¬ à7€April€1992ÌÌÇ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòConsideredóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòbyóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòCommitteeóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(òòsessionóó/ÌòòStates€partiesóó*€€€€€€€€€€€€òòDate€dueóó**€€€€€€€€€òòDate€of€submissionóó€€€€€€€€òòyearóó)ÌÌMauritiusଠ.¬ à8€August€1985àÌ .Ìà23€February€1992Ìଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/MAR/1„2)ÌÌMexicoଠ.¬ à3€September€1982àÌ .Ìà14€September€1982àX .X àSecondÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.2)àX .X à(1983)ÌÌMongoliaଠ.¬ à3€September€1982àÌ .Ìà18€November€1983àX .X àFifthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.20)àX .X à(1986)ÌÌNepalଠ.¬ à22€May€1992ÌÌNetherlandsଠ.¬ à28€August€1992àÌ .Ìà19€November€1992Ìଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/NET/1)ÌÌNew€Zealandଠ.¬ à9€February€1986àÌ .Ìà3€October€1986àX .X àSeventhÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.41)àX .X à(1988)ÌÌNicaraguaଠ.¬ à26€November€1982àÌ .Ìà22€September€1987àX .X àEighthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.55)àX .X à(1989)ÌÌNigeriaଠ.¬ à13€July€1986àÌ .Ìà1€April€1987àX .X àSeventhÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.49)àX .X à(1987)ÌÌNorwayଠ.¬ à3€September€1982àÌ .Ìà18€November€1982àX .X àThirdÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.7)àX .X à(1984)ÌÌPanamaଠ.¬ à28€November€1982àÌ .Ìà12€December€1982àX .X àFourthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.9)àX .X à(1985)ÌÌParaguayଠ.¬ à6€May€1988àÌ .Ìà4€June€1992Ìଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/PAR/1-2)ÌÌPeruଠ.¬ à13€October€1983àÌ .Ìà14€September€1988àX .X àNinthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.60)àX .X à(1990)ÌÌPhilippinesଠ.¬ à4€September€1982àÌ .Ìà22€October€1982àX .X àThirdÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.6)àX .X à(1984)ÌÌPolandଠ.¬ à3€September€1982àÌ .Ìà10€October€1985àX .X àSixthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.31)àX .X à(1987)ÌÌPortugalଠ.¬ à3€September€1982àÌ .Ìà19€July€1983àX .X àFifthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.21)àX .X à(1986)ÌÌRepublic€of€Koreaଠ.¬ à26€January€1986àÌ .Ìà13€March€1986àX .X àSixthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.35)àX .X à(1987)ÌÌRomaniaଠ.¬ à6€February€1983àÌ .Ìà14€January€1987àX .X àTwelfthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.45)àX .X à(1993)ÌÌÇ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòConsideredóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòbyóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòCommitteeóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(òòsessionóó/ÌòòStates€partiesóó*€€€€€€€€€€€€òòDate€dueóó**€€€€€€€€€òòDate€of€submissionóó€€€€€€€€òòyearóó)ÌÌRwandaଠ.¬ à3€September€1982àÌ .Ìà24€May€1983àX .X àThirdÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.13)àX .X à(1984)ÌÌSaint€Kitts€and€Nevisଠ.¬ à25€May€1986ÌÌSaint€Luciaଠ.¬ à7€November€1983ÌÌSaint€Vincent€andଠ.¬ à3€September€1982àÌ .Ìà27€September€1991Ìthe€Grenadinesଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/STV/1-3)ÌÌSenegalଠ.¬ à7€March€1986àÌ .Ìà5€November€1986àX .X àSeventhÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.42)àX .X à(1988)ÌÌSierra€Leoneଠ.¬ à11€December€1989ÌÌSpainଠ.¬ à4€February€1985àÌ .Ìà20€August€1985àX .X àSixthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.30)àX .X à(1987)ÌÌSri€Lankaଠ.¬ à4€November€1982àÌ .Ìà7€July€1985àX .X àSixthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.29)àX .X à(1987)ÌÌSwedenଠ.¬ à3€September€1982àÌ .Ìà22€October€1982àX .X àSecondÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.8)àX .X à(1983)ÌÌThailandଠ.¬ à8€September€1986àÌ .Ìà1€June€1987àX .X àNinthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.51)àX .X à(1990)ÌÌTogoଠ.¬ à26€October€1984ÌÌTrinidad€and€Tobagoଠ.¬ à11€February€1991ÌÌTunisiaଠ.¬ à20€October€1986ÌÌTurkeyଠ.¬ à19€January€1987àÌ .Ìà27€January€1987àX .X àNinthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.46)àX .X à(1990)ÌÌUgandaଠ.¬ à21€August€1986àÌ .Ìà1€June€1992Ìଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/UGA/1-2)ÌÌUkrainian€Sovietଠ.¬ à3€September€1982àÌ .Ìà2€March€1983àX .X àSecondÌSocialist€Republicଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.11)àX .X à(1983)ÌÌUnion€of€Sovietଠ.¬ à3€September€1982àÌ .Ìà2€March€1983àX .X àSecondÌSocialist€Republics€à¬ .¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.12)àX .X à(1983)ÌÌUnited€Kingdom€ofଠ.¬ à7€May€1987àÌ .Ìà25€June€1987àX .X àNinthÌGreat€Britain€andଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.52)àX .X à(1990)ÌNorthern€IrelandÌÌÇ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòConsideredóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòbyóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòCommitteeóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(òòsessionóó/ÌòòStates€partiesóó*€€€€€€€€€€€€òòDate€dueóó**€€€€€€€€€òòDate€of€submissionóó€€€€€€€€òòyearóó)ÌÌUnited€Republicଠ.¬ à19€September€1986àÌ .Ìà9€March€1988àX .X àNinthÌof€Tanzaniaଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.57)àX .X à(1990)ÌÌUruguayଠ.¬ à8€November€1982àÌ .Ìà23€November€1984àX .X àSeventhÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.27)àX .X à(1988)ÌÌVenezuelaଠ.¬ à1€June€1984àÌ .Ìà27€August€1984àX .X àFifthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.24)àX .X à(1986)ÌÌViet€Namଠ.¬ à19€March€1983àÌ .Ìà2€October€1984àX .X àFifthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.25)àX .X à(1986)ÌÌYemen€à¬ .¬ à29€June€1985àÌ .Ìà23€January€1989àX .X àTwelfthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.61)àX .X à(1993)ÌÌYugoslaviaଠ.¬ à28€March€1983àÌ .Ìà3€November€1983àX .X àFourthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/5/Add.18)àX .X à(1985)ÌÌZaireଠ.¬ à16€November€1987ÌÌZambiaଠ.¬ à21€July€1986àÌ .Ìà6€March€1991Ìଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/ZAM/1„2)ÌÌZimbabweଠ.¬ à12€June€1992ÌÌÌà@ì .làB.€€òòSecond€periodic€reports€dueóóòò€and€submitted€as€at€1€March€1993óóˆÌÌAngolaଠ.¬ à17€October€1991ÌÌArgentinaଠ.¬ à14€August€1990àÌ .Ìà13€February€1992Ìଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/ARG/2)ÌÌAustraliaଠ.¬ à27€August€1988àÌ .Ìà24€July€1992Ìଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/AUL/2)ÌÌAustriaଠ.¬ à30€April€1987àÌ .Ìà18€December€1989€àX .X àTenthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/13/Add.27)àX .X à(1991)ÌÌBangladeshଠ.¬ à6€December€1989àÌ .Ìà23€February€1990àX .X àTwelfthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/13/Add.30)àX .X à(1993)ÌÌBarbadosଠ.¬ à3€September€1986àÌ .Ìà4€December€1991Ìଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/BAR/2-3)ÌÌBelgiumଠ.¬ à9€August€1990àÌ .Ìà9€February€1993àX .X àÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/BEL/2)ÌÌBhutanଠ.¬ à30€September€1986ÌÌBrazilଠ.¬ à2€March€1989Ç€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòConsideredóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòbyóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòCommitteeóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(òòsessionóó/ÌòòStates€partiesóó*€€€€€€€€€€€€òòDate€dueóó**€€€€€€€€€òòDate€of€submissionóó€€€€€€€€òòyearóó)ÌÌBulgariaଠ.¬ à10€March€1987ÌÌBurkina€Fasoଠ.¬ à13€November€1992ÌÌByelorussian€Sovietଠ.¬ à3€September€1986àÌ .Ìà3€March€1987àX .X àEighthÌSocialist€Republicଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/13/Add.5)àX .X à(1989)ÌÌCanadaଠ.¬ à9€January€1987àÌ .Ìà20€January€1988àX .X àNinthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/13/Add.11)àX .X à(1990)ÌÌCape€Verdeଠ.¬ à3€September€1986ÌÌChinaଠ.¬ à3€September€1986àÌ .Ìà22€June€1989€àX .X àEleventhÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/13/Add.26)àX .X à(1992)ÌÌColombiaଠ.¬ à18€February€1987àÌ .Ìà14€January€1993Ìଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/COL/2-3)ÌÌCongoଠ.¬ à25€August€1987ÌÌCosta€Ricaଠ.¬ à4€May€1991ÌÌCubaଠ.¬ à3€September€1986àÌ .Ìà13€March€1992Ìଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/CUB/2-3)ÌÌCyprusଠ.¬ à22€August€1990ÌÌCzechoslovakiaଠ.¬ à18€March€1987àÌ .Ìà16€June€1989àX .X àEleventhÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/13/Add.25)àX .X à(1992)ÌÌDenmarkଠ.¬ à21€May€1988àÌ .Ìà2€June€1988àX .X àTenthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/13/Add.14)àX .X à(1991)ÌÌDominicaଠ.¬ à3€September€1986ÌÌDominican€Republicଠ.¬ à2€October€1987ÌÌEcuadorଠ.¬ à9€December€1986àÌ .Ìà28€May€1990Ìଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/13/Add.31)ÌÌEgyptଠ.¬ à18€October€1986àÌ .Ìà19€December€1986àX .X àNinthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/13/Add.2)àX .X à(1990)ÌÌEl€Salvadorଠ.¬ à18€September€1986àÌ .Ìà18€December€1987àX .X àEleventhÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/13/Add.12)àX .X à(1992)ÌÌEquatorial€Guineaଠ.¬ à22€November€1989ÌÌEthiopiaଠ.¬ 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à(1992)ÌÌGreeceଠ.¬ à7€July€1988ÌÌGuatemalaଠ.¬ à11€September€1987àÌ .Ìà2€April€1991Ìଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/GUA/1-2€andÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà€Corr.1)ÌÌGuineaଠ.¬ à8€September€1987ÌÌGuinea„Bissauଠ.¬ à22€September€1990ÌÌGuyanaଠ.¬ à3€September€1986ÌÌHaitiଠ.¬ à3€September€1986ÌÌHondurasଠ.¬ à2€April€1988àÌ .Ìà28€October€1987àX .X àEleventhÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/13/Add.9)àX .X à(1992)ÌÌHungaryଠ.¬ à3€September€1986àÌ .Ìà29€September€1986àX .X àSeventhÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/13/Add.1)àX .X à(1988)ÌÌIcelandଠ.¬ à18€July€1990ÌÌIndonesiaଠ.¬ à13€October€1989ÌÌIraqଠ.¬ à12€September€1991ÌÌIrelandଠ.¬ à22€January€1991ÌÌItalyଠ.¬ à10€July€1990ÌÌJamaicaଠ.¬ à18€November€1989ÌÌÇ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòConsideredóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòbyóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòCommitteeóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(òòsessionóó/ÌòòStates€partiesóó*€€€€€€€€€€€€òòDate€dueóó**€€€€€€€€€òòDate€of€submissionóó€€€€€€€€òòyearóó)ÌÌJapanଠ.¬ à25€July€1990àÌ .Ìà21€February€1992Ìଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/JPN/2)ÌÌKenyaଠ.¬ à8€April€1989àÌ .Ìà4€December€1990àX .X àTwelfthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/KEN/1-2)àX .X à(1993)ÌÌLao€People'sଠ.¬ à13€September€1986ÌDemocratic€RepublicÌÌLiberiaଠ.¬ à16€August€1989ÌÌMalawiଠ.¬ à11€April€1992ÌÌMaliଠ.¬ à10€October€1990ÌÌMauritiusଠ.¬ à8€August€1989àÌ .Ìà23€February€1992Ìଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/MAR/1-2)ÌÌMexicoଠ.¬ à3€September€1986àÌ .Ìà3€December€1987àX .X àNinthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/13/Add.10)àX .X à(1990)ÌÌMongoliaଠ.¬ à3€September€1986àÌ .Ìà17€March€1987àX .X àNinthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/13/Add.7)àX .X à(1990)ÌÌNew€Zealandଠ.¬ à9€February€1990àÌ .Ìà3€November€1992Ìଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/NZE/2)ÌÌNicaraguaଠ.¬ à26€November€1986àÌ .Ìà16€March€1989àX .X àTwelfthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/13/Add.20)àX .X à(1993)ÌÌNigeriaଠ.¬ à13€July€1990ÌÌNorwayଠ.¬ à3€September€1986àÌ .Ìà23€June€1988àX .X àTenthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/13/Add.15)àX .X à(1991)ÌÌPanamaଠ.¬ à28€November€1986ÌÌParaguayଠ.¬ à6€May€1992àÌ .Ìà4€June€1992Ìଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/PAR/1-2)ÌÌPeruଠ.¬ à13€October€1987àÌ .Ìà13€February€1990Ìଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/13/Add.29)ÌÌPhilippinesଠ.¬ à4€September€1986àÌ .Ìà12€December€1988àX .X àTenthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/13/Add.17)àX .X à(1991)ÌÌPolandଠ.¬ à3€September€1986àÌ .Ìà17€November€1988àX .X àTenthÌଠ.¬ ààÌ .Ìà(CEDAW/C/13/Add.16)àX .X 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