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ÐÌà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àA.à  àAnnual€report€submitted€by€the€Committee€againstÐ 3"Û# Ðà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àà  àTorture€under€article24€of€the€Convention€.......à  ààÑääD à25€„€26ˆà‘ì!ì!VP"à7ˆÐ #Ä $ ÐÌà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àB.à  àEffective€implementation€of€internationalÐ î$–"& Ðà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àà  àinstruments€on€human€rights,€including€reportingÌà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àà  àobligations€under€international€instruments€on€Ìà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àà  àhuman€rights€.....................................à  ààÑääD à27€„€30ˆà‘ì!ì!VP"à7ˆÐ ©'Q%) ÐÌà‘44 ÄàIII.ˆà  àSUBMISSION€OF€REPORTS€BY€STATES€PARTIES€UNDERÐ {)#'+ Ðà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àARTICLE19€OF€THE€CONVENTION€.........................àÑääD à31€„€41ˆà‘ì!ì!VP"à8ˆÐ d* (, ÐÌà‘˜˜ ÄàIV.ˆà  àCONSIDERATION€OF€REPORTS€SUBMITTED€BY€STATES€PARTIES€Ð 6,Þ). Ðà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àUNDER€ARTICLE19€OF€THE€CONVENTION€...................àÑ€€C à42€„€458ˆà‘ˆ!ˆ!UP"à10ˆÐ -Ç*/ ÐÐ .°+0 Ðà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àAfghanistan€..........................................àÑääD à50€„€62ˆà‘ˆ!ˆ!UP"à11ˆÐ X ÐÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àNorway€...............................................àÑ  .Øà63ˆ€„€87à‘P" .ˆ!à13ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àArgentina€............................................àÑ  .Øà88ˆ€„€115à‘P" .ˆ!à17ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àUkraine€..............................................€€116€„€132à‘P" .ˆ!à22ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àNewZealand€..........................................€€133€„€160à‘P" .ˆ!à24ˆÌÇà@ì .àCONTENTS€(continued)ˆÌÌÓ 88tÓ€€€€€€€àt .tàòòParagraphsóó€€òòPageóóÌÔ  ÔÔ , ÔÓ)8 8,ô„   P")ÓÌà‘, .,àˆàô .ôàGermany€.............................................àÑ  .tà161ˆ€„€180à‘P" .ˆ!à28ˆÌÌà‘, .,àˆàô .ôàLibyan€Arab€Jamahiriya€..............................àÑ  .tà181ˆ€„€207à‘P" .ˆ!à32ˆÌÌà‘, .,àˆàô .ôàMexico€..............................................àÑ  .tà208ˆ€„€229à‘P" .ˆ!à36ˆÌÌà‘, .,àˆàô .ôàBelarus€.............................................àÑ  .tà230ˆ€„€260à‘P" .ˆ!à40ˆÌÌà‘, .,àˆàô .ôàUnited€Kingdom€of€Great€Britain€and€Northern€Ireland:Ìà‘, .,àˆàô .ôàdependent€territories€...............................àÑ  .tà261ˆ€„€283à‘P" .ˆ!à44ˆÌÌà‘, .,àˆàô .ôàCanada€..............................................àÑ  .tà284ˆ€„€310à‘P" .ˆ!à48ˆÌÌà‘, .,àˆàô .ôàPanama€..............................................àÑ  .tà311ˆ€„€341à‘P" .ˆ!à52ˆÌÌà‘, .,àˆàô .ôàHungary€.............................................àÑ  .tà342ˆ€„€364à‘P" .ˆ!à56ˆÌÌà‘, .,àˆàô .ôàSweden€..............................................àÑ  .tà365ˆ€„€386à‘P" .ˆ!à59ˆÌÌà‘, .,àˆàô .ôàChina€...............................................àÑ  .tà387ˆ€„€429à‘P" .ˆ!à62ˆÌÌà‘, .,àˆàô .ôàSpain€...............................................àÑ  .tà430ˆ€„€458à‘P" .ˆ!à68ˆÌÌà‘, .dàV.ˆàô .ôàACTIVITIES€OF€THE€COMMITTEE€UNDER€ARTICLE20€OF€THE€Ìà‘, .,àˆàô .ôàCONVENTION€..........................................àÑ  .tà459ˆ€„€463à‘P" .ˆ!à73ˆÌÌà‘, .àVI.ˆàô .ôàCONSIDERATION€OF€COMMUNICATIONS€UNDER€ARTICLE22€OF€Ìà‘, .,àˆàô .ôàTHE€CONVENTION€......................................àÑ  .tà464ˆ€„€475à‘P" .ˆ!à74ˆÌÌà‘, .œàVII.ˆàô .ôàFUTURE€MEETINGS€OF€THE€COMMITTEE€....................àÑ  .tà476ˆ€„€478à‘P" .ˆ!à76ˆÌÌVIII.àô .ôàADOPTION€OF€THE€ANNUAL€REPORT€OF€THE€COMMITTEE€......àÑ  .tà479ˆ€„€481à‘P" .ˆ!à77ˆÌÌà@ì .ŽàòòAnnexesóóˆÌÌà‘, .dàI.ˆàô .ôàList€of€States€which€have€signed,€ratified€or€acceded€to€theÌà‘, .,àˆàô .ôàConvention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€DegradingÌà‘, .,àˆàô .ôàTreatment€or€Punishment€as€at€30April1993€.....................à‘P" .ˆ!à78ˆÌÌà‘, .àII.ˆàô .ôàMembership€of€the€Committee€against€Torture€(1992„1993)€.........à‘P" .ˆ!à81ˆÌÌà‘, .œàIII.ˆàô .ôàStatus€of€submission€of€reports€by€States€parties€under€Ìà‘, .,àˆàô .ôàarticle19€of€the€Convention€as€at€30April1993€................à‘P" .ˆ!à82ˆÌÌà‘, .àIV.ˆàô .ôàCountry€rapporteurs€and€alternate€rapporteurs€for€each€of€the€Ìà‘, .,àˆàô .ôàreports€of€States€parties€considered€by€the€Committee€at€its€Ìà‘, .,àˆàô .ôàninth€and€tenth€sessions€........................................à‘P" .ˆ!à87ˆÌÌà‘, .dàV.ˆàô .ôàList€of€documents€issued€for€the€Committee€during€the€reporting€Ìà‘, .,àˆàô .ôàperiod€..........................................................à‘P" .ˆ!à88ˆÌÇÙ  ÙØØÓ882 Óà@ì .ä àI.€€ORGANIZATIONAL€AND€OTHER€MATTERSˆÌÌÌà@ì .ä àA.€€òòStates€parties€to€the€ConventionóóˆÌÌ1.à2 .2àAs€at€30€April€1993,€the€closing€date€of€the€tenth€session€of€the€CommitteeÏagainst€Torture,€there€were€72€States€parties€to€the€Convention€against€TortureÏand€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment.€€The€ConventionÏwas€adopted€by€the€General€Assembly€in€resolution€39/46€of€10€December€1984€andÏopened€for€signature€and€ratification€in€New€York€on€4€February€1985.€€ItÏentered€into€force€on€26€June€1987€in€accordance€with€the€provisions€of€itsÏarticle€27.€€A€list€of€States€which€have€signed,€ratified€or€acceded€to€theÏConvention€together€with€an€indication€of€those€that€have€made€declaration€underÏarticles€21€and€22€of€the€Convention€is€contained€in€annex€I€to€the€presentÏreport.ÌÌ2.à2 .2àThe€texts€of€the€declarations,€reservations€or€objections€made€by€StatesÏparties€with€respect€to€the€Convention€are€reproduced€in€document€CAT/C/2/Rev.2.ÌÌÌà@ì . àB.€€òòOpening€and€duration€of€the€sessionsóóˆÌÌ3.à2 .2àThe€Committee€against€Torture€has€held€two€sessions€since€the€adoption€ofÏits€last€annual€report.€€The€ninth€and€tenth€sessions€of€the€Committee€were€heldÏat€the€United€Nations€Office€at€Geneva€from€9€to€20€November€1992€and€fromÏ19to30April€1993.ÌÌ4.à2 .2àAt€its€ninth€session,€the€Committee€held€18€meetings€(119th€to€136thÏmeeting)€and€at€its€tenth€session€the€Committee€held€17€meetings€(137thto153rdÏmeeting).€€An€account€of€the€deliberations€of€the€Committee€at€its€ninth€andÏtenth€sessions€is€contained€in€the€relevant€summary€records€(CAT/C/SR.119„153).ÌÌÌà@ì .BàC.€€òòMembership€and€attendanceóóˆÌÌ5.à2 .2àThe€membership€remained€the€same€as€during€1992.€€The€list€of€the€members,Ïtogether€with€an€indication€of€the€duration€of€their€term€of€office,€appears€inÏannex€II€to€the€present€report.ÌÌ6.à2 .2àAll€the€members€attended€the€ninth€session€of€the€Committee;ÏMr.DipandaMouelle€attended€a€part€of€the€session.€€The€tenth€session€of€theÏCommittee€was€attended€by€all€the€members.ÌÌÌà@ì .”àD.€€òòOfficersóóˆÌÌ7.à2 .2àThe€following€members€of€the€Committee€acted€as€officers€during€theÏreporting€period:ÌÌà2 .2àòòChairmanóó:€€Mr.€Joseph€VoyameÌÌà2 .2àòòVice„Chairmenóó:€€Mr.€Alexis€Dipanda€MouelleÌà2 .2àà .àà . à€€€€€€Mr.€Ricardo€Gil€LavedraÌà2 .2àà .àà . à€€€€€€Mr.€Dimitar€N.€MikhailovÌÌà2 .2àòòRapporteuróó:€€Mr.€Peter€Thomas€BurnsÌÌÌÔ&  Ôà@ì .ÆàE.€€òòAgendasóóˆÌÌ8.à2 .2àAt€its€119th€meeting,€on€9€November€1992,€the€Committee€adopted€theÏfollowing€items,€listed€in€the€provisional€agenda€submitted€by€theÏÔ'  ÔSecretary-General€in€accordance€with€rule€6€of€the€rules€of€procedureÏ(CAT/C/19),€as€the€agenda€of€its€ninth€session:ÌÌà2 .2à1.à .àAdoption€of€the€agenda.ÌÌà2 .2à2.à .àOrganizational€and€other€matters.ÌÌà2 .2à3.à0 .àSubmission€of€reports€by€States€parties€under€article€19€of€theÏConvention.ÌÌà2 .2à4.à0 .àConsideration€of€reports€submitted€by€States€parties€under€article€19Ïof€the€Convention.ÌÌà2 .2à5.à0 .àConsideration€of€information€received€under€article€20€of€theÏConvention.ÌÌà2 .2à6.à .àConsideration€of€communications€under€article€22€of€the€Convention.ÌÌà2 .2à7.à0 .àPreparatory€activities€relating€to€the€World€Conference€on€HumanÏRights.ÌÌ9.à2 .2àAt€its€137th€meeting,€on€19€April€1993,€the€Committee€adopted€the€followingÏitems,€listed€in€the€provisional€agenda€submitted€by€the€Secretary„General€inÏaccordance€with€rule€6€of€the€rules€of€procedure€(CAT/C/22),€as€the€agenda€ofÏits€tenth€session:ÌÌà2 .2à1.à .àAdoption€of€the€agenda.ÌÌà2 .2à2.à .àOrganizational€and€other€matters.ÌÌà2 .2à3.à0 .àSubmission€of€reports€by€States€parties€under€article€19€of€theÏConvention.ÌÌà2 .2à4.à0 .àConsideration€of€reports€submitted€by€States€parties€under€article€19Ïof€the€Convention.ÌÌà2 .2à5.à0 .àConsideration€of€information€received€under€article€20€of€theÏConvention.ÌÌà2 .2à6.à .àConsideration€of€communications€under€article€22€of€the€Convention.ÌÌà2 .2à7.à .àFuture€meetings€of€the€Committee.ÌÌà2 .2à8.à0 .àAction€by€the€General€Assembly€at€its€forty„seventh€session:ÌÌà02 .2àà0 .à(a)à0 . àAnnual€report€submitted€by€the€Committee€against€Torture€underÏarticle€24€of€the€Convention;ÌÌà02 .2àà0 .à(b)à0 . àEffective€implementation€of€international€instruments€on€humanÏrights,€including€reporting€obligations€under€internationalÏinstruments€on€human€rights.ÌÌÔ&  Ôà2 .2à9.à0 .àPreparatory€activities€relating€to€the€World€Conference€on€HumanÏRights.ÌÌà2 .2à10.à .àAnnual€report€of€the€Committee€on€its€activities.ÌÔ'  ÔÌÌà@ì .ä àF.€€òòWorking€methods€of€the€CommitteeóóˆÌÌòòNinth€sessionóóÌÌ10.à2 .2àAt€its€136th€meeting,€on€20€November€1992,€the€Committee€exchanged€views€onÏpossible€ways€to€make€its€methods€of€work€more€effective€and€requested€theÏSecretariat€to€prepare€a€report€which€would€provide€information€on€the€workingÏmethods€of€other€human€rights€treaty€bodies€and€give€the€Committee€general€ideasÏon€how€it€could€improve€its€work.ÌÌòòTenth€sessionóóÌÌ11.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€this€question,€the€Committee€had€before€it€an€informalÏnote€by€the€Secretariat€providing€information€on€the€working€methods€of€otherÏhuman€rights€treaty€bodies.ÌÌ12.à2 .2àOwing€to€lack€of€time,€the€Committee€decided,€at€its€152nd€meeting,€onÏ29April1993,€to€postpone€consideration€of€this€question€until€its€eleventhÏsession,€in€November€1993.ÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€G.€€òòCooperation€between€the€Committee€and€the€Board€of€TrusteesóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòof€the€United€Nations€Voluntary€Fund€for€Victims€of€TortureóóÌÌ13.à2 .2àThe€Committee€and€the€Board€of€Trustees€of€the€United€Nations€VoluntaryÏFund€for€Victims€of€Torture€held€a€joint€meeting€on€28€April€1993,€during€theÏ151st€meeting€of€the€Committee.€€The€Chairman€of€the€Committee€and€the€ChairmanÏof€the€Board€of€Trustees,€Mr.€Jaap€Walkate,€provided€information€on€the€mostÏrecent€activities€of€both€organs€and€the€members€exchanged€views€on€how€to€makeÏpublic€opinion€better€informed€of€their€work.€€Mr.€Bent€Srensen,€at€theÏCommittee's€invitation,€provided€information€on€the€activities€of€the€EuropeanÏCommittee€established€under€the€European€Convention€for€the€Prevention€ofÏTorture€and€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€of€which€he€had€beenÏmember€and€First€Vice„Chairman€since€September€1989.ÌÌÌà@ì .fàH.€€òòQuestion€of€a€draft€optional€protocol€to€the€ConventionóóˆÌÌ14.à2 .2àAt€the€119th€meeting,€on€9€November€1992,€the€Chairman€of€the€CommitteeÏinformed€the€other€members€that€he€had€attended€a€meeting€of€the€Working€GroupÏset€up€by€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights€to€prepare€a€draft€optional€protocol€toÏthe€Convention.€òò1óó/€€The€Working€Group€had€held€its€first€session€at€the€UnitedÏNations€Office€at€Geneva€from€19€to€30€October€1992.€€It€had€welcomed€theÏcomments€of€the€Committee€against€Torture€on€the€draft€optional€protocol€whichÏhad€been€submitted€to€it€in€a€working€document€(E/CN.4/1992/WG.11/WP.1/Add.2).ÌÌ15.à2 .2àThe€Chairman€of€the€Committee€provided€information€on€the€discussion€whichÏhad€taken€place€in€the€Working€Group€with€his€participation.€€He€pointed€outÏthat€the€Working€Group€had€decided€to€invite,€at€its€following€sessions,€aÏmember€of€the€Committee€who€would€attend€the€meetings€of€the€Group,€give€hisÏcontribution€to€the€discussions,€and€provide€information€on€matters€of€mutualÏconcern€for€both€the€Group€and€the€Committee.ÌÌ16.à2 .2àThe€Committee€agreed€to€designate€Mr.€Bent€Srensen€as€its€observer€in€theÏfuture€sessions€of€the€Working€Group.ÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€I.€€òòPreparatory€activities€relating€to€the€World€ConferenceóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòon€Human€RightsóóÌÓ  ÓÌòòNinth€sessionóóÌÌ17.à2 .2àAt€the€119th€meeting,€on€9€November€1992,€Mr.€Srensen,€who€had€beenÏdesignated€by€the€Committee€as€its€representative€to€the€Preparatory€CommitteeÏfor€the€World€Conference€on€Human€Rights,€reported€on€the€activities€of€theÏPreparatory€Committee€at€its€third€session,€held€at€the€United€Nations€Office€atÏGeneva€from€14€to€18€September€1992,€as€well€as€on€his€participation€in€theÏdiscussions.€€Mr.€Ben€Ammar€informed€the€Committee€about€his€participation€asÏrepresentative€of€a€non„governmental€organization€in€the€African€RegionalÏPreparatory€Meeting€for€the€World€Conference,€which€had€taken€place€at€TunisÏfrom€2€to€6€November€1992.ÌÌ18.à2 .2àAt€the€same€meeting,€and€at€its€126th,€127th€and€136th€meetings,€onÏ13and20€November€1992,€the€Committee€discussed€how€it€should€participate€inÏthe€various€meetings€to€be€held€in€connection€with€preparations€for€the€WorldÏConference€on€Human€Rights,€and€the€Conference€itself€to€be€held€at€Vienna€fromÏ14€to€25€June€1993.ÌÌ19.à2 .2àThe€Committee€decided€that€Mr.€Srensen€would€continue€to€act€as€itsÏrepresentative€to€the€Preparatory€Committee€for€the€Conference€and€Mr.€MikhailovÏas€its€alternative€representative.€€The€Committee€postponed€until€a€later€stageÏa€decision€on€its€representation€at€the€Conference€itself.ÌÌ20.à2 .2àIn€addition,€at€its€136th€meeting,€on€20€November€1992,€the€Committee,Ïpursuant€to€the€request€made€by€the€General€Assembly€in€paragraph€10€ofÏresolution€45/155,€adopted€the€following€recommendations€to€the€PreparatoryÏCommittee€for€the€World€Conference€on€Human€Rights,€and€to€the€ConferenceÏitself:ÌÌà02 .2àà0 .à"òòThe€Committee€against€Tortureóó,ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"òòPursuantóó€to€paragraphs€9€and€10€of€General€Assembly€resolution€45/155Ïof€18€December€1990€and€paragraph€5€of€Commission€on€Human€RightsÏresolution€1991/30€of€5€March€1991,ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"1.à . àòòAppointsóó€Mr.€Srensen€as€representative€and€Mr.€Mikhailov€asÏalternate€to€the€meetings€of€the€Preparatory€Committee€for€the€WorldÏConference€on€Human€Rights;ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"2.à0 . àòòRecommends€thatóó:ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"(a)à . àWith€a€view€to€eradicating€torture€by€the€year€2000,€the€subjectÏmatter€should€be€included€in€the€agenda€of€the€World€Conference;ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"(b)à . àAn€energetic€and€concerted€effort€should€be€made€both€during€theÏprocess€of€preparation€for€the€World€Conference€and€at€the€ConferenceÏitself€to€encourage:ÌÌà02 .2àà0 .à"(i)à0 . àStates€that€have€not€yet€done€so€to€become€parties€to€theÏConvention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€DegradingÏTreatment€or€Punishment,€including€its€articles€20,€21€and€22;ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€"(ii)à0 . àThose€States€parties€to€the€Convention€which€have€not€done€so€toÏdeclare€in€favour€of€the€provisions€of€articles€20,€21€and€22;ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"(c)à . àIn€view€of€the€unfortunate€rise€of€ethnic€violence,€torture€andÏother€human€rights€breaches€in€all€their€manifestations€in€various€regionsÏof€the€world,€the€possibility€should€be€examined€of:ÌÌà02 .2àà0 .à"(i)à0 . àPreventing€human€rights€violations,€especially€the€crime€ofÏtorture,€and€other€cruel,€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment€orÏpunishment,€within€the€scope€of€the€activities€of€the€Committee;ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€"(ii)à0 . àIncreasing€the€United€Nations€budgetary€resources€allocated€toÏhuman€rights;ÌÓ882 ÓÌà02 .2àà .à"3.à . àòòWould€welcomeóó€the€opportunity,€within€the€framework€of€the€WorldÏConference,€for€a€meeting€to€be€convened€with€the€participation€of€theÏchairpersons€and/or€representatives€of€the€United€Nations€human€rightsÏtreaty€bodies€and€the€chairpersons€and/or€representatives€of€each€of€theÏprincipal€regional€and€other€human€rights€organizations€to€deal€with€theÏmatters€referred€to;ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"4.à . àòòWould€also€welcomeóó€the€Preparatory€Committee€and€the€WorldÏConference€exploring€the€following€broader€issues:ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"(a)à . àThe€establishment€of€a€high€commissioner€for€human€rights;ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"(b)à0 . àThe€creation€of€an€international€court€for€human€rights;ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"(c)à . àThe€establishment€of€a€research€institute€for€human€rightsÏconnected€with€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights€of€the€United€NationsÏSecretariat;ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"(d)à . àCooperation€and€coordination€with€regional€systems€for€theÏprotection€of€human€rights;ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"5.à . àòòSuggestsóó€that,€with€a€view€to€improving€the€implementation€ofÏexisting€human€rights€standards€and€instruments,€the€following€topicsÏshould€be€considered€as€appropriate€ones€for€inclusion€by€the€WorldÏConference€in€its€agenda:ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"(a)à . àAn€examination€of€the€issues€relevant€to€the€implementation€ofÏthe€Convention€against€Torture;ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"(b)à . àAn€evaluation€of€the€effectiveness€of€United€Nations€monitoringÏmethods€and€mechanisms;ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"(c)à . àA€formulation€of€concrete€recommendations€for€improving€theÏeffectiveness€of€United€Nations€mechanisms€(especially€the€functioning€ofÏthe€Convention€against€Torture)€aimed€at€promoting,€encouraging€andÏmonitoring€respect€for€human€rights€and€fundamental€freedoms."ÌÌòòTenth€sessionóóÌÌ21.à2 .2àAt€the€147th€meeting,€on€26€April€1993,€Mr.€El€Ibrashi€reported€on€hisÏparticipation€in€the€Asian€regional€meeting€for€the€preparation€of€the€WorldÏConference€on€Human€Rights,€which€had€been€held€at€Bangkok€from€29€March€toÏ2April€1993.ÌÌ22.à2 .2àAt€the€148th€meeting,€on€26€April€1993,€Mr.€Srensen€reported€on€hisÏparticipation€in€the€fourth€session€of€the€Preparatory€Committee€for€theÏConference,€which€was€being€held€at€Geneva€from€19€to€30€April€1993.ÌÌ23.à2 .2àAt€its€151st€meeting,€on€28€April€1993,€the€Committee€decided€that€itsÏChairman€would€represent€it€at€the€World€Conference€on€Human€Rights.€ÏMr.Srensen€would€act€as€his€alternate.€€Mr.€Ben€Ammar€and€Mr.€Burns,€who€wouldÏalso€participate€in€the€Conference€on€behalf€of€non„governmental€organizations,Ïwould€also€represent€the€Committee,€with€Mr.€Srensen€being€the€Committee'sÏprimary€spokesman.ÌÌÇà@ì .làÓ882 ÓII.€€ACTION€BY€THE€GENERAL€ASSEMBLY€AT€ITS€FORTY„SEVENTH€SESSIONˆÌÌÌ24.à2 .2àThe€Committee€considered€this€agenda€item€at€its€144th€meeting,€onÏ22April1993.ÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€A.€€òòAnnual€report€submitted€by€the€Committee€against€TortureóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòunder€article€24€of€the€ConventionóóÌÌ25.à2 .2àThe€Committee€had€before€it€an€informal€note€by€the€Secretariat€based€onÏthe€summary€records€of€the€Third€Committee€of€the€General€Assembly€covering€theÏdiscussion€of€its€annual€report€(A/C.3/47/SR.40€and€42„45),€and€General€AssemblyÏresolution€47/113€of€16€December€1992€and€Commission€on€Human€Rights€resolutionÏ1993/37€of€5€March€1993€on€the€status€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ26.à2 .2àThe€Committee€took€note€of€the€resolutions€and€of€the€views€expressedÏduring€the€discussion€in€the€Third€Committee€of€the€General€Assembly.ÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€B.€€òòEffective€implementation€of€international€instrumentsóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòon€human€rights,€including€reporting€obligationsóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòunder€international€instruments€on€human€rightsóóÌÌòòNinth€sessionóóÌÌ27.à2 .2àThe€Committee€held€an€exchange€of€views€on€issues€relating€to€this€sub„itemÏat€its€124th€meeting,€on€12€November€1992.€€The€Chairman€of€the€Committee,€whoÏhad€participated€in€the€fourth€meeting€of€persons€chairing€the€human€rightsÏtreaty€bodies,€held€at€the€United€Nations€Office€at€Geneva€from€12€toÏ16October1992,€provided€information€on€the€conclusions€and€recommendations€ofÏthat€meeting.ÌÌ28.à2 .2àIn€addition,€in€accordance€with€the€relevant€decisions€adopted€by€theÏCommittee€at€its€sixth€session,€at€the€136th€meeting,€on€20€November€1992,ÏMr.Srensen€reported€on€the€activities€of€the€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€theÏChild€and€Mr.€Voyame€reported€on€the€activities€of€the€Committee€on€theÏElimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women.ÌÌòòTenth€sessionóóÌÌ29.à2 .2àThe€Committee€had€before€it€the€report€of€the€fourth€meeting€of€personsÏchairing€the€human€rights€treaty€bodies€(A/47/628,€annex),€General€AssemblyÏresolution€47/111€of€16€December€1992€and€Commission€on€Human€Rights€resolutionÏ1993/16€of€26€February€1993.ÌÌ30.à2 .2àThe€Committee€took€note€of€the€above„mentioned€report€and€resolutions.ÌÇ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€III.€€SUBMISSION€OF€REPORTS€BY€STATES€PARTIES€UNDERÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ARTICLE€19€OF€THE€CONVENTIONÌÌÌòòà@ì .` àAction€taken€by€the€Committee€to€ensure€the€submissionóóˆÌà@ì .øàòòof€reportsóóˆÌÌòòNinth€sessionóóÌÌ31.à2 .2àThe€Committee,€at€its€131st€meeting,€on€17€November€1992,€considered€theÏstatus€of€submission€of€reports€under€article€19€of€the€Convention.€€TheÏCommittee€had€before€it€the€following€documents:ÌÌà2 .2à(a)à .àNote€by€the€Secretary„General€concerning€initial€reports€of€27€StatesÏparties€which€were€due€in€1988€(CAT/C/5);ÌÌà2 .2à(b)à .àNote€by€the€Secretary„General€concerning€initial€reports€of€10€StatesÏparties€which€were€due€in€1989€(CAT/C/7);ÌÌà2 .2à(c)à .àNote€by€the€Secretary„General€concerning€initial€reports€of€11€StatesÏparties€that€were€due€in€1990€(CAT/C/9);ÌÌà2 .2à(d)à .àNote€by€the€Secretary„General€concerning€initial€reports€of€7€StatesÏparties€that€were€due€in€1991€(CAT/C/12);ÌÌà2 .2à(e)à .àNote€by€the€Secretary„General€concerning€initial€reports€of€10€StatesÏparties€that€were€due€in€1992€(CAT/C/16/Rev.1);ÌÌà2 .2à(f)à .àNote€by€the€Secretary„General€concerning€second€periodic€reports€of€26ÏStates€parties€that€were€due€in€1992€(CAT/C/17).ÌÌ32.à2 .2àThe€Committee€was€informed€that,€in€addition€to€the€11€reports€that€wereÏscheduled€for€consideration€by€the€Committee€at€its€ninth€session€(see€para.42Ïbelow),€the€Secretary„General€had€received€the€additional€report€of€ChinaÏ(CAT/C/7/Add.14)€requested€by€the€Committee€at€its€fourth€session€under€rule€67,Ïparagraph€2,€of€its€rules€of€procedure,€the€initial€report€of€PeruÏ(CAT/C/7/Add.15),€and€additional€information€from€Australia€(CAT/C/9/Add.11)€andÏthe€United€Kingdom€of€Great€Britain€and€Northern€Ireland.*ÌÌ33.à2 .2àIn€accordance€with€rule€65€of€the€Committee's€rules€of€procedure€and€itsÏdecisions,€the€Secretary„General€continued€sending€reminders€automatically€toÏthose€States€parties€whose€initial€reports€were€more€than€12€months€overdue,€andÏsubsequent€reminders€every€six€months.€€In€the€case€of€reports€which€were€moreÏthan€three€years€overdue,€the€Chairman€of€the€Committee,€at€its€request,Ïdiscussed€the€question€of€reporting€obligations€with€the€representatives€of€theÏStates€parties€concerned€or€addressed€a€letter€on€the€subject€to€the€MinisterÏfor€Foreign€Affairs,€as€appropriate.€€Those€States€were€Togo€and€Uganda,€whose€Ìinitial€reports€were€due€in€1988,€but€had€not€yet€been€received€after€fiveÏreminders;€and€Guyana,€whose€initial€report,€due€in€1989,€had€not€yet€beenÏreceived€after€four€reminders.€ÌÌ__________ÌÌà2 .2à*à .àInformation€consisting€of€legal€and€judicial€texts€or€statisticalÏtables€was€made€available€to€the€Committee,€but€it€has€not€been€issued€as€aÏdocument.ÌÇ34.à2 .2àIn€addition,€second€reminders€were€sent€by€the€Secretary„General€inÏJune1992€to€Brazil,€Guinea€and€Poland€and€a€third€reminder€to€Portugal,€whoseÏinitial€reports€were€due€in€1990€but€had€not€yet€been€received.€€A€firstÏreminder€was€also€sent€in€June€1992€to€Paraguay€and€second€reminders€were€sentÏin€September€1992€to€Guatemala€and€Somalia,€whose€initial€reports€were€due€inÏ1991€but€had€not€yet€been€received.ÌÌòòTenth€sessionóóÌÌ35.à2 .2àAt€its€144th€meeting,€on€22€April€1993,€the€Committee€also€considered€theÏstatus€of€submission€of€reports€under€article€19€of€the€Convention.€€In€additionÏto€the€documents€listed€in€paragraph31€above,€the€Committee€had€before€it€twoÏnotes€by€the€Secretary„General,€concerning€initial€reports€to€be€submitted€by€6ÏStates€parties€in€1993€(CAT/C/21),€and€second€periodic€reports€to€be€submittedÏby€10€States€parties€in€1993€(CAT/C/20).ÌÌ36.à2 .2àThe€Committee€was€informed€that,€in€addition€to€the€eight€reports€that€wereÏscheduled€for€consideration€by€the€Committee€at€its€tenth€session€(see€para.44Ïbelow),€the€Secretary„General€had€received€the€initial€reports€of€ParaguayÏ(CAT/C/12/Add.3)€and€Poland€(CAT/C/9/Add.13),€the€second€periodic€reports€ofÏEcuador€(CAT/C/20/Add.1)€and€Egypt€(CAT/C/17/Add.11)€and€additional€informationÏfrom€the€United€Kingdom€on€its€dependent€territories€(CAT/C/9/Add.14).ÌÌ37.à2 .2àThe€Committee€was€also€informed€that€initial€reports€had€not€yet€beenÏreceived€from€Togo€and€Uganda,€whose€reports€were€due€in€1988,€and€Guyana,€whoseÏreport€was€due€in€1989.€€In€this€connection,€the€Committee€decided€that€inÏaddition€to€Togo€and€Uganda,€Guyana€should€be€requested€to€submit€its€initialÏand€second€periodic€reports€in€one€document.€€The€Committee€was€informed€thatÏthird€reminders€had€been€sent€by€the€Secretary„General€in€January€1993€to€BrazilÏand€Guinea€and€a€fourth€reminder€to€Portugal,€whose€initial€reports€were€due€inÏ1990€but€had€not€yet€been€received.€€A€first€reminder€had€also€been€sent€inÏJanuary€1993€to€Malta€and€third€reminders€had€been€sent€in€March€1993€toÏGuatemala€and€Somalia,€whose€initial€reports€were€due€in€1991€but€had€not€yetÏbeen€received.€ÌÌ38.à2 .2àThe€Committee€again€requested€the€Secretary„General€to€continue€sendingÏreminders€automatically€to€those€States€parties€whose€initial€reports€were€moreÏthan€12€months€overdue€and€subsequent€reminders€every€six€months.ÌÌ39.à2 .2àIn€accordance€with€the€decision€adopted€by€the€Committee€at€its€seventhÏsession,€the€Chairman,€at€the€Committee's€request,€discussed€with€theÏrepresentative€of€Portugal,€whose€report€was€more€than€three€years€overdue,€theÏdifficulties€that€prevented€that€State€party€from€complying€with€its€reportingÏobligations€under€the€Convention.€€Portugal€submitted€its€initial€reportÏ(CAT/C/9/Add.15)€in€May€1993.ÌÌ40.à2 .2àFinally,€the€Committee,€noting€that€no€reply€had€been€received€to€theÏletters€that€its€Chairman€had€addressed€in€July€1992€to€the€Ministers€forÏForeign€Affairs€of€Guyana,€Togo,€and€Uganda€with€regard€to€their€overdueÏreports,€regretted€that€those€States€parties€were€not€complying€with€theÏobligations€they€had€freely€assumed€under€the€Convention.ÌÌ41.à2 .2àThe€status€of€submission€of€reports€by€States€parties€under€article€19€ofÏthe€Convention€as€at€April€1993,€the€closing€date€of€the€tenth€session€of€theÏCommittee,€appears€in€annex€III€to€the€present€report.ÌÌÇ€€€€€€€€€€€€€IV.€€CONSIDERATION€OF€REPORTS€SUBMITTED€BY€STATES€PARTIESÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€UNDER€ARTICLE€19€OF€THE€CONVENTIONÌÌÌ42.à2 .2àAt€its€ninth€and€tenth€sessions,€the€Committee€examined€initial€reportsÏsubmitted€by€four€States€parties€and€second€periodic€reports€submitted€by€10ÏStates€parties,€under€article€19,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Convention.€€It€alsoÏexamined€additional€reports€requested€from€two€States€parties€pursuant€toÏrule67,€paragraph€2,€of€the€rules€of€procedure.€€At€its€ninth€session,€theÏCommittee€devoted€16€of€the€18€meetings€held€to€the€consideration€of€reportsÏ(see€CAT/C/SR.119„123,€124/Add.1,€125€and€Add.2,€126,€127€and€Add.2,€128,€129Ïand€Add.2,€130,€131€and€Add.2,€132,€133€and€Add.2,€134/Add.1,€135€and€Add.2).€ÏThe€following€reports,€listed€in€the€order€in€which€they€had€been€received€byÏthe€Secretary„General,€were€before€the€Committee€at€its€ninth€session:ÌÌÓ882 PÓà2 .2àAfghanistan€(initial€report)àP .Pà(CAT/C/5/Add.31)Ìà2 .2àGermany€(initial€report)àP .Pà(CAT/C/12/Add.1)Ìà2 .2àUnited€Kingdom€of€Great€Britain€andÌà2 .2à€€Northern€Ireland:€€dependent€territoriesÌà2 .2à€€(initial€report)àP .Pà(CAT/C/9/Add.10)Ìà2 .2àNorway€(second€periodic€report)àP .Pà(CAT/C/17/Add.1)Ìà2 .2àArgentina€(second€periodic€report)àP .Pà(CAT/C/17/Add.2)Ìà2 .2àMexico€(second€periodic€report)àP .Pà(CAT/C/17/Add.3)Ìà2 .2àNew€Zealand€(initial€report)àP .Pà(CAT/C/12/Add.2)Ìà2 .2àLibyan€Arab€Jamahiriya€(additional€report)àP .Pà(CAT/C/9/Add.12/Rev.1)Ìà2 .2àUkraine€(second€periodic€report)àP .Pà(CAT/C/17/Add.4)Ìà2 .2àCanada€(second€periodic€report)àP .Pà(CAT/C/17/Add.5)Ìà2 .2àBelarus€(second€periodic€report)àP .Pà(CAT/C/17/Add.6)ÌÌ43.à2 .2àAt€its€119th€meeting,€on€9€November€1992,€the€Committee€agreed,€at€theÏrequest€of€the€Government€concerned,€to€postpone€until€its€tenth€session€theÏconsideration€of€the€second€periodic€report€of€Canada.ÌÌ44.à2 .2àAt€its€tenth€session,€the€Committee€devoted€8€of€the€17€meetings€held€toÏthe€consideration€of€reports€submitted€by€States€parties€(see€CAT/C/SR.139„142,Ï142/Add.2,€143€and€Add.2,€144€and€Add.2,€145€and€Add.2€and€146€and€Add.2€and€4).€ÏThe€following€reports€listed€in€the€order€in€which€they€had€been€received€by€theÏSecretary„General,€were€before€the€Committee€at€its€tenth€session:ÌÌà2 .2àBelize€(initial€report)àP .Pà(CAT/C/5/Add.25)Ìà2 .2àCanada€(second€periodic€report)àP .Pà(CAT/C/17/Add.5)Ìà2 .2àPanama€(second€periodic€report)àP .Pà(CAT/C/17/Add.7)Ìà2 .2àHungary€(second€periodic€report)àP .Pà(CAT/C/17/Add.8)Ìà2 .2àSweden€(second€periodic€report)àP .Pà(CAT/C/17/Add.9)Ìà2 .2àChina€(additional€report)àP .Pà(CAT/C/7/Add.14)Ìà2 .2àPeru€(initial€report)àP .Pà(CAT/C/7/Add.15)Ìà2 .2àSpain€(second€periodic€report)àP .Pà(CAT/C/17/Add.10)ÌÌ45.à2 .2àAt€its€137th€and€142nd€meetings,€on€19€and€21€April€1993,€the€CommitteeÏagreed,€at€the€request€of€the€Governments€concerned,€to€postpone€until€itsÏeleventh€session€the€consideration€of€the€initial€reports€of€Belize€and€Peru.ÌÌ46.à2 .2àIn€accordance€with€rule€66€of€the€rules€of€procedure€of€the€Committee,Ïrepresentatives€of€all€the€reporting€States€were€invited€to€attend€the€meetingsÏof€the€Committee€when€their€reports€were€examined.€€All€of€the€States€partiesÏwhose€reports€were€considered€by€the€Committee€sent€representatives€toÏparticipate€in€the€examination€of€their€respective€reports.ÌÌ47.à2 .2àIn€accordance€with€the€decision€taken€by€the€Committee€at€its€fourthÏsession,€òò2óó/€country€rapporteurs€and€alternate€rapporteurs€were€designated€by€theÏChairman,€in€consultation€with€the€members€of€the€Committee€during€sessions€andÏthe€Secretariat,€for€each€of€the€reports€submitted€by€States€parties€andÏconsidered€by€the€Committee€at€its€ninth€and€tenth€sessions.€€The€list€of€thoseÏreports€and€the€names€of€the€country€rapporteurs€and€their€alternates€for€eachÏof€them€appear€in€annex€IV€to€the€present€report.ÌÌ48.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€its€consideration€of€reports,€the€Committee€also€hadÏbefore€it€the€following€documents:ÌÌà2 .2à(a)à .àStatus€of€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€orÏDegrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€and€reservations€and€declarations€under€theÏConvention€(CAT/C/2/Rev.2);ÌÌà2 .2à(b)à .àGeneral€guidelines€regarding€the€form€and€contents€of€initial€reportsÏto€be€submitted€by€States€parties€under€article€19€of€the€ConventionÏ(CAT/C/4/Rev.2);ÌÌà2 .2à(c)à .àGeneral€guidelines€regarding€the€form€and€contents€of€periodic€reportsÏto€be€submitted€by€States€parties€under€article€19€of€the€Convention€(CAT/C/14).ÌÌ49.à2 .2àThe€following€sections,€arranged€on€a€country„by„country€basis€according€toÏthe€sequence€followed€by€the€Committee€in€its€consideration€of€the€reports,Ïcontain€summaries€based€on€the€records€of€the€meetings€at€which€the€reports€wereÏconsidered.€€More€detailed€information€is€contained€in€the€reports€submitted€byÏthe€States€parties€and€in€the€summary€records€of€the€relevant€meetings€of€theÏCommittee.ÌÌòòAfghanistanóóÌÌ50.à2 .2àThe€Committee€considered€the€initial€report€of€Afghanistan€(CAT/C/5/Add.31)Ïat€its€120th€and€121st€meetings,€on€10€November€1992€(see€CAT/C/SR.120€and€121).ÌÌ51.à2 .2àThe€report€was€introduced€by€the€representative€of€the€State€party,€whoÏpointed€out€that€his€country€was€not€always€in€a€position€to€respect€itsÏinternational€commitments€on€account€of€domestic€problems€and€the€lack€ofÏinfrastructure€needed€to€apply€international€standards.€€In€that€connection,ÏAfghanistan€would€welcome€any€assistance€that€could€be€provided€by€the€UnitedÏNations€and€the€advisory€services€of€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights.€€TheÏrepresentative€drew€particular€attention€to€the€fact€that€the€report€underÏconsideration€had€been€prepared€and€submitted€by€the€previous€regime,€in€powerÏin€January€1992,€and€that€it€had€a€number€of€shortcomings,€particularly€withÏregard€to€measures€taken€to€give€effect€to€the€provisions€of€the€Convention.€ÏSince€the€report€had€been€drafted,€enormous€changes€had€taken€place€inÏAfghanistan€and€the€new€administration€was€combating€social€injustice€inÏaccordance€with€Islamic€doctrine.€€The€transitional€government€was€facingÏdifficulties€due€to€Afghanistan's€internal€conflicts,€but€free€and€democraticÏelections€would€help€normalize€the€situation.€€A€new€constitution€was€beingÏdrafted€which€was€based€on€Islamic€principles€and€which€would€be€in€accordanceÏwith€international€human€rights€instruments.€€Measures€were€also€taken€toÏimprove€the€judiciary€and€to€prevent€criminal€acts€in€the€country.ÌÌ52.à2 .2àMembers€of€the€Committee€recognized€the€seriousness€of€the€problemsÏAfghanistan€was€facing€and€recalled€that€under€the€Convention€no€exceptionalÏcircumstances€may€be€invoked€as€a€justification€of€torture.€€They€generallyÏwished€to€know€how€international€law€was€currently€incorporated€into€domesticÏlaw,€whether€the€Constitution€quoted€in€the€report€was€still€in€force,€how€theÏlegal€system€of€criminal€law€operated€in€Afghanistan,€to€what€extent€Islamic€law€was€incorporated€into€Afghan€criminal€law€and€whether€the€new€regime€in€powerÏconsidered€itself€bound€by€the€international€conventions€ratified€by€theÏprevious€regime.€€Members€of€the€Committee€also€sought€clarification€on€theÏstructure€of€the€judiciary,€its€independence€and€its€relation€with€IslamicÏcourts.€€With€regard€to€the€report€under€consideration,€members€of€the€CommitteeÏtook€note€of€the€fact€that€it€did€not€reflect€the€point€of€view€of€the€presentÏGovernment€and€they€agreed€that€a€new€comprehensive€report€was€necessary€toÏunderstand€how€the€Convention€was€applied€in€Afghanistan.ÌÌ53.à2 .2àWith€reference€to€article€2€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€CommitteeÏrequested€more€detailed€information€on€the€rights€of€persons€under€arrest,Ïincluding€the€right€to€be€informed€of€charges€against€them,€the€right€to€remainÏsilent,€the€right€to€have€their€relatives€informed€of€their€whereabouts,€theÏright€to€communicate€with€a€lawyer€and€to€be€examined€by€a€doctor€of€theirÏchoosing.€€It€was€also€asked€whether€there€was€in€Afghanistan€a€code€of€conductÏfor€methods€of€interrogation,€whether€a€register€was€kept€of€persons€underÏarrest,€whether€the€accused€was€responsible€for€obtaining€and€paying€a€lawyerÏand€whether€the€State€provided€such€services.€€In€addition,€information€wasÏrequested€on€the€length€and€conditions€of€police€custody€and€the€procedureÏthrough€which€a€person€held€in€custody€was€brought€before€a€judicial€official.€ÏIt€was€asked,€in€this€connection,€whether€there€had€been€any€cases€of€torture€inÏAfghanistan€and€whether€representatives€of€the€International€Committee€of€theÏRed€Cross€were€authorized€to€visit€detention€centres€in€the€country.€€It€wasÏfurther€observed€that€a€recent€trial€in€Afghanistan,€in€which€four€persons€hadÏbeen€sentenced€to€death,€had€been€held€in€camera€and€that€no€appeal€or€reviewÏhad€been€allowed€and€it€was€asked€whether€trials€were€open€to€the€public€underÏthe€new€legal€system€and€whether€provision€had€been€made€for€review€or€clemencyÏin€the€case€of€persons€convicted€for€serious€offences.ÌÌ54.à2 .2àWith€reference€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€clarification€was€sought€asÏto€what€criminal€penalties€could€be€applied€to€those€found€guilty€of€practisingÏtorture.ÌÌ55.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€article€8€of€the€Convention,€it€was€observed€that€theÏconstitutional€provisions€prohibiting€the€extradition€of€Afghan€citizens€toÏanother€State€might€not€comply€with€the€requirements€of€that€article,€unlessÏprovision€was€also€made€domestically€for€the€prosecution€of€such€citizens.€€ItÏwas€pointed€out€that€article€8€implied€that€even€Afghan€citizens€must€beÏextradited,€for€example,€when€they€are€accused€of€having€committed€torture€inÏanother€State.ÌÌ56.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€articles€10€and€14€of€the€Convention,€it€was€askedÏwhether€education€regarding€the€prohibition€of€torture€was€provided€to€variousÏcategories€of€medical€personnel€other€than€doctors,€whether€any€medicalÏrehabilitation€programmes€had€been€set€up€in€Afghanistan,€how€victims€ofÏwrongful€acts€committed€by€agents€of€the€State€were€compensated€and€whetherÏthere€were€statistics€showing€that€any€citizen€had€ever€received€suchÏcompensation.ÌÌ57.à2 .2àWith€reference€to€article€15€of€the€Convention,€clarification€was€requestedÏabout€the€sentences€in€the€report€which€stated€that€confessions€or€statementsÏobtained€by€compulsion€were€not€"valid".ÌÌ58.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€article€16€of€the€Convention,€it€was€pointed€out€that,Ïaccording€to€information€received€from€Amnesty€International,€three€persons€hadÏbeen€publicly€hanged€in€Kabul€on€7€September€1992€and€it€was€observed€thatÏpublic€hangings€could€be€regarded€as€cruel€and€degrading€punishment.€€It€wasÏalso€noted€that,€according€to€the€same€source€of€information,€a€person€inÏAfghanistan€could€be€stoned€to€death€for€adultery€or€could€be€mutilated€and€submitted€to€corporal€punishment€for€certain€crimes€punishable€under€Islamic€lawÏand€it€was€asked€whether€Afghanistan€characterized€such€penalties€as€"pain€orÏsuffering€arising€only€from,€inherent€in,€or€incidental€to,€lawful€sanctions",Ïas€stated€in€article€1€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ59.à2 .2àIn€his€reply,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€stated€that€since€theÏIslamic€State€had€been€restored€in€Afghanistan,€torture€as€defined€in€theÏConvention€was€not€practised;€it€was€considered€contrary€to€Islamic€law€andÏprohibited€by€the€Penal€Code.€€The€legislation€mentioned€in€the€report€was€stillÏvalid,€but€it€was€likely€to€be€amended€following€the€adoption€of€the€newÏConstitution€and€would€be€brought€in€line€with€Islamic€precepts.€€He€thenÏreferred€to€the€categories€of€penalty€in€Islamic€law€and€stated€that€theÏprinciple€of€the€separation€of€powers€was€fully€respected€in€his€country.€ÏJudges€were€appointed€by€the€head€of€State,€who€also€decided€on€their€promotionÏon€the€basis€of€reports€made€by€the€Minister€of€Justice.€€At€present,€the€courtsÏapplied€the€Shariah€laws,€but€not€very€strictly.€€In€the€event€of€any€conflictÏbetween€internal€law€and€the€Convention,€the€Convention€took€precedence.€€TheÏrepresentative€stressed€that€the€current€leaders€of€Afghanistan€would€respectÏall€conventions€to€which€the€country€was€a€party€under€the€previous€regime€andÏwould€submit€a€more€detailed€report€to€the€Committee.ÌÌ60.à2 .2àWith€reference€to€article€2€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€statedÏthat€a€state€of€siege€had€not€been€officially€decreed€in€Afghanistan€and€that,Ïfollowing€the€general€amnesty,€all€prisoners,€including€criminals,€had€beenÏreleased.€€There€were€no€longer€any€prisons€in€Afghanistan,€but€small€detentionÏcentres€only.€€There€was€a€system€of€legal€aid€or€legal€assistance€for€theÏaccused,€but€it€was€somewhat€unsatisfactory,€mainly€because€Afghanistan€was€anÏunderdeveloped€country.ÌÌ61.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€article€14€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€pointedÏout€that€the€courts€determined€the€nature€and€amount€of€compensation€for€loss€orÏinjury€on€the€basis€of€the€relevant€Islamic€precepts.ÌÌòòConclusions€and€recommendationsóóÌÌ62.à2 .2àThe€Committee€was€generally€of€the€opinion€that,€in€view€of€the€enormousÏchanges€Afghanistan€had€been€going€through€recently,€the€Government€ofÏAfghanistan€should€submit€a€new€report€combining€the€information€required€in€anÏinitial€report,€an€additional€report€and€a€periodic€report€in€a€single€document.€ÏThe€new€report€should€take€account€of€all€the€questions€asked€and€follow€theÏgeneral€guidelines€of€the€Committee€regarding€the€form€and€contents€of€reportsÏto€be€submitted€by€States€parties.€€It€should€focus,€in€particular,€on€suchÏaspects€as€the€structure€of€the€legal€system,€conditions€of€detention€and€theÏrole€of€training€and€education;€it€should€also€clarify€to€what€extent€IslamicÏlaw€was€incorporated€into€Afghan€criminal€law.€€The€new€report€should€beÏsubmitted€by€the€end€of€June€1993,€so€that€the€Committee€could€discuss€it€at€itsÏNovember€1993€session.€€The€Committee€further€recalled€that€the€Centre€for€HumanÏRights€was€at€the€disposal€of€the€Government€of€Afghanistan€to€help€it€draft€itsÏreport€and€to€provide€technical€assistance€in€the€field€of€human€rights.ÌÌòòNorwayóóÌÌ63.à2 .2àThe€Committee€considered€the€second€periodic€report€of€NorwayÏ(CAT/C/17/Add.1)€at€its€122nd€and€123rd€meetings,€on€11€November€1992€(seeÏCAT/C/SR.122€and€123).ÌÌ64.à2 .2àIn€introducing€the€report,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€indicatedÏthat€the€investigations€of€368€alleged€cases€of€large„scale€police€brutality€inÏthe€city€of€Bergen,€which€had€been€discussed€in€May€1989€during€the€consideration€by€the€Committee€of€the€initial€report€of€Norway,€had€resulted€inÏonly€one€charge;€the€investigation€of€more€than€100€cases€of€alleged€falseÏaccusations€had€resulted€in€15€charges€and€11€convictions,€none€of€which€hadÏbeen€appealed.€€No€further€information€had€been€received€concerning€policeÏbrutality€in€Bergen.ÌÌ65.à2 .2àMembers€of€the€Committee€commended€the€Norwegian€Government€on€the€qualityÏof€its€report,€which€had€been€submitted€with€punctuality€and€could€serve€as€aÏmodel€for€the€reports€to€be€submitted€by€other€States.€€They€also€noted€withÏsatisfaction€Norway's€support€for€the€United€Nations€Voluntary€Fund€for€VictimsÏof€Torture€and€the€principle€of€preventive€country€visits,€as€contained€in€theÏdraft€optional€protocol€to€the€Convention€which€was€under€elaboration€in€aÏworking€group€of€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights.ÌÌ66.à2 .2àGenerally,€members€of€the€Committee€felt€that€some€clarification€wasÏnecessary€with€regard€to€the€incorporation€of€the€Convention€in€domestic€law€andÏthe€implementation€in€practice€of€its€provisions.€€They€noted€that€Norway€had€aÏdualistic€relationship€between€domestic€law€and€international€law,€but€it€wasÏnot€clear€which€legal€provision€took€precedence€and€whether€the€Convention€hadÏactually€been€incorporated€into€domestic€legislation.€€From€the€informationÏprovided,€it€appeared€that€the€Convention€was€not€a€formal€part€of€domestic€lawÏbut€that€Norwegian€courts€were€able€to€refer€to€international€treaties€inÏapplying€domestic€law.€€Members€of€the€Committee€observed,€in€this€connection,Ïthat€the€fact€that€Norwegian€legislation€did€not€contain€a€definition€of€tortureÏautomatically€gave€rise€to€problems€with€regard€to€the€implementation€of€theÏprovisions€of€the€Convention.€€They€therefore€expressed€the€hope€that€theÏNorwegian€authorities€would€reconsider€their€position€that€the€term€"torture€orÏcruel,€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment€or€punishment"€did€not€need€to€beÏincorporated€into€the€country's€legislation.€€In€this€regard,€they€wished€toÏknow€what€progress€had€been€made€by€the€Norwegian€expert€committee,€which€hadÏbeen€mentioned€during€the€consideration€of€Norway's€initial€report,€whoseÏmandate€was€to€make€proposals€on€the€way€in€which€the€major€international€humanÏrights€instruments€could€be€incorporated€into€Norwegian€legislation.ÌÌ67.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€article€2€of€the€Convention,€further€information€wasÏrequested€on€the€authority€deciding€in€Norway€about€deprivation€of€liberty€andÏon€the€lawful€period€during€which€a€person€might€be€held€in€custody€withoutÏbeing€brought€before€a€court.ÌÌ68.à2 .2àWith€reference€to€article€3€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€CommitteeÏrequested€information€on€how€the€1988€Immigration€Act€actually€worked€and€asked,Ïin€particular,€whether€foreigners,€especially€refugees,€could€be€denied€entry€toÏNorway€by€the€border€police€and€turned€back€and€what€recourse€procedure€wasÏavailable€to€them.€€Clarification€was€also€sought€about€the€indication€in€theÏreport€that€extradition€could€also€take€place€outside€bilateral€or€multilateralÏagreements.ÌÌ69.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€article€4€of€the€Convention,€it€was€recalled€that€eachÏState€party€should€ensure€that€all€acts€of€torture€are€offences€under€itsÏcriminal€law€and€clarification€was€requested€on€the€extent€to€which€Norway€wasÏcomplying€with€that€requirement€and€how€it€dealt€with€the€question€of€mentalÏtorture.ÌÌ70.à2 .2àReferring€to€article€5€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€wishedÏto€have€some€clarification€on€whether€Norway€had€a€system€of€universalÏjurisdiction€for€persons€who€committed€torture€and€whether€it€allowed€convictedÏpersons,€subject€to€certain€conditions,€to€serve€their€sentence€in€their€homeÏcountries,€as€provided€for€by€the€European€Convention€on€the€Transfer€ofÏSentenced€Persons.̇71.à2 .2àClarification€was€also€requested€on€specific€legal€measures€taken€by€NorwayÏto€implement€fully€articles€6,€7,€8€and€9€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ72.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€article€10€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€CommitteeÏrecalled€that€training€programmes€were€necessary€not€only€for€doctors,€but€alsoÏfor€other€health€personnel€at€all€levels€who€had€a€key€role€to€play€in€combatingÏtorture.€€It€was€also€asked€whether€law€faculties€offered€special€courses€whichÏdealt€with€torture€as€a€global€phenomenon€and€approached€it€from€the€standpointÏof€international€and€domestic€legislation.ÌÌ73.à2 .2àTurning€to€article€11€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€CommitteeÏcongratulated€Norway€on€its€rules€and€practices€with€regard€to€the€custody€ofÏpersons€in€detention€and€the€treatment€of€prisoners€and€requested€furtherÏinformation€on€the€provisions€contained€in€the€Prosecution€Instructions.ÌÌ74.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€article€12€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€CommitteeÏasked€for€additional€information€on€the€nature€of€the€cases€referred€to€theÏ"special€investigative€bodies"€which€were€independent€of€the€police€and€theÏprosecuting€authority.€€They€also€asked€how€the€special€investigative€bodiesÏwere€set€up,€by€whom,€what€their€prerogatives€were,€why€they€were€needed€andÏwhat€the€role€of€the€public€prosecutors€was.€€Members€of€the€Committee€notedÏthat€only€20€cases€relating€to€the€use€of€force€by€the€police€had€been€subjectedÏto€special€investigation€in€Norway€during€the€period€1988„1990€and€asked€forÏadditional€information€in€that€regard.€€They€wished€to€know,€in€particular,Ïwhether€there€were€districts€where€such€incidents€were€more€common€thanÏelsewhere€and€whether€foreigners€were€involved€to€any€significant€extent.€€WithÏregard€to€the€investigation€of€alleged€police€brutality€in€Bergen€in€May€1989,Ïwhich€had€resulted€in€the€indictment€of€15€persons€for€having€made€falseÏaccusations€against€the€police,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€know€whetherÏit€had€been€proved€beyond€any€reasonable€doubt€that€the€persons€prosecuted€hadÏintended€to€discredit€members€of€the€police€force€and€what€penalties€had€beenÏimposed€on€those€found€guilty.€€Clarification€was€also€requested€on€the€positionÏof€the€Norwegian€authorities€with€regard€to€the€views€of€Amnesty€InternationalÏin€this€matter.ÌÌ75.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€article€14€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€notedÏthat€Norwegian€legislation€provided€for€financial€compensation€only,€and€in€aÏlimited€amount,€to€victims€of€violence€and€that€compensation€was€not€granted€forÏinjury€of€a€non„economic€nature.€€They€observed€that€those€provisions€did€notÏmeet€all€the€requirements€for€compensation€of€victims€of€torture€established€byÏthe€Convention.ÌÌ76.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€article€15€of€the€Convention,€clarification€wasÏrequested€on€whether€testimonies€obtained€unlawfully€could€be€admitted€asÏevidence.ÌÌ77.à2 .2àIn€his€reply,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€provided€detailedÏinformation€about€the€dualistic€system€in€force€in€his€country,€according€toÏwhich€a€special€act€was€required€before€an€international€instrument€becameÏapplicable€in€Norway.€€He€also€informed€the€Committee€about€different€legalÏapproaches€recently€developed€by€Norwegian€jurists€with€regard€to€theÏapplication€of€international€human€rights€instruments€in€domestic€law.€€TheÏCommittee€set€up€in€1989€to€study€this€question€had€not€yet€submitted€itsÏreport.€€It€appeared,€however,€that€it€would€propose€that€a€number€of€humanÏrights€instruments€should€be€incorporated€into€Norwegian€law€and€that€a€highÏrank€should€be€given€to€them€in€the€hierarchy€of€legal€provisions.€€TheÏrepresentative€also€pointed€out€that€some€provisions€of€the€Penal€Code€wereÏfully€applicable€to€the€acts€referred€to€in€article€1€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ78.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€article€2€of€the€Convention,€the€representativeÏindicated€that,€according€to€section€183€of€the€Criminal€Procedure€Act,€aÏdetained€person€must€be€brought€before€a€judge€on€the€day€following€his€arrest.ÌÌ79.à2 .2àReferring€to€article€3€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€stated€thatÏthe€case€of€any€foreigner€requesting€asylum€at€the€border€or€invoking€certainÏrules€of€humanitarian€protection€was€referred€to€the€Director€of€the€ImmigrationÏServices;€in€any€event,€an€asylum„seeker€would€not€be€turned€back€at€the€border.€ÏA€residence€permit€could€also€be€issued€for€humanitarian€reasons.€€In€addition,ÏNorway€had€a€list€of€countries€to€which€foreign€nationals€must€not€be€sent€back.€ÏExtradition€could€be€granted€to€countries€with€which€Norway€had€not€concludedÏtreaties€but,€in€such€cases,€it€was€subject€to€specific€requirements€and€a€finalÏdecision€by€the€Minister€for€Justice.ÌÌ80.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€pointed€outÏthat€Norwegian€law€made€no€distinction€between€moral€and€physical€harm.ÌÌ81.à2 .2àTurning€to€article€5€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€stated€that,€inÏgeneral,€Norway€implemented€the€principle€of€universal€jurisdiction€which€wasÏapplicable€to€acts€of€torture€committed€abroad€by€Norwegian€nationals,€as€wellÏas€to€acts€committed€abroad€by€foreigners.€€If€a€person€who€had€committed€an€actÏof€torture€was€in€danger€of€ill„treatment€or€the€death€penalty€if€he€wasÏextradited,€he€would€be€tried€in€Norway.€€The€Minister€for€Justice€hadÏrecommended€that€the€Parliament€should€ratify€the€European€Convention€on€theÏTransfer€of€Sentenced€Persons.ÌÌ82.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€article€10€of€the€Convention,€the€representativeÏmentioned€that€the€Norwegian€authorities€had€established€a€fruitful€dialogueÏwith€the€Norwegian€Medical€Association,€which€was€particularly€interested€inÏmedical€ethics€and€torture.€€No€special€instruction€on€torture€was€provided€inÏlaw€faculties€but,€in€human€rights€courses,€considerable€attention€was€paid€toÏUnited€Nations€conventions.ÌÌ83.à2 .2àReferring€to€article€12€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€explainedÏthat€the€investigative€body€set€up€in€connection€with€the€alleged€policeÏbrutality€in€the€city€of€Bergen€was€responsible€for€investigating€acts€committedÏby€members€of€the€police€or€prosecution€bodies€in€the€exercise€of€theirÏfunctions.€€It€conducted€the€investigation,€while€the€public€prosecutor€wasÏresponsible€for€bringing€charges.€€It€was€presided€over€by€a€judge€and€has€beenÏset€up€to€ensure€that€abuses€by€the€police€were€investigated€impartially€andÏindependently€of€the€various€police€forces.€€Once€the€investigation€had€beenÏcompleted,€justice€followed€its€normal€course.€€He€also€stated€that€there€wereÏno€statistics€on€foreigners€who€might€have€been€subjected€to€police€brutality€orÏon€the€conduct€of€the€police€in€urban€as€opposed€to€rural€areas€and€thatÏsufficient€evidence€against€11€of€the€15€persons€charged€with€false€accusationsÏagainst€the€police€in€Bergen€had€been€established€by€the€jury.€€The€views€ofÏAmnesty€International€in€this€matter€had€been€brought€to€the€attention€of€theÏMinistry€of€Justice€and€the€Ministry€of€Foreign€Affairs.ÌÌ84.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€article€14€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€explainedÏin€detail€the€compensation€procedures€available€in€Norway,€which€consisted€ofÏvarious€mechanisms€for€both€economic€and€non„economic€losses.€€Claims€forÏcompensation€could€be€linked€with€a€criminal€action€and€the€amount€ofÏcompensation€was€determined€by€the€courts.€€The€system€for€compensation€by€theÏState€came€into€play€when€the€offender€was€insolvent.€€The€State€was€heldÏresponsible€for€unlawful€injury€caused€by€its€agents€and,€in€case€of€acts€ofÏtorture€committed€by€public€officials,€the€amount€of€compensation€would€not€beÏlimited€to€NKr€150,000.ÌÌ85.à2 .2àReferring€to€article€15€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€stressed€thatÏno€testimony€obtained€unlawfully€was€admissible,€although€there€was€no€specificÏlegislation€on€the€matter.ÌÌòòConclusions€and€recommendationsóóÌÌ86.à2 .2àThe€Committee€expressed€the€view€that€the€second€periodic€report€of€Norway,Ïwhich€had€been€submitted€punctually,€showed€what€progress€had€been€made€in€theÏimplementation€of€the€Convention€in€Norway€since€the€Committee€had€dealt€withÏthe€initial€report€in€April€1989.€€Apart€from€a€few€points€which€had€beenÏcleared€up€during€the€discussion,€the€Committee€felt€that€the€only€problem€wasÏthe€relationship€between€international€law€and,€in€particular,€the€ConventionÏagainst€Torture€and€Norwegian€domestic€law.ÌÌ87.à2 .2àThe€Committee€recommended€that€Norway€should€include€a€definition€ofÏtorture€in€its€domestic€law€and€that€it€should€explicitly€characterize€tortureÏas€a€crime;€that€would€make€it€possible€to€solve€problems€relating€to€universalÏjurisdiction.€€Another€solution,€equally€acceptable,€would€be€to€make€theÏConvention€part€of€Norwegian€domestic€law.ÌÌòòArgentinaóóÌÌ88.à2 .2àThe€second€periodic€report€of€Argentina€(CAT/C/17/Add.2)€was€considered€byÏthe€Committee€at€its€122nd€to€124th€meetings,€on€11€and€12€November€1992€(seeÏCAT/C/SR.122,€123€and€124/Add.1).ÌÌ89.à2 .2àThe€report€was€introduced€by€the€representative€of€the€reporting€State,€whoÏstated€that,€in€accordance€with€article€27€of€the€Vienna€Convention€on€the€LawÏof€Treaties,€Argentina€gave€precedence€to€an€international€convention€to€whichÏit€was€a€party€when€it€was€in€conflict€with€domestic€law.€€When€ArgentinaÏratified€an€international€instrument,€the€provisions€immediately€becameÏapplicable€by€domestic€administrative€and€judicial€bodies.ÌÌ90.à2 .2àThe€representative€also€provided€information€on€various€initiatives€takenÏby€his€Government€with€regard€to€the€training€of€prison€staff,€changes€withinÏthe€legal€system,€new€administrative€measures€and€the€provision€of€compensationÏto€victims€of€human€rights€violations.ÌÌ91.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€the€training€of€prison€officials,€he€indicated€that€theÏcurriculum€designed€for€them€included€courses€on€constitutional€law,€ethics€andÏhuman€rights,€and€public€and€criminal€law,€and€that€their€educational€programmesÏwere€placing€increased€emphasis€on€teaching€tolerance€and€respect€for€humanÏrights€and€dignity.ÌÌ92.à2 .2àConcerning€legislative€changes,€the€representative€stated€that€ActÏNo.23,950/91€amending€Act€No.€14,467€on€the€treatment€of€prisoners€stipulatedÏthat€no€individual€could€be€detained€without€a€court€order.€€If€the€police€hadÏsufficient€reasons€to€detain€an€individual,€it€could€do€so€for€no€more€thanÏ10hours€to€check€his€record,€as€against€48€hours€previously.€€The€Code€of€PenalÏProcedure€provided,€òòinter€aliaóó,€that€the€maximum€period€for€which€an€individualÏcould€be€held€incommunicado€had€been€reduced€from€10€days€to€72€hours.€ÏDetainees€had€the€right€to€communicate€with€their€defence€counsel€before€beingÏdetained€incommunicado.€€A€medical€examination€was€compulsory€at€the€beginningÏof€detention.€€The€new€Code€of€Penal€Procedure€also€abolished€the€validity€ofÏ"spontaneous€statements"€at€police€stations.€€The€accused€could€make€a€statementÏonly€before€a€judge.€€The€system€for€prison€visits€had€been€amended€by€the€newÏCode,€which€had€entered€into€force€on€5€September€1992.€€The€post€of€judge€forÏthe€enforcement€of€sentences€had€been€created€to€deal€with€problems€in€prisons,€with€the€assistance€of€medical,€psychological€and€social€welfare€experts€whoÏmonitored€conditions€of€detention€in€prison.ÌÌ93.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€recent€administrative€measures,€the€representative€madeÏreference€to€decision€No.€36/91,€which€contains€a€general€instruction€to€theÏmembers€of€the€Public€Prosecutor's€Office€recalling€that€they€must€complyÏfaithfully€with€their€legal€obligations€with€respect€to€the€matters€dealt€withÏin€the€Convention.€€In€addition,€decision€No.€2/92€had€been€adopted,€under€whichÏa€computerized€register€containing€allegations€of€unlawful€coercion€had€beenÏestablished.ÌÌ94.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€compensation€for€victims€of€human€rights€violations,€theÏrepresentative€stated€that€under€Act€No.€24,043,€compensation€to€victims€ofÏdetention€ordered€by€a€military€court€had€been€granted€to€8,200€persons.€€TheÏtotal€compensation€had€amounted€to€$700€million.€€Moreover,€under€DecreeÏNo.70/91,€pertaining€to€the€provision€of€compensation€to€persons€detained€byÏthe€police,€a€total€of€$12€million€was€to€be€granted€in€470€cases€and€half€thatÏamount€had€already€been€paid€out.ÌÌ95.à2 .2àThe€members€of€the€Committee€expressed€their€gratitude€to€the€Government€ofÏArgentina€for€its€timely€report€and€to€the€Government's€representative€for€hisÏintroductory€statement.€€Nevertheless,€they€observed€that€more€information€wasÏnecessary€on€the€implementation€of€the€Convention€at€the€provincial€level€and,Ïin€this€connection,€they€requested€clarification€as€to€the€awareness€existingÏthroughout€the€country€of€the€State€party's€obligations€under€the€Convention.€ÏIn€addition,€they€wished€to€know€of€any€specific€legislation€or€jurisprudenceÏwhich€had€established€the€precedence€of€provisions€of€international€instrumentsÏover€those€of€domestic€law,€especially€in€view€of€information€received€that€theÏSupreme€Court€had€handed€down€certain€judgements€in€which€internationalÏconventions€had€not€been€given€such€precedence.€€Members€of€the€Committee€alsoÏmade€reference€to€the€1853€National€Constitution€and€asked€whether€the€StateÏparty€intended€to€replace€or€amend€it.€€In€addition,€they€requested€furtherÏinformation€on€matters€relating€to€the€independence€of€the€judiciary,Ïparticularly€with€regard€to€reported€shortcomings€in€the€selection€and€promotionÏof€judges,€and€asked€whether€any€legislative€measures€were€anticipated€to€reformÏsuch€procedures.€€They€also€wished€to€receive€further€information€on€theÏeffectiveness€of€the€methods€used€by€the€Office€of€the€Attorney€General€of€theÏnation€to€monitor€the€Government's€powers€in€matters€relating€to€the€lack€ofÏjurisdictional€response€to€complaints€about€torture„related€crimes.€ÏFurthermore,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€know€whether€any€national€humanÏrights€institution€existed€in€Argentina€and€how€it€was€composed€and€what€theÏcontent€was€of€recent€reports€of€the€National€Department€of€Human€Rights€of€theÏMinistry€of€the€Interior.ÌÌ96.à2 .2àMembers€of€the€Committee€were€particularly€concerned€at€the€apparentÏpersistence€in€Argentina€of€ill„treatment€and€torture€practised€by€sections€ofÏthe€police€and€armed€forces€and€the€apparent€leniency€shown€by€the€authoritiesÏtowards€officials€responsible€for€acts€of€torture.€€Reference€was€made,€in€thisÏconnection,€to€reports€received€from€Amnesty€International€and€Americas€Watch,Ïparticularly€with€regard€to€the€733€allegations€of€ill„treatment€and€torture€forÏthe€period€1989„1991€and€that€such€victims€appeared€to€be€young,€from€poorÏdistricts€and€frequently€dark„skinned€or€indigenous€people.€€Other€reportsÏprovided€information€about€confessions€obtained€under€torture€from€persons€whoÏhad€attacked€La€Tablada€military€barracks€in€1989€and€allegations€ofÏill-treatment€of€detainees€by€the€police€in€the€capital€and€in€Chaco€and€MendozaÏprovinces.€€In€this€connection,€attention€was€drawn€to€mass€media€reports€of€theÏdeath€of€a€17„year„old€person,€Sergio€Gustavo€Duran,€at€Police€Precinct€No.€1€inÏMoron,€Buenos€Aires.€€Members€of€the€Committee€observed€that€intensifiedÏmeasures€were€required€to€deal€with€those€situations€and€that€those€measures€should€focus€on€compensation€of€the€tortured;€punishment€of€the€torturers;€andÏeducation€of€the€public€in€general€and€police€and€doctors€in€particular.ÌÌ97.à2 .2àConcerning€the€implementation€of€article€2€of€the€Convention,€members€ofÏthe€Committee€requested€further€information€on€the€new€Code€of€Penal€Procedure,Ïespecially€with€regard€to€establishment€of€mechanisms€for€its€application.€€TheyÏalso€noted€that€under€that€Code€the€period€of€incommunicado€detention€had€beenÏreduced€from€10€to€3€days€and€they€expressed€concern€both€at€the€continuedÏpractice€of€incommunicado€detention€and€at€the€inadequacy€of€the€advance€accessÏto€a€lawyer€as€a€means€of€protecting€persons€in€such€circumstances.€€InÏaddition,€members€of€the€Committee€recalled€that€derogations€from€certainÏprovisions€of€the€Convention€were€not€allowed€in€times€of€state€of€emergency€orÏsiege,€and€asked€for€more€information€on€the€actions€taken€by€Argentina€toÏensure€conformity€with€its€obligations€in€this€regard.ÌÌ98.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€CommitteeÏrequested€further€information€on€the€punishment€of€torturers,€especially€asÏinformation€contained€in€the€report€indicated€that€in€one€case€the€punishmentÏprovided€for€in€article€144€(3)€of€the€Penal€Code€had€not€been€applied€to€theÏperson€found€guilty€of€the€crime€of€torture.€€In€addition,€attention€was€drawnÏto€information€about€the€participation€of€doctors€in€cases€of€torture€and€theÏneed€to€punish€such€practitioners.€€Moreover,€members€of€the€Committee€expressedÏconcern€as€to€whether€the€presidential€pardon€of€October€1989,€as€applied€toÏmilitary€officers€who€had€committed€human€rights€violations€under€the€previousÏregime,€was€in€strict€compliance€with€the€Convention.€€In€illustration€of€thisÏpoint,€mention€was€made€of€two€cases€where€investigations€had€not€been€pursuedÏor€where€clemency€had€been€granted€before€the€holding€of€a€trial.ÌÌ99.à2 .2àConcerning€article€10€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€CommitteeÏemphasized€the€importance€of€introducing€a€medical€ethics€component€into€medicalÏcurricula€as€a€means€of€preventing€the€practice€of€torture€by€doctors.ÌÌ100.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€article€11€of€the€Convention,€more€information€was€sought€asÏto€the€arrangement€existing€in€Cordoba€city€by€which€lawyers€could€be€present€inÏall€police€stations€and€whether€this€arrangement€was€to€be€extended€to€otherÏparts€of€the€country.ÌÌ101.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€article€12€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€CommitteeÏdrew€the€attention€of€the€Government€of€Argentina€to€information€received€fromÏAmnesty€International€and€other€non„governmental€organizations€on€the€allegedÏpractice€of€torture€during€the€period€1989€to€1991€and€to€their€concern€thatÏsome€of€the€lower€levels€of€the€judiciary€were€failing€to€fulfil€theirÏobligations€with€regard€to€investigating€into€acts€of€torture.€€In€this€light,Ïinformation€was€requested€on€the€progress€being€made€in€police€and€judicialÏinvestigations€into€all€those€allegations.ÌÌ102.à2 .2àConcerning€article€13€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€soughtÏadditional€information€as€to€its€implementation€in€practice,€particularly€withÏregard€to€a€specific€case€brought€before€the€court€in€the€province€of€Mendoza.ÌÌ103.à2 .2àWith€respect€to€article€14€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€CommitteeÏrequested€further€information€on€the€provision€of€compensation€to€victims€ofÏtorture.€€They€also€requested€clarification€as€to€whether€legal€provisionsÏexisted€for€paying€compensation€to€the€families€of€persons€who€had€disappearedÏand€to€persons€who€had€been€detained€and€held€at€the€disposal€of€the€NationalÏExecutive.€€Moreover,€they€asked€why€applications€for€compensation€had€to€beÏsubmitted€to€the€Ministry€of€the€Interior€for€approval€and€whether€judicialÏappeals€against€the€Ministry's€decision€had€been€provided€for.€€It€was€alsoÏstressed€that,€in€addition€to€financial€compensation,€it€was€important€for€victims€of€torture€to€receive€moral€and€medical€compensation€and€treatment€forÏthe€injury€they€had€suffered.ÌÌ104.à2 .2àReplying€to€the€questions€raised€with€regard€to€the€legal€framework€for€theÏapplication€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€of€the€reporting€StateÏexplained€that€international€conventions€applied€throughout€the€federalÏterritory€of€Argentina€and€provincial€jurisdiction€was€transferred€to€theÏfederal€level.€€International€instruments€ratified€by€Argentina€were€directlyÏapplicable€in€the€courts€in€the€same€way€as€domestic€legislation€and€tookÏprecedence€over€it.€€In€addition,€he€explained€that,€under€new€legislation,€theÏsystem€in€force€in€the€city€of€Cordoba,€whereby€lawyers€could€be€present€inÏpolice€stations,€would€be€extended€to€all€parts€of€the€country.€€He€alsoÏindicated€that€the€1853€Constitution€of€Argentina€fully€guaranteed€the€rights€ofÏindividuals€and€the€freedoms€of€citizens.€€Its€article€18€prohibited€the€use€ofÏill„treatment€and€torture€and€plans€to€amend€that€text€were€in€the€early€stages.€ÏConcerning€the€procedure€for€the€appointment€of€judges,€the€representativeÏinformed€the€Committee€that€judges€were€nominated€by€the€executive€through€theÏMinistry€of€Justice€and€appointed€by€agreement€of€the€Senate.€€To€strengthenÏthat€procedure,€a€Council€for€the€Judiciary€had€been€set€up,€composed€ofÏofficials€who€took€part€in€the€appointment€and€dismissal€of€judges.€€RegardingÏthe€matter€of€national€institutions€established€for€the€protection€of€humanÏrights,€the€representative€informed€the€Committee€that€two€governmental€bodiesÏexisted€to€which€non„governmental€organizations€and€citizens€could€make€appealsÏin€the€event€of€alleged€violations€of€human€rights.€€One€was€the€GeneralÏDepartment€of€Human€Rights€and€the€Status€of€Women€of€the€Ministry€of€ForeignÏAffairs€and€Worship€and€the€other€was€the€National€Department€of€Human€Rights€ofÏthe€Ministry€of€the€Interior.€€Those€two€bodies€could€refer€complaints€to€theÏcourts.€€The€report€of€the€National€Department€of€Human€Rights€of€the€MinistryÏof€the€Interior€indicated€that€his€Government€was€eager€to€conduct€moreÏefficient€investigations€of€cases€of€unlawful€coercion.ÌÌ105.à2 .2àWith€reference€to€allegations€of€ill„treatment€and€torture€reported€byÏnon-governmental€organizations,€the€representative€stated€that€he€did€not€haveÏthe€information€necessary€to€provide€a€detailed€reply.€€However,€if€AmnestyÏInternational€had€specific€offences€to€denounce,€it€should€apply€to€theÏappropriate€authorities€so€that,€if€enough€evidence€could€be€collected€toÏwarrant€a€serious€investigation,€the€cases€would€be€followed€up€in€the€normalÏway€and€brought€before€the€courts.€€He€also€indicated€that€his€Government€wouldÏreply€in€writing€to€the€request€for€clarifications€about€the€death€ofÏSergioGustavoDuran.€€In€addition,€he€stated€that€the€military€personnel€andÏpolice€officers€guilty€of€acts€of€torture€at€La€Tablada€in€1989€had€been€triedÏunder€ordinary€law€because€the€Defence€of€Democracy€Act€did€not€provide€forÏpenalties€for€such€acts.€€As€yet,€not€all€sentences€had€been€handed€down€and€theÏGovernment€of€Argentina€would€communicate€all€relevant€information€to€theÏCommittee€as€soon€as€possible.ÌÌ106.à2 .2àConcerning€article€2€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€referred€to€theÏnew€Code€of€Penal€Procedure€and€explained€that€the€Argentinian€legal€system€hadÏrecently€been€thoroughly€reorganized€and€that€the€relevant€organization€act€hadÏestablished€a€number€of€new€courts.€€He€also€indicated€that€it€had€beenÏnecessary€to€proclaim€a€state€of€siege€in€the€country€on€two€occasions€as€aÏresult€of€social€tensions€during€the€establishment€of€a€fully€democratic€regime.€ÏThe€state€of€siege€had€not€laster€more€than€30€days€and€only€freedoms€ofÏassembly€and€movement€had€been€restricted.€€The€state€of€siege€had€been€declaredÏonly€in€certain€regions€of€the€country€and€article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€prohibiting€derogationÏfrom€certain€fundamental€rights,€had€been€fully€respected.ÌÌ107.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€indicatedÏthat€he€would€refer€to€the€competent€authorities€the€question€raised€on€theÏapplication€of€article€144€(3)€of€the€Penal€Code€in€the€case€mentioned€in€theÏreport.€€He€also€agreed€that€doctors€involved€in€cases€of€torture€should€not€beÏallowed€to€go€unpunished.€€With€regard€to€the€questions€raised€about€theÏcompliance€of€the€presidential€pardon€of€October€1989€with€the€provisions€of€theÏConvention,€the€representative€stated€that€pardon€removed€the€penal€consequencesÏwithout€wiping€out€an€offence€or€the€infamy€attached€to€it.ÌÌ108.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€article€10€of€the€Convention,€the€representativeÏinformed€the€Committee€of€the€ethical€training€provided€to€doctors€in€Argentina.€ÏHe€also€indicated€that€the€University€of€Buenos€Aires€had€created€a€chair€ofÏhuman€rights€in€the€School€of€Medicine€and€other€faculties€and€that€ArgentinaÏwas€one€of€the€most€advanced€countries€in€that€regard.ÌÌ109.à2 .2àRegarding€article€11€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€explained€thatÏprohibition€of€access€to€persons€being€held€in€detention€applied€to€members€ofÏthe€family€and€other€persons,€not€to€defence€counsel.€€The€new€Code€of€PenalÏProcedure,€which€had€reduced€the€period€during€which€a€person€could€be€heldÏincommunicado,€provided€that€the€first€right€of€a€detained€person€was€toÏcommunicate€with€a€lawyer,€within€10€hours€of€his€arrest.ÌÌ110.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€articles€12€and€13€of€the€Convention€and€the€concernsÏraised€as€to€the€non„fulfilment€of€the€judiciary's€obligations€in€investigatingÏinto€acts€of€torture,€the€representative€stated€that€judges€had€to€enforce€theÏlaws€as€from€the€day€following€their€publication;€a€judge€who€failed€to€do€soÏwas€dismissed.€€With€regard€to€the€case€brought€to€court€in€Mendoza,€theÏrepresentative€informed€that€Committee€that€all€the€senior€police€officers€ofÏthat€Province€had€been€dismissed.ÌÌ111.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€article€14€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€stated€thatÏthe€families€and€relatives€of€persons€who€had€disappeared€beforeÏ10December1983€received€tax„exempt€pensions€once€their€claims€had€been€madeÏto,€and€approved€by,€a€competent€court.€€To€date,€5,000€persons€had€receivedÏsuch€pensions.€€In€addition,€under€Decree€No.€70/91,€a€compensation€scheme€hadÏbeen€set€up€for€persons€who€had€been€detained€and€held€at€the€disposal€of€theÏNational€Executive€and€for€civilians€who€had€been€detained€on€the€orders€of€theÏmilitary€courts€before€10€December€1983.€€Such€persons€could€claim€for€theÏbenefits€of€the€Decree€provided€that€they€had€not€received€any€compensation€as€aÏresult€of€a€court€judgement.€€If€a€claimant's€case€did€not€correspond€to€theÏconditions€of€compensation€laid€down€by€the€law,€the€claimant€could€appeal€toÏthe€ordinary€courts,€which€were€not€bound€by€pre„established€time€limits€for€theÏamount€of€compensation€to€be€awarded.€€Additionally,€victims€who€considered€theÏcompensation€to€be€inadequate€could€appeal€directly€to€the€State€or€court.€ÏUnder€article€3€of€Act€No.€24,043,€a€claimant€for€compensation€benefit€couldÏappeal€against€the€partial€or€total€rejection€by€the€Ministry€of€the€Interior€ofÏhis€application€within€10€days€to€the€Federal€Administrative€Court,€which€mustÏthen€rule€on€the€matter€within€20€days.ÌÌòòConclusions€and€recommendationsóóÌÌ112.à2 .2àThe€Committee€expressed€its€thanks€to€the€Government€of€Argentina€forÏhaving€submitted€its€second€periodic€report€within€the€time€period€stipulated€inÏarticle€19€of€the€Convention€and€for€the€information€and€clarifications€providedÏby€the€representative€of€the€State€party.€€The€Committee€also€expressed€itsÏappreciation€for€the€efforts€made€by€Argentina€to€improve€the€human€rightsÏsituation€in€the€country,€in€particular,€in€the€area€of€laws€which€relate€to€theÏpurposes€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ113.à2 .2àThe€aforementioned€efforts€notwithstanding,€the€Committee€expressed€itsÏdeep€concern€at€the€continuing€vestiges€of€the€former€regime,€at€the€disturbingÏuse€of€violent€methods€and€torture€in€many€cases,€and€at€the€clemency€andÏimpunity€enjoyed€by€the€perpetrators€of€such€acts€contrary€to€the€requirementsÏof€the€Convention.ÌÌ114.à2 .2àThe€Committee€expressed€the€hope€that€the€Government€of€Argentina€wouldÏredouble€its€efforts€to€take€all€legislative,€judicial,€administrative€and€otherÏmeasures€which€would€be€sufficiently€effective€to€halt€and€prevent€the€practiceÏof€torture€and€of€all€cruel,€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment€or€punishment€and,Ïwhere€necessary,€to€punish€the€perpetrators€of€such€acts.ÌÌ115.à2 .2àThe€Committee€further€expressed€the€hope€that€the€Government€would€submitÏto€it€as€soon€as€possible€the€additional€information€requested€by€its€members.ÌÌòòUkraineóóÌÌ116.à2 .2àThe€Committee€considered€the€second€periodic€report€of€UkraineÏ(CAT/C/17/Add.4)€at€its€125th€meeting,€on€12€November€1992€(see€CAT/C/SR.125).ÌÌ117.à2 .2àIn€introducing€the€report,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€pointedÏout€that€an€act€on€the€validity€of€international€agreements€in€UkrainianÏterritory€had€been€promulgated€on€10€December€1991€and€that€internationalÏagreements€ratified€by€Ukraine€formed€an€integral€part€of€national€law.€€He€thenÏreferred€to€the€changes€taking€place€in€Ukraine,€which€had€started€with€theÏproclamation€of€its€independence€on€24€August€1991.€€Generally,€it€had€beenÏdecided€that€the€laws€in€force€under€the€previous€regime€would€be€maintained€ifÏthey€were€compatible€with€the€new€Constitution€of€Ukraine€which€was€beingÏdrafted.€€In€particular,€considerable€attention€was€being€given€to€reducing€theÏnumber€of€offences€punishable€by€the€death€penalty€and€to€including€a€definitionÏof€torture€in€the€new€codes€which€were€being€prepared.€€The€reform€of€theÏjudiciary€had€not€yet€been€completed,€but€legal€measures€were€underÏconsideration€to€guarantee€the€separation€of€powers€and€the€independence€of€theÏjudiciary.€€In€addition,€the€new€Supreme€Soviet€of€Ukraine€had€set€up€threeÏCommissions.€€The€first€dealt€with€legislative€activities,€the€second€withÏquestions€of€public€order€and€the€third€was€a€human€rights€commission€whichÏconsidered€complaints€submitted€to€it.€€The€authorities€also€planned€to€set€up€aÏnew€human€rights€institute€which€would€be€responsible€for€monitoring€theÏimplementation€of€the€relevant€legislation.€€Finally,€the€representativeÏprovided€some€information€on€the€judicial€bodies€existing€in€Ukraine€and€statedÏthat€his€Government€was€actively€working€on€the€democratization€andÏmodernization€of€the€Ukrainian€legal€system.ÌÌ118.à2 .2àMembers€of€the€Committee€were€of€the€view€that€the€current€circumstancesÏand€changes€in€Ukraine€made€it€impossible€to€judge€the€results€achieved€and€toÏassess€how€the€Convention€was€actually€implemented€in€that€country.€€Perhaps€aÏnew€report€was€needed.€€Furthermore,€the€report€under€consideration€did€notÏfollow€the€Committee's€general€guidelines€for€the€preparation€of€reports€and€didÏnot€refer€to€any€specific€decision€or€provision€taken€to€give€effect€to€each€ofÏthe€articles€of€the€Convention;€it€set€forth€principles€and€said€nothing€aboutÏtheir€practical€implementation.€€No€information€had€been€provided,€inÏparticular,€on€measures€taken€in€Ukraine€to€implement€articles€3€and€5€to€15€ofÏthe€Convention.ÌÌ119.à2 .2àMembers€of€the€Committee€also€observed€that€some€provisions€of€theÏConvention€were€reflected€in€national€legislation€but€not€all,€and€wished€toÏknow€what€measures€were€being€taken€to€incorporate€the€provisions€of€theÏConvention€into€internal€law€and€whether€the€Convention€could€be€invoked€beforeÏa€court.€€In€addition,€they€asked€whether€the€public€and,€in€particular,€the€convicted€prisoners€and€detainees€were€informed€about€the€Convention,€what€theÏcases€were€in€which€human€rights€and€freedoms€could€be€restricted,€as€referredÏto€in€the€Act€on€criminal€investigation€activities,€and€what€legal€groundsÏexisted€for€those€restrictions.€€Further€information€was€requested€on€theÏamendments€which€had€been€made€to€existing€legislation,€and€on€law€enforcement.€ÏThe€text€of€the€legislation€mentioned€in€the€report€was€also€requested.ÌÌ120.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€article€2€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€CommitteeÏwished€to€know,€in€particular,€what€the€maximum€length€of€pre„trial€detentionÏwas,€at€what€stage€the€lawyer€was€brought€in€to€assist€the€accused€person,€andÏwhether€the€rules€governing€arrest€and€detention€applied€equally€to€the€ordinaryÏpolice,€the€State€security€forces€and€the€armed€forces.ÌÌ121.à2 .2àWith€reference€to€articles€1€and€4€of€the€Convention,€members€of€theÏCommittee€wished€to€know€whether€the€existing€Ukrainian€Penal€Code€gave€aÏdefinition€of€torture,€what€the€penalties€were€for€public€officials€who€violatedÏthe€Convention,€and€whether€there€were€any€cases€of€torture€in€Ukraine.ÌÌ122.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€articles€6€and€7€of€the€Convention,€it€was€asked€whetherÏthere€was€an€immigration€act€in€Ukraine,€whether€ordinary€criminals€and€militaryÏpersonnel€found€guilty€of€a€crime€were€subject€to€the€same€rules€and€regulationsÏand€what€happened€to€convicted€prisoners€who€served€their€sentence€in€anotherÏState.ÌÌ123.à2 .2àReferring€to€article€10€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€CommitteeÏrequested€information€on€measures€taken€for€the€training€of€public€officialsÏabout€matters€relating€to€torture€and€its€prohibition.ÌÌ124.à2 .2àIn€his€reply,€the€representative€of€Ukraine,€referring€to€the€difficultÏtransitional€period€of€his€country,€stressed€that€three€different€governmentsÏhad€been€formed€in€less€than€one€year€and€in€such€circumstances€a€government€hadÏno€time€to€adopt€legislation€aimed€at€providing€solutions€to€the€problems€whichÏhad€been€mentioned.€€In€particular,€the€new€codes€to€which€reference€had€beenÏmade€during€the€discussion€did€not€yet€exist.€€In€view€of€the€complexity€of€theÏsituation,€it€would€be€very€difficult,€therefore,€to€provide€supplementaryÏinformation,€apart€from€the€specific€information€on€changes€which€had€just€beenÏreported.ÌÌ125.à2 .2àReferring€to€questions€of€a€general€nature€raised€by€the€members€of€theÏCommittee,€the€representative€stated€that€in€Ukraine€the€provisions€ofÏinternational€treaties€had€force€of€law€without€having€to€be€incorporated€intoÏthe€legislation,€except€in€cases€where€implementation€machinery€had€to€beÏestablished.€€For€example,€the€Convention€against€Torture€provided€forÏcompensation€to€be€paid€to€victims€for€injury€or€damage€they€had€suffered.€€InÏthat€case,€specific€legislation€had€been€enacted€to€compensate,€in€particular,Ïvictims€of€political€repression.€€The€representative€also€stressed€that€theÏindependence€of€the€judiciary€was€a€guarantee€against€torture€and€confessionsÏobtained€by€force€and,€in€his€view,€the€adoption€of€an€act€on€the€judiciaryÏproviding€for€such€independence€was€the€most€important€measure€to€be€taken€atÏpresent€in€his€country.€€With€regard€to€cases€of€restriction€on€the€exercise€ofÏhuman€rights,€he€said€that,€in€the€past,€cases€of€restriction€were€kept€secret,Ïwhile,€at€present,€they€were€established€by€law.€€For€example,€it€was€known€inÏwhich€cases€telephone€listening€devices€could€be€used€and€when€correspondenceÏcould€be€opened.ÌÌ126.à2 .2àReferring€to€article€2€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€explained€thatÏan€individual€could€be€held€in€pre„trial€detention€for€three€hours€but,€if€thereÏwere€grounds€for€believing€that€he€would€be€accused€of€a€crime€and€it€wasÏnecessary€to€hold€him€longer,€he€could€be€held€for€three€days,€provided€that,€during€the€first€24€hours,€the€procurator€had€been€notified€of€his€arrest€andÏhad€made€sure€that€it€had€been€carried€out€in€conformity€with€the€law.€€TheÏaccused€could€have€access€to€a€lawyer€after€three€days€and€once€he€had€beenÏcharged;€that€was€the€general€rule,€whether€the€person€had€been€detained€by€theÏpolice,€the€army€or€the€security€forces.€€However,€in€practice,€that€was€stillÏnot€the€case.€€The€representative€pointed€out€that,€not€long€before,€the€maximumÏperiod€of€pre„trial€detention€in€Ukraine€could€be€extended€by€the€procurator€ofÏthe€Union€for€up€to€one€and€a€half€years.ÌÌ127.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€providedÏfigures€on€proceedings€instituted€in€the€last€three€years€against€publicÏofficials€and€members€of€the€police€force.€€Those€figures€showed€that€legalÏaction€had€been€taken€against€1,567€officials€in€1990,€438€in€1991€and€1,002€inÏ1992.€€He€also€provided€additional€information€on€the€four€crimes€which€wereÏpunishable€by€the€death€penalty€under€the€Ukrainian€Penal€Code€and€underlinedÏthat€under€the€Soviet€Code€37€crimes€had€been€made€punishable€by€the€deathÏpenalty.ÌÌ128.à2 .2àWith€reference€to€articles€6€and€7€of€the€Convention,€the€representativeÏstated€that€the€rules€applied€to€extradition€had€not€yet€been€changed€but,€inÏhis€view,€appropriate€provisions€on€extradition€would€be€included€in€the€newÏConstitution.ÌÌ129.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€article€10€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€indicatedÏthat€a€special€training€institute€for€public€officials€was€to€be€set€up€inÏUkraine€to€ensure€that€all€Government€departments€had€competent€managerialÏstaff.€€The€training€of€psychologists€who€would€be€sent€to€work€in€penalÏestablishments€would€include€the€study€of€international€human€rights€instrumentsÏand€the€legislation€on€the€implementation€of€the€Convention€against€Torture,€inÏparticular.ÌÌòòConclusions€and€recommendationsóóÌÌ130.à2 .2àThe€Committee€thanked€the€Government€of€Ukraine€for€having€submitted€itsÏsecond€periodic€report€on€time.€€It€took€note,€in€particular,€of€the€part€of€theÏreport€dealing€with€the€laws€and€other€measures€introduced€to€ensure€respect€forÏhuman€rights€in€general€and€the€application€of€the€Convention€in€particular.ÌÌ131.à2 .2àThe€Committee€also€noted€that€the€second€periodic€report€of€Ukraine€was€notÏfully€in€accordance€with€the€general€guidelines€regarding€the€form€and€contentsÏof€periodic€reports€and€recommended€that€the€next€periodic€report€shouldÏdescribe€in€detail€the€measures€planned€or€taken€with€a€view€to€the€applicationÏof€the€provisions€of€the€Convention,€and€would€appreciate€it€if€legislativeÏtexts€of€interest,€such€as€the€Constitution,€codes€and€new€laws,€could€beÏtransmitted€as€soon€as€they€had€been€drawn€up€to€the€Secretariat€forÏcommunication€to€the€Committee€against€Torture.€€The€Committee€expressed€theÏview€that,€within€approximately€two€years,€the€desirability€of€requesting€anÏadditional€report€from€Ukraine€should€be€considered.ÌÌ132.à2 .2àIn€addition,€the€Committee€expressed€the€hope€that€the€Supreme€Council€andÏGovernment€of€Ukraine€would€take€all€necessary€steps€to€ensure€application€ofÏthe€provisions€and€respect€for€the€requirements€of€the€Convention.ÌÌÝ ƒÿÝÔ UK ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÑ\R3Ø'\ÑÑ X ÑÑ X ÑÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓ…+ÓÔ€ôôôÔÔO€<þ6X9`("Courier 12cpiOÔÓ(€  $(ÓØØÖ€)ÖÖ€ÖÓ882^ ÓÝ  ÝÓ882 ÓòòNew€ZealandóóÌÌ133.à2 .2àThe€initial€report€of€New€Zealand€(CAT/C/12/Add.2)€was€considered€by€theÏCommittee€at€its€126th€and€127th€meetings,€on€13€November€1992€(seeÏCAT/C/SR.126,€127€and€127/Add.2).ÌÌ134.à2 .2àThe€report€was€introduced€by€the€representative€of€the€reporting€State,€whoÏinformed€the€Committee€that€during€the€period€under€review,€and€before€and€afterÏthat€period,€there€had€been€no€reports€of€any€person€being€subjected€to€an€actÏof€torture€in€New€Zealand.ÌÌ135.à2 .2àThe€representative€then€provided€an€overview€of€how€the€Convention€was€putÏinto€effect€in€New€Zealand€law.€€He€explained€that€this€operated€at€threeÏlevels.€€First,€statements€of€principle€were€contained€in€the€New€Zealand€BillÏof€Rights€Act€1990,€including€its€section€9€which€provided€that€"everyone€hasÏthe€right€not€to€be€subjected€to€torture,€or€to€cruel,€degrading€orÏdisproportionately€severe€treatment€or€punishment".€€Those€principles€formed€theÏbackground€against€which€the€laws€of€New€Zealand€were€interpreted€andÏimplemented.€€Secondly,€there€were€provisions€in€the€criminal€law,€particularlyÏthe€Crimes€of€Torture€Act€1989,€which€prescribed€offences€and€penalties€for€theÏcommission€of€torture.€€In€this€regard,€he€indicated€that€the€Act€definedÏtorture€in€terms€that€closely€followed€those€of€article€1€of€the€Convention.€€ItÏalso€provided€the€necessary€jurisdictional€basis€for€compliance€with€theÏrequirements€of€article€5€of€the€Convention€and€amended€New€Zealand'sÏextradition€statutes€so€as€to€ensure€that€the€principle€of€"extradite€orÏprosecute"€contained€in€articles€7€and€8€of€the€Convention€could€be€implemented.€ÏThirdly,€there€were€various€statutory,€regulatory€and€administrative€proceduresÏfor€the€independent€investigation€of€complaints€of€misconduct€on€the€part€ofÏpublic€officials,€including€the€police.ÌÌ136.à2 .2àIn€addition,€the€representative€referred€to€some€recent€cases€whichÏdemonstrated€how€the€New€Zealand€Bill€of€Rights€Act€1990€had€been€applied€by€theÏNew€Zealand€courts,€although€none€of€those€cases€concerned€article€9€of€the€ActÏon€the€right€not€to€be€subjected€to€torture.ÌÌ137.à2 .2àFinally,€the€representative€of€the€reporting€State€indicated€that€concernÏhad€been€expressed€during€the€period€of€the€Gulf€War€in€1991,€with€regard€to€theÏapplication€and€interpretation€of€article€3€of€the€Convention€as€it€related€toÏthe€treatment€of€persons€arriving€in€New€Zealand€from€other€countries.€€The€NewÏZealand€authorities€had€noted€that,€in€respect€of€refugee€applicants,€there€wasÏa€certain€lack€of€clarity€about€the€implementation€of€articles€2,€paragraph2,Ïand€3€of€the€Convention€in€relation€to€article€33€of€the€Convention€relating€toÏthe€Status€of€Refugees.€€Nevertheless,€the€practice€of€the€New€ZealandÏauthorities€was€that€no€refugee€applicant€should€be€expelled€or€returned€to€aÏplace€where€there€were€substantial€grounds€for€believing€that€he€would€be€inÏdanger€of€being€subjected€to€torture.€€New€Zealand€was€aware€that€itsÏobligations€under€article€3€of€the€Convention€were€not€confined€to€persons€whoÏmet€the€definition€of€a€refugee€but€also€extended€to€persons€with€well„foundedÏfears€of€torture€on€grounds€other€than€those€listed€in€the€Convention€relatingÏto€the€Status€of€Refugees.€€For€those€individuals,€special€procedures€wereÏavailable€to€obtain€temporary€or€permanent€residence€on€humanitarian€grounds€inÏNew€Zealand€or€to€appeal€against€deportation.ÌÌ138.à2 .2àThe€members€of€the€Committee€expressed€appreciation€for€the€excellentÏreport€submitted€by€the€State€party€and€wished€to€receive€more€information€onÏthe€constitutional€and€legal€framework€for€the€application€of€the€Convention,€inÏparticular€on€the€jurisdiction€of€courts€of€appeal€and€special€tribunals€and€onÏthe€appointment€of€their€judges.€€They€also€sought€information€on€the€number€ofÏpersons€who€had€died€in€prisons€and€asked€whether€the€Human€Rights€Commission€ofÏNew€Zealand€could€investigate€broader€human€rights€problems€other€than€thoseÏrelating€to€discrimination.ÌÌ139.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€article€3€of€the€Convention,€clarification€was€sought€as€toÏthe€possibilities€for€an€individual€denied€refugee€status€in€New€Zealand€on€theÏgrounds€of€national€security€to€be€expelled€to€a€country€other€than€his€own.̇140.à2 .2àConcerning€article€4€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€requestedÏclarification€as€to€the€role€and€powers€of€the€Attorney„General€with€regard€toÏinstituting€proceedings€for€the€trial€and€punishment€of€a€person€charged€withÏtorture.€€They€also€sought€further€information€on€whether€any€statute€ofÏlimitations€existed€for€the€pursuit€of€complaints€by€the€Police€ComplaintsÏAuthority€and€the€cases€dealt€with€by€that€Authority.ÌÌ141.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€articles€5€and€7€of€the€Convention,€further€informationÏwas€sought€on€the€implementation€of€their€provisions,€particularly€with€regardÏto€the€application€of€the€principle€of€universal€jurisdiction.ÌÌ142.à2 .2àRegarding€the€implementation€of€article€6€of€the€Convention,€membersÏrequested€clarification€on€the€provisions€of€sections€315€and€316€(5)€of€theÏCrimes€Act€of€1961,€in€particular€with€respect€to€the€permitted€length€ofÏadministrative€detention€and€the€authority€responsible€for€monitoring€activitiesÏconducted€by€the€police€in€accordance€with€those€provisions.€€They€also€askedÏwhether€incommunicado€detention€existed.ÌÌ143.à2 .2àAdditional€information€was€requested€on€the€implementation€of€articles€8Ïand€9€of€the€Convention€and,€in€particular,€how€the€draft€bill€on€mutualÏassistance€in€criminal€matters€met€with€the€State€party's€obligations€underÏarticle€9€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ144.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€the€implementation€of€article€10€of€the€Convention,Ïmembers€referred€to€the€training€and€educational€needs€of€lawyers,€judges,Ïborder€police€and€medical€personnel€on€matters€relating€to€torture.€€InÏaddition,€the€usefulness€of€publicizing€opportunities€for€the€rehabilitation€ofÏtorture€victims€was€pointed€out.€€It€was€also€asked€whether€the€Committee€couldÏreceive€a€copy€of€the€Police€Regulations€1959€and€the€Police€"Values€Statement".ÌÌ145.à2 .2àConcerning€article€11€of€the€Convention,€further€information€was€sought€onÏthe€legal€grounds€for€deciding€that€a€person€who€was€mentally€disordered€shouldÏbe€held€involuntarily€in€a€mental€care€institution€and€the€procedures€availableÏfor€reviewing€such€cases.€€In€this€connection,€a€copy€of€the€Mental€Health€BillÏwas€requested.€€With€regard€to€the€placement€of€children€or€young€persons€inÏdetention,€clarification€was€sought€as€to€the€definition€of€a€child,€youngÏperson€and€adult.ÌÌ146.à2 .2àIn€respect€of€article€13€of€the€Convention,€further€information€wasÏrequested€on€the€complaint€mechanisms€available€to€victims€of€torture€by€aÏpublic€official.ÌÌ147.à2 .2àWith€reference€to€article€14€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€CommitteeÏrequested€further€information€on€the€compensation€and€rehabilitation€offered€toÏvictims€of€torture.€€In€this€regard,€they€sought€clarification€as€to€theÏcompatibility€of€the€State€party's€reservation€to€this€article€withÏarticle19(b)of€the€Vienna€Convention€on€the€Law€of€Treaties.€€They€alsoÏrequested€clarification€on€the€role€of€and€criteria€applied€by€the€AttorneyÏGeneral€in€actions€relating€to€the€awarding€of€compensation.€€In€addition,€theyÏwished€to€know€whether€civil€and€criminal€actions€for€compensation€could€beÏbrought€simultaneously,€whether€a€ceiling€had€been€set€on€compensation€andÏwhether€survivors€of€torture€who€had€found€asylum€in€New€Zealand€had€the€rightÏto€receive€medical€rehabilitation.ÌÌ148.à2 .2àConcerning€article€15€of€the€Convention,€reference€was€made€to€section€20Ïof€the€Evidence€Act€1908€which€gave€a€judge€the€discretion€to€admit€a€confessionÏin€evidence€notwithstanding€that€a€threat€had€been€held€out€to€the€personÏconfessing€and€it€was€pointed€out€that€a€threat€could€constitute€torture.ÌÌ149.à2 .2àReplying€to€questions€raised€by€members€of€the€Committee,€theÏrepresentative€of€the€reporting€State€explained€that€judges€of€the€High€CourtÏand€Court€of€Appeal€were€appointed€by€the€Governor€General.€€Under€New€ZealandÏlaw,€the€distinction€between€serious€and€less€serious€crimes€depended€on€theÏcourt€before€which€a€case€was€brought;€in€any€event,€torture€was€a€crime€thatÏwould€be€judged€by€a€High€Court.€€The€Court€of€Appeal€was€a€permanent€bodyÏconsisting€of€six€members,€three€of€whom€heard€each€case,€and€it€was€competentÏto€interpret€points€of€law€or€hear€appeals€against€sentence.€€Jury€trials€wereÏcompulsory€for€torture€offences.€€The€representative€also€stated€that€he€had€noÏfigures€on€the€number€of€deaths€in€prison€but€noted€that€the€number€of€suicidesÏin€prison€had€declined€considerably€from€1985€to€1991,€apparently€because€ofÏimproved€conditions€for€prisoners€in€difficulty.€€There€had€been€five€deaths€byÏsuicide€in€1991.€€In€addition,€he€indicated€that€the€Human€Rights€Commission€ofÏNew€Zealand€actively€promoted€human€rights.ÌÌ150.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€article€3€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€consideredÏthat€there€was€no€contradiction€between€article€3€of€the€Convention€and€NewÏZealand's€national€security€regulations.€€He€stated,€in€particular,€thatÏprovisional€regulations€had€been€introduced€between€16€January€and€30€April€1991Ïowing€to€the€Gulf€War.€€During€that€period€two€persons€had€been€sentenced€toÏexpulsion€but€detained€pending€a€review€of€their€case.€€In€addition,€heÏindicated€that€the€legal€basis€for€the€non„refoulement€of€persons€likely€to€beÏtortured€if€sent€back€to€their€country€was€contained€in€section€10€of€the€CrimesÏof€Torture€Act€and€that€information€booklets€on€that€requirement€had€beenÏprepared€for€the€use€of€frontier€control€officials.ÌÌ151.à2 .2àConcerning€article€4€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€explained€thatÏthe€purpose€of€requiring€the€Attorney€General's€consent€before€proceedings€couldÏbe€brought€under€the€Crimes€of€Torture€Act€was€to€prevent€abuses€but€that,€inÏthe€case€of€torture,€proceedings€under€that€Act€were€mandatory.€€He€alsoÏexplained€that€the€Police€Complaints€Authority€consisted€of€a€lawyer€appointedÏby€the€Governor€General€and€supporting€staff.€€At€present€the€AuthorityÏcomprised€a€retired€High€Court€judge,€a€High€Court€judge€and€threeÏinvestigators.€€The€Authority€was€empowered€to€receive€complaints€and€could€takeÏaction€on€its€own€initiative€if€it€considered€that€a€death€or€serious€injuryÏinvolving€a€police€officer€should€be€investigated.€€With€respect€to€the€numberÏof€cases€dealt€with€by€the€Authority,€he€indicated€that€462€investigations€hadÏbeen€conducted€over€a€period€of€two€years,€that€two€police€officers€had€beenÏbrought€to€trial€and€one€had€been€convicted.€€He€also€indicated€that€52€otherÏcomplaints€had€been€upheld€but€no€proceedings€initiated€and€that€other€sanctionsÏcould€be€imposed,€such€as€psychological€assistance€for€police€officers€andÏreprimands.ÌÌ152.à2 .2àReferring€to€article€5€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€indicated€thatÏit€would€be€contrary€to€New€Zealand's€established€legal€practice€to€establishÏjurisdiction€to€deal€with€offences€on€the€basis€of€the€nationality€of€theÏvictim.ÌÌ153.à2 .2àIn€respect€of€article€6,€the€representative€informed€the€Committee€ofÏsafeguards€to€which€arrests€were€subject.€€He€also€stated€that€in€practice€anyÏperson€arrested€was€brought€before€a€court€within€24€hours,€that€the€policeÏreceived€appropriate€training€and€respected€the€law€on€the€declaration€of€rightsÏand€that€the€practice€of€holding€persons€incommunicado€did€not€exist€in€NewÏZealand.ÌÌ154.à2 .2àReferring€to€questions€raised€in€connection€with€article€8€of€theÏConvention,€he€explained,€òòinter€aliaóó,€that€the€Crimes€of€Torture€Act€providedÏfor€the€competence€of€New€Zealand€authorities€to€bring€proceedings€against€anyone€suspected€of€having€committed€an€offence€under€article€4€of€theÏConvention€and€who€happened€to€be€in€New€Zealand,€regardless€of€his€nationality.ÌÌ155.à2 .2àConcerning€article€10€of€the€Convention,€he€provided€information€on€theÏtraining€handbooks€and€other€publications€prepared€for€or€distributed€to€theÏpolice,€prison€personnel€and€medical€and€nursing€personnel€to€educate€them€aboutÏmatters€relating€to€the€difficult€situation€of€refugees€or€to€prevent€any€formÏof€ill„treatment€and€torture.ÌÌ156.à2 .2àIn€respect€of€questions€raised€with€regard€to€article€11€of€the€Convention,Ïthe€representative€informed€the€Committee€that€the€new€Mental€Health€Act€ofÏ1November€1992€limited€compulsory€treatment€in€psychiatric€hospitals,€definedÏvery€carefully€the€rights€of€patients€and€provided€for€legal€remedies.€€He€alsoÏexplained€that€under€the€Children,€Young€Persons€and€Their€Families€Act,€aÏ"child"€was€someone€under€the€age€of€14€and€a€"youth"€was€someone€over€14€butÏless€than€17€who€had€never€married.ÌÌ157.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€article€14€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€indicatedÏthat€the€reservation€entered€by€New€Zealand€was€considered€by€his€Government€toÏbe€compatible€with€the€purpose€and€goal€of€the€Convention€and€not€contrary€toÏinternational€law.€€He€also€explained€the€procedure€in€place€for€accidentÏcompensation,€and€stated€that€the€term€accident€covered€rape€and€torture€andÏthat€such€compensation€did€not€prejudge€criminal€proceedings.ÌÌòòConclusions€and€recommendationsóóÌÌ158.à2 .2àThe€Committee€expressed€its€gratitude€for€the€report,€its€presentation€andÏthe€clarifications€provided€by€the€representative€of€New€Zealand.€€It€consideredÏthe€report€to€be€comprehensive€and€objective.€€It€also€expressed€itsÏsatisfaction€that€the€report€indicated€that€no€one€in€New€Zealand€had€beenÏconvicted€of€or€charged€with€committing€an€act€of€torture€and€that€there€hadÏbeen€no€report€of€torture€having€taken€place€in€New€Zealand,€either€in€theÏperiod€under€review€or€before€or€since€that€time.ÌÌ159.à2 .2àThe€Committee€considered€that€the€articles€of€the€Convention€seemed€to€beÏincorporated€in€New€Zealand's€legislation,€specifically€in€the€Crimes€of€TortureÏAct€of€1989,€which€had€been€promulgated€in€connection€with€New€Zealand'sÏratification€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ160.à2 .2àThe€Committee€during€its€discussions€raised€the€issue€of€the€State€party'sÏreservation€to€one€of€the€core€articles€of€the€Convention,€article€14,€regardingÏcompensation€for€victims€of€torture.€€The€Committee€expressed€the€hope€that€theÏNew€Zealand€authorities€would€review€that€reservation€to€ensure€its€fullÏcompliance€with€the€articles€of€the€Convention.ÌÌòòGermanyóóÌÌ161.à2 .2àThe€Committee€considered€the€initial€report€of€Germany€(CAT/C/12/Add.1)€atÏits€128th€and€129th€meetings,€on€16€November€1992€(see€CAT/C/SR.128,€129€andÏ129/Add.2).ÌÌ162.à2 .2àThe€report€was€introduced€by€the€representative€of€the€State€party,€whoÏstressed€that€the€prohibition€of€torture€and€other€cruel,€inhuman€or€degradingÏtreatment€or€punishment€was€a€feature€of€the€German€Constitution€and€otherÏlegislation.€€That€prohibition€was€part€of€the€principle€that€human€dignityÏshould€be€respected,€as€established€by€the€Federal€Constitutional€Court.€€HeÏthen€pointed€out€that€the€German€Penal€Code€did€not€contain€a€general€offence€ofÏ"torture";€however,€there€were€specific€offences€such€as€assault€and€battery€inÏoffice€which€would€be€penalized€in€the€manner€provided€for€by€the€Convention.€€In€addition,€under€the€provisions€on€remand€custody,€arrest€warrants€had€to€meetÏcertain€requirements,€confinement€could€be€reviewed€at€any€time€and€it€was€moreÏdifficult€for€remand€custody€to€be€extended€beyond€six€months.€€Prisoners€inÏremand€custody€or€sentenced€in€connection€with€terrorist€offences€were€treatedÏin€the€same€way€as€other€prisoners.ÌÌ163.à2 .2àLegal€remedies€in€Germany€were€not€restricted€to€the€domestic€level.€ÏArticle€3€of€the€European€Convention€for€the€Protection€of€Human€Rights€andÏFundamental€Freedoms€was€directly€applicable€in€Germany€and€citizens€could€fileÏapplications€with€the€European€Commission€on€Human€Rights.€€Germany€had€alsoÏrecognized€the€jurisdiction€of€the€European€Court€of€Human€Rights€in€accordanceÏwith€article€46€of€the€European€Convention.€€According€to€the€statistics€of€theÏEuropean€Court,€there€had€been€no€instance€where€Germany€had€been€deemed€to€haveÏviolated€the€prohibition€against€torture€contained€in€article€3€of€the€EuropeanÏConvention€for€the€Protection€of€Human€Rights€and€Fundamental€Freedoms.€€OneÏcase€was,€however,€pending.ÌÌ164.à2 .2àFurthermore,€the€representative€referred€to€training€and€instructions€givenÏto€State€employees€and€public€officials€to€ensure€that€torture€was€notÏpractised.€€With€regard€to€the€manifestations€of€violence€directed€againstÏforeigners€which€had€recently€taken€place€in€the€country,€he€stated€that€bothÏthe€Federal€Government€and€the€òòLnderóó€were€taking€great€pains€to€put€an€end€toÏsuch€acts.€€He€also€referred€to€sections€51€(1)€and€53€(1)€of€the€Aliens€Act,Ïwhich€contained€provisions€implementing€article€3€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ165.à2 .2àMembers€of€the€Committee€generally€wished€to€know€why€the€German€Penal€CodeÏdid€not€contain€specific€provisions€for€combating€torture,€which€was€an€offenceÏspecifically€mentioned€in€international€human€rights€instruments€and€defined€byÏthe€Convention€against€Torture,€whether€German€legislation€was€directlyÏapplicable€in€the€five€new€òòóóòòLnderóó,€whether€the€current€State€assumedÏjurisdiction€for€acts€of€cruel€or€inhuman€punishment€committed€by€officials€ofÏthe€former€State,€with€regard€in€particular€to€prisoners€and€detainees,€andÏwhether€compensation€was€being€paid€to€the€victims€of€the€former€regime.€ÏInformation€was€also€requested€on€the€workings€of€the€German€judiciary€and€onÏmeasures€concerning€legal€aid.€€It€was€particularly€asked€whether€the€ConventionÏtook€precedence€over€the€German€Constitution.ÌÌ166.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€article€2€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€CommitteeÏsought€clarification€on€the€concept€of€"remand€custody"€in€Germany€and€on€theÏuse€of€force€by€the€police€in€accordance€with€the€law.€They€also€wished€to€knowÏwhether€there€was€any€circumstance€that€allowed€the€police€to€hold€a€personÏincommunicado€and€for€how€long,€and€how€long€a€judge€could€keep€a€person€inÏcustody.ÌÌ167.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€CommitteeÏwondered€whether,€in€the€absence€of€specific€provisions€on€torture,€some€gapsÏexisted€in€German€legislation€in€respect€of€prohibiting€certain€aspects€ofÏtorture,€such€as€psychological€pressure,€threats€and€intimidation.€€They€alsoÏwished€to€know€what€other€persons€in€office,€apart€from€teachers,€had€beenÏconvicted€by€German€courts€for€assault€and€battery€and€what€the€maximum€sentenceÏwas€for€serious€cases€of€bodily€harm€caused€by€a€public€official.ÌÌ168.à2 .2àWith€reference€to€articles€5,€6,€7€and€8€of€the€Convention,€clarificationÏwas€requested€on€the€full€implementation€of€their€provisions€by€GermanÏlegislation.€€It€was€wondered,€in€particular€whether€the€principle€ofÏdiscretionary€prosecution€was€not€in€conflict€with€certain€obligations€under€theÏConvention.ÌÌ169.à2 .2àIn€relation€to€article€9€of€the€Convention,€it€was€recalled€that€itsÏprovisions€required€that€judicial€assistance€should€be€granted€to€all€otherÏStates€parties€to€the€Convention,€regardless€of€whether€a€treaty€on€mutualÏassistance€existed,€and€it€was€asked€whether€that€requirement€was€being€met€inÏaccordance€with€the€principle€that€the€provisions€of€a€convention€to€whichÏGermany€was€a€party€were€applied€directly.ÌÌ170.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€article€10€of€the€Convention,€it€was€pointed€out€that€itsÏprovisions€specifically€required€medical€personnel€and€the€police€to€be€educatedÏabout€torture€and€the€treatment€of€torture€victims.€€It€was€also€asked€whetherÏthere€was€in€Germany€a€code€of€ethics€for€the€police€and€prison€staff€andÏwhether€any€effort€was€being€made€in€faculties€of€law€to€instil€awareness€of€theÏquestion€of€torture.ÌÌ171.à2 .2àAs€for€article€11€of€the€Convention,€more€information€was€requested€onÏmeasures€to€prevent€violations€of€human€rights€during€interrogations€by€theÏpolice.ÌÌ172.à2 .2àTurning€to€article€14€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€toÏknow€whether€the€compensation€referred€to€in€the€report€concerned€torture€onlyÏor€also€include€other€forms€of€ill„treatment,€which€court€had€jurisdiction€toÏhear€requests€for€compensation€and€whether€such€cases€could€be€brought€beforeÏcriminal,€civil€and€administrative€courts€at€the€same€time.ÌÌ173.à2 .2àIn€his€reply,€the€representative€of€Germany€stated€that,€in€his€country,Ïthe€concept€of€torture€was€hedged€about€by€a€body€of€extremely€strict€rules;€heÏreferred,€in€particular,€to€article€104,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Basic€Law€whichÏprovided€that€a€person€who€had€been€arrested€could€not€be€subjected€to€mental€orÏphysical€ill„treatment.€€He€also€explained€that,€since€the€signature€of€theÏUnification€Treaty€on€31€August€1990,€the€five€new€òòLnderóó€which€previouslyÏconstituted€the€territory€of€the€German€Democratic€Republic€had€been€united€withÏthe€Federal€Republic€of€Germany€and€all€the€international€treaties€ratified€byÏthe€latter€and€all€the€laws€and€codes€which€had€been€in€force€there€were€fullyÏapplicable€to€them.€€A€number€of€exceptions€were,€however,€admitted€by€theÏUnification€Treaty€to€take€into€account€difficulties€connected€with€theÏtransition€period.€€The€applicability€of€the€Convention€against€Torture€inÏGermany€was€guaranteed€by€article€59,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Constitution,€whichÏprovided€for€the€procedure€to€incorporate€an€international€instrument€inÏnational€legislation.ÌÌ174.à2 .2àThe€representative€further€informed€the€Committee€that€recently€a€lawÏproviding€compensation€for€injustices€committed€in€the€German€DemocraticÏRepublic€had€been€promulgated.€€It€would€be€followed€by€a€series€of€other€lawsÏthat€would€benefit€the€victims,€and€persons€who€had€been€imprisoned€unjustlyÏwould€be€compensated.€€Hundreds€of€proceedings€had€been€initiated€in€the€newÏòòLnderóó€for€torture€and€extortion€of€confessions.€€Members€of€the€security€forcesÏor€public€officials€who€had€ill„treated€prisoners€and€even€caused€their€death€inÏthe€German€Democratic€Republic€were€subject€to€punishment.€€The€problem€ofÏretroactivity€did€not€arise€in€such€cases€since€ill„treatment€had€also€beenÏpunishable€in€the€German€Democratic€Republic.€€A€body€of€case€law€now€existedÏensuring€the€applicability€of€the€law€to€persons€accused€of€offences€committedÏin€the€former€German€Democratic€Republic€and€several€members€of€the€militia€hadÏbeen€sentenced€for€killing€persons€who€had€tried€to€cross€the€Berlin€wall.€€TheÏrepresentative€also€provided€information€about€the€organization€of€the€GermanÏjudicial€system€and€pointed€out€that€judges€were€independent€and€could€not€beÏremoved€from€office.€€Financial€assistance€was€provided€by€the€State€to€personsÏwho€were€completely€unable€to€pay€the€costs€of€legal€proceedings.€€In€addition,Ïthe€State€must,€if€the€situation€so€required,€assign€a€lawyer€to€assist€a€personÏsuspected€of€a€crime€or€assist€the€presumed€victims.€€In€case€of€conflict€between€German€law€and€Germany's€international€obligations,€precedence€was€givenÏto€international€obligations€over€any€others.€€That€case€had€never€arisen,Ïhowever.ÌÌ175.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€article€2€of€the€Convention,€the€representativeÏexplained€that€the€police€was€required€to€bring€any€person€who€had€been€arrestedÏbefore€a€judge€on€the€day€following€his€arrest;€the€judge€informed€the€person€ofÏthe€charges€against€him€as€well€as€of€his€rights.€€The€suspect€could€call€theÏlawyer€of€his€choice€and€refuse€to€make€any€statements€in€his€absence.€€PersonsÏwho€were€suspected€or€accused€of€terrorism€were€treated€in€the€same€way€as€otherÏoffenders.€€A€person€placed€in€remand€custody€could€at€any€time€request€theÏjudge€to€interrupt€his€detention.€€Within€a€period€of€six€months€at€most,€theÏSupreme€Court€of€the€òòLandóó€had€to€rule€whether€remand€custody€was€not€too€severeÏa€measure€in€relation€to€the€charges€and€circumstances€of€the€case.€€TheÏrepresentative€further€explained€that€the€use€of€violence€by€the€police€withinÏthe€limits€authorized€by€law€concerned€situations€such€as€body€searches,Ïfingerprinting€etc.,€where€the€suspect€refused€to€comply€with€policeÏinstructions.€€In€that€kind€of€situation,€the€police€acted€in€accordance€withÏthe€principle€of€proportionality;€in€other€words,€the€restraint€used€should€beÏproportional€to€the€end€sought.€€On€the€other€hand,€the€representative€informedÏthe€Committee€that€investigations€were€being€carried€out€in€two€cases€ofÏill-treatment€allegedly€suffered€by€persons€arrested€by€the€police,€which€hadÏbeen€reported€by€Amnesty€International.ÌÌ176.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€pointed€outÏthat€under€article€223€of€the€German€Penal€Code,€physical€or€moral€ill„treatmentÏwas€punishable€and€that€any€person€causing€serious€bodily€harm€to,€orÏjeopardizing€the€health€of€another€person€could€be€sentenced€to€a€maximum€ofÏthree€years'€imprisonment.€€In€this€connection,€he€referred€to€a€number€ofÏjudgements€handed€down€by€the€courts€in€respect€of€different€kinds€of€physicalÏor€mental€ill„treatment.€€For€the€same€crime,€an€official€such€as€a€policeÏofficer€could€incur€much€more€severe€punishment€than€an€ordinary€citizen,€sinceÏhe€could€be€sentenced€to€5€years'€imprisonment€and,€in€very€serious€cases,€toÏ15years'€imprisonment.€€The€extortion€of€testimony€by€mental€torture€was€alsoÏan€offence€under€German€Criminal€Law€and€confessions€obtained€under€duress€couldÏnot€be€used€before€a€court.ÌÌ177.à2 .2àWith€reference€to€articles€5,€6,€7€and€8€of€the€Convention,€theÏrepresentative€stated€that€a€foreigner€suspected€of€having€committed€tortureÏabroad€could€be€brought€before€a€German€court,€if€the€country€of€origin€did€notÏrequest€his€extradition.€€However,€the€government€procurator€could€not,€underÏarticle€153(c)€of€the€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure,€institute€proceedings€inÏcertain€circumstances,€as€when€the€person€concerned€had€already€been€sentencedÏabroad€for€the€same€offence€or€if€an€additional€sentence€might€constitute€undulyÏsevere€punishment.ÌÌ178.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€articles€10€and€11€of€the€Convention,€the€representativeÏreferred,€in€particular,€to€directives€concerning€the€training€of€officials€withÏa€view€to€making€them€aware€of€the€need€to€respect€strictly€article€136€(a)€ofÏthe€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure€providing€that€confessions€obtained€under€duressÏcould€not€be€used€before€the€court.€€The€representative€acknowledged€that€notÏonly€personnel€responsible€for€the€application€of€laws,€but€also€medicalÏpersonnel,€health€workers,€psychologists,€psychiatrists€and€social€educatorsÏshould€be€fully€informed€about€matters€connected€with€torture€and€that€work€inÏthat€field€should€be€intensified.ÌÌ179.à2 .2àReferring€to€article€14€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€explainedÏthat€the€normal€rule€of€responsibility€for€the€commission€of€illegal€actsÏapplied€to€public€officials;€any€wrong€done€to€persons€or€damage€to€property€justified€a€request€for€compensation€for€material€and€non„pecuniary€damage.€ÏRequests€for€compensation€had€to€be€addressed€to€the€administration€and€then€toÏa€court.ÌÌòòConclusions€and€recommendationsóóÌÌ180.à2 .2àThe€Committee€thanked€the€Government€of€Germany€for€its€clear,Ïcomprehensive€and€objective€report€and€its€representatives€for€the€pertinentÏreplies€they€provided€to€the€questions€submitted€to€them.€€The€CommitteeÏwelcomed€the€legal€and€administrative€measures€that€had€been€taken€in€Germany€toÏprevent€and,€where€necessary,€punish€torture,€and€it€was€pleased€to€note€thatÏGermany€was€doing€everything€in€its€power€to€fulfil€the€obligations€it€hadÏassumed€in€ratifying€the€Convention.€€The€Committee€requested€the€GermanÏauthorities€to€inform€it€of€the€result€of€the€investigation€initiated€in€BremenÏinto€the€incidents€brought€to€its€attention;€and€also€requested€the€GovernmentÏof€Germany€to€envisage€the€possibility€of€making€the€declarations€necessary€toÏbe€bound€by€articles€21€and€22€of€the€Convention.ÌÌòòLibyan€Arab€JamahiriyaóóÌÌ181.à2 .2àThe€Committee€considered€the€additional€report€of€the€Libyan€ArabÏJamahiriya€(CAT/C/9/Add.12/Rev.1)€at€its€130th€and€135th€meetings,€on€17€andÏ19November€1992€(see€CAT/C/SR.130,€135€and€135/Add.2).ÌÌ182.à2 .2àThe€report€was€introduced€by€the€representative€of€the€State€party,€whoÏhighlighted€the€information€contained€in€it€with€regard€to€the€political€system,Ïthe€legislative,€the€executive€and€the€judicial€authorities€of€the€Libyan€ArabÏJamahiriya,€as€well€as€the€legal€framework€for€the€implementation€of€theÏConvention.€€The€representative€also€stressed€that€the€report€dealt€with€otherÏquestions€raised€by€the€members€of€the€Committee€during€their€consideration€ofÏthe€initial€report.ÌÌ183.à2 .2àGenerally,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€receive€more€information€onÏthe€way€in€which€the€Convention€was€implemented€in€the€Libyan€Arab€Jamahiriya.€ÏIt€was€asked,€in€this€connection,€whether€the€Convention€had€become€part€of€theÏcountry's€legislation,€whether€the€courts€applied€the€Convention€directly€andÏwhether€an€individual€could€base€his€actions€on€the€principles€embodied€in€theÏConvention.€€More€information€was€also€requested€on€the€structure€andÏfunctioning€of€the€judiciary.€€It€was€asked,€in€particular,€how€judges€wereÏappointed,€whether€judges€could€be€dismissed,€and€if€so,€by€which€authority,Ïwhether€there€was€a€disciplinary€body€to€ensure€that€they€carried€out€theirÏduties€properly,€whether€the€Supreme€Court€operated€as€a€Constitutional€CourtÏand€whether€it€had€the€function€of€determining€the€legality€of€legislation€andÏthe€consistency€of€law€with€the€Great€Green€Document€on€Human€Rights€in€the€AgeÏof€the€Masses.€€It€was€also€asked€whether€there€was€any€organic€link€between€theÏpolice€officer€or€the€department€who€arrested€an€individual€and€the€authorityÏwhich€instituted€criminal€proceedings€on€the€one€hand,€and€the€investigatingÏauthorities€and€the€courts€which€handed€down€sentences,€on€the€other;€whetherÏthe€Attorney€General€was€responsible€for€investigations€or€whether€it€was€theÏexamining€magistrate€or€another€body;€who€had€the€authority€to€considerÏquestions€concerning€detention€by€the€police€and€whether€Libyan€law€providedÏthat€no€case€could€be€heard€in€the€absence€of€a€defence€lawyer.€€In€addition,Ïmembers€of€the€Committee€sought€clarification€about€the€People's€Court€and€itsÏrelationship€with€civil,€criminal€and€other€courts,€the€role€of€the€personalÏstatus€courts€which€applied€Islamic€law,€and€the€legal€effects€of€the€individualÏamnesty.€€It€was€further€asked€whether€the€Libyan€Arab€Jamahiriya€was€preparedÏto€accept€the€optional€provisions€contained€in€articles€21€and€22€of€theÏConvention.ÌÌ184.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€article€2€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€CommitteeÏraised€several€questions€to€clarify€what€rights€a€detained€person€had,Ïespecially€during€the€critical€period€immediately€after€he€had€been€taken€inÏcharge€by€the€police.€€They€wished€to€know,€in€particular,€whether€a€personÏcould€be€held€incommunicado,€whether€he€was€entitled€to€medical€examination,€andÏwhen€and€how€the€accused€was€able€to€obtain€the€assistance€of€a€defence€counsel.€ÏIt€was€observed€that€the€information€provided€in€the€report€with€regard€toÏpolice€custody€and€interrogation€of€an€arrested€person€was€somewhat€confusingÏand€required€clarification.€€It€was€asked,€in€this€connection,€how€preventiveÏdetention€was€defined€in€the€Libyan€Arab€Jamahiriya,€what€the€legal€time„limitsÏwere€and€when€it€was€applied.ÌÌ185.à2 .2àTurning€to€article€3€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€toÏknow€whether€the€provisions€of€that€article€were€being€applied€directly€in€theÏLibyan€Arab€Jamahiriya,€whether€the€non„extradition€of€any€person€who€would€beÏin€danger€of€torture€was€effectively€guaranteed€under€the€law€and,€in€thisÏconnection,€what€the€difference€was€between€the€acts€of€a€freedom€fighter€and€aÏterrorist€act€and€what€criteria€were€used€to€decide€to€which€category€an€actÏbelonged.ÌÌ186.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€clarification€was€sought€aboutÏthe€types€of€penalties€provided€by€the€Libyan€Penal€Code€for€persons€guilty€ofÏtorture€and€the€sentences€handed€down€by€the€criminal€courts€in€cases€of€acts€ofÏtorture,€particularly€when€those€acts€had€resulted€in€the€death€of€the€victim.€ÏMembers€of€the€Committee€also€asked€for€clarification€on€the€scope€of€the€termÏ"torture",€as€used€in€article€435€of€the€Penal€Code,€on€whether€it€covered€bothÏphysical€and€mental€or€moral€suffering€and€on€how€mental€torture€was€punishedÏunder€Libyan€law.€€Furthermore,€it€was€noted€that,€under€article€167€of€theÏCivil€Code,€a€person€would€be€held€responsible€for€his€unlawful€acts€committedÏat€a€time€when€he€was€able€to€distinguish€between€right€and€wrong€and€it€wasÏasked€what€criteria€were€applied€in€law€to€distinguish€between€right€and€wrong.ÌÌ187.à2 .2àConcerning€article€8€of€the€Convention,€it€was€asked€whether,€if€the€LibyanÏauthorities€learned€of€the€presence€in€the€country's€territory€of€a€person€whoÏwas€a€national€of€a€country€with€which€the€Libyan€Arab€Jamahiriya€had€noÏextradition€treaty€and€who€was€accused€of€torture€in€a€country€with€which€noÏextradition€treaty€existed€either,€jurisdiction€existed€under€domestic€law€soÏthat€the€person€concerned€might€be€arrested€and€brought€to€trial.ÌÌ188.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€article€9€of€the€Convention,€it€was€asked€what€arrangementsÏhad€been€made€by€the€Libyan€Arab€Jamahiriya€in€respect€of€mutual€judicialÏassistance€and€whether€relevant€treaties€had€been€signed€with€other€StatesÏparties€to€the€Convention.ÌÌ189.à2 .2àReferring€to€article€10€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€wishedÏto€know€how€special€education€in€matters€relating€to€torture€for€border€police,Ïdoctors€and€members€of€the€health€profession€was€provided€in€the€Libyan€ArabÏJamahiriya€and€whether€the€Universal€Declaration€of€Human€Rights€and€theÏConvention€were€included€in€the€training€programmes.ÌÌ190.à2 .2àIt€was€noted€that€the€report€contained€no€reference€to€article€11€of€theÏConvention€and€information€was€requested€on€the€implementation€of€itsÏprovisions.€€It€was€asked,€in€particular,€whether€prison€inspections€byÏrepresentatives€of€non„governmental€organizations€were€permitted.ÌÌ191.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€article€12€of€the€Convention,€reference€was€made€to€aÏparticular€case€included€in€the€report€of€the€Special€Rapporteur€of€theÏCommission€on€Human€Rights€on€questions€relating€to€torture€(E/CN.4/1992/17)€and€since€no€reply€on€the€case€had€been€given€by€the€Libyan€authorities,€informationÏwas€requested€in€that€regard.ÌÌ192.à2 .2àIn€respect€of€article€13€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€wishedÏto€know€who€the€parties€were€who€could€bring€allegations€of€torture,€whetherÏinjured€parties€could€request€the€Attorney€General€to€initiate€criminalÏproceedings€and,€in€case€of€refusal,€whether€there€was€any€alternative€remedy.€ÏStatistics€on€the€number€of€complaints€actually€made€were€also€requested.ÌÌ193.à2 .2àAs€for€article€14€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€toÏknow€whether€it€was€necessary€to€await€a€verdict€before€a€claim€for€compensationÏcould€be€filed,€whether€the€State€assumed€responsibility€for€compensation€in€theÏcase€of€a€public€official€guilty€of€torture€who€was€unable€to€pay€and€what€theÏcompetence€was€of€administrative€courts€in€matters€relating€to€compensation.€€ItÏwas€also€asked€whether€the€Libyan€Arab€Jamahiriya€supported€the€United€NationsÏVoluntary€Fund€for€Victims€of€Torture€and€intended€to€set€up€special€medicalÏcentres€to€treat€victims€of€torture.ÌÌ194.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€article€16€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€CommitteeÏwished€to€know€how€the€death€sentence€was€imposed,€whether€executions€wereÏpublic,€whether€there€were€statistics€on€how€many€persons€had€been€sentenced€toÏdeath€and€how€many€sentences€had€been€carried€out.€€They€noted€that€economicÏcrimes€were€punishable€by€death€under€the€Libyan€Penal€Code€and€they€observedÏthat€such€a€penalty€seemed€to€be€out€of€proportion€to€the€nature€of€the€crime.ÌÌ195.à2 .2àIn€his€reply,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€provided€detailedÏinformation€on€the€structure€and€functioning€of€the€judiciary€in€his€country.€ÏHe€stated,€in€particular,€that€the€Libyan€judicial€system€was€based€on€theÏprinciple€of€accusation€and€defence€and€that€members€of€the€Department€of€PublicÏProsecutions€were€selected€during€the€People's€Congress.€€Judges€were€appointedÏby€the€General€People's€Committee€and€could€be€sanctioned€or€revoked€forÏviolation€of€the€rules€governing€their€functions,€or€for€incapacity€in€general,Ïfollowing€an€investigation€and€on€the€decision€of€the€Ministry€of€Justice.€€TheÏSupreme€Court€could€hear€motions€for€annulment€or€appeals€against€judgementsÏhanded€down€in€the€civil,€criminal€or€administrative€courts.€€It€also€played€theÏrole€of€a€constitutional€court€and€had€the€power€to€annul€laws€if€they€wereÏfound€to€be€unconstitutional.€€Furthermore,€the€representative€explained€thatÏpreliminary€investigations€were€carried€out€by€a€legally€qualified€official€ofÏthe€Department€of€Public€Prosecutions.€€The€record€of€the€investigation€was€thenÏtransmitted€to€the€Attorney€General.€€Bodies€responsible€for€legal€proceedingsÏwere€independent€of€those€that€handed€down€judgements.€€Under€the€law,€anyÏperson€who€had€been€charged€could€be€assisted€by€a€lawyer;€the€court€itselfÏdesignated€a€lawyer€where€necessary.€€The€representative€also€pointed€out€thatÏthe€People's€Court€was€competent€to€hear€appeals€against€measures€or€decisionsÏprejudicial€to€the€freedom€and€basic€rights€of€citizens€and€its€competence€wasÏquite€different€from€that€of€the€civil,€criminal€and€administrative€courts.€ÏIslamic€courts€heard€only€cases€connected€with€civil€status,€marriage,€divorce,Ïthe€custody€of€children€etc.€€Amnesty,€both€general€and€individual,€removed€theÏcriminal€taint€of€the€offence€committed€and€expunged€the€punishment.€€If€aÏperson€had€committed€a€large€number€of€offences,€only€those€listed€in€theÏamnesty€order€were€pardoned.€€An€individual€amnesty€was€granted€in€respect€ofÏeither€a€specific€crime€or€a€particular€person.ÌÌ196.à2 .2àReferring€to€article€2€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€providedÏinformation€on€the€conditions€of€police€custody€and€stated€that€police€custodyÏcould€not€exceed€24€hours€from€the€time€of€arrest.€€In€the€case€of€particularlyÏserious€crimes,€the€investigation€was€conducted€in€secret.€€In€such€cases€theÏaccused€was€entitled€to€the€services€of€a€lawyer;€if€he€lacked€the€necessaryÏmeasures,€the€State€had€to€assign€one€to€him.€€The€accused€had€the€right€to€remain€silent.€€If€there€was€enough€proof€against€the€accused,€the€Department€ofÏPublic€Prosecutions€could€extend€his€detention€up€to€six€days€for€purposes€ofÏthe€investigation.€€Any€further€extension€had€to€be€justified€by€that€DepartmentÏand€decided€by€the€judge€or€the€Indictment€Division,€as€appropriate.€€TheÏrepresentative€stressed€that,€according€to€the€Libyan€Penal€Code,€preventiveÏmeasures€could€be€imposed€only€within€the€limits€specified€by€the€law.ÌÌ197.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€article€3€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€statedÏthat€under€the€Libyan€Penal€Code€the€extradition€of€a€person€charged€with€aÏcriminal€offence€which€was€politically€motivated€was€prohibited.€€Equally,€aÏpolitical€refugee€or€a€person€likely€to€be€tortured€could€not€be€extradited.€€InÏany€case,€the€provisions€of€article€3€of€the€Convention€were€enforceable€in€theÏLibyan€Arab€Jamahiriya.ÌÌ198.à2 .2àIn€respect€of€article€4€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€explainedÏthat€the€period€of€imprisonment€for€a€person€found€guilty€of€torture€varied€fromÏa€minimum€of€three€years€up€to€a€maximum€of€seven€years.€€Hard€labour€was€aÏsecondary€punishment€supplementing€the€main€one.€€Even€though€torture€wasÏpunishable€under€Libyan€law,€the€Penal€Code€did€not€contain€a€definition€ofÏtorture,€nor€specific€provisions€concerning€mental€torture.€€As€for€theÏdistinction€between€right€and€wrong,€he€stated€that€it€depended,€as€in€anyÏsociety,€on€the€philosophy€underlying€legislation.ÌÌ199.à2 .2àWith€reference€to€articles€8€and€9€of€the€Convention,€the€representativeÏstated€that€if€a€foreigner€engaged€in€acts€of€torture,€he€would€be€tried€inÏaccordance€with€Libyan€legislation€and€in€the€light€of€the€provisions€of€theÏConvention.€€The€Libyan€Arab€Jamahiriya€had€not€concluded€any€extraditionÏagreement€with€other€States€concerning€torture.€€Extradition€agreementsÏconcerning€criminals€had,€however,€been€concluded€in€the€framework€of€the€ArabÏLeague.€ÌÌ200.à2 .2àReferring€to€articles€10€and€11€of€the€Convention,€he€stated€that€ways€ofÏinstructing€police€and€medical€personnel€in€human€rights€matters€were€underÏdiscussion€in€his€country€and€that€the€possibility€of€allowing€external€bodiesÏto€visit€Libyan€prisons€was€still€being€studied.ÌÌ201.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€article€13€of€the€Convention,€the€representativeÏexplained€that,€under€Libyan€criminal€law,€a€complainant€could€request€theÏDepartment€of€Public€Prosecutions€to€bring€a€public€action€on€his€behalf€inÏcertain€cases.€€However,€with€regard€to€crimes€involving€torture,€article€435€ofÏthe€Penal€Code€provided€for€a€public€action€by€that€Department€and€sanctionsÏagainst€a€public€official€who€ordered€or€committed€torture,€regardless€whetherÏthe€victim€had€filed€a€complaint€or€not.€€Any€alleged€victim€of€torture€couldÏsubmit€a€complaint€directly€to€the€Attorney€General,€who€was€required€by€law€toÏprosecute€the€accused.€€In€addition,€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€could€beÏinvoked€before€the€courts.ÌÌ202.à2 .2àReferring€to€article€14€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€explainedÏthat,€under€Libyan€law,€requests€for€compensation€for€torture€victims€could€beÏhandled€by€the€criminal€courts€or€could€be€the€subject€of€an€independent€actionÏin€a€civil€court.€€It€was€for€the€victim€to€choose€the€course€that€was€moreÏfavourable€to€him.€€If€the€person€found€guilty€of€torture€was€a€civil€servant,Ïdamages€were€paid€by€the€State.€€The€representative€also€stated€that€his€countryÏhad€contributed€in€the€past€to€the€United€Nations€Voluntary€Fund€for€Victims€ofÏTorture€and€that€the€Libyan€authorities€would€examine€the€desirability€ofÏestablishing€a€special€centre€for€the€rehabilitation€of€torture€victims.ÌÌ203.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€article€16€of€the€Convention,€the€representativeÏindicated€that€capital€punishment€was€carried€out€in€the€prison€itself€or€in€other€closed€premises.€€Four€murderers€had€recently€been€sentenced€to€death.€ÏThe€general€tendency€was€to€restrict€the€application€of€capital€punishment€to€aÏlimited€number€of€crimes.€€Economic€crimes€punishable€by€death€were€defined€inÏarticle€4€of€the€Law€on€Economic€Crimes€and€included€deliberate€sabotage€ofÏinstallations,€such€as€those€for€petroleum€production,€which€were€vital€for€theÏnational€economy.€€Executions€were€not€carried€out€in€public,€but€televisionÏprogrammes€were€referring€to€them€when€they€dealt€with€problems€connected€withÏcriminality.€€The€list€of€the€death€sentences€that€had€been€handed€down€would€beÏtransmitted€to€the€Committee€at€a€later€stage.ÌÌòòConclusions€and€recommendationsóóÌÌ204.à2 .2àThe€Committee€expressed€its€thanks€to€the€Libyan€Arab€Jamahiriya€and€itsÏrepresentative€for€having€provided,€in€the€additional€report€and€during€theÏpresentation€of€that€document,€replies€to€the€questions€raised€by€the€CommitteeÏduring€its€consideration,€in€November€1991,€of€the€initial€report.€€The€repliesÏprovided€enabled€the€Committee€to€evaluate€the€efforts€made€by€the€Libyan€ArabÏJamahiriya€to€implement€the€Convention;€the€Committee€considered€that€the€LibyanÏlegal€system€was€in€conformity€with€the€Convention.ÌÌ205.à2 .2àThe€Committee€also€stated€that€it€was€awaiting€with€impatience€the€secondÏperiodic€report€of€the€Libyan€Arab€Jamahiriya,€due€in€June€1994,€and€that€itÏwould€be€grateful€if€that€report€would€describe€the€application€of€theÏConvention€article€by€article.ÌÌ206.à2 .2àThe€Committee's€attention€had€been€drawn€to€a€few€cases€of€torture€in€theÏcountry€in€connection€with€which€the€Libyan€Arab€Jamahiriya€had€taken€legalÏaction.€€The€Committee€noted€the€action€taken€and€urged€the€Libyan€ArabÏJamahiriya€to€continue€to€take€the€necessary€measures€to€eliminate€and€preventÏtorture.ÌÌ207.à2 .2àThe€Committee€requested€information€on€the€number€of€cases€of€torture€inÏwhich€proceedings€had€been€instituted€and€on€the€results€of€those€proceedings.€ÏIt€appreciated€the€way€in€which€the€Libyan€Arab€Jamahiriya,€through€itsÏrepresentative,€had€made€sincere€efforts€to€reply€to€its€questions.ÌÌòòMexicoóóÌÌ208.à2 .2àThe€second€periodic€report€of€Mexico€(CAT/C/17/Add.3)€was€considered€by€theÏCommittee€at€its€130th€and€131st€meetings,€on€17€November€1992€(seeÏCAT/C/SR.130,€131€and€131/Add.2).ÌÌ209.à2 .2àThe€report€was€introduced€by€the€representative€of€the€reporting€State,€whoÏdescribed€the€most€important€legislative,€administrative€and€judicial€measuresÏtaken€to€prevent€and€punish€torture€during€the€period€1988€to€1992.€€In€thisÏconnection,€he€drew€attention€to€the€establishment€of€the€National€Commission€onÏHuman€Rights€in€1990€and€its€acquisition€of€constitutional€status€in€1992.€€TheÏrepresentative€also€outlined€the€activities€of€that€Commission.€€They€included,Ïfirst,€the€investigation€of€complaints€of€human€rights€violations,€such€asÏallegations€of€torture.€€In€this€regard,€he€indicated€that€the€Commission€madeÏpublic€recommendations€to€the€competent€authorities€and€could€requestÏinformation€from€them€in€the€course€of€its€investigations.€€Secondly,€theÏCommission€made€proposals€for€action,€which€included€the€adoption€ofÏadministrative€measures€and€the€amendment€of€national€legislation,€to€improveÏthe€State€party's€compliance€with€its€international€human€rights€obligations.€ÏThirdly,€the€Commission€was€active€in€developing€awareness€of€human€rights€forÏthe€public,€in€general,€and€in€providing€training€and€education€in€the€area€ofÏthe€prevention€of€human€rights€violations€for€administration€of€justiceÏofficials,€in€particular.€Ì‡210.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€particular€legislative€reforms,€the€representative€informedÏthe€Committee€that€the€Federal€Executive€had€endorsed€a€number€of€proposals€madeÏby€the€National€Commission€on€Human€Rights,€which€had€led€to€changes€in€theÏFederal€and€State€Penal€Codes€and€in€the€Federal€and€Federal€District€Codes€ofÏPenal€Procedure€and€that€those€changes€had€been€approved€by€Congress.€€FollowingÏanother€proposal€by€the€Commission,€draft€legislation€had€been€introduced€toÏamend€the€Federal€Act€on€the€Responsibilities€of€Public€Servants€with€a€view€toÏmaking€it€obligatory€for€the€latter€to€provide€information€that€the€CommissionÏrequested€in€the€course€of€its€investigations.€€The€representative€also€informedÏthe€Committee€that€the€Congress€had€found€it€necessary€to€amend€the€1986€FederalÏAct€to€Prevent€and€Punish€Torture.€€This€had€resulted€in€the€introduction€of€theÏnew€Federal€Act€to€Prevent€and€Punish€Torture€which€had€expanded€the€proceduralÏrights€of€persons€under€investigation€for€an€offence€and€made€provision€for€theÏbenefits€of€a€pardon€or€amnesty€to€be€extended€to€the€most€needy.€€The€new€ActÏalso€provided€for€the€non„admittance€as€evidence€of€both€confessions€made€toÏpolice€authorities€and€statements€made€to€the€Public€Prosecutor's€Department€orÏjudicial€authority€without€the€presence€of€the€accused€person's€defence€counselÏor€confidant,€and€where€appropriate,€interpreter.€€In€addition,€the€new€ActÏprovided€for€the€harsher€penalization€of€those€found€guilty€of€torture,€throughÏthe€imposition€of€a€possible€3„to‚„12„year€prison€sentence€and€their€obligation,Ïin€certain€cases,€to€meet€the€legal€advice,€medical€and€other€costs€incurred€toÏprovide€redress€for€injury€and€compensation€to€the€victim€or€his€dependants.ÌÌ211.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€administrative€reforms,€the€representative€made€mention€ofÏthe€various€programmes€and€procedures€which€had€been€introduced€by€the€AttorneyÏGeneral's€Office€to€ensure€better€treatment€of€detainees€and€respect€for€theirÏhuman€rights.€€Such€action€included€the€establishment€of€an€Internal€ControlÏUnit,€within€the€Office€of€the€Attorney€General,€to€detect,€investigate€andÏpunish€torture€in€order€to€prevent€the€impunity€of€offenders.ÌÌ212.à2 .2àFinally,€the€representative€provided€details€of€the€breakdown€of€the€numberÏof€complaints€of€torture€during€the€period€from€June€1990€to€June€1992,€whichÏindicated€that€such€complaints€had€fallen€in€number.€€He€also€made€mention€ofÏthe€number€of€investigations,€criminal€proceedings€and€recommendations€forÏaction€which€had€emerged€from€complaints€of€human€rights€violations.€€In€thisÏregard,€he€stated,€òòinter€aliaóó,€that€from€June€1990€to€May€1992€the€CommissionÏhad€made€34€recommendations€concerning€torture€to€the€Attorney€General's€Office.€ÏIn€13€cases,€criminal€proceedings€had€been€instituted.€€Those€13€cases€hadÏinvolved€37€public€officials€who€had€been€imprisoned€pending€trial.ÌÌ213.à2 .2àThe€members€of€the€Committee€expressed€appreciation€to€the€State€party€forÏits€informative€report€and€introductory€statement.€€They€also€welcomed€theÏvarious€measures€taken€by€the€State€party€to€combat€torture€which,€theyÏconsidered,€were€a€reflection€of€its€political€commitment€to€comply€with€theÏprovisions€of€the€Convention.€€However,€they€expressed€concern€at€the€repotsÏthey€had€received€from€non„governmental€organizations€which€appeared€to€point€toÏthe€continued€practice€of€torture,€particularly€by€the€judicial€police.€€It€alsoÏappeared€that€confessions€occupied€an€important€place€in€the€system€of€evidenceÏand€that€the€police€felt€obliged€to€obtain€confessions€even€through€means€ofÏtorture.€€In€this€connection,€it€was€stated,€òòinter€aliaóó,€that€an€example€of€thatÏendemic€practice€was€that€State€officials€prosecuted€for€having€practisedÏtorture€themselves€complained€that€they€were€forced€to€confess€under€torture.€ÏMembers€of€the€Committee€observed€with€concern€that€the€judicial€police,€inÏparticular€those€officials€who€were€responsible€for€acts€of€torture,€seemed€toÏenjoy€a€high€degree€of€impunity€in€Mexico.ÌÌ214.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€matters€of€a€general€nature,€members€of€the€CommitteeÏrequested€clarification€on€how€legislation€and€other€measures€were€actuallyÏapplied€under€the€Mexican€federal€system.€€They€also€requested€further€information€on€the€work€of€the€National€Commission€on€Human€Rights€regarding,€inÏparticular,€the€Commission's€classification€of€complaints;€the€number€of€theÏcomplaints€that€it€received€which€were€related€to€torture;€and€the€follow„up€toÏthe€Commission's€recommendations€regarding€those€complaints.€€They€were€alsoÏinterested€to€know€more€about€the€Commission's€conciliation€process,€which€hadÏled€to€settlements€out€of€court,€and€requested€clarification€as€to€whether€thatÏprocess€might€lead€to€impunity€for€those€responsible€for€torture„relatedÏoffences.€€In€addition,€reference€was€made€to€the€statement€of€the€NationalÏCommission€on€Human€Rights,€contained€in€the€State€party's€report,€according€toÏwhich€in€many€cases€involving€torture€there€was€no€evidence€or€indication€of€theÏalleged€torture€and€that€many€forms€of€torture€left€no€visible€marks€that€mightÏmerit€a€medical€certificate.€€In€this€regard,€it€was€indicated€that€although€itÏtook€time€to€detect€traces€and€effects€of€torture,€it€was€possible€forÏphysicians€who€had€received€specialized€training€on€the€subject€of€the€treatmentÏof€torture€victims€to€uncover€reliable€proof€or€indications€of€torture.€€InÏaddition,€further€information€was€sought€on€any€reports€received€on€theÏprogrammes€of€the€Office€of€the€Attorney€General,€and€the€State€party'sÏintention€of€making€a€declaration€under€articles€21€and€22€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ215.à2 .2àWith€reference€to€article€1€of€the€Convention,€it€was€asked€why€the€new€ActÏto€Prevent€and€Punish€Torture€did€not€use€the€exact€wording€of€article€1€of€theÏConvention€in€defining€torture.ÌÌ216.à2 .2àIn€relation€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€CommitteeÏrequested€further€information€on€the€penalties€imposed€on€those€found€guilty€ofÏacts€of€torture,€particularly€with€regard€to€the€266€officials€referred€to€inÏthe€report.€€In€addition,€reference€was€made€to€the€report€of€the€NationalÏCommission€on€Human€Rights,€which€indicated€that,€contrary€to€legislation€and€toÏarticle€4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Convention,€there€had€been€a€number€of€cases€inÏwhich€persons€responsible€for€violations€had€not€been€punished.€€It€was€observedÏthat€such€a€statement€reinforced€the€impression€that€those€responsible€forÏtorture€were€enjoying€impunity.ÌÌ217.à2 .2àConcerning€the€application€of€article€10€of€the€Convention,€members€of€theÏCommittee€wished€to€receive€further€information,€on€the€training€of€medicalÏpersonnel.€€In€this€connection,€the€importance€of€informing€doctors€aboutÏmethods€of€torture,€means€of€diagnosis€and€the€possibilities€of€rehabilitatingÏtorture€victims€was€emphasized.€€It€was€also€indicated€that€doctors€specializedÏin€that€field€could€assist€the€National€Commission€of€Human€Rights€in€its€workÏand€in€combating€the€impunity€of€human€rights€violators.€€In€addition,Ïclarification€was€requested€as€to€whether€the€contents€of€training€manuals€forÏthe€police€were€in€harmony€with€the€new€measures€adopted€by€the€State€party€toÏprevent€and€combat€torture.ÌÌ218.à2 .2àIn€respect€of€article€11€of€the€Convention,€further€information€was€soughtÏas€to€a€detainee's€right€to€a€medical€examination.ÌÌ219.à2 .2àWith€reference€to€articles€12€and€13€of€the€Convention,€members€of€theÏCommittee€sought€further€information€on€the€procedures€of€the€NationalÏCommission€on€Human€Rights€for€investigating€into€complaints€of€torture€and€howÏsuch€procedures€worked€in€practice.€€In€this€connection,€concern€was€expressed,Ïòòinter€aliaóó,€at€the€difficulties€involved€in€investigating€complaints€whereÏvictims€could€not€identify€the€persons€responsible€for€violating€their€humanÏrights.ÌÌ220.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€article€15€of€the€Convention,€the€attention€of€theÏGovernment€of€Mexico€was€drawn€to€information€indicating€that€there€wereÏrepeated€instances€in€Mexican€courts€in€which€statements€made€to€the€police€wereÏadmitted€as€evidence€and€giving€greater€credence€than€subsequent€statements€in€which€they€were€denied.€€Furthermore,€Amnesty€International€and€otherÏnon-governmental€organizations€had€reported€many€such€cases€in€which€evidence€ofÏtorture€had€been€produced,€but€there€appeared€to€be€no€review€of€the€originalÏconfessions€made€by€the€victims€under€police€interrogation.ÌÌ221.à2 .2àReplying€to€the€questions€raised,€the€representative€of€Mexico€indicatedÏthat€his€Government€was€prepared€to€provide€additional€information€on€mattersÏraised€by€the€Committee€and€emphasized€his€Government's€commitment€to€the€taskÏof€putting€an€end€to€torture.€€The€representative€clarified€that€the€NationalÏCommission€on€Human€Rights€was€an€independent€body€with€branches€in€variousÏstates€and€regions€of€the€country.€€It€consisted€of€representatives€from€variousÏprofessional€backgrounds€and€its€activities€were€interrelated€with€those€of€theÏombudsman,€social€bodies€and€non„governmental€organizations.€€Actions€of€theÏCommission€were€not€simply€confined€to€investigations€but€extended€toÏprosecutions€and€sentences.€€Arrest€warrants€followed€from€recommendationsÏcontained€in€the€Commission's€reports.€€The€Commission's€report€for€the€periodÏfrom€December€1992€to€June€1992,€in€particular,€included€information€on€theÏ4,503€complaints€received€and€on€violations€of€the€rights€of€journalists.€€ItÏalso€provided€a€detailed€account€of€110€recommendations€made€and€an€indicationÏof€the€follow„up€to€the€recommendations.€€The€report€also€presented€programmesÏconcerning€disappeared€persons,€the€prison€system€and€a€special€programme€toÏexamine€violations€of€the€rights€of€journalists.€€The€representative€pointed€outÏthat€the€reports€of€the€National€Commission€on€Human€Rights,€particularly€itsÏspecial€reports,€constituted€a€way€of€bringing€pressure€to€bear€on€thoseÏresponsible€for€torture€and€ill„treatment€by€stimulating€the€awareness€of€theÏpublic€at€large.€€Nevertheless,€the€impact€of€the€new€machinery€could€not€beÏfelt€immediately.€€The€authorities€were€encountering€resistance€at€the€localÏlevel€as€local€bodies€did€not€always€find€it€easy€to€accept€central€StateÏsupervision€and€to€be€made€accountable€for€their€actions.ÌÌ222.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€providedÏinformation€on€prosecutions€and€sentences€that€followed€investigations€intoÏhuman€rights€abuses.€€For€example,€the€person€responsible€for€the€ill„treatmentÏof€a€journalist€named€Rodolfo€Morales€had€been€sentenced€to€15€years'Ïimprisonment.€€With€reference€to€the€enforcement€of€sentences,€he€indicated€thatÏproceedings€took€a€long€time€and€illustrated€this€point€with€the€case€ofÏRichardLopez€who€had€been€tortured€and€died€as€a€result€in€July€1990,€yet€thoseÏfound€guilty€of€that€act€had€been€sentenced€in€October€1992.€€They€had€beenÏsentenced€to€44€years'€imprisonment€for€homicide€and€abuse€of€authority.ÌÌ223.à2 .2àConcerning€article€10€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€informed€theÏCommittee€that€a€National€Day€against€Torture€had€been€proclaimed€in€Mexico.€€HeÏalso€indicated€that€efforts€were€being€made€to€stimulate€awareness€of€humanÏrights€and€that€although€it€was€difficult€for€such€efforts€to€take€root,Ïnon-governmental€organizations€were€providing€valuable€support€in€this€regard.ÌÌ224.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€article€11€of€the€Convention,€the€representativeÏexplained€that€information€on€the€rights€of€detainees€and€the€remedies€availableÏto€them€for€the€protection€of€their€rights€had€been€widely€disseminated.€€InÏthis€regard,€mention€was€made€of€the€circular€from€the€Procurator€General€whichÏstated€that€every€detainee€had€to€undergo€a€medical€examination€at€the€time€ofÏhis€arrest,€and€of€a€press€communiqu,€issued€by€the€Office€of€the€AttorneyÏGeneral,€which€had€indicated€that€a€medical€examination€of€a€detainee€would€beÏgiven€at€the€time€of€his€arrest€or€imprisonment€and€upon€his€release.ÌÌ225.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€articles€12€and€13€of€the€Convention,€the€representativeÏpointed€out€that€under€paragraph€31€of€the€Organic€Law,€a€complaint€of€humanÏrights€abuse€could€be€admitted,€even€if€a€complainant€were€unable€to€identify€the€State€officials€who€had€violated€his€rights,€if€the€subsequent€investigationÏmade€it€possible€to€establish€responsibility.ÌÌòòConclusions€and€recommendationsóóÌÌ226.à2 .2àThe€Committee€expressed€its€sincere€thanks€to€the€Government€of€Mexico€forÏits€well„documented€periodic€report,€and€for€the€frank€explanations€providedÏorally€in€response€to€questions€raised.ÌÌ227.à2 .2àThe€Committee€noted€with€satisfaction€the€many€legislative,€judicial€andÏadministrative€measures€that€had€been€adopted€by€that€Government€with€a€view€toÏthe€implementation€of€the€provisions€of€the€Convention.€€It€noted€in€particularÏthe€establishment€of€the€National€Commission€on€Human€Rights€with€the€status€ofÏa€constitutional€body,€the€promulgation€of€the€Federal€Act€to€Prevent€and€PunishÏTorture,€the€amendment€of€the€Federal€Code€of€Penal€Procedure,€the€variousÏmeasures€taken€by€the€Procurator€General€of€the€Republic,€as€well€as€the€manyÏhuman€rights€education,€training€and€information€programmes.ÌÌ228.à2 .2àHowever,€the€Committee€noted€with€deep€concern€that,€according€even€to€theÏofficial€sources,€an€extremely€large€number€of€acts€of€torture€of€all€kinds€wereÏperpetrated€in€Mexico€despite€the€existence€of€a€legal€and€administrative€actÏdesigned€to€prevent€and€punish€them.€€In€that€respect,€the€number€of€torturersÏthat€have€been€punished€is€small€in€comparison€to€the€number€of€complaints.ÌÌ229.à2 .2àThe€Committee€hoped€that€the€Government's€political€will€and€the€variousÏmeasures€adopted€will€have€the€desired€effect,€and€in€particular€that€thoseÏguilty€of€acts€of€torture€will€not€remain€unpunished.€€The€Committee€would€beÏgrateful€if€the€Government€of€Mexico€transmitted€to€it,€within€18€months,Ïadditional€information€on€the€specific€measures€already€adopted,€in€particularÏon€the€punishment€of€those€responsible€for€acts€of€torture.ÌÌòòBelarusóóÌÌ230.à2 .2àThe€Committee€considered€the€second€periodic€report€of€BelarusÏ(CAT/C/17/Add.6)€at€its€132nd€to€134th€meetings,€on€18€and€19€November€1992€(seeÏCAT/C/SR.132,€133/Add.2€and€134/Add.1).ÌÌ231.à2 .2àThe€report€was€introduced€by€the€representative€of€the€State€party,€whoÏdeclared€that€since€the€submission€of€the€initial€report€there€had€beenÏmomentous€changes€in€the€political,€legislative,€economic€and€judicial€life€ofÏBelarus.€€Those€changes€had€found€their€reflection€in€a€draft€constitution€whichÏwas€being€considered€on€second€reading€in€the€Supreme€Soviet€of€Belarus.€€HeÏemphasized€that€the€measures€designed€to€protect€human€rights€included,€besidesÏthe€new€Constitution,€the€establishment€of€a€Constitutional€Court,€theÏseparation€of€powers€and€the€parliament's€decision€to€implement€judicialÏreforms,€among€them€the€introduction€of€a€new€criminal€and€civil€code€and€aÏreview€of€the€status€of€judges,€as€well€as€the€ratification€of€the€firstÏOptional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€ÏThe€Republic€of€Belarus€had€heeded€the€advice€the€Committee€had€given€it€duringÏconsideration€of€the€initial€report€and€had€given€priority€to€the€inclusion€inÏthe€Constitution€of€provisions€of€the€Convention€which€had€not€existed€in€theÏprevious€Constitution.€€On€the€basis€of€the€new€Constitution,€the€Ministry€ofÏJustice€had€prepared€a€Draft€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure€and€was€reviewing€theÏlabour€and€other€codes,€ensuring€notably€that€they€complied€with€the€provisionsÏof€the€Convention€against€Torture.ÌÌ232.à2 .2àThe€representative€informed€the€Committee€that,€according€to€the€newÏConstitution,€no€one€could€be€subjected€to€torture€and€other€cruel,€inhuman€orÏdegrading€treatment€and€a€person€could€not€be€forced€to€undergo€medical€or€other€examination€without€his€consent;€the€restriction€of€personal€freedom€was€subjectÏto€stringent€conditions€laid€down€by€law;€persons€in€custody€were€entitled€toÏrequest€a€judicial€review€or€examination€of€their€detention€or€arrest;€citizensÏwere€entitled€to€seek€compensation€before€the€courts€for€any€material€orÏphysical€damage;€they€also€had€the€right€to€legal€assistance€paid€out€of€StateÏfunds.ÌÌ233.à2 .2àThe€representative€stated€that€the€Republic€of€Belarus€recognized€theÏprimacy€of€international€law.€€If€any€legislation€of€Belarus€conflicted€with€theÏprovisions€of€an€international€agreement€to€which€Belarus€was€a€party,€theÏagreement€took€precedence.€€Courts€were€therefore€free€to€apply€internationalÏinstruments,€for€instance€the€Convention€against€Torture,€directly.ÌÌ234.à2 .2àMembers€of€the€Committee€stated€that€the€oral€introduction€by€the€BelarusÏdelegation€had€helped€clarify€a€number€of€queries€that€they€had€about€theÏsupplementary€report,€which€was€somewhat€short€and€had€not€provided€all€theÏanswers€the€Committee€had€hoped€for.€€Having€welcomed€the€changes€in€legislationÏaimed€at€improving€the€legal€system€and€combating€torture,€they€requested€theÏdelegation€to€provide€information€on€whether€individual€cases€of€torture€existedÏin€Belarus€and€statistics€and€information€on€the€specific€measures€taken€toÏcombat€torture€and€other€treatment€or€punishment€which€was€incompatible€withÏrespect€for€human€dignity.€€Members€of€the€Committee€also€wanted€to€know€whatÏthe€current€situation€was€with€regard€to€the€death€penalty€and€what€the€legalÏprovisions€were€for€carrying€out€the€death€penalty.€€They€sought€furtherÏclarification€on€the€actual€procedure€followed€when€there€was€a€conflict€betweenÏdomestic€law€and€an€article€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ235.à2 .2àMembers€of€the€Committee€were€interested€to€know€how€the€country€was€copingÏwith€difficulties€caused€by€the€weight€of€the€past;€how€the€judicial€bodies,€theÏpolice€and€the€administration€were€proceeding€with€current€changes;€whether€aÏparliamentary€commission€dealing€with€human€rights€existed€in€Belarus;€whetherÏBelarus€intended€to€accede€to€the€Second€Optional€Protocol€to€the€InternationalÏCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€aiming€at€the€abolition€of€the€deathÏpenalty;€whether€Belarus€would€make€the€declaration€under€articles€21€and€22€ofÏthe€Convention€against€Torture€and€whether€it€would€consider€recognizing€theÏcompetence€of€the€Committee€under€article€20.ÌÌ236.à2 .2àWith€respect€to€article€3€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€askedÏwhat€was€being€done€to€implement€that€article€and€whether€new€provisions€wereÏbeing€planned€to€that€effect.ÌÌ237.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€article€6€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee,Ïhaving€noted€that€detention€in€Belarus€could€extend€to€up€to€six€months€from€theÏdate€of€the€arrest,€drew€the€attention€of€the€delegation€to€the€statement€madeÏat€the€time€of€the€consideration€of€the€initial€report€of€Belarus,€according€toÏwhich€custody€could€not€last€more€than€three€days,€and€requested€clarificationÏon€that€discrepancy.€€They€wished€to€know€exactly€what€the€maximum€period€ofÏdetention€was€and€whether€pre„trial€detention€meant€that€a€person€was€detainedÏuntil€sentencing.ÌÌ238.à2 .2àConcerning€article€7€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€soughtÏfurther€information€on€the€rights€of€the€defence€and€in€particular€asked€howÏthat€complex€problem€was€covered€in€the€new€draft€code€of€criminal€procedure;€Ïwhether€there€were€cases€in€which€no€defence€counsel€was€present€and€whether€theÏpresence€of€a€lawyer€was€compulsory€in€cases€concerning€torture.ÌÌ239.à2 .2àRegarding€article€8€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€noted€thatÏno€information€had€been€given€about€the€question€of€extradition€and€askedÏwhether€legislation€was€in€line€with€the€relevant€provisions€of€the€Convention.Ì240.à2 .2àWith€respect€to€article€10€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€CommitteeÏwished€to€know€what€efforts€were€being€made€to€disseminate€information€on€theÏConvention€in€the€population€and€among€detainees;€what€training€was€beingÏprovided€to€jurists,€to€prison€staff€in€corrective€labour€institutions€and€toÏthe€medical€personnel;€and€whether€there€had€been€any€exchanges€in€the€coursesÏtaught€in€faculties€of€law€to€include€questions€of€human€rights€and,€inÏparticular,€efforts€to€combat€torture.ÌÌ241.à2 .2àConcerning€article€14€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€toÏknow€what€results€had€been€achieved€in€terms€of€rehabilitation€of€the€victims€ofÏrepression€during€the€period€of€the€personality€cult.€€They€also€requestedÏfurther€details€on€the€compensation€of€victims€of€repression.€€In€addition,€theyÏasked€who€was€responsible€for€compensation;€whether€the€victim€could€initiateÏproceedings€to€obtain€compensation,€and€to€bring€an€action€against€the€State€andÏagainst€the€person€who€had€tortured€him;€what€measures€were€being€taken€to€bringÏformer€torturers€to€justice;€what€measures€had€been€taken€to€ensure€medicalÏrehabilitation€of€the€victims€of€torture.ÌÌ242.à2 .2àWith€reference€to€article€16€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€CommitteeÏwished€to€know€under€what€circumstances€a€person€could€be€held€in€isolation;€Ïwhat€the€relevant€legal€provisions€were€in€this€respect€and€whether€theÏisolation€was€a€preventive€measure€or€was€applied€once€a€final€judgement€hadÏbeen€pronounced;€what€the€minimum€and€maximum€period€of€detention€in€isolationÏcells€was€and€who€decided€whether€to€place€persons€in€isolation€cells.ÌÌ243.à2 .2àIn€reply,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€described€his€country'sÏthree€categories€of€courts,€remarking€in€particular€that€in€judicial€matters€anÏeffort€was€being€made€to€avoid€a€sudden€break€with€the€past€and€to€emphasize€theÏgradual€reform€of€institutions,€phased€over€a€period€of€one€or€two€years.€€NowÏjudges€were€elected€for€life€and€their€independence€was€guaranteed,€which€hadÏnot€been€the€case€in€the€past.€€The€competence€of€the€Public€Security€CommitteeÏhad€been€strictly€defined€and€limited€and€measures€had€also€been€taken€toÏrestrict€the€possibilities€of€intervention€by€the€Ministry€of€the€Interior.€€TheÏGovernment€Procurator's€Office€was€being€transformed€into€an€independentÏorganization€that€would€no€longer€be€able€to€bring€pressure€on€the€courts.€ÏHowever,€the€entire€reform€process€was€complicated€by€the€difficult€economicÏsituation€and€its€consequences,€especially€the€increase€in€criminality.€€Under€aÏdraft€law€currently€before€Parliament,€the€constitutional€court€would€consist€ofÏ10€judges€elected€by€the€Parliament.€€Should€that€court€detect€any€irregularityÏor€incompatibility,€it€could€amend€the€texts€in€question€and€it€would€even€beÏempowered€to€annul€any€unlawful€decisions€of€the€Supreme€Council€of€theÏRepublic.€€At€its€first€session,€the€Supreme€Council€had€established€a€StandingÏParliamentary€Commission€on€transparency,€the€media€and€human€rights.ÌÌ244.à2 .2àSince€1975,€the€number€of€capital€offences€had€declined€considerably;€Ïcapital€punishment€was€rarely€carried€out€and€was€regarded€above€all€as€aÏdeterrent.€€Under€the€draft€criminal€code€currently€being€examined,€capitalÏpunishment€would€be€retained€for€a€total€of€four€major€crimes,€namely€homicideÏwith€aggravating€circumstances,€high€treason,€genocide€and€acts€of€terrorism.ÌÌ245.à2 .2àInternational€law€took€precedence€over€domestic€law.€€In€the€event€of€aÏconflict€between€international€rules€and€the€provisions€of€domestic€law,Ïinternational€law€prevailed.€€That€principle€was€embodied€in€the€Republic'sÏdeclaration€of€sovereignty.€€The€law€of€25€August€1991€contained€a€declarationÏthat€international€instruments€were€applied€directly.€€The€courts€were€requiredÏto€use€ratified€international€conventions€as€models€and€to€ensure€that€they€wereÏapplied.€€He€would€not€fail€to€raise€with€his€country's€competent€authoritiesÏthe€question€of€the€Committee's€concern€regarding€the€declarations€provided€forÏunder€articles€21€and€22€of€the€Convention.̇246.à2 .2àConcerning€article€1€of€the€Convention,€he€explained€why€the€legislation€ofÏBelarus€did€not€contain€a€definition€of€torture:€€in€particular,€the€definitionÏset€out€in€the€Convention,€while€applicable€in€Belarus,€did€not,€in€the€opinionÏof€his€country's€experts,€cover€all€possible€cases.€€In€such€circumstances,€theÏcourts€could,€in€his€view,€be€called€upon€to€determine€for€themselves,€on€aÏcase„by„case€basis,€whether€an€act€constituted€torture.ÌÌ247.à2 .2àRegarding€article€4€of€the€Convention,€he€said€that€in€1992€the€courts€hadÏsentenced€five€torturers,€four€of€them€to€deprivation€of€liberty€for€one€to€fourÏyears.€€In€addition,€disciplinary€measures€had€been€taken€against€300€officialsÏof€the€Government€Procurator's€Office€in€the€Ministry€of€the€Interior€who€hadÏbeen€found€guilty€of€abusing€their€powers.€€The€maximum€punishment€for€personsÏfound€guilty€of€torture€or€ill„treatment€was€10€years'€imprisonment.ÌÌ248.à2 .2àConcerning€article€7€of€the€Convention,€he€said€that,€under€the€newÏprovisions€of€article€49€of€the€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure,€any€person€who€wasÏarrested€was€authorized€to€contact€a€lawyer€as€soon€as€he€was€charged€and,€inÏany€event,€within€24€hours€of€his€arrest.€€He€had€the€right€to€meet€his€lawyerÏas€often€as€necessary€and€to€be€heard€only€in€the€lawyer's€presence.€€However,€aÏdetainee€who€refused€a€lawyer's€assistance€would€not€be€forced€to€accept€it.€ÏNevertheless,€the€participation€of€a€lawyer€was€mandatory€when€the€accused€wasÏliable€to€a€death€sentence€and€in€a€few€other€cases.€€When€accused€or€detainedÏpersons€were€impecunious,€their€legal€aid€costs€were€defrayed€by€the€State.ÌÌ249.à2 .2àRegarding€article€8€of€the€Convention,€he€said€that€the€constituentÏrepublics€of€the€Commonwealth€of€Independent€States€were€currently€drafting€anÏextradition€convention.€€Naturally,€when€there€was€compelling€evidence€that,€ifÏextradited,€a€person€would€be€tortured,€extradition€was€refused.€€He€quotedÏspecific€examples€of€recent€practice€in€that€respect.ÌÌ250.à2 .2àConcerning€article€10€of€the€Convention,€he€informed€the€Committee€that€theÏtext€of€the€Convention€and€of€the€ratification€decree€had€been€published€andÏwidely€disseminated€in€Belarus.€€The€third€edition€of€the€compendium€of€allÏinternational€instruments€of€which€Belarus€was€a€signatory€had€also€beenÏpublished€and€was€available€in€bookshops€and€libraries€throughout€the€country.€ÏSeminars€on€the€international€human€rights€norms€to€be€respected€were€held€forÏofficials,€particularly€judicial€officials,€parliamentary€representatives€andÏmembers€of€the€militia.€€Regarding€the€training€of€medical€and€prison€personnel,Ïa€basic€and€advanced€training€centre€had€been€opened€at€Minsk€in€1988.€ÏInstruction€was€given€there€in€the€rules€laid€down€by€international€instruments,Ïparticularly€the€obligations€under€the€Convention€against€Torture.ÌÌ251.à2 .2àConcerning€article€11€of€the€Convention,€he€said€that€when€detainees€askedÏto€undergo€a€medical€examination€because€they€alleged€torture€or€ill„treatment,Ïtheir€request€was€granted.ÌÌ252.à2 .2àWith€respect€to€article€14€of€the€Convention,€he€said€that€at€its€firstÏsession€in€1990€the€Parliament€of€Belarus€had€established€a€StandingÏParliamentary€Commission€for€the€rehabilitation€of€victims€of€repression.€€InÏaddition,€a€law€had€been€adopted€on€rehabilitation€procedures€for€such€victims.€ÏAt€its€current€session,€the€Supreme€Council€had€before€it€two€new€draft€laws,Ïone€on€supplementary€measures€for€compensating€victims€of€repression€and€theÏother€on€the€amounts€of€such€compensation.€€More€than€120,000€cases€connectedÏwith€the€rehabilitation€of€victims€of€repression€would€be€examined€within€theÏnext€two€or€three€years.ÌÌ253.à2 .2àWith€respect€to€the€rehabilitation€of€torture€victims,€a€specializedÏhospital€had€been€established€near€Minsk€in€1990€for€disabled€ex„servicemen,€butÏalso€for€victims€of€Stalin's€repressive€policies,€and€persons€who€had€recently€been€victims€of€torture€or€ill„treatment.€€The€cost€of€treating€victims€wasÏborne€by€the€State.€€Torture€victims€were€also€entitled€to€free€consultationsÏand€outpatient€treatment.ÌÌ254.à2 .2àCompensation€for€victims€was€obtainable€only€through€the€State,€which€couldÏbring€actions€against€offenders,€whether€they€were€members€of€the€police€or€ofÏanother€body.€€Each€request€for€compensation€had€to€be€addressed€to€the€judgeÏtrying€the€offence€involving€torture€or€ill„treatment.€€The€judge€grantedÏredress€for€the€material€injury€and€the€moral€wrong€suffered€by€the€victim.ÌÌ255.à2 .2àRegarding€article€16€of€the€Convention,€he€said€that€a€person€accused€of€aÏserious€offence€could,€if€necessary,€be€detained€incommunicado€for€72€hours.€€AÏdetainee€guilty€of€violating€prison€regulations€could€be€placed€in€solitaryÏconfinement€for€a€maximum€of€two€months.€€That€form€of€isolation€was€notÏcontrary€to€the€relevant€international€rules.ÌÌ256.à2 .2àThe€authorities€of€Belarus€were€prepared€to€provide€the€Committee€with€theÏtexts€of€the€main€draft€laws€under€discussion€and€would€be€extremely€grateful€toÏit€for€any€assistance€it€could€provide€in€the€creation€of€a€State€based€on€theÏrule€of€law.ÌÌòòConclusions€and€recommendationsò òóóÌÌó ó257.à2 .2àThe€Committee€thanked€the€Government€of€Belarus€for€its€timely,€butÏincomplete€periodic€report;€it€also€thanked€the€representatives€of€Belarus€forÏthe€additional€information€and€clarification€provided.ÌÌ258.à2 .2àThe€Committee€noted€that€the€political€and€legal€situation€in€BelarusÏallowed€for€reforms€that€were€broad€and€far„reaching€enough€to€eliminate€tortureÏand€other€cruel,€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment€or€punishment.ÌÌ259.à2 .2àThe€Committee€especially€congratulated€the€Government€of€Belarus€on€its€newÏplans€for€a€modern€Constitution,€a€Criminal€Code,€a€Code€of€Criminal€ProcedureÏand€a€Prisons€Code,€which€should€be€in€keeping€with€the€provisions€of€theÏConvention€so€as€to€guarantee€its€full€implementation€in€the€territory€ofÏBelarus.ÌÌ260.à2 .2àThe€Committee€recommended€that€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights€of€the€UnitedÏNations€Secretariat€should€provide€the€Government€of€Belarus,€at€its€request,Ïwith€advisory€services€in€legal€matters€and€the€training€of€the€personnelÏreferred€to€in€article€10€of€the€Convention.€€It€would€also€be€grateful€if€itÏcould€be€kept€fully€informed€of€the€legislative€and€other€measures€taken€and€theÏresults€achieved€in€the€implementation€of€the€Convention.ÌÌòòUnited€Kingdom€of€Great€Britain€and€Northern€Ireland:€€dependent€territoriesò òóóó óÌÌ261.à2 .2àThe€Committee€considered€the€initial€report€of€the€United€Kingdom€of€GreatÏBritain€and€Northern€Ireland€on€its€dependent€territories€(CAT/C/9/Add.10)€atÏits€132nd€and€133rd€meetings,€on€18€November€1992€(see€CAT/C/SR.132,€133€andÏ133/Add.2).ÌÌ262.à2 .2àThe€report€was€introduced€by€the€representative€of€the€State€party,€whoÏpointed€out€that,€in€addition€to€the€nine€dependent€territories€covered€by€theÏreport€(Anguilla,€British€Virgin€Islands,€Cayman€Islands,€Falkland€IslandsÏ(Malvinas),€Gibraltar,€Montserrat,€Pitcairn,€Saint€Helena€and€Turks€and€CaicosÏIslands),€the€Convention€would€be€extended€by€the€end€of€the€year€to€the€otherÏremaining€dependent€territories,€namely,€Bermuda,€the€Channel€Islands,€Hong€KongÏand€the€Isle€of€Man.€€The€representative€then€outlined€the€history€and€the€mainÏsocio„economic€conditions€of€the€nine€dependent€territories€under€consideration€and€pointed€out€that€they€were€all€inhabited€by€democratic€communities€which€hadÏa€very€large€measure€of€local€autonomy€and€very€similar€legal€systems€based€onÏthe€English€system.ÌÌ263.à2 .2àHe€stated€that€all€the€dependent€territories€except€the€British€VirginÏIslands,€the€Cayman€Islands,€Pitcairn€and€Saint€Helena€had€human€rightsÏprovisions€in€their€Constitutions,€in€each€case€modelled€on€and€derived€from€theÏEuropean€Convention€on€Human€Rights;€and€each€contained€a€provision€explicitlyÏprohibiting€torture€and€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment€or€punishment.€€In€allÏcases,€the€constitutional€provisions€also€included€an€enforcement€provisionÏgiving€anyone€who€claimed€to€have€been€subjected€to€or€threatened€with€tortureÏor€inhuman€treatment€the€right€to€have€access€to€the€Supreme€Court€and€givingÏthe€Supreme€Court€the€power€to€grant€whatever€redress€the€circumstances€of€theÏcase€required.ÌÌ264.à2 .2àIn€addition,€the€dependent€territories€had€legislative€and€administrativeÏmeasures€which€laid€down€in€great€detail€the€procedure€that€the€police€mustÏfollow€in€dealing€with€detained€persons,€in€particular€with€regard€to€theirÏtreatment,€interrogation,€the€admissibility€in€evidence€of€confessions€etc.€€InÏthe€Falkland€Islands€(Malvinas)€and€Saint€Helena€those€measures€correspondedÏalmost€exactly€to€the€United€Kingdom€Police€and€Criminal€Evidence€Act€of€1984Ïand€the€various€codes€of€practice€promulgated€under€it.€€In€the€otherÏterritories,€those€measures€had€been€elaborated€by€the€Judges'€Rules,€a€set€ofÏadministrative€rules€drawn€up€originally€in€1913€and€revised€from€time€to€timeÏby€the€judges€and€brought€up€to€date,€as€necessary.ÌÌ265.à2 .2àThe€representative€also€pointed€out€that€the€discretion€to€refuse€toÏextradite,€accorded€to€the€Home€Secretary€in€the€United€Kingdom€and€to€theÏgovernors€in€the€dependent€territories,€would€be€used€in€the€sense€ofÏnon-extradition€in€cases€where€there€were€substantial€grounds€for€believingÏthere€to€be€a€danger€of€torture.€€On€the€other€hand,€adequate€powers€wereÏavailable€in€all€circumstances€for€the€extradition€of€alleged€torturers€inÏaccordance€with€the€provisions€of€articles€7€and€8€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ266.à2 .2àMembers€of€the€Committee€expressed€general€satisfaction€at€the€way€in€whichÏthe€Convention€was€being€implemented€in€the€United€Kingdom€dependent€territoriesÏand€focused€their€attention€on€certain€points€which€needed€clarification.ÌÌ267.à2 .2àWith€reference€to€article€2€of€the€Convention,€information€was€requested€onÏprocedures€concerning€custody€and€preventive€detention€and,€in€particular,€theirÏlegal€duration,€especially€in€Gibraltar€where€there€was€a€heavy€inflow€ofÏimmigrants€and€economic€refugees.€€It€was€also€asked€whether€the€dependentÏterritories€had€any€military€forces€and,€if€so,€whether€the€rules€relating€toÏpower€of€arrest,€interrogation€and€bringing€before€a€court€that€applied€to€theÏcivilian€police€forces€also€applied€to€military€forces.€€In€addition,€it€wasÏasked€how€soon€after€being€taken€into€custody€a€person€was€brought€before€theÏjudge,€whether€legal€aid€was€available,€whether€a€person€could€be€heldÏincommunicado€and€whether€persons€on€remand€were€segregated€from€convictedÏprisoners.ÌÌ268.à2 .2àWith€reference€to€article€3€of€the€Convention,€it€was€asked€how€theÏextradition€laws€of€the€United€Kingdom€came€into€play€in€connection€withÏexpulsion€or€return€(refoulement).ÌÌ269.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€article€7€of€the€Convention,€some€clarifications€wereÏrequested€about€the€text€of€provisions€relevant€to€its€implementation€which€wereÏcontained€in€section€134€of€the€Criminal€Justice€Act€1988.€€It€was€also€observedÏthat€some€of€the€dependent€territories€were€relatively€close€to€places€whereÏtorture€was€known€to€be€practised€and€that€it€was€likely€that€torturers€fled€there.€€In€that€connection,€it€was€asked€whether€information€was€availableÏconcerning€the€arrest€and€arraignment€of€such€individuals€or€their€extraditionÏto€non„Commonwealth€countries.ÌÌ270.à2 .2àWith€reference€to€articles€8€and€9€of€the€Convention,€members€of€theÏCommittee€wished€to€have€further€assurance€that€the€rules€governing€theirÏimplementation€in€the€dependent€territories€were€applied€to€all€States€partiesÏto€the€Convention,€whether€or€not€they€had€signed€an€extradition€treaty€or€aÏtreaty€on€mutual€judicial€assistance€with€the€United€Kingdom.€€AdditionalÏinformation€on€the€scope€of€mutual€judicial€assistance€was€also€requested€and€itÏwas€recalled€that€such€assistance€should,€according€to€the€Convention,€extendÏbeyond€the€process€of€extradition.ÌÌ271.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€article€10€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€CommitteeÏwished€to€know€how€education€and€information€on€the€question€of€torture€wereÏimparted€to€police€officers€and€prison€staff€in€the€dependent€territories.€€ItÏwas€stressed€that€postgraduate€training€for€doctors€and€other€healthÏprofessionals,€with€emphasis€on€diagnosis€and€rehabilitation,€and€training€forÏborder€police€in€the€identification€of€victims€of€torture,€were€particularlyÏimportant.ÌÌ272.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€articles€12€and€13€of€the€Convention,€it€was€askedÏwhether€there€had€been€any€recent€cases€of€torture€in€any€of€the€dependentÏterritories,€and€whether€bodies€analogous€to€Gibraltar's€Police€Complaints€BoardÏexisted€in€any€of€the€other€dependent€territories.ÌÌ273.à2 .2àReferring€to€article€14€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€wishedÏto€know€whether€there€were€criminal€injuries€compensation€schemes€in€theÏdependent€territories€and€whether€the€principle€of€vicarious€liability€of€theÏState€applied€with€regard€to€compensation.ÌÌ274.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€article€15€of€the€Convention,€it€was€noted€that,Ïaccording€to€the€part€of€the€report€on€the€Cayman€Islands,€answers€to€questionsÏby€the€police€"may€be€inadmissible€in€evidence"€if€the€Judges'€Rules€wereÏdisobeyed.€€It€was€observed€that€those€Rules€provided€that€answers€to€questionsÏmust€be€obtained€voluntarily€and€not€under€duress€and€therefore€a€moreÏcategorical€statement€of€inadmissibility€seemed€to€be€necessary.ÌÌ275.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€article€16€of€the€Convention,€it€was€asked€whether€corporalÏpunishment€was€resorted€to€under€any€circumstances,€either€as€part€of€a€sentenceÏor€as€a€disciplinary€measure.ÌÌ276.à2 .2àIn€his€reply,€the€representative€of€the€State€party,€referring€to€article€2Ïof€the€Convention,€indicated€that€in€the€United€Kingdom€dependent€territories€aÏperson€could€be€arrested€and€detained€only€if€he€was€legitimately€suspected€ofÏhaving€committed€a€criminal€offence€or€for€purposes€of€extradition.€€DetentionÏincommunicado€was€authorized€only€in€very€special€circumstances€and€for€a€veryÏlimited€time.€€The€time€that€elapsed€between€a€person's€arrest€and€his€beingÏbrought€before€a€court€varied,€but€in€practice€the€maximum€time€was€in€generalÏ48€hours.€€In€certain€territories€prison€regulations€required€the€separation€ofÏpre„trial€detainees€from€those€who€had€been€sentenced,€whereas€in€others,€theÏsmaller€ones,€separation€was€not€possible€because€of€size€limitations.€€Equally,Ïthe€Constitutions€of€certain€territories€provided€that€anyone€who€was€chargedÏwith€an€offence€could€have€himself€represented€by€a€lawyer€at€State€expense,€butÏeven€in€the€absence€of€a€provision€of€that€kind,€the€defence€of€the€accused€wasÏpaid€for€by€the€State€in€the€event€of€a€serious€offence.€€As€for€the€powerÏgranted€to€the€military,€he€explained€that€most€of€the€territories€did€not€haveÏany€armed€forces.€€Where€armed€forces€were€maintained€they€had€no€police€powers€or€power€of€arrest€save€in€very€exceptional€circumstances.€€In€such€cases€allÏthe€rules€concerning€arrest€and€questioning€were€applicable€to€the€military.ÌÌ277.à2 .2àWith€reference€to€articles€8€and€9€of€the€Convention,€the€representativeÏstated€that€a€person€could€be€extradited€if€the€offence€for€which€he€was€soughtÏwas€an€act€of€torture€prohibited€by€law,€in€accordance€with€United€KingdomÏlegislation.€€In€addition,€most€of€the€territories€intended€to€adopt€legislationÏbased€on€criminal€legislation€in€force€in€the€United€Kingdom€which€establishedÏextensive€machinery€for€international€cooperation€in€criminal€cases.ÌÌ278.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€article€10€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€stated€thatÏmedical€personnel€and€police€officials€in€the€dependent€territories€were€trainedÏin€prohibition€against€torture€in€accordance€with€international€standards€on€theÏsubject.€€The€texts€of€the€rules€applicable€in€human€rights€matters€wereÏdisseminated€and€available€in€all€medical€centres€and€police€stations.ÌÌ279.à2 .2àIn€respect€of€article€12€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€stated€thatÏno€case€of€torture€had€been€reported€in€the€dependent€territories€since€wellÏbefore€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ280.à2 .2àReferring€to€article€14€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€explainedÏthat€virtually€all€territories€had€legislation€equivalent€to€the€CrownÏProceedings€Act€of€1946,€under€which€an€action€could€be€brought€against€aÏGovernment€that€was€supposed€to€be€responsible€for€the€acts€of€its€agents.€€InÏaddition,€provisions€of€the€Penal€Code€or€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure€made€itÏpossible€to€order€an€individual€to€pay€compensation€to€his€victim.€€CriminalÏcourts€could,€therefore,€sentence€the€guilty€party€to€imprisonment€and€alsoÏorder€him€to€compensate€the€victim.€€A€civil€court€in€which€the€victim€hadÏbrought€an€action€to€obtain€redress€for€any€wrong€suffered€would€take€intoÏaccount€the€fact€that€part€of€that€wrong€had€already€been€compensated€under€theÏcriminal€procedure.ÌÌ281.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€article€15€of€the€Convention,€the€representativeÏclarified€that,€if€it€was€alleged€that€confessions€had€been€obtained€or€couldÏhave€been€obtained€under€duress,€the€court€was€required€to€declare€themÏinadmissible€unless€the€prosecution€was€able€to€prove€that€that€had€not€been€theÏcase.€€The€court€has€no€discretion€to€admit€an€involuntary€confession.€€TheÏcourt€does,€however,€have€discretion€in€cases€where€confessions€have€beenÏobtained€voluntarily€but€not€in€conformity€with€the€law.ÌÌ282.à2 .2àTurning€to€article€16€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€stated€thatÏcorporal€punishment€existed€in€certain€territories.€€It€was€imposed€as€aÏdisciplinary€measure€for€detainees€and€was€also€practised€in€the€schools.€€TheÏGovernment€of€the€United€Kingdom€deplored€the€maintenance€of€corporal€punishmentÏand€had€urged€the€territories€to€abolish€it.€€Some€had€done€so€whereas€othersÏhad€not.€€It€was€difficult€for€the€United€Kingdom€to€bring€pressure€to€bear€inÏthat€matter,€since€it€was€within€the€competence€of€the€territories€themselves.ÌÌòòConclusions€and€recommendationsóóÌÌ283.à2 .2àThe€comprehensive€report€on€the€dependent€territories€of€the€United€KingdomÏwas€received€with€pleasure€by€the€Committee,€particularly€as€no€cases€of€tortureÏwere€noted€to€have€occurred€in€the€territories€during€the€period€reviewed.€€TheÏterritories€appeared€to€be€governed€in€accordance€with€the€obligations€in€theÏConvention€and€the€Committee€congratulated€the€Government€of€the€United€KingdomÏin€this€respect.€€The€Committee€was,€however,€interested€in€receiving€moreÏdetail€pertaining€to€cases€of€corporal€punishment€in€the€territories€retainingÏit.€€The€nature€and€incidence€of€such€punishment,€together€with€details€of€theÏcrime€and€the€characteristics€of€the€offender,€should€be€forwarded€to€the€Committee€when€the€information€is€gathered.€€The€Committee€also€looked€forwardÏto€receiving€the€other€information€that€the€representative€of€the€United€KingdomÏagreed€to€forward€to€it.ÌÌòòCanadaóóÌÌ284.à2 .2àThe€Committee€considered€the€second€periodic€report€of€CanadaÏ(CAT/C/17/Add.5)€at€its€139th€and€140th€meetings,€on€20€April€1993€(seeÏCAT/C/SR.139€and€140).ÌÌ285.à2 .2àThe€representative€of€the€reporting€State€introduced€the€report€andÏindicated€that€the€preparation€of€the€report€had€entailed€close€cooperationÏbetween€the€federal,€provincial€and€territorial€governments€and€had€providedÏthose€governments€with€the€opportunity€to€review€the€state€of€implementation€ofÏthe€Convention€within€their€respective€areas€of€competence.€€He€also€outlinedÏthe€recent€activities€undertaken€by€his€Government€in€both€international€andÏdomestic€forums€to€counter€torture,€excessive€force€and€other€cruel,€inhuman€orÏdegrading€treatment€or€punishment.ÌÌ286.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€initiatives€taken€at€the€international€level,€theÏrepresentative€mentioned,€in€particular,€his€Government's€support€of€effortsÏaimed€at€providing€for€the€operation€and€expenses€of€all€human€rights€treatyÏbodies,€including€those€of€the€Committee€against€Torture,€from€the€UnitedÏNations€regular€budget.€€He€also€referred€to€the€importance€his€GovernmentÏattached€to€the€elaboration€of€an€optional€protocol€to€the€Convention€againstÏTorture.€€In€addition,€he€spoke€of€the€regular€contribution€his€Government€madeÏto€the€United€Nations€Voluntary€Fund€for€Victims€of€Torture.ÌÌ287.à2 .2àConcerning€initiatives€at€the€domestic€level,€the€representative€referredÏto€measures€being€taken€to€improve€general€conditions€of€incarceration€forÏwomen,€especially€in€meeting€the€needs€of€aboriginal€women€in€correctionalÏsettings.€€In€this€regard,€he€outlines€the€innovative€developments€which€hadÏresulted€from€the€recommendations€of€a€recent€Task€Force€on€Federally€SentencedÏWomen.ÌÌ288.à2 .2àThe€representative€also€made€reference€to€police€reforms€in€Quebec,Ïproviding€details€of€the€new€Code€of€Ethics€for€Quebec€police€officers,€adoptedÏon€1€September€1991,€which€had€established€duties€and€standards€of€conduct€forÏpolice€officers€in€their€relations€with€the€public.€€Information€was€alsoÏprovided€on€two€new€bodies,€namely€the€Commissioner€for€Police€Ethics€and€theÏComit€de€dontologie€policire,€which€had€been€created€to€ensure€respect€forÏthe€standards€prescribed€in€that€Code.ÌÌ289.à2 .2àAdditionally,€the€representative€described€recent€developments€in€policeÏforce€training€standards€introduced€in€the€province€of€Ontario.€€He€furtherÏindicated€that€the€effectiveness,€safety€and€success€of€those€new€measures€wereÏbeing€monitored€carefully€and€that€their€use€was€expected€to€extend€to€policeÏagencies€throughout€Canada.ÌÌ290.à2 .2àFinally,€the€representative€made€reference€to€the€work€of€the€CanadianÏCentre€for€Victims€of€Torture€and€to€various€activities€of€the€Centre€for€whichÏthe€Government€provided€funding.ÌÌ291.à2 .2àMembers€of€the€Committee€asked€various€questions€of€a€general€nature.€€TheyÏasked€what€measures€had€been€taken€at€the€level€of€domestic€law,€prior€to€theÏratification€of€the€Convention,€to€ensure€its€compatibility€with€the€provisionsÏof€the€Convention.€€They€also€wished€to€receive€further€details€of€the€legalÏcompetence€of€the€different€levels€of€government€in€the€Canadian€federal€systemÏin€the€application€of€the€provisions€of€the€Convention,€especially€with€regard€to€the€jurisdiction€of€judges,€and€of€any€difficulties€the€federal€system€hadÏposed€in€the€compilation€and€provision€of€statistics€on€torture„related€matters.€ÏFurther€information€was€also€sought€on€matters€relating€to€the€allegedÏmaltreatment€of€two€immigrants€of€Chinese€origin€by€the€police€authorities€inÏVancouver€and€the€ill„treatment€of€Mohawk€Indians€by€Quebec€police€forces€inÏ1990,€especially€in€relation€to€the€outcome€of€those€complaints€and€theÏimpartiality€of€any€inquiries€undertaken€on€those€incidents.ÌÌ292.à2 .2àReferring€to€article€2€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€CommitteeÏrequested€clarification€as€to€the€application€of€different€provisions€of€theÏCriminal€Code€for€the€offence€of€torture,€especially€regarding€the€effect€of€theÏinclusion€of€section€7€(3.71)€of€the€Criminal€Code,€which€made€war€crimes€andÏcrimes€against€humanity€a€criminal€offence.ÌÌ293.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€article€3€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€CommitteeÏrequested€further€information€on€the€action€taken€by€the€Government€of€Canada€toÏensure€compatibility€with€the€provisions€of€that€article,€especially€on€theÏissue€of€non„refoulement.€€In€this€connection€they€recalled€that€persons€whoÏwere€refused€entry€or€refugee€status€should€not€be€returned€to€countries€whereÏthere€was€a€risk€that€they€might€be€subjected€to€torture.€€Moreover,€it€wasÏasked€whether€the€Government€of€Canada€considered€that€extraditing€a€person€to€aÏcountry€where€he€could€face€the€death€penalty€subjected€that€person€to€inhumanÏand€degrading€treatment.ÌÌ294.à2 .2àConcerning€articles€5€to€9€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€CommitteeÏwished€to€receive€further€information€on€the€legislative€measures€taken€toÏprovide€judges€in€Canada€with€the€competence€of€universal€jurisdiction€onÏtorture„related€matters.€€They€also€wished€to€know€more€about€the€application€ofÏmutual€judicial€assistance€between€Canada€and€other€States,€especially€withÏregard€to€the€offence€of€torture,€where€no€bilateral€agreement€existed.ÌÌ295.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€article€10€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€CommitteeÏwished€to€know€whether€education€on€torture„related€matters€was€being€appliedÏrestrictively€or€in€the€widest€possible€manner€and€in€this€connection€theyÏwished€to€know€of€any€special€training€on€torture„related€matters€being€given€toÏthe€military€and€border€police,€and€to€all€medical€personnel€in€Canada.ÌÌ296.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€articles€12€and€13€of€the€Convention,€members€of€theÏCommittee€requested€further€information€on€the€procedures€available€toÏindividuals€to€initiate€charges€and€proceedings€against€ill„treatment€or€abuseÏof€power€committed€by€police€authorities.€€In€particular,€they€soughtÏinformation€on€the€work€of€the€Public€Complaints€Commission,€the€CommissionerÏfor€Police€Ethics€and€the€Comit€de€dontologie€policire.ÌÌ297.à2 .2àConcerning€article€14€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€soughtÏfurther€information€not€only€on€the€possibilities€available€for€theÏrehabilitation€and€treatment€of€torture€victims€but€also€on€the€remedies€andÏcompensation€available€to€victims€of€ill„treatment€even€in€cases€where€theÏalleged€perpetrator€had€been€acquitted.ÌÌ298.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€article€16€of€the€Convention,€attention€was€drawn€to€actsÏwhich€constituted€cruel,€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment€and€to€the€seemingÏassociation€between€society's€tolerance€of€physical€chastisement€in€the€homeÏenvironment€and€the€acceptance€of€violence.€€In€this€connection,€it€was€askedÏwhether€corporal€punishment€of€children€by€parents€was€practised€in€Canada€andÏwhat€was€the€legal€basis€for€that€practice.ÌÌ299.à2 .2àReplying€to€the€questions€of€a€general€nature,€the€representative€of€theÏreporting€State€informed€the€Committee€of€the€changes€that€had€been€made€to€Canadian€law€prior€to€the€Convention's€ratification€so€as€to€ensure€itsÏcompliance€with€specific€provisions€of€the€Convention.€€The€representative€alsoÏprovided€information€and€explanations€with€regard€to€the€division€of€legislativeÏpowers€under€the€federal€structure€of€Canada.€€He€stated€that€collection€ofÏstatistical€information€on€matters€related€to€the€Convention€was€complicated€byÏthe€division€of€powers€in€Canada.€€Consultations€with€relevant€governmentÏdepartments€responsible€for€collecting€such€data€would€be€held€and€moreÏinformation€of€that€nature€would€be€included€in€the€next€report.€€Furthermore,Ïwith€regard€to€the€alleged€ill„treatment€of€two€persons€in€Vancouver,€theÏrepresentative€indicated€that€the€Committee€would€be€provided€with€an€updatedÏreport€on€the€findings€of€the€independent€commission€appointed€by€the€ProvinceÏof€British€Columbia€to€inquire€into€municipal€policing.€€He€also€informed€theÏCommittee€that€the€independent€Public€Complaints€Commission€had€already€carriedÏout€an€investigation€and€that€the€two€persons€in€question€had€apparentlyÏinstituted€proceedings€against€the€officers€concerned.€€In€connection€with€theÏallegations€of€ill„treatment€of€Mohawk€Indians€by€Quebec€police€forces€in€1990,Ïthe€representative€stated€that€four€of€the€cases€had€been€raised€beforeÏ1September€1990€and€had€thus€been€considered€under€the€former€system€throughÏsubmission€to€the€Complaints€Committee€of€Quebec's€Department€of€PublicÏSecurity,€which€had€rejected€the€cases€on€various€grounds.€€However,€theÏCommittee's€decisions€were€subject€to€appeal.€€Under€the€new€provisions€onÏpolice€conduct€in€Quebec€all€complaints€would€be€considered€in€the€firstÏinstance€by€the€Commissioner€for€Police€Ethics.€€This€had€happened€in€one€caseÏwhich€had€occurred€after€1€September€1990€and,€as€a€result€of€the€inquiry€by€theÏCommissioner,€certain€police€officers€had€been€brought€before€the€Comit€deÏdontologie€policire,€which€would€decide€on€the€matter€in€the€autumn€of€1993.ÌÌ300.à2 .2àRegarding€article€2€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€explained€thatÏthe€Criminal€Code€contained€not€only€the€offence€of€torture€but€also€war€crimesÏand€crimes€against€humanity€and€that,€while€crimes€against€humanity€could€wellÏinclude€torture,€such€crimes€also€demanded€that€other€conditions€be€met,€forÏexample,€that€the€offending€act€had€been€committed€against€a€civilian€populationÏor€identifiable€group€of€persons.€€Where€an€accused€was€charged€with€conductÏwhich€fulfilled€the€definition€of€both€sections,€the€accused€could€be€convictedÏof€only€one€offence.€€Moreover,€the€defence€of€obedience€to€de€facto€authorityÏwas€not€available€to€an€individual€charged€with€a€war€crime€or€a€crime€againstÏhumanity.ÌÌ301.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€article€3€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€told€theÏCommittee€that€Canada's€refugee€determination€system€fully€complied€with€theÏConvention's€requirements€relating€to€torture€allegations.€€In€this€connection,Ïhe€described€the€training€given€to€immigration€officers,€which€had€beenÏdeveloped€with€the€assistance€of€the€Office€of€the€United€Nations€HighÏCommissioner€for€Refugees€(UNHCR),€and€the€various€provisions€and€proceduresÏavailable€to€individuals€to€make€a€claim€for€refugee€status.€€He€also€indicatedÏthat€the€success€rate€for€refugee€claimants€in€Canada€had€been€recognized€byÏUNHCR€as€the€highest€in€the€world€and€that€the€refugee€determination€systemÏwould€be€kept€under€continuous€review€to€maintain€its€high€standards.€€WithÏregard€to€the€concern€raised€that€a€person€might€be€extradited€to€face€the€deathÏpenalty€the€representative€referred€to€various€debates€on€the€issue€in€the€HumanÏRights€Committee€and€in€the€Supreme€Court€of€Canada.ÌÌ302.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€article€5€of€the€Convention,€the€representativeÏexplained€that,€in€the€Canadian€Criminal€Code,€the€offence€of€torture€wasÏsubject€to€universal€jurisdiction.€€Thus,€any€judge,€whether€provincial€orÏfederal,€who€had€the€authority€to€hear€criminal€trials€could€rely€on€theÏuniversal€jurisdiction€of€that€Code.ÌÌ303.à2 .2àConcerning€articles€8€and€9€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€indicatedÏthat€Canada€could€cooperate€with€another€country€in€accordance€with€thoseÏarticles€regardless€of€whether€bilateral€treaties€on€mutual€legal€assistanceÏexisted.€€As€an€example€of€how€the€procedure€of€mutual€legal€assistance€wasÏapplied€in€practice,€information€was€given€on€the€assistance€given€by€Canada€atÏthe€request€of€Chile€in€connection€with€a€torture„related€prosecution€there.ÌÌ304.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€article€10€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€informedÏthe€Committee€of€the€training€on€the€Convention€and€other€related€matters€givenÏto€various€public€officials,€including€members€of€the€correctional€service€andÏrecruits€for€the€Royal€Canadian€Mounted€Police.€€Canadian€armed€forces€calledÏupon€to€assist€civil€authorities€during€a€riot€or€disturbance€in€Canada€orÏparticipating€in€United€Nations€peace„keeping€and€humanitarian€operationsÏoutside€Canada€received€specific€training€in,€òòinter€aliaóó,€the€use€of€minimumÏforce.€€The€representative€also€indicated€that€he€was€unaware€of€specificÏtraining€given€to€medical€doctors€on€the€detection€of€torture€and€moreÏinformation€on€that€subject€would€be€sought.ÌÌ305.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€articles€12€and€13€of€the€Convention,€the€representativeÏoutlined€the€procedures€available€to€an€individual€alleging€torture€by€theÏpolice,€which€included€personal€prosecution€of€the€offence.€€Such€actions€may€beÏbrought€by€the€individual€under€the€provisions€of€the€Criminal€Code€or€theÏCanadian€Charter€of€Rights€and€Freedoms,€or€through€the€filing€of€a€complaintÏwith€the€Royal€Canadian€Mounted€Police.€€Moreover,€civil€redress€may€be€soughtÏunder€the€Crown€Liability€Act€or€at€common€law.€€Since€the€Royal€CanadianÏMounted€Police€Public€Complaints€Commission€had€become€operational€in€1988€itÏhad€held€12€hearings,€5€of€which€had€concerned€excessive€force.ÌÌ306.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€article€14€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€outlinedÏseveral€aspects€of€compensation€arrangements€in€Canada€for€criminal€injuriesÏfollowing€a€police€investigation.€€He€indicated,€for€example,€that€compensationÏmight€be€provided€in€the€case€of€an€accused€person€acquitted€on€the€merits€of€aÏcharge€or€in€the€case€of€an€acquittal€on€technical€grounds.€€Such€compensationÏprovisions€stemmed€from€special€funds€established€by€the€Government.€€Equally,Ïan€injured€party€might€seek€compensation€or€other€remedies€through€the€courts,Ïeven€if€the€offender€was€a€government€official.ÌÌ307.à2 .2àConcerning€article€16€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€informed€theÏCommittee€of€the€statement€by€the€Supreme€Court€of€Canada,€in€the€case€ofÏReginaV.€Smith,€that€there€were€certain€punishments€which€would€always€offendÏthe€protection€against€cruel€and€unusual€punishment€in€section€12€of€theÏCanadian€Charter€of€Rights€and€Freedoms€and€that€included€corporal€punishment.€ÏFurthermore,€the€Federal€Government€was€re„examining€a€provision€of€the€CriminalÏCode€which€permitted€reasonable€force€by€a€parent€or€schoolteacher€in€theÏcorrection€of€a€child.ÌÌòòConclusions€and€recommendationsóóÌÌ308.à2 .2àThe€Committee€expressed€its€appreciation€to€the€Government€of€Canada,€notÏonly€for€its€comprehensive€report€but€also€for€the€measures€and€effortsÏundertaken€by€the€Canadian€authorities€in€compliance€with€the€provisions€of€theÏConvention.ÌÌ309.à2 .2àThe€Committee€also€expressed€its€thanks€for€the€excellent€presentation€byÏthe€Canadian€delegation€and€in€this€regard€noted€with€satisfaction€the€variousÏclarifications€provided€by€the€delegation€in€response€to€the€questions€raised€byÏmembers€of€the€Committee€during€its€examination€of€the€State€party's€report.ÌÌ310.à2 .2àNevertheless,€the€Committee€expected€to€be€provided€with€further€details€onÏthe€training€of€health€personnel€and€the€outcome€of€the€inquiries€conducted€byÏthe€Canadian€authorities€relating€to€two€immigrants€of€Chinese€origin,€inÏaddition€to€the€statistics€requested€by€the€Committee.ÌÌòòPanamaóóÌÌ311.à2 .2àThe€Committee€considered€the€second€periodic€report€of€PanamaÏ(CAT/C/17/Add.7)€at€its€141st€and€142nd€meetings,€on€21€April€1993€(seeÏCAT/C/SR.141€and€142).ÌÌ312.à2 .2àThe€report€was€introduced€by€the€representative€of€the€State€party,€whoÏinformed€the€Committee€of€the€efforts€his€Government€had€made€to€improve€andÏadapt€the€Panamanian€penal€and€penitentiary€system€to€contemporary€requirementsÏand€of€the€progress€that€had€been€made€in€bringing€the€Panamanian€justice€systemÏinto€conformity€with€the€Convention.€€He€indicated€that€those€tasks€had€not€beenÏmade€easier€following€the€events€of€20€December€1989,€which€had€led€to€theÏdestruction€of€the€penitentiary€centres€and€an€increase€in€crime.ÌÌ313.à2 .2àThe€representative€also€provided€further€information€of€general€interest,Ïrelating€to€the€separation€of€powers€between€the€legislative,€judicial€andÏexecutive€branches€of€government€and€to€the€organization€and€structure€of€theÏadministration€of€justice€in€Panama.€€In€particular,€reference€was€made€to€theÏpowers€and€composition€of€the€Supreme€Court€of€Justice€and€its€four€chambers,Ïone€of€which,€namely€the€Administrative€Division,€following€the€adoption€of€aÏrecent€law,€had€the€power€to€annul€any€administrative€decisions€that€underminedÏthe€protection€of€human€rights€or€were€not€in€conformity€with€the€standardsÏprovided€for€in€the€international€human€rights€instruments€to€which€Panama€was€aÏparty.ÌÌ314.à2 .2àThe€representative€also€provided€a€description€of€the€role€of€the€PublicÏProsecutor,€the€Attorney€General€and€the€staff€of€the€Public€Prosecutor'sÏDepartment€in€the€prosecution€of€crimes.€€It€was€indicated€that€an€inquiry€intoÏthe€prosecution€of€a€crime€could€be€opened€by€the€Public€Prosecutor€on€the€basisÏof€information€received€from€the€media€or€other€sources€without€the€necessity€ofÏan€individual€complaint€or€accusation.€€The€legal€process€in€place€for€theÏprosecution€of€crimes€consisted€of€three€stages.€€During€each€stage€all€theÏguarantees€of€due€process€were€respected,€for€example,€presumption€of€innocence,Ïright€to,€and€contact€with,€a€lawyer,€provision€of€instructions€relating€toÏpreventive€detention,€recourse€to€habeas€corpus€and€prohibition€of€coercion.€ÏThe€inquiry€procedure,€or€first€stage,€was€of€a€maximum€duration€of€two€monthsÏexcept€in€exceptional€circumstances,€when€it€could€be€extended€for€another€twoÏmonths.€€Once€the€inquiry€had€been€completed,€the€process€entered€its€second€orÏintermediate€phase€with€the€accused€brought€before€the€competent€court.€€WithinÏ15€working€days€the€court€had€to€decide€on€the€merits€of€the€inquiry.€€InÏextreme€cases,€the€court€could€return€the€case€to€the€Public€Prosecutor€in€orderÏthat€further€inquiries€be€undertaken.€€The€third€stage€was€preceded€by€a€givenÏperiod€to€permit€the€defence€to€gather€the€necessary€evidence€and€to€determineÏwhether€to€challenge€the€evidence€presented€by€the€prosecutor€and€appeal€againstÏthe€proceedings€so€far€undertaken.€€On€the€basis€of€the€evidence€before€theÏcourt,€a€decision€by€the€court€would€be€pronounced€within€10€days.€€The€accusedÏhad€the€right€to€appeal€to€a€higher€court€against€any€sentence€handed€down€toÏhim.ÌÌ315.à2 .2àIn€addition,€the€representative€indicated€the€measures€taken€by€Panama€toÏensure€the€impartiality€and€independence€of€the€judiciary.€€He€mentioned,€inÏparticular,€the€Council€of€Judicial€Ethics,€which€evaluated€and€handed€downÏrulings€on€complaints€from€victims€of€violations€of€certain€ethical€or€moralÏprinciples€during€judicial€procedures.̇316.à2 .2àRecently€efforts€had€been€made€to€reduce€preventive€detention,€sentencingÏto€prison€and€the€prison€population,€through,€òòinter€aliaóó,€the€revision€of€theÏpenal€system.ÌÌ317.à2 .2àFinally,€the€representative€of€the€reporting€State€outlined€more€specificÏmeasures€that€had€been€taken€to€implement€the€provisions€of€the€Convention,Ïwhich€included€the€incorporation€within€domestic€law€of€the€definition€ofÏtorture€and€penalties€for€the€violation€of€human€rights€ranging€from€6€months€toÏ15€years'€imprisonment€and€mutual€legal€assistance€in€matters€of€extradition.€ÏThe€representative€also€indicated€the€importance€his€Government€attached€toÏmeeting€the€requirements€of€its€international€human€rights€obligations€and€inÏthis€connection€referred€to€the€construction€and€functioning€of€a€model€prisonÏat€La€Joya.ÌÌ318.à2 .2àThe€members€of€the€Committee€expressed€their€appreciation€for€theÏinformation€contained€in€the€report€and€that€provided€by€the€representative€ofÏthe€State€party.€€They€also€observed€that€they€had€received€no€allegations€thatÏtorture€was€practised€in€Panama.€€Nevertheless,€they€wished€to€receive€moreÏinformation€on€how€the€provisions€of€the€Convention,€especially€article€1,€hadÏbeen€incorporated€within€domestic€law.€€They€also€requested€further€informationÏon€the€status€of€the€Convention€in€domestic€law€and€on€the€23€court€decisionsÏrelating€to€the€implementation€of€the€Convention,€referred€to€in€the€report.€ÏThey€wished€to€receive€further€information€on€the€organization,€functions€andÏindependence€of€the€judiciary€and€administrators.€€They€also€wished€to€receiveÏinformation€on€the€number€of€persons€in€detention,€particularly€politicalÏprisoners,€and€asked€whether€the€public€had€welcomed€the€measures€taken€by€theÏGovernment€on€the€depenalization€of€the€judicial€system.€€Further€informationÏwas€also€sought€on€the€work€of€the€Panamanian€Commission€on€Human€Rights,Ïespecially€with€regard€to€torture„related€matters,€and€whether€non„governmentalÏorganizations€could€regularly€inspect€and€visit€prisons€and€places€of€detention.€ÏMembers€of€the€Committee€also€wished€to€know€whether€the€Government€intended€toÏmake€a€declaration€under€articles€21€and€22€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ319.à2 .2àConcerning€article€2€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€requestedÏfurther€information€on€the€application€of€provisions€of€the€Judicial€Code€byÏwhich€the€Administrative€Division€was€empowered€to€nullify€administrativeÏdecisions€which€violated€justiciable€human€rights.€€They€also€wished€to€knowÏwhether€special€courts€existed€for€members€of€the€armed€or€security€forces€andÏwhether€the€jurisdiction€of€ordinary€courts€could€be€suspended,€notably€in€aÏstate€of€emergency.€€Clarification€was€also€requested€as€to€the€compatibility€ofÏPanamanian€legislation€with€provisions€of€article€2,€paragraph€3,€of€theÏConvention,€according€to€which€an€order€from€a€superior€officer€or€a€publicÏauthority€could€not€be€invoked€as€a€justification€of€torture.ÌÌ320.à2 .2àIn€respect€of€article€3€of€the€Convention,€additional€information€wasÏsought€on€the€measures€taken€by€the€State€party€to€ensure€that€persons€were€notÏextradited€to€a€State€where€the€risk€of€being€subjected€to€torture€existed.ÌÌ321.à2 .2àRegarding€article€4€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€toÏreceive€further€information€on€the€penalization€of€acts€of€torture.ÌÌ322.à2 .2àAdditional€information€was€requested€on€the€implementation€of€articles€5,€7Ïand€9€of€the€Convention,€particularly€with€regard€to€the€full€application€of€theÏprinciples€of€universal€jurisdiction€and€mutual€legal€assistance.ÌÌ323.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€article€10€of€the€Convention,€further€information€was€soughtÏspecifically€on€the€training€given€to€medical€personnel€for€the€prohibition€ofÏtorture€and€the€identification€and€treatment€of€torture€victims.ÌÌ324.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€article€11€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€CommitteeÏwished€to€receive€further€information€on€the€implementation€of€the€article,Ïparticularly€regarding€the€length€of€pre„trial€detention,€the€rules€andÏregulations€governing€preventive€detention€and€the€right€of€an€individual€toÏlegal€assistance€from€the€moment€of€his€arrest.ÌÌ325.à2 .2àRegarding€article€13€of€the€Convention,€clarification€was€sought€as€to€theÏauthority€competent€to€conduct€inquiries€into€complaints€against€the€police.ÌÌ326.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€article€14€of€the€Convention,€clarification€was€requested€asÏto€the€rights€of€victims€to€bring€a€criminal€action€against€a€person€alleged€toÏhave€committed€a€violation€of€human€rights€and€the€rights€of€victims€toÏrehabilitation€and€compensation.€€In€particular,€members€of€the€Committee€askedÏwhether€medical€centres€for€the€rehabilitation€of€torture€victims€existed€inÏPanama€and€whether€or€not€the€State€assumed€responsibility€for€compensating€aÏvictim€of€torture€whenever€a€police€officer€had€committed€such€an€act.ÌÌ327.à2 .2àConcerning€article€16€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€requestedÏfurther€information€on€the€treatment€and€institutionalization€of€mentally€illÏpersons,€particularly€whether€specialized€psychiatric€hospitals€existed€andÏwhether€political€prisoners€had€ever€been€detained€there.ÌÌ328.à2 .2àReplying€to€questions€raised€by€members€of€the€Committee,€theÏrepresentative€of€the€reporting€State€said€that€the€Convention€against€TortureÏhad€been€fully€integrated€into€Panamanian€legislation€and€that€the€ConstitutionÏof€Panama€contained€a€full€definition€of€torture.€€Derogations€from€theÏConvention€were€not€admissible€unless€the€Convention€itself€was€denounced.€€TheÏSupreme€Court€of€Justice€was€concerned€with€ensuring€respect€for€theÏConstitution€and€adherence€to€the€provisions€of€the€Convention.€€The€function€ofÏthe€Attorney€General's€office€was€to€defend€the€interests€of€the€State,€toÏensure€compliance€with€legislation€and€to€monitor€the€conduct€of€publicÏofficials.€€The€Attorney€General€was€authorized€to€initiate€any€proceedingsÏagainst€any€official.€€Panama€had€a€professional€civil€police€force€which€wasÏsubordinate€to€the€Public€Prosecutor's€Department.€€It€also€had€a€nationalÏpolice€force€which€was€subordinate€to€the€Ministry€of€Justice,€which€was€itselfÏresponsible€to€the€President.€€With€regard€to€the€issue€of€decriminalization€andÏrecourse€to€forms€of€punishment€other€than€imprisonment,€the€representativeÏinformed€the€Committee€that€such€measures€were€favoured€when€dealing€with€firstÏoffenders€charged€with€crimes€customarily€punishable€by€less€than€three€years'Ïimprisonment.€€The€results€of€those€measures€had€been€positive€and€a€failureÏrate€of€only€1€per€cent€had€been€noted.€€The€representative€also€indicated€thatÏuntil€21€December€1992€there€had€been€no€cases€of€political€prisoners,€but€thatÏfour€such€cases€had€recently€come€before€the€courts,€for€which€information€wouldÏbe€provided€in€the€next€report.€€In€addition,€he€indicated€that€there€were€3,400Ïpersons€currently€in€prison€for€various€types€of€offences.€€Non„governmentalÏorganizations€were€allowed€access€to€prisons€and€other€detention€establishmentsÏand€they€could€make€recommendations€concerning€conditions€of€detention.€€UnderÏarticle€22€of€the€Constitution€any€such€recommendations€must€be€transmitted€toÏthe€relevant€authorities.ÌÌ329.à2 .2àConcerning€the€various€questions€raised€with€regard€to€article€2€of€theÏConvention,€the€representative€informed€the€Committee€that€although€theÏpossibility€existed€for€administrative€decisions€to€be€overturned€should€theyÏviolate€human€rights,€no€such€cases€had€been€recorded.€€He€also€stated€that€noÏexceptional€circumstances€whatsoever,€whether€a€state€of€war€or€internalÏconflict,€could€be€invoked€in€Panama€for€justification€of€torture.€€In€addition,Ïhe€explained€that€article€34€of€the€Constitution€did€not€exempt€a€person€fromÏliability€for€a€manifest€violation€of€a€constitutional€or€legal€provision€to€theÏdetriment€of€another€person€on€the€grounds€that€he€acted€under€orders€from€a€superior.€€However,€in€the€case€of€police€officers€on€duty€and€members€of€theÏarmed€forces,€responsibility€fell€solely€on€the€superior€who€had€given€theÏorder.€€Furthermore,€disciplinary€measures€could€be€imposed€by€a€supervisoryÏbody€of€the€police€force€upon€police€officers€who€had€violated€another's€humanÏrights.ÌÌ330.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€article€3€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€explainedÏthat€in€relation€to€extradition€matters€Panama€adhered€to€the€norms€establishedÏby€the€Bustamanti€Code€and€the€Caracas€Convention€and€that€the€extradition€of€aÏperson€would€not€be€permissible€if€there€were€evidence€that€it€might€lead€to€hisÏbeing€tortured,€executed€or€persecuted.ÌÌ331.à2 .2àConcerning€article€4€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€informed€theÏCommittee€that€specific€provisions€of€the€Penal€Code€were€devoted€to€mattersÏrelating€to€torture€and€other€human€rights€violations.ÌÌ332.à2 .2àIn€respect€of€article€9€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€indicatedÏthat€mutual€legal€cooperation€existed€between€Panama€and€other€States€regardlessÏof€whether€a€formal€bilateral€agreement€was€in€place.ÌÌ333.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€article€10€of€the€Convention,€the€representativeÏexplained€that€compulsory€training€programmes€were€organized€for€doctors,Ïlawyers€etc.€to€ensure€that€they€were€fully€aware€of€all€aspects€of€human€rightsÏissues.ÌÌ334.à2 .2àWith€respect€to€article€11€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€indicatedÏthe€measures€his€Government€had€taken€to€implement€the€minimum€rules€for€theÏtreatment€of€prisoners€and€he€pointed€out€that€there€had€been€no€cases€ofÏtorture€in€prison€establishments.€€With€regard€to€pre„trial€detention,€he€statedÏthat€the€prison€authorities€must€receive€a€written€detention€order€and€thatÏthere€were€no€cases€of€pre„trial€detention€having€lasted€longer€than€one€year.€ÏHe€also€indicated€that€Panamanian€law€provided€that€the€police€were€entitled€toÏdetain€a€suspect€for€24€hours€before€the€rule€of€habeas€corpus€applied.€ÏGuarantees€were€provided€to€ensure€that€persons€were€not€subjected€to€coercionÏwhen€making€statements€and€persons€accused€of€having€committed€an€offence€wereÏentitled€to€make€their€statements€in€the€presence€of€a€lawyer.€€Furthermore,€allÏinterviews€were€recorded€and€the€accused€had€the€right€to€appeal€if€he€felt€thatÏconstitutional€guarantees€had€been€violated.ÌÌ335.à2 .2àRegarding€article€13€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€indicated€thatÏpersons€who€considered€themselves€victims€of€torture€were€entitled€to€apply€forÏadministrative€redress€and€to€initiate€proceedings€in€the€courts.ÌÌ336.à2 .2àConcerning€article€14€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€explained€thatÏPanamanian€legislation€provided€for€compensation€in€the€event€of€civil€liabilityÏfor€wrongful€arrest€and€that€if€the€plaintiff€were€unable€financially€to€sustainÏhis€own€case,€the€State€was€under€the€obligation€to€provide€funds€for€thatÏpurpose.€€Moreover,€technical€and€medical€services€were€provided€under€theÏsocial€security€system€and€included€therapy€for€persons€suffering€from€a€mentalÏdisorder.ÌÌ337.à2 .2àWith€respect€to€article€16€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€informedÏthe€Committee€that€cases€involving€mentally€ill€persons€were€assessed€by€theÏInstitute€of€Forensic€Medicine€and€that€criminal€proceedings€would€be€suspendedÏuntil€the€person€was€considered€fit€for€trial.€€Psychiatric€institutions€didÏexist€in€Panama€exclusively€in€the€interests€of€treating€persons€with€mentalÏillness€and€there€were€no€cases€in€Panama€of€persons€being€or€having€been€heldÏin€psychiatric€institutions€on€the€grounds€of€their€political€opinion.ÌÌòòConclusions€and€recommendationsóóÌÌ338.à2 .2àThe€Committee€recalled€that€when€it€had€examined€the€initial€report€ofÏPanama€on€23€April€1991€it€had€concluded€that€the€Government€of€Panama€in€itsÏnext€report€should,€òòinter€aliaóó,€take€into€account€the€various€questions€raisedÏand€remarks€made€by€the€members€of€the€Committee€and€provide€a€full€descriptionÏof€the€legislative€measures€taken€to€implement€each€article€of€the€Convention€inÏpractice.€€The€Committee€was€of€the€view€that€the€first€supplementary€reportÏfulfilled€all€those€expectations.ÌÌ339.à2 .2àIt€concluded€that€the€legal€system€in€Panama€was€generally€in€accordanceÏwith€the€principles€contained€in€the€Convention,€although€it€appeared€thatÏarticle€34€of€the€Panamanian€Constitution,€which€related€to€police€officers€andÏprovided€for€the€defence€of€superior€orders€in€the€perpetration€of€an€act€ofÏtorture,€did€not€comply€with€article€2,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ340.à2 .2àThe€Committee€also€concluded€that€the€legal€system€as€described€during€theÏconsideration€of€the€report€appeared€to€be€geared€towards€the€highest€possibleÏprotection€of€human€rights.€€The€Committee€also€took€note€with€satisfaction€ofÏthe€penal€system€in€place€in€Panama€and€of€its€principle€of€"non„imprisonment".ÌÌ341.à2 .2àIn€addition,€the€Committee€expressed€its€satisfaction€with€the€timing€andÏcontent€of€the€report€considered€and€expressed€the€hope€that€the€Government€ofÏPanama€would€soon€make€a€declaration€to€accept€the€provisions€of€article€22€ofÏthe€Convention.ÌÌòòHungaryóóÌÌ342.à2 .2àThe€second€periodic€report€of€Hungary€(CAT/C/17/Add.8)€was€considered€byÏthe€Committee€at€its€141st,€142nd€and€145th€meetings,€on€21€and€23€April€1993Ï(see€CAT/C/SR.141,€142€and€145).ÌÌ343.à2 .2àThe€report€was€introduced€by€the€representative€of€the€State€party,€whoÏdeclared€that€during€the€reporting€period€Hungary€had€undergone€a€profound€andÏfundamental€change.€€The€communist€one„party€system€with€its€socio„politicalÏorder€had€been€replaced€by€a€pluralist€society,€a€functioning€democracy€and€theÏrule€of€law.€€Respect€for€human€rights€and€fundamental€freedoms€had€been€a€majorÏdriving€force€of€that€transition.€€The€change€of€regime€and€modifications€to€theÏnational€legislation,€especially€to€the€constitution€and€penal€laws€thatÏaccompanied€it,€had€brought€the€Hungarian€system€of€law€virtually€into€line€withÏthe€Convention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€TreatmentÏor€Punishment.€€Particular€importance€was€attached€to€the€establishment€of€theÏConstitutional€Court€which€had€ruled,€òòinter€aliaóó,€in€its€decision€No.€23/1990,Ïthat€capital€punishment€was€contrary€to€the€constitutional€provisionsÏprohibiting€limitations€on€the€very€substance€of€the€right€to€life€and€humanÏdignity€(articles€8.2€and€54.1€of€the€Constitution).ÌÌ344.à2 .2àDuring€the€period€under€review€Hungary€had€withdrawn€its€reservationsÏconcerning€articles€20€and€30,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Convention€and€it€hadÏrecognized€by€declaration€the€competence€of€the€Committee€under€articles21Ïand22€of€the€Convention.€€In€addition.€Hungary€was€in€favour€of€the€elaborationÏof€the€optional€protocol€to€the€Convention€against€Torture€by€a€working€group€ofÏthe€Commission€on€Human€Rights.ÌÌ345.à2 .2àThe€members€of€the€Committee€thanked€the€Government€of€Hungary€for€itsÏtimely€report,€which€provided€clear€and€complete€answers€to€the€many€questionsÏput€by€the€Committee€during€the€consideration€of€the€initial€report.€€They€notedÏthat€the€crime€of€torture€could€be€punished€in€accordance€with€articles€226Ïto228€of€the€Criminal€Code,€although€they€found€the€maximum€penalties€laid€down€by€those€articles€extremely€light,€and€asked€for€further€details.€€Some€membersÏof€the€Committee€took€note€of€decision€No.€23/1990€of€the€Constitutional€CourtÏwhereby€capital€punishment€was€declared€unconstitutional,€and€asked€whatÏHungarian€public€opinion€thought€of€the€matter.€€They€also€asked€whetherÏLaw-Decree€No.€3€of€1988,€whereby€the€Convention€against€Torture€had€beenÏincorporated€into€domestic€law,€had€already€been€invoked€in€decisions€by€theÏcourts,€whether€any€appeals€had€been€lodged€with€the€Procurator,€and€if€so€whatÏconclusions€had€been€reached.ÌÌ346.à2 .2àSome€members€of€the€Committee€also€inquired€whether€there€had€been€anyÏcases€of€torture€during€the€period€under€review,€how€many€complaints€had€beenÏfiled,€whether€there€were€any€statistics€on€the€subject,€whether€the€bills€onÏthe€press€and€minorities€had€been€considered€and€adopted€by€Parliament,€whetherÏpolitical€pluralism€extended€to€civil€society€and€community€life€as€a€whole€andÏwhether€there€was€a€bar€council€in€Hungary,€as€well€as€a€medical€council€andÏindependent€institutions€for€the€protection€and€promotion€of€human€rights€inÏparticular.€€They€expressed€the€hope€that€the€ratification,€announced€byÏHungary,€of€the€European€Convention€for€the€Protection€of€Human€Rights€andÏFundamental€Freedoms€would€rapidly€become€effective.ÌÌ347.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€the€implementation€of€article€2€of€the€Convention,€someÏmembers€of€the€Committee€asked€for€clarification€of€the€amendments€made€toÏjudicial€supervision,€and€of€the€punishment€to€which€an€official€would€be€liableÏif€he€employed€coercion€against€a€suspect€during€interrogation.ÌÌ348.à2 .2àTurning€to€article€3€of€the€Convention,€some€members€of€the€CommitteeÏrequested€further€information€on€the€application€of€the€existing€extraditionÏprocedure€in€Hungary.ÌÌ349.à2 .2àConcerning€article€4€of€the€Convention,€some€members€of€the€CommitteeÏpointed€out€that,€according€to€the€information€provided€by€the€Government€ofÏHungary,€the€provisions€of€the€article€had€not€been€fully€incorporated€intoÏHungarian€criminal€law€and€that€article€226€of€the€Criminal€Code€appeared€toÏprovide€an€extremely€restrictive€definition€of€what€constituted€an€act€ofÏtorture.€€In€that€respect,€they€asked€whether€all€forms€of€torture,€as€definedÏby€the€Convention,€constituted€an€offence€under€the€Criminal€Code.ÌÌ350.à2 .2àAs€for€articles€7€to€12€of€the€Convention,€some€members€of€the€CommitteeÏasked€for€further€information€on€legal€practice€in€respect€of€each€of€theÏarticles.ÌÌ351.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€article€10€of€the€Convention,€some€members€of€theÏCommittee€asked€to€be€provided€with€copies€of€the€course€manuals€issued€toÏofficials€in€connection€with€combating€torture,€and€to€be€given€a€description€ofÏthe€courses€themselves.€€They€also€emphasized€that€adequate€training€in€thatÏsphere€should€be€provided€to€persons€responsible€for€receiving€refugees.ÌÌ352.à2 .2àOn€article€13€of€the€Convention,€some€members€of€the€Committee€referred€toÏthe€report€by€Amnesty€International€concerning€alleged€ill„treatment€of€certainÏforeigners€in€Hungary€and€asked€for€information€on€existing€machinery€toÏinvestigate€any€complaints;€more€precisely,€they€referred€to€two€allegations€ofÏtorture€in€the€report€by€Amnesty€International€and€asked€whether€anÏinvestigation€had€been€carried€out,€if€it€had€been€completed€and,€if€so,€whatÏconclusions€it€had€reached.ÌÌ353.à2 .2àThe€representative€of€the€reporting€State,€replying€to€the€questions€andÏcomments,€stated€that€pluralization€was€not€confined€to€the€political€sphere€butÏwas€also€extended€to€civil€society,€which€had€various€means€at€its€disposal€forÏexercising€control€over€respect€for€human€rights.€€As€far€as€national€or€ethnic€minorities€were€concerned,€all€of€them€had€their€respective€associations.€€TheÏgypsies€„€the€largest€minority€in€Hungary€„€had€formed€about€150€associations€onÏvarious€levels,€which€were€very€active€in€human€rights„related€activities.€ÏThere€was€also€a€parliament€of€gypsies€which€defended€the€rights€of€thatÏminority€at€the€national€level.€€As€to€professional€groups,€the€influentialÏHungarian€Lawyers€Association€constituted€a€guarantee€of€respect€for€humanÏrights,€including€protection€against€torture.€€A€bill€on€the€rights€of€nationalÏand€ethnic€minorities€was€before€the€Parliament.€€The€bill€had€been€discussed€inÏthe€Council€of€Europe€at€Strasbourg€and€had€been€found€to€represent€a€goodÏapproach€to€the€issue;€it€covered€all€aspects€and€needs€of€minorities,€bothÏnational€and€ethnic.€€A€bill€concerning€the€regulation€of€the€media€was€beingÏdebated€in€Parliament€and€it€was€hoped€that€it€would€shortly€be€enacted.ÌÌ354.à2 .2àThe€representative€further€stated€that€a€bill€providing€for€Hungary'sÏaccession€to€the€Second€Optional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€CivilÏand€Political€Rights€was€currently€before€the€Parliament.€€Public€opinion€pollsÏhad€revealed€a€slight€majority€in€favour€of€abolition€of€the€death€penalty.€ÏProgressive€abolition€of€harsh€penalties€was€a€tradition€of€Hungarian€legalÏdoctrine,€and€it€should€not€be€difficult€to€follow€up€the€Constitutional€Court'sÏopinion€that€the€death€penalty€should€be€abolished€not€only€for€politicalÏoffences€but€also€for€other€offences€to€which€it€had€hitherto€been€applicable.€ÏThe€representative€explained€that€anyone€could€refer€to€the€Convention€in€courtÏand€judges€could€refer€to€it€directly,€but€this€had€not€been€done€so€far€becauseÏthe€domestic€law€had€proved€to€be€adequate€in€this€respect.€€StatisticsÏconcerning€cases€of€torture€up€to€1990€were€available€in€the€report;€the€laterÏstatistics€were€only€of€a€general€character.€€The€representative€also€providedÏthe€Committee€with€a€detailed€description€of€the€office€of€the€ombudsman€for€theÏprotection€of€civil€and€political€rights€and€of€the€ombudsman€for€the€protectionÏof€the€rights€of€national€and€ethnic€minorities€in€his€country.ÌÌ355.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€article€3€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€said€that€ifÏno€agreement€existed€with€a€country€whose€nationals€should€be€prosecuted€forÏtorture,€Hungary€would€have€recourse€to€the€relevant€provisions€of€theÏConvention€itself,€and€would€extradite€an€alleged€torturer€even€in€the€absenceÏof€an€extradition€agreement.ÌÌ356.à2 .2àWith€respect€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€stated€thatÏthe€punishment€of€acts€related€to€torture€could€only€be€carried€out€according€toÏthe€Penal€Code.€€Torture,€as€defined€in€the€Convention,€constituted€in€HungarianÏlaw€an€aggravating€circumstance€affecting€certain€acts€which€involvedÏdeprivation€of€personal€freedom.€€Article€228€of€the€Criminal€Code€sanctionedÏpunishments€for€such€acts,€and€the€penalties€had€been€increased€under€Act€17€ofÏ1993,€which€also€obliged€judges€to€deal€very€severely€with€such€offences,€takingÏinto€account€article€4€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ357.à2 .2àAs€to€whether€Hungarian€practice€conformed€to€articles€6€and€7€of€theÏconvention,€the€representative€indicated€that€a€national€of€another€StateÏsuspected€of€having€committed€an€offence€specified€in€the€Convention€was€subjectÏto€the€same€treatment€and€procedures€as€a€Hungarian€national.€€Under€theÏConvention,€problems€relating€to€extradition€must€be€settled€according€to€theÏprinciples€of€universal€jurisdiction.€€He€also€pointed€out€that€Act€XXXII€issuedÏin€1993€provided€that€every€detainee€must€be€informed€in€his€mother€tongue€ofÏhis€rights€as€they€related€to€all€phases€and€aspects€of€his€detention.ÌÌ358.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€article€10€of€the€Convention,€the€representativeÏinformed€the€Committee€that€necessary€information€on€human€rights,€includingÏthat€concerning€the€Convention€against€Torture,€could€be€obtained€by€citizensÏfrom€the€official€gazette,€the€press€and€professional€publications.€€In€thatÏconnection,€he€referred€to€the€òòActa€Humanaóó€series€published€by€the€Hungarian€Centre€for€Human€Rights,€issue€No.€4€of€which€contained€a€study€analysing€theÏConvention€against€Torture.€€He€also€described€how€such€information€was€providedÏto€students,€law€enforcement€personnel,€public€officials€and€medical€personnel.€ÏProvision€of€Convention„related€information€also€formed€part€of€postgraduateÏtraining€for€teachers€who€were€provided€with€manuals€by€the€Centre€for€HumanÏRights€of€the€United€Nations€Secretariat.ÌÌ359.à2 .2àWith€reference€to€article€11€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€saidÏthat€Act€XXXII€of€1993€represented€an€overall€measure€for€improving€all€relevantÏprovisions€of€the€law€dealing€with€interrogation€rules,€instructions,€andÏarrangements€for€any€form€of€arrest,€detention€or€imprisonment.ÌÌ360.à2 .2àWith€respect€to€article€13€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€statedÏthat€the€judiciary€were€competent€to€take€decisions€on€all€matters€relating€toÏdetention,€but€Act€XXXII€of€1993€clearly€established€that€any€such€decisionsÏwere€open€to€appeal.€€As€far€as€the€allegations€by€Amnesty€International€wereÏconcerned,€he€said€that€they€involved€a€one„sided€statement€made€by€allegedÏvictims.€€Under€Hungarian€law,€each€victim€had€the€right€to€turn€to€a€competentÏlocal€prosecutor€to€request€proceedings€against€the€enforcement€authorities.€ÏThe€information€available€to€the€Government€indicated€that€no€such€report€had€soÏfar€reached€any€prosecutor;€that€did€not€mean€that€such€a€report€would€not€beÏmade€later€as€the€alleged€events€were€of€very€recent€date.€€It€would€seemÏpremature,€however,€to€deal€with€those€allegations€as€the€full€facts€of€the€caseÏwere€not€yet€available.ÌÌ361.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€article€15€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€indicatedÏthat€cases€involving€evidence€found€to€have€been€obtained€by€infringement€of€theÏlaw€were€always€deemed€invalid€and€were€at€the€same€time€punishable€under€theÏCriminal€Code,€article€227€of€which€established€prison€sentences€of€up€to€fiveÏyears€for€persons€found€guilty€of€obtaining€evidence€under€duress.ÌÌòòConclusions€and€recommendationsóóÌÌ362.à2 .2àThe€Committee€noted€with€satisfaction€the€progress€made€in€Hungary€towardsÏdemocracy€and€the€implementation€of€the€Convention€against€Torture€both€in€theÏlegislative€sphere€and€in€legal€practice.ÌÌ363.à2 .2àThe€Committee€expressed€the€hope€that€specific€provisions€of€the€HungarianÏCriminal€Code€and€new€administrative€measures€would€make€it€possible€still€moreÏeffectively€to€prevent€acts€of€torture€and€other€cruel,€inhuman€or€degradingÏtreatment€or€punishment.ÌÌ364.à2 .2àThe€Committee€also€suggested€to€the€Hungarian€authorities€that€they€shouldÏdevelop€still€further€training€programmes€for€the€various€professions€concernedÏwith€the€application€of€the€Convention.ÌÌòòSwedenóóÌÌ365.à2 .2àThe€Committee€considered,€the€second€periodic€report€of€SwedenÏ(CAT/C/17/Add.9)€at€its€143rd€and€144th€meetings,€on€22€April€1993€(seeÏCAT/C/SR.143€and€144).ÌÌ366.à2 .2àThe€report€was€introduced€by€the€representative€of€the€State€party,€whoÏinformed€the€Committee€of€developments€that€had€taken€place€in€Sweden€since€theÏsubmission€of€its€last€report€and€made€reference€to€new€legislative€measures.€ÏFirst,€a€new€Aliens€Act€had€come€into€force€on€1€July€1989.€€Although€it€hadÏleft€unchanged€the€fundamental€principles€of€Swedish€refugee€and€immigrantÏpolicy,€a€new€provision€had€been€added€prohibiting€the€sending€of€an€alien€to€aÏcountry€where€he€ran€the€risk€of€being€subjected€to€torture.€€Secondly,€the€Penal€Code€had€been€modified€with€regard€to€the€offence€of€misuse€of€authority,Ïso€that,€effective€from€1€October€1989,€such€an€offence€no€longer€had€to€causeÏdamage€in€order€to€be€punishable.€€Thirdly,€the€major€change€to€two€new€Acts,Ïthe€Act€concerning€Psychiatric€Compulsory€Care€and€the€Act€concerning€ForensicÏPsychiatric€Care,€both€of€which€had€entered€into€force€on€1€January€1993,€was€toÏset€a€time„limit€for€compulsory€care€which€was€subject€to€judicial€control.ÌÌ367.à2 .2àThe€representative€also€made€reference€to€remarks€contained€in€the€reportÏprepared€by€the€European€Committee€for€the€Prevention€of€Torture€following€itsÏvisit€to€Sweden€from€5€to€14€May€1991.€€Those€remarks€indicated€that€noÏallegations€of€torture€or€other€evidence€of€torture€had€been€found€in€Sweden€andÏthat,€at€present,€persons€deprived€of€their€liberty€in€Sweden€ran€little€risk€ofÏbeing€physically€ill„treated.ÌÌ368.à2 .2àThe€representative€also€informed€the€Committee€that€a€governmentalÏinvestigation€into€psychiatric€care€had€recently€submitted€its€proposals€forÏstrengthening€the€Government's€support€for€the€rehabilitation€of€tortureÏvictims.€€The€report€had€recommended€the€establishment€of€a€special€instituteÏagainst€torture€and€organized€violence.€€In€addition,€he€described€newÏprovisions€further€limiting€the€possibility€of€detention€of€a€child€under€16Ïwhich€had€come€into€force€under€the€Aliens€Act€from€1€January€1993.ÌÌ369.à2 .2àThe€members€of€the€Committee€expressed€appreciation€to€the€representativeÏof€the€reporting€State€for€the€brief€but€comprehensive€information€contained€inÏthe€report€and€his€introduction.€€They€welcomed€especially€the€decision€of€ÏSweden€to€make€public€the€report€prepared€by€the€European€Committee€for€theÏPrevention€of€Torture€following€its€visit€to€Sweden€and€the€informationÏcontained€therein€which€attested€to€Sweden's€full€compliance€with€the€provisionsÏof€the€Convention€against€Torture.€€Nevertheless,€members€of€the€CommitteeÏsought€various€clarifications€as€to€the€implementation€of€the€Convention€inÏSweden.ÌÌ370.à2 .2àOn€issues€of€a€general€nature,€clarification€was€requested€as€to€theÏjurisdiction€of€the€Appeals€Court€and€Supreme€Court€in€the€event€of€an€offenceÏhaving€been€committed€by€a€judge€or€another€official€responsible€for€theÏadministration€of€justice.ÌÌ371.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€article€1€of€the€Convention,€it€was€asked€whether€SwedenÏwould€not€reconsider€the€possibility€of€introducing€into€its€Penal€Code€aÏspecific€definition€of€torture€as€such€a€step€would€assist€in€clarifying€theÏpractice€and€punishment€of€torture€and€in€the€collection€of€reliable€statisticalÏdata€on€the€practice€of€torture.ÌÌ372.à2 .2àConcerning€article€3€of€the€Convention,€clarification€was€sought€as€to€itsÏimplementation€with€regard€to€the€methods€employed€by€the€State€party€toÏevaluate€the€risk€of€torture€in€other€countries€to€which€a€person€might€beÏextradited.ÌÌ373.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€article€4€of€the€Convention,€clarification€was€requestedÏas€to€the€penalties€prescribed€for€acts€of€torture.ÌÌ374.à2 .2àConcerning€article€11€of€the€Convention,€additional€information€was€soughtÏon€the€rules€governing€detention.ÌÌ375.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€articles€12€and€13€of€the€Convention,€clarification€wasÏsought€on€information€contained€in€paragraphs€14€and€87€of€the€report€regardingÏthe€procedures€available€to€individuals€to€initiate€private€prosecutions€andÏcomplaints€against€public€officials€and€the€mechanisms€available€forÏinvestigating€into€complaints€against€police€officers.̇376.à2 .2àIn€respect€of€article€16€of€the€Convention,€further€details€were€sought€ofÏthe€results€of€the€Government's€investigation€into€psychiatric€care.ÌÌ377.à2 .2àReplying€to€the€various€questions€raised,€the€representative€of€the€StateÏparty€informed€the€Committee€of€the€relevant€provisions€of€the€Code€of€JudicialÏProcedure,€under€which€the€Court€of€Appeal€had€jurisdiction€in€cases€concerningÏoffences€by€judges€of€lower€courts,€while€the€Supreme€Court€had€jurisdiction€toÏhandle€offences€by€judges€of€the€Court€of€Appeal€and€the€Supreme€Court€as€wellÏas€the€Chancellor€of€Justice€or€the€Chief€State€Prosecutor.€ÌÌ378.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€article€1€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€informed€theÏCommittee€of€the€provisions€of€Swedish€domestic€law€prohibiting€torture€andÏprotecting€against€torture,€cruel€and€other€inhuman€practices,€including€theÏprohibition€of€the€use€of€corporal€punishment€against€children.€€In€addition,€heÏexplained€that,€in€Sweden,€no€statistics€were€collated€in€relation€to€complaintsÏor€sentences€against€police€officers€or€wardens€accused€of€ill„treating€personsÏdeprived€of€their€liberty,€although€information€on€such€cases€could€be€gleanedÏfrom€opinions€expressed€by€the€Personnel€Responsibility€Committee€of€theÏNational€Police€Board€to€the€courts.€€Reference€was€made€to€such€information.ÌÌ379.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€article€3€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€providedÏinformation€on€the€means€by€which€officials€making€decisions€on€asylum€casesÏevaluated€the€risk€of€torture€in€other€countries€to€which€an€alien€might€beÏsent,€and€indicated€that€officials€of€the€Swedish€Immigration€Board€and€theÏAliens€Board,€the€decision„making€bodies€on€asylum€cases,€had€a€good€knowledgeÏof€the€human€rights€situation€in€various€countries.€€They€received€suchÏinformation€from€reports€from€Sweden's€foreign€missions,€national€andÏinternational€voluntary€organizations€and€international€bodies.€€In€addition,Ïthe€competent€officials€were€trained€on€a€continuing€basis€and€travelledÏfrequently€in€order€to€form€their€own€opinions€regarding€local€circumstances.ÌÌ380.à2 .2àConcerning€article€4€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€clarified€thatÏthe€maximum€penalty€of€six€years'€imprisonment€for€gross€misuse€of€office€wasÏnot€the€maximum€penalty€for€torture.€€Acts€of€torture€were€more€likely€to€beÏdeemed€to€be€aggravated€assault,€which€carried€a€maximum€penalty€of€10€years'Ïimprisonment.€€Moreover,€if€an€act€of€torture€led€to€the€victim's€death,€itÏmight€be€considered€as€murder,€which€carried€the€maximum€penalty€of€lifeÏimprisonment.ÌÌ381.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€article€11€of€the€Convention,€the€representativeÏprovided€further€information€on€the€rules€and€regulations€governing€theÏdetention€of€aliens.€€In€particular,€he€made€reference€to€the€provisions€of€theÏAliens€Act€by€which€an€alien€aged€16€or€over€might€be€detained€and€the€groundsÏfor€such€detention.€€He€indicated€that€an€alien€might€not€be€detained€for€moreÏthan€48€hours€for€purposes€of€investigation€and€that€only€in€exceptionalÏcircumstances€could€an€alien€be€detained€for€more€than€two€weeks.€€Moreover,€ifÏa€refusal€of€entry€or€expulsion€order€had€been€made,€an€alien€might€be€detainedÏfor€up€to€two€months,€unless€there€were€exceptional€grounds€for€a€longer€period.€ÏIn€addition,€he€provided€statistical€data€on€the€number€of€alien€adults€andÏchildren€detained€in€1992€and€the€length€of€their€period€of€detention.ÌÌ382.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€articles€12€and€13€of€the€Convention,€the€representativeÏinformed€the€Committee€of€the€procedures€available€to€persons€who€consideredÏthemselves€victims€of€illegal€acts€to€institute€private€prosecutions.€€HeÏexplained€that€although€the€Code€of€Judicial€Procedure€contained€provisions€forÏthe€initiation€of€private€prosecutions,€in€most€cases€of€serious€assault€theÏalleged€victim€was€not€entitled€to€initiate€a€prosecution€on€his€own€unless€theÏprosecutor€had€decided€not€to€prosecute.€€Regarding€procedures€available€to€dealÏwith€complaints€against€police€officers,€the€representative€indicated€that€special€disciplinary€boards€existed€for€dealing€with€complaints€against€policeÏofficers€as€well€as€prosecutors€and€judges€and€that€individuals€could€in€certainÏcases€address€their€complaint€directly€to€those€bodies.€€He€also€made€mention€ofÏthe€precautionary€measures€adopted€in€the€investigation€of€offences€against€aÏpolice€officer,€namely,€that€the€public€prosecutor€would€not€choose€closeÏcolleagues€of€the€police€officer€charged€to€investigate€into€the€matter.ÌÌ383.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€article€16€of€the€Convention,€the€representativeÏpresented€further€information€on€the€outcome€of€a€government€investigation€ofÏpsychiatric€care.€€He€indicated€that€the€report€of€the€investigation€containedÏproposals€to€establish€a€Swedish€institute€against€torture€and€organizedÏviolence,€which€would€be€financed€by€the€allotment€to€it€of€1€per€cent€ofÏSwedish€development€aid€to€countries€where€torture€occurred.€€In€addition,€theÏreport€had€described€different€methods€of€torture€and€different€methods€ofÏtreatment€and€that,€once€the€competent€authorities,€had€studied€the€report,€itÏwas€expected€that€a€government€bill€would€be€presented.ÌÌòòConclusions€and€recommendationsóóÌÌ384.à2 .2àThe€Committee€expressed€its€satisfaction€that€there€were€no€allegationsÏthat€persons€deprived€of€their€liberty€had€been€subjected€to€ill„treatmentÏamounting€to€torture€nor€was€there€any€other€evidence€that€torture€had€beenÏfound€in€Sweden.ÌÌ385.à2 .2àThus,€in€all€respects€Sweden€met€the€standards€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ386.à2 .2àThe€Committee€was€pleased€to€conclude€that€the€legal€and€administrativeÏregimes€described€during€the€consideration€of€the€report€of€Sweden€were€modelsÏto€which€most€other€countries€should€aspire.ÌÌòòChinaóóÌÌ387.à2 .2àThe€Committee€considered€the€additional€report€of€China€(CAT/C/7/Add.14)€atÏits€143rd€and€146th€meetings,€on€22€and€23€April€1993€(see€CAT/C/SR.143/Add.2,Ï144/Add.2,€145/Add.2€and€146/Add.2€and€4).ÌÌ388.à2 .2àThe€report€was€introduced€by€the€representative€of€the€State€party,€whoÏstated€that€China€paid€great€attention,€both€in€its€legislative€texts€and€in€itsÏjudicial€practice,€to€the€protection€of€the€rights€and€freedoms€of€citizens€andÏtheir€democratic€rights.€€The€Penal€Code€explicitly€prohibited€torture,€thusÏupholding€the€rights€of€the€person€and€the€inviolability€of€the€dignity€of€theÏhuman€person.€€The€Criminal€Procedure€Law€set€out€in€detail€the€procedure€forÏinvestigating€and€punishing€offences,€including€that€of€torture.€€Other€textsÏplayed€an€important€role€in€preventing€and€combating€torture,€in€particular€byÏenabling€any€victims€to€be€compensated.€€Draft€laws€on€prisons,€judges€andÏprocurators€were€under€consideration.€€In€addition€a€national€legal€training€andÏawareness€programme€would€be€renewed€for€a€further€five€years.€€The€situation€inÏChina€and€the€efforts€made€by€the€Government€must,€however,€be€seen€in€theirÏhistorical€context:€€the€majority€of€the€legislative€efforts€aimed€atÏintroducing€the€primacy€of€law€had€in€fact€been€undertaken€only€since€1979.€ÏMoreover,€since€China€currently€had€1.16€billion€inhabitants,€the€implementationÏof€such€legal€provisions€gave€rise€to€unquestionable€difficulties.ÌÌ389.à2 .2àThe€competence€of€procurators€extended€to€offences€allegedly€committed€byÏState€bodies,€including€law€enforcement€agencies.€€With€regard€to€theÏprohibition€of€torture,€the€procurator€was€empowered€to€approve,€disapprove€orÏrevise€an€order€for€arrest;€he€investigated€cases,€instituted€proceedings€andÏvisited€places€of€detention.€€Any€allegations€of€torture€or€human€rightsÏviolations€were€thus€referred€to€him.€€The€number€of€cases€of€torture€brought€before€procurators€had€fallen€from€472€in€1990€to€407€in€1991,€a€reduction€ofÏ13.5€per€cent,€and€then€to€339€in€1992,€a€drop€of€16.7€per€cent.€ÌÌ390.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€certain€questions€raised€during€the€consideration€of€theÏinitial€report€of€China,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€explained€theÏplace€of€Tibet€in€the€constitutional€structure€of€China.€€He€recalled€that€TibetÏwas€an€integral€part€of€Chinese€territory€and€that€the€political€and€judicialÏsystem€of€the€People's€Republic€applied€equally€to€Tibet.€€Its€populationÏenjoyed€the€same€political€rights€as€other€Chinese€populations.ÌÌ391.à2 .2àThe€members€of€the€Committee€welcomed€the€additional€report€of€China,€whichÏendeavoured€to€provide€the€clarifications€requested€by€the€Committee€followingÏits€consideration€of€the€initial€report€and€said€that€the€presence€of€aÏhigh-level€delegation€was€proof€of€the€desire€of€the€Government€of€China€toÏcooperate€with€the€Committee.ÌÌ392.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€the€constitutional€and€legal€framework€for€theÏimplementation€of€the€Convention,€the€members€of€the€Committee€asked€how€theÏmonitoring€of€the€People's€Supreme€Court€by€the€Standing€Committee€of€theÏPeople's€National€Congress€could€be€reconciled€with€the€principle€of€theÏindependence€of€the€judiciary;€how€the€judges€and€procurators€of€the€People'sÏSupreme€Court€were€appointed€and€dismissed;€whether€the€Chinese€Communist€PartyÏwas€subject€to€non„interference€in€cases€heard€by€the€people's€courts;€whetherÏthe€training€given€to€judicial€personnel€and€doctors€related€to€the€Convention;Ïand,€in€general,€what€measures€had€been€taken€to€prevent€acts€of€torture€fromÏbeing€committed.ÌÌ393.à2 .2àThe€members€of€the€Committee,€referring€to€the€assurances€given€by€theÏChinese€delegation€during€the€consideration€of€the€initial€report,€asked€whatÏthe€outcome€of€inquiries€conducted€into€alleged€cases€of€torture€in€Tibet€hadÏbeen.€€They€also€referred€to€the€report€of€the€Special€Rapporteur€of€theÏCommission€on€Human€Rights€to€examine€questions€relevant€to€tortureÏ(E/CN.4/1993/26)€generally€deploring€the€use€of€torture€and€other€cruel,€inhumanÏor€degrading€treatment€or€punishment€in€China.€€They€drew€attention€toÏinformation€received€from€many€non„governmental€sources€alleging€repeatedÏviolations€of€human€rights€in€Tibet,€the€systematic€use€of€force€againstÏpeaceful€demonstrations€in€Tibet€and€acts€of€religious€and€racial€discriminationÏagainst€the€population€in€general,€and€asked€what€the€position€of€theÏauthorities€was€in€that€regard.ÌÌ394.à2 .2àOn€the€subject€of€article€1€of€the€Convention€as€read€in€conjunction€withÏarticle€4,€the€members€of€the€Committee€requested€clarifications€about€theÏincorporation€of€the€definition€of€torture€into€Chinese€domestic€legislation.ÌÌ395.à2 .2àThe€members€of€the€Committee€asked€how€article€2,€paragraph€3,€of€theÏConvention,€according€to€which€an€order€from€a€superior€officer€or€a€publicÏauthority€may€not€be€invoked€as€a€justification€of€torture,€was€applied.€€InÏparticular,€they€asked€whether€the€rule€stemmed€from€an€administrative€decision,Ïwhether€it€covered€all€forms€of€torture€and€whether€it€also€applied€to€militaryÏpersonnel.ÌÌ396.à2 .2àWith€reference€to€article€3€of€the€Convention,€the€members€of€the€CommitteeÏwished€to€know€whether€an€arrested€person€could€be€extradited€to€a€country€whereÏhe€would€be€in€danger€of€the€death€penalty€and,€if€not,€whether€there€wereÏprovisions€in€Chinese€legislation€which€enabled€the€person€concerned€to€beÏbrought€before€the€competent€national€courts.ÌÌ397.à2 .2àClarifications€were€also€sought€on€the€legislative€measures€adopted€inÏorder€to€safeguard€the€universal€jurisdiction€provided€for€in€articles€5€to€7€ofÏthe€Convention.ÌÌ398.à2 .2àFurther€information€was€requested€about€the€implementation€of€articles€8Ïand9€of€the€Convention,€particularly€with€regard€to€the€mutual€judicialÏassistance€procedure€followed€in€practice.ÌÌ399.à2 .2àThe€members€of€the€Committee€asked€what€measures€were€taken€to€giveÏpractical€effect€to€the€provisions€of€article€10€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ400.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€article€11€of€the€Convention,€the€members€of€the€CommitteeÏrequested€information€on€rules€relating€to€the€interrogation€of€suspects€and€theÏprohibition€of€corporal€punishment€with€a€view€to€extorting€confessions,€sinceÏallegations€by€non„governmental€organizations€referred€to€many€cases€of€personsÏdetained€in€secret,€and€on€opportunities€for€persons€arrested€to€contact€aÏfamily€member,€consult€a€qualified€doctor€and€choose€a€lawyer€as€soon€as€theyÏwere€arrested.€€They€also€asked€how€many€persons€were€detained€in€the€country'sÏprisons€or€held€in€administrative€detention€and€whether€measures€were€envisagedÏto€place€a€time„limit€on€the€length€of€pre„trial€detention.€€They€requestedÏfurther€information€on€the€definition€of€the€crime€of€counter„revolution€and€onÏthe€situation€of€the€4,329€persons€held€in€Chinese€prisons€for€such€crimes;€theyÏasked€whether€re„education€through€labour€could€be€used€as€part€ofÏadministrative€penalties,€how€many€persons€were€affected€by€such€penalties€andÏhow€many€had€died€in€prison€or€in€re„education„through„labour€camps.ÌÌ401.à2 .2àThe€members€requested€clarifications€about€the€conditions€in€which€a€personÏcould€be€subjected€to€a€form€of€administrative€detention€known€as€"protectiveÏcustody€during€investigation";€the€number€of€persons€involved€and€the€proceduralÏsafeguards€available€to€them,€in€particular€any€opportunity€for€remedies€inÏcases€of€torture;€and€allegations€that€persons€thus€placed€in€"protectiveÏÔ  Ôcustody€during€investigation"€were€deprived€of€certain€rights,€particularly€thatÏof€communicating€with€members€of€their€family€or€their€defence€counsel,€and€wereÏfrequently€detained€for€longer€than€the€regulation€three€months€and€subjected€toÏtorture.€€They€also€asked€whether€steps€had€been€taken€by€the€competentÏauthorities€as€a€result€of€allegations€of€torture€and€suspicious€death€amongÏÔ  Ôpersons€detained€in€such€special€centres.ÌÌ402.à2 .2àAs€to€articles€12€and€13€of€the€Convention,€the€members€of€the€CommitteeÏsaid€that€they€would€like€further€information€on€complaints€filed€against€publicÏofficials,€on€the€outcome€of€the€inquiries€conducted€and€on€the€number€andÏnature€of€sentences€handed€down€against€persons€found€guilty€of€violatingÏcitizens'€human€and€democratic€rights€and€of€acts€of€torture€in€particular.ÌÔ  ÔÌ403.à2 .2àOn€the€subject€of€article€14€of€the€Convention,€the€members€of€theÏCommittee€also€requested€clarifications€of€the€conditions€in€which€a€victim€ofÏan€act€of€torture,€or€claimants€on€his€behalf,€could€obtain€compensation,Ïparticularly€when€the€guilty€person€was€an€agent€of€the€State.ÌÌ404.à2 .2àWith€reference€to€article€15€of€the€Convention,€the€members€of€theÏCommittee€asked€whether€a€statement€obtained€by€torture€could€be€invoked€asÏevidence€in€a€trial,€whether€such€cases€had€occurred€in€practice€and€what€useÏthe€courts€made€of€such€evidence.ÌÌ405.à2 .2àOn€article€16€of€the€Convention,€the€members€referred€to€information€fromÏnon„governmental€sources€according€to€which€sentences€to€the€death€penalty€hadÏincreased€sharply€during€recent€years,€having€reached€1,891€in€1992,€involvingÏ1,079€executions.€€They€requested€clarifications€in€that€regard€and€askedÏwhether€the€death€sentence€might€not€constitute€a€form€of€cruel€and€inhuman€treatment€in€some€cases,€particularly€when€the€enforcement€of€such€a€sentenceÏremained€pending€for€a€long€period.€€It€was€also€asked€whether€the€bodies€ofÏpersons€executed€could€be€used€for€the€purpose€of€organ€transplants.ÌÌ406.à2 .2àLastly,€the€members€of€the€Committee€asked€whether€the€Government€of€ChinaÏwas€planning€to€recognize€the€Committee's€competence€under€articles21€and€22€ofÏthe€Convention€and€to€withdraw€its€reservation€on€article20€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ407.à2 .2àIn€reply€to€the€questions€raised,€the€representative€of€the€State€partyÏsaid€that,€in€conformity€with€article€126€of€the€Constitution,€the€courtsÏexercised€their€functions€without€any€interference€by€administrative€organs,Ïsocial€groups€or€individuals.€€The€Chinese€judicial€system€was€based€on€theÏresponsibility€of€the€courts€to€the€People's€Congress,€but€those€courts€handedÏdown€their€decisions€in€complete€freedom.€€Judges€and€the€Procurator€GeneralÏwere€elected€by€the€People's€National€Congress,€which€could€revoke€theirÏappointment.€€The€independence€of€the€courts€with€regard€to€social€groups€wasÏguaranteed€and€the€Communist€Party€did€not€intervene€at€all€in€decisions€of€theÏcourts.ÌÌ408.à2 .2àWith€reference€to€articles€1€and€4€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€ofÏthe€State€party€said€that€chaptersIV€and€VII€of€the€Penal€Code€containedÏspecific€provisions€guaranteeing€the€protection€of€individuals€against€anyÏviolation€of€their€rights.€€The€definition€given€in€article136€of€the€PenalÏCode€corresponded€to€that€contained€in€article1€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ409.à2 .2àResponding€to€questions€raised€in€connection€with€article2,€paragraph€3,Ïof€the€Convention,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€explained€that€superiorÏorders€could€not€be€invoked€to€excuse€offences€involving€torture,€andÏadministrative€and€criminal€procedures€were€available€in€such€cases.€ÌÌ410.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€articles8€and€9€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€ofÏthe€State€party€explained€that€China€was€currently€drafting€legislation€on€theÏquestion€of€extradition€and€had€signed€bilateral€agreements€with€a€number€ofÏcountries€on€reciprocal€arrangements€in€commercial€and€judicial€matters,Ïincluding€extradition.€€Any€extradition€order€had€to€comply€with€the€basicÏprinciples€of€international€law,€including€the€provisions€of€the€Convention,€andÏif€not€extradited,€a€citizen€of€another€State€would€be€tried€under€provision€ofÏChina's€Penal€Code.ÌÌ411.à2 .2àReferring€to€article10€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€of€the€StateÏparty€stressed€that€the€Government€of€China€attached€great€importance€to€theÏtraining€of€judicial€personnel€with€regard€not€only€to€domestic€legislation,€butÏalso€to€the€international€conventions€to€which€China€was€a€party,€in€particularÏthe€Convention€against€Torture.€€No€special€legal€training€was€given€to€medicalÏstaff€or€armed€forces€personnel,€who€nevertheless€benefited€from€the€measuresÏtaken€as€part€of€the€national€legal€training€and€awareness€campaign.ÌÌ412.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€article11€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€of€theÏState€party€said€that,€in€1993,€there€were€684€reform„through„labour€centres,Ï155€prisons,€492rehabilitation€centres€and€37social€reintegration€centres€forÏjuvenile€offenders.€€The€total€prison€population€was€some€1,209,945,€i.e.,€aboutÏ1prisoner€per€1,000inhabitants.€€Solitary€confinement€applied€only€to€certainÏprisoners€who€had€committed€serious€violations€of€prison€regulations€and€mustÏnot€exceed€15days.€€Prisoners€subjected€to€such€a€regime€were€entitled€to€theÏsame€standards€of€hygiene€and€living€as€other€inmates€and€were€given€support€inÏorder€to€help€them€reform.ÌÌ413.à2 .2àReform€through€education€and€labour€in€China€was€carried€out€in€accordanceÏwith€an€Act€approved€by€the€People's€National€Congress€in€1957.€€It€was€intended€to€reduce€crime€and€to€safeguard€the€public€through€persuasion€and€education.€ÏIt€did€not€entail€punishment,€but€was€intended€to€restrain€potential€juvenileÏoffenders,€particularly€in€urban€areas.€€Persons€detained€in€reform„through„¼labour€camps€were€entitled€to€free€medical€attention.€€The€standard€of€medicalÏattention€provided€in€such€establishments€was€higher€than€the€national€average.€ÏThe€death€rate€in€those€camps€was€extremely€low,€moreover,€and€the€staff€wereÏexpressly€prohibited€from€subjecting€inmates€to€humiliation,€ill„treatment€orÏtorture.€€In€1990€and€1991,€a€total€of€21agents€of€the€State€had€been€punishedÏfor€such€offences;€no€cases€had€been€reported€in€1992.ÌÌ414.à2 .2àAdministrative€detention,€also€known€as€public€security€detention,€wasÏimposed€by€public€security€organs€for€minor€offences.€€Offenders€could€be€heldÏfor€a€period€of€up€to€15days€and€public€security€officials€were€strictlyÏforbidden€to€beat,€curse,€humiliate€or€otherwise€intimidate€detainees.ÌÌ415.à2 .2àThere€were€no€specific€provisions€covering€counter„revolutionary€andÏpolitical€offences€and€the€concept€of€political€crime€did€not€exist€in€China.€ÏThe€crimes€of€counter„revolution€referred€to€in€the€Penal€Code€were€a€categoryÏof€criminal€offences€including€all€activities€carried€out€with€the€specificÏintention€of€subverting€State€power€or€overthrowing€the€Government.€€TheÏjudicial€bodies€which€tried€such€cases€showed€particular€circumspection€and€theÏcourts€strictly€abided€by€the€principles€and€procedures€laid€down€in€the€Code€ofÏCriminal€Procedure.€€Persons€found€guilty€of€counter„revolutionary€crimes€hadÏbeen€sentenced€in€strict€conformity€with€articles91€and€102€of€the€Penal€Code,Ïaccording€to€the€gravity€of€the€offences€committed.ÌÌ416.à2 .2àReplying€to€further€questions,€the€representative€said€that€detentionÏduring€investigation€could€not€last€more€than€two€months€and€correspondence€toÏthe€period€during€which€proceedings€might€or€might€not€be€instituted.€€UnderÏChinese€law,€families€of€defendants€were€normally€notified€of€the€fact€and€placeÏof€detention,€unless€accessories€to€the€alleged€offence€were€still€at€large.€ÏPersons€who€were€arrested€had€to€be€informed€of€the€nature€of€the€charges€at€theÏtime€of€arrest.ÌÌ417.à2 .2àIn€reply€to€questions€on€articles€12€and€13€of€the€Convention,€theÏrepresentative€of€the€State€party€provided€detailed€information€on€the€number€ofÏcomplaints€of€torture€filed€from€1990€to€1992.€€Any€persons€found€guilty€ofÏextorting€a€confession€by€torture€or€having€subjected€a€prisoner€to€corporalÏpunishment,€ill„treatment,€harassment€or€humiliation€were€liable€to€prisonÏsentences€varying€according€to€the€gravity€of€the€offence€and€the€extent€of€theÏill„treatment€and€even€to€the€death€sentence€in€the€most€serious€cases.€ÏFurthermore,€if€a€case€of€torture€was€discovered,€the€Ministry€responsible€forÏsupervising€the€civil€authorities€would€take€action,€if€necessary€by€initiatingÏproceedings,€even€in€the€absence€of€a€complaint.ÌÌ418.à2 .2àReferring€to€article€14€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€of€the€StateÏparty€said€that,€if€a€death€occurred€following€an€act€of€torture,€theÏperpetrator€was€brought€before€the€people's€court.€€The€perpetrator€of€such€actsÏwas€required€to€compensate€the€victim€or€his€surviving€relatives;€if€he€was€notÏsolvent,€the€production€unit€to€which€he€belonged€addressed€a€request€to€theÏfinance€department,€which€then€compensated€the€victim.€€The€Civil€Code€alsoÏincluded€provisions€for€awarding€compensation€for€mental€suffering.ÌÌ419.à2 .2àIn€reply€to€questions€on€article€15€of€the€Convention,€the€representativeÏof€the€State€party€said€that,€in€1958,€the€Minister€for€Justice€had€prepared€aÏ10„point€list€of€principles€to€be€observed,€one€of€which€prohibited€obtainingÏconfessions€by€torture.€€In€1983,€a€code€of€conduct€for€the€legal€andÏlegislative€professions€had€been€published,€reproducing€and€elaborating€on€theÏsame€principle.€€When€China€became€a€party€to€the€Convention€in€1988,€the€Minister€for€Public€Security€had€issued€a€circular€stating€that€the€people'sÏpolice€were€required€to€study€and€apply€the€Convention.€€Lastly,€the€Penal€CodeÏvery€clearly€stipulated€that€judicial€bodies€charged€with€investigating€criminalÏcases€could€not€base€their€rulings€on€evidence€obtained€by€torture€or€illegalÏmeans€and€that,€in€the€absence€of€other€evidence,€no€penalty€could€be€handedÏdown.ÌÌ420.à2 .2àWith€reference€to€article€16€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€of€theÏState€party€explained€that€capital€punishment€was€reserved€for€persons€who€hadÏcommitted€only€the€most€heinous€crimes€and€its€application€was€subject€toÏextremely€strict€conditions.€€During€the€two„year€stay€of€execution,€theÏconvicted€person€was€subjected€to€reform€through€labour€and€his€conduct€wasÏmonitored€for€signs€of€successful€rehabilitation.€€The€death€penalty€wasÏtherefore€carried€out€only€in€exceptional€cases€in€which€offenders€resolutelyÏrefused€to€reform€or€committed€further€crimes€while€in€prison.€€Removal€ofÏorgans€without€the€permission€of€either€the€person€or€his€family€was€notÏstandard€practice.€€There€were,€however,€cases€in€which€permission€had€beenÏgiven€to€remove€organs€from€the€bodies€of€persons€executed.ÌÌ421.à2 .2àResponding€to€other€questions,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€saidÏthat€reconsideration€of€the€reservation€made€by€China€to€article€30€of€theÏConvention€was€under€way.€€Furthermore,€the€Committee's€views€regarding€theÏreservation€entered€in€respect€of€article€20€would€be€duly€taken€into€account.ÌÌ422.à2 .2àLastly,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€drew€the€Committee'sÏattention€to€the€fact€that€a€great€deal€of€the€material€referred€to€by€itsÏmembers€had€been€supplied€by€non„governmental€organizations,€some€of€which€wereÏparticularly€biased€against€China.€€The€credibility€of€such€material€wasÏtherefore€questionable.€€The€report€of€the€Special€Rapporteur€on€questions€ofÏtorture€had€used€the€same€sources€of€information€and€had€to€be€treated€withÏequal€caution.€€China€was€making€valiant€efforts€to€improve€its€legal€system€andÏpromote€democracy.€€Any€violations€of€the€Convention€were€merely€isolated€casesÏand€were€not€representative€of€the€policy€of€the€Government€of€China.ÌÌòòConclusions€and€recommendationsóóÌÌ423.à2 .2àThe€Committee€expressed€its€gratitude€for€the€detailed€report€submitted€byÏthe€Government€of€China,€which€was€in€conformity€with€the€Committee'sÏguidelines,€as€well€as€for€the€explanations€provided€by€the€delegation.ÌÌ424.à2 .2àThe€Committee€took€note€with€satisfaction€of€the€many€legislative,€judicialÏand€administrative€measures€which€had€been€adopted€by€the€Government€in€order€toÏcomply€with€the€various€provisions€of€the€Convention.€€The€Committee€welcomed,Ïin€particular,€the€reforms€relating€to€the€Penal€Code€and€the€efforts€made€toÏraise€public€awareness€through€the€printing€of€textbooks€used€in€information,Ïeducation,€training,€promotion€and€protection€programmes€in€the€area€of€humanÏrights.ÌÌ425.€Although€the€Committee€was€aware€of€the€obvious€difficulties€facing€China,Ïit€expressed€concern€at€the€use€of€administrative€detention€and€the€cases€ofÏtorture€alleged€and€deplored€by€various€non„governmental€organizations,€inÏparticular€in€Tibet.€€It€recommended€that€energetic€measures€be€taken€by€theÏauthorities€to€prevent€such€cases€and€to€punish€those€responsible€and€requestedÏprecise€statistical€data€concerning€the€number€of€persons€in€administrativeÏdetention,€sentenced€to€capital€punishment€and€executed.ÌÌ426.à2 .2àThe€Committee€also€called€upon€the€Government€to€consider€makingÏdeclarations€with€regard€to€articles€21€and€22€of€the€Convention€and€withdrawingÏthe€reservation€entered€in€respect€of€article€20€of€the€Convention.̇427.à2 .2àThe€Committee€recommended€that€arrested€or€detained€persons€should€haveÏmore€extensive€guarantees€immediately€following€their€arrest€and€that€theirÏfamily,€lawyer€or€doctor€should€have€prompt€and€regular€access€to€them.€€InÏorder€to€guarantee€the€protection€of€detainees€during€interrogation,€separationÏbetween€the€authorities€responsible€for€detention,€on€the€one€hand,€andÏinvestigation,€on€the€other,€should€be€provided€for.€€The€conduct€ofÏinterrogations€should€be€monitored€in€the€framework€of€administrative€and€otherÏforms€of€detention.€€In€that€regard,€legislation€could€be€considered€that€wouldÏenable€detainees€to€lodge€complaints€and€allow€plaintiffs€and€witnesses€to€beÏprotected€against€any€ensuing€ill„treatment€or€intimidation.ÌÌ428.à2 .2àThe€Committee€also€recommended€that€criminal€proceedings€be€systematicallyÏinitiated€against€persons€accused€of€acts€of€torture.€€Those€procedures€shouldÏbe€conducted€independently€of€any€disciplinary€measures€taken€by€the€securityÏforces.€€Procedures€should€be€introduced€to€guarantee€the€medical€examination€ofÏpersons€detained€or€arrested,€to€be€carried€out€by€qualified€and€independentÏmedical€doctors,€immediately€following€arrest€and€at€regular€intervalsÏthereafter,€in€particular€before€release.€€Training€for€law€enforcementÏpersonnel,€members€of€the€armed€forces€and€medical€doctors€should€be€accentuatedÏand€extended€and€should€concern,€in€particular,€limitations€on€the€use€ofÏinstruments,€equipment€and€weapons€by€the€security€forces.ÌÌ429.à2 .2àFinally,€the€Committee€expressed€the€hope€that,€despite€the€difficultiesÏand€obstacles€which€might€be€encountered€by€the€Government€of€China,€theÏpolitical€will€and€the€various€legislative€measures€taken€or€envisaged€wouldÏlead€to€significant€progress€in€promoting€in„depth€research€into€theÏcircumstances€in€which€torture€was€practised€and€into€the€necessary€ways€andÏmeans€of€ending€or€at€least€reducing€the€incidence€of€torture.ÌÌòòSpainÌóóÌ430.à2 .2àThe€Committee€considered€the€second€periodic€report€of€SpainÏ(CATC/C/17/Add.10)€at€its€145th€and€146th€meetings,€on€23€April€1993€(seeÏCATC/C/SR.145€and€146€and€Add.4).ÌÌ431.à2 .2àThe€report€was€supplemented€orally€by€the€representative€of€the€StateÏparty,€who€explained€that,€further€to€the€recent€dissolution€of€Parliament,€theÏBill€concerning€a€new€Penal€Code,€mentioned€in€the€report,€was€to€be€taken€up€byÏthe€new€Government,€pursuant€to€article€115€of€the€Constitution.ÌÌ432.€Members€of€the€Committee€regretted€that€the€report€generally€contained€lessÏinformation€on€the€various€articles€of€the€Convention€and€their€actualÏapplication€than€had€the€initial€report.ÌÌ433.à2 .2àAs€to€the€constitutional€and€legal€framework€for€implementation€of€theÏConvention,€members€of€the€Committee€wanted€further€information€on€the€status€ofÏthe€Convention€in€the€Spanish€legal€system;€and€on€the€links€between€the€police,Ïthe€Public€Prosecutor's€Office€and€the€judiciary,€particularly€in€casesÏconcerning€security.€€They€asked€whether€cases€within€the€scope€of€theÏConvention€had€been€submitted€to€the€European€Commission€on€Human€Rights;Ïwhether€it€was€intended€to€publish€the€report€of€the€European€Committee€for€theÏPrevention€of€Torture€on€its€visit€to€Spain€in€April€1991;€and€whether€SpainÏconsidered€contributing€once€again€to€the€United€Nations€Voluntary€Fund€forÏVictims€of€Torture,€as€it€had€from€1987€to€1989.ÌÌ434.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€article€1,€read€together€with€article€4€of€the€Convention,Ïmembers€of€the€Committee€took€the€view€that€articles€204€òòbisóó€and€551€of€theÏSpanish€Penal€Code€were€more€restricted€in€scope€than€was€the€definitionÏcontained€in€article€1€of€the€Convention,€for€it€did€not€include,€for€example,€torture€inflicted€for€reasons€of€punishment.€€They€asked€whether€theÏConstitutional€Court€had€applied€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€by€goingÏbeyond€mere€mention€of€the€Convention€in€its€rulings.€€Clarifications€were€alsoÏrequested€in€connection€with€the€application€of€article€582€of€the€Penal€Code.ÌÌ435.à2 .2àWith€reference€to€article€2,€paragraph€1,€and€articles€4€and€11€of€theÏConvention,€taken€together,€members€of€the€Committee€referred€to€certainÏinformation€from€non„governmental€sources€about€cases€in€which€the€provisions€ofÏthe€Convention€were€said€to€have€been€violated.€€Clarification€was€requested€onÏthe€subject€of€allegations€of€ill„treatment€inflicted€on€persons€deprived€ofÏliberty,€in€prisons€or€police€stations,€particularly€during€questioning.€€Again,Ïclarification€was€requested€about€allegations€that€extremely€light€sentences,Ïgenerally€suspended,€were€systematically€handed€down€against€public€officialsÏwho€had€committed€acts€of€torture.€€It€was€also€asked€how€promotion€or€transferÏwithin€the€same€grade€of€members€of€the€forces€of€law€and€order€sentenced€forÏacts€of€torture€could€be€reconciled€with€the€spirit€of€the€Convention€and€theÏrelevant€decisions€of€the€Supreme€Court.ÌÌ436.à2 .2àMembers€of€the€Committee€asked€for€details€about€the€implementation€ofÏarticle€3€of€the€Convention€and€the€cases€mentioned€in€paragraph€15€of€theÏreport,€concerning€nearly€100€persons€of€Central€African€origin€said€to€haveÏbeen€provisionally€authorized€to€stay€on€Spanish€territory€pending€a€finalÏruling.€€They€also€asked€how€the€Spanish€authorities€made€sure€that€persons€whoÏwere€turned€back€or€expelled€were€not€subjected€in€their€own€country€to€cruel€orÏinhuman€treatment.ÌÌ437.à2 .2àClarification€was€also€requested€on€the€implementation€of€articles€5€to€7Ïof€the€Convention.ÌÌ438.à2 .2àFurther€information€was€requested€on€the€implementation€of€articles€8€and€9Ïof€the€Convention.ÌÌ439.à2 .2àWith€reference€to€article€10€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€CommitteeÏsaid€they€would€like€further€information€on€the€training€for€law€enforcementÏpersonnel€and€medical€staff,€and€on€the€measures€taken€to€publicize€theÏprovisions€of€the€Convention€as€widely€as€possible.ÌÌ440.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€article€11€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€askedÏfor€information€on€the€actual€implementation€of€the€instruction€concerningÏcompulsory€medical€assistance€for€detainees,€issued€by€the€Ministry€of€theÏInterior€in€June€1981.€€They€also€pointed€out€that€the€conditions€of€detentionÏin€Spanish€prisons€could€sometimes€be€likened€to€cruel€or€inhuman€treatment€andÏmentioned€in€this€connection€the€sanitary€conditions,€lack€of€ventilation€andÏprison€overcrowding,€the€repeated€measures€of€prolonged€isolation,€holdingÏsuspects€incommunicado€for€five€days,€frequent€transfers€from€one€prison€toÏanother,€which€made€visits€by€relatives€difficult,€and€the€arbitraryÏclassification€of€detainees€in€the€"first€degree"€category€when€they€had€not€yetÏÔ  Ôbeen€charged.€€Members€also€asked€what€measures€had€been€taken€so€that,€inÏpractice,€every€detainee€had€the€information€note€on€the€rights€of€detaineesÏmentioned€in€the€report;€and€how,€in€fact,€interrogation€methods€and€practicesÏwere€systematically€monitored.€€Details€were€also€requested€about€the€safeguardsÏwhen€suspected€members€of€armed€gangs€were€held€incommunicado,€partly€inÏconnection€with€the€right€of€access€to€a€lawyer.ÌÌ441.à2 .2àIn€connection€with€articles€12€and€13€of€the€Convention,€members€of€theÏCommittee€asked€for€statistical€data€about€the€number€of€automaticÏinvestigations,€investigations€conducted€further€to€complaints,€judgements€andÏsentences€in€cases€of€torture€and€ill„treatment.€€They€referred€to€a€report€byÏthe€People's€Advocate,€annexed€to€the€initial€report,€in€which€the€delay€in€court€proceedings€was€deplored€and€asked€what€measures€had€been€taken€for€theÏcourts€to€speed€up€the€processing€of€cases€of€torture€or€ill„treatment.€€TheyÏrequested€details€on€how€the€provincial€courts€worked€particularly€in€the€lightÏof€a€judgement€declaring€some€of€the€provisions€concerning€them€to€beÏunconstitutional.ÌÌ442.à2 .2àAs€to€article€14€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€asked€forÏclarification€about€the€conditions€in€which€a€victim€of€an€act€of€torture€couldÏobtain€redress,€particularly€when€the€guilty€person€was€a€public€official;€andÏon€what€basis€the€subsidiary€responsibility€of€the€State€or€another€body€underÏpublic€law€could€be€incurred.ÌÌ443.à2 .2àMembers€of€the€Committee€said€they€would€like€details€about€a€judgement€ofÏthe€Constitutional€Court€dated€15€April€1991€which€appeared€not€to€have€appliedÏthe€provisions€of€article€15€of€the€Convention;€and€about€paragraph€27€of€theÏreport,€which€did€not€appear€to€rule€out€completely€statements€that€wereÏobtained€under€torture.ÌÌ444.à2 .2àIn€his€reply,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€stated€that€publicationÏof€the€report€of€the€European€Committee€for€the€Prevention€of€Torture€followingÏits€visit€to€Spain€was€awaiting€a€political€decision€by€the€Council€ofÏMinisters.€€He€added€that€Spain€was€continuing€to€make€contributions€to€theÏUnited€Nations€Voluntary€Fund€for€Victims€of€Torture€and€for€the€year€1992€hadÏeffectively€doubled€its€contribution.ÌÌ445.à2 .2àWith€reference€to€the€allegations€if€ill„treatment€reported€by€theÏnon-governmental€organizations,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€brieflyÏdescribed€several€cases€of€alleged€ill„treatment€by€the€police€in€Benidorm,ÏIbiza€and€Mallorca.€€Investigations€had€immediately€been€initiated€by€the€PublicÏProsecutor's€Office:€€in€one€case,€an€officer€of€the€local€police€force€wasÏalleged€to€have€used€excessive€force€and,€in€another€case,€a€sergeant€had€beenÏcharged€with€an€offence€punishable€by€up€to€two€years'€imprisonment.€€In€noÏcircumstances€was€a€public€official€allowed€to€exceed€his€sphere€of€competenceÏand€the€penalty€imposed€in€such€a€case€was€more€severe€than€that€laid€down€forÏthe€same€acts€committed€by€a€private€individual.ÌÌ446.à2 .2àPardons€granted€in€respect€of€acts€of€torture€did€not€imply€any€complicityÏby€the€authorities€with€regard€to€the€misdemeanours€of€officials.€€In€one€caseÏinvolving€certain€members€of€the€òòGuardia€Civilóó,€a€pardon€had€been€granted€onÏaccount€of€the€period€of€12€years€which€had€elapsed€since€the€occurrence€andÏpursuant€to€the€policy€of€social€reintegration;€nevertheless,€the€officialsÏconcerned€had€been€dismissed€from€their€duties,€although€not€deprived€of€theirÏfreedom.€€Suspension€of€sentence€in€cases€where€the€penalty€was€less€than€oneÏyear€was€not€automatic€and€required€a€decision€by€a€judicial€body.€€In€oneÏinstance,€the€judicial€body€had€ordered€that€a€sentence€of€four€months'Ïimprisonment€concerning€a€member€of€the€òòGuardia€Civilóó€had€to€be€carried€out.ÌÌ447.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€articles€1€and€4€of€the€Convention,€the€representativeÏemphasized€that€any€form€of€degrading€or€harsh€treatment€inflicted€as€punishmentÏwas€deemed€torture€and€punished€accordingly€and€that€the€Committee's€concernsÏregarding€articles€204€and€551€of€the€Penal€Code€would€be€duly€taken€intoÏaccount€in€a€new€Bill€shortly€to€be€drafted€in€Spain.ÌÌ448.à2 .2àReferring€to€article€3€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€emphasizedÏthat€Spain's€geographical€location€encouraged€many€illegal€immigrants€to€seekÏasylum.€€There€had,€however,€been€no€cases€involving€racism€or€torture€againstÏimmigrants€or€foreigners.€€If€the€right€of€asylum€was€not€granted€to€a€person,Ïhe€was€returned€to€his€country€of€origin.ÌÌ449.à2 .2àWith€reference€to€article€10€of€the€Convention,€the€representativeÏexplained€that€prison€officials,€members€of€the€òòGuardia€Civilóó€and€medicalÏdoctors€were€given€human€rights€courses€especially€concerning€the€prohibition€ofÏtorture.ÌÌ450.à2 .2àReferring€to€article€11€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€explainedÏthat€the€maximum€permissible€period€of€incommunicado€detention€was€72€hours€forÏordinary€offences.€€In€the€case€of€an€offence€attributable€to€organized€crimeÏ(drug€traffickers€and€terrorists),€a€person€could€be€detained€for€up€to€fiveÏdays.€€In€such€cases,€the€detainee's€relatives€were€not€contacted,€and€the€rightÏto€a€lawyer€of€his€choice€not€exercised€until€a€judge€had€been€informed;€a€dutyÏlawyer€specializing€in€cases€of€drug€trafficking€or€terrorism€was,€however,Ïpresent€from€the€outset€and€any€doctor€chosen€by€a€detainee€could€produce€anÏentirely€independent€report.€€However,€irrespective€of€the€nature€of€the€allegedÏoffence,€the€rights€of€all€arrested€persons€were€fully€respected.€€He€furtherÏexplained€that€two€lawyers€were€currently€on€trial€in€Spain€charged€with€actingÏas€go„betweens€for€a€terrorist€organization,€and€a€third€was€facing€trial€onÏcharges€of€receiving€ransom€money.€€The€dispersal€to€separate€prisons€ofÏdetained€members€of€armed€gangs€was€a€policy€which€international€bodies€such€asÏthe€European€Court€of€Human€Rights€had€recognized€as€a€right€that€nationalÏauthorities€could€exercise€if€they€saw€fit.€€He€added€that€no€complaints€hadÏreached€the€European€Commission€on€Human€Rights€from€any€member€of€terrorist€orÏdrug€groups.ÌÌ451.à2 .2àA€person€under€arrest€was€immediately€informed€of€all€his€rights,€includingÏthe€rights€to€silence€and€to€the€services€of€a€lawyer€and€a€doctor,€and€noÏinterrogation€could€take€place€until€the€detainee's€lawyer€was€present.€€He€hadÏto€certify€that€he€had€been€informed€of€his€rights€when€taken€to€the€policeÏstation€and,€later,€in€the€presence€of€his€lawyer.€€Prisoners€were€given€a€fullÏmedical€examination€by€doctors€on€entry€and€a€test€for€AIDS,€if€they€requestedÏit.€€In€each€prison,€the€medical€director€had€to€check€the€physical€and€mentalÏhealth€of€prisoners€in€solitary€confinement€daily€and€such€punishment€wasÏsuspended€in€the€event€of€illness.ÌÌ452.à2 .2àSpain's€prison€regime€was€in€keeping€with€the€highest€internationalÏstandards.€€One€of€its€provisions€was,€for€instance,€that€no€penalty€could€beÏimposed€on€a€prisoner€if€any€action€was€pending€which€involved€the€prisonÏauthorities.€€The€General€Secretariat€for€Prison€Affairs€acted€constantly€toÏeradicate€all€possibilities€of€ill„treatment€of€prisoners€and€to€bring€any€suchÏcases€to€light.€€The€Office€of€the€People's€Advocate,€which€had€hithertoÏreceived€only€two€complaints€in€that€regard,€had€commented€favourably€on€theÏspeed€and€efficacy€of€its€work.ÌÌ453.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€articles€12€and€13€of€the€Convention,€the€representativeÏstated€that€article€24€of€the€Constitution€prohibited€unjustified€delays€inÏbringing€to€trial€officials€charged€with€torture€and€ill„treatment.€ÏCompensation€for€abnormal€delays€in€the€administration€of€justice€was€a€rightÏestablished€under€article€121€of€the€Constitution€and€under€article€292€of€theÏrelevant€Organization€Act.€€There€had,€however,€not€been€a€single€complaintÏabout€delay€in€the€administration€of€justice€relating€to€allegations€of€torture.ÌÌ454.à2 .2àConcerning€article€15€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€explained€thatÏcourts€attached€no€value€to€statements€obtained€under€torture€and€other€evidenceÏwas€required€for€a€conviction.ÌÌòòConclusions€and€recommendationsóóÌÌ455.à2 .2àThe€Committee€thanked€the€Government€of€Spain€for€its€report€and€theÏreplies€offered€by€its€delegation.̇456.à2 .2àThe€Committee€reiterated€the€concerns€it€had€expressed€at€the€end€of€theÏconsideration€of€the€initial€report,€particularly€regarding€the€need€for€all€theÏoffences€specified€in€article€1€of€the€Convention€to€be€punished€with€equalÏvigour€and€the€desirability€of€general€application€of€the€procedural€standardsÏrelating€to€the€holding€of€persons€incommunicado€and€to€the€choice€of€aÏtrustworthy€counsel.ÌÌ457.à2 .2àThe€Committee€also€expressed€its€concern€over€the€increase€in€the€number€ofÏcomplaints€of€torture€and€ill„treatment;€about€delays€in€the€processing€of€suchÏcomplaints;€and€at€the€apparent€impunity€of€a€number€of€perpetrators€of€torture.ÌÌ458.à2 .2àThe€Committee€welcomed€the€cooperation€of€the€State€party€and€expressed€itsÏconfidence€that€measures€would€be€adopted€by€Spain€that€would€improve€complianceÏwith€the€Convention.ÌÌÇ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€V.€€ACTIVITIES€OF€THE€COMMITTEE€UNDER€ARTICLE€20Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€OF€THE€CONVENTIONÌÌÌ459.à2 .2àIn€accordance€with€article€20,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Convention,€if€theÏCommittee€receives€reliable€information€which€appears€to€it€to€containÏwell-founded€indications€that€torture€is€being€systematically€practised€in€theÏterritory€of€a€State€party,€the€Committee€shall€invite€that€State€party€toÏcooperate€in€the€examination€of€the€information€and,€to€that€end,€to€submitÏobservations€with€regard€to€the€information€concerned.ÌÌ460.à2 .2àIn€accordance€with€rule€69€of€the€Committee's€rules€of€procedure,€theÏSecretary„General€shall€bring€to€the€attention€of€the€Committee€informationÏwhich€is,€or€appears€to€be,€submitted€for€the€Committee's€consideration€underÏarticle€20,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ461.à2 .2àNo€information€shall€be€received€by€the€Committee€if€it€concerns€a€StateÏparty€which,€in€accordance€with€article€28,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Convention,Ïdeclared€at€the€time€of€ratification€of,€or€accession€to,€the€Convention€that€itÏdid€not€recognize€the€competence€of€the€Committee€provided€for€in€article€20,Ïunless€that€State€party€has€subsequently€withdrawn€its€reservation€in€accordanceÏwith€article€28,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ462.à2 .2àThe€Committee's€work€under€article€20€of€the€Convention€thus€commenced€atÏits€fourth€session€and€continued€at€its€fifth€to€tenth€sessions.€€During€thoseÏsessions€the€Committee€devoted€the€following€number€of€closed€meetings€to€itsÏactivities€under€that€article:ÌÌà2 .2àà .àà . àà . àòòSessionsóóÓ 882^ Ì ÓÓ882 ÌÓàÌ .ÌàòòNumber€of€closed€meetingsóóÌÌà2 .2àà .àà . àFourthàÌ .Ìà€€€€€€€€€€€€Ó 882 ø| Ó4Ìà2 .2àà .àà . àFifthàø .øàà| .|à4Ìà2 .2àà .àà . àSixthàø .øàà| .|à3Ìà2 .2àà .àà . àSeventhàø .øàà| .|à2Ìà2 .2àà .àà . àEighthàø .øàà| .|à3Ìà2 .2àà .àà . àNinthàø .øàà| .|à3Ìà2 .2àà .àà . àTenthàø .øàà| .|à8ÌÌ463.à2 .2àIn€accordance€with€the€provisions€of€article€20€and€rules€72€and€73€of€theÏrules€of€procedure,€all€documents€and€proceedings€of€the€Committee€relating€toÏits€functions€under€article€20€of€the€Convention€are€confidential€and€all€theÏmeetings€concerning€its€proceedings€under€that€article€are€closed.ÌÇ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€VI.€€CONSIDERATION€OF€COMMUNICATIONS€UNDER€ARTICLE€22ÌÓÓ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€OF€THE€CONVENTIONÌÌÌÓ…+Ó464.à2 .2àUnder€article€22€of€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€InhumanÏor€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€individuals€who€claim€that€any€of€theirÏrights€enumerated€in€the€Convention€have€been€violated€by€a€State€party€and€whoÏhave€exhausted€all€available€domestic€remedies€may€submit€written€communicationsÏto€the€Committee€against€Torture€for€consideration.€€Thirty„one€out€of€72€StatesÏthat€have€acceded€to€or€ratified€the€Convention€have€declared€that€theyÏrecognize€the€competence€of€the€Committee€to€receive€and€consider€communicationsÏunder€article€22€of€the€Convention.€€Those€States€are:€€Algeria,€Argentina,€ÏAustralia,€Austria,€Canada,€Croatia,€Cyprus,€Denmark,€Ecuador,€Finland,€France,ÏGreece,€Hungary,€Italy,€Liechtenstein,€Luxembourg,€Malta,€Monaco,€Netherlands,ÏNew€Zealand,€Norway,€Portugal,€Russian€Federation,€Spain,€Sweden,€Switzerland,ÏTogo,€Tunisia,€Turkey,€Uruguay€and€Federal€Republic€of€Yugoslavia€(Serbia€andÏMontenegro).€€No€communication€may€be€received€by€the€Committee€if€it€concerns€aÏState€party€to€the€Convention€that€has€not€recognized€the€competence€of€theÏCommittee€to€do€so.ÌÌ465.à2 .2àConsideration€of€communications€under€article€22€of€the€Convention€takesÏplace€in€closed€meetings€(art.€22,€para.€6).€€All€documents€pertaining€to€theÏwork€of€the€Committee€under€article€22€(submissions€from€the€parties€and€otherÏworking€documents€of€the€Committee)€are€confidential.ÌÌ466.à2 .2àIn€carrying€out€its€work€under€article€22€of€the€Convention,€the€CommitteeÏmay€be€assisted€by€a€working€group€of€not€more€than€five€of€its€members,€whichÏsubmits€recommendations€to€the€Committee€regarding€the€fulfilment€of€theÏconditions€of€admissibility€of€communications€or€assists€it€in€any€manner€whichÏthe€Committee€may€decide€(rule€106€of€the€rules€of€procedure€of€the€Committee).ÌÌ467.à2 .2àA€communication€may€not€be€declared€admissible€unless€the€State€party€hasÏreceived€the€text€of€the€communication€and€has€been€given€an€opportunity€toÏfurnish€information€or€observations€concerning€the€question€of€admissibility,Ïincluding€information€relating€to€the€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies€(rule€108,Ïpara.€3).€€Within€six€months€after€the€transmittal€to€the€State€party€of€aÏdecision€of€the€Committee€declaring€a€communication€admissible,€the€State€partyÏshall€submit€to€the€Committee€written€explanations€or€statements€clarifying€theÏmatter€under€consideration€and€the€remedy,€if€any,€which€has€been€taken€by€itÏ(rule€110,€para.€2).ÌÌ468.à2 .2àThe€Committee€concludes€examination€of€an€admissible€communication€byÏformulating€its€views€thereon€in€the€light€of€all€information€made€available€toÏit€by€the€complainant€and€the€State€party.€€The€views€of€the€Committee€areÏcommunicated€to€the€parties€(art.€22,€para.€7,€of€the€Convention€and€rule€111,Ïpara.€3)€and€are€made€available€to€the€general€public.€€Generally,€the€text€ofÏthe€Committee's€decisions€declaring€communications€inadmissible€under€article€22Ïof€the€Convention€are€also€made€public.ÌÌ469.à2 .2àPursuant€to€rule€112€of€its€rules€of€procedure,€the€Committee€shall€includeÏin€its€annual€report€a€summary€of€the€communications€examined.€€The€CommitteeÏmay€also€include€in€its€annual€report€the€text€of€its€views€under€article€22,Ïparagraph€7,€of€the€Convention€and€the€text€of€any€decision€declaring€aÏÓÿ¿Ócommunication€inadmissible.*ÌÓÓ__________ÌÌÓ…+Óà2 .2à*à .àDecisions€taken€by€the€Committee€during€the€reporting€period€(ninthÏand€tenth€sessions)€do€not€concern€final€views€or€inadmissibility€of€aÏcommunication;€therefore€their€text€is€not€included€in€the€present€annualÏreport.̇470.à2 .2àDuring€the€time€covered€by€the€present€report€(ninth€and€tenth€sessions)Ïthe€Committee€had€four€communications€before€it€for€consideration€(Nos.6/1990,Ï7/1990,€8/1991€and€10/1993).ÌÌ471.à2 .2àIn€order€to€expedite€the€examination€of€communications,€the€Committee€atÏits€ninth€session€appointed€two€of€its€members€as€Rapporteurs€responsible€forÏcommunications€Nos.€6/1990,€7/1990€and€8/1991.ÌÌ472.à2 .2àAt€its€ninth€and€tenth€sessions,€the€Committee€continued€consideration€ofÏcommunication€No.€8/1991,€which€was€declared€admissible€at€the€eighth€session.€ÏPursuant€to€rule€110€of€the€rules€of€procedure,€the€Committee€requested€theÏState€party€to€provide€more€information€and€to€appoint€a€medical€specialist€toÏexamine€an€injury,€which€according€to€the€author€has€been€caused€by€torture.ÌÌ473.à2 .2àAt€its€ninth€session,€the€Committee€received€a€request€from€the€author€ofÏcommunication€No.€6/1990€(I.U.P.€v.€Spain,€declared€inadmissible€at€theÏCommittee's€seventh€session)€to€reopen€consideration€of€the€communication,€sinceÏthe€application€of€domestic€remedies€had€been€unreasonably€prolonged.€€HavingÏrequested€and€received€comments€from€the€State€party,€the€Committee€decided€atÏits€tenth€session€to€request€more€information€from€the€alleged€victim.ÌÌ474.à2 .2àDirect€contact€with€the€author€of€communication€No.€7/1990€remainedÏdifficult,€since€letters€addressed€to€him€were€routinely€returned€by€the€postalÏauthorities.€€In€February€1993,€the€Committee€was€informed€that€the€author€hadÏbeen€arrested€anew.€€Upon€the€request€of€the€Special€Rapporteur,€the€State€partyÏprovided€information€about€the€author's€state€of€health€and€about€his€arrest,Ïtrial€and€sentencing.€€During€its€tenth€session,€the€Committee€decided€toÏrequest€more€detailed€information€from€the€State€party.ÌÌ475.à2 .2àCommunication€No.€10/1993€was€registered€by€the€Committee€during€its€tenthÏsession.€€Under€rule€108€of€the€Committee's€rules€of€procedure,€the€State€partyÏwas€requested€to€furnish€information€or€observations€relevant€to€the€question€ofÏadmissibility€of€the€communication.ÌÇà@ì .€ àVII.€€FUTURE€MEETINGS€OF€THE€COMMITTEEˆÌÌÌ476.à2 .2àIn€accordance€with€rule€2€of€its€rules€of€procedure,€the€Committee€shallÏnormally€hold€two€regular€sessions€each€year.€€Regular€sessions€of€the€CommitteeÏshall€be€convened€at€dates€decided€by€the€Committee€in€consultation€with€theÏSecretary„General,€taking€into€account€the€calendar€of€conferences€as€approvedÏby€the€General€Assembly.ÌÌ477.à2 .2àAs€the€calendar€of€meetings€held€within€the€framework€of€the€United€NationsÏis€submitted€by€the€Secretary„General€on€a€biennial€basis€for€the€approval€ofÏthe€Committee€on€Conferences€and€the€General€Assembly,€the€Committee€tookÏdecisions€on€the€schedule€of€its€meetings€to€be€held€in€1994€and€1995.ÌÌ478.à2 .2àAccordingly,€the€Committee€at€its€144th€meeting,€on€22€April€1993,€decidedÏto€hold€its€regular€sessions€for€the€next€biennium€at€the€United€Nations€OfficeÏat€Geneva€on€the€following€dates:ÌÌà2 .2àà .àà . àTwelfth€sessionàø .øà18€to€29€April€1994Ìà2 .2àà .àà . àThirteenth€sessionàø .øà7€to€18€November€1994Ìà2 .2àà .àà . àFourteenth€sessionàø .øà24€April€to€5€May€1995Ìà2 .2àà .àà . àFifteenth€sessionàø .øà13€to€24€November€1995ÌÇà@ì .’ àVIII.€€ADOPTION€OF€THE€ANNUAL€REPORT€OF€THE€COMMITTEEˆÌÌÌ479.à2 .2àIn€accordance€with€article€24€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€shall€submitÏan€annual€report€on€its€activities€to€the€States€parties€and€to€the€GeneralÏAssembly.ÌÌ480.à2 .2àSince€the€Committee€will€hold€its€second€regular€session€of€each€calendarÏyear€in€late€November,€which€coincides€with€the€regular€sessions€of€the€GeneralÏAssembly,€the€Committee€decided€to€adopt€its€annual€report€at€the€end€of€itsÏspring€session€for€appropriate€transmission€to€the€General€Assembly€during€theÏsame€calendar€year.ÌÌ481.à2 .2àAccordingly,€at€its€152nd€and€153rd€meetings,€on€29€and€30€April€1993,€theÏCommittee€considered€the€draft€report€on€its€activities€at€the€ninth€and€tenthÏsessions€(CAT/C/X/CRP.1€and€Add.1„3,€CAT/C/X/CRP.2€and€Add.1„16€andÏCAT/C/VIII/CRP.3„6).€€The€report,€as€amended€in€the€course€of€the€discussion,Ïwas€adopted€by€the€Committee€unanimously.€€An€account€of€the€activities€of€theÏCommittee€at€its€eleventh€session€(8€to€11€November€1993)€will€be€included€inÏthe€annual€report€of€the€Committee€for€1994.ÌÌÌà@ì .òàòòNotesóóˆÌÌà2 .2àòò1óó/à .àFor€previous€discussion€of€this€question€in€the€Committee,€seeÏòòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„sixth€Session,€Supplement€No.€46óóÏ(A/46/46),€paras.€16„20;€ibid.,€òòForty„seventh€Session,€Supplement€No.€44óóÏ(A/47/44),€paras.€15„23;€and€CAT/C/SR.80,€105,€114€and€116.ÌÌà2 .2àòò2óó/à .àSee€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„fifth€Sessionóó,ÏòòSupplement€No.€44óó€(A/45/44),€paras.€14„16.ÌÌÇà@ì .ŽàòòAnnex€IóóˆÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€LIST€OF€STATES€WHICH€HAVE€SIGNED,€RATIFIED€OR€ACCEDED€TOòòóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€THE€CONVENTION€AGAINST€TORTURE€AND€OTHER€CRUEL,€INHUMANÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€OR€DEGRADING€TREATMENT€OR€PUNISHMENT€AS€AT€30€APRIL€1993ÌÌÔ*ƒ+, dÔÔ,° dd ÔÔ,° dd ÔÔ,@ dd€ÔÔ+  ÔÐ "€Á€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÌÌ€€€€€òòStateóóÐ  „„ÐÌÌòòDate€of€signatureóóÐ  „„ÐDate€of€receipt€of€theÌinstrument€of€ratification€Ïòò€€€€€€€or€accession€€€€€€€óóÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐAfghanistanÐ  „„Ѐ4€February€1985Ð  „„Ðàö .öà€1€April€1987Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐAlgeria€òòaóó/Ð  „„Ð26€November€1985Ð  „B„Ðàö .öà12€September€1989Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐArgentina€òòaóó/Ð  „„Ѐ4€February€1985Ð  „„Ðàö .öà24€September€1986Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐAustralia€òòaóó/Ð  „„Ð10€December€1985Ð  „„Ðàö .öà€8€August€1989Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐAustria€òòaóó/Ð  „„Ð14€March€1985Ð  „„Ðàö .öà29€July€1987Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐBelarusÐ  „„Ð19€December€1985Ð  „„Ðàö .öà13€March€1987Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐBelgiumÐ  „„Ѐ4€February€1985Ð  „„ÐÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐBelizeÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„Ðàö .öà17€March€1986€òòbóó/Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐBeninÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„Ðàö .öà12€March€1992€òòbóó/Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐBoliviaÐ  „„Ѐ4€February€1985Ð  „„ÐÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐBrazilÐ  „„Ð23€September€1985Ð  „„Ðàö .öà28€September€1989Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐBulgariaÐ  „„Ð10€June€1986Ð  „„Ðàö .öà16€December€1986Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐBurundiÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„Ðàö .öà18€February€1993€òòbóó/òòóóÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐCambodiaÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„Ðàö .öà15€October€1992€òòbóó/Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐCameroonÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„Ðàö .öà19€December€1986€òòbóó/Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐCanada€òòaóó/òòóóÐ  „„Ð23€August€1985Ð  „„Ðàö .öà24€June€1987Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐCape€VerdeÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„Ðàö .öà€4€June€1992€òòbóó/Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐChileÐ  „„Ð23€September€1987Ð  „„Ðàö .öà30€September€1988Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐChinaÐ  „„Ð12€December€1986Ð  „„Ðàö .öà€4€October€1988Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐColombiaÐ  „„Ð10€April€1985Ð  „„Ðàö .öà€8€December€1987Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐCosta€RicaÐ  „„Ѐ4€February€1985Ð  „„ÐÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐCroatia€òòaóó/Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„Ðàö .öà€8€October€1991€òòcóó/Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐCubaÐ  „„Ð27€January€1986Ð  „„ÐÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐCyprus€òòaóó/Ð  „„Ѐ9€October€1985Ð  „„Ðàö .öà18€July€1991Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐCzech€RepublicÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„Ðàö .öà€1€January€1993€òòcóó/Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐDenmark€òòaóó/Ð  „„Ѐ4€February€1985Ð  „„Ðàö .öà27€May€1987Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐDominican€RepublicÐ  „„Ѐ4€February€1985Ð  „„ÐÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐEcuador€òòaóó/Ð  „„Ѐ4€February€1985Ð  „„Ðàö .öà30€March€1988Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐEgyptÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„Ðàö .öà25€June€1986€òòbóó/Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐEstoniaÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„Ðàö .öà21€October€1991€òòbóó/Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐFinland€òòaóó/Ð  „„Ѐ4€February€1985Ð  „„Ðàö .öà30€August€1989Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐFrance€òòaóó/Ð  „„Ѐ4€February€1985Ð  „„Ðàö .öà18€February€1986Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐGabonÐ  „„Ð21€January€1986Ð  „„ÐÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐGambiaÐ  „„Ð23€October€1985Ð  „„ÐÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐGermanyÐ  „„Ð13€October€1986Ð  „„Ðàö .öà€1€October€1990Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐGreece€òòaóó/Ð  „„Ѐ4€February€1985Ð  „„Ðàö .öà€6€October€1988Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐGuatemalaÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„Ðàö .öà€5€January€1990€òòbóó/Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐGuineaÐ  „„Ð30€May€1986Ð  „„Ðàö .öà10€October€1989Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐGuyanaÐ  „„Ð25€January€1988Ð  „„Ðàö .öà19€May€1988Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐHungary€òòaóó/Ð  „„Ð28€November€1986Ð  „„Ðàö .öà15€April€1987Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐIcelandÐ  „„Ѐ4€February€1985Ð  „„ÐÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐIndonesiaÐ  „„Ð23€October€1985Ð  „„ÐÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐIrelandÐ  „„Ð28€September€1992Ð  „„ÐÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐIsraelÐ  „„Ð22€October€1986Ð  „„Ðàö .öà€3€October€1991Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐItaly€òòaóó/Ð  „„Ѐ4€February€1985Ð  „„Ðàö .öà12€January€1989Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐJordanÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„Ðàö .öà13€November€1991€òòbóó/Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐLatviaÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„Ðàö .öà14€April€1992€òòbóó/Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐLibyan€Arab€JamahiriyaÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„Ðàö .öà16€May€1989€òòbóó/Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐLiechtenstein€òòaóó/Ð  „„Ð27€June€1985Ð  „„Ðàö .öà€2€November€1990Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐLuxembourg€òòaóó/Ð  „„Ð22€February€1985Ð  „„Ðàö .öà29€September€1987Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐMalta€òòaóó/Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„Ðàö .öà13€September€1990€òòbóó/Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐMauritiusÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„Ðàö .öà€9€December€1992€òòbóó/Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐMexicoÐ  „„Ð18€March€1985Ð  „„Ðàö .öà23€January€1986Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐMonaco€òòaóó/Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„Ðàö .öà€6€December€1991€òòbóó/Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐMoroccoÐ  „„Ѐ8€January€1986Ð  „„ÐÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐNepalÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„Ðàö .öà14€May€1991€òòbóó/Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐNetherlands€òòaóó/Ð  „„Ѐ4€February€1985Ð  „„Ðàö .öà21€December€1988Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐNew€Zealand€òòaóó/Ð  „„Ð14€January€1986Ð  „„Ðàö .öà10€December€1989Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐNicaraguaÐ  „„Ð15€April€1985Ð  „„ÐÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐNigeriaÐ  „„Ð28€July€1988Ð  „„ÐÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐNorway€òòaóó/Ð  „„Ѐ4€February€1985Ð  „„Ðàö .öà€9€July€1986Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐPanamaÐ  „„Ð22€February€1985Ð  „„Ðàö .öà24€August€1987Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐParaguayÐ  „„Ð23€October€1989Ð  „„Ðàö .öà12€March€1990Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐPeruÐ  „„Ð29€May€1985Ð  „„Ðàö .öà€7€July€1988Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐPhilippinesÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„Ðàö .öà18€June€1986€òòbóó/Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐPoland€Ð  „„Ð13€January€1986Ð  „„Ðàö .öà26€July€1989Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐPortugal€òòaóó/Ð  „„Ѐ4€February€1985Ð  „„Ðàö .öà€9€February€1989Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐRomaniaÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„Ðàö .öà18€December€1990€òòbóó/Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐRussian€Federation€òòaóó/Ð  „„Ð10€December€1985Ð  „„Ðàö .öà€3€March€1987Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐSenegal€Ð  „„Ѐ4€February€1985Ð  „„Ðàö .öà21€August€1986Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐSeychellesÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„Ðàö .öà€5€May€1992€òòbóó/Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐSierra€LeoneÐ  „„Ð18€March€1985Ð  „„ÐÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐSomaliaÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„Ðàö .öà24€January€1990€òòbóó/Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐSouth€AfricaÐ  „„Ð29€January€1993Ð  „„ÐÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐSpain€òòaóó/Ð  „„Ѐ4€February€1985Ð  „„Ðàö .öà21€October€1987Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐSudanÐ  „„Ѐ4€June€1986Ð  „„ÐÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐSweden€òòaóó/Ð  „„Ѐ4€February€1985Ð  „„Ðàö .öà€8€January€1986Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐSwitzerland€òòaóó/Ð  „„Ѐ4€February€1985Ð  „„Ðàö .öà€2€December€1986Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐTogo€òòaóó/Ð  „„Ð25€March€1987Ð  „„Ðàö .öà18€November€1987Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐTunisia€òòaóó/Ð  „„Ð26€August€1987Ð  „„Ðàö .öà23€September€1988Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐTurkey€òòaóó/Ð  „„Ð25€January€1988Ð  „„Ðàö .öà€2€August€1988Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐUgandaÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„Ðàö .öà€3€November€1986€òòbóó/Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐUkraineÐ  „„Ð27€February€1986Ð  „„Ðàö .öà24€February€1987Ð "€Á€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐUnited€Kingdom€ofÌGreat€Britain€andÌNorthern€Ireland€òòdóó/Ð  „„ÐÌÌ15€March€1985Ð  „„ÐÌÌàö .öà€8€December€1988Ð "€þ€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐUnited€States€ofÏAmericaÐ  „„ÐÌ18€April€1988Ð  „„ÐÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐUruguay€òòaóó/Ð  „„Ѐ4€February€1985Ð  „„Ðàö .öà24€October€1986Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐVenezuelaÐ  „„Ð15€February€1985Ð  „„Ðàö .öà29€July€1991Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐYemenÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„Ðàö .öà€5€November€1991€òòbóó/Ð "€þ€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐYugoslavia€(SerbiaÌand€Montenegro)€òòaóó/Ð  „„ÐÌ18€April€1989Ð  „„ÐÌàö .öà10€September€1991¿Ó882 Ó_________‚_ÌÌà2 .2àòòaóó/à .àMade€the€declaration€under€articles€21€and€22€of€the€Convention.ÌÌà2 .2àòòbóó/à .àAccession.ÌÌà2 .2àòòcóó/à .àSuccession.ÌÌà2 .2àòòdóó/à .àMade€the€declaration€under€article€21€of€the€Convention.ÌÇà@ì .\àòòAnnex€IIóóˆÌÌà@ì .† àMEMBERSHIP€OF€THE€COMMITTEE€AGAINST€TORTUREˆÌà@ì .Æà(1992„1993)ˆÌÌÔ*ƒ-. dÔÔ,Ð dd ÔÔ, dd ÔÔ,dd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ "€þ€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"Ðòòà– .–àName€of€memberóóÐ  „„ÐòòCountry€ofóó€ÌòònationalityóóÐ  „„ÐòòTerm€expiresÏon€31€DecemberóóÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐMr.€Hassib€Ben€AmmarÐ  „„Ðàf .fàTunisiaÐ  „„Ð1995Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐMr.€Peter€Thomas€BurnsÐ  „„Ðàf .fàCanadaÐ  „„Ð1995Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐMr.€Alexis€Dipanda€MouelleÐ  „„Ðàf .fàCameroonÐ  „„Ð1993Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐMr.€Fawzi€El€IbrashiÐ  „„Ðàf .fàEgyptÐ  „„Ð1995Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐMr.€Ricardo€Gil€LavedraÐ  „„Ðàf .fàArgentinaÐ  „„Ð1995Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐMr.€Yuri€A.€KhitrinÐ  „„Ðàf .fàRussian€FederationÐ  „„Ð1993Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐMr.€Hugo€LorenzoÐ  „„Ðàf .fàUruguayÐ  „„Ð1995Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐMr.€Dimitar€N.€MikhailovÐ  „„Ðàf .fàBulgariaÐ  „„Ð1993Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐMr.€Bent€SrensenÐ  „„Ðàf .fàDenmarkÐ  „„Ð1993Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐMr.€Joseph€VoyameÐ  „„Ðàf .fàSwitzerlandÐ  „„Ð1993¿ÌÇÔ€ÔÔS€/,xÐðA`&UniversScalableSÔà@ì .×àòòAnnex€IIIˆÌÌà@ì .Ø àóóSTATUS€OF€SUBMISSION€OF€REPORTS€BY€STATES€PARTIES€UNDER€ARTICLE19ˆÌà@ì .UàOF€THE€CONVENTION€AS€AT€30€APRIL1993ˆÌÌà@ì .ÍàA.òòInitial€reportsˆÌÌà@ì ./àInitial€reports€due€in€1988€(27óó)ˆÌÔ*ƒ01 dÔÔ, dd ÔÔ,ôdd ÔÔ,ôdd ÔÔ,ôdd ÔÔ,œdd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ "€€€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐòòÓÌÌÓState€partyóóÐ  „„Ѐ€€€€Date€of€entryÌòò€€€€€€€into€force€€€€€€óóÐ  „„Ѐ€€€€Initial€reportÌòò€€€€€€€€date€due€€€€€€€€óóÐ  „„ÐòòDate€of€submissionóóÐ  „„Ѐ€€€€€òòSymbolóóÐ "€:€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÓ…+ÓAfghanistanÐ  „„Ð26June1987Ð  „„Ð25June1988Ð  „„Ð21January1992Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/5/Add.31Ð "€:€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐArgentinaÐ  „„Ð26June1987Ð  „„Ð25June1988Ð  „„Ð15December1988Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/5/Add.12/Rev.1Ð "€:€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐAustriaÐ  „„Ð28August1987Ð  „„Ð27August1988Ð  „„Ð10November1988Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/5/Add.10Ð "€:€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐBelarusÐ  „„Ð26June1987Ð  „„Ð25June1988Ð  „„Ð11January1989Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/5/Add.14Ð "€:€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐBelizeÐ  „„Ð26June1987Ð  „„Ð25June1988Ð  „„Ð18April1991Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/5/Add.25Ð "€:€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐBulgariaÐ  „„Ð26June1987Ð  „„Ð25June1988Ð  „„Ð12September1991Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/5/Add.28Ð "€:€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐCameroonÐ  „„Ð26June1987Ð  „„Ð25June1988Ð  „„Ð15/2/89€&€25/4/91Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/5/Add.16€&€26Ð "€:€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐCanadaÐ  „„Ð24July1987Ð  „„Ð23July1988Ð  „„Ð16January1989Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/5/Add.15Ð "€:€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐDenmarkÐ  „„Ð26June1987Ð  „„Ð25June1988Ð  „„Ð26July1988Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/5/Add.4Ð "€:€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐEgyptÐ  „„Ð26June1987Ð  „„Ð25June1988Ð  „„Ð26/7/88€&€20/11/90Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/5/Add.5€&€23Ð "€:€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐFranceÐ  „„Ð26June1987Ð  „„Ð25June1988Ð  „„Ð30June1988Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/5/Add.2Ð "€¾€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÓÌÌÓGerman€DemocraticÏRepublicÓ…+ÓÐ  „„Ð9October1987Ð  „„Ð8October1988Ð  „„Ð19December1988Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/5/Add.13Ð "€:€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐHungaryÐ  „„Ð26June1987Ð  „„Ð25June1988Ð  „„Ð25October1988Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/5/Add.9Ð "€:€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐLuxembourgÐ  „„Ð29October1987Ð  „„Ð28October1988Ð  „„Ð15October1991Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/5/Add.29Ð "€:€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐMexicoÐ  „„Ð26June1987Ð  „„Ð25June1988Ð  „„Ð10/8/88€&€13/2/90Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/5/Add.7€&€22Ð "€:€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐNorwayÐ  „„Ð26June1987Ð  „„Ð25June1988Ð  „„Ð21July1988Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/5/Add.3Ð "€:€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐPanamaÐ  „„Ð23September1987Ð  „„Ð22September1988Ð  „„Ð28January1991Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/5/Add.24Ð "€:€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐPhilippinesÐ  „„Ð26June1987Ð  „„Ð25June1988Ð  „„Ð26/7/88€&€28/4/89Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/5/Add.6€&€18Ð "€:€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐRussian€FederationÐ  „„Ð26June1987Ð  „„Ð25June1988Ð  „„Ð6December1988Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/5/Add.11Ð "€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐSenegalÐ  „„Ð26June1987Ð  „„Ð25June1988Ð  „„Ð30October1989Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/5/Add.19Ì(Replacing€Add.8)Ð "€:€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐSpainÐ  „„Ð20November1987Ð  „„Ð19November1988Ð  „„Ð19March1990Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/5/Add.21Ð "€:€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐSwedenÐ  „„Ð26June1987Ð  „„Ð25June1988Ð  „„Ð23June1988Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/5/Add.1Ð "€:€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐSwitzerlandÐ  „„Ð26June1987Ð  „„Ð25June1988Ð  „„Ð14April1989Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/5/Add.17Ð "€:€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐTogoÐ  „„Ð18December1987Ð  „„Ð17December1988Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€:€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐUgandaÐ  „„Ð26June1987Ð  „„Ð25June1988Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€:€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐUkraineÐ  „„Ð26June1987Ð  „„Ð25June1988Ð  „„Ð17January1990Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/5/Add.20Ð "€€€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐUruguayÐ  „„Ð26June1987Ð  „„Ð25June1988Ð  „„Ð6/6/91€&€5/12/91Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/5/Add.27€&€30ÌÌÌÐ &€:€‚x‚ƒƒ„„……&Ðà@D .‡àòòInitial€reports€due€in€1989€(10óó)ˆÐ "€€€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐòòÓÌÌÓState€partyóóÐ  „„Ѐ€€€€Date€of€entryÌòò€€€€€€€into€force€€€€€€óóÐ  „„Ѐ€€€€Initial€reportÌòò€€€€€€€€date€due€€€€€€€€óóÐ  „„ÐòòDate€of€submissionóóÐ  „„Ѐ€€€€€òòSymbolóóÐ "€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐChileÐ  „„Ð30October1988Ð  „„Ð29October1989Ð  „„Ð21/9/89€&€5/11/90Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/7/Add.2€&€9Ð "€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐChinaÐ  „„Ð3November1988Ð  „„Ð2November1989Ð  „„Ð1/12/89€&€8/10/92Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/7/Add.5€&€14Ð "€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐColombiaÐ  „„Ð7January1988Ð  „„Ð6January1989Ð  „„Ð24/4/89€&€28/8/90Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/7/Add.1€&€10Ð "€¾€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÓÌÌÓCzech€and€SlovakÏFederal€RepublicÓ…+ÓÐ  „„Ð6August1988Ð  „„Ð5August1989Ð  „„Ð21/11/89€&€14/5/91Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/7/Add.4€&€12Ð "€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐEcuadorÐ  „„Ð29April1988Ð  „„Ð28April1989Ð  „„Ð27/6/90,€28/2/91€&Ï26/9/91Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/7/Add.7,€11€&Ï13Ð "€:€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐGreeceÐ  „„Ð5November1988Ð  „„Ð4November1989Ð  „„Ð8August1990Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/7/Add.8Ð "€:€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐGuyanaÐ  „„Ð18June1988Ð  „„Ð17June1989Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€:€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐPeruÐ  „„Ð6August1988Ð  „„Ð5August1989Ð  „„Ð9November1992Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/7/Add.15Ð "€:€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐTunisiaÐ  „„Ð23October1988Ð  „„Ð22October1989Ð  „„Ð25October1989Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/7/Add.3Ð "€:€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐTurkeyÐ  „„Ð1September1988Ð  „„Ð31August1989Ð  „„Ð24April1990Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/7/Add.6Ð &€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„……&ÐÌà@D .‡àòòInitial€reports€due€in€1990€(11óó)ˆÐ "€€€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐòòÓÌÌÓState€partyóóÐ  „„Ѐ€€€€Date€of€entryÌòò€€€€€€€into€force€€€€€€óóÐ  „„Ѐ€€€€Initial€reportÌòò€€€€€€€€date€due€€€€€€€€óóÐ  „„ÐòòDate€of€submissionóóÐ  „„Ѐ€€€€€òòSymbolóóÐ "€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐAlgeriaÐ  „„Ð12October1989Ð  „„Ð11October1990Ð  „„Ð13February1991Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/9/Add.5Ð "€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐAustraliaÐ  „„Ð7September1989Ð  „„Ð6September1990Ð  „„Ð27/8/91€&€11/6/92Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/9/Add.8€&€11Ð "€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐBrazilÐ  „„Ð28October1989Ð  „„Ð27October1990Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐFinlandÐ  „„Ð29September1989Ð  „„Ð28September1990Ð  „„Ð28September1990Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/9/Add.4Ð "€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐGuineaÐ  „„Ð9November1989Ð  „„Ð8November1990Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐItalyÐ  „„Ð11February1989Ð  „„Ð10February1990Ð  „„Ð30December1991Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/9/Add.9Ð "€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÓÌÌÓLibyan€ArabÏJamahiriyaÓ…+ÓÐ  „„Ð15June1989Ð  „„Ð14June1990Ð  „„Ð14/5/91€&€27/8/92Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/9/Add.7€&Ï12/Rev.1Ð "€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐNetherlandsÐ  „„Ð20January1989Ð  „„Ð19January1990Ð  „„Ð14/3/90,€11/9/90€&Ï13/9/90Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/9/Add.1„3Ð "€:€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐPolandÐ  „„Ð25August1989Ð  „„Ð24August1990Ð  „„Ð22March1993Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/9/Add.13Ð "€:€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐPortugalÐ  „„Ð11March1989Ð  „„Ð10March1990Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€B€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÓÌÌÓUnited€Kingdom€ofÏGreat€Britain€andÏNorthern€IrelandÓ…+ÓÐ  „„Ð7January1989Ð  „„Ð6January1990Ð  „„Ð22/3/91,€30/4/92€&Ï31/3/93Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/9/Add.6,€10€&Ï14Ð &€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„……&ÐÌà@D .±àòòInitial€reports€due€in€1991€(7óó)ˆÐ "€€€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐòòÓÌÌÓState€partyóóÐ  „„Ѐ€€€€Date€of€entryÌòò€€€€€€€into€force€€€€€€óóÐ  „„Ѐ€€€€Initial€reportÌòò€€€€€€€€date€due€€€€€€€€óóÐ  „„ÐòòDate€of€submissionóóÐ  „„Ѐ€€€€€òòSymbolóóÐ "€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐGermanyÐ  „„Ð31October1990Ð  „„Ð30October1991Ð  „„Ð9March1992Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/12/Add.1Ð "€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐGuatemalaÐ  „„Ð4February1990Ð  „„Ð3February1991Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐLiechtensteinÐ  „„Ð2December1990Ð  „„Ð1December1991Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐMaltaÐ  „„Ð13October1990Ð  „„Ð12October1991Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐNew€ZealandÐ  „„Ð9January1990Ð  „„Ð8January1991Ð  „„Ð29July1992Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/12/Add.2Ð "€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐParaguayÐ  „„Ð11April1990Ð  „„Ð10April1991Ð  „„Ð13January1993Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/12/Add.3Ð "€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐSomaliaÐ  „„Ð23February1990Ð  „„Ð22February1991Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ &€€€‚x‚ƒƒ„„……&ÐÌà@D .‡àòòInitial€reports€due€in€1992€(10óó)ˆÐ "€€€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐòòÓÌÌÓState€partyóóÐ  „„Ѐ€€€€Date€of€entryÌòò€€€€€€€into€force€€€€€€óóÐ  „„Ѐ€€€€Initial€reportÌòò€€€€€€€€date€due€€€€€€€€óóÐ  „„ÐòòDate€of€submissionóóÐ  „„Ѐ€€€€€òòSymbolóóÐ "€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐCroatiaÐ  „„Ð8October1991Ð  „„Ð7October1992Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐCyprusÐ  „„Ð17August1991Ð  „„Ð16August1992Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐEstoniaÐ  „„Ð20November1991Ð  „„Ð19November1992Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐIsraelÐ  „„Ð2November1991Ð  „„Ð1November1992Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐJordanÐ  „„Ð13December1991Ð  „„Ð12December1992Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐNepalÐ  „„Ð13June1991Ð  „„Ð12June1992Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐRomaniaÐ  „„Ð17January1991Ð  „„Ð16January1992Ð  „„Ð14February1992Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/16/Add.1Ð "€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐVenezuelaÐ  „„Ð28August1991Ð  „„Ð27August1992Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐYemenÐ  „„Ð5December1991Ð  „„Ð4December1992Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€¾€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÓÌÌÓYugoslavia€(SerbiaÏand€Montenegro)Ó…+ÓÐ  „„Ð10October1991Ð  „„Ð9October1992Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ &€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„……&ÐÌà@D .±àòòInitial€reports€due€in€1993€(7óó)ˆÐ "€€€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐòòÓÌÌÓState€partyóóÐ  „„Ѐ€€€€Date€of€entryÌòò€€€€€€€into€force€€€€€€óóÐ  „„Ѐ€€€€Initial€reportÌòò€€€€€€€€date€due€€€€€€€€óóÐ  „„ÐòòDate€of€submissionóóÐ  „„Ѐ€€€€€òòSymbolóóÐ "€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐBeninÐ  „„Ð11April1992Ð  „„Ð10April1993Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐCambodiaÐ  „„Ð14November1992Ð  „„Ð13November1993Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐCape€VerdeÐ  „„Ð4July1992Ð  „„Ð3July1993Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐCzech€RepublicÐ  „„Ð1January1992Ð  „„Ð31December1993Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐLatvia€Ð  „„Ð14May1992Ð  „„Ð13May1993Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐMonaco€Ð  „„Ð5January1992Ð  „„Ð4January1993Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐSeychellesÐ  „„Ð4June1992Ð  „„Ð3June1993Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„пÇÔ€ôôôÔÔO€<þ6X9`("Courier 12cpiOÔÓ…+Óà@ì .ÒàB.€€òòPeriodic€reportsóóÙ*ÙÙ  ÙÙ*Ù× ƒ3 ××  ׈ÌÌà@ì . àòòSecond€periodic€reports€due€in€1992€(26óó)ˆÌÌÔ*ƒ45 dÔÔ,>dd ÔÔ,Údd ÔÔ,>dd ÔÔ,dd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ "€þ€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐòòState€partyóóÐ  „„ÐSecond€periodicÏòòreport€date€dueóóÐ  „„ÐòòDate€of€submissionóóÐ  „„Ѐ€€€òòSymbolóóÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐAfghanistanÐ  „„Ð25June1992Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐArgentinaÐ  „„Ð25June1992Ð  „„Ð29June1992Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/17/Add.2Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐAustriaÐ  „„Ð27August1992Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐBelarusÐ  „„Ð25June1992Ð  „„Ð15September1992Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/17/Add.6Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐBelizeÐ  „„Ð25June1992Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐBulgariaÐ  „„Ð25June1992Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐCameroonÐ  „„Ð25June1992Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐCanadaÐ  „„Ð23July1992Ð  „„Ð11September1992Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/17/Add.5Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐDenmarkÐ  „„Ð25June1992€Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐEgyptÐ  „„Ð25June1992Ð  „„Ð13April1993Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/17/Add.11Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐFranceÐ  „„Ð25June1992Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐHungaryÐ  „„Ð25June1992Ð  „„Ð23September1992Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/17/Add.8Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐLuxembourgÐ  „„Ð28October1992Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐMexicoÐ  „„Ð25June1992Ð  „„Ð21July1992Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/17/Add.3Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐNorwayÐ  „„Ð25June1992Ð  „„Ð25June1992Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/17/Add.1Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐPanamaÐ  „„Ð22September1992Ð  „„Ð21September1992Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/17/Add.7Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐPhilippinesÐ  „„Ð25June1992Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐRussian€FederationÐ  „„Ð25June1992Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐSenegalÐ  „„Ð25June1992Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐSpainÐ  „„Ð19November1992Ð  „„Ð19November1992Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/17/Add.10Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐSwedenÐ  „„Ð25June1992Ð  „„Ð30September1992Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/17/Add.9Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐSwitzerlandÐ  „„Ð25June1992Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐTogoÐ  „„Ð17December1992Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐUgandaÐ  „„Ð25June1992Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐUkraineÐ  „„Ð25June1992Ð  „„Ð31August1992Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/17/Add.4Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐUruguayÐ  „„Ð25June1992Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ&€Á€‚x‚ƒƒ„„……&ÐÌà@ì .N àòòSecond€periodic€reports€due€in€1993€(9óó)ˆÌÐ "€þ€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐòòState€partyóóÐ  „„ÐSecond€periodicÏòòreport€date€dueóóÐ  „„ÐòòDate€of€submissionóóÐ  „„Ѐ€€€òòSymbolóóÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐChileÐ  „„Ð29October1993Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐChinaÐ  „„Ð2November1993Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐColombiaÐ  „„Ð6January1993Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐEcuadorÐ  „„Ð28April1993€Ð  „„Ð21April1993Ð  „„ÐCAT/C/20/Add.1Ð "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐGreeceÐ  „„Ð4November1993€Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐGuyanaÐ  „„Ð17June1993Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐPeruÐ  „„Ð5August1993Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐTunisiaÐ  „„Ð22October1993Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐTurkeyÐ  „„Ð31August1993Ð  „„ÐÐ  „„пÌÇà@ì .\àòòAnnex€IVóóòòóóˆÌÌà@ì .ÊàCOUNTRY€RAPPORTEURS€AND€ALTERNATE€RAPPORTEURS€FOR€EACH€OFˆÌà@ì .ÊàTHE€REPORTS€OF€STATES€PARTIES€CONSIDERED€BY€THE€COMMITTEEˆÌÓÓà@ì .Þ àAT€ITS€NINTH€AND€TENTH€SESSIONSˆÌÌÌÓ…+Óà@ì .šàA.€€òòNinth€sessionóóˆÌÓ 88ÓÔ*ƒ67 dÔÔ,˜ dd ÔÔ,L dd ÔÔ,„dd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„@„"ÐReportÐ  „„ÐòòRapporteuróóÐ  „„ÐòòAlternateóóÐ "€þ€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐAfghanistan:€€initial€reportÌ(CAT/C/5/Add.31)Ð  „„ÐÌàü .üàMr.€SrensenÐ  „„ÐÌàH .HàMr.€BurnsÐ "€þ€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐArgentina:€€second€period€reportÌ(CAT/C/17/Add.2)Ð  „„ÐÌàü .üàMr.€LorenzoÐ  „„ÐÌàH .HàMr.€Ben€AmmarÐ "€þ€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐBelarus:€€second€periodic€reportÌ(CAT/C/17/Add.6)Ð  „„ÐÌàü .üàMr.€MikhailovÐ  „„ÐÌàH .HàMr.€Gil€LavedraÐ "€þ€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐGermany:€€initial€reportÌ(CAT/C/12/Add.1)Ð  „„ÐÌàü .üàMr.€VoyameÐ  „„ÐÌàH .HàMr.€MikhailovÐ "€Á€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐLibyan€Arab€Jamahiriya:Ìadditional€reportÌ(CAT/C/9/Add.12/Rev.1)Ð  „„ÐÌÌàü .üàMr.€SrensenÐ  „„ÐÌÌàH .HàMr.€BurnsÐ "€þ€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐMexico:€€second€periodic€reportÌ(CAT/C/17/Add.3)Ð  „„ÐÌàü .üàMr.€Gil€LavedraÐ  „„ÐÌàH .HàMr.€LorenzoÐ "€þ€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐNew€Zealand:€€initial€reportÌ(CAT/C/12/Add.2)Ð  „„ÐÌàü .üàMr.€El€IbrashiÐ  „„ÐÌàH .HàMr.€Gil€LavedraÐ "€þ€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐNorway:€€second€periodic€reportÌ(CAT/C/17/Add.1)Ð  „„ÐÌàü .üàMr.€SrensenÐ  „„ÐÌàH .HàMr.€KhitrinÐ "€þ€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐUkraine:€€second€periodic€reportÌ(CAT/C/17/Add.4)Ð  „„ÐÌàü .üàMr.€KhitrinÐ  „„ÐÌàH .HàMr.€El€IbrashiÐ "€+€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐUnited€Kingdom€of€Great€BritainÌand€Northern€Ireland€„Ìdependent€territories:Ìinitial€reportÌÓÓ(CAT/C/9/Add.10)Ð  „„ÐÌÌÌÌàü .üàMr.€BurnsÐ  „„ÐÌÌÌÌàH .HàMr.€VoyameÐ &€â€‚x‚ƒƒ„„……&ÐÌÓ…+Óà@ì .šàB.€€òòTenth€sessionóóˆÐ "€;€‚x‚ƒƒ„@„"ÐReportÐ  „„ÐòòRapporteuróóÐ  „„ÐòòAlternateóóÐ "€þ€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐCanada:€€second€periodic€reportÌ(CAT/C/17/Add.5)Ð  „„ÐÌàü .üàMr.€El€IbrashiÐ  „„ÐÌàH .HàMr.€VoyameÐ "€þ€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐChina:€€additional€reportÌ(CAT/C/7/Add.14)Ð  „„ÐÌàü .üàMr.€Dipanda€MouelleÐ  „„ÐÌàH .HàMr.€BurnsÐ "€þ€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐHungary:€€second€periodic€reportÌ(CAT/C/17/Add.8)Ð  „„ÐÌàü .üàMr.€MikhailovÐ  „„ÐÌàH .HàMr.€Ben€AmmarÐ "€þ€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐPanama:€€second€periodic€reportÌ(CAT/C/17/Add.7)Ð  „„ÐÌàü .üàMr.€SrensenÐ  „„ÐÌàH .HàMr.€BurnsÐ "€þ€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐSpain:€€second€periodic€reportÌ(CAT/C/17/Add.10)Ð  „„ÐÌàü .üàMr.€Gil€LavedraÐ  „„ÐÌàH .HàMr.€Ben€AmmarÐ "€Ž€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐSweden:€€second€periodic€reportÌÓ€Ó(CAT/C/17/Add.9)Ð  „„ÐÌàü .üàMr.€El€IbrashiÐ  „„ÐÌàH .HàMr.€Burns¿ÇÓ…+ÓÓ 882øÓà@ì .ŽàòòAnnex€VóóˆÌÌà@ì .¸ àLIST€OF€DOCUMENTS€ISSUED€FOR€THE€COMMITTEEˆÌà@ì .¦àDURING€THE€REPORTING€PERIODˆÌÌÌà@ì .šàA.€€òòNinth€sessionóóˆÌÌÓ 882øÓà2 .2àòòSymbolóóàø .øàòòTitleóóÌÌÓ 88ÈÄÓCAT/C/9/Add.10à0Ä .ÄàInitial€report€of€the€United€Kingdom:€€dependentÏterritoriesÌÌCAT/C/9/Add.11àÄ .ÄàAdditional€information€of€AustraliaÌÌCAT/C/9/Add.12/Rev.1àÄ .ÄàAdditional€report€of€the€Libyan€Arab€JamahiriyaÌÌCAT/C/12/Add.2àÄ .ÄàInitial€report€of€New€ZealandÌÌCAT/C/17/Add.1àÄ .ÄàSecond€periodic€report€of€NorwayÌÌCAT/C/17/Add.2àÄ .ÄàSecond€periodic€report€of€ArgentinaÌÌCAT/C/17/Add.3àÄ .ÄàSecond€periodic€report€of€MexicoÌÌCAT/C/17/Add.4àÄ .ÄàSecond€periodic€report€of€UkraineÌÌCAT/C/17/Add.5àÄ .ÄàSecond€periodic€report€of€CanadaÌÌCAT/C/17/Add.6àÄ .ÄàSecond€periodic€report€of€BelarusÌÌCAT/C/17/Add.7àÄ .ÄàSecond€periodic€report€of€PanamaÌÌCAT/C/19àÄ .ÄàProvisional€agenda€and€annotationsÌÌCAT/C/SR.119„136àÄ .ÄàSummary€records€of€the€ninth€session€of€the€CommitteeÌÌÌà@ì .šàB.€€òòTenth€sessionóóˆÌÌ€€€€€òòSymbolóó€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòTitleóóÌÌCAT/C/7/Add.14àÄ .ÄàAdditional€report€of€ChinaÌÌCAT/C/7/Add.15àÄ .ÄàInitial€report€of€PeruÌÌCAT/C/12/Add.3àÄ .ÄàInitial€report€of€ParaguayÌÌCAT/C/17/Add.8àÄ .ÄàSecond€periodic€report€of€HungaryÌÌCAT/C/17/Add.9àÄ .ÄàSecond€periodic€report€of€SwedenÌÌCAT/C/17/Add.10àÄ .ÄàSecond€periodic€report€of€SpainÌÌCAT/C/20à0Ä .ÄàNote€by€the€Secretary„General€listing€second€periodicÏreports€that€are€due€in€1993ÌÌCAT/C/21à0Ä .ÄàNote€by€the€Secretary„General€listing€initial€reportsÏthat€are€due€in€1993ÌÑ  чàÈ .Èà€òòSymbolóóàÄ .Äà€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòTitleóóÌÌÓ 88ÈÄÓCAT/C/22àÄ .ÄàProvisional€agenda€and€annotationsÌÌCAT/C/SR.137„153à0Ä .ÄàSummary€records€of€the€tenth€session€of€the€CommitteeÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌ93„35397€(E)à@ì .$à„89„ˆÌ