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MDL  ! !M GeneralAssembly LTYPETHENECESSARYINFORMATIONANDCHANGETHEPOSITIONOFTHETABIFNEEDED.Q  <LINE20ISNOWEQUIVALENTTOLINE3.2i.DONOTADDRETURNS.T e )   88  @ .$    ڄ Q )   @ .$    ڄ Q )   @ .$    ڄ k )  882   @ .$    ڄ      h )   8,    @ .$    ڄ k )  882   @ .$    ڄ k )  882   @ .$    ڄ h )   82   @ .$    ڄ("2$ d$!UKUS.,  TRX3'3'3' Letter3'TX  +88  uXXuu fX fXC  $#gC--'882^ X'  ++Ӏ  0  /("2$ d$!UKUS.,  TRX3'3'3' Letter3'TX  +88  uXXuu fX fXC  $#gC--'882^ X'  ++Ӏ  0  /  CRight ParRight-Aligned Paragraph NumbersI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)#|d<6X9`(CourierXx6X@`7X@<6X9`(Courierd6X@`7@/2AArialBoldS2pPG;.2AArialBold2pPG;/2AArialBold  2pPG; ($$UKUS.,  TRX3'3'3' Letter3'TX  +88  uXXuu fX fXC  $#gC--'882^ X' d# e37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)\^)esktoU d$!UKUS.,  TRX3'3'3' Letter3'TX  +88  uXXuu fX fXC  $ C--'882^ X'  I 8h0 UKUK.,  TRX3'X3'3' Letter3' LetterTXX  ++8888uuuuC  $$C--0882^ 882^0   < &KUEAz|!X p @ H@E!X!X uMD   UNITED X0 NATIONS  F ?eF' 8hdE8h?&OZJFz ,` @ H@E88&PUEAz|P e*  p @ H@EP *  BP * MbP MDuMbP* 88p882^*R8hX,,\   p Distr. p GENERAL p A/49/18 p 19September1994 p  p ORIGINAL:ENGLISH@ ?eF' 8HhdE8Hh? @ *882 888*0L|SU8hFortyninthsession@ REPORTOFTHECOMMITTEEONTHEELIMINATION@  'OFRACIALDISCRIMINATION*________________________ .49< S S S   2 *  Thepresentdocumentisamimeographedversionofthereportofthe X CommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscrimination.ThefinalreportwillbeissuedasOfficialRecordsoftheGeneralAssembly,FortyninthSession,SupplementNo.18(A/49/18).9436630(E)081094#.."/...@..\CONTENTS 88tt..tParagraphsPage   , )8 8 P")Letteroftransmittal..................................................P" .!6 .I. .ORGANIZATIONALANDRELATEDMATTERS...................116P" .!8 . .A. .StatespartiestotheInternationalConvention . . .ontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacial . . .Discrimination...................................12P" .!8 . .B.Sessionsandagenda..............................34P" .!8 . .C.Membershipandattendance........................57P" .!8 . .D. .Solemndeclaration...............................8P" .!9P" .P" . .E. .Electionofofficers.............................9P" .!9 . . .F.CooperationwiththeInternationalLabour . . .OrganizationandtheUnitedNationsEducational, . . .ScientificandCulturalOrganization.............1011P" .$!10 . .G. .Othermatters....................................1215P" .!10 . . .H. .Adoptionofthereport...........................16P" .!11 .II. .PREVENTIONOFRACIALDISCRIMINATION,INCLUDINGEARLY . .WARNINGANDURGENTPROCEDURES........................17111P" .!12 . .A.ActiontakenbytheCommittee....................21106P" .!13 . . .FederalRepublicofYugoslavia(Serbiaand . . .Montenegro)......................................2125P" .!13 . . .Croatia..........................................2629P" .!14 . . .Burundi..........................................3052P" .!15 . . .Rwanda...........................................5372P" .!18 . . .Israel...........................................7391P" .!21 . . .PapuaNewGuinea.................................92105P" .!23 . . .Otheraction.....................................106P" .!24 . .B.DecisionsadoptedbytheCommittee...............107109P" .!25 . . .ThehumanrightssituationinRwanda.............107P" .!25 . . .ThesituationinBurundi.........................108P" .!25 . . .Racistactsofterrorism.........................109P" .!25@ .CONTENTS(continued) 88tt .tParagraphsPage   , )8 8 P") . .C. .GeneralrecommendationsadoptedbytheCommittee.110P" .!26 . . .Establishmentofaninternationaltribunalto . . .prosecutetheperpetratorsofcrimesagainst̀humanity.........................................110P" .!26 . .D. .Workingmethodsunderthepreventionprocedures..111P" .!26 .4III. .CONSIDERATIONOFREPORTS,COMMENTSANDINFORMATION . .SUBMITTEDBYSTATESPARTIESUNDERARTICLE9OFTHE . .CONVENTION...........................................112572P" .!27 . .France...............................................116159P" .!27 . .Tunisia..............................................160180P" .!33 . .Sweden...............................................181208P" .!37 . .Morocco..............................................209231P" .!42 . .Norway...............................................232267P" .!45 . .Mauritius............................................268274P" .!50 . .Mali.................................................275283P" .!51 . .Barbados.............................................284291P" .!52 . .UnitedArabEmirates.................................292297P" .!53 . .Canada...............................................298331P" .!54 . .Senegal..............................................332361P" .!60 . .Egypt................................................362387P" .!65 . .Iceland..............................................388410P" .!69 . .Luxembourg...........................................411443P" .!72 . .Sudan................................................444478P" .!76 . .Spain................................................479511P" .!81 . .Australia............................................ .t512551P" .!87 . .Chad.................................................552565P" .!94 . .Afghanistan..........................................566572P" .!95 88t@ .CONTENTS(continued) 88tt .tParagraphsPage   , )8 8 P")   , )8 8 P") .IV. .CONSIDERATIONOFCOMMUNICATIONSUNDERARTICLE14OF . .THECONVENTION.......................................573583P" .!97 .V. .CONSIDERATIONOFCOPIESOFPETITIONS,COPIESOF . .REPORTSANDOTHERINFORMATIONRELATINGTOTRUSTAND . .NONSELFGOVERNINGTERRITORIESANDTOALLOTHER . .TERRITORIESTOWHICHGENERALASSEMBLYRESOLUTION . .1514(XV)APPLIES,INCONFORMITYWITHARTICLE15 . .OFTHECONVENTION....................................584587P" .!99 .VI. .ACTIONBYTHEGENERALASSEMBLYATITSFORTYEIGHTH . .SESSION..............................................588593P" .$!100 . .A.AnnualreportsubmittedbytheCommitteeonthe . . .EliminationofRacialDiscriminationunder . . .article9,paragraph2,oftheConvention........589591P" .$!100 . .B.Effectiveimplementationofinternational . . .instrumentsonhumanrights,includingreporting . . .obligationsunderinternationalinstrumentson . . .humanrights.....................................592593P" .$!101 .4VII. .STATUSOFSUBMISSIONOFREPORTSBYSTATESPARTIES . .UNDERARTICLE9,PARAGRAPH1,OFTHECONVENTION......594605P" .$!102 . .A.ReportsreceivedbytheCommittee................594599P" .$!102 . .B.ReportsnotyetreceivedbytheCommittee........600P" .$!103 . .C. .ActiontakenbytheCommitteetoensuresubmission . . .ofreportsbyStatesparties.....................601605P" .$!113 .VIII. .THIRDDECADETOCOMBATRACISMANDRACIAL . .DISCRIMINATION.......................................606611P" . 115@ .Annexes .I. .A. .StatespartiestotheInternationalConventionon . . . .theEliminationofAllFormsofRacial . . .Discrimination(139),asat19August1994...................P" .$!117 . .B. .Statespartiesthathavemadethedeclarationunder . . .article14,paragraph1,oftheConvention(20)..............P" .$!121&88 P"& 88t   , )8 8 P"))8 8,  P")&88Xx  P"&&88  P"&ӀII.Agendasofthefortyfourthandfortyfifthsessions.............P" .$!122 .A.Fortyfourthsession.....................................P" .$!122 . .B.Fortyfifthsession......................................P" .$!122@ .CONTENTS(continued) 88tt .tPage   , )8 8 P"))8 8, P"), .III. .DecisionsandgeneralrecommendationsadoptedbytheCommitteeat, ., .itsfortyfourthandfortyfifthsessions.......................P" .$!124, .IV. .OpinionoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacial, ., .Discrimination..................................................P" .$!128, .dV. .LetterfromtheChairmanoftheCommitteeontheEliminationof, ., .RacialDiscriminationtotheMinistersforForeignAffairsof, ., .Azerbaijan,Georgia,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,Lithuania,, ., .Tajikistan,TurkmenistanandUzbekistan.........................P" .$!137, .VI. .Listofdocumentsissuedforthefortyfourthandfortyfifth̀sessionsoftheCommittee.......................................P" .$!138, .VII. .DocumentsreceivedbytheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacial̀Discriminationatitsfortyfourthandfortyfifthsessionsiǹconformitywitharticle15oftheConvention....................P" .$!140, .8VIII. .CountryrapporteursforreportsconsideredbytheCommitteeat̀itsfortyfourthandfortyfifthsessions.......................P" .$!141@ .LETTEROFTRANSMITTAL# .19August1994Sir,, ., .TheCommittee'sreportfor1993detailedtheactionithadtakeninresponsetotheinvitationtoconsiderwaystobringtoyourattentionmassiveviolationsofhumanrights(A/48/18,annexIII).During1994,theCommitteehasutilizeditsnewprocedurestosendgoodofficesmissionstotheFederalRepublicofYugoslavia(SerbiaandMontenegro)andCroatia,toconductreviewsofthesituationsinBurundiandRwanda,andtorequestadditionalinformationfromIsraeland,indifferentterms,fromArgentinaandtheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.TheseactionsaredescribedinchapterII., ., .InourreviewoftheimplementationoftheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscriminationinRwanda,conductedon9March1994,theCommitteetooknoteofthefindingsofagroupofnon-governmentalorganizationsintheRapportdelaCommissioninternationaled'enqutesurlesviolationsdesdroitsdel'hommeauRwandadepuisle1eroctobre1990[ReportoftheInternationalCommissionofInquiryintoHumanRightsViolationsinRwandasince1October1990],published12monthsearlier.Subsequenteventshaveprovedtheaccuracyofthatreport'sdiagnosisofthethreatstopeaceinRwanda.TheCommission'srecommendationswerewelljudged,buttheyreceivedtoolittlesupportfromtheinternationalcommunitywithresultsthathavebeenonlytootragic.SubsequenteventsinRwandahavealsodemonstratedthatitwouldbemoreeffectivetotakepreventiveactionbeforeopenhostilitiesbreakout.Proceduresforearlywarningandurgentactiondesperatelyneedimprovement., ., .TheWorldConferenceonHumanRightsrecommendedthattreatybodiesandotherorgansreviewreportingproceduresinorder,bybettercoordination,toimprovetheirefficiencyandeffectiveness(ViennaDeclarationandProgrammeofAction(A/CONF.157/24(PartI)),chap.III,sect.II.E,paras.8789).TheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationregularlyreviewsitsworkingmethodswiththeseobjectivesinmind.ItplansitstimetablesoastorespondexpeditiouslytotheperiodicreportssubmittedbyStatesparties.During1994,itconsidered32reportssubmittedby14Statesparties.TheCommitteeusesitspowerstocallforadditionalinformationwhenitisconcernedaboutcurrentdevelopments,asdescribedabove.TheCommitteewasthepioneerindevisingaproceduretoreviewimplementationoftheConventioninStates,thesubmissionofwhosereportswasseriouslyoverdue;thisyearithasconductedsuchreviewsinrespectofsixStates.ThereiscurrentlynobacklogofreportsstillawaitingconsiderationbecauseofanydelayforwhichtheCommitteeisresponsible.Mr.BoutrosBoutrosGhaliSecretaryGeneralUnitedNationsHeadquartersNewYork, ., .Aspartofthereviewofitsprocedures,theCommitteehasthisyearmodifiedthestructureofitsreporttotheGeneralAssembly.Sincewebelievethatthepreventionofracialdiscriminationshouldreceivepriorityinourwork,wehavebroughtthissectionforwardtochapterII.Wehavechangedthesequenceofcertainchapterssothatmattersofsubstancecomebeforemattersofaformalnature., ., .TheCommitteehasdiscussedthequestionofsuccessiontotreatyobligationsarisingfromthedissolutionofStates,andhaswrittentothoseStatesoftheformerSovietUnionthathavenotsofardeclaredtheiradherencetotheConvention(seeannexV).882^ 2 .2In1991theCommitteedecidedthatitwouldinfutureadopt"concludingobservations"expressingthecollectiveviewreachedasaresultoftheexaminationofaStateparty'sreport.CircumstancesdifferverymuchfromoneStatetoanother,buttheCommitteehasneverthelesstotreatallStatesequally.Thishasmadethedraftingofconcludingobservationsaverytimeconsumingprocess.Originally,theconcludingobservationswereseenasconclusionstothesummariesofthedialogueswithStatepartieswhichappearedintheCommittee'sannualreportpublishedeachOctober.However,sinceinterestintheconcludingobservationsisgreatestimmediatelyfollowingtheexaminationofaStateparty'sreport,theCommitteehasagreedthatitsconcludingobservationsshouldbemadeavailableattheendofeachsession.TheCommitteealsoagreedthatthoseconcludingobservationsmustbecomprehensibletoreaderswhodonothavebeforethemthesummariesthatwillprecedethoseobservationsintheannualreport.TheCommitteethereforedecidedatitsfortyfourthsessionthattheseconcludingobservationsshouldhavetwomainsections:"principalsubjectsofconcern"willreflectmembers'questionsandcomments;while"suggestionsandrecommendations"willexpressonlycollectiveviews.2 .2Inresponsetoanindividualcommunicationwhichraisedthequestionofpossiblebiasonthepartofajuror,theCommitteeadoptedanopinionwhichisreproducedinannexIV.2 .2Finally,Sir,Itakepleasureinmentioningoneofthemosthopefuleventsofthepastyear,theinstallationofanewanddemocraticgovernmentinSouthAfrica.ThegeneralrevulsionfromsegregationistpoliciesinsouthernAfricawasoneoftheforcesthatledin1965totheadoptionoftheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination.TheendingofapartheiddoesnotmeanthattheConvention'sgoalshavebeenattained.RacialdiscriminationasdefinedintheConventioncanoccuranywhereintheworld.Eventsreferredtoearlierinthisletter,andatgreaterlengthinthebodyofthereport,showthatactionagainstracialdiscriminationneedstoremainoneoftheprioritiesoftheUnitedNations.2 .2Accept,Sir,theassurancesofmyhighestconsideration. 88Ӏ(Signed)Q .IvanGARVALOVQ . ChairmanQ .$CommitteeontheEliminationQ .ofRacialDiscrimination  UK     \R3'\ X      +C<6X9`(CourierC(  $(V882^     @ . I.ORGANIZATIONALANDRELATEDMATTERS̀A.StatespartiestotheInternationalConventiononthèEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination1.2 .2Asat19August1994,theclosingdateofthefortyfifthsessionoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscrimination,therewere139StatespartiestotheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination,whichwasadoptedbytheGeneralAssemblyinitsresolution2106A(XX)of21December1965andopenedforsignatureandratificationinNewYorkon7March1966.TheConventionenteredintoforceon4January1969inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofitsarticle19.2.2 .2Bytheclosingdateofthefortyfifthsession,20ofthe139StatespartiestotheConventionhadmadethedeclarationenvisagedinarticle14,paragraph1,oftheConvention.Article14oftheConventionenteredintoforceon3December1982,followingthedepositwiththeSecretaryGeneralofthetenthdeclarationrecognizingthecompetenceoftheCommitteetoreceiveandconsidercommunicationsfromindividualsorgroupsofindividualswhoclaimtobevictimsofaviolationbytheStatepartyconcernedofanyoftherightssetforthintheConvention.ThelistsofStatespartiestotheConventionandofthosewhichhavemadethedeclarationunderarticle14arecontainedinannexItothepresentreport.@ .nB.Sessionsandagenda3.2 .2TheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationheldtworegularsessionsin1994.Thefortyfourth(1013th1040thmeetings)andforty-fifth(1041st1069thmeetings)sessionswereheldattheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom28Februaryto18Marchandfrom1to19August1994respectively.4.2 .2Theagendasofthefortyfourthandfortyfifthsessions,asadoptedbytheCommittee,arereproducedinannexII.@ .BC.Membershipandattendance5.2 .2Inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofarticle8oftheConvention,theStatespartiesheldtheirfifteenthmeetingatUnitedNationsHeadquarterson17January19941/andelectedninemembersoftheCommitteefromamongthecandidatesnominatedtoreplacethosewhosetermofofficewasduetoexpireon19January1994.&  6.2 .2ThelistofmembersoftheCommitteefor1994-1996,includingthoseelectedorre-electedon17January1994,isasfollows: LX'   .Countryof .D .DTermexpires̀Name .nationality .D .Don19January ++Mr.MamoudABOUL-NASR** .Egypt8 .88 .81998Mr.HamzatAHMADU** .Nigeria8 .88 .81998Mr.MichaelParkerBANTON** .UnitedKingdomof8 .81998 .GreatBritainand .NorthernIrelandMr.TheodoorvanBOVEN .Netherlands8 .88 .81996Mr.AndrewCHIGOVERA* .Zimbabwe8 .81998Mr.IonDIACONU .Romania8 .88 .81996Mr.EduardoFERREROCOSTA .Peru8 .88 .81996Mr.IvanGARVALOV .Bulgaria8 .88 .81996Mr.RgisdeGOUTTES** .France8 .88 .81998Mr.CarlosLECHUGAHEVIA** .Cuba8 .88 .81998Mr.YuriA.RECHETOV .RussianFederation8 .88 .81996Mrs.ShantiSADIQALI .India8 .88 .81996Mr.AghaSHAHI** .Pakistan8 .88 .81998Mr.MichaelE.SHERIFIS** .Cyprus8 .88 .81998Mr.SONGShuhua .China8 .88 .81996Mr.LuisVALENCIARODRIGUEZ .Ecuador8 .88 .81996Mr.RdigerWOLFRUM** .Germany8 .88 .81998Mr.MarioJorgeYUTZIS .Argentina8 .88 .819968, 87., .,AllmembersoftheCommitteeattendedtheforty-fourthandfortyfifthsessions.@ .D.Solemndeclaration8., .,Duringearlymeetingsofthefortyfourthsession,thosemembersoftheCommitteewhowereelectedorreelectedatthefifteenthmeetingofStatespartiesmadeasolemndeclarationinaccordancewithrule14oftherulesofprocedureoftheCommittee.&  @ .<E.Electionofofficers9., .,Atits1013thmeeting,on28February,theCommitteeelectedthefollowingofficersforatermoftwoyears(19941996),inaccordancewitharticle10,paragraph2,oftheConvention:'  , .,Chairman:Mr.IvanGARVALOV, .,Vice-Chairmen:Mr.HamzatAHMADU, ., . . Mr.CarlosLECHUGAHEVIA, ., . . Mr.MichaelSHERIFIS, .,Rapporteur:Mr.MichaelParkerBANTON________________________, .,*Electedon17January1994.̀**Reelectedon17January1994.̇F.CooperationwiththeInternationalLabourOrganizatioǹandtheUnitedNationsEducational,Scientificand̀CulturalOrganization10., .,InaccordancewithCommitteedecision2(VI)of21August1972concerningcooperationwiththeInternationalLabourOrganization(ILO)andtheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization(UNESCO),2/bothorganizationswereinvitedtoattendthesessionsoftheCommittee.11., .,Attheforty-fifthsession,thereportoftheILOCommitteeofExpertsontheApplicationofConventionsandRecommendations,submittedtotheInternationalLabourConferenceatitseightyfirstsession,wasmadeavailabletothemembersoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscrimination,inaccordancewitharrangementsforcooperationbetweenthetwoCommittees.TheCommitteetooknotewithappreciationofthereportoftheCommitteeofExperts,inparticularofthosesectionsthatdealtwiththeapplicationoftheDiscrimination(EmploymentandOccupation)Convention,1958(No.111)andtheIndigenousandTribalPopulationsConvention,1957(No.107),aswellasotherinformationinthereportrelevanttoitsactivities.@ .G.Othermatters    12., .,Atits1039thmeeting(fortyfourthsession),on17March1994,theCommitteediscussedthefactthateightnewStatesintheterritoryoftheformerSovietUnion(Azerbaijan,Georgia,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,Lithuania,Tajikistan,TurkmenistanandUzbekistan)stillhadnotannouncedtheirintentionofadheringtotheConvention.WhereastheformerSovietUnionhadbeenaStatepartytotheConvention,therewasnowasignificantpartofthatterritorywherethepopulationwasnolongercoveredbytheprotectionoftheConvention.Membersagreedthatthiswasamatterofgreatconcernand,asaresult,theCommitteedecidedtorequestitschairmantoaddressurgentlyalettertotheministersforforeignaffairsofthoseStatesunderliningthattheCommitteeconsidereditoftheutmostimportancethattheapplicabilityandcompliancewiththeConvention'sprovisionsbeconfirmedbythoseStatesassoonaspossible,andinvitingtherespectiveGovernmentstomaketheappropriatenotificationtotheSecretaryGeneraloftheUnitedNations,asdepositaryoftheConvention.ThefulltextoftheletteriscontainedinannexV.13., .,TheAssistantSecretaryGeneralforHumanRightsaddressedtheCommitteeattheopeningofboththefortyfourthandfortyfifthsessions(seeCERD/C/SR.1013and1041).HealsometwiththeCommitteeatits1050thmeeting,heldon5August1994,todiscussanumberofissuesofconcerntotheCommittee.14., .,TheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRightsaddressedtheCommitteeatits1061stmeeting,on15August1994,anddiscussedanumberofissueswiththeCommittee,particularlyeffortstopreventserioushumanrightsviolationsandpossiblewaystocoordinatemoreeffectiveresponses.15., .,Atits1067thmeeting(fortyfifthsession),on18August1994,theCommitteepaidtributetoMr.EnayatHoushmandwhohadrecentlyretiredfromhisservicewiththeUnitedNationsandwhohadmadesubstantiveanddedicatedcontributionstotheCommitteesinceitsbeginningin1970.&  @ .H.Adoptionofthereport16., .,Atits1069thmeeting,on19August1994,theCommitteeadoptedits'  annualreporttotheGeneralAssembly.882^ ӀII.PREVENTIONOFRACIALDISCRIMINATION,INCLUDINGEARLỲWARNINGANDURGENTPROCEDURES17.2 .2TheCommitteedecidedatitsfortyfifthsessiontoestablishthispointasoneofitsregularandprincipalagendaitems.18.2 .2Atitsfortysecondsession(1993),theCommitteenotedtheconclusionadoptedbythefourthmeetingofpersonschairingthehumanrightstreatybodiesthat:02 .2"thetreatybodieshaveanimportantroleinseekingtopreventaswellastorespondtohumanrightsviolations.Itisthusappropriateforeachtreatybodytoundertakeanurgentexaminationofallpossiblemeasuresthatitmighttake,withinitscompetence,bothtopreventhumanrightsviolationsfromoccurringandtomonitormorecloselyemergencysituationsofallkindsarisingwithinthejurisdictionofStatesparties.Whereproceduralinnovationsarerequiredforthispurpose,theyshouldbeconsideredassoonaspossible."(A/47/628,para.44)19.2 .2Asaresultofitsdiscussionofthatconclusionofthemeetingofchairpersons,theCommittee,atits979thmeeting,on17March1993,adoptedaworkingpapertoguideitinitsfutureworkconcerningpossiblemeasurestoprevent,aswellasmoreeffectivelyrespondto,violationsoftheConvention(seeA/48/18,annexIII).TheCommitteenotedinitsworkingpaperthateffortstopreventseriousviolationsoftheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination,wouldincludethefollowing:2 .2(a) .Earlywarningmeasures:Thesewouldbeaimedatpreventingexistingproblemsfromescalatingintoconflictsandwouldalsoincludeconfidencebuildingmeasurestoidentifyandsupportstructurestostrengthenracialtoleranceandconsolidatepeaceinordertopreventarelapseintoconflictinsituationswhereithasoccurred.Inthatconnection,criteriaforearlywarningcouldincludesomeofthefollowingconcerns:thelackofanadequatelegislativebasisfordefiningandcriminalizingallformsofracialdiscrimination,asprovidedforintheConvention;inadequateimplementationorenforcementmechanisms,includingthelackofrecourseprocedures;thepresenceofapatternofescalatingracialhatredandviolence,orracistpropagandaorappealstoracialintolerancebypersons,groupsororganizations,inparticularbyelectedorotherofficials;asignificantpatternofracialdiscriminationevidencedinsocialandeconomicindicators;andsignificantflowsofrefugeesordisplacedpersonsresultingfromapatternofracialdiscriminationorencroachmentonthelandsofminoritycommunities.2 .2(b) .Urgentprocedures:ThesewouldbeaimedatrespondingtoproblemsrequiringimmediateattentiontopreventorlimitthescaleornumberofseriousviolationsoftheConvention.Possiblecriteriaforinitiatinganurgentprocedurecouldincludethepresenceofaserious,massiveorpersistentpatternofracialdiscrimination;orthatthesituationisseriousandthereisariskoffurtherracialdiscrimination.20.2 .2ThefollowingsectionsdescribeactiontakenanddecisionsandrecommendationsadoptedbytheCommitteeatitsfortyfourthandfortyfifthsessionswithintheframeworkofitseffortstopreventracialdiscrimination.&  @ .z A.ActiontakenbytheCommitteeFederalRepublicofYugoslavia(SerbiaandMontenegro)'  21.2 .2Initsdecision1(42),theCommitteehadexpresseditsgraveconcernovertheongoingethnicconflicttakingplaceintheterritoryoftheformerYugoslaviaandhadrequestedtheGovernmentoftheFederalRepublicofYugoslavia(SerbiaandMontenegro),aswellasothersuccessorGovernments,tosubmitby31July1993additionalinformationontheimplementationoftheConventioninitsterritory.Theinformationreceived(seeCERD/C/248)fromtheGovernmentofYugoslavia(SerbiaandMontenegro)wasconsideredbytheCommitteeatits1003thto1006thmeetings,duringitsfortythirdsession,on13and16August1993(seeCERD/C/SR.10031006).Duringthatconsideration,therepresentativeoftheStatepartydeclaredhisGovernment'swillingnesstofulfilitsobligationsundertheConventionandtocooperatewiththeCommittee,aswellasotherinternationalbodies,inthesearchforconstructivesolutions(seeA/48/18,para.529).22.2 .2TakingintoaccountthatwillingnessexpressedbytheGovernmentduringtheconsiderationofthematterandtheneedtopromoteadialoguebetweentheAlbaniansinKosovoandtheGovernment,theCommittee,initsconcludingobservations,offereditsgoodofficesintheformofamissionofitsmembers.ThepurposeofthemissionwouldbetohelppromoteadialogueforthepeacefulsolutionofissuesconcerningrespectforhumanrightsinKosovo,inparticulartheeliminationofallformsofracialdiscriminationand,wheneverpossible,tohelpthepartiesconcernedtoarriveatsuchasolution(seeA/48/18,para.546).TheCommitteehadrequestedtheStatepartytorespondby1October1993ifitwishedtoacceptthatoffer.TheresponsewassubsequentlyreceivedandamissionconsistingofthreeCommitteemembers(Mr.HamzatAhmadu,Mr.YuriRechetovandMr.RdigerWolfrum)visitedtheFederalRepublicofYugoslavia(SerbiaandMontenegro)from30Novemberto3December1993.23.2 .2Duringitsvisit,thegoodofficesmissionmetwithauthoritiesoftheFederalRepublicofYugoslavia(SerbiaandMontenegro),andtheRepublicofSerbia,theSerbianauthoritiesinKosovoandrepresentativesoftheethnicAlbaniansofKosovo.Themissionhadnodifficultyinestablishingcontactsandexpressedappreciationfortheclosecooperationofalltheauthoritiesandindividualscontactedaswellastheveryfrankandopennatureoftheexchangeofviews.Themembersofthemissionfeltthattherewasaneedforitscontinuationsinceduringthevisittheyhadreceivedpositiveindicationsthatthemissionmightbeabletoaccomplishthetaskwithwhichitwasentrusted.24.2 .2Atitsfortyfourthsession,theCommitteeconsidered,inprivatemeetings,theinterimreportofthegoodofficesmission.Asaresultofthatconsideration,theCommitteerequesteditschairmantoaddressalettertotheMinisterforForeignAffairsoftheFederalRepublicofYugoslaviaexpressingtheCommittee'sappreciationtotheGovernmentforthecooperationandassistanceextendedtothegoodofficesmissionandproposing,interalia,thatanumberofspecificsteps,particularlyinthefieldsofeducationandhealthcare,betakenwithaviewtonormalizingthesituationinKosovo.TheCommitteealsooutlinedpossibleconditionsforbringingtogetherinafuturemeetinginSerbiaagroupofrepresentativesoftheprovincial,republicanandfederalauthoritiesandrepresentativesofethnicAlbaniansfromKosovowithmembersofthegoodofficesmission.25.2 .2Atitsfortyfifthsession,theCommitteeconsidered,inprivatemeetings,theresponsereceivedfromtheMinisterforForeignAffairs,whichdrewattentiontothedecisionadoptedattheFifteenthmeetingofStatespartiestotheConvention,on17January1994,excludingtheFederalRepublicofYugoslavia(SerbiaandMontenegro)fromparticipatinginthatmeeting.Asaresultofthediscussions,theCommitteerequestedthatitschairmancommunicatetotheMinisterforForeignAffairsitswishthatcooperationoftheStatepartywiththegoodofficesmissionbecontinued,asagreeduponbytheCommitteeatitsfortyfourthsession.TheCommitteealsoreiterateditsrequest,containedintheconcludingobservationsadoptedbytheCommitteeatitsfortythirdsession(seeA/48/18,para.547),thattheStatepartyprovideitwithfurtherinformationonmeasurestakentoimplementtheConvention.Croatia26.2 .2Initsdecision1(42),theCommitteehadexpresseditsgraveconcernovertheongoingethnicconflicttakingplaceintheterritoryoftheformerYugoslaviaandhadrequestedtheGovernmentofCroatia,aswellasothersuccessorGovernments,tosubmitby31July1993additionalinformationontheimplementationoftheConventioninitsterritory.Thatinformation(seeCERD/C/249andHRI/CORE/1/Add.32)wasconsideredbytheCommitteeatits1002ndmeeting(fortythirdsession)on12August1993(seeCERD/C/SR.1002).Duringtheconsiderationofthatinformation,therepresentativeoftheStatepartyinvitedtheCommitteetosendoneofitsmemberstoCroatiainordertoclarifyitsconcernstotheGovernmentandtoassistitinadaptingitslegislationandpoliciestotherequirementsoftheConvention(seeA/48/18,para.487).27.2 .2Initsconcludingobservations,theCommitteenotedtheinvitationextendedtoitbytherepresentativeandrequestedtheStatepartytoconfirmby1October1993ifitagreedthatamissionbeundertakenbythecountryrapporteur,Mr.MarioYutzis,undertheAdvisoryServicesandTechnicalAssistanceProgrammeoftheCentreforHumanRightstoassisttheGovernmentinreportingontheimplementationoftheConvention.Confirmationwassubsequentlyreceivedandthemissionwasundertakenfrom21to25March1994.28.2 .2Duringhismission,Mr.YutzismetwithnumerousofficialsfromvariousgovernmentministriesandtheSupremeCourtanddiscussedwiththemawiderangeofissuesundertheConventionincluding:thedraftingandimplementationoflegislationonethnicandnationalminorities;theroleofanindependentelectronicmediaincreatinganatmosphereoftoleranceandunderstanding;conditionsatalienreceptioncentresandpoliciesconcerningrefugees;andtheaccessof"foreign"personstoeducational,healthandotherbenefits.29.2 .2Atits1062ndmeeting(fortyfifthsession),on15August1994,theCommitteeconsideredthereportofMr.Yutzisonhismission.Asaresultofthatconsideration,theCommitteerequesteditschairmantoaddressalettertotheMinisterforForeignAffairsoftheRepublicofCroatiaexpressingtheCommittee'sappreciationtotheGovernmentforthecooperationandassistanceextendedtoMr.YutzisduringhismissionandreiteratingtheCommittee'srequestthattheStatepartyprovidefurtherinformation,assetoutinitsconcludingobservationsadoptedatitsfortythirdsession(seeA/48/18,paras.496506).Inhisletter,thechairmanindicatedthatthefurtherinformationrequestedbytheCommitteeshouldbesubmittednolaterthan1December1994sothatitmightbeconsideredbytheCommitteeatitsfortysixthsession(27February17March1995).TheCommitteealsoexpresseditsreadiness,shouldtheGovernmentsorequest,tosendoneofitsmembers,withintheframeworkoftheAdvisoryServicesandTechnicalAssistanceProgrammeoftheCentreforHumanRights,toassisttheGovernmentonanymatteritdeemedappropriate,withaviewtoimplementingtheprovisionsoftheConvention.̇Burundi(  $(  230.3  2 .2InviewofreportsofethnicconflictinBurundi,theCommitteedecidedatitsfortyfirstsessiontorequest,inaccordancewitharticle9,paragraph1,oftheConvention,furtherinformationfromtheGovernmentofBurundionthatconflictandonitsimplicationsfortheimplementationoftheConvention,inparticulartheprovisionsofarticle5(b).Nowrittenreplywasreceivedinresponsetothatrequest.Atits1026thand1027thmeetings,on9March1994,theCommitteereviewedtheimplementationoftheConventioninBurundi.  231.3  2 .2TherepresentativeoftheStatepartyindicatedthatthecrisiswhichhercountrywascurrentlyundergoingwasthemostseriousoftheethniccrisesthathadravagedBurundiformorethan30years;thelatestcrisishadclaimedthelifeofthefirstdemocraticallyelectedPresidentoftheRepublicandhadledtonumerousmassacresthroughoutthecountry.Between30,000and50,000peoplehadbeenkilled,800,000hadtakenrefugeoutsidethecountry,mainlyinRwanda,and300,000hadmovedtootherpartsofBurundi.TherepresentativeoftheStatepartysaidthatshewishedtoprovideallnecessaryclarificationsontheethnicproblemsandviolationsofhumanrightsinBurundi,andwasopentoallquestions.Sheemphasizedthathercountryneededinternationalassistance.  232.3  2 .2MembersoftheCommitteethankedtherepresentativeoftheStatepartyforherfrankaccountoftheeventsthathadoccurredinhercountryandemphasizedtheseriousnessofthecrisiswhichBurundiwasundergoing,acrisisthatconstitutedasetbackfortheincipientmovetowardsdemocracyandrespectforhumanrights.ThemembersthenexaminedtheconformityofdomesticlegislationwiththeprovisionsoftheConvention.TheConstitutionadoptedin1992andapprovedby90percentofthepopulationinareferendumprovidedforequalstatusandequalprotectionforallwithoutdiscrimination,butoftentheexerciseofthehumanrightsembodiedintheConstitutionwassubordinatedtopublicrequirementswhichrestrictedthem.Inaddition,manyconstitutionalprovisionsfortheprotectionofhumanrights,suchasthoseprohibitingunlawfuldetention,hadnolawstogivethemeffect.TheCharterofNationalUnity,whichtookprideofplaceoveralllegislation,includingtheConstitution,shouldbeacceptedbyallpoliticalorganizations;itwouldbeusefultohavefullerdetailsofthecontentofthatCharter.Membersalsoaskedwho,atthepresenttime,waseffectivelywieldingpowerinBurundi.  233.3  2 .2MembersoftheCommitteenotedthatthenewconstitutionalrulesregardingpoliticalrightsandtheexercisethereofwereinconformitywitharticle5(c)oftheConvention.Ontheotherhand,theypointedoutthattherewasafailuretocomplywitharticle5(b)oftheConvention,sincenumeroussummaryexecutionsandcasesoftorturehadoccurredinNovember1991andApril1992.Similarly,numerouscasesofbrutalrepressionbyTutsiagainstHutususpectedofbelongingtothePalipehutupartyhadbeenmentionedbynon-governmentalorganizationsandbytheHumanRightsCommittee.Wereeffortsbeingmadetoreformthearmy,toconcludeagreementswiththePalipehutuparty,aswellaswithneighbouringcountriesonthequestionofrefugees,andtocurb,ifnothalt,thearmstraffic?  234.3  2 .2Concerningarticle6oftheConvention,itwasnotedthattherewasnoeffectiveremedyinBurundiforvictimsofhumanrightsviolations.  235.3  2 .2Withregardtoarticle7oftheConvention,itwasaskedwhethermeasureshadbeentakentoteachhumanrightstojudicial,policeandprisonpersonnel.  236.3  2 .2MembersinquiredabouttheemergencymeasureswhichtheGovernmentintendedtotaketoremedythecrisissituation,anddrewitsattentiontoarticles4,2(1)(e)and5(e)oftheConvention,whichrequiredStatespartiestotakepositivemeasuresinaccordancewiththeaimsoftheConvention.TheyalsoaskedtherepresentativeofBurunditogiveheropinionconcerningtheestablishmentofatribunalwhichwouldputanendtotheimpunityenjoyedbythoseresponsibleformassacresandcoupsd'tat.  237.3  2 .2ReplyingtothequestionsandcommentsofmembersoftheCommittee,therepresentativeofBurundistatedthat,followingtheassassinationofPresidentNdadayeandhiscloseassociates,ithadbeendecidedthattheprocessinitiatedbythefirstfreeelectionsinthecountry'shistoryshouldnotbeinterruptedand,inFebruary1994,anewPresidentbelongingtothesamepoliticalpartyastheassassinatedPresidenthadenteredoffice.ThenewPresidenthadtakenasPrimeMinisteramemberofanoppositionparty,and40percentoftheGovernmentwascomposedofmembersofoppositionparties;theethnicproblemsthatexistedinBurundicouldonlyberesolvedthroughtheestablishmentofabalanceintheexerciseofpowerbetweenalltheethnicgroupsHutu,TutsiandTwathatlivedinBurundi.Inordertopreventarecurrenceofcoupsd'tatsuchasthatofOctober1993,internationalassistancewasneededtotrainthearmedforcesandthepoliceintheareaofhumanrights.InternationalassistancewasalsoneededtoenabletheGovernmenttocombattheimpunitynowenjoyedforover30yearsbypersonsresponsibleforcoupsandmassacres.ThedialoguethathadtakenplacebetweenallpartiesinBurundihadledtotheelaborationoftheCharterofNationalUnity,butinsufficientaccounthadbeentakenoftheroleandimportanceofthearmy.Concludingobservations  238.3  2 .2Atits1039thmeeting,on17March1994,theCommitteeadoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.(a)2 .2Introduction  239.3  2 .2ItisregrettedthattheGovernmentofBurundididnotsubmitthefurtherinformationwhichhadbeenrequestedbytheCommittee.However,itisnotedwithsatisfactionthatadelegationwaspresenttorespondtothequestionsandcommentsofCommitteemembers.Appreciationisexpressedtothatdelegationforamostfrankandusefuldialogue.&  (b)2 .2Principalsubjectsofconcern  240.3  2 .2Shockisexpressedovertheoutbreak,onceagain,ofmassiveethnically'  motivatedviolenceinBurundiandthesubsequentsystematichumanrightsviolationstowhichmembersofboththeHutuandTutsicommunitieshavebeensubjected.Concernisexpressedthattherecurrentviolenceconstitutesaseriousimpedimenttopeace,stabilityandrespectforhumanrightsintheregion.  241.3  2 .2ConcernisexpressedoverthecyclicalnatureoflargescaleethnicviolenceinBurundianditisnotedwithalarmthatthereisnoeffectiveprohibitionofincitementtosuchviolenceeitherinthearmedforcesandthepoliceoramongthegeneralpublic.  242.3  2 .2ItisdeeplyregrettedthatthedemocraticallyelectedGovernmentofPresidentNdadayewasbrutallyattackedbymilitaryforcesintheattemptedcoupd'tatof21Octob