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.$!à133ˆÌÌà‘Ä .üàV.ˆà .àIMPLEMENTATION€OF€ARTICLE€21€OF€THE€CONVENTION€.......àÑ  .tà777ˆ€„€783à‘P" .$!à139ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àAction€taken€by€the€Committee€on€the€report€of€WorkingÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àGroup€II€.............................................àÑ  .tà779ˆ€„€783à‘P" .$!à139ˆÌÌà‘Ä .˜àVI.ˆà .àWAYS€AND€MEANS€OF€EXPEDITING€THE€WORK€OF€THE€COMMITTEEàÑ  .tà784ˆ€„€823à‘P" .$!à140ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àA.à .àAction€taken€by€the€Committee€on€the€report€of€Ìà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .àWorking€Group€I€..................................à .ààÑ  .tà805ˆ€„€821à‘P" .$!à143ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àB.à .àPlan€of€activities€of€the€Centre€for€Human€RightsÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .àof€the€United€Nations€Secretariat€................à .àà0  . à822à‘P" .$!à145ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àC.à .àFeasibility€of€preparing€an€optional€protocol€toÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .àthe€Convention€...................................à0 .àà0  . à823à‘P" .$!à145ˆÌÌà@ì .\àCONTENTSˆÌÌÓ 88tÓòòChapteróóàt .tàòòParagraphsóó€€òòPageóóÌÔ  ÔÔ , ÔÓ)8 8Ä´    P")ÓÌà‘Ä .4àVII.ˆà .àCONTRIBUTIONS€OF€THE€COMMITTEE€TO€INTERNATIONALÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àCONFERENCES€..........................................àÑ  .tà824ˆ€„€840à‘P" .$!à146ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àA.à .àFourth€World€Conference€on€Women€.................à .ààÑ  .tà824ˆ€„€830à‘P" .$!à146ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àB.à .àInternational€Conference€on€Population€and€Ìà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .àDevelopment€......................................à .àà0  . à831à‘P" .$!à149ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àC.à .àWorld€Summit€for€Social€Development€..............à .ààÑ  .tà832ˆ€„€840à‘P" .$!à149ˆÌÌà‘Ä .ÐàVIII.ˆà .àPROVISIONAL€AGENDA€FOR€THE€FOURTEENTH€SESSION€OF€THEÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àCOMMITTEE€............................................àÑ  .tà841ˆ€„€843à‘P" .$!à151ˆÌÌà‘Ä .˜àIX.ˆà .àADOPTION€OF€THE€REPORT€...............................à0  . à844à‘P" .$!à153ˆÌÌà@ì .ŽàòòAnnexesóóˆÌÌà‘Ä .üàI.ˆà .àStates€parties€to€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€FormsÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àof€Discrimination€against€Women€as€at€4€February€1994€............à‘P" .$!à154ˆÌÌà‘Ä .˜àII.ˆà .àMembership€of€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€DiscriminationÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àagainst€Women€....................................................à‘P" .$!à158ˆÌÌà‘Ä .4àIII.ˆà .àDocuments€before€the€Committee€at€its€thirteenth€session€.........à‘P" .$!à159ˆÌÌà‘Ä .˜àIV.ˆà .àStatus€of€submission€and€consideration€of€reports€submitted€byÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àStates€parties€under€article€18€of€the€Convention€on€theÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àElimination€of€All€Forms€of€Discrimination€against€Women€as€atÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .à4February1994€..................................................à‘P" .$!à161ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àA.à .àInitial€reports€..............................................à‘P" .$!à161ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àB.à .àSecond€periodic€reports€......................................à‘P" .$!à167ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àC.à .àThird€periodic€reports€.......................................à‘P" .$!à171ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àD.à .àReports€submitted€on€an€exceptional€basis€....................à‘P" .$!à174ˆÌÌÇÓ882^ Óà@ì .ÒàLETTER€OF€TRANSMITTALˆÌÌÌà€ # .Äà4€February€1994ˆÌÌSir,ÌÌà2 .2àI€have€the€honour€to€refer€to€article€21€of€the€Convention€on€theÏElimination€of€All€Forms€of€Discrimination€against€Women,€according€to€which€theÏCommittee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women,€establishedÏpursuant€to€the€Convention,€"shall,€through€the€Economic€and€Social€Council,Ïreport€annually€to€the€General€Assembly€of€the€United€Nations€on€itsÏactivities".ÌÌà2 .2àThe€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women€held€itsÏthirteenth€session€from€17€January€to€4€February€1994€at€United€NationsÏHeadquarters.€€It€adopted€the€report€on€that€session€at€its€258th€andÏ259thmeetings,€on€4€February.€€The€report€is€herewith€submitted€to€you€forÏtransmission€to€the€General€Assembly€at€its€forty„ninth€session.ÌÌà2 .2àAccept,€Sir,€the€assurances€of€my€highest€consideration.ÌÌÌà€ # . à(òòSignedóó)€€Ivanka€CORTI€€€€€€€€€€ˆÌà€ # .àChairperson€€€€€€€€€€€ˆÌà€ # .èàCommittee€on€the€Elimination€€ˆÌà€ # .„àof€Discrimination€against€WomenˆÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌHis€Excellency€Mr.€Boutros€Boutros„GhaliÌSecretary„General€of€the€United€NationsÌNew€YorkÌÇÝ ƒ$ÿÝÔ UK ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÑ\R3Ø'\ÑÑ X ÑÑ À ÑÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓ…+ÓÔ€ôôôÔÔC€<þ6X9`(CourierCÔÓ(€ # $(ÓØØÖ€ŽÖÖ€ÖÓ882^ ÓÝ  Ýà@ì .` àI.€€MATTERS€BROUGHT€TO€THE€ATTENTION€OF€STATES€PARTIESˆÌÌÌà@ì .( àA.€€òòGeneral€recommendation€21€(thirteenth€sessionóó)ˆÌòòóóÌà@ì .ê àòòEquality€in€marriage€and€family€relationsóóˆÌÌòòóó1.à2 .2àThe€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€Discrimination€againstÏWomen€(General€Assembly€resolution€34/180,€annex)€affirms€the€equality€of€humanÏrights€for€women€and€men€in€society€and€in€the€family.€€The€Convention€has€anÏimportant€place€among€international€treaties€concerned€with€human€rights.ÌÌ2.à2 .2àOther€conventions€and€declarations€also€confer€great€significance€on€theÏfamily€and€woman's€status€within€it.€€These€include€the€Universal€Declaration€ofÏHuman€Rights€(General€Assembly€resolution€217/A€(III)),€the€InternationalÏCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€(resolution€2200A(XXI),€annex),€theÏConvention€on€the€Nationality€of€Married€Women€(resolution€1040(XI),€annex),Ïthe€Convention€on€Consent€to€Marriage,€Minimum€Age€for€Marriage€and€RegistrationÏof€Marriages€(resolution€1763A(XVII),€annex)€and€the€subsequent€RecommendationÏthereon€(resolution€2018(XX))€and€the€Nairobi€Forward„looking€Strategies€forÏthe€Advancement€of€Women.òò1óó/ÌÌÓ882 Ó3.à2 .2àThe€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€Discrimination€againstÏWomen€recalls€the€inalienable€rights€of€women€which€are€already€embodied€in€theÏabove„mentioned€conventions€and€declarations,€but€it€goes€further€by€recognizingÏthe€importance€of€culture€and€tradition€in€shaping€the€thinking€and€behaviour€ofÏmen€and€women€and€the€significant€part€they€play€in€restricting€the€exercise€ofÏbasic€rights€by€women.ÌÌòòBackgroundóóÌÌ4.à2 .2àThe€year€1994€has€been€designated€by€the€General€Assembly€in€its€resolutionÏ44/82€as€the€International€Year€of€the€Family.€€The€Committee€wishes€to€take€theÏopportunity€to€stress€the€significance€of€compliance€with€women's€basic€rightsÏwithin€the€family€as€one€of€the€measures€which€will€support€and€encourage€theÏnational€celebrations€that€will€take€place.ÌÌòòóó5.à2 .2àHaving€chosen€in€this€way€to€mark€the€International€Year€of€the€Family,€theÏCommittee€wishes€to€analyse€three€articles€in€the€Convention€that€have€specialÏsignificance€for€the€status€of€women€in€the€family:ÌÌÌà@ì .*àòòArticle€9óóˆÌÌà02 .2àà .à1.à . àStates€parties€shall€grant€women€equal€rights€with€men€toÏacquire,€change€or€retain€their€nationality.€€They€shall€ensure€inÏparticular€that€neither€marriage€to€an€alien€nor€change€of€nationality€byÏthe€husband€during€marriage€shall€automatically€change€the€nationality€ofÏthe€wife,€render€her€stateless€or€force€upon€her€the€nationality€of€theÏhusband.ÌÌà02 .2àà .à2.à . àStates€parties€shall€grant€women€equal€rights€with€men€withÏrespect€to€the€nationality€of€their€children.ÌÌÔ  ÔòòCommentóóÌÌ6.à2 .2àNationality€is€critical€to€full€participation€in€society.€€In€general,ÏStates€confer€nationality€on€those€who€are€born€in€that€country.€€NationalityÏcan€also€be€acquired€by€reason€of€settlement€or€granted€for€humanitarian€reasonsÏsuch€as€statelessness.€€Without€status€as€nationals€or€citizens,€women€areÏdeprived€of€the€right€to€vote€or€to€stand€for€public€office€and€may€be€deniedÏaccess€to€public€benefits€and€a€choice€of€residence.€€Nationality€should€beÏcapable€of€change€by€an€adult€woman€and€should€not€be€arbitrarily€removedÏbecause€of€marriage€or€dissolution€of€marriage€or€because€her€husband€or€fatherÏchanges€his€nationality.ÌÌÌà@ì .øàòòArticle€15óóˆÌÌà02 .2àà .à1.à . àStates€parties€shall€accord€to€women€equality€with€men€before€theÏlaw.ÌÌà02 .2àà .à2.à . àStates€parties€shall€accord€to€women,€in€civil€matters,€a€legalÏcapacity€identical€to€that€of€men€and€the€same€opportunities€to€exerciseÏthat€capacity.€€In€particular,€they€shall€give€women€equal€rights€toÏconclude€contracts€and€to€administer€property€and€shall€treat€them€equallyÏin€all€stages€of€procedure€in€courts€and€tribunals.ÌÌà02 .2àà .à3.à . àStates€parties€agree€that€all€contracts€and€all€other€privateÏinstruments€of€any€kind€with€a€legal€effect€which€is€directed€atÏrestricting€the€legal€capacity€of€women€shall€be€deemed€null€and€void.ÌÌà02 .2àà .à4.à . àStates€parties€shall€accord€to€men€and€women€the€same€rights€withÏregard€to€the€law€relating€to€the€movement€of€persons€and€the€freedom€toÏchoose€their€residence€and€domicile.ÌÌòòCommentóóÌÌ7.à2 .2àWhen€a€woman€cannot€enter€into€a€contract€at€all,€or€have€access€toÏfinancial€credit,€or€can€do€so€only€with€her€husband's€or€a€male€relative'sÏconcurrence€or€guarantee,€she€is€denied€legal€autonomy.€€Any€such€restrictionÏprevents€her€from€holding€property€as€the€sole€owner€and€precludes€her€from€theÏlegal€management€of€her€own€business€or€from€entering€into€any€other€form€ofÏcontract.€€Such€restrictions€seriously€limit€the€woman's€ability€to€provide€forÏherself€and€her€dependents.ÌÌ8.à2 .2àA€woman's€right€to€bring€litigation€is€limited€in€some€countries€by€law€orÏby€her€access€to€legal€advice€and€her€ability€to€seek€redress€from€the€courts.€ÏIn€others,€her€status€as€a€witness€or€her€evidence€is€accorded€less€respect€orÏweight€than€that€of€a€man.€€Such€laws€or€customs€limit€the€woman's€rightÏeffectively€to€pursue€or€retain€her€equal€share€of€property€and€diminish€herÏstanding€as€an€independent,€responsible€and€valued€member€of€her€community.€ÏWhen€countries€limit€a€woman's€legal€capacity€by€their€laws,€or€permitÏindividuals€or€institutions€to€do€the€same,€they€are€denying€women€their€rightsÏto€be€equal€with€men€and€restricting€women's€ability€to€provide€for€themselvesÏand€their€dependents.ÌÌ9.à2 .2àDomicile€is€a€concept€in€common€law€countries€referring€to€the€country€inÏwhich€a€person€intends€to€reside€and€to€whose€jurisdiction€she€will€submit.€ÏDomicile€is€originally€acquired€by€a€child€through€its€parents€but,€inÏadulthood,€denotes€the€country€in€which€a€person€normally€resides€and€in€which€she€intends€to€reside€permanently.€€As€in€the€case€of€nationality,€theÏexamination€of€States€parties'€reports€demonstrates€that€a€woman€will€not€alwaysÏbe€permitted€at€law€to€choose€her€own€domicile.€€Domicile,€like€nationality,Ïshould€be€capable€of€change€at€will€by€an€adult€woman€regardless€of€her€maritalÏstatus.€€Any€restrictions€on€a€woman's€right€to€choose€a€domicile€on€the€sameÏbasis€as€a€man€may€limit€her€access€to€the€courts€in€the€country€in€which€sheÏlives€or€prevent€her€from€entering€and€leaving€a€country€freely€and€in€her€ownÏright.ÌÌ10.à2 .2àMigrant€women€who€live€and€work€temporarily€in€another€country€should€beÏpermitted€the€same€rights€as€men€to€have€their€spouses,€partners€and€childrenÏjoin€them.ÌÌÌà@ì .øàòòArticle€16óóˆÌÌà02 .2àà .à1.à . àStates€parties€shall€take€all€appropriate€measures€to€eliminateÏdiscrimination€against€women€in€all€matters€relating€to€marriage€and€familyÏrelations€and€in€particular€shall€ensure,€on€a€basis€of€equality€of€men€andÏwomen:ÌÌà02 .2àà .à(a)à . àThe€same€right€to€enter€into€marriage;ÌÌà02 .2àà .à(b)à . àThe€same€right€freely€to€choose€a€spouse€and€to€enter€intoÏmarriage€only€with€their€free€and€full€consent;ÌÌà02 .2àà .à(c)à . àThe€same€rights€and€responsibilities€during€marriage€and€at€itsÏdissolution;ÌÌà02 .2àà .à(d)à . àThe€same€rights€and€responsibilities€as€parents,€irrespective€ofÏtheir€marital€status,€in€matters€relating€to€their€children;€in€all€casesÏthe€interests€of€the€children€shall€be€paramount;ÌÌà02 .2àà .à(e)à . àThe€same€rights€to€decide€freely€and€responsibly€on€the€numberÏand€spacing€of€their€children€and€to€have€access€to€the€information,Ïeducation€and€means€to€enable€them€to€exercise€these€rights;ÌÌà02 .2àà .à(f)à . àThe€same€rights€and€responsibilities€with€regard€to€guardianship,Ïwardship,€trusteeship€and€adoption€of€children,€or€similar€institutionsÏwhere€these€concepts€exist€in€national€legislation;€in€all€cases€theÏinterests€of€the€children€shall€be€paramount;ÌÌà02 .2àà .à(g)à . àThe€same€personal€rights€as€husband€and€wife,€including€the€rightÏto€choose€a€family€name,€a€profession€and€an€occupation;ÌÌà02 .2àà .à(h)à . àThe€same€rights€for€both€spouses€in€respect€of€the€ownership,Ïacquisition,€management,€administration,€enjoyment€and€disposition€ofÏproperty,€whether€free€of€charge€or€for€a€valuable€consideration.ÌÌà02 .2àà .à2.à . àThe€betrothal€and€the€marriage€of€a€child€shall€have€no€legalÏeffect,€and€all€necessary€action,€including€legislation,€shall€be€taken€toÏspecify€a€minimum€age€for€marriage€and€to€make€the€registration€ofÏmarriages€in€an€official€registry€compulsory.ÌÌÔ  ÔòòCommentóóÌÌòòà02 .2àPublic€and€private€lifeóóÌÌ11.à2 .2àHistorically,€human€activity€in€public€and€private€life€has€been€viewedÏdifferently€and€regulated€accordingly.€€In€all€societies€women€who€haveÏtraditionally€performed€their€roles€in€the€private€or€domestic€sphere€have€longÏhad€those€activities€treated€as€inferior.ÌÌ12.à2 .2àAs€such€activities€are€invaluable€for€the€survival€of€society,€there€can€beÏno€justification€for€applying€different€and€discriminatory€laws€or€customs€toÏthem.€€Reports€of€States€parties€disclose€that€there€are€still€countries€whereÏòòdejureóó€equality€does€not€exist.€€Women€are€thereby€prevented€from€having€equalÏaccess€to€resources€and€from€enjoying€equality€of€status€in€the€family€andÏsociety.€€Even€where€òòde€jureóó€equality€exists,€all€societies€assign€differentÏroles,€which€are€regarded€as€inferior,€to€women.€€In€this€way,€principles€ofÏjustice€and€equality€contained€in€particular€in€article€16€and€also€inÏarticles2,€5€and€24€of€the€Convention€are€being€violated.ÌÌòòà2 .2àVarious€forms€of€familyóóÌÌ13.à2 .2àThe€form€and€concept€of€the€family€can€vary€from€State€to€State,€and€evenÏbetween€regions€within€a€State.€€Whatever€form€it€takes,€and€whatever€the€legalÏsystem,€religion,€custom€or€tradition€within€the€country,€the€treatment€of€womenÏin€the€family€both€at€law€and€in€private€must€accord€with€the€principles€ofÏequality€and€justice€for€all€people,€as€article€2€of€the€Convention€requires.ÌÌòòà2 .2àPolygamous€marriagesóóÌÌ14.à2 .2àStates€parties'€reports€also€disclose€that€polygamy€is€practised€in€aÏnumber€of€countries.€€Polygamous€marriage€contravenes€a€woman's€right€toÏequality€with€men,€and€can€have€such€serious€emotional€and€financialÏconsequences€for€her€and€her€dependents€that€such€marriages€ought€to€beÏdiscouraged€and€prohibited.€€The€Committee€notes€with€concern€that€some€StatesÏparties,€whose€constitutions€guarantee€equal€rights,€permit€polygamous€marriageÏin€accordance€with€personal€or€customary€law.€€This€violates€the€constitutionalÏrights€of€women,€and€breaches€the€provisions€of€article€5€(a)€of€the€Convention.ÌÌÌà@ì .ØàòòArticle€16€(1)€(a)€and€(bóó)ˆÌÌ15.à2 .2àWhile€most€countries€report€that€national€constitutions€and€laws€complyÏwith€the€Convention,€custom,€tradition€and€failure€to€enforce€these€laws€inÏreality€contravene€the€Convention.ÌÌ16.à2 .2àA€woman's€right€to€choose€a€spouse€and€enter€freely€into€marriage€isÏcentral€to€her€life€and€to€her€dignity€and€equality€as€a€human€being.€€AnÏexamination€of€States€parties'€reports€discloses€that€there€are€countries€which,Ïon€the€basis€of€custom,€religious€beliefs€or€the€ethnic€origins€of€particularÏgroups€of€people,€permit€forced€marriages€or€remarriages.€€Other€countries€allowÏa€woman's€marriage€to€be€arranged€for€payment€or€preferment€and€in€othersÏwomen's€poverty€forces€them€to€marry€foreign€nationals€for€financial€security.€ÏSubject€to€reasonable€restrictions€based€for€example€on€a€woman's€youth€orÏconsanguinity€with€her€partner,€a€woman's€right€to€choose€when,€if,€and€whom€sheÏwill€marry€must€be€protected€and€enforced€at€law.ÌÌÌà@ì .hàòòArticle€16€(1)€(cóó)ˆÌÌ17.à2 .2àAn€examination€of€States€parties'€reports€discloses€that€many€countries€inÏtheir€legal€systems€provide€for€the€rights€and€responsibilities€of€marriedÏpartners€by€relying€on€the€application€of€common€law€principles,€religious€orÏcustomary€law,€rather€than€by€complying€with€the€principles€contained€in€theÏConvention.€€These€variations€in€law€and€practice€relating€to€marriage€haveÏwide„ranging€consequences€for€women,€invariably€restricting€their€rights€toÏequal€status€and€responsibility€within€marriage.€€Such€limitations€often€resultÏin€the€husband€being€accorded€the€status€of€head€of€household€and€primaryÏdecision€maker€and€therefore€contravene€the€provisions€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ18.à2 .2àMoreover,€generally€a€de€facto€union€is€not€given€legal€protection€at€all.€ÏWomen€living€in€such€relationships€should€have€their€equality€of€status€with€menÏboth€in€family€life€and€in€the€sharing€of€income€and€assets€protected€by€law.€ÏSuch€women€should€share€equal€rights€and€responsibilities€with€men€for€the€careÏand€raising€of€dependent€children€or€family€members.ÌÌÌà@ì .ØàòòArticle€16€(1)€(d)€and€(fóó)ˆÌÌ19.à2 .2àAs€provided€in€article€5€(b),€most€States€recognize€the€sharedÏresponsibility€of€parents€for€the€care,€protection€and€maintenance€of€children.€ÏThe€principle€that€"the€best€interests€of€the€child€shall€be€the€paramountÏconsideration",€has€been€included€in€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€ChildÏ(General€Assembly€resolution€44/25,€annex)€and€seems€now€to€be€universallyÏaccepted.€€However,€in€practice,€some€countries€do€not€observe€the€principle€ofÏgranting€the€parents€of€children€equal€status,€particularly€when€they€are€notÏmarried.€€The€children€of€such€unions€do€not€always€enjoy€the€same€status€asÏthose€born€in€wedlock€and,€where€the€mothers€are€divorced€or€living€apart,€manyÏfathers€fail€to€share€the€responsibility€of€care,€protection€and€maintenance€ofÏtheir€children.ÌÌ20.à2 .2àThe€shared€rights€and€responsibilities€enunciated€in€the€Convention€shouldÏbe€enforced€at€law€and€as€appropriate€through€legal€concepts€of€guardianship,Ïwardship,€trusteeship€and€adoption.€€States€parties€should€ensure€that€by€theirÏlaws€both€parents,€regardless€of€their€marital€status€and€whether€they€live€withÏtheir€children€or€not,€share€equal€rights€and€responsibilities€for€theirÏchildren.ÌÌÌà@ì .hàòòArticle€16€(1)€(eóó)ˆÌÌ21.à2 .2àThe€responsibilities€that€women€have€to€bear€and€raise€children€affectÏtheir€right€of€access€to€education,€employment€and€other€activities€related€toÏtheir€personal€development.€€They€also€impose€inequitable€burdens€of€work€onÏwomen.€€The€number€and€spacing€of€their€children€have€a€similar€impact€onÏwomen's€lives€and€also€affect€their€physical€and€mental€health,€as€well€as€thatÏof€their€children.€€For€these€reasons,€women€are€entitled€to€decide€on€theÏnumber€and€spacing€of€their€children.ÌÌ22.à2 .2àSome€reports€disclose€coercive€practices€which€have€serious€consequencesÏfor€women,€such€as€forced€pregnancies,€abortions€or€sterilization.€€Decisions€toÏhave€children€or€not,€while€preferably€made€in€consultation€with€spouse€orÏpartner,€must€not€nevertheless€be€limited€by€spouse,€parent,€partner€orÏGovernment.€€In€order€to€make€an€informed€decision€about€safe€and€reliableÏcontraceptive€measures,€women€must€have€information€about€contraceptive€measures€and€their€use,€and€guaranteed€access€to€sex€education€and€family€planningÏservices,€as€provided€in€article€10€(h)€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ23.à2 .2àThere€is€general€agreement€that€where€there€are€freely€availableÏappropriate€measures€for€the€voluntary€regulation€of€fertility,€the€health,Ïdevelopment€and€well-being€of€all€members€of€the€family€improves.€€Moreover,Ïsuch€services€improve€the€general€quality€of€life€and€health€of€the€population,Ïand€the€voluntary€regulation€of€population€growth€helps€preserve€the€environmentÏand€achieve€sustainable€economic€and€social€development.ÌÌÌà@ì .hàòòArticle€16€(1)€(góó)ˆÌÌ24.à2 .2àA€stable€family€is€one€which€is€based€on€principles€of€equity,€justice€andÏindividual€fulfilment€for€each€member.€€Each€partner€must€therefore€have€theÏright€to€choose€a€profession€or€employment€that€is€best€suited€to€his€or€herÏabilities,€qualifications€and€aspirations,€as€provided€in€article€11(a)€and(c)Ïof€the€Convention.€€Moreover,€each€partner€should€have€the€right€to€choose€hisÏor€her€name,€thereby€preserving€individuality€and€identity€in€the€community€andÏdistinguishing€that€person€from€other€members€of€society.€€When€by€law€or€customÏa€woman€is€obliged€to€change€her€name€on€marriage€or€at€its€dissolution,€she€isÏdenied€these€rights.ÌÌÌÔ&  Ôà@ì .hàòòArticle€16€(1)€(hóó)Ô'  ÔˆÌÌ25.à2 .2àThe€rights€provided€in€this€article€overlap€with€and€complement€those€inÏarticle15€(2)€in€which€an€obligation€is€placed€on€States€to€give€women€equalÏrights€to€enter€into€and€conclude€contracts€and€to€administer€property.ÌÌ26.à2 .2àArticle€15€(1)€guarantees€women€equality€with€men€before€the€law.€€TheÏright€to€own,€manage,€enjoy€and€dispose€of€property€is€central€to€a€woman'sÏright€to€enjoy€financial€independence,€and€in€many€countries€will€be€critical€toÏher€ability€to€earn€a€livelihood€and€to€provide€adequate€housing€and€nutritionÏfor€herself€and€for€her€family.ÌÌ27.à2 .2àIn€countries€that€are€undergoing€a€programme€of€agrarian€reform€orÏredistribution€of€land€among€groups€of€different€ethnic€origins,€the€right€ofÏwomen,€regardless€of€marital€status,€to€share€such€redistributed€land€on€equalÏterms€with€men€should€be€carefully€observed.ÌÌ28.à2 .2àIn€most€countries,€a€significant€proportion€of€the€women€are€single€orÏdivorced€and€many€have€the€sole€responsibility€to€support€a€family.€€AnyÏdiscrimination€in€the€division€of€property€that€rests€on€the€premise€that€theÏman€alone€is€responsible€for€the€support€of€the€women€and€children€of€his€familyÏand€that€he€can€and€will€honourably€discharge€this€responsibility€is€clearlyÏunrealistic.€€Consequently,€any€law€or€custom€that€grants€men€a€right€to€aÏgreater€share€of€property€at€the€end€of€a€marriage€or€de€facto€relationship,€orÏon€the€death€of€a€relative,€is€discriminatory€and€will€have€a€serious€impact€onÏa€woman's€practical€ability€to€divorce€her€husband,€to€support€herself€or€herÏfamily€and€to€live€in€dignity€as€an€independent€person.ÌÌ29.à2 .2àAll€of€these€rights€should€be€guaranteed€regardless€of€a€woman's€maritalÏstatus.ÌÌÔ  ÔòòMarital€propertyóóÌÌ30.à2 .2àThere€are€countries€that€do€not€acknowledge€that€right€of€women€to€own€anÏequal€share€of€the€property€with€the€husband€during€a€marriage€or€defactoÏrelationship€and€when€that€marriage€or€relationship€ends.€€Many€countriesÏrecognize€that€right,€but€the€practical€ability€of€women€to€exercise€it€may€beÏlimited€by€legal€precedent€or€custom.ÌÌ31.à2 .2àEven€when€these€legal€rights€are€vested€in€women,€and€the€courts€enforceÏthem,€property€owned€by€a€woman€during€marriage€or€on€divorce€may€be€managed€byÏa€man.€€In€many€States,€including€those€where€there€is€a€community„propertyÏregime,€there€is€no€legal€requirement€that€a€woman€be€consulted€when€propertyÏowned€by€the€parties€during€marriage€or€de€facto€relationship€is€sold€orÏotherwise€disposed€of.€€This€limits€the€woman's€ability€to€control€dispositionÏof€the€property€or€the€income€derived€from€it.ÌÌ32.à2 .2àIn€some€countries,€on€division€of€marital€property,€greater€emphasis€isÏplaced€on€financial€contributions€to€property€acquired€during€a€marriage,€andÏother€contributions,€such€as€raising€children,€caring€for€elderly€relatives€andÏdischarging€household€duties€are€diminished.€€Often,€such€contributions€of€aÏnon„financial€nature€by€the€wife€enable€the€husband€to€earn€an€income€andÏincrease€the€assets.€€Financial€and€non„financial€contributions€should€beÏaccorded€the€same€weight.ÌÌ33.à2 .2àIn€many€countries,€property€accumulated€during€a€de€facto€relationship€isÏnot€treated€at€law€on€the€same€basis€as€property€acquired€during€marriage.€ÏInvariably,€if€the€relationship€ends,€the€woman€receives€a€significantly€lowerÏshare€than€her€partner.€€Property€laws€and€customs€that€discriminate€in€this€wayÏagainst€married€or€unmarried€women€with€or€without€children€should€be€revokedÏand€discouraged.ÌÌòòInheritanceóóÌÌ34.à2 .2àReports€of€States€parties€should€include€comment€on€the€legal€or€customaryÏprovisions€relating€to€inheritance€laws€as€they€affect€the€status€of€women€asÏprovided€in€the€Convention€and€in€Economic€and€Social€Council€resolutionÏ884D(XXXIV),€in€which€the€Council€recommended€that€States€ensure€that€men€andÏwomen€in€the€same€degree€of€relationship€to€a€deceased€are€entitled€to€equalÏshares€in€the€estate€and€to€equal€rank€in€the€order€of€succession.€€ThatÏprovision€has€not€been€generally€implemented.ÌÌ35.à2 .2àThere€are€many€countries€where€the€law€and€practice€concerning€inheritanceÏand€property€result€in€serious€discrimination€against€women.€€As€a€result€ofÏthis€uneven€treatment,€women€may€receive€a€smaller€share€of€the€husband's€orÏfather's€property€at€his€death€than€would€widowers€and€sons.€€In€some€instances,Ïwomen€are€granted€limited€and€controlled€rights€and€receive€income€only€from€theÏdeceased's€property.€€Often€inheritance€rights€for€widows€do€not€reflect€theÏprinciples€of€equal€ownership€of€property€acquired€during€marriage.€€SuchÏprovisions€contravene€the€Convention€and€should€be€abolished.ÌÌÌà@ì .0àòòArticle€16€(2óó)ˆÌÌ36.à2 .2àIn€the€Vienna€Declaration€and€Programme€of€Actionòò2óó/€adopted€by€the€WorldÏConference€on€Human€Rights,€held€at€Vienna€from€14€to€25June1993,€States€areÏurged€to€repeal€existing€laws€and€regulations€and€to€remove€customs€andÏpractices€which€discriminate€against€and€cause€harm€to€the€girl€child.€€Article16€(2)€and€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€ChildÏpreclude€States€parties€from€permitting€or€giving€validity€to€a€marriage€betweenÏpersons€who€have€not€attained€their€majority.€€In€the€context€of€the€ConventionÏon€the€Rights€of€the€Child,€"a€child€means€every€human€being€below€the€age€ofÏeighteen€years€unless,€under€the€law€applicable€to€the€child,€majority€isÏattained€earlier".€€Notwithstanding€this€definition,€and€bearing€in€mind€theÏprovisions€of€the€Vienna€Declaration,€the€Committee€considers€that€the€minimumÏage€for€marriage€should€be€18€years€for€both€man€and€woman.€€When€men€and€womenÏmarry,€they€assume€important€responsibilities.€€Consequently,€marriage€shouldÏnot€be€permitted€before€they€have€attained€full€maturity€and€capacity€to€act.€ÏAccording€to€the€World€Health€Organization,€when€minors,€particularly€girls,Ïmarry€and€have€children,€their€health€can€be€adversely€affected€and€theirÏeducation€is€impeded.€€As€a€result€their€economic€autonomy€is€restricted.ÌÌ37.à2 .2àThis€not€only€affects€women€personally€but€also€limits€the€development€ofÏtheir€skills€and€independence€and€reduces€access€to€employment,€therebyÏdetrimentally€affecting€their€families€and€communities.ÌÌ38.à2 .2àSome€countries€provide€for€different€ages€for€marriage€for€men€and€women.€ÏAs€such€provisions€assume€incorrectly€that€women€have€a€different€rate€ofÏintellectual€development€from€men,€or€that€their€stage€of€physical€andÏintellectual€development€at€marriage€is€immaterial,€these€provisions€should€beÏabolished.€€In€other€countries,€the€betrothal€of€girls€or€undertakings€by€familyÏmembers€on€their€behalf€is€permitted.€€Such€measures€contravene€not€only€theÏConvention,€but€also€a€woman's€right€freely€to€choose€her€partner.ÌÌ39.à2 .2àStates€parties€should€also€require€the€registration€of€all€marriagesÏwhether€contracted€civilly€or€according€to€custom€or€religious€law.€€The€StateÏcan€thereby€ensure€compliance€with€the€Convention€and€establish€equality€betweenÏpartners,€a€minimum€age€for€marriage,€prohibition€of€bigamy€and€polygamy€and€theÏprotection€of€the€rights€of€children.ÌÌòòRecommendationsóóÌÌà2 .2àòòViolence€against€womenóóÌÌ40.à2 .2àIn€considering€the€place€of€women€in€family€life,€the€Committee€wishes€toÏstress€that€the€provisions€of€general€recommendation€19€(eleventh€session)òò3óó/Ïconcerning€violence€against€women€have€great€significance€for€women's€abilitiesÏto€enjoy€rights€and€freedoms€on€an€equal€basis€with€men.€€States€parties€areÏurged€to€comply€with€that€general€recommendation€to€ensure€that,€in€both€publicÏand€family€life,€women€will€be€free€of€the€gender„based€violence€that€soÏseriously€impedes€their€rights€and€freedoms€as€individuals.ÌÌòòÔ&  Ôà2 .2àReservationsóóÌÌ41.à2 .2àThe€Committee€has€noted€with€alarm€the€number€of€States€parties€which€haveÏentered€reservations€to€the€whole€or€part€of€article€16,€especially€when€aÏreservation€has€also€been€entered€to€article2,€claiming€that€compliance€mayÏconflict€with€a€commonly€held€vision€of€the€family€based,€òòinteraliaóó,€onÏcultural€or€religious€beliefs€or€on€the€country's€economic€or€political€status.ÌÔ'  ÔÌ42.à2 .2àMany€of€these€countries€hold€a€belief€in€the€patriarchal€structure€of€aÏfamily€which€places€a€father,€husband€or€son€in€a€favourable€position.€€In€someÏcountries€where€fundamentalist€or€other€extremist€views€or€economic€hardshipsÏhave€encouraged€a€return€to€old€values€and€traditions,€women's€place€in€theÏfamily€has€deteriorated€sharply.€€In€others,€where€it€has€been€recognized€that€a€modern€society€depends€for€its€economic€advance€and€for€the€general€good€of€theÏcommunity€on€involving€all€adults€equally,€regardless€of€gender,€these€taboosÏand€reactionary€or€extremist€ideas€have€progressively€been€discouraged.ÌÌ43.à2 .2àConsistent€with€articles€2,€3€and€24€in€particular,€the€Committee€requiresÏthat€all€States€parties€gradually€progress€to€a€stage€where,€by€its€resoluteÏdiscouragement€of€notions€of€the€inequality€of€women€in€the€home,€each€countryÏwill€withdraw€its€reservation,€in€particular€to€articles€9,€15€and€16€of€theÏConvention.ÌÌ44.à2 .2àStates€parties€should€resolutely€discourage€any€notions€of€inequality€ofÏwomen€and€men€which€are€affirmed€by€laws,€or€by€religious€or€private€law€or€byÏcustom,€and€progress€to€the€stage€where€reservations,€particularly€toÏarticle16,€will€be€withdrawn.ÌÌ45.à2 .2àThe€Committee€noted,€on€the€basis€of€its€examination€of€initial€andÏsubsequent€periodic€reports,€that€in€some€States€parties€to€the€Convention€thatÏhad€ratified€or€acceded€without€reservation,€certain€laws,€especially€thoseÏdealing€with€family,€do€not€actually€conform€to€the€provisions€of€theÏConvention.ÌÌ46.à2 .2àTheir€laws€still€contain€many€measures€which€discriminate€against€womenÏbased€on€norms,€customs€and€socio„cultural€prejudices.€€These€States,€because€ofÏtheir€specific€situation€regarding€these€articles,€make€it€difficult€for€theÏCommittee€to€evaluate€and€understand€the€status€of€women.ÌÌ47.à2 .2àThe€Committee,€in€particular€on€the€basis€of€articles1€and€2€of€theÏConvention,€requests€that€those€States€parties€make€the€necessary€efforts€toÏexamine€the€de€facto€situation€relating€to€the€issues€and€to€introduce€theÏrequired€measures€in€their€national€legislations€still€containing€provisionsÏdiscriminatory€to€women.ÌÌòòà2 .2àReportsóóÌÌ48.à2 .2àAssisted€by€the€comments€in€the€present€general€recommendation,€in€theirÏreports€States€parties€should:ÌÌà2 .2à(a)à .àIndicate€the€stage€that€has€been€reached€in€the€country's€progress€toÏremoval€of€all€reservations€to€the€Convention,€in€particular€reservations€toÏarticle€16;ÌÌà2 .2à(b)à .àSet€out€whether€their€laws€comply€with€the€principles€of€articles9,Ï15€and€16€and€where,€by€reason€of€religious€or€private€law€or€custom,€complianceÏwith€the€law€or€with€the€Convention€is€impeded.ÌÌòòà2 .2àLegislationóóÌÌ49.à2 .2àStates€parties€should,€where€necessary€to€comply€with€the€Convention,€inÏparticular€in€order€to€comply€with€articles€9,€15€and€16,€enact€and€enforceÏlegislation.ÌÌòòà2 .2àEncouraging€compliance€with€the€ConventionóóÌÌ50.à2 .2àAssisted€by€the€comments€in€the€present€general€recommendation,€and€asÏrequired€by€articles2,€3€and€24,€States€parties€should€introduce€measuresÏdirected€at€encouraging€full€compliance€with€the€principles€of€the€Convention,€particularly€where€religious€or€private€law€or€custom€conflict€with€thoseÏprinciples.ÌÌÌà@ì .þàB.€€òòSuggestionsóóˆÌÌà@ì .4àSuggestion€5.€€òòFeasibility€of€preparing€an€optional€protocolóóˆÌà@ì .4à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòto€the€Conventionóó€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ˆÌÌÔ  Ôà2 .2àThe€Committee€notes€that€the€World€Conference€on€Human€Rights€recommended:ÌÌà02 .2à"New€procedures€should€also€be€adopted€to€strengthen€implementation€of€theÏcommitment€to€womenððs€equality€and€the€human€rights€of€women.€€TheÏCommission€on€the€Status€of€Women€and€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€ofÏDiscrimination€against€Women€should€quickly€examine€the€possibility€ofÏintroducing€the€right€of€petition€through€the€preparation€of€an€optionalÏprotocol€to€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€ofÏDiscrimination€against€Women."òò4óó/ÌÌand€on€the€basis€of€its€discussion,€it€suggests:ÌÌà2 .2à(1)à .àThat€the€Commission€on€the€Status€of€Women€request€the€Secretary„¼General€of€the€United€Nations€to€convene€an€expert€group€meeting€to€prepare€aÏdraft€optional€protocol€to€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€ofÏDiscrimination€against€Women€providing€for€a€complaints€procedure.€€The€expertÏgroup€should€be€composed€of€5€to€10€independent€experts€with€a€knowledge€of€theÏdifferent€forms€of€civilization€and€the€principal€legal€systems€and€a€knowledgeÏof€international€law€and€the€experience€of€the€other€human€rights€treaty€bodies,Ïin€the€preparation€and€operation€of€optimal€protocols.ÌÌà2 .2à(2)à .àThe€expert€group€meeting€should€be€convened€during€1994.€€Upon€theÏnomination€of€the€experts€by€the€Secretary„General,€the€secretariat€of€theÏDivision€for€the€Advancement€of€Women€should€seek€written€suggestions€from€theÏindependent€experts€as€to€the€elements€which€the€optional€protocol€shouldÏcomprise.€€The€secretariat€should,€from€those€suggestions,€compile€a€workingÏdocument,€which€should€be€circulated€to€the€experts€prior€to€their€meeting.ÌÌà2 .2à(3)à .àThe€Chairperson€should€designate€one€of€the€members€to€participate€inÏthe€preliminary€exchange€of€suggestions€and€in€the€compilation€of€the€workingÏdocument.€€That€member€should€also€participate€in€the€expert€group€meeting.ÌÌà2 .2à(4)à .àThe€report€on€the€expert€group€meeting€should€be€presented€first€toÏthe€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women€for€its€commentÏand€then€to€the€Commission€on€the€Status€of€Women€for€action.ÌÌÌà@ì .’ àSuggestion€6.€€òòInternational€Conference€on€PopulationóóˆÌà@ì .’ à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòand€Developmentóó€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ˆÌÌà2 .2àòòThe€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€Womenóó,ÌÌà2 .2àòòBearing€in€mindóó€that€the€Charter€of€the€United€Nations€reaffirms€faith€inÏfundamental€human€rights,€in€the€dignity€and€worth€of€the€human€person€and€inÏthe€equal€rights€of€men€and€women,ÌÌà2 .2àòòRecallingóó€that€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€ofÏDiscrimination€against€Women€states€that€the€full€and€complete€development€of€a€country,€the€welfare€of€the€world€and€the€cause€of€peace€require€the€maximumÏparticipation€of€women€on€equal€terms€with€men€in€all€fields,ÌÌà2 .2àòòRecalling€alsoóó€that€the€International€Conference€on€Population€andÏDevelopment,€to€be€held€at€Cairo€from€5€to€13September1994,€is€being€held€at€aÏtime€when€profound€political,€economic,€social€and€cultural€changes€are€takingÏplace€and€when€it€is€being€recognized€that€the€role€of€both€men€and€women€is€theÏcentral€force€in€sustainable€development,€that€women€constitute€the€majority€ofÏthe€world€population€and€that€the€interdependence€of€their€status€with€economicÏgrowth,€the€elimination€of€poverty,€sustainable€development€and€populationÏissues,ÌÌà2 .2àòòNotingóó€that€in€the€Vienna€Declaration€and€Programme€of€Action€adopted€byÏthe€World€Conference€on€Human€Rights,€held€at€Vienna€from€14€to€25June1993,€itÏis€stated€that€the€human€rights€of€women€and€of€the€girl€child€are€anÏinalienable,€integral€and€indivisible€part€of€universal€human€rights€and€thatÏthe€full€and€equal€participation€of€women€in€political,€civil,€economic,€socialÏand€cultural€life,€at€the€national,€regional€and€international€levels,€and€theÏeradication€of€all€forms€of€discrimination€on€grounds€of€sex€are€priorityÏobjectives€of€the€international€community,€òò5óó/ÌÌà2 .2à1.à .àòòReiteratesóó€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€AllÏForms€of€Discrimination€against€Women€bearing€in€mind€the€great€contribution€ofÏwomen€to€the€welfare€of€the€family€and€to€the€development€of€society,€so€far€notÏfully€recognized,€the€social€significance€of€maternity€and€the€role€of€bothÏparents€in€the€family€and€in€the€upbringing€of€children;ÌÌà2 .2à2.à .àòòFurther€reiteratesóó€that€the€role€of€women€in€procreation€should€not€beÏa€basis€for€discrimination€but€that€the€upbringing€of€children€requires€aÏsharing€of€responsibility€between€men€and€women€and€society€as€a€whole;ÌÌà2 .2à3.à .àòòReaffirmsóó€that€women€should€have,€on€the€basis€of€equality,€the€sameÏrights€as€men€to€decide€freely€and€responsibly€on€the€number€and€spacing€ofÏtheir€children€and€to€have€access€to€complete€information€on€alternative€formsÏof€safe€family€planning€methods€and€services,€including€education€and€means€toÏenable€them€to€exercise€these€rights;ÌÌà2 .2à4.à .àòòNotesóó€that€there€is€a€vicious€cycle€of€women's€illiteracy,€poverty,Ïhigh€fertility€rates€and€discrimination€in€formal€and€informal€employment,€asÏwell€as€an€interrelation€of€these€issues€with€population€and€development€issues,Ïand€that€due€attention€must€therefore€be€given€to€this€interdependence€in€anyÏpopulation€and€development€policies€as€well€as€to€allowing€women€equalÏparticipation€in€the€relevant€governmental€and€non-governmental€decision„makingÏprocesses;ÌÌà2 .2à5.à .àòòReaffirmsóó€the€objective€of€the€International€Conference€on€PopulationÏand€Development€to€raise€the€quality€of€life€for€all€people,€notably€through€theÏguarantee€of€human€rights,€the€alleviation€of€poverty,€the€creation€ofÏemployment€in€the€formal€sector€and€protection€and€access€to€social€benefits€ofÏwomen€working€in€the€informal€sector€and€the€improvement€of€health,€education,Ïnutrition€and€housing,€and€considers€that,€as€women€are€generally€the€poorest€ofÏthe€poor,€eliminating€social,€cultural,€economic€and€political€discriminationÏagainst€women€is€a€prerequisite€for€attaining€the€human€rights€of€women€and€forÏenhancing€the€quality€of€life€of€the€people,€as€well€as€reducing€poverty,Ïpromoting€economic€growth€and€achieving€sound€population€policies;ÌÌà2 .2à6.à .àòòRecognizesóó€that,€in€view€of€the€increase€in€the€number€of€female„¼headed€households€who€are€among€the€poorest€sectors€of€the€population,€specialÏmeasures€should€be€carried€out€to€provide€for€the€special€needs€of€female„headedÏfamilies€and€that€due€attention€should€be€paid€to€them€in€all€aspects€ofÏpopulation€and€development€policies;ÌÌà2 .2à7.à .àòòStrongly€emphasizesóó€that€one€of€the€main€objectives€of€the€ConferenceÏis€to€eliminate€discrimination€against€the€girl€child€and€increase€publicÏawareness€of€her€value€as€a€human€being,€both€before€and€after€her€birth;€toÏeliminate€the€root€causes€of€preferences€for€sons;€to€strengthen€the€girlÏchild's€self„image€and€self„esteem€and€improve€the€status€of€the€girl€child,Ïespecially€with€regard€to€health,€nutrition€and€education,€and€to€raise€theÏminimum€age€of€marriage€of€girls€to€18;ÌÌà2 .2à8.à .àòòTakes€noteóó€of€the€economic€contribution€of€women's€domestic€work€andÏother€non„remunerated€work,€as€well€as€the€product€of€their€functions€in€theÏinformal€sector,€and€considers€that€due€attention€should€be€paid€to€theÏrecognition€of€the€value€of€that€work€in€research€and€in€calculating€grossÏnational€product,€which€forms€the€basis€of€development€and€population€policiesÏand€programmes,€and€to€the€necessity€of€eliminating€all€discriminatory€practicesÏimpeding€women's€work€in€those€areas€when€formulating€development€and€populationÏpolicies;ÌÌà2 .2à9.à .àòòRecommendsóó€that,€in€the€formulation€of€sustainable€developmentÏpolicies,€particularly€for€poor€rural€and€urban€areas,€the€needs€and€tasks€ofÏwomen,€and€their€impact€on€natural€resources,€should€be€recognized€and€thatÏwomen€should€participate€in€governmental€and€non-governmental€decision„makingÏprocesses€on€these€issues€on€equal€terms€with€men;ÌÌà2 .2à10.à .àòòNotesóó€that€the€severe€economic€situation€facing€many€nations,€bothÏdeveloped€and€developing,€as€well€as€structural€adjustment€programmes€and€theÏconcomitant€reduction€in€social€programmes,€have€serious€implications€for€theÏpeople;ÌÌà2 .2à11.à .àòòAlso€notesóó€that€those€implications€occur€particularly€at€theÏgrass-roots€level,€where€women€who€comprise€the€majority€sufferÏdisproportionately€from€the€transition€and€adjustment€periods;ÌÌà2 .2à12.à .àòòCallsóó€for€appropriate€measures€to€be€carried€out€by€Governments€andÏinternational€organizations€and€financial€institutions€to€alleviate€the€burdenÏimposed€in€the€life€of€men€and€women€and€their€families€in€this€respect.ÌÌÌà@ì .šàC.€€òòOther€mattersóóˆÌÌà@ì .H à1.€€òòReservations€to€the€ConventionóóˆÌÌ1.à2 .2àIn€view€of€its€frequently€expressed€concern€about€reservations€to€theÏConvention,€and€bearing€in€mind€the€recommendation€of€the€World€Conference€onÏHuman€Rights€that€States€be€encouraged€"to€consider€limiting€the€extent€of€anyÏreservations€they€lodge€to€international€human€rights€instruments,€formulate€anyÏreservations€as€precisely€and€narrowly€as€possible,€ensure€that€none€isÏincompatible€with€the€object€and€purpose€of€the€relevant€treaty€and€regularlyÏreview€any€reservations€with€a€view€to€withdrawing€them,"òò6óó/€the€CommitteeÏdecided€to€take€further€steps€to€address€the€issue.ÌÌ2.à2 .2àThe€Committee€has€on€a€number€of€occasions€raised€the€issue€of€reservationsÏto€the€Convention.€€It€recognizes€that€the€Convention€allows€reservations€soÏthat€a€maximum€number€of€States€can€become€parties.€€However,€article€28€of€theÏConvention€provides,€òòinter€aliaóó:€€"A€reservation€incompatible€with€the€objectÏand€purpose€of€the€present€Convention€shall€not€be€permitted".ÌÌ3.à2 .2àAt€its€twelfth€session,€the€Committee€recalled€that€it€had€raised€the€issueÏof€reservations€to€the€Convention€at€its€previous€sessions€and€that€at€itsÏeleventh€session€it€had€recommended,€òòinter€aliaóó,€that,€in€connection€withÏpreparations€for€the€World€Conference€on€Human€Rights€in€1993,€States€partiesÏshould€raise€the€question€of€the€validity€and€legal€effect€of€reservations€toÏthe€Convention€in€the€context€of€reservations€to€other€human€rights€treatiesÏ(general€recommendation€20).€€The€Committee€subscribes€to€the€recommendation€ofÏthe€Conference€quoted€in€paragraph1€above.ÌÌ4.à2 .2àThe€Committee€decides€to€bring€again€to€the€attention€of€the€States€partiesÏthe€seriousness€with€which€the€Committee€considers€the€problem€of€reservationsÏand€requests€that€this€concern€be€conveyed€to€the€seventh€meeting€of€StatesÏparties.ÌÌ5.à2 .2àThe€Committee€decides€to€amend€the€guidelines€for€the€preparation€ofÏinitial€and€subsequent€periodic€reports,€to€include€a€section€indicating€how€theÏCommittee€would€like€States€parties€which€have€entered€reservations€to€report€onÏthis.€€The€text€of€the€amendment€would€read€as€follows:ÌÌà02 .2àà .àEach€State€party€that€has€entered€substantive€reservations€to€theÏConvention€should€include€information€on€them€in€each€of€its€periodicÏreports.ÌÌà02 .2àà .àIn€reporting€on€reservations,€the€State€party€should€indicate€why€itÏconsidered€the€reservation€to€be€necessary€and€whether€reservations€theÏState€party€may€or€may€not€have€entered€on€obligations€with€regard€to€theÏsame€rights€in€other€conventions€are€consistent€with€the€reservations€toÏthe€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€Discrimination€againstÏWomen,€as€well€as€the€precise€effect€of€the€reservation€in€terms€ofÏnational€law€and€policy.€€It€should€indicate€the€plans€that€it€has€to€limitÏthe€effect€of€reservations€and€ultimately€withdraw€them€and,€wheneverÏpossible,€specify€a€timetable€for€withdrawing€them.ÌÌà02 .2àà .àStates€parties€which€have€entered€general€reservations€that€do€notÏrefer€to€a€specific€article€of€the€Convention€or€reservations€to€articles€2Ïand€3€should€make€a€particular€effort€to€report€on€the€effect€andÏinterpretation€of€them.€€The€Committee€considers€these€to€be€incompatibleÏwith€the€object€and€purpose€of€the€present€Convention.ÌÌ6.à2 .2àThe€Committee€also€requests€that€a€special€letter€be€sent€by€theÏSecretary-General€to€those€States€parties€that€have€entered€substantiveÏreservations€to€the€Convention€drawing€their€attention€to€the€Committee'sÏconcern.ÌÌ7.à2 .2àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€programme€of€advisory€services€of€theÏCentre€for€Human€Rights€and€of€the€Division€for€the€Advancement€of€WomenÏprovide,€on€request,€advice€to€States€parties€on€the€withdrawal€of€reservations.ÌÌ8.à2 .2àThe€Committee€requests€the€Secretariat€to€bring€the€Committee's€concernÏabout€reservations€to€the€attention€of€the€Commission€on€the€Status€of€Women€and€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights,€as€well€as€to€the€other€human€rights€treatyÏbodies.ÌÌ9.à2 .2àThe€Committee€further€requests€that€the€Secretariat,€in€preparing€analysesÏof€reports€of€individual€States€parties,€include€in€the€analysis€an€indicationÏof€reservations€made€by€the€State€to€other€human€rights€conventions€on€the€sameÏhuman€rights.ÌÌ10.à2 .2àThe€Committee€decides,€for€those€States€parties€that€have€enteredÏsubstantive€reservations,€to€include€in€the€concluding€observations€it€preparesÏfollowing€the€review€of€their€periodic€reports€a€section€in€which€theÏCommittee's€views€on€the€reservations€would€be€reflected.ÌÌ11.à2 .2àThe€Committee€notes€that€a€number€of€States€parties€which€considerÏreservations€of€other€States€parties€to€be€incompatible€with€the€object€andÏpurpose€of€the€Convention€enter€objections€to€the€reservations.€€It€encouragesÏthose€States€to€enter€into€a€dialogue€on€a€bilateral€basis€with€the€States€toÏwhose€reservations€they€object€with€a€view€to€finding€a€solution.ÌÌÌà@ì .žà2.€€òòAdequate€meeting€time€to€consider€reports€of€States€partiesóóˆÌÌ12.à2 .2àThe€backlog€of€reports€pending€consideration€by€the€Committee€is€now€veryÏlarge€and€is€growing€since€the€number€of€States€parties€is€increasing.€ÏMoreover,€if€an€effort€is€made€to€encourage€States€with€overdue€reports€toÏsubmit€them,€the€size€of€the€backlog€will€increase€further.€€If€States€currentlyÏparties€to€the€Convention€were€to€report€on€schedule,€the€Committee€would€beÏexpected€to€consider€30€reports€per€session.€€There€is€now€an€average€of€threeÏyears€between€the€time€a€State€party€submits€its€report€and€its€consideration€byÏthe€Committee.€€This€is€itself€a€disincentive€to€report€and€leads€to€the€needÏfor€the€State€to€present€additional€information€to€update€the€report€which,€inÏturn,€increases€the€volume€of€documentation€that€must€be€considered€by€theÏCommittee.ÌÌ13.à2 .2àThe€limitation€on€the€duration€of€sessions€of€the€Committee€contained€inÏthe€Convention€has€become€a€serious€obstacle.€€The€temporary€extension€ofÏsessions€to€three€weeks€cannot€be€expected€to€eliminate€the€backlog.ÌÌ14.à2 .2àThe€Committee€therefore€recommends€that€the€States€parties€undertake€toÏamend,€on€an€exceptional€basis€and€with€reference€only€to€the€workings€of€theÏCommittee,€article€20€of€the€Convention€to€allow€the€Committee€to€meet€annuallyÏto€consider€reports€submitted€in€accordance€with€article€18.€€It€furtherÏrecommends€that€the€General€Assembly,€pending€the€completion€of€an€amendmentÏprocess,€authorize€the€Committee€to€meet,€exceptionally,€for€two€sessions€ofÏthree€weeks€duration€each€preceded€by€a€pre-session€working€group€starting€inÏ1995€and€in€the€biennium€1996-1997.ÌÌ15.à2 .2àIt€requests€the€Secretariat€to€bring€this€recommendation€to€the€attentionÏof€the€States€parties€at€their€seventh€meeting€in€February€1994.ÌÌÌà@ì .6à3.€€òòOverdue€reportsóóˆÌÌ16.à2 .2àThe€Committee€notes€with€alarm€that€38€States€parties€have€not€yetÏsubmitted€initial€reports.€€It€recalls€its€decision€to€permit€States€partiesÏwhose€reports€are€long€overdue€to€combine€reports.€€It€requests€the€SecretariatÏto€bring€this€matter€to€the€attention€of€the€seventh€meeting€of€States€parties€and,€in€cooperation€with€relevant€organizations€of€the€United€Nations€system,€toÏprovide€advisory€services,€on€request,€to€countries€in€preparing€their€reports.ÌÇÝ ƒ$ÿÝÔ UK ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÑ\R3Ø'\ÑÑ X ÑÑ À ÑÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓ…+ÓÔ€ôôôÔÔC€<þ6X9`(CourierCÔÓ(€ # $(ÓØØÖ€ÖÖ€ÖÓ882^ ÓÝ  ÝÝ ƒ$ÿÝÔ UK ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÑ\R3Ø'\ÑÑ X ÑÑ À ÑÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓ…+ÓÔ€ôôôÔÔC€<þ6X9`(CourierCÔÓ(€ # $(ÓØØÖ€ÖÖ€ÖÓ882^ ÓÝ  Ýà@ì .² àÙ  ÙØØII.€€ORGANIZATIONAL€AND€OTHER€MATTERSˆÌÌÌà@ì .ä àA.€€òòStates€parties€to€the€ConventionóóˆÌÌ1.à2 .2àOn€4€February€1994,€the€closing€date€of€the€thirteenth€session€of€theÏCommittee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women,€there€were€132ÏStates€parties€to€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€ofÏDiscrimination€against€Women,€which€was€adopted€by€the€General€Assembly€in€itsÏresolution€34/180€of€18€December€1979,€and€opened€for€signature,€ratificationÏand€accession€in€New€York€in€March€1980.€€In€accordance€with€article€27,€theÏConvention€entered€into€force€on€3€September€1981.ÌÌ2.à2 .2àA€list€of€States€parties€to€the€Convention€is€contained€in€annex€I€to€theÏpresent€report.ÌÌÌà@ì .ØàB.€€òòOpening€of€the€sessionóóˆÌÌ3.à2 .2àThe€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women€held€itsÏthirteenth€session€at€United€Nations€Headquarters€from€17€January€toÏ4February1994.€€The€Committee€held€27€plenary€meetings€(233rd€to€259thÏmeetings)€and€its€two€working€groups€each€held€6€closed€meetings.€€A€thirdÏinformal€working€group€met€four€times.ÌÌ4.à2 .2àThe€session€was€opened€by€the€Chairperson€of€the€Committee,€Ivanka€Corti,Ïwho€had€been€elected€at€the€twelfth€session€of€the€Committee€in€January€1993.ÌÌ5.à2 .2àIn€her€opening€statement,€the€Secretary-General€of€the€Fourth€WorldÏConference€on€Women€stated€that€the€Committee€was€considered€one€of€theÏpreparatory€bodies€for€the€Conference.€€The€Conference,€to€be€held€in€Beijing€inÏ1995,€was€an€opportunity€for€the€Committee€to€assess€the€implementation€of€theÏConvention.ÌÌ6.à2 .2àThe€Vienna€Declaration€and€Programme€of€Action,€adopted€by€the€WorldÏConference€on€Human€Rights€in€1993,€had€underlined€the€importance€of€women'sÏrights€as€human€rights,€while€at€the€same€time€expressing€concern€that,€althoughÏwomen€had€the€same€human€rights€as€men,€they€did€not€enjoy€them€as€much€as€menÏdid.€€The€Declaration€had€also€underlined€the€importance€of€the€integration€andÏfull€participation€of€women,€as€a€human€right,€in€the€sustainable€developmentÏprocess€both€as€agents€and€beneficiaries,€and€had€emphasized€that€new€proceduresÏshould€be€adopted€to€strengthen€implementation€of€the€commitment€to€equality€andÏhuman€rights€as€they€related€to€women.€€The€Conference€had€asked€both€theÏCommission€on€the€Status€of€Women€and€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€ofÏDiscrimination€against€Women€to€examine€the€possibility€of€introducing€the€rightÏof€individual€petition€through€the€preparation€of€an€optional€protocol€to€theÏConvention€and€had€asked€the€Committee€to€continue€its€review€of€thoseÏreservations€that€ran€contrary€to€the€object€and€purpose€of€the€Convention€orÏwhich€were€otherwise€incompatible€with€international€treaty€law.ÌÌ7.à2 .2àShe€said€that€Latin€America€and€the€Caribbean€had€become€the€first€regionÏwhere€all€States€Members€of€the€United€Nations€were€parties€to€the€Convention,Ïand€expressed€the€hope€that€other€regions€would€do€likewise€prior€to€theÏConference.€€It€would€be€a€great€affirmation€of€the€world's€commitment€to€theÏprotection€and€implementation€of€human€rights€as€they€related€to€women€if,€byÏthe€time€of€the€Conference,€the€Convention€became€the€first€human€rightsÏinstrument€to€achieve€universal€ratification€without€reservations.̇8.à2 .2àThe€preparations€for€the€Fourth€World€Conference€on€Women€meant€that€itÏwould€no€longer€be€"business€as€usual"€in€programmes€dealing€with€theÏadvancement€of€women.€€As€one€of€the€preparatory€bodies€for€the€Conference,€theÏCommittee€could€contribute€to€its€preparation€by€providing€guidelines€on€howÏbest€to€ensure€that€the€human€rights€of€women€could€be€enjoyed.ÌÌÌà@ì .BàC.€€òòMembership€and€attendanceóóˆÌÌ9.à2 .2àAll€the€members€of€the€Committee,€with€the€exception€of€Ryoko€Akamatsu,Ïattended€the€thirteenth€session.€€Kongit€Sinegiorgis€attended€the€session€fromÏ26€January€to€4€February€and€Rose€N.€Ukeje€from€20€January€to€4€February€1994.€ÏFor€the€membership€of€the€Committee,€see€annex€II.ÌÌÌÔ&  Ôà@ì .ØàD.€€òòAdoption€of€the€agendaóóˆÌÌ10.à2 .2àThe€Committee€considered€the€provisional€agenda€(CEDAW/C/1994/1)€at€itsÏ233rd€meeting,€on€17€Ô'  ÔJanuary.€€The€agenda€as€adopted€was€as€follows:ÌÓ882 ÓÌà2 .2à1.à .àOpening€of€the€session.ÌÌà2 .2à2.à .àAdoption€of€the€agenda€and€organization€of€work.ÌÌà2 .2à3.à0 .àReport€of€the€Chairperson€on€the€activities€undertaken€between€theÏtwelfth€and€the€thirteenth€sessions€of€the€Committee.ÌÌà2 .2à4.à0 .àConsideration€of€reports€submitted€by€States€parties€under€article€18Ïof€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€DiscriminationÏagainst€Women.ÌÌà2 .2à5.à0 .àImplementation€of€article€21€of€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€ofÏAll€Forms€of€Discrimination€against€Women.ÌÌà2 .2à6.à0 .àWays€and€means€of€expediting€the€work€of€the€Committee€on€theÏElimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women.ÌÌà2 .2à7.à0 .àContributions€of€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€DiscriminationÏagainst€Women€to€international€conferences.ÌÌà2 .2à8.à0 .àProvisional€agenda€for€the€fourteenth€session.ÌÌà2 .2à9.à0 .àAdoption€of€the€report€of€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€ofÏDiscrimination€against€Women€on€its€thirteenth€session.ÌÌÌà@ì .† àE.€€òòReport€of€the€pre-session€working€groupóóˆÌÌ11.à2 .2àThe€Committee€had€decided€at€its€ninth€sessionòò7óó/€to€convene€a€pre-sessionÏworking€group€for€five€days€before€each€session€to€prepare€lists€of€questionsÏrelating€to€the€second€and€subsequent€periodic€reports€that€would€be€consideredÏby€the€Committee€at€the€session.ÌÌ12.à2 .2àThe€Committee,€wishing€to€reflect€in€those€lists€the€ideas€and€views€ofÏvarious€members€of€the€Committee,€decided€that€they€should€continue€to€submit€toÏthe€Secretariat€draft€questions€on€specific€countries€and€articles€of€theÏConvention€prior€to€the€meeting€of€the€Working€Group.̇13.à2 .2àFollowing€the€request€of€the€Committee,€the€Secretariat€prepared€anÏanalysis€of€each€State€party's€report€based€on€the€information€presented€in€theÏinitial€report€and€in€subsequent€reports,€and€using€supplementary€statisticalÏdata€from€other€United€Nations€sources,€in€order€to€provide€information€inÏrespect€of€questions€to€which€answers€were€still€pending.€€In€compliance€withÏthe€request,€the€analyses€also€drew€on€other€reports€about€the€country€that€wereÏavailable,€prepared€by€other€human€rights€treaty€bodies€or€in€accordance€withÏconventions€of€the€specialized€agencies€of€the€United€Nations€system.€€TheÏanalyses€also€contained,€where€appropriate,€information€specifically€provided€byÏthe€specialized€agencies€and€extracts€from€the€statistics€of€the€United€NationsÏChildren's€Fund€(UNICEF).ÌÌ14.à2 .2àThe€Committee€had€proposed€five€members€to€form€the€pre-session€WorkingÏGroup.€€The€members€present€were:€€Carlota€Bustelo,€àˆ .ˆàNorma€Monica€Forde,€àX .X à¼TatianaNikolaeva€and€àÐ .Ð àAhoua€Ouedraogo.€€The€fifth€member,€Salma€Khan,€was€notÏable€to€attend.Ìà2 .2àÌ15.à2 .2àThe€pre-session€Working€Group€held€10€meetings,€including€3€draftingÏsessions,€at€United€Nations€Headquarters,€from€10€to€14January1994.€ÏNormaMonica€Forde€was€elected€as€Chairperson.ÌÌ16.à2 .2àAccording€to€the€provisional€agenda€of€the€Committee€(CEDAW/C/1994/1),€theÏWorking€Group€had€to€prepare€lists€of€questions€for€seven€countries:€€Australia,ÏBarbados,€Colombia,€Ecuador,€Japan,€New€Zealand€and€Senegal.ÌÌ17.à2 .2àFor€the€preparation€of€the€lists,€the€Working€Group€had€before€it€theÏreports€of€those€seven€countries;€the€general€guidelines€regarding€the€form€andÏcontents€of€periodic€reports€(CEDAW/C/7);€the€general€recommendations€adopted€byÏthe€Committee;€and€the€draft€lists€of€questions€received€from€six€members€of€theÏCommittee.€€Further€reference€materials€included€the€declarations,€reservations,Ïobjections€and€notifications€of€the€withdrawal€of€reservations€relating€to€theÏConvention€(CEDAW/SP/1994/2);€the€analyses,€prepared€by€the€Secretariat,€of€theÏsecond€periodic€reports€of€Australia,€Ecuador,€Japan,€New€Zealand€and€Senegal;Ïthe€combined€second€and€third€periodic€reports€of€Barbados€and€Colombia€and€theÏthird€periodic€reports€of€Ecuador€and€Japan,€as€well€as€information€materialÏreceived€from€non-governmental€organizations.ÌÌ18.à2 .2àIn€preparing€the€lists€of€questions,€the€pre-session€Working€Group€followedÏthe€suggestion€of€the€Committee€to€concentrate€on€a€limited€number€of€questions,Ïto€focus€on€analytical€and€qualitative€aspects€rather€than€on€specific€questionsÏand€to€underline€the€achievements,€remaining€obstacles€and€matters€in€respect€ofÏwhich€further€information€should€be€provided.€€The€Working€Group€endeavoured€toÏinclude€questions€that€reflected,€as€far€as€possible,€the€Committee's€moreÏgeneral€concerns€as€they€applied€to€the€report€under€consideration.ÌÌ19.à2 .2àAs€in€previous€years,€the€Working€Group€allocated€to€each€of€its€membersÏthe€main€responsibility€for€and€coordination€of€the€preparation€of€a€preliminaryÏlist€of€questions€on€one€or€two€countries.€€Each€draft€was€subsequentlyÏdiscussed,€revised€and€amended.ÌÌ20.à2 .2àThe€lists€of€questions€drawn€up€by€the€Working€Group€are€contained€in€theÏreport€of€the€pre-session€Working€Group€(CEDAW/C/1994/CRP.2),€which€theÏCommittee€had€before€it.€€The€Working€Group,€as€authorized€by€the€Committee,Ïtransmitted€each€list€directly€to€the€State€party€concerned€on€14January1994.€ÏÌ21.à2 .2àThe€Working€Group€paid€tribute€to€and€recognized€the€value€of€the€work€doneÏby€non-governmental€organizations€in€providing€additional€information€material.€€The€Working€Group€commented€on€the€length€of€some€reports€and€the€problemsÏrelated€to€the€late€submission€of€additional€or€revised€reports€by€someÏcountries.ÌÌÌà@ì .<àF.€€òòOrganization€of€workóóˆÌÌ22.à2 .2àThe€Committee€considered€its€organization€of€work€(CEDAW/C/1994/CRP.1)€atÏits€233rd€meeting.€ÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€G.€€òòComposition€and€organization€of€work€of€theóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòworking€groupsóóÌÌ23.à2 .2àAt€its€233rd€and€238th€meetings,€on€17€and€19€January,€the€Committee€agreedÏon€the€composition€of€its€two€standing€Working€Groups:€€Working€Group€I€toÏconsider€and€suggest€ways€and€means€of€expediting€the€work€of€the€Committee€andÏWorking€Group€II€to€consider€ways€and€means€of€discharging€its€responsibilitiesÏunder€article21€of€the€Convention,€in€particular€through€its€consideration€ofÏarticles7€and€8.ÌÌ24.à2 .2àWorking€Group€I€was€composed€of€the€following€members€of€the€Committee:€ÏEmna€Aouij,€Dora€Bravo€Nuez€de€Ramsey,€Norma€Monica€Forde,ÏLilianaGurdulichdeCorrea,€Zagorka€Ilic,€Lin€Shangzhen,€Pirkko€Anneli€Mkinen,ÏElsaVictoriaMuoz-Gð;ðmez,€Tatiana€Nikolaeva,€Ahoua€Ouedraogo,€HannaÏBeateSchpp-Schilling,€Kongit€Sinegiorgis,€Mervat€Tallawy€and€Rose€N.€Ukeje.ÌÌ25.à2 .2àWorking€Group€II€was€composed€of€the€following€members€of€the€Committee:€ÏCharlotte€Abaka,€Gl€Aykor,€Carlota€Bustelo€Garca€del€Real,ÏSilviaRoseCartwright,€Ivanka€Corti,€Evangelina€Garca-Prince,€Salma€Khan€andÏTeresita€Quintos-Deles.ÌÌ26.à2 .2àAt€its€237th€meeting,€on€20January,€the€Committee€also€decided€to€organizeÏWorking€Group€III€to€deal€with€issues€concerning,€among€others,€the€ViennaÏDeclaration€and€Programme€of€Action€adopted€by€the€World€Conference€on€HumanÏRights.€€Working€Group€III€was€composed€of€the€following€members€of€theÏCommittee:€€Silvia€Rose€Cartwright,€Ivanka€Corti,€Norma€Monica€Forde,ÏZagorkaIlic,€HannaBeate€Schpp-Schilling,€Kongit€Sinegiorgis€andÏMervatTallawy.ÌÌòòWorking€Group€IóóÌÌ27.à2 .2àThe€Committee€agreed€on€the€following€draft€programme€of€work€for€WorkingÏGroup€I:ÌÌà2 .2à(a)à .àReservations€to€the€Convention;ÌÌà2 .2à(b)à .àAdequate€meeting€time€to€consider€reports€of€States€parties;ÌÌà2 .2à(c)à .àOverdue€reports;ÌÌà2 .2à(d)à .àSecretariat€servicing€of€the€Committee;ÌÌà2 .2à(e)à .àVenue€of€the€session;ÌÌà2 .2à(f)à .àReview€of€the€rules€of€procedure;ÌÌà2 .2à(g)à .àFormulation€of€Committee€comments€on€the€reports€of€States€parties;ÌÌà2 .2à(h)à .àOrganization€of€the€fourteenth€session€of€the€Committee;ÌÌà2 .2à(i)à .àReports€to€be€considered€at€the€fourteenth€session;ÌÌà2 .2à(j)à .àProvisional€agenda€for€the€fourteenth€session.ÌÌòòWorking€Group€IIóóÌÌ28.à2 .2àThe€Committee€agreed€on€the€following€draft€programme€of€work€for€WorkingÏGroupII:ÌÌà2 .2à(a)à .àAnalysis€of€articles€7€and€8€of€the€Convention;ÌÌà2 .2à(b)à .àContribution€of€the€Committee€to€the€Fourth€World€Conference€on€Women;ÌÌà2 .2à(c)à .àContribution€of€the€Committee€to€the€World€Summit€for€SocialÏDevelopment.ÌÌòòWorking€Group€IIIóóÌÌ29.à2 .2àThe€Committee€agreed€on€the€following€draft€programme€of€work€for€WorkingÏGroup€III:ÌÌà2 .2à(a)à .àRelations€with€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights:ÌÌà2 .2à(i)à .àNext€meeting€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee;ÌÌ€€€€(ii)à .àAppointment€of€the€official€rapporteur€on€violence;ÌÌ€€€(iii)à .àPlan€of€action€of€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights;ÌÌ€€€€(iv)à0 .àHuman€rights€education€(reply€to€the€Assistant€Secretary„General€forÏHuman€Rights);ÌÌà2 .2à(v)à .àIssues€to€be€dealt€with€at€the€next€meeting€of€Chairpersons;ÌÌ€€€€(vi)à0 .àImprovement€of€cooperation€between€human€rights€committees€and€theirÏsecretariats;ÌÌà2 .2à(b)à .àInput€(suggestions)€to€the€International€Conference€on€Population€andÏDevelopment;ÌÌà2 .2à(c)à .àFeasibility€of€drafting€an€optional€protocol.ÌÇ€€€€€€€€€€€III.€€REPORT€OF€THE€CHAIRPERSON€ON€THE€ACTIVITIES€UNDERTAKENÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€BETWEEN€THE€TWELFTH€AND€THE€THIRTEENTH€SESSIONS€OF€THEÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€COMMITTEEÌÌÌ30.à2 .2àIn€her€introductory€statement,€the€Chairperson€of€the€Committee€gave€anÏoverview€of€the€activities€undertaken€during€the€past€12€months€and€the€resultsÏachieved.€€In€an€effort€to€increase€the€visibility€of€the€Committee,€she€hadÏparticipated,€in€her€capacity€as€chairperson,€in€the€thirty„seventh€session€ofÏthe€Commission€on€the€Status€of€Women,€the€World€Conference€on€Human€Rights,€theÏmeetings€of€the€Third€Committee€of€the€General€Assembly€during€its€discussion€ofÏthe€agenda€item€entitled€"Advancement€of€women"€and€other€internationalÏconferences€and€events.€€She€had€frequently€been€confronted€with€a€regrettableÏlack€of€knowledge€about€the€Convention€and€the€Committee.€€The€limited€financialÏand€human€resources€of€the€secretariat€were€one€of€the€reasons€why€so€fewÏoutreach€activities€could€be€undertaken€in€the€past.ÌÌ31.à2 .2àIn€her€contacts€with€the€specialized€agencies,€in€particular€the€UnitedÏNations€Educational,€Scientific€and€Cultural€Organization€(UNESCO),€the€UnitedÏNations€Population€Fund€(UNFPA),€UNICEF€and€the€World€Health€Organization€(WHO),Ïshe€had€received€positive€feedback€and€indications€of€possible€cooperation,€forÏexample,€in€the€field€of€human€rights€education€and€the€treatment€of€the€rightsÏof€the€girl€child.€€She€emphasized€the€important€activities€undertaken€byÏnon-governmental€organizations€active€in€women's€rights€and€suggestedÏinvestigating€ways€to€utilize€their€contributions€more€actively.ÌÌ32.à2 .2àThe€World€Conference€on€Human€Rights€held€at€Vienna€represented€a€milestoneÏfor€the€recognition€of€the€human€rights€of€women.€€She€noted€that€suggestion4Ïof€the€Committee€had€been€a€useful€tool€in€drawing€up€the€resolution€elaboratedÏby€the€Commission€on€the€Status€of€Women€for€the€Conference,€and€she€supportedÏthe€efforts€of€non-governmental€organizations€in€amending€the€final€document€ofÏthe€Conference.€€The€Vienna€Declaration€and€Programme€of€Action€recognized€theÏConvention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€Discrimination€against€Women€as€anÏimportant€international€instrument€in€the€field€of€women's€rights.€€It€also€putÏthe€Committee€on€an€equal€footing€with€other€human€rights€treaty€bodies.€ÏConcerning€the€plans€being€elaborated€by€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights€of€theÏUnited€Nations€Secretariat€for€the€implementation€of€the€Vienna€Declaration,€sheÏsaid€that€the€Committee€should€react€immediately€and€suggest€action€on€the€areasÏrelevant€to€its€work.ÌÌ33.à2 .2àConcerning€the€working€methods€of€the€Committee,€the€Chairperson€suggestedÏintroducing€a€new€procedure€for€the€examination€of€the€reports€of€StatesÏparties,€in€particular€for€the€formulation€of€final€observations,€followingÏprocedures€adopted€by€other€human€rights€treaty€bodies.€€She€suggested€that€theÏCommittee€consider€entrusting€an€expert,€or€experts,€to€take€the€lead€inÏstudying€each€report.€€The€Committee€might€consider€preparing€questions€onÏinitial€reports€in€the€same€way€as€it€had€prepared€questions€for€second€andÏsubsequent€reports.ÌÌ34.à2 .2àWith€regard€to€reservations€to€the€Convention,€neither€the€ViennaÏDeclaration€and€Programme€of€Action€nor€the€recommendations€of€the€personsÏchairing€human€rights€treaty€bodies€had€gone€further€than€the€previous€proposalsÏfor€reconsideration€and€withdrawal€of€reservations€by€States€parties.€€However,Ïthe€Committee€had€to€look€into€the€matter€seriously€and€give€its€own€opinion€andÏsuggestions€on€that€important€issue€concerning€the€Convention.ÌÌ35.à2 .2àDelay€in€the€submission€by€States€parties€of€reports€due€should€beÏconsidered€a€violation€of€international€obligations€and€should€not€prevent€theÏCommittee€from€examining€the€situation€in€a€particular€country€and€reachingÏfinal€conclusions.€€She€pointed€out€the€need€to€prepare€the€Committee'sÏcontribution€to€the€International€Conference€on€Population€and€Development€andÏto€the€World€Summit€for€Social€Development.€€The€Committee€might€also€wish€toÏreflect€on€its€input€to€the€Fourth€World€Conference€on€Women,€in€addition€to€theÏcompendium€already€foreseen.€€She€emphasized€the€need€to€give€effectiveÏexpression€to€the€recommendations€concerning€articles€9,€15€and€16€of€theÏConvention,€and€suggested€that€the€agreed€text€might€be€edited€to€make€it€moreÏaccessible,€concise€and€flexible.ÌÌÇÝ ƒ$ÿÝÔ UK ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÑ\R3Ø'\ÑÑ X ÑÑ À ÑÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓ…+ÓÔ€ôôôÔÔC€<þ6X9`(CourierCÔÓ(€ # $(ÓØØÖ€‘ÖÖ€ÖÓ882^ ÓÝ  ÝÙ  ÙØØ€€€€€€€€€€€€IV.€€CONSIDERATION€OF€REPORTS€SUBMITTED€BY€STATES€PARTIESÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€UNDER€ARTICLE€18€OF€THE€CONVENTIONÌÌÌà@ì .ÌàA.€€òòIntroductionóóˆÌÌ36.à2 .2àAt€its€thirteenth€session,€the€Committee€considered€the€reports€submittedÏby€13€States€parties€under€article€18€of€the€Convention:€€four€initial€reports,Ïtwo€combined€òò8óó/€initial€and€second€periodic€reports,€five€second€periodicÏreports,€two€combined€òò8óó/€second€and€third€periodic€reports€and€two€thirdÏperiodic€reports.€€The€Committee€also€considered€two€reports€submitted€on€anÏexceptional€basis.€€The€Committee€decided,€for€the€first€time,€to€prepareÏconcluding€comments€on€each€report€considered€but,€owing€to€its€tight€schedule,Ïit€was€not€able€to€prepare€comments€on€all€the€reports.€€For€the€status€of€theÏsubmission€of€reports€by€States€parties,€see€annex€IV€to€the€present€report.ÌÌÓ882  Ó37.à2 .2àThe€Committee's€consideration€of€the€reports€of€the€States€parties€isÏsummarized€below,€with€a€summary€of€the€introductory€presentations€by€theÏrepresentatives€of€the€States€parties,€of€the€observations€made€and€theÏquestions€asked€by€the€members€of€the€Committee,€as€well€as€of€the€replies€givenÏby€the€representatives€of€the€States€parties€present€at€the€meetings.€€TheÏsummary€records€provide€more€detailed€information€on€the€reports€submitted€byÏStates€parties.€€According€to€rule€49€of€the€rules€of€procedure€of€theÏCommittee,€when€the€report€of€a€State€party€is€being€examined,€theÏrepresentative€of€the€State€party€shall€be€present€at€the€meeting€of€theÏCommittee€and€shall€participate€in€the€discussion€and€answer€questionsÏconcerning€the€report.ÌÌÌà@ì .tàB.€€òòConsideration€of€reportsóóˆÌÌà@ì .à1.€€òòInitial€reportsóó*ˆÌÌà@ì .*àòòGuatemalaóóˆÌÌ38.à2 .2àThe€Committee€considered€the€combined€initial€and€second€periodic€reportsÏof€Guatemala€(CEDAW/C/GUA/1„2€and€Corr.1€and€Amend.1)€at€its€242nd€andÏ246thmeetings,€on€24€and€26€January€(see€CEDAW/C/SR.242€and€246).ÌÌ39.à2 .2àIn€introducing€the€report,€the€representative€of€the€Government€said€thatÏunfortunately,€owing€to€financial€constraints,€the€persons€most€qualified€toÏpresent€the€report€could€not€come€to€address€the€meeting,€but€that€all€theÏCommittee's€comments€and€recommendations€would€be€analysed€and€taken€intoÏconsideration€for€the€elaboration€of€future€policies€and€in€the€preparation€ofÏthe€subsequent€report.€€Gender„based€studies€had€been€undertaken€and€certainÏaspects€had€undergone€changes€owing€to€the€successive€changes€in€administrationÏand€government€policy.€€She€gave€updated€information€concerning€the€GovernmentÏand€demographic€data.€€On€5€June€1993,€the€state€of€law€had€been€restored€and,Ïwith€the€nomination€of€the€new€President,€democracy€had€been€reinstated.€ÏAccording€to€the€most€recent€projections,€women€made€up€49.5€per€cent€of€theÏpopulation,€of€which€62€per€cent€lived€in€rural€areas.€€She€assured€the€membersÏthat€the€new€President€placed€special€emphasis€on€the€protection€of€humanÏrights.Ì_________________________ÌÌà2 .2à*à .àIncluding€subsequent€reports,€if€submitted,€in€those€cases€where€theÏinitial€report€of€the€State€party€had€not€yet€been€considered€by€the€Committee.̇òòGeneral€observationsóóÌÌ40.à2 .2àMembers€welcomed€the€ratification€of€the€Convention€without€reservationsÏand€the€well„structured,€extensive€and€frank€report€that€had€followed€theÏCommittee's€guidelines€and€reflected€the€Government's€effort€to€integrate€womenÏinto€the€life€of€the€nation.€€It€was€noted€that€all€sectors€of€society€wereÏrepresented€in€the€preparation€of€the€report.€€However,€it€was€felt€that€theÏreport€could€have€been€more€analytical€and€that€it€lacked€information€on€theÏdefacto€situation€and€on€policies€carried€out€to€enact€related€laws.€€It€wasÏsuggested€that€the€report€did€not€clearly€indicate€whether€progress€had€beenÏmade€since€the€ratification€of€the€Convention€or€whether€the€advancement€ofÏwomen€had€encountered€many€obstacles.€€The€report€was€said€to€lack€informationÏon€national€programmes€to€implement€the€policy€of€non„discrimination.€ÌÌÓ(€ # $(ÓØ(ØÔ2Ô41.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àRegret€was€expressed€that€no€one€from€the€body€which€had€prepared€theÏreport€had€been€able€to€attend€the€meeting.€€While€the€report€stated€that€womenÏwere€not€discriminated€against€in€the€country,€it€was€noted€that€the€country€wasÏdivided€in€terms€of€class€and€race€and€that€there€was€discrimination€againstÏindigenous€women.€€Experts€asked€whether€the€National€Office€of€Women's€AffairsÏwas€taking€any€measures€to€counteract€that€phenomenon.€€Members€also€drewÏattention€to€the€fact€that€there€was€no€reference€to€the€shortcomings€in€theÏCivil€Code,€which€contained€provisions€that€were€discriminatory€to€women,Ïalthough€they€had€been€objected€to€by€non„governmental€organizations.ÌÌÔ2Ô42.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Guatemalan€delegation's€answers€to€the€questions€put€by€the€CommitteeÏwere€provided€by€a€person€who,€according€to€a€member€of€the€Permanent€Mission€ofÏGuatemala€t