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ÐÌà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àA.à  àList€of€issues€to€be€taken€up€in€connection€withÐ 3"Û# Ðà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àà  àthe€consideration€of€periodic€reports€of€StatesÌà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àà  àparties€..........................................à  ààÑääD à38€„€40ˆà‘ì!ì!VP"à8ˆÐ $­!% ÐÌà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àB.à  àComments€of€the€Committee€at€the€end€of€theÐ ×%#' Ðà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àà  àconsideration€of€reports€of€States€parties€.......à  ààÑääD à41€„€44ˆà‘ì!ì!VP"à9ˆÐ À&h$( ÐÌà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àC.à  àThe€Committee's€procedures€in€dealing€withÐ ’(:&* Ðà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àà  àemergency€situations€.............................à  ààÑääD à45€„€47ˆà‘ì!ì!VP"à9ˆÐ {)#'+ ÐÌà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àD.à  àImplementation€of€the€Covenant€in€new€States€thatÐ M+õ(- Ðà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àà  àconstituted€parts€of€former€States€parties€to€theÌà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àà  àCovenant€.........................................à  ààÑääD à48€„€49ˆà‘ˆ!ˆ!UP"à10ˆÐ -Ç*/ ÐÌà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àE.à  àGeneral€comments€.................................à  ààÑttH à€50ˆà‘ˆ!ˆ!UP"à11ˆÐ ñ.™,1  Їà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àF.à  àOverdue€reports€..................................à  ààÑääD à51€„€53ˆà‘ˆ!ˆ!UP"à11ˆÐ X ÐÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àG.à .àFormat€of€the€annual€report€of€the€Committee€underÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .àarticle€45€of€the€Covenant€.......................à .ààÑ  .Øà54ˆ€„€56à‘P" .ˆ!à12ˆÌÌÌÌà@ì .òà„iii„ˆÌÑ  Ñà@ì .àCONTENTS€(continued)ˆÌÌÓ 88tÓòòChapteróóàt .tàòòParagraphsóó€€òòPageóóÌÔ  ÔÔ , ÔÓ)8 8Ä´    P")ÓÌà‘Ä .˜àIV.ˆà .àSUBMISSION€OF€REPORTS€BY€STATES€PARTIES€UNDERÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àARTICLE€40€OF€THE€COVENANT€...........................àÑ  .Øà57ˆ€„€61à‘P" .ˆ!à14ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àA.à .àReports€submitted€by€States€parties€underÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .àarticle€40€of€the€Covenant€during€the€period€underÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .àreview€...........................................à .ààÑ  . àˆ€60à‘P" .ˆ!à14ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àB.à .àSpecial€decisions€by€the€Human€Rights€CommitteeÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .àconcerning€reports€of€particular€States€..........à .ààÑ  . àˆ€61à‘P" .ˆ!à14ˆÌÌà‘Ä .üàV.ˆà .àSTATES€THAT€HAVE€NOT€COMPLIED€WITH€THEIR€OBLIGATIONSÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àUNDER€ARTICLE€40€.....................................àÑ  .Øà62ˆ€„€67à‘P" .ˆ!à16ˆÌÌà‘Ä .˜àVI.ˆà .àCONSIDERATION€OF€REPORTS€SUBMITTED€BY€STATES€PARTIESÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àUNDER€ARTICLE€40€OF€THE€COVENANT€.....................àÑ  .Øà68ˆ€„€370à‘P" .ˆ!à19ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àA.à .àIceland€..........................................à .ààÑ  .Øà69ˆ€„€83à‘P" .ˆ!à19ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àB.à .àNorway€...........................................à .ààÑ  .Øà84ˆ€„€97à‘P" .ˆ!à21ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àC.à .àJapan€............................................à .ààÑ  .Øà98ˆ€„€116à‘P" .ˆ!à23ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àD.à .àMalta€............................................à .ààÑ  .tà117ˆ€„€131à‘P" .ˆ!à26ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àE.à .àRomania€..........................................à .ààÑ  .tà132ˆ€„€149à‘P" .ˆ!à28ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àF.à .àCosta€Rica€.......................................à .ààÑ  .tà150ˆ€„€165à‘P" .ˆ!à31ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àG.à .àMexico€...........................................à .ààÑ  .tà166ˆ€„€182à‘P" .ˆ!à33ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àH.à .àCameroon€.........................................à .ààÑ  .tà183ˆ€„€208à‘P" .ˆ!à36ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àI.à .àEl€Salvador€......................................à .ààÑ  .tà209ˆ€„€224à‘P" .ˆ!à38ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àJ.à .àLibyan€Arab€Jamahiriya€...........................à .à€€€€225à‘P" .ˆ!à41ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àK.à .àJordan€...........................................à .ààÑ  .tà226ˆ€„€244à‘P" .ˆ!à41ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àL.à .àTogo€.............................................à .ààÑ  .tà245ˆ€„€270à‘P" .ˆ!à44ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àM.à .àItaly€............................................à .ààÑ  .tà271ˆ€„€290à‘P" .ˆ!à47ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àN.à .àAzerbaijan€.......................................à .ààÑ  .tà291ˆ€„€311à‘P" .ˆ!à50ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àO.à .àCyprus€...........................................à .ààÑ  .tà312ˆ€„€333à‘P" .ˆ!à53ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àP.à .àSlovenia€.........................................à .ààÑ  .tà334ˆ€„€353à‘P" .ˆ!à56ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àQ.à .àBurundi€..........................................à .ààÑ  .tà354ˆ€„€370à‘P" .ˆ!à58ˆÌÌÌÌÌÌà@ì .$à„iv„ˆÌÑ  Ñà@ì .àCONTENTS€(continued)ˆÌÌÓ 88tÓòòChapteróóàt .tàòòParagraphsóó€€òòPageóóÌÔ  ÔÔ , ÔÓ)8 8Ä´    P")ÓÌà‘Ä .4àVII.ˆà .àGENERAL€COMMENTS€OF€THE€COMMITTEE€....................àÑ  .tà371ˆ€„€373à‘P" .ˆ!à62ˆÌÌà‘Ä .ÐàVIII.ˆà .àCONSIDERATION€OF€COMMUNICATIONS€UNDER€THE€OPTIONALÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àPROTOCOL€.............................................àÑ  .tà374ˆ€„€468à‘P" .ˆ!à63ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àA.à .àProgress€of€work€.................................à .ààÑ  .tà376ˆ€„€382à‘P" .ˆ!à63ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àB.à .àGrowth€of€the€Committee's€case„load€under€theÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .àOptional€Protocol€................................à .ààÑ  .tà383ˆ€„€384à‘P" .ˆ!à65ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àC.à .àNew€approaches€to€examining€communications€underÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .àthe€Optional€Protocol€............................à .ààÑ  .tà385ˆ€„€387à‘P" .ˆ!à65ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àD.à .àIndividual€opinions€..............................à .ààÑ  .tà388ˆ€„€389à‘P" .ˆ!à66ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àE.à .àIssues€considered€by€the€Committee€...............à .ààÑ  .tà390ˆ€„€457à‘P" .ˆ!à66ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àF.à .àRemedies€called€for€under€the€Committee's€views€..€€€€€458à‘P" .ˆ!à83ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àG.à .àFollow„up€activities€.............................à .ààÑ  .tà459ˆ€„€468à‘P" .ˆ!à84ˆÌÌà@ì .ŽàòòAnnexesóóˆÌÌà‘Ä .üàI.ˆà .àStates€parties€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€andÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àPolitical€Rights€and€to€the€Optional€Protocols€and€States€whichÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àhave€made€the€declaration€under€article€41€of€the€Covenant€asÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àat€29€July€1994€..................................................à‘P" .ˆ!à89ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àA.à .àStates€parties€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€andÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .àPolitical€Rights€.............................................à‘P" .ˆ!à89ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àB.à .àStates€parties€to€the€First€Optional€Protocol€................à‘P" .ˆ!à92ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àC.à .àStates€which€have€made€the€declaration€under€article€41€of€theÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .àCovenant€.....................................................à‘P" .ˆ!à94ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àD.à .àStatus€of€the€Second€Optional€Protocol€aiming€at€the€abolitionÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .àof€the€death€penalty€.........................................à‘P" .ˆ!à95ˆÌÌà‘Ä .˜àII.ˆà .àMembership€and€officers€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee,€1993„1994€.à‘P" .ˆ!à97ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àA.à .àMembership€...................................................à‘P" .ˆ!à97ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àB.à .àOfficers€.....................................................à‘P" .ˆ!à97ˆÌÌà‘Ä .4àIII.ˆà .àSubmission€of€reports€and€additional€information€by€States€partiesÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àunder€article€40€of€the€Covenant€during€the€period€under€review€..à‘P" .ˆ!à98ˆÌÌà‘Ä .˜àIV.ˆà .àStatus€of€reports€considered€during€the€period€under€review€and€ofÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àreports€still€pending€before€the€Committee€.......................à‘P" .$!à104ˆÌÌÌÌÌà@ì .Và„v„ˆÌÑ  Ñà@ì .àCONTENTS€(continued)ˆÌÌÓ 88tÓòòóóàt .tà€€€€€€€€€€€€òòPageóóÌÔ  ÔÔ , ÔÓ)8 8Ä´    P")ÓÌà‘Ä .üàV.ˆà .àGeneral€comments€under€article€40,€paragraph€4,€of€theÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€.............à‘P" .$!à107ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àGeneral€comment€No.23€(50)€(art.€27)€............................à‘P" .$!à107ˆÌÌà‘Ä .˜àVI.ˆà .àAmended€rules€of€procedure€.......................................à‘P" .$!à111ˆÌÌà‘Ä .4àVII.ˆà .àLetter€from€the€Chairman€of€the€Committee€concerning€an€overdueÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àreport€...........................................................à‘P" .$!à114ˆÌÌà‘Ä .ÐàVIII.ˆà .àLists€of€States€Parties'€delegations€that€participated€in€theÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àconsideration€of€their€respective€reports€by€the€Human€RightsÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àCommittee€at€its€forty„ninth,€fiftieth€and€fifty„first€sessions€..à‘P" .$!à115ˆÌÌà‘Ä .˜àIX.ˆà .àViews€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,Ìà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àof€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€CivilÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àand€Political€Rights*€ÌÌà‘Ä .üàX.ˆà .àDecisions€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€declaring€communicationsÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àinadmissible€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€InternationalÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights*€ÌÌà‘Ä .˜àXI.ˆà .àRecommendation€submitted€by€the€Committee€to€the€SubcommissionÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àon€Prevention€of€Discrimination€and€Protection€of€MinoritiesÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àconcerning€a€draft€third€optional€protocol€to€the€InternationalÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€...........................à‘P" .$!à120ˆÌÌà‘Ä .4àXII.ˆà .àList€of€documents€issued€during€the€reporting€period€.............à‘P" .$!à121ˆÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌ________________________ÌÌÓ&88,´    P"&Óà, .,à*à .àSee€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„ninth€Session,ÏSupplement€No.€40óó€(A/49/40),€vol.€II.ÌÌÌÌà@ì .$à„vi„ˆÇÝ ƒÿÝÔ UK ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÑ\R3Ø'\ÑÑ X ÑÑ À ÑÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓ…+ÓÔ€ôôôÔÔC€<þ6X9`(CourierCÔÓ(€  $(ÓØØÖ€JÖÖ€ÖÓ882^ ÓÝ  ÝÙ  ÙØØà@ì .ä àI.€€ORGANIZATIONAL€AND€OTHER€MATTERSˆÌÌÌà@ì .H àA.€€òòStates€parties€to€the€CovenantóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô1.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àAs€at€29€July€1994,€the€closing€date€of€the€fifty„first€session€of€theÏHuman€Rights€Committee,€127€States€had€ratified,€acceded€or€succeeded€to€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€and€76€States€had€ratifiedÏor€acceded€to€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€Covenant.€€Both€instruments€wereÏadopted€by€the€General€Assembly€in€resolution€2200€A€(XXI)€of€16€December€1966Ïand€opened€for€signature€and€ratification€in€New€York€on€19€December€1966.€€TheyÏentered€into€force€on€23€March€1976€in€accordance€with€the€provisions€of€theirÏarticles€49€and€9€respectively.€€Also,€as€at€29€July€1994,€44€States€had€madeÏthe€declaration€envisaged€under€article€41,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant,€whichÏcame€into€force€on€28€March€1979.ÌÌÔ2Ô2.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Second€Optional€Protocol€aiming€at€the€abolition€of€the€death€penalty,Ïwhich€was€adopted€and€opened€for€signature,€ratification€or€accession€by€theÏGeneral€Assembly€in€resolution€44/128€of€15€December€1989,€entered€into€force€onÏ11€July€1991€in€accordance€with€the€provisions€of€its€article€8.€€As€atÏ29July1994,€there€were€23€States€parties€to€the€Second€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌÔ2Ô3.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àA€list€of€States€parties€to€the€Covenant€and€to€the€Optional€Protocols,Ïwith€an€indication€of€those€which€have€made€the€declaration€under€article€41,Ïparagraph€1,€of€the€Covenant,€is€contained€in€annex€I€to€the€present€report.ÌÌÔ2Ô4.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àReservations€and€other€declarations€made€by€a€number€of€States€parties€inÏrespect€of€the€Covenant€or€the€Optional€Protocols€are€set€out€in€documentÏCCPR/C/2/Rev.3€and€in€notifications€deposited€with€the€Secretary„General.€€By€aÏnote€of€18€January€1994,€the€Government€of€Iceland€notified€the€Secretary„¼General€of€the€withdrawal€of€its€reservation€to€article€8,€paragraph€3€(a),€ofÏthe€Covenant.€€Similarly,€by€a€note€of€12€April€1994,€the€Government€of€IrelandÏnotified€the€Secretary„General€of€the€withdrawal€of€its€reservation€toÏarticle6,€paragraph€5,€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÌà@ì .nàB.€€òòSessions€and€agendaóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô5.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Human€Rights€Committee€has€held€three€sessions€since€the€adoption€ofÏits€last€annual€report.€€The€forty„ninth€session€(1263rd€to€1291st€meetings)€wasÏheld€at€the€United€Nations€Office€at€Geneva€from€18€October€to€5€November€1993,Ïthe€fiftieth€session€(1292nd€to€1319th€meetings)€was€held€at€United€NationsÏHeadquarters€from€21€March€to€8€April€1994,€and€the€fifty„first€sessionÏ(1320thto€1357th€meetings)€was€held€at€the€United€Nations€Office€at€Geneva€fromÏ4€to€29€July€1994.ÌÌÌà@ì .BàC.€€òòMembership€and€attendanceóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô6.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àAt€the€forty„ninth€session€(1273rd€meeting),€held€on€25€October€1993,€theÏChairperson€informed€the€Committee€of€the€death€of€one€of€its€members,ÏMr.JnosFodor€(Hungary).€€Members€of€the€Committee€expressed€their€sorrow€atÏhis€untimely€death€and€paid€tribute€to€his€contributions€to€the€work€of€heÏCommittee€and€to€the€promotion€of€human€rights€in€general.ÌÌÔ2Ô7.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àMr.€Tams€Bn€(Hungary)€was€elected€at€the€13th€meeting€of€States€PartiesÏto€the€Convention,€held€at€United€Nations€Headquarters€on€16€March€1994,€to€fill€the€vacancy€in€the€Committee€resulting€from€the€death€of€Mr.€Jnos€Fodor.€€AÏlist€of€the€members€of€the€Committee,€as€well€as€of€its€officers,€is€given€inÏannex€II€to€the€present€report.ÌÌÔ2Ô8.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àAll€the€members€attended€the€forty„ninth€and€fiftieth€sessions€of€theÏCommittee.€€Mr.€Bn€attended€only€part€of€the€fiftieth€session.€€All€the€membersÏattended€the€fifty„first€session.€€Mrs.€Chanet,€Mr.€Herndl,€Mrs.€Higgins€andÏMr.Lallah€attended€only€part€of€that€session.ÌÌÌà@ì . àD.€€òòSolemn€declarationóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô9.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àBefore€assuming€his€functions,€Mr.€Tams€Bn€made€a€solemn€declaration€inÏaccordance€with€article€38€of€the€Covenant€and€rule€16€of€the€Committee's€rulesÏof€procedure.ÌÌÌà@ì .hàE.€€òòWorking€groupsóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô10.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àIn€accordance€with€rules€62€and€89€of€it€rules€of€procedure,€the€CommitteeÏestablished€working€groups€to€meet€before€its€forty„ninth,€fiftieth€and€fifty„¼first€sessions.ÌÌÔ2Ô11.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€working€group€established€under€rule€89€was€entrusted€with€the€task€ofÏmaking€recommendations€to€the€Committee€regarding€communications€under€theÏOptional€Protocol.€€At€the€forty„ninth€session,€the€working€group€was€composedÏof€Ms.€Evatt,€Mr.€Herndl,€Mr.€Ndiaye,€Mr.€Mavrommatis€and€Mr.€Prado€Vallejo.€€ItÏmet€at€the€United€Nations€Office€at€Geneva€from€11€to€15€October€1993€andÏelected€Ms.€Evatt€as€its€Chairperson„Rapporteur.€€At€the€fiftieth€session,€theÏworking€group€was€composed€of€Mr.€Ando,€Mrs.€Higgins,€Mr.€Ndiaye,€Mr.€Pocar€andÏMr.Prado€Vallejo.€€It€met€at€United€Nations€Headquarters€from€14€toÏ18March1994€and€elected€Mrs.€Higgins€as€its€Chairperson„Rapporteur.€€At€theÏfifty„first€session,€the€working€group€was€composed€of€Mr.€Bruni€Celli,ÏMr.Dimitrijevic,€Mr.€Mavrommatis,€Mr.€Ndiaye€and€Mr.€Sadi.€€It€met€at€theÏUnited€Nations€Office€at€Geneva€from€27€June€to€1€July€1994€and€elected€Mr.ÏBruni€Celli€as€its€Chairperson„Rapporteur.ÌÌÔ2Ô12.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€working€group€established€under€rule€62€was€mandated€to€prepare€conciseÏlists€of€issues€concerning€second€and€third€periodic€reports€scheduled€forÏconsideration€at€the€Committee's€forty„ninth,€fiftieth€and€fifty„first€sessions;Ïto€consider€any€draft€general€comments€that€might€be€put€before€it;€and€toÏreview€the€Committee's€procedures€under€article€40€of€the€Covenant.€ÏAdditionally,€the€working€group€that€met€before€the€fifty„first€session€wasÏrequested€to€formulate€recommendations€relating€to€the€forthcoming€meeting€ofÏpersons€chairing€the€human€rights€treaty€bodies.€€At€the€forty„ninth€session,Ïthe€working€group€was€composed€of€Mr.€Aguilar€Urbina,€Mr.€Dimitrijevic,ÏMr.Lallah€and€Mr.€Sadi.€€It€met€at€the€United€Nations€Office€at€Geneva€fromÏ11to€15€October€1993€and€elected€Mr.€Lallah€as€its€Chairperson„Rapporteur.€ÏAtthe€fiftieth€session,€the€working€group€was€composed€of€Mrs.€Chanet,ÏMr.Bruni€Celli,€Mr.€Francis€and€Mr.€Wennergren;€it€met€at€United€NationsÏHeadquarters€from€4€to€18€March€1994€and€elected€Mr.€Wennergren€as€itsÏChairperson„Rapporteur.€€At€the€fifty„first€session,€the€group€was€composed€ofÏMs.€Evatt,€Mr.€Aguilar€Urbina,€Mr.€El€Shafei€and€Mr.€Wennergren.€€It€met€at€theÏUnited€Nations€Office€at€Geneva€from€27€June€to€1€July€1994€and€electedÏMs.Evatt€as€its€Chairperson„Rapporteur.ÌÌÌà@ì .šàF.€€òòOther€mattersóóˆÌÌà@ì .nà1.€€òòForty„ninth€sessionóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô13.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Assistant€Secretary„General€for€Human€Rights€informed€the€Committee€ofÏthe€report€of€the€Secretary„General€on€the€work€of€the€Organization,€submittedÏto€the€General€Assembly€at€its€forty„eighth€session.€òò1óó/€€Members€were€alsoÏbriefed€on€recent€activities€of€the€Working€Group€on€Detention,€the€Committee€onÏthe€Elimination€of€Racial€Discrimination,€the€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€theÏChild€and€the€programme€of€advisory€services€of€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights.ÌÌòòSummary€records€of€the€forty„ninth€sessionóóÌÌÔ2Ô14.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Committee€was€informed€that,€owing€to€financial€difficultiesÏexperienced€by€the€Untied€Nations€in€recent€months,€interpretation€could€not€beÏprovided€for€all€30€meetings€of€the€session€and€that€Conference€Services€wouldÏbe€unable€to€provide€summary€records€for€the€forty„ninth€session.€€As€aÏconsequence€of€those€measures,€the€Committee€was€obliged€to€reschedule€theÏconsideration€of€certain€reports€in€order€to€benefit€from€interpretation€duringÏthe€dialogue€with€delegations€of€States€parties,€and€certain€urgentÏcommunications€under€the€Optional€Protocol€had€unfortunately€to€be€deferred€toÏanother€session.€€It€nevertheless€drew€attention€to€the€fact€that€the€completeÏelimination€of€summary€records€would€result€in€the€absence€of€any€officialÏrecord€of€what€had€been€said€in€the€dialogue€between€the€Committee€and€each€ofÏthe€States€parties.€€A€large€part€of€the€exercise€would€therefore€be€lost€bothÏfor€the€Committee€and€the€delegations€concerned.€€Furthermore,€without€suchÏrecords,€there€would€be€no€archive€of€the€jurisprudence€of€the€Committee€underÏthe€Optional€Protocol.€€Accordingly,€the€Committee€requested€the€Secretariat€toÏcontemplate€any€means€available€to€produce€summary€records€at€a€later€stage.ÌÌÔ2Ô15.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Committee€was€subsequently€informed€that€Conference€Services,€at€theÏCommittee's€request,€was€envisaging€the€preparation€of€summary€records€of€theÏforty„ninth€session€on€the€basis€of€recorded€tapes.€€In€view€of€the€costsÏinvolved,€those€summary€records€would,€on€an€exceptional€basis,€be€prepared€inÏEnglish€only.ÌÌÌà@ì .à2.€€òòFiftieth€sessionóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô16.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Committee€was€informed€by€the€representative€of€the€Secretary„GeneralÏthat€Ambassador€Jos€Ayala€Lasso€of€Ecuador€had€been€appointed€United€NationsÏHigh€Commissioner€for€Human€Rights€by€the€General€Assembly,€pursuant€toÏresolution€48/141€of€20€December€1994.€€The€High€Commissioner€was€to€beÏresponsible,€òòinter€aliaóó,€for€making€recommendations€to€competent€bodies€of€theÏUnited€Nations€system€for€improving€the€promotion€and€protection€of€all€humanÏrights,€for€engaging€all€Governments€in€a€dialogue€with€a€view€to€securingÏrespect€for€all€human€rights,€for€coordinating€human€rights€activitiesÏthroughout€the€United€Nations€system€and,€in€this€regard,€for€rationalizing,Ïadapting,€strengthening€and€streamlining€United€Nations€human€rights€machineryÏin€order€to€improve€its€efficiency€and€effectiveness.ÌÌÔ2Ô17.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àMembers€were€briefed€about€the€recent€activities€of€the€United€NationsÏhuman€rights€treaty€bodies,€particularly€the€Committee€against€Torture,€whichÏhad€just€completed€its€first€inquiry€procedure€under€article€20€of€theÏConvention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€orÏPunishment.ÌÌòòEducation€on€human€rightsóóÌÌÔ2Ô18.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Committee€took€note€with€particular€interest€of€a€letter€addressed€toÏit€by€the€Assistant€Secretary„General€for€Human€Rights€inviting€the€Committee€toÏexpress€its€views€and€give€its€suggestions€on€how€to€ensure€effective€promotionÏand€protection€of€human€rights€education,€training€and€public€information,€inÏthe€light€of€the€Vienna€Declaration€and€Programme€of€Action€adopted€by€the€WorldÏConference€on€Human€Rights.ÌÌÔ2Ô19.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Committee€pointed€to€the€pivotal€importance€of€adequate€human€rightsÏeducation,€training€and€public€information,€which€constituted€an€essentialÏcondition€for€the€accomplishment€of€the€objectives€set€forth€in€both€theÏUniversal€Declaration€of€Human€Rights€and€the€international€covenants€on€humanÏrights.€€Basic€information€on€the€fundamental€principles€and€rights€enshrined€inÏthose€texts,€as€well€as€on€the€moral€and€philosophical€concepts€behind€them,Ïshould€thus€be,€in€the€view€of€the€Committee,€a€primary€objective€of€theÏforthcoming€Decade€on€Human€Rights€Education.€€Such€information€should€be€widelyÏdisseminated€by€any€available€means€and€reach€the€largest€possible€audience,Ïparticularly€children.€€In€that€regard,€specific€efforts€should€be€made€toÏensure€that€primary€and€secondary€school€curricula€include€in€an€appropriate€wayÏsuch€human€rights€education.ÌÌÔ2Ô20.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àSpecific€training€should€be€targeted€to€benefit€different€categories€ofÏpersons€or€professions€and€relate€to€the€interpretation€and€enforcement€of€theÏpertinent€rights€and€freedoms€guaranteed€in€the€International€Covenant€on€CivilÏand€Political€Rights.€€In€that€respect,€particular€attention€should€be€given€toÏthe€training€of€law€enforcement€officials€(police,€army,€security€forces€andÏprison€officers),€judges,€lawyers€and€members€of€other€professions,€such€asÏjournalists,€whose€activities€have€direct€bearing€on€the€realization€of€theÏobjectives€set€out€in€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô21.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Committee€added€that€in€implementing€human€rights€education,€trainingÏand€public€information€programmes,€careful€consideration€should€be€given€toÏpossible€assistance€from,€and€cooperation€with,€international,€regional€orÏnational€institutions,€commissions€or€other€bodies€engaged€in€activities€in€theÏfield€of€human€rights.ÌÌòòQuestion€of€a€possible€draft€third€optional€protocol€to€the€CovenantóóÌÌÔ2Ô22.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Committee€took€note€that€the€Subcommission€on€Prevention€ofÏDiscrimination€and€Protection€of€Minorities€in€its€resolution€1993/26€hadÏrequested€the€Committee€to€consider€the€text€of€a€possible€draft€third€optionalÏprotocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.ÌÌÔ2Ô23.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Committee€noted€that€the€purpose€of€the€possible€draft€optionalÏprotocol€was€to€add€article€9,€paragraphs€3€and€4,€and€article€14€to€the€list€ofÏnon„derogable€provisions€in€article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Covenant.€€In€thatÏregard,€the€Committee€was€satisfied€that€States€parties€generally€understoodÏthat€the€right€to€habeas€corpus€and€òòamparoóó€should€not€be€limited€in€situationsÏof€emergency.€€Furthermore,€the€Committee€was€of€the€view€that€the€remediesÏprovided€in€article€9,€paragraphs€3€and€4,€read€in€conjunction€with€article€2Ïwere€inherent€to€the€Covenant€as€a€whole.€€Having€this€in€mind,€the€CommitteeÏbelieved€that€there€was€a€considerable€risk€that€the€proposed€draft€thirdÏoptional€protocol€might€implicitly€invite€States€parties€to€feel€free€toÏderogate€from€the€provisions€of€article€9€of€the€Covenant€during€states€ofÏemergency€if€they€do€not€ratify€the€proposed€optional€protocol.€€Thus,€the€protocol€might€have€the€undesirable€effect€of€diminishing€the€protection€ofÏdetained€persons€during€states€of€emergency.ÌÌÔ2Ô24.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Committee€was€also€of€the€view€that€it€would€simply€not€be€feasible€toÏexpect€that€all€provisions€of€article€14€can€remain€fully€in€force€in€any€kindÏof€emergency.€€Thus,€the€inclusion€of€article€14€as€such€in€the€list€ofÏnon-derogable€provisions€would€not€be€appropriate.ÌÌÔ2Ô25.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àIn€the€light€of€the€foregoing,€the€Committee€considered€it€inadvisable€toÏpursue€the€elaboration€of€a€draft€optional€protocol€to€the€Covenant€with€the€aimÏof€adding€article€9,€paragraphs€3€and€4,€as€well€as€article€14€to€the€list€ofÏnon„derogable€rights€enumerated€in€article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Covenant.€€TheÏtext€of€the€recommendations€submitted€by€the€Committee€to€the€Subcommission€isÏcontained€in€annex€XI€to€the€present€report.ÌÌÌà@ì .nà3.€€òòFifty„first€sessionóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô26.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Committee€was€addressed€for€the€first€time€by€the€United€Nations€HighÏCommissioner€for€Human€Rights,€Mr.€Jos€Ayala€Lasso.€€The€Committee€welcomed€theÏaffirmed€intention€of€the€High€Commissioner€to€establish€harmonious€and€fruitfulÏworking€relations€with€all€human€rights€treaty€bodies€and€to€support€them€asÏmuch€as€possible€so€as€to€enhance€their€effectiveness.€€It€also€appreciated€theÏintention€of€the€High€Commissioner€to€place€special€emphasis€on€the€importanceÏof€compliance€by€all€States€with€the€obligations€they€have€undertaken€inÏratifying€or€acceding€to€international€human€rights€instruments.€€The€CommitteeÏaffirmed€its€readiness€fully€to€support€the€High€Commissioner€in€the€fulfilmentÏof€his€mandate.ÌÌÌà@ì .6àG.€€òòStaff€resourcesóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô27.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€greater€complexity€and€more€intensive€pace€of€the€Committee'sÏoperations,€resulting€from€the€increased€number€of€States€parties€to€theÏCovenant€as€well€as€from€qualitative€changes€in€the€Committee's€methods€of€work,Ïhave€added€significantly€to€the€workload€of€the€Secretariat€in€providingÏsubstantive€servicing€to€the€Committee€in€relation€to€the€monitoring€of€StatesÏparties'€reports.€€The€number€of€communications€submitted€to€the€Committee€underÏthe€Optional€Protocol€has€also€grown€markedly€(see€chap.€VIII,€sect.€B).€ÏAccordingly,€the€Committee€requests€the€Secretary„General€to€take€the€necessaryÏsteps€to€ensure€a€substantial€increase€in€the€specialized€staff€assigned€toÏservice€the€Committee€both€in€relation€to€the€monitoring€of€States€parties'Ïreports€and€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌÌà@ì .† àH.€€òòPublicity€for€the€work€of€the€CommitteeóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô28.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Chairperson€held€press€briefings€during€each€of€the€Committee's€threeÏsessions.€€The€Committee€noted€with€satisfaction€the€level€of€interest€in€itsÏactivities€shown€by€non„governmental€organizations,€but€was€concerned€by€theÏlack€of€support€for€its€work€shown€by€the€media.ÌÌÔ2Ô29.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Committee€noted€that€the€Yearbook€(Official€Records€of€the€Human€RightsÏCommittee)€has€been€published€up€to€1988.€€The€Committee€was€informed€orallyÏthat€manuscripts€for€the€Yearbook€for€1987€(vol.€II),€1987„1988€(vol.€II)€andÏ1988„1989€(vol.€II)€had€been€submitted€for€processing.€€In€the€light€of€the€existing€resources,€the€Committee€reiterated€its€view€that€the€publication€ofÏthe€Yearbook€should€be€accelerated€to€eliminate€the€still€existing€backlog.ÌÌÔ2Ô30.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Committee€urged€that€work€on€volume€III€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee'sÏselected€decisions€under€the€Optional€Protocol€be€accelerated€with€a€view€toÏeliminating€the€existing€backlog€as€soon€as€possible.€€In€future,€they€should€beÏpublished€on€a€regular€and€timely€basis.ÌÌÌà@ì .ØàI.€€òòAdoption€of€the€reportóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô31.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àAt€its€1356th€and€1357th€meetings,€held€on€28€and€29€July€1994,€theÏCommittee€considered€the€draft€of€its€eighteenth€annual€report,€covering€itsÏactivities€at€the€forty„ninth,€fiftieth€and€fifty„first€sessions,€held€in€1993Ïand€1994.€€The€report,€as€amended€in€the€course€of€the€discussion,€wasÏunanimously€adopted€by€the€Committee.ÌÌÌÇà@ì .. àII.€€ACTION€BY€THE€GENERAL€ASSEMBLY€AT€ITS€FORTY„EIGHTHˆÌà@ì .. à€€€€€SESSION€AND€BY€THE€COMMISSION€ON€HUMAN€RIGHTS€AT€€ˆÌà@ì .. à€€€€€ITS€FIFTIETH€SESSION€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ˆÌÓ(€  $(ÓØØÌÔ  ÔÌÔ2Ô32.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àAt€its€1314th€meeting,€held€on€6€April€1994,€the€Committee€considered€theÏagenda€item€in€the€light€of€the€relevant€summary€records€of€the€Third€Committee,ÏGeneral€Assembly€resolutions€48/119€and€48/120€of€20December1993€andÏCommission€on€Human€Rights€resolutions€1994/15€and€1994/19€of€25February1994.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô33.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àIn€relation€to€the€Committee's€annual€report,€submitted€under€article45€ofÏthe€Covenant,€and€the€discussions€held€in€the€Third€Committee€at€its€36th€toÏ39thmeetings,€from€17€to€19€November€1993,€the€Committee€noted€with€particularÏsatisfaction€the€favourable€comments€of€the€Assembly€on€its€initiatives€designedÏto€improve€its€working€methods€under€article40€of€the€Covenant,€notably€inÏrelation€to€the€formulation€of€comments€by€the€Committee€on€each€State€report.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô34.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àWith€reference€to€the€discussion€within€the€General€Assembly€relating€toÏthe€effective€functioning€of€human€rights€treaty€bodies,€the€Committee€notedÏwith€satisfaction€that€the€Assembly€had€once€again€underlined€the€importance€ofÏcompliance€by€States€parties€with€their€reporting€obligations,€as€well€as€theÏimportance€of€the€work€of€the€supervisory€bodies€established€under€the€variousÏhuman€rights€treaty€bodies.€€The€Committee€took€note€of€statements€made€by€aÏnumber€of€delegations€relating€to€the€necessity€of€alleviating€the€reportingÏobligations€of€States€parties.€€It€took€note€of€the€fact€that€States€that€wereÏparties€to€various€international€human€rights€instruments€might€faceÏdifficulties€in€complying€with€their€reporting€obligations.€€However,€it€feltÏthat€the€suggested€possibility€of€allowing€States€parties€to€consolidate€reportsÏdue€under€various€instruments€into€a€single€comprehensive€report€would€raiseÏserious€difficulties,€especially€with€respect€to€the€compatibility€of€suchÏreports€with€both€the€provisions€of€each€instrument€concerned€and€the€aim€andÏpurpose€of€the€reporting€procedure€itself.€€It€also€disagreed€with€proposalsÏmade€relating€to€the€possible€consideration€of€the€situation€of€human€rights€inÏa€country€without€a€report.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô35.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Committee€discussed€the€relevant€resolutions€adopted€by€the€CommissionÏon€Human€Rights€at€its€forty„ninth€session€and€expressed€strong€agreement,€inÏparticular€with€the€recommendation€that€countries€having€difficulties€inÏintroducing€changes€in€their€legislation€that€might€be€necessary€for€theÏratification€of€international€instruments€on€human€rights€should€be€encouragedÏto€request€appropriate€support€from€the€advisory€services€and€technicalÏassistance€programmes€of€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights.€€The€Committee€expressedÏsatisfaction€that€the€Commission€had€renewed€its€request€to€have€the€recentÏperiodic€reports€of€States€parties€to€treaty„monitoring€bodies,€the€summaryÏrecords€of€Committee€discussions€pertaining€to€them,€as€well€as€concludingÏobservations€and€final€comments€of€the€treaty€bodies€made€available€in€UnitedÏNations€information€centres€in€the€countries€concerned.€€It€also€welcomed€theÏrenewed€request€that€high€priority€be€given€to€the€recommendations€of€the€TaskÏForce€on€Computerization€of€the€Work€of€the€Treaty€Bodies€and€that€generousÏvoluntary€contributions€be€made€to€cover€the€initial€one„time€cost€of€theÏproposed€system.ÌÌÌÇà@ì .˜àIII.€€METHODS€OF€WORK€OF€THE€COMMITTEE€UNDER€ARTICLE€40€OFˆÌà@ì .˜à€€€€€€THE€COVENANT:€€OVERVIEW€OF€PRESENT€WORKING€METHODS€€ˆÌÌÔ  ÔÌÔ2Ô36.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThis€section€of€the€report€of€the€Committee€aims€at€providing€a€concise€andÏup„to„date€overview€of€the€methods€utilized€by€the€Human€Rights€Committee€inÏcarrying€out€its€work€relating€to€the€consideration€of€reports€submitted€byÏStates€parties€under€article40€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€andÏPolitical€Rights.€€It€highlights€some€of€the€modifications€introduced€in€recentÏyears€and€is€designed€in€particular€to€make€the€Committee's€current€procedureÏmore€transparent€and€readily€accessible€to€all,€so€as€to€assist€States€partiesÏand€others€interested€in€the€implementation€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô37.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€consideration€of€reports€submitted€under€article€40€of€the€CovenantÏtakes€place€in€public€meetings€and€in€the€presence€of€representatives€of€theÏState€party€concerned.€€The€purpose€of€such€meetings€is€to€establish€aÏconstructive€dialogue€between€the€Committee€and€the€State€party.€€The€mainÏfunction€of€the€Committee€is€to€assist€State€parties€in€fulfilling€theirÏobligations€under€the€Covenant,€to€make€available€to€them€the€experience€theÏCommittee€has€acquired€in€its€examination€of€other€reports€and€to€discuss€withÏthem€various€issues€relating€to€the€enjoyment€of€the€rights€enshrined€in€theÏCovenant.€€In€fulfilling€this€function,€members€of€the€Committee€pose€questionsÏto€the€representatives€of€the€State€party€in€order€to€obtain€information€orÏclarification€on€any€legal€or€factual€matters€or€factors€that€may€affect€theÏimplementation€of€the€Covenant.€€The€representatives€of€States€that€haveÏsubmitted€their€initial€reports€are€then€given€time€to€prepare€answers€toÏquestions€posed€and€comments€raised€by€members€of€the€Committee.€€On€the€otherÏhand,€in€dealing€with€periodic€reports,€the€Committee€identifies€in€advance€theÏvarious€matters€that€might€most€usefully€be€discussed€with€the€representativesÏof€the€State€party.ÌÌÌà@ì .ÊàA.€€òòLists€of€issues€to€be€taken€up€in€connection€with€theóóˆÌà@ì .Êà€€€€òòconsideration€of€periodic€reports€of€States€partiesó󀀈ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô38.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Committee€originated€the€practice€of€preparing€lists€of€issues€inÏconnection€with€the€consideration€of€second€periodic€reports€in€1983.òò2óó/€€ForÏthis€purpose,€at€each€of€its€sessions€it€establishes€a€working€group€consistingÏof€four€members,€which€meets€during€the€week€preceding€each€of€the€Committee'sÏthree€sessions€held€during€the€year.€€The€lists€are€divided€into€chapters,€eachÏcovering€a€group€of€related€articles€of€the€Covenant.€€The€lists,€which€areÏconsidered€by€the€Committee€as€non„exhaustive,€are€transmitted€to€theÏrepresentatives€of€the€reporting€States.€€During€the€consideration€of€the€StateÏreport,€chapters€are€treated€one€by€one€in€a€manner€providing€for€immediateÏreplies€by€the€representatives€of€the€State€party.€€The€members€of€the€CommitteeÏhave€the€opportunity€to€seek€additional€clarifications€under€each€issue€and€toÏask€supplementary€questions.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô39.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àAt€its€thirty„fifth€session,€in€March€1989,€the€Committee€adopted€aÏmethodologyòò3óó/€for€considering€third€periodic€reports€similar€to€that€used€forÏsecond€periodic€reports,€but€stressed€the€need€to€concentrate€on€developmentsÏthat€occurred€after€the€submission€of€the€second€periodic€report€and€to€completeÏthe€dialogue€in€no€more€than€three€meetings,€unless€otherwise€decided.€€SuchÏlists€do€not€include€issues€extensively€dealt€with€during€the€consideration€ofÏthe€previous€report,€except€those€identified€as€giving€rise€to€concern.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô40.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àOn€the€basis€of€further€experience,€at€its€forty„third€session,òò4óó/€inÏOctober1991,€the€Committee€decided€that€in€order€to€make€better€use€of€its€timeÏduring€the€dialogue€with€States€parties,€the€number€of€chapters€included€in€theÏlists€of€issues€should€be€reduced€to€three€or€four€and€that€the€issuesÏthemselves€should€be€more€concise€and€precise.€€ÌÌÔ  ÔÌà@ì .àB.€€òòComments€of€the€Committee€at€the€end€of€the€considerationóóˆÌà@ì .à€€€€òòof€reports€of€States€partiesóó€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ˆÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô41.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àAt€its€forty„fourth€session€(March/April€1992),òò5óó/€the€Committee€decided€toÏadopt€comments€reflecting€the€views€of€the€Committee€as€a€whole€on€each€StateÏparty€report€considered€during€a€given€session.€€Such€comments€are€additionalÏto,€and€do€not€replace,€comments€made€by€individual€members€at€the€conclusion€ofÏthe€consideration€of€a€report.€€A€rapporteur€is€selected€in€each€case€to€draft€aÏtext,€in€consultation€with€the€Chairman€and€other€members,€for€adoption€by€theÏCommittee€in€closed€meeting.€€Such€comments€are€dispatched€to€the€State€partyÏconcerned€as€soon€as€practicable,€published€in€a€separate€document€(issued€inÏthe€CCPR/C/79€series)€and€included€in€the€annual€report€of€the€Committee.€ÏComments€drafted€during€a€given€session€are€normally€adopted€by€the€Committee€atÏthe€end€of€the€session.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô42.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Committee's€comments€provide€a€general€evaluation€of€a€State€party'sÏreport€and€of€the€dialogue€with€the€delegation,€and€take€note€of€factors€andÏdifficulties€that€affect€the€implementation€of€the€Covenant,€of€positiveÏdevelopment€that€may€have€occurred€during€the€period€under€review€and€ofÏspecific€issues€of€concern€relating€to€the€application€of€the€provisions€of€theÏCovenant.€€They€include€suggestions€and€recommendations€to€the€State€partyÏconcerned.€€In€the€following€periodic€report,€States€parties€are€requested,€on€aÏsystematic€basis,€to€inform€the€Committee€about€the€measures€they€have€adoptedÏto€follow€up€on€the€Committee's€comments,€and€are€reminded,€when€appropriate,€ofÏthe€availability€of€advisory€services.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô43.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àDuring€its€forty„ninth€session,€the€Committee,€taking€into€account€theÏexperience€gained€in€adopting€comments€at€the€end€of€the€consideration€of€StatesÏparties'€reports,€formalized€this€practice€by€revising€rule70€of€its€rules€ofÏprocedure.òò6óó/€€Paragraph3€of€that€rule€was€amended€to€read€as€followsòò7óó/€(seeÏalso€annex€VI):ÌÌà02 .2à"3.à .àOn€the€basis€of€its€examination€of€the€reports€and€informationÏsupplied€by€a€State€party,€the€Committee,€in€accordance€with€article40,Ïparagraph4,€of€the€Covenant,€may€make€such€comments€as€it€may€considerÏappropriate".ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô44.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àAt€its€forty„ninth€session,€the€Committee€originated€the€practice€ofÏinforming€State€party€representatives,€at€the€conclusion€of€the€consideration€ofÏthe€country's€report,€that€the€comments€would€be€made€available€to€them€at€theÏlast€meeting€of€the€Committee's€session€in€the€language€adopted€and€made€publicÏimmediately€afterwards.ÌÌÔ  ÔÌà@ì .üàC.€€òòThe€Committee's€procedures€in€dealing€with€emergencyóóˆÌà@ì .üà€€€€òòsituationsóó€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ˆÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô45.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àSince€April€1991€(forty„first€session),€and€in€the€light€of€recent€orÏcurrent€events€indicating€that€the€enjoyment€of€human€rights€protected€under€theÏCovenant€has€been€seriously€affected€in€certain€States€parties,€the€Committee€has€resorted€to€the€practice€of€requesting€the€States€parties€concerned€toÏsubmit€urgently€reports€on€the€situation€(generally€within€three€months).€€SuchÏdecisions€have€been€taken€regarding,€in€chronological€order,€IraqÏ(11April1991),òò8óó/€the€Federal€Republic€of€Yugoslavia€(4€November€1991),òò9óó/ÏPeru€(10€April€1992),òò10óó/€Bosnia€and€Herzegovina,€Croatia€and€the€FederalÏRepublic€of€Yugoslavia€(6€October€1992),òò11óó/€Angola€and€BurundiÏ(29October1993)€(see€para.61).€€In€most€cases€the€States€concerned€compliedÏwith€the€Committee's€request€and€participated€in€the€consideration€of€theÏreport.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô46.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àAdditionally,€the€Committee€agreed€that,€if€an€exceptional€situation€arisesÏbetween€sessions,€the€Chairperson,€acting€in€consultation€with€the€members,€mayÏdirect€a€request€for€the€submission,€by€the€State€party€concerned,€of€a€reportÏunder€article€40,€paragraph€1€(b),€of€the€Covenant.€€That€procedure€wasÏimplemented€in€the€cases€concerning€Bosnia€and€Herzegovina,€Croatia€and€theÏFederal€Republic€of€Yugoslavia€(see€para.€45).€€Accordingly,€at€itsÏ1233rdmeeting€(forty„seventh€session),€held€on€8€April€1993,€the€CommitteeÏamended€its€rules€of€procedure€by€inserting€the€following€new€paragraph2€inÏrule€66:ÌÌà02 .2à"2.à .àRequests€for€submission€of€a€report€under€article€40,€paragraph1(b),Ïof€the€Covenant€may€be€made€in€accordance€with€the€periodicity€decided€byÏthe€Committee€or€at€any€other€time€the€Committee€may€deem€appropriate.€€InÏthe€case€of€an€exceptional€situation€when€the€Committee€is€not€in€session,Ïa€request€may€be€made€through€the€Chairman,€acting€in€consultation€with€theÏmembers€of€the€Committee".òò12óó/ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô47.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àAt€its€1274th€meeting€(forty„ninth€session),€on€25€October€1993,€theÏCommittee€decided€that,€where€the€consideration€of€a€State€report€submittedÏunder€article40€of€the€Covenant€revealed€a€grave€human€rights€situation,€itÏcould€request€the€Secretary„General€to€inform€the€competent€organs€of€the€UnitedÏNations,€including€the€Security€Council.ÌÌÌà@ì .’ àD.€€òòImplementation€of€the€Covenant€in€new€States€thatóóˆÌà@ì .’ à€€€€òòconstituted€parts€of€former€States€parties€to€theóóˆÌà@ì .’ à€€€€òòCovenantóó€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ˆÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô48.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àIn€its€decision€of€7€October€1992,€requesting€the€Governments€of€Bosnia€andÏHerzegovina,€Croatia€and€the€Federal€Republic€of€Yugoslavia€to€submit€reports€onÏspecific€issues€in€respect€of€persons€and€events€under€their€jurisdiction,€theÏCommittee€emphasized€that€all€the€peoples€within€the€territory€of€a€new€StateÏthat€constituted€a€part€of€the€former€Yugoslavia€were€entitled€to€the€guaranteesÏof€the€Covenant.€€In€its€comments€adopted€at€the€end€of€the€consideration€of€theÏreport€of€Bosnia€and€Herzegovina,€the€Committee€further€noted€that€by€complyingÏwith€the€Committee's€request€to€submit€a€report,€and€by€sending€a€delegationÏbefore€it,€the€Republic€of€Bosnia€and€Herzegovina€had€confirmed€its€successionÏto€the€obligations€undertaken€under€the€Covenant€by€the€former€Socialist€FederalÏRepublic€of€Yugoslavia€in€respect€of€the€territory€forming€part€of€the€RepublicÏof€Bosnia€and€Herzegovina.€€It€recommended€that€the€Republic€of€Bosnia€andÏHerzegovina€formalize€its€succession€to€the€Covenant€by€submitting€theÏappropriate€notifications€to€the€Secretary„General.òò13óó/€€Subsequently,€onÏ1September1993,€the€instruments€of€succession€of€the€Republic€of€Bosnia€andÏHerzegovina€to€the€Covenant,€with€effect€from€6€March€1992,€were€received€by€theÏSecretary„General.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô49.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àAt€its€forty„seventh€session,€in€March/April€1993,€the€Committee€envisaged,Ïin€broader€terms,€the€problems€raised€in€connection€with€the€implementation€ofÏthe€Covenant€in€former€States€parties€to€the€Covenant.€€It€considered€that€allÏthe€peoples€within€the€territory€of€a€former€State€party€to€the€CovenantÏremained€entitled€to€the€guarantees€of€the€Covenant,€and€that,€in€particular,ÏArmenia,€Georgia,€Kazakhstan,€Kyrgyzstan,€Tajikistan,€the€former€YugoslavÏRepublic€of€Macedonia,€Turkmenistan€and€Uzbekistan€were€bound€by€the€obligationsÏunder€the€Covenant€as€from€the€dates€of€their€independence.€€Consequently,€it€Ý ƒÿÝÔ UK ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÑ\R3Ø'\ÑÑ X ÑÑ À ѼÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓ…+ÓÔ€ôôôÔÔC€<þ6X9`(CourierCÔÓ(€  $(ÓØØÖ€KÖÖ€ÖÓ882^ ÓÝ  Ýnoted€that€reports€under€article€40€of€the€Covenant€became€due€one€year€afterÌthat€date€and€requested,€in€notes€verbales€dated€28€May€1993€addressed€to€theÏMinisters€for€Foreign€Affairs€of€those€States,€that€such€reports€be€submitted€toÏit.€òò14óó/€€No€reports€have€yet€been€sent€to€the€Committee€in€reply€to€thatÏrequest.€€However,€since€the€closure€of€the€Committee's€forty„seventh€session,ÏArmenia,€Georgia€and€the€former€Yugoslav€Republic€of€Macedonia€acceded€to€theÏCovenant.ÌÌÌà@ì .àE.€€òòGeneral€commentsóóˆÌÌÓ(€  $(ÓØ1ØÔ2Ô50.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€practice€of€preparing€general€comments€on€selected€articles€of€orÏissues€arising€from€the€Covenant€was€initiated€by€the€Committee€in€1981,€afterÏit€had€acquired€considerable€experience€in€examining€State€reports.€€GeneralÏcomments€draw€attention€to€certain€aspects€of€the€Covenant€but€do€not€purport€toÏbe€limitative€or€to€attribute€any€priority€among€the€different€aspects€in€termsÏof€implementation.€€They€are€intended€to€make€the€Committee's€experienceÏavailable€for€the€benefit€of€all€States€parties,€so€as€to€promote€more€effectiveÌimplementation€of€the€Covenant;€to€draw€their€attention€to€insufficienciesÏdisclosed€by€a€large€number€of€reports;€to€suggest€improvements€in€the€reportingÏprocedure€to€clarify€the€requirements€of€the€Covenant;€and€to€stimulate€theÏactivities€of€States€parties€and€international€organizations€in€the€promotionÏand€protection€of€human€rights.€€General€comments€are€also€intended€to€be€ofÏinterest€to€other€States,€especially€those€preparing€to€become€parties€to€theÏCovenant€and,€generally,€to€strengthen€cooperation€among€States€in€the€universalÏpromotion€and€protection€of€human€rights.€€To€date,€the€Committee€has€adopted€23Ïgeneral€comments,€which€can€be€found€in€documents€HRI/GEN/1€and€CCPR/C/21/Rev.1Ïand€Add.1„5€(see€also€paras.€371„373€and€annex€V).ÌÌÌà@ì .6àF.€€òòOverdue€reportsóóˆÌÌ51.à2 .2àThe€timely€submission€of€reports€under€article€40€of€the€Covenant€isÏfundamental€for€the€effective€discharge€by€the€Committee€of€its€functions€underÏthe€Covenant.€€Such€reports€form€the€basis€for€the€dialogue€between€theÏCommittee€and€the€States€parties€and€delays€result€in€the€interruption€of€theÏimplementation€process.€€Yet,€serious€delays€in€the€submission€of€reports€byÏStates€parties€have€occurred€throughout€the€period€since€the€Committee'sÏestablishment.€€The€cumulative€burden€of€producing€reports€to€severalÏinternational€human€rights€treaty€bodies,€the€insufficient€awareness€thatÏreporting€is€an€obligation€which€States€parties€are€required€to€fulfil€underÏarticle€40€of€the€Covenant,€the€shortage€of€qualified€government€staff,€the€lackÏof€an€efficient€administrative€structure€and€of€coordination€between€differentÏadministrative€bodies€dealing€with€similar€issues€and€the€lack€of€a€politicalÏwill€are€frequently€cited€as€contributing€factors€for€delays.ÌÌ52.à2 .2àOver€the€years,€the€Committee€has€resorted€to€various€actions€to€improveÏcompliance€by€States€parties€with€their€reporting€obligations€under€article€40Ïof€the€Covenant.€€Written€reminders€are€dispatched€twice€a€year€to€States€parties€whose€reports€are€overdue,€defaulting€States€parties€are€listed€in€theÏCommittee's€annual€reports€to€the€General€Assembly,€the€attention€of€theÏmeetings€of€States€parties€has€on€some€occasions€been€drawn€to€the€gravity€ofÏthe€situation;€òò15óó/€members€of€the€Bureau€are€regularly€requested€to€contactÏPermanent€Representatives€of€States€parties€on€the€Committee's€behalf,€and€theÏChairman€of€the€Committee€has€dispatched€special€letters€to€the€ForeignÏMinisters€of€States€parties€whose€reports€have€been€overdue€for€a€long€period.€ÏIn€one€case,€a€member€of€the€Committee€visited€one€of€the€States€parties€toÏprovide€expertise€and€advice,€with€a€view€to€facilitating€the€discharge€of€itsÏreporting€obligations.ÌÌ53.à2 .2àDespite€those€efforts,€the€situation€has€continued€to€worsen€over€theÏyears,€seriously€undermining€the€objectives€of€the€Covenant€and€hampering€theÏability€of€the€Committee€to€monitor€the€implementation€of€the€Covenant'sÏprovisions€in€the€State€party€concerned.€€As€at€29€July€1994,€a€total€of€93Ïreports€„€20€initial,€23€second€periodic,€37€third€periodic,€and€13€fourthÏperiodic€reports,€involving€a€total€of€75€States€parties,€were€outstanding.ÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€G.€€òòFormat€of€the€annual€report€of€the€CommitteeóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòunder€article€45€of€the€CovenantóóÌÌ54.à2 .2àAt€its€1314th€and€1315€meetings,€held€on€6€April€1994,€the€CommitteeÏdiscussed€various€ways€and€means€to€ensure€the€widest€possible€dissemination€ofÏinformation€on€its€activities€under€the€Covenant,€particularly€following€recentÏmodifications€in€the€Committee's€procedures€under€article€40€of€the€Covenant.€ÏIt€referred,€thereby,€to€the€adoption€of€the€comments€of€the€Committee€at€theÏend€of€the€consideration€of€States€parties'€reports€and€of€special€decisionsÏregarding€the€situation€of€human€rights€in€specific€countries.€€Those€importantÏdevelopments€had€generally€remained€unnoticed€owing€mainly€to€the€inadequacy€ofÏthe€format€of€the€Committee's€annual€report€to€the€General€Assembly.ÌÌ55.à2 .2àIt€was€felt€that€the€annual€report€was€excessively€long€and€cumbersome,Ïmainly€as€a€result€of€the€inclusion€of€summaries€of€the€examination€of€StatesÏparties'€reports€based€exclusively€on€summary€records.€€Developments€in€theÏCommittee's€procedures€under€article€40€and€the€Optional€Protocol€remainedÏinsufficiently€highlighted€for€that€reason.€€It€was€observed€that€sinceÏsummaries€relating€to€the€consideration€of€reports€at€the€October€and€MarchÏsessions€were€adopted€only€at€the€July€session,€they€often€were€not€in€closeÏagreement€with€the€"concluding€comments"€that€had€been€adopted€several€monthsÏearlier,€immediately€after€the€consideration€of€a€State€party's€report.€€It€wasÏfurther€noted€that€if€the€current€format€of€the€annual€report€were€to€beÏretained,€future€developments€relating€to€the€follow„up€of€views€adopted€underÏthe€Optional€Protocol€would€remain€largely€unnoticed.€€The€Committee€also€notedÏthat,€pursuant€to€recommendations€of€the€persons€chairing€human€rights€treatyÏbodies€concerning€improved€information€and€publicity€for€the€work€of€the€treatyÏbodies,€the€Committee€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights,€the€CommitteeÏagainst€Torture€and€the€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€decided€no€longerÏto€request€the€preparation€of€summaries€of€the€consideration€of€country€reportsÏand€to€include€in€their€annual€reports€only€the€"comments"€adopted€at€the€end€ofÏthe€consideration€of€country€reports.€ÌÌ56.à2 .2àIn€the€light€of€the€foregoing,€the€Committee€decided,€at€itsÏ1314thmeeting,€held€on€6€April€1994,€to€discontinue,€for€the€time€being,€theÏpractice€of€preparing€summaries€of€the€consideration€of€States€parties'€reportsÏfor€inclusion€in€the€Committee's€annual€report.€€The€section€in€the€annualÏreport€dealing€with€the€consideration€of€States€parties'€reports€should€henceforth€only€refer€to€the€meetings€at€which€the€report€was€considered,Ïfollowed€by€the€text€of€the€"comments"€of€the€Committee.€€At€its€fifty„firstÏsession,€modifications€were€agreed€upon€regarding€the€way€overdue€reports€areÏreferred€to€in€the€annex€to€the€report€and€the€elimination€of€the€agendasÏadopted€at€the€various€sessions€from€its€annexes.€ÌÌÇ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€IV.€€SUBMISSION€OF€REPORTS€BY€STATES€PARTIES€UNDERÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ARTICLE€40€OF€THE€COVENANTÌÌÌ57.à2 .2àUnder€article€2,€paragraph€1,€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€andÏPolitical€Rights,€each€State€party€undertakes€to€respect€and€to€ensure€to€allÏindividuals€within€its€territory€and€subject€to€its€jurisdiction€the€rightsÏrecognized€and€enumerated€in€PartIII€of€the€Covenant.€€In€connection€with€thisÏprovision,€article€40,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant€requires€States€parties€toÏsubmit€reports€on€the€measures€adopted€and€the€progress€achieved€in€theÏenjoyment€of€the€various€rights,€and€on€any€factors€and€difficulties€that€mayÏaffect€the€implementation€of€the€Covenant.€€States€parties€undertake€to€submitÏreports€within€one€year€of€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Covenant€for€the€StatesÏparties€concerned€and€thereafter€whenever€the€Committee€so€requests.€€In€orderÏto€assist€States€parties€in€submitting€reports,€the€Human€Rights€CommitteeÏapproved,€at€its€second€session,€general€guidelines€regarding€the€form€andÏcontents€of€initial€reports.òò16óó/ÌÌ58.à2 .2àFurthermore,€in€accordance€with€article€40,€paragraph€1€(b),€of€theÏCovenant,€at€its€thirteenth€session,€the€Committee€adopted€a€decision€onÏperiodicity€requiring€States€parties€to€submit€subsequent€reports€to€theÏCommittee€every€five€years.òò17óó/€At€the€same€session,€the€Committee€adoptedÏguidelines€regarding€the€form€and€contents€of€periodic€reports€from€StatesÏparties€under€article€40,€paragraph€1€(b),€of€the€Covenant.òò18óó/ÌÌ59.à2 .2àAt€its€thirty-ninth€session,€the€Committee€adopted€an€amendment€to€itsÏguidelines€for€the€submission€of€initial€and€periodic€reports€relating€toÏreporting€by€States€parties€on€action€taken€in€response€to€the€issuance€by€theÏCommittee€of€views€under€the€Optional€Protocol.òò19óó/€€At€its€forty-secondÏsession,€the€Committee€revised€its€general€guidelines€for€the€submission€ofÏinitial€and€periodic€reports€to€take€into€account€the€consolidated€guidelinesÏfor€the€initial€part€of€the€reports€of€States€parties€to€be€submitted€under€theÏvarious€international€human€rights€instruments,€including€the€CovenantÏ(HRI/CORE/1).òò20óó/€€ÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€A.€€òòReports€submitted€by€States€parties€under€article40€of€theóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòCovenant€during€the€period€under€reviewóóÌÌ60.à2 .2àAt€its€forty„ninth€session,€the€Committee€noted€that€the€initial€report€ofÏSlovenia€and€the€second€periodic€report€of€El€Salvador,€as€well€as€additionalÏinformation€to€the€third€periodic€report€of€Morocco,€had€been€received.€€At€itsÏfiftieth€session,€it€took€note€of€the€submission€of€the€initial€reports€ofÏAzerbaijan,€Nepal€and€Paraguay,€the€second€periodic€reports€of€Argentina€andÏTogo€and€the€third€periodic€report€of€New€Zealand.€€At€its€fifty„first€session,Ïthe€Committee€was€informed€that€the€initial€report€of€the€United€States€ofÏAmerica,€the€third€periodic€report€of€Sri€Lanka€and€the€fourth€periodic€reportsÏof€Spain€and€Ukraine€had€been€received.ÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€B.€€òòSpecial€decisions€by€the€Human€Rights€Committee€concerningóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòreports€of€particular€StatesóóÌÌ61.à2 .2àIn€view€of€the€special€difficulties€encountered€by€Angola€and€Burundi€inÏthe€implementation€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€adopted,€at€its€1281st€meetingÏ(forty„ninth€session),€held€on€29October1994,€the€following€special€decisions:Ì̇à@ì .\à"òòBurundióóˆÌÓ 8,  ÓÌà0, .,àà  . à"òòThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,ÌÌà0, .,àà  . à"òòTaking€into€considerationóó€recent€and€continuing€events€in€BurundiÏconcerning€human€rights€protected€under€the€International€Covenant€on€CivilÏand€Political€Rights,ÌÌà0, .,àà  . à"òòActingóó€under€article€40,€paragraph€1€(b)€of€the€Covenant,ÌÌà0, .,àà  . à"1.à . àòòDecides€to€requestóó€the€Government€of€Burundi€to€submit€not€laterÏthan€31January1994€a€report,€if€necessary€in€the€form€of€a€summary,Ïdealing,€in€particular,€with€the€application€of€articles4,€6,€7,€9,€12€andÏ25€of€the€Covenant€during€the€present€period,€so€that€it€may€be€consideredÏby€the€Committee€at€its€fiftieth€session,€to€be€held€from€21March€toÏ8April1994;ÌÌà0, .,àà  . à"2.à . àòòRequestsóó€the€Secretary„General€to€bring€the€present€decision€toÏthe€attention€of€the€Government€of€Burundi."ÌÌÌà@ì .Žà"òòAngolaóóˆÌÌà0, .,àà  . à"òòThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,ÌÌà0, .,àà  . à"òòNotingóó€that€the€initial€report€of€Angola€should€have€been€submittedÏby€9April1993,ÌÌà0, .,àà  . à"òòTaking€into€considerationóó€recent€and€continuing€events€in€AngolaÏconcerning€human€rights€protected€under€the€International€Covenant€on€CivilÏand€Political€Rights,ÌÌà0, .,àà  . à"òòActingóó€under€article€40,€paragraph€1€(b)€of€the€Covenant,ÌÌà0, .,àà  . à"1.à . àòòDecides€to€requestóó€the€Government€of€Angola€to€submit€its€initialÏreport€without€delay,€so€that€it€may€be€considered€by€the€Committee€at€itsÏfiftieth€session,€to€be€held€from€21March€to€8April1994,€and,€in€anyÏevent,€to€submit€the€said€report€not€later€than€31January1994,€ifÏnecessary€in€the€form€of€a€summary,€dealing,€in€particular,€with€theÏimplementation€of€articles4,€6,€7,€9,€12€and€25€of€the€Covenant€during€theÏpresent€period;ÌÌà0, .,àà  . à"2.à . àòòRequestsóó€the€Secretary„General€to€bring€the€present€decision€toÏthe€attention€of€the€Government€of€Angola."ÌÌÌÇ€€€€€€€€€€V.€€STATES€THAT€HAVE€NOT€COMPLIED€WITH€THEIR€OBLIGATIONS€UNDERÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ARTICLE€40ÌÌÌòòForty„ninth€sessionóóÌÌ62.à, .,àIn€view€of€the€growing€number€of€outstanding€State€party€reports,€theÏCommittee€decided€to€send€reminders€(contained€in€notes€verbales€datedÏ10December1994)€to€the€Governments€of€Albania,€Benin,€Brazil,€Cambodia,ÏCð=ðted'Ivoire,€Croatia,€Equatorial€Guinea,€Estonia,€Gabon,€Grenada,€Guatemala,ÏIsrael,€Lithuania,€Nepal,€Seychelles,€Somalia,€Switzerland€and€Zimbabwe,€whoseÏinitial€reports€were€overdue.€€In€addition,€the€Committee€decided€to€sendÏreminders€to€the€Governments€of€the€following€States€parties:€€Argentina,ÏBolivia,€Central€African€Republic,€Congo,€Croatia,€Democratic€People's€RepublicÏof€Korea,€Gabon,€Gambia,€Guyana,€Jamaica,€Kenya,€Lebanon,€Mali,€Nepal,ÏNetherlands€(with€respect€to€the€Netherlands€Antilles),€New€Zealand€(withÏrespect€to€the€Cook€Islands),€Philippines,€San€Marino,€Saint€Vincent€and€theÏGrenadines,€Sudan,€Suriname,€Syrian€Arab€Republic,€Viet€Nam€and€Zambia,€whoseÏsecond€periodic€reports€were€overdue;€to€Australia,€Austria,€Barbados,€Bolivia,ÏCentral€African€Republic,€Democratic€People's€Republic€of€Korea,€Denmark,ÏFrance,€Gambia,€Guinea,€Guyana,€India,€Jamaica,€Kenya,€Lebanon,€Madagascar,ÏMali,€Mauritius,€Netherlands,€Nicaragua,€Panama,€Peru,€Portugal,€Rwanda,€SaintÏVincent€and€the€Grenadines,€Sri€Lanka,€Suriname,€Syrian€Arab€Republic,€TrinidadÏand€Tobago€and€Zaire,€whose€third€periodic€reports€were€overdue;€and€to€Belarus,ÏDominican€Republic,€Ecuador,€Germany,€Madagascar,€Mauritius,€Panama,€Uruguay€andÏYugoslavia,€whose€fourth€periodic€reports€were€overdue.ÌÌ63.à, .,àIn€view€of€the€special€difficulties€encountered€by€the€Russian€FederationÏin€the€implementation€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€decided€to€send€a€specialÏreminder€urging€it€to€submit€its€fourth€periodic€report€as€rapidly€as€possible.€ÏThe€text€of€the€letter,€dated€5€November€1993,€from€the€Committee's€ChairpersonÏto€the€Minister€for€Foreign€Affairs€of€the€Russian€Federation€is€reproduced€inÏannex€VII€to€the€present€report.€€In€a€note€verbale€dated€17€December€1993,€theÏPermanent€Mission€of€the€Russian€Federation€informed€the€Committee€that,€in€viewÏof€the€fact€that€the€Constitution€had€been€approved€in€the€referendum€held€onÏ12December€1993€and€that€elections€to€the€Federation€Council€had€only€recentlyÏtaken€place,€the€fourth€periodic€report€of€the€Russian€Federation€would€beÏsubmitted€during€the€first€half€of€1994.ÌÌòòFiftieth€sessionóóÌÌ64.à, .,àThe€Committee€agreed€that€members€of€the€Bureau€should€meet€in€New€YorkÏwith€the€Permanent€Representatives€of€all€States€parties€whose€initial€orÏperiodic€reports€had€been€overdue€for€more€than€three€years.€€Accordingly,Ïcontacts€were€made€with€the€Permanent€Representatives€of€Albania,€Angola,ÏBolivia,€Burundi,€the€Congo,€Croatia,€the€Democratic€People's€Republic€of€Korea,ÏDenmark,€Equatorial€Guinea,€Estonia,€Gabon,€Grenada,€Guyana,€Israel,€Jamaica,ÏJordan,€Kenya,€Lithuania,€Mali,€Mauritius,€the€Netherlands,€Somalia,€the€Sudan,ÏSuriname,€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic,€Trinidad€and€Tobago€and€Zambia.€€It€was€notÏpossible€to€establish€contact€with€the€Permanent€Representatives€of€the€CentralÏAfrican€Republic,€the€Gambia,€Lebanon,€Zaire€and€Zimbabwe.ÌÌ65.à, .,àIn€addition,€the€Committee€decided€to€send€reminders€(contained€in€notesÏverbales€dated€15€June€1994)€to€the€Governments€of€Albania,€Benin,€Brazil,ÏCambodia,€Cð=ðte€d'Ivoire,€Croatia,€Estonia,€Gabon,€Grenada,€Guatemala,€EquatorialÏGuinea,€Haiti,€Israel,€Lithuania,€Seychelles,€Somalia,€Switzerland€and€Zimbabwe,€Ïwhose€initial€reports€were€overdue.€€Reminders€were€also€sent€to€the€Governments€of€the€following€States€parties:€€Bolivia,€Central€African€Republic,€Congo,ÏDemocratic€People's€Republic€of€Korea,€Equatorial€Guinea,€Gabon,€Gambia,€Guyana,ÏJamaica,€Kenya,€Lebanon,€Mali,€Netherlands€(with€respect€to€the€NetherlandsÏAntilles),€Niger,€Philippines,€Saint€Vincent€and€the€Grenadines,€San€Marino,ÏSudan,€Suriname,€Syrian€Arab€Republic,€Viet€Nam€and€Zambia,€whose€secondÏperiodic€reports€were€overdue;€to€Australia,€Austria,€Barbados,€Central€AfricanÏRepublic,€Democratic€People's€Republic€of€Korea,€Denmark,€France,€Gambia,ÏGuyana,€India,€Jamaica,€Kenya,€Lebanon,€Madagascar,€Mali,€Mauritius,ÏNetherlands,€Nicaragua,€Panama,€Peru,€Portugal,€Saint€Vincent€and€theÏGrenadines,€Sri€Lanka,€Suriname,€Syrian€Arab€Republic,€Trinidad€and€Tobago,ÏUnited€Republic€of€Tanzania,€Venezuela,€Viet€Nam€and€Zaire,€whose€third€periodicÏreports€were€overdue;€and€to€Belarus,€Ecuador,€Dominican€Republic,€Germany,ÏLebanon,€Madagascar,€Mauritius,€Panama,€Uruguay€and€Yugoslavia,€whose€fourthÏperiodic€reports€are€overdue.€ÌÌòòFifty„first€sessionóóÌÌ66.à, .,àAfter€reviewing€the€situation€with€respect€to€the€late€submission€both€ofÏinitial€and€periodic€reports,€the€Committee€noted€the€increasing€number€ofÏoverdue€reports,€despite€many€appeals€and€reminders€(see€paras.51„53€andÏannexIII).€€The€Committee€believes€it€is€its€obligation€to€express€its€seriousÏconcern€about€the€fact€that€so€many€States€parties€are€in€default€of€theirÏobligations€according€to€the€Covenant.ÌÌ67.à, .,àNoting€that€this€trend€seriously€impedes€its€ability€to€monitor€theÏimplementation€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€decided,€at€its€1325th€meeting,Ïheld€on€6€July€1994,€to€mention€in€the€core€of€its€report€to€the€GeneralÏAssembly€the€following€States€parties€that€have€more€than€one€report€overdue.€ÏThe€Committee€wishes€to€reiterate€that€these€States€are€in€serious€default€ofÏtheir€obligations€under€article€40€of€the€Covenant.Ó33ÓÌÌÌÔ*ƒMN dÔÔ,Údd ÔÔ,ÚddQÔÔ,Údd ÔÔ,ÚdduÔÔ+  ÔÐ %€O€€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„%ÐÌState€partyÐ €O „„ÐÌType€of€reportÐ €O „„ÐÌDate€dueÐ €O „„ÐNumber€ofÏreminders€sentÐ %€O€à€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„%ÐGabonÐ €O „„ÐÓ v > jÓà0> .> àà0j .jàinitialÌà0> .> àà0j .jàsecondÌà0> .> àà0j .jàthirdÐ €O „„Ðà0 .à20€April€1984Ìà0 .à20€April€1989Ìà0 .à20€April€1994Ð €O „„Ð21ˆÌ10ˆÌ1ˆÐ "€€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐSyrian€ArabÏRepublicÐ  „„Ðà0> .> àà0j .jàsecondÌà0> .> àà0j .jàthirdÐ  „„Ðà0 .à18€August€1984Ìà0 .à18€August€1989Ð  „„Ð21ˆÌ10ˆÐ "€€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐGambiaÐ  „„Ðà0> .> àà0j .jàsecondÌà0> .> àà0j .jàthirdÐ  „„Ðà0 .à21€June€1985Ìà0 .à21€June€1990Ð  „„Ð19ˆÌ8ˆÐ "€Ð€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐLebanonÐ  „„Ðà0> .> àà0j .jàsecondÌà0> .> àà0j .jàthirdÌà0> .> àà0j .jàfourthÐ  „„Ðà0 .à21€March€1986Ìà0 .à21€March€1988Ìà0 .à21€March€1993Ð  „„Ð18ˆÌ13ˆÌ1ˆÐ "€€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐSurinameÐ  „„Ðà0> .> àà0j .jàsecondÌà0> .> àà0j .jàthirdÐ  „„Ðà0 .à2€August€1985Ìà0 .à2€August€1990Ð  „„Ð18ˆÌ8ˆÐ "€€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐKenyaÐ  „„Ðà0> .> àà0j .jàsecondÌà0> .> àà0j .jàthirdÐ  „„Ðà0 .à11€April€1986Ìà0 .à11€April€1991Ð  „„Ð17ˆÌ7ˆÐ "€€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐMaliÐ  „„Ðà0> .> àà0j .jàsecondÌà0> .> àà0j .jàthirdÐ  „„Ðà0 .à11€April€1986Ìà0 .à11€April€1991Ð  „„Ð17ˆÌ7ˆÐ "€€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐJamaicaÐ  „„Ðà0> .> àà0j .jàsecondÌà0> .> àà0j .jàthirdÐ  „„Ðà0 .à1€August€1986Ìà0 .à1€August€1991Ð  „„Ð15ˆÌ6ˆÐ "€€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐGuyanaÐ  „„Ðà0> .> àà0j .jàsecondÌà0> .> àà0j .jàthirdÐ  „„Ðà0 .à10€April€1987Ìà0 .à10€April€1992Ð  „„Ð15ˆÌ5ˆÐ "€Ð€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐDemocraticÏPeople's€RepublicÏof€KoreaÐ  „„Ðà0> .> àà0j .jàsecondÌà0> .> àà0j .jàthirdÐ  „„Ðà0 .à13€December€1987Ìà0 .à13€December€1992Ð  „„Ð13ˆÌ3ˆÐ "€€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐEquatorial€GuineaÐ  „„Ðà0> .> àà0j .jàinitialÌà0> .> àà0j .jàsecondÐ  „„Ðà0 .à24€December€1988Ìà0 .à24€December€1993Ð  „„Ð11ˆÌ1ˆÐ "€€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐCentral€AfricanÏRepublicÐ  „„Ðà0> .> àà0j .jàsecondÌà0> .> àà0j .jàthirdÐ  „„Ðà0 .à9€April€1989Ìà0 .à7€August€1992Ð  „„Ð10ˆÌ4ˆÐ "€€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐMauritiusÐ  „„Ðà0> .> àà0j .jàthirdÌà0> .> àà0j .jàfourthÐ  „„Ðà0 .à18€July€1990Ìà0 .à4€November€1993Ð  „„Ð8ˆÌ2ˆÐ "€€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐSaint€Vincent€andÏthe€GrenadinesÐ  „„Ðà0> .> àà0j .jàsecondÌà0> .> àà0j .jàthirdÐ  „„Ðà0 .à31€October€1991Ìà0 .à8€February€1993Ð  „„Ð6ˆÌ3ˆÐ "€€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐPanamaÐ  „„Ðà0> .> àà0j .jàthirdÌà0> .> àà0j .jàfourthÐ  „„Ðà0 .à31€March€1992Ìà0 .à6€June€1993Ð  „„Ð5ˆÌ2ˆÐ )€O€€‚x‚ƒƒ„„)ÐMadagascarÐ €O „„Ðà0> .> àà0j .jàthirdÌà0> .> àà0j .jàfourthÐ €O „„Ðà0 .à31€July€1992Ìà0 .à3€August€1993Ð €O „„Ð4ˆÌ2ˆ¿ÌÇ€€€€€€€€€€€€VI.€€CONSIDERATION€OF€REPORTS€SUBMITTED€BY€STATES€PARTIESÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€UNDER€ARTICLE€40€OF€THE€COVENANTÌÌÌÓ(€  $(ÓØCØÔ2Ô68.Ô3  Ôà, .,àAt€its€1314th€meeting€(fiftieth€session)€(see€paras.€54€to€56),€theÏCommittee€decided€to€discontinue€its€practice€of€including€in€its€annual€reportÏsummaries€of€the€consideration€of€reports€submitted€by€States€parties€underÏarticle40€of€the€Covenant.€€In€accordance€with€that€decision,€the€annual€reportÏshall€contain,€òòinter€aliaóó,€the€comments€adopted€by€the€Committee€at€the€end€ofÏthe€consideration€of€States€parties'€reports.€€Accordingly,€the€followingÏparagraphs€arranged€on€a€country„by„country€basis€in€the€sequence€followed€byÏthe€Committee€in€its€consideration€of€the€reports€contain€the€comments€adoptedÏby€the€Committee€with€respect€to€the€States€parties'€reports€considered€at€itsÏforty„ninth,€fiftieth€and€fifty„first€sessions.ÌÌÌà@ì .ÆàA.€€òòIcelandóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô69.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€considered€the€second€periodic€report€of€IcelandÏ(CCPR/C/46/Add.5)€at€its€1266th€to€1268th€meetings,€held€on€19€andÏ20October1993,€and€adoptedòò21óó/€the€following€comments:ÌÌÌà@ì .Ìà1.€€òòIntroductionóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô70.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€expresses€its€appreciation€to€the€State€party€for€itsÏelaborate€and€thorough€report,€which€has€been€prepared€in€accordance€with€theÏCommittee's€guidelines,€and€for€engaging€through€a€highly€qualified€delegationÏin€an€extremely€constructive€dialogue€with€the€Committee.€€It€notes€withÏsatisfaction€that€the€information€provided€in€the€report,€and€that€orallyÏsubmitted€by€the€delegation€in€reply€to€both€written€and€oral€questions,€enabledÏthe€Committee€to€obtain€a€comprehensive€view€of€Iceland's€actual€compliance€withÏthe€obligations€undertaken€under€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€andÏPolitical€Rights.€€The€Committee,€however,€regrets€that€the€second€periodicÏreport,€which€was€due€in€1987,€was€submitted€with€considerable€delay.€ÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2.€€òòFactors€and€difficulties€affecting€the€applicationóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòof€the€CovenantóóÌÌÔ2Ô71.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€finds€that€there€are€no€important€difficulties€that€mayÏaffect€the€effective€implementation€of€the€Covenant's€provisions€by€theÏGovernment€of€Iceland.ÌòòóóÌÌà@ì .à3.€€òòPositive€aspectsóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô72.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€welcomes€the€efforts€undertaken€by€the€Government€of€IcelandÏsince€the€submission€of€the€initial€report€in€1981€in€order€to€effectivelyÏguarantee€the€protection€of€rights€set€forth€in€the€Covenant.€€Of€particularÏimportance€in€this€respect€were€the€adoption€and€the€entry€into€force€onÏ1July1992€of€a€new€law€resulting€in€the€total€separation€of€judicial€andÏexecutive€power,€as€well€as€comprehensive€legislation€concerning€extensiveÏchanges€in€the€judicial€system€and€rules€governing€judicial€procedure;€theÏestablishment€in€1988,€in€accordance€with€Law€No.13/1987,€of€the€Office€of€Ombudsman€of€the€Althing€(Parliament);€and€the€revisions€of€the€Equal€Status€LawÏof€1976.ÌÌÔ2Ô73.Ô3  Ôà, .,àIn€this€connection,€the€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€thatÏLawNo.28/1991€on€Equal€Status€and€Equal€Rights€of€Women€and€Men€hasÏcontributed€towards€equal€rights€of€men€and€women€in€general,€although€there€isÏstill€room€for€improvement€in€practice€with€regard€to€the€remuneration€for€work.€ÏThe€Committee€also€notes€with€interest€the€establishment€of€the€Equal€RightsÏCouncil€with€the€aim€of€ensuring€the€proper€implementation€of€the€Equal€RightsÏLaw€and€of€recommending€proposals€to€the€authorities€regarding€gender€equality.€ÏThe€announced€establishment€of€Equal€Rights€Committees€at€the€municipal€levelÏthroughout€the€country€to€provide€counsel€to€municipal€governments€would€furtherÏserve€the€promotion€of€the€equality€of€rights€of€men€and€women.ÌÌÌà@ì .z à4.€€òòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô74.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€with€concern€that€the€Constitution€of€Iceland€isÏlacking€in€clear€and€comprehensive€provisions€dealing€with€the€protection€of€allÏfundamental€human€rights€as€recognized€in€the€numerous€international€humanÏrights€treaties,€in€particular€in€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€andÏPolitical€Rights,€to€which€Iceland€is€a€party.€€The€absence€is€not€met€byÏreliance€on€unspecified€unwritten€fundamental€rules.€€This€does€not€adequatelyÏmeet€the€requirements€of€article€2,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Covenant,€which€enjoinsÏStates€parties€to€take€such€legislative€or€other€measures€which€may€be€necessaryÏto€give€effect€to€the€rights€recognized€in€the€Covenant.€€No€matter€howÏeffective€the€Icelandic€constitutional€tradition€of€relying€on€unwrittenÏfundamental€rules€and€principles€may€be,€codification€of€the€rules€governing€theÏprotection€of€human€rights€is€an€important€element€of€protection.ÌÌÔ2Ô75.Ô3  Ôà, .,àIn€this€connection,€the€Committee€expresses€its€concern€over€the€status€ofÏthe€Covenant€within€the€national€legal€order€and€the€lack€of€clarity€concerningÏthe€resolution€of€eventual€conflicts€between€the€Covenant€and€the€ConstitutionÏand€other€domestic€legislation.€ÌÌÔ2Ô76.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€also€expresses€its€concern€over€the€apparent€preferenceÏaccorded,€in€the€domestic€law€as€well€as€in€legal€doctrine€and€jurisprudence,€toÏthe€European€Convention€for€the€Protection€of€Human€Rights€and€FundamentalÏFreedoms€as€against€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€ÏIn€that€regard,€the€attention€of€the€State€party€is€drawn€to€the€fact€that€theÏlatter€guarantees€a€number€of€human€rights€not€protected€under€the€former€andÏthat€permissible€restrictions€are€less€broad„based.ÌÌÔ2Ô77.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€hopes€that€the€pending€legislation€relevant€to€article€13Ïwill€be€formulated€in€such€a€way€as€to€allow€the€reservation€thereunder€to€beÏwithdrawn.€ÌÌÔ2Ô78.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€that€some€other€requirements€of€the€Covenant€areÏnotfully€met,€in€particular€those€referred€to€in€articles€4,€9,€paragraphs€3Ïand€4,€19€and€24,€paragraph2.€€The€Committee€also€notes€that€confessions€madeÏunder€duress€are€not€clearly€excluded€as€evidence,€that€inhuman€and€degradingÏpunishment€is€still€possible,€and€that€there€is€still€discrimination€againstÏchildren€born€out€of€wedlock€and€in€favour€of€public€officials.€€The€possibilityÏof€a€sentence€of€up€to€one€year's€imprisonment€for€libel€presents€problems€inÏrelation€to€article€19;€and€the€limitation€imposed€upon€naturalized€citizens€inÏthe€retention€of€their€names€of€origin€raises€issues€under€article€26.€€The€attention€of€the€State€party€has€also€been€drawn€to€the€various€General€CommentsÏadopted€by€the€Committee.ÌÔ&  ÔÌÌà@ì . à5.€€òòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóˆÌÔ'  ÔÌÔ2Ô79.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€appropriate€measures€toÏincorporate€provisions€of€the€Covenant€into€domestic€law€and€ensure€that€theÏCovenant€be€treated€on€an€equal€footing€with€regional€human€rights€instruments,Ïboth€in€legal€and€practical€terms.ÌÌÔ2Ô80.Ô3  Ôà, .,àIn€that€context,€the€Committee€recommends€that€the€Government€of€IcelandÏconsider€amending€the€national€Constitution€in€order€to€reflect€adequately€theÏprovisions€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€and€otherÏinternational€human€rights€treaties€ratified€by€Iceland.€€In€the€meantime,€theÏCommittee€strongly€recommends€that€the€Covenant€be€included,€by€way€ofÏappropriate€amendments,€in€the€draft€law€envisaging€the€incorporation€of€theÏEuropean€Convention€for€the€Protection€of€Human€Rights€and€Fundamental€FreedomsÏinto€domestic€law,€at€present€before€the€Althing€(Parliament),€or€in€a€similarÏlegislative€act.ÌÌÔ2Ô81.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€also€recommends€that€the€Government€review€the€continuingÏneed€for€any€reservation,€with€a€view€to€withdrawing€them.ÌÌÔ2Ô82.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€emphasizes€that€further€measures€should€be€taken€to€ensureÏthat€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€are€more€widely€disseminated,€particularlyÏamong€the€legal€profession€and€members€of€the€judiciary.ÌÌÔ2Ô83.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€strongly€recommends€that€the€reporting€obligations€of€theÏState€party€under€article€40€of€the€Covenant€be€strictly€observed€and€that€theÏthird€periodic€report€be€submitted€within€the€time-limit€to€be€determined€by€theÏCommittee.ÌÌòòóóÌà@ì .øàB.€€òòNorwayóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô84.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€considered€the€third€periodic€report€of€NorwayÏ(CCPR/C/70/Add.2)€at€its€1270th€to€1272nd€meetings,€held€on€21€andÏ22October1993,€and€adoptedòò22óó/the€following€comments:ÌÌÌà@ì .Ìà1.€€òòIntroductionóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô85.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€welcomes€the€timely€submission€of€the€third€periodic€reportÏof€Norway.€€The€report€contains€detailed€information€on€laws€and€practicesÏrelating€to€the€implementation€of€the€Covenant€and€is€in€full€conformity€withÏthe€Committee's€guidelines.€€The€Committee€appreciates€that€the€State€party€hasÏenvisaged€both€the€report€and€the€dialogue€with€the€Committee€as€an€unbrokenÏcontinuation€of€the€examination€of€the€initial€and€second€periodic€reports.€€TheÏCommittee€is€also€grateful€for€the€oral€responses€provided€by€the€high-rankingÏdelegation€and€considers€that€the€dialogue€with€the€State€party€has€been€mostÏfruitful€and€constructive.€ÌÌÔ2Ô86.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€thanks€the€State€party€for€the€core€documentÏ(HRI/CORE/1/Add.6),€drawn€up€in€accordance€with€the€consolidated€guidelines€for€the€initial€part€of€States€party€reports€to€be€submitted€under€the€variousÏinternational€human€rights€instruments€(HRI/1991/1).ÌÌÔ&  ÔÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€2.€€òòFactors€and€difficulties€affecting€the€implementationóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòof€the€CovenantóóÌÌÔ'  ÔÔ2Ô87.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€the€emergence€in€certain€parts€of€the€populationÏofNorway€of€a€trend€towards€intolerance€against€foreigners,€particularlyÏasylum-seekers€and€migrant€workers.€€With€this€exception,€the€Committee€notesÏthat€there€are€no€important€difficulties€affecting€the€implementation€of€theÏCovenant€in€Norway.ÌÌÌà@ì .à3.€€òòPositive€aspectsóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô88.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€takes€note,€with€particular€appreciation,€of€the€level€ofÏachievement€in€the€respect€of€human€rights€in€Norway.€€Among€the€positiveÏdevelopments€that€have€been€realized€since€the€consideration€of€the€secondÏperiodic€report€in€1988,€the€Committee€notes,€òòinter€aliaóó,€the€ratification€ofÏthe€Second€Optional€Protocol€to€the€Covenant€on€the€abolition€of€the€deathÏpenalty€and€the€efforts€undertaken€with€regard€to€the€promotion€of€greaterÏpublic€awareness€of€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€and€the€Optional€Protocols,Ïparticularly€in€the€area€of€human€rights€education€in€schools€and€universitiesÏand€through€the€organization€of€training€courses€for€members€of€the€police€andÏother€law€enforcement€officials.€€While€noting€that€it€is€still€not€possible€toÏappeal€against€the€reversal€by€the€Court€of€Appeal€of€an€acquittal€by€a€lowerÏjurisdiction,€the€Committee€also€appreciates€the€efforts€made€towards€theÏwithdrawal€of€Norway's€reservation€in€connection€with€article€14,€paragraph€5,Ïof€the€Covenant.€ÌÌÔ2Ô89.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€that€independent€investigative€bodiesÏhave€been€set€up€to€inquire€into€complaints€of€offences€by€members€of€the€policeÏand€that€their€reports€have€been€followed€up€by€a€number€of€prosecutions.€€ItÏfurther€commends€the€devolution€of€responsibility€to€the€Sami€AssemblyÏ(òòSametingetóó)€with€regard€to€matters€affecting€the€life€and€culture€of€members€ofÏthe€Sami€community€and€notes€with€satisfaction€that€the€Sami€language€may€beÏused€in€contacts€with€public€bodies€and€before€the€courts.ÌÌÔ2Ô90.Ô3  Ôà, .,àWith€respect€to€equality€and€non„discrimination,€developments€relating€toÏthe€granting€to€foreigners€of€the€right€to€vote€in€local€elections€and€to€holdÏlocal€office,€as€well€as€legislative€steps€relating€to€the€registration€ofÏpartnership€of€the€same€sex,€are€welcomed€by€the€Committee.€€The€continuingÏimprovements€in€the€legal€and€de€facto€equality€of€women€and€the€strengthenedÏmeasures€against€domestic€violence€and€sexual€abuse€of€children€were€also€notedÏwith€satisfaction.ÌÌÌà@ì .z à4.€€òòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô91.Ô3  Ôà, .,àDespite€efforts€undertaken€with€regard€to€the€status€of€the€Covenant€withinÏdomestic€law,€the€Committee€regrets€that€the€opportunity€has€not€beentaken€toÏfully€incorporate€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€into€the€Constitution,€orÏotherwise€to€confer€on€it€a€higher€status€than€ordinary€legislation.€€TheÏCommittee€also€notes€that€certain€obsolete€laws€still€exist€in€Norway,€inÏparticular€with€regard€to€penal€sanctions€against€defamation.ÌÔ&  Ô‡Ô2Ô92.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€expresses€its€concern€over€the€vagueness€of€the€criterion€ofÏ"compelling€social€considerations",€under€which€a€foreign€national's€right€toÏchoose€his€or€her€place€of€residence€may€be€restricted,€and€its€conformity€withÏarticle12€of€the€Covenant.ÌÔ'  ÔÌÔ2Ô93.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€emphasizes€that€article2€of€the€Constitution,€which€providesÏthat€individuals€professing€the€Evangelical„Lutheran€religion€are€bound€to€bringÏup€their€children€in€the€same€faith€is€in€clear€contradiction€to€article€18€ofÏthe€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô94.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€that€the€authorities€have€included€multicultural€issuesÏin€education,€but€is€concerned€that€they€have€approached€these€issues€only€byÏreference€to€articles€2€and€26€of€the€Covenant.€€This€gives€a€narrowÏinterpretation€of€article€27€of€the€Covenant€relating€to€the€rights€of€personsÏbelonging€to€minorities.€€The€Committee€has€observed,€in€this€regard,€that€theÏrights€conferred€under€article€27€of€the€Covenant€on€individuals€who€are€membersÏof€a€minority€avail€all€such€individuals€on€a€State€party's€territory€and€mustÏnot,€as€enjoined€by€article€2,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant,€be€restricted€toÏnationals.ÌÌÌà@ì . à5.€€òòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô95.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€further€measures€be€adopted€to€repealÏoutdated€provisions€in€the€Constitution€or€in€laws€relating€to€the€freedom€ofÏconscience€and€religion€or€the€freedom€of€expression€and€bring€them€into€lineÏwith€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô96.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€a€careful€study€of€the€recently€enactedÏamendment€to€the€Criminal€Procedure€Act€be€undertaken€with€regard€to€the€scopeÏof€article€14,€paragraph€5,€of€the€Covenant,€with€a€view€to€withdrawing€the€Ìreservation€made€in€that€connection.ÌÌÔ2Ô97.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€laudable€efforts€already€made€inÏconnection€with€the€promotion€of€greater€public€awareness€of€the€provisions€ofÏthe€Covenant€and€the€Optional€Protocols€be€further€pursued.ÌÌÌà@ì .*àC.€€òòJapanóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô98.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Human€Rights€Committee€considered€the€third€periodic€report€of€JapanÏ(CCPR/C/70/Add.1€and€Corr.1€and€2)€at€its€1277th€to€1280th€meetings,€held€onÏ27and€28€October€1993,€and€adoptedòò23óó/€the€following€comments:ÌÌÌà@ì .Ìà1.€€òòIntroductionóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô99.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€commends€the€Government€of€Japan€on€its€excellent€report,Ïwhich€has€been€prepared€in€accordance€with€the€Committee's€guidelines€for€theÏpresentation€of€State€party€reports€and€submitted€on€schedule.€€The€CommitteeÏappreciates,€in€particular,€the€participation,€in€its€consideration€of€theÏreport,€of€a€competent€delegation€from€the€Government€of€Japan,€which€consistedÏof€experts€in€various€fields€relating€to€the€protection€of€humanrights.€€TheÏCommittee€is€of€the€view€that€the€detailed€information€provided€by€theÏdelegation€in€its€introduction€of€the€report,€as€well€as€the€comprehensive€replies€furnished€to€the€question€raised€by€the€Committee€members,€contributedÏgreatly€to€making€the€dialogue€fruitful.ÌÌÔ2Ô100.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€with€appreciation€that€the€Government€of€Japan€gaveÏwide€publicity€to€its€report,€thus€enabling€a€great€number€of€non„governmentalÏorganizations€to€become€aware€of€the€contents€of€the€report€and€to€make€knownÏtheir€particular€concerns.€€In€addition,€some€of€them€were€present€during€theÏCommittee's€consideration€of€the€report.ÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€2.€€òòFactors€and€difficulties€affecting€the€implementationóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòof€the€CovenantóóÌÌÔ2Ô101.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€that€the€Government€of€Japan€sometimes€experiencesÏdifficulties€in€taking€measures€to€implement€the€Covenant€owing€to€variousÏsocial€factors,€such€as€the€traditional€concept€of€the€different€roles€of€theÏsexes,€the€unique€relationship€between€individuals€and€the€group€they€belong€toÏand€the€unconscious€particularities€owing€to€the€homogeneity€of€the€population.ÌÌÌà@ì .à3.€€òòPositive€aspectsóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô102.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€takes€note€with€satisfaction€of€the€serious€approach€that€theÏGovernment€of€Japan€has€taken€in€dealing€with€issues€relating€to€civil€andÏpolitical€rights,€and€of€its€commitment€to€fulfil€its€obligations€under€theÏCovenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô103.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€the€human€rights€situation€in€Japan€hasÏimproved€since€the€consideration€of€the€second€periodic€report€of€that€StateÏparty€in€1988,€and€that€there€is€generally€a€good€regard€for€human€rights€in€theÏcountry.ÌÌÔ2Ô104.Ô3  Ôà, .,àFurthermore,€the€Committee€notes,€with€appreciation,€that€Japan€activelyÏassists€in€the€promotion€of€human€rights€at€the€international€level.€€It€alsoÏnotes€that€there€is€awareness€in€the€Japanese€society€of€the€provisions€of€theÏCovenant;€this€awareness€is€confirmed€by€the€interest€expressed€by€many€JapaneseÏnon„governmental€organizations€in€the€Committee's€consideration€of€the€thirdÏperiodic€report€of€Japan.ÌÌÌà@ì .z à4.€€òòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô105.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€believes€that€it€is€not€clear€that€the€Covenant€would€prevailÏin€the€case€of€conflict€with€domestic€legislation€and€that€its€terms€are€notÏfully€subsumed€in€the€Constitution.€€Furthermore,€it€is€also€not€clear€whetherÏthe€"public€welfare"€limitation€of€articles12€and€13€of€the€Constitution€wouldÏbe€applied€in€a€particular€situation€in€conformity€with€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô106.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€expresses€concern€at€the€continued€existence€in€Japan€ofÏcertain€discriminatory€practices€against€social€groups,€such€as€Korean€permanentÏresidents,€members€of€the€Buraku€communities,€and€persons€belonging€to€the€AinuÏminority.€€The€requirement€that€it€is€a€penal€offence€for€alien€permanentÏresidents€not€to€carry€documentation€at€all€times,€while€this€does€not€apply€toÏJapanese€nationals,€is€not€consistent€with€the€Covenant.€€Moreover,€persons€ofÏKorean€and€Taiwanese€origin€who€serve€in€the€Japanese€Army€and€who€no€longer€possess€Japanese€nationality€are€discriminated€against€in€respect€of€theirÏpensions.ÌÌÔ2Ô107.Ô3  Ôà, .,àIn€addition,€the€Committee€expresses€concern€at€other€discriminatoryÏpractices€that€appear€to€persist€in€Japan€against€women€with€regard€toÏremuneration€in€employment,€and€notes€that€de€facto€problems€of€discriminationÏmore€generally€continue€to€exist.€€The€situation€regarding€mentally€ill€personsÏhas€significantly€improved,€but€problems€continue€regarding€access€toÏemployment.€€The€Committee€acknowledges€the€fact€that€legal€measures€have€beenÏtaken€by€the€Japanese€authorities€to€forbid€those€practices€and€that€there€areÏcomprehensive€programmes€to€promote€equal€opportunity.€€However,€it€appears€thatÏa€certain€gap€exists€in€Japan€between€the€adoption€of€legislation€and€the€actualÏbehaviour€of€certain€sectors€of€society.€€The€Committee€notes€that€recourse€forÏsettlement€of€claims€of€discrimination€against€trade„union€activists€is€veryÏprotracted.ÌÌÔ2Ô108.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€is€particularly€concerned€at€the€discriminatory€legalÏprovisions€concerning€children€born€out€of€wedlock.€€In€particular,€provisionsÏand€practices€regarding€the€birth€registration€forms€and€the€family€register€areÏcontrary€to€articles17€and€24€of€the€Covenant.€€The€discrimination€in€theirÏright€to€inherit€is€not€consistent€with€article26€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô109.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€is€disturbed€by€the€number€and€nature€of€crimes€punishable€byÏdeath€penalty€under€the€Japanese€Penal€Code.€€The€Committee€recalls€that€theÏterms€of€the€Covenant€tend€towards€the€abolition€of€the€death€penalty€and€thatÏthose€States€which€have€not€already€abolished€the€death€penalty€are€bound€toÏapply€it€only€for€the€most€serious€crimes.€€In€addition,€there€are€matters€ofÏconcern€relating€to€conditions€of€detainees.€€In€particular,€the€Committee€findsÏthat€the€undue€restrictions€on€visits€and€correspondence€and€the€failure€ofÏnotification€of€executions€to€the€family€are€incompatible€with€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô110.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€is€concerned€that€the€guarantees€contained€in€articles9,€10Ïand€14€are€not€fully€complied€with,€in€that€pre„trial€detention€takes€place€notÏonly€in€cases€where€the€conduct€of€the€investigation€requires€it;€the€detentionÏis€not€promptly€and€effectively€brought€under€judicial€control€and€is€left€underÏthe€control€of€the€police;€most€of€the€time€interrogation€does€not€take€place€inÏthe€presence€of€the€detainee's€counsel,€nor€do€rules€exist€to€regulate€theÏlength€of€interrogation;€and€the€substitute€prison€system€(Daiyo€Kangoku)€is€notÏunder€the€control€of€an€authority€separate€from€the€police.€€In€addition,€theÏlegal€representatives€of€the€defendant€do€not€have€access€to€all€relevantÏmaterial€in€the€police€record,€in€order€to€enable€them€to€prepare€the€defence.ÌÌÔ2Ô111.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€regrets€that€there€appears€to€be€a€restrictive€approach€inÏcertain€laws€and€decisions€as€to€respect€for€the€right€to€freedom€of€expression.ÌÌÔ2Ô112.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€with€concern€the€exclusion€of€Koreans€from€theÏGovernment's€concept€of€minorities.€€This€is€not€justified€by€the€Covenant,Ïwhich€does€not€limit€the€concept€of€minority€to€those€who€are€nationals€of€theÏState€concerned.ÌÌÌà@ì . à5.€€òòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô113.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€Japan€become€a€party€to€both€OptionalÏProtocols€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€and€to€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€orÏPunishment.ÌÌÔ2Ô114.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€also€recommends€that€the€Japanese€legislation€concerningÏchildren€born€out€of€wedlock€be€amended€and€that€discriminatory€provisionsÏcontained€therein€be€removed€to€bring€it€into€line€with€the€provisions€ofÏarticles2,€24€and€26€of€the€Covenant.€€All€discriminatory€laws€and€practicesÏstill€existing€in€Japan€should€be€abolished€in€conformity€with€articles2,€3€andÏ26€of€the€Covenant.€€The€Government€of€Japan€should€make€an€effort€to€influenceÏpublic€opinion€in€this€respect.ÌÌÔ2Ô115.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€further€recommends€that€Japan€take€measures€towards€theÏabolition€of€the€death€penalty€and€that,€in€the€meantime,€that€penalty€should€beÏlimited€to€the€most€serious€crimes;€that€the€conditions€of€death€row€detaineesÏbe€reconsidered;€and€that€preventive€measures€of€control€against€anykind€ofÏill„treatment€of€detainees€should€be€further€improved.ÌÌÔ2Ô116.Ô3  Ôà, .,àWith€a€view€to€guaranteeing€the€full€application€of€articles9,€10€and€14Ïof€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€recommends€that€pre„trial€procedures€and€theÏoperation€of€the€substitute€prison€system€(Daiyo€Kangoku)€should€be€madeÏcompatible€with€all€requirements€of€the€Covenant€and,€in€particular,€that€allÏthe€guarantees€relating€to€the€facilities€for€the€preparation€of€the€defenceÏshould€be€observed.ÌÌÌà@ì .*àD.€€òòMaltaóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô117.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€considered€the€initial€report€of€Malta€(CCPR/C/68/Add.4)€atÏits€1283rd€and€1287th€meetings,€held€on€1€and€3€November€1993,€and€adoptedòò24óó/Ïthe€following€comments:ÌÌÌà@ì .Ìà1.€€òòIntroductionóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô118.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€welcomes€the€State€party's€initial€report€and€theÏconstructive€manner€in€which€the€dialogue€with€the€Committee€has€been€engaged.€ÏIt€notes€that€the€information€submitted€in€the€report€and€that€provided€orallyÏby€the€delegation,€both€in€its€introductory€statement€and€in€the€comprehensiveÏand€detailed€replies€to€oral€questions,€enabled€the€Committee€to€obtain€a€clearÏpicture€of€Malta's€actual€compliance€with€the€obligations€undertaken€under€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€€The€Committee,€however,Ïregrets€that€the€report€deals€mainly€with€constitutional€provisions€and€containsÏlittle€information€about€the€practical€application€of€the€provisions€of€theÏCovenant.ÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2.€€òòFactors€and€difficulties€affecting€the€applicationóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòof€the€CovenantóóÌÌÔ2Ô119.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€that€there€are€no€indications€in€the€report€or€in€theÏoral€submission€on€the€factors€or€difficulties€which€may€impede€the€effectiveÏimplementation€of€the€Covenant's€provisions.ÌÌÌÇà@ì .à3.€€òòPositive€aspectsóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô120.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€the€efforts€undertaken€by€the€Government€of€Malta€inÏorder€to€guarantee€effectively€the€protection€of€civil€and€political€rights.€ÏChapterIV€of€the€national€Constitution€provides€an€appropriate€basis€for€theÏeffective€protection€of€most€of€the€human€rights€contained€in€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô121.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€recent€adoption€by€Parliament€of€a€number€of€legal€measures,€such€asÏthe€Local€Council€Act,€the€proposed€review€of€the€Civil€Code€in€order€better€toÏensure€the€equality€of€children€born€out€of€wedlock€and€to€promote€the€equalityÏof€sexes€and€the€proposed€revision€of€the€Investigation€of€Injustices€Act,€theÏforthcoming€consideration€by€Parliament€of€a€draft€Data€Protection€Act€andÏInformation€Practices€Act,€indicate€the€commitment€of€the€Government€of€Malta€toÏbring€its€national€legislation€into€line€with€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô122.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€that,€in€1990,€Malta€acceded€to€theÏfirst€Optional€Protocol€at€the€same€time€as€it€acceded€to€the€Covenant.ÌÌÌà@ì .z à4.€€òòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô123.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€is€concerned€at€the€fact€that€the€Covenant,€unlike€theÏEuropean€Convention€for€the€Protection€of€Human€Rights€and€Fundamental€Freedoms,Ïhas€not€yet€been€incorporated€into€the€national€legal€order.€€The€Committee€alsoÏexpresses€concern€over€the€status€of€the€Covenant€within€the€legal€system€ofÏMalta€and€the€lack€of€clarity€concerning€the€resolution€of€eventual€conflictsÏbetween€the€Covenant€and€domestic€legislation.ÌÌÔ2Ô124.Ô3  Ôà, .,àIn€this€connection,€the€Committee€recalls€that,€in€accordance€withÏarticle2,€paragraph2,€of€the€Covenant,€each€State€party€to€the€CovenantÏundertakes€to€take€the€necessary€steps€to€adopt€such€legislative€or€otherÏmeasures€as€may€be€necessary€to€give€effect€to€the€rights€recognized€in€theÏCovenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô125.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€also€expresses€concern€over€the€apparent€preference€accorded,Ïin€the€domestic€law€as€well€as€in€legal€doctrine€and€jurisprudence,€to€theÏEuropean€Convention€for€the€Protection€of€Human€Rights€and€Fundamental€FreedomsÏas€against€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€€In€thatÏregard,€the€attention€of€the€State€party€is€drawn€to€the€fact€that€the€latterÏguarantees€a€number€of€human€rights€not€protected€under€the€former€and€thatÏpermissible€restrictions€are€less€broad„based.ÌÌÔ2Ô126.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€that€the€reservations€entered€by€Malta€uponÏratification€of€the€Covenant€with€respect€to€a€number€of€provisions€have€anÏadverse€effect€on€the€effective€implementation€of€the€Covenant.€€No€convincingÏreasons€have€been€offered€for€the€reservations€to€articles13€and€14,Ïparagraph6.€€Additionally,€given€the€actual€situation€of€human€rightsÏprotection€in€Malta,€some€reservations€may€now€have€become€obsolete.ÌÌÔ2Ô127.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€further€notes€that€certain€requirements€of€the€Covenant,€suchÏas€those€referred€to€in€articles9,€paragraph3,€and€26,€are€not€fully€met.€€InÏthat€connection,€the€attention€of€the€State€party€is€drawn€to€the€pertinentÏGeneral€Comments€adopted€by€the€Committee€as€well€as€to€the€Committee'sÏjurisprudence€under€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌÌà@ì . à5.€€òòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô128.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€appropriate€measures€toÏincorporate€the€substantive€provisions€of€the€Covenant€into€domestic€law€andÏensure€that€the€restrictions€imposed€under€domestic€law€do€not€go€beyond€thoseÏpermissible€under€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô129.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€also€recommends€that€the€Government€review,€with€a€view€toÏwithdrawing,€the€reservations€made€upon€ratification€of€the€Covenant,Ïparticularly€those€concerning€articles€13€and€14€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô130.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€expresses€the€hope€that€the€Government€of€Malta€will€considerÏratifying€the€Second€Optional€Protocol€to€the€Covenant€aiming€at€the€abolitionÏof€the€death€penalty.ÌÌÔ2Ô131.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€emphasizes€that€further€measures€should€be€taken€to€ensureÏthat€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€be€made€more€widely€known,€particularlyÏamong€the€legal€profession,€members€of€the€judiciary€and€administrativeÏauthorities.€€The€general€public€should€also€be€adequately€informed€of€theÏprovisions€of€the€Covenant€and€those€contained€in€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌÌà@ì .ÆàE.€€òòRomaniaóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô132.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€considered€the€third€periodic€report€of€RomaniaÏ(CCPR/C/58/Add.15)€at€its€1284th€to€1286th€meetings,€held€on€1€andÏ2November1993,€and€adoptedòò24óó/€the€following€comments:ÌÌÌà@ì .Ìà1.€€òòIntroductionóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô133.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€welcomes€the€third€periodic€report€of€Romania€and€expressesÏits€appreciation€for€the€detailed€and€comprehensive€information€containedÏtherein,€particularly€with€regard€to€the€many€legislative€developments€that€haveÏrecently€taken€place.€€In€particular,€the€Committee€expresses€its€appreciationÏto€the€delegation€for€the€additional€detailed€information€it€presented€to€theÏmembers€of€the€Committee€in€response€to€their€questions€and€comments.€€TheÏfrankness€of€the€report€and€the€openness€displayed€by€the€delegation€facilitatedÏa€most€constructive€and€encouraging€dialogue€with€the€State€party.ÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2.€€òòFactors€and€difficulties€affecting€the€applicationóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòof€the€CovenantóóÌÌÔ2Ô134.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€with€concern€the€legacy€of€the€totalitarian€past€inÏRomania,€during€which€time€serious€and€systematic€violations€of€human€rightsÏoccurred.€€In€this€respect,€the€Committee€notes,€in€particular,€that€someÏpolitical€and€social€attitudes€still€prevalent€and€generally€tolerated€in€theÏcountry€are€not€conducive€to€the€promotion€and€protection€of€human€rights.ÌÌÌà@ì .à3.€€òòPositive€aspectsóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô135.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€welcomes€the€many€recent€developments€in€Romania€thatÏrepresent€significant€progress€in€the€transition€towards€democracy€andÏpluralism.€€In€general,€the€Committee€is€encouraged€by€the€provisions€of€the€new€Constitution€and€the€firm€legal€basis€it€provides€for€a€democratic€order.€€InÏparticular€the€Committee€expresses€satisfaction€that€the€Covenant€and€otherÏinternational€human€rights€instruments€have€been€incorporated€into€domestic€lawÏand€that€they€appear€to€occupy€a€superior€position€within€the€legal€hierarchy.ÌÌÔ2Ô136.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€with€appreciation€the€political€reforms€undertaken€inÏRomania€and€the€establishment€of€democratic€institutions.€€The€efforts€toÏundertake€a€thorough€legal€reform€have€already€yielded€many€accomplishments,Ïparticularly€with€respect€to€the€new€law€on€the€judiciary,€reforms€in€the€PenalÏCode€and€Penal€Procedure€and€the€prospective€repeal€of€certain€discriminatoryÏlaws€such€as€those€which€had€victimized€homosexuals.ÌÌÔ2Ô137.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€welcomes€the€abolition€of€the€death€penalty€and€the€adherenceÏof€Romania€to€the€Second€Optional€Protocol.€€It€also€appreciates€Romania'sÏrecent€accession€to€the€First€Optional€Protocol€recognizing€the€competence€ofÏthe€Committee€to€receive€complaints€from€individuals€alleging€a€violation€ofÏtheir€rights€under€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô138.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€also€welcomes€the€openness€of€the€Government€in€affirming€theÏmulticultural€nature€of€Romanian€society€and€the€efforts€that€have€been€made€toÏengage€the€participation€of€minorities€in€public€life.ÌÌÌà@ì .z à4.€€òòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô139.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€is€concerned€that€the€legal€framework€may€not€be€in€fullÏconformity€with€the€Covenant,€particularly€in€that€the€general€restriction€ofÏrights€under€article49€of€the€Constitution€is€much€broader€than€what€is€allowedÏunder€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô140.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€expresses€concern€at€the€continuing€problems€in€RomaniaÏregarding€discrimination€against€persons€belonging€to€minorities€and,€inÏparticular,€offences€committed€as€a€result€of€incitement€to€ethnic€or€religiousÏintolerance.€€This€situation€is€especially€threatening€to€vulnerable€groups,Ïsuch€as€the€Roma€(gypsies).€€The€Committee€is€concerned€that€the€Government€hasÏnot€been€sufficiently€active€in€combating€such€discrimination€or€effectivelyÏcountering€incidents€of€violence€committed€against€members€of€minority€groups.ÌÌÔ2Ô141.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€is€concerned€over€abuses€committed€by€the€police,€such€asÏforcible€entry€into€homes,€failure€to€inform€detainees€of€their€rights€and€ill„¼treatment€of€prisoners.€€In€this€regard,€the€Committee€notes€that€the€number€ofÏinvestigations,€charges€and€convictions€are€extremely€few€compared€with€theÏnumber€of€complaints€received€or€abuses€reported;€that€penalties€prescribed€byÏlaw€are€not€commensurate€with€the€gravity€of€the€crimes€committed;€and€thatÏcompensation€to€the€victims€of€abuse€is€not€always€forthcoming,€all€of€whichÏcontribute€to€an€atmosphere€of€impunity.€€This€situation€is€particularlyÏalarming€in€view€of€the€way€it€undermines€harmonious€relations€with€minorities,Ïthus€leading€to€ethnic€marginalization€and€escalation€of€violence.ÌÌÔ2Ô142.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€with€regret€the€decrease€in€the€participation€of€womenÏin€public€life€and€in€their€employment€and€opportunities€in€recent€years.€€TheÏincreasing€rate€of€infant€mortality€is€also€a€matter€for€concern.ÌÌÔ2Ô143.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€also€expresses€concern€that€the€full€independence€of€theÏjudiciary€has€not€yet€been€ensured.€€In€this€connection,€the€continuing€powersÏof€the€Ministry€of€Justice€over€judicial€decisions€and€the€power€to€remove€judges€creates€a€situation€which€greatly€undermines€the€independence€of€theÏjudiciary.€€ÌÌÌà@ì . à5.€€òòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô144.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€emphasizes€that€continuing€review€is€needed€to€ensure€thatÏall€relevant€laws,€regulations€and€administrative€procedures€conform€to€theÏprovisions€of€the€Covenant.€€In€this€regard,€relevant€draft€legislation€underÏactive€consideration€should€also€be€in€strict€compliance€with€the€obligations€ofÏRomania€under€the€Covenant.€€This€is€especially€important€in€regard€to€theÏexercise€of€freedom€of€expression€since€restrictions€under€article49€of€theÏConstitution€are€significantly€wider€in€scope€than€those€permitted€underÏarticle19€of€the€Covenant.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€legal€reforms€beÏclosely€followed€by€effective€changes€in€practice,€particularly€in€regard€toÏadministrative€regulations€and€procedures.ÌÌÔ2Ô145.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€further€measures€be€taken€to€protect€personsÏbelonging€to€minority€groups€and€to€enable€them€to€exercise€their€rights€underÏthe€Covenant,€including€participation€at€all€levels€in€public€institutions.€€TheÏCommittee€also€recommends€that€the€Government€take€more€active€steps€to€combatÏracist€and€xenophobic€attitudes€and€promote€tolerance€and€understanding€amongÏthe€various€ethnic,€religious€and€national€groups€in€Romania.€€In€thisÏconnection,€a€positive€approach€should€be€taken€to€counter€negative€attitudes€inÏthe€media€which€are€likely€to€reinforce€racist€attitudes€among€the€public,Ïparticularly€in€regard€to€the€Roma.ÌÌÔ2Ô146.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€emphasizes€the€need€for€greater€control€over€the€police,Ïparticularly€in€the€context€of€the€recent€authoritarian€past€from€which€RomanianÏsociety€is€emerging.€€Determined€and€continuing€efforts€need€to€be€undertaken€toÏensure€that€there€is€no€element€of€racism€in€law€enforcement,€either€in€practiceÏor€in€public€perception.€€Further€progress€should€be€achieved€in€fully€returningÏthe€police€to€civilian€control.€€There€should€be€intensive€training€andÏeducation€programmes€aimed€at€law€enforcement€officials€as€well€as€a€determinedÏeffort€to€ensure€adequate€minority€representation€in€the€police€force.€€StepsÏshould€also€be€taken€to€strengthen€recourse€procedures€for€victims€of€policeÏabuse€and€ensure€adequate€follow„up€to€reports€of€abuse€by€thoroughÏinvestigation€and€by€applying€criminal€rather€than€merely€administrativeÏsanctions€against€offenders.ÌÌÔ2Ô147.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€emphasizes€the€need€for€the€Government€to€take€positiveÏmeasures€to€strengthen€the€situation€of€women€and€children,€particularly€withÏrespect€to€participation€in€public€life,€equal€opportunities€to€employment€andÏremuneration€and€equal€rights€and€responsibilities€in€the€family.€€The€CommitteeÏalso€recommends€that€measures€be€taken€to€reduce€infant€mortality.ÌÌÔ2Ô148.Ô3  Ôà, .,àWith€regard€to€the€independence€of€the€judiciary,€the€Committee€recommendsÏthat€steps€be€taken€to€speed€up€the€reform€process€and€end€the€presentÏmonitoring€powers€of€the€Ministry€of€Justice.€€Further€vigorous€efforts€shouldÏbe€made€to€encourage€a€culture€of€independence€among€the€judiciary€itself.ÌÌÔ2Ô149.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€underlines€the€need€for€the€Government€to€take€a€more€activeÏapproach€in€overcoming€public€attitudes€that€hamper€the€effective€implementationÏof€human€rights€standards.€€Public€information€and€education€activities€need€toÏbe€strengthened€so€that€the€general€public€may€be€better€acquainted€with€theÏprovisions€of€the€Covenant€and€the€steps€taken€to€apply€itin€practice.€€In€this€connection,€greater€use€could€be€made€of€non-governmental€organizations€and€theÏmedia.ÌÌÌà@ì .0àF.€€òòCosta€RicaóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô150.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€considered€the€third€periodic€report€of€Costa€RicaÏ(CCPR/C/70/Add.4)€at€its€1298th€to€1300th€meetings,€held€on€24€and€25March1994Ï(see€CCPR/C/SR.1298„1300),€and€adoptedòò25óó/€the€following€comments:ÌÌÌÔ&  Ôà@ì .Ìà1.€€òòIntroductionóóˆÌÌÔ'  ÔÔ2Ô151.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€welcomes€the€opportunity€to€continue€its€dialogue€with€theÏState€party€but€notes€with€regret€that€its€report€did€not€contain€sufficientÏinformation€on€the€implementation€in€practice€of€the€Covenant.€€The€CommitteeÏnotes€that€the€delegation€provided€useful€information€on€several€points€notÏcovered€in€the€report.ÌÌÔ2Ô152.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€expresses€its€concern€over€the€inadequate€steps€taken€by€theÏState€party€properly€to€discharge€its€reporting€obligations€under€article40€ofÏthe€Covenant.€€In€this€regard,€the€Committee€regrets€that€its€observations€atÏthe€consideration€of€the€second€periodic€report€were€not€takeninto€accountÏduring€the€preparation€of€the€third€periodic€report.€€Furthermore,€the€thirdÏperiodic€report€did€not€at€all€conform€to€the€reporting€guidelines€establishedÏby€the€Committee.€€The€Committee€is€also€concerned€that€the€report€was€neitherÏadequately€publicized€in€Costa€Rica€nor€available€to€the€public€or€human€rightsÏorganizations€in€Costa€Rica€in€advance€of€its€consideration€by€the€Committee.ÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2.€€òòFactors€and€difficulties€affecting€the€applicationóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòof€the€CovenantóóÌÌÔ2Ô153.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€that€there€was€no€indication€in€the€report€concerningÏfactors€and€difficulties€affecting€the€application€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô154.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€understands€that€a€rising€crime€rate€has€considerablyÏincreased€the€workload€of€the€judiciary.ÌÌÌà@ì .à3.€€òòPositive€aspectsóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô155.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€takes€note€with€appreciation€of€the€level€of€achievement€inÏthe€enjoyment€of€human€rights€in€Costa€Rica.€€It€notes€with€satisfaction€theÏmeasures€undertaken€by€the€Government€to€protect€human€rights€at€the€nationalÏlevel,€such€as€those€offices€established€for€the€protection€of€human€rights€ofÏwomen,€children€and€detainees€and€the€recently€established€Office€of€theÏDefender€of€the€Inhabitants.€€In€particular,€the€Committee€expresses€itsÏsatisfaction€with€the€goodwill€demonstrated€by€the€Government€to€achieveÏeffective€protection€of€human€rights€and€the€progressive€approach€it€has€adoptedÏto€incorporate€international€human€rights€standards€into€the€domestic€Ô&  ÔlegalÏorder.€€The€Committee€expresses€its€appreciation€for€the€major€contribution€byÏCosta€Rica€aimed€at€strengthening€international€efforts€to€promote€and€protectÏhuman€rights.ÌÔ'  ÔÌÌà@ì .z à4.€€òòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô156.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€with€concern€that,€in€view€of€the€inadequateÏinformation€that€has€been€provided€by€the€State€party,€it€is€unclear€to€whatÏextent€the€rights€of€detainees€are€protected€in€actual€practice,€particularlyÏthe€right€to€liberty€and€security€of€person€and€the€right€of€appeal.€€In€thatÏconnection,€concern€is€expressed€at€the€present€level€of€protection€forÏdetainees€regarding€lengthy€pre„trial€detention.€€Concern€is€also€expressed€atÏthe€inadequacy€of€training€on€human€rights€standards,€particularly€theÏprovisions€of€the€Covenant,€provided€to€the€police€and€security€forces€andÏtheextent€to€which€their€activities€are€monitored.ÌÌÔ2Ô157.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€with€concern€that€many€labour€regulations,€particularlyÏthose€relating€to€freedom€of€association€as€protected€under€article€22€of€theÏCovenant,€are€not€in€conformity€with€international€standards.€€In€particular,Ïthe€Committee€further€notes€that€the€rights€of€workers€employed€by€smallÏagricultural€businesses,€especially€those€who€wish€to€form€unions€in€coffee€andÏsugar€cane€plantations,€may€not€be€protected€under€the€current€legal€regime.€ÏAdditionally,€there€is€concern€that€the€system€of€"solidarity"€organizationsÏ(òòasociaciones€solidaristasóó)€may€prevent€the€effective€enjoyment€of€those€rightsÏin€general.ÌÌÔ2Ô158.Ô3  Ôà, .,àWith€respect€to€article18€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€is€concerned€atÏthe€pre„eminent€position€accorded€to€the€Roman€Catholic€Church.€€The€CommitteeÏalso€notes€with€concern€that€certain€provisions€of€Costa€Rican€legislationÏ(òòinteraliaóó,€the€òòLey€de€Carrera€Docenteóó)€confer€on€the€National€EpiscopalÏConference€the€power€to€effectively€impede€the€teaching€of€religions€other€thanÏCatholicism€in€public€schools€and€the€power€to€bar€non„Catholics€from€teachingÏreligion€in€the€public€school€curricula.ÌÌÔ2Ô159.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€with€concern€that€many€laws€aimed€at€promoting€genderÏequality€have€not€had€their€intended€effect€and€that€there€is€still€muchÏprogress€to€be€made€in€this€regard.ÌÌÌà@ì . à5.€€òòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô160.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€existing€measures€to€protect€the€rights€ofÏdetainees€be€strengthened.€€In€this€connection,€the€Committee€emphasizes€theÏimportance€of€closely€monitoring€pre„trial€detention€and€the€need€for€promptÏinvestigation€into€reports€of€abuse.€€The€Committee€stresses€the€importance€ofÏadequate€training€for€the€police€and€other€security€forces€and€prison€personnelÏwith€respect€to€the€relevant€provisions€of€the€Covenant€as€well€as€otherÏapplicable€international€human€rights€standards,€including€the€Standard€MinimumÏRules€for€the€Treatment€of€Prisoners.ÌÌÔ2Ô161.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€suggests€that€the€Government€consider€steps€to€review€and,Ïwhere€necessary,€reform€labour€legislation€to€ensure€that€freedom€ofÏassociation,€as€guaranteed€under€article€22€of€the€Covenant,€is€enjoyed€by€allÏworkers€in€Costa€Rica€and,€in€particular,€that€workers€in€small€agriculturalÏenterprises€are€free€to€organize.ÌÌÔ2Ô162.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€steps€to€ensure€thatÏthere€is€no€discrimination€in€the€exercise€of€the€right€to€religious€education,Ïparticularly€with€respect€to€access€to€religious€teachings€other€thanÏCatholicism.€€Current€practices€which€make€the€selection€of€religious€instructors€subject€to€the€authorization€of€the€National€Episcopal€ConferenceÏare€not€in€conformity€with€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô163.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€further€measures€be€taken€to€combat€genderÏinequality€and€to€improve€the€situation€of€women€in€Costa€Rica.ÌÌÔ2Ô164.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€strongly€urges€the€Government€to€prepare€its€fourth€periodicÏreport€in€compliance€with€the€guidelines€for€the€preparation€of€StatepartyÏreports€and€take€into€account€concerns€expressed€during€the€consideration€of€theÏthird€periodic€report.€€The€Committee€emphasizes€that€Costa€Rica€should€beÏprepared€to€report€on,€and€participate€in€a€dialogue€on,each€article€of€theÏCovenant;€and€that€this€obligation€is€not€negated€by€the€fact€that€Costa€RicaÏbelieves€that€it€has€given€some€of€the€relevant€material€to€another€treaty€body.€ÏThe€fourth€periodic€report€should€contain,€òòinteraliaóó,€detailed€and€updatedÏinformation€on€the€extent€to€which€each€of€the€rights€protected€under€theÏCovenant,€including€article€27,€are€enjoyed€in€actual€practice€and€on€measuresÏtaken€during€the€reporting€period€to€further€implement€the€Covenant.€€TheÏCommittee€emphasizes€that€the€State€party€should€not€underestimate€theÏimportance€of€properly€fulfilling€its€obligations€under€article40€of€theÏCovenant.€€In€that€connection,€attention€is€drawn€to€the€fact€that€appropriateÏadvice€and€training€for€the€submission€of€reports€might€be€obtained€from€theÏCentre€for€Human€Rights.ÌÌÔ2Ô165.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€underlines€the€importance€of€involving€concerned€professionalÏorganizations,€non-governmental€organizations,€the€media€and€the€general€publicÏin€efforts€to€improve€the€application€of€the€Covenant.€€To€this€end,€the€StateÏparty€should€ensure€that€its€reports€under€article40€of€the€Covenant€areÏpublicized€and€readily€accessible€in€Costa€Rica€in€advance€of€theirÏconsideration€by€the€Committee.€€Additional€measures€should€be€taken€with€a€viewÏto€making€provisions€of€the€Covenant€more€widely€known€among€judges,€lawyers,Ïteachers€and€the€general€public.ÌÌÌà@ì .øàG.€€òòMexicoóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô166.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€considered€the€third€periodic€report€of€MexicoÏ(CCPR/C/76/Add.2)€from€its€1302nd€to€1305th€meetings,€held€on€28€andÏ29March1994€(see€CCPR/C/SR.1302„1305),€and€adoptedòò25óó/€the€following€comments:ÌÌÌà@ì .Ìà1.€€òòIntroductionóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô167.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€thanks€Mexico€for€its€report€and€welcomes€the€appearance€of€aÏlarge€high„level€delegation€before€the€Committee€despite€the€serious€events€thatÏrecently€occurred€there.€€It€notes€that€the€report€was€completed€on€time€andÏthat€it€takes€into€account€the€questions€submitted€by€Committee€members€duringÏtheir€consideration€of€the€previous€periodic€report€as€well€as€the€generalÏcomments€of€the€Committee.€€The€oral€presentation,€accompanied€by€extensiveÏdocumentation,€served€to€update€the€written€report€and€contributed€to€a€frankÏand€fruitful€dialogue€with€the€Committee.ÌÌÔ2Ô168.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€thanks€the€State€party€for€the€core€documentÏ(HRI/CORE/1/Add.12),€drafted€in€accordance€with€the€consolidated€guidelines€forÏthe€initial€part€of€the€reports€of€States€parties€which€must€be€submitted€underÏthe€various€international€human€rights€instruments€(HRI/1991/1).Ì̇€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2.€€òòFactors€and€difficulties€affecting€the€applicationóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòof€the€CovenantóóÌÌÔ2Ô169.Ô3  Ôà, .,àSocio„economic€difficulties€and€extremely€widespread€poverty€have€led€toÏthe€growing€marginalization€of€a€vast€portion€of€the€population,€in€particularÏstreet€children€and€members€of€indigenous€groups,€who,€as€a€result,€are€deniedÏthe€protection€of€the€basic€rights€guaranteed€by€the€Covenant.€€Moreover,€ruralÏpopulations€are€isolated€because€of€the€remoteness€of€agrarian€zones€fromÏdecision-making€centres€and€judicial€organs,€which€impedes€the€realization€ofÏhuman€rights€throughout€the€territory€of€Mexico.ÌÌÔ&  ÔÌà@ì .à3.€€òòPositive€aspectsóóˆÌÔ'  ÔÌÔ2Ô170.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€welcomes€with€satisfaction€the€establishment€of€the€NationalÏHuman€Rights€Commission€responsible€for€conducting€investigations€andmakingÏrecommendations€to€the€Government.€€The€Committee€notes€the€establishment€ofÏsimilar€commissions€within€each€of€the€States€of€the€Union€at€the€local€level.€ÏThese€new€institutions€and€the€development€of€human€rights€legislation,€which,Ïin€particular,€prescribes€punishment€for€torture€and€provides€for€compensationÏof€victims,€reflect€progress€towards€the€promotion€and€protection€of€humanÏrights€in€Mexico.€€The€extension€of€the€right€to€vote€to€persons€who€hadÏhitherto€been€deprived€of€that€right€and€access€to€the€public€service€byÏcitizens€who€are€not€Mexican€nationals€by€birth€are€positive€developments€inÏensuring€respect€for€article€25€of€the€Covenant.€€Allowing€non-governmentalÏorganizations€the€opportunity€to€visit€any€part€of€the€country,€in€particularÏthe€sensitive€areas,€demonstrates€the€Government's€willingness€to€cooperate€withÏorganizations€for€the€defence€of€human€rights.ÌÌÌà@ì .z à4.€€òòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô171.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€strongly€deplores€the€events€that€occurred€recently€inÏChiapas€which€resulted€in€many€violations€of€the€rights€guaranteed€by€theÏCovenant,€in€particular,€in€articles6,€7€and€9€thereof.€€The€Committee€notesÏthat,€since€a€state€of€emergency€was€not€declared€in€Chiapas€in€early€1994,€theÏauthorities€have€restricted€the€rights€provided€for€in€the€Covenant,Ïparticularly€in€articles€9€and€12,€without€respecting€the€guarantees€providedÏfor€therein.ÌÌÔ2Ô172.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€is€disturbed€by€the€large€number€of€complaints€concerningÏacts€of€torture€or€arbitrary€detention€when€prosecution€and€sentencing€ofÏtheguilty€parties€occurs€very€infrequently€and€falls€far€short€of€theÏrecommendations€of€the€National€Human€Rights€Commission€of€Mexico,€which€hasÏcondemned€these€acts.€€Similarly,€enforced€or€involuntary€disappearances€andÏextrajudicial€executions€are€not€systematically€followed€by€investigations€inÏwhich€the€perpetrators€are€identified,€brought€to€justice€and€punished€and€theÏvictims€compensated.€€Lastly,€the€conditions€in€prison€and€other€detentionÏcentres€and€the€slowness€of€judicial€procedures€continue€to€be€a€major€cause€forÏconcern.ÌÌÔ2Ô173.Ô3  Ôà, .,àAs€òòamparoóó€proceedings€have€proved€to€be€ineffective,€immediate€release€ofaÏperson€who€has€been€irregularly€detained€is€not€fully€guaranteed€in€accordanceÏwith€article9€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô174.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€deplores€the€gross€violation€of€both€the€right€to€life€andÏthe€right€to€freedom€of€expression€constituted€by€the€frequent€murder€ofÏjournalists,€which€has€reached€alarming€proportions.ÌÌÔ2Ô175.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€is€further€concerned€by€the€conditions€in€which€the€rightsÏprovided€for€in€articles€21€and€22€of€the€Covenant€are€exercised,€as€evidencedÏby€the€severe€repression€of€peaceful€demonstrations€by€striking€workers.ÌÌÔ2Ô176.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€has€doubts€and€concerns€about€the€electoral€system€andÏpractices€and€the€climate€of€violence€in€which€the€most€important€elections€haveÏtaken€place.€€It€notes€that€this€situation€precludes€the€full€guarantee€of€freeÏchoice€by€all€voters€and€the€participation€of€all€citizens€in€theconduct€ofÏpublic€affairs,€in€particular€through€freely€chosen€representatives,€inÏaccordance€with€article€25€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô177.Ô3  Ôà, .,àLastly,€the€Committee€has€expressed€concern€about€the€situation€ofÏindigenous€populations.€€Article€27€of€the€Constitution€concerning€agrarianÏreform€is€often€implemented€to€the€detriment€of€persons€belonging€to€suchÏgroups.€€The€delay€in€resolving€problems€relating€to€the€distribution€of€landÏhas€weakened€the€confidence€of€these€populations€in€both€local€and€federalÏauthorities.€€Moreover,€these€persons€are€subject€to€special€laws,€particularlyÏin€Chiapas,€which€could€create€a€situation€of€discrimination€within€the€meaningÏof€article€26€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÌà@ì . à5.€€òòSuggestions€and€recommendationsˆÌóóÌÔ2Ô178.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€should€provide€the€NationalÏHuman€Rights€Commission€with€the€authority€necessary€for€its€effectiveÏfunctioning,€in€complete€independence€from€the€political€and€administrativeÏauthorities,€and€should€allow€it€to€refer€cases€to€the€competent€judicialÏauthorities€where€it€finds€that€rights€guaranteed€by€the€Covenant€have€beenÏviolated.ÌÌÔ2Ô179.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€strongly€recommends€that€all€cases€of€extrajudicialÏexecution,€torture€and€arbitrary€detention€be€investigated€in€order€toÏbringthose€suspected€of€having€committed€such€acts€before€the€courts,€thatÏthose€found€guilty€be€punished€and€that€the€victims€be€compensated.€€LawÏenforcement€officials€should€be€properly€trained€so€that€ensuring€respect€forÏthe€basic€rights€of€the€persons€placed€under€their€control€becomes€an€integralÏpart€of€their€task.ÌÌÔ2Ô180.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€suggests€to€the€Mexican€authorities€that€they€fully€implementÏarticle€25€of€the€Covenant,€in€particular€with€regard€to€elections,€by€takingÏlegal€and€practical€measures€to€ensure€equitable€representation€of€the€entireÏelectorate€and€to€ensure€that€the€balloting€is€free€from€fraud€and€takes€placeÏin€an€atmosphere€of€calm€essential€to€the€voters'€exercise€of€freechoice.€€ToÏthat€end,€the€willingness€of€the€authorities€to€accept€international€observersÏduring€the€balloting€would€contribute€to€the€transparency€of€the€elections.ÌÌÔ2Ô181.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€invites€the€authorities€actively€to€pursue€programmes€fortheÏprotection€of€vulnerable€children,€particularly€street€children.€€Similarly,€theÏprogress€achieved€with€regard€to€the€status€of€women€should€be€developed€furtherÏand€greater€efforts€should€be€made€to€combat€family€violence.ÌÌÔ2Ô182.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€Government€give€consideration€to€moreÏequitable€land€distribution€within€the€framework€of€agrarian€reform€and€that€itÏtake€into€account€the€rights€and€aspirations€of€indigenous€populations€in€thatÏconnection.€€Furthermore,€measures€for€the€implementation€of€article€4€of€theÏConstitution€should€be€considerably€strengthened.€€Indigenous€populations€shouldÏhave€the€opportunity€to€participate€in€decision-making€on€matters€that€concernÏthem.ÌÌÌà@ì .”àH.€€òòCameroonóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô183.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€considered€the€second€periodic€report€of€CameroonÏ(CCPR/C/63/Add.1)€at€its€1306th€to€1308th€meetings,€held€on€30€and€31March1994Ï(see€CCPR/C/SR.1306„1308),€and€adoptedòò26óó/€the€following€observations:ÌÌÔ&  ÔÌà@ì .Ìà1.€€òòIntroductionóóˆÌÌÔ'  ÔÔ2Ô184.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€thanks€Cameroon€for€its€report€and€welcomes€the€Government'sÏwillingness€to€pursue€the€dialogue€entered€into€with€the€Committee.€€The€report,Ïalthough€a€summary€and€rather€theoretical,€otherwise€conforms€to€the€Committee'sÏguidelines€regarding€the€form€and€contents€of€periodic€reportsÏ(CCPR/C/20/Rev.1),€and€the€oral€comments€were€a€valuable€complement€to€theÏinformation€given€in€writing.€€The€replies€to€the€questions€of€Committee€membersÏby€a€competent€high„level€delegation€helped€to€make€the€dialogue€between€theÏdelegation€and€the€Committee€frank€and€fruitful.ÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2.€€òòFactors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€applicationóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòof€the€CovenantóóÌÌÔ2Ô185.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€ignorance€of€individuals€as€to€their€rights€impedes€the€enjoymentÏthereof€and€contributes€to€their€failure€to€provide€remedies€for€violation€ofÏthose€rights.€€Accordingly,€there€remain€many€unaddressed€human€rightsÏviolations.€€The€survival€of€certain€traditions€and€customs€sometimesÏconstitutes€an€obstacle€to€the€application€of€the€Covenant,€particularly€withÏregard€to€equality€of€men€and€women.ÌÌÌà@ì .àC.€€òòPositive€aspectsóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô186.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€establishment€of€the€National€Committee€for€Human€Rights€and€FreedomsÏrepresents€a€notable€advance€in€the€promotion€of€human€rights€in€Cameroon.ÌÌÔ2Ô187.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€acts€passed€in€1990,€in€particular€Act€No.90-56€of€19December1990Ïconcerning€political€parties,€establishing€a€multiparty€system,€constitute€anÏencouraging€factor€for€the€implementation€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô188.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€detailed€information€given€orally€by€the€delegation€on€the€situation€ofÏminorities€in€Cameroon€is€indicative€of€the€positive€approach€of€the€country'sÏauthorities€to€the€implementation€of€article27€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÌÔ&  Ôà@ì .z à4.€€òòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô189.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€regrets€the€fact€that€the€Secretary„General€was€not€notifiedÏÔ'  Ôin€the€correct€manner,€in€accordance€with€the€requirements€of€article4€of€theÏCovenant,€of€the€proclamation€of€a€state€of€emergency€at€the€time€of€the€eventsÏthat€took€place€in€the€country's€Nord-Ouest€province€in€1992.ÌÌÔ2Ô190.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€deplores€the€fact€that€the€State€party€has€not€embarked€onÏall€the€necessary€reforms€to€combat€the€factors€still€impeding€equality€of€menÏand€women.ÌÌÔ2Ô191.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€is€concerned€that,€in€spite€of€a€recent€reduction,€the€numberÏof€offences€punishable€by€the€death€penalty€in€the€Criminal€Code€is€stillÏexcessive,€in€particular€aggravated€theft€or€traffic€in€toxic€or€dangerousÏwastes,€and€at€the€number€of€death€sentences€handed€down€by€the€courts.ÌÌÔ2Ô192.Ô3  Ôà, .,àIt€deplores€the€infringements€of€the€right€to€life€by€representatives€ofÏthe€security€forces,€the€Army€and€even€paramilitary€groups€in€respect€ofÏcivilians,€not€only€during€the€events€of€1992€but€also€in€March€1993€and,€moreÏrecently,€in€March€1994.ÌÌÔ2Ô193.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€deplores€the€multiple€cases€of€torture,€ill-treatment,Ïextrajudicial€execution€and€illegal€detention,€suffered€in€particular€byÏjournalists€and€political€opponents.€€Torture€and€ill-treatment€seem€to€beÏpractised€systematically€by€the€security€forces,€and€on€several€occasions€theirÏbrutality€has€caused€the€death€of€the€victims.ÌÌÔ2Ô194.Ô3  Ôà, .,àIt€also€deplores€the€fact€that€such€brutality€is€practised€in€prisons,€asÏwell€as€non-respect€for€the€provisions€of€article10€of€the€Covenant€inÏÔ&  Ôdetention€centres€where€men€and€women,€convicted€and€unconvicted€prisoners,Ïadult€and€juvenile€offenders€are€held€in€the€same,€generally€insalubrious,Ïcells.ÌÔ'  ÔÌÔ2Ô195.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€that€freedom€of€expression€is€not€guaranteed,€owing€toÏthe€requirement€of€prior€deposit€of€all€publications,€censorship€and€the€controlÏexercised€by€the€authorities€over€the€press,€radio€and€television.ÌÌÔ2Ô196.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€questions€the€independence€of€the€judiciary;€in€particular,Ïthe€composition€of€the€Supreme€Council€of€Justice€does€not€seem€such€as€toÏguarantee€respect€for€this€principle.ÌÌÔ2Ô197.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€expresses€its€regret€at€the€difficulties€encountered€byÏworkers€in€exercising€freely€and€peacefully€their€rights€under€articles21Ïand22€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô198.Ô3  Ô€€The€Committee€is€concerned€about€the€conditions€in€which€the€presidentialÏelections€of€11October1992€were€held,€and,€in€particular,€it€expresses€itsÏconcern€at€the€numerous€allegations€of€fraud€made€during€the€different€ballots.ÌÌÌà@ì . à5.€€òòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô199.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€Cameroonian€authorities€avail€themselvesÏof€the€constitutional€reform€to€incorporate€in€the€national€legal€system€all€theÏrights€guaranteed€by€the€Covenant,€and€that€each€article€of€the€draft€beÏsystematically€checked€against€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant.̇Ô2Ô200.Ô3  Ôà, .,àMeasures€should€be€taken€to€organize€free,€equitable€and€transparentÏelections.ÌÌÔ2Ô201.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€invites€the€Government€to€disseminate€the€Covenant€byÏculturally€appropriate€means,€so€that€everyone€has€a€knowledge€of€his€rights,Ïwhatever€his€place€of€residence€and€his€situation€in€Cameroonian€society.ÌÌÔ2Ô202.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€urges€the€authorities€of€Cameroon€to€revise€the€Criminal€CodeÏwith€a€view€to€restricting€the€number€of€offences€carrying€the€death€penalty.ÌÌÔ2Ô203.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€strongly€recommends€that€the€Government€take€all€necessaryÏmeasures€to€prevent€summary€executions,€torture,€ill-treatment€and€illegalÏdetention,€that€all€such€cases€be€investigated€in€order€to€bring€those€suspectedÏof€having€committed€such€acts€before€the€courts,€that€those€found€guilty€beÏpunished€and€that€the€victims€be€compensated.ÌÌÔ2Ô204.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€invites€the€Cameroonian€authorities€to€modify€theirÏlegislation€applicable€to€administrative€detention€so€as€to€make€it€limited€inÏtime€and€subject€to€appeal€in€accordance€with€article9,€paragraph4,€of€theÏCovenant.€€The€Committee€urges€the€Cameroonian€authorities€to€requireÏlaw-enforcement€officers€to€have€a€strict€respect€for€the€provisions€ofÏarticle9€of€the€Covenant,€in€order€to€put€an€end€to€arbitrary€or€illegalÏdetention,€by€organizing€specific€training€for€them€if€necessary.ÌÌÔ2Ô205.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€invites€the€Cameroonian€authorities€to€adopt€as€a€matter€ofÏurgency€the€measures€necessary€to€ensure€that€in€prisons€and€detention€centresÏall€the€provisions€of€article10€of€the€Covenant€are€fully€respected.ÌÌÔ2Ô206.Ô3  Ôà, .,àMeasures€should€be€taken,€if€necessary€in€the€form€of€constitutionalÏreform,€to€guarantee€the€independence€and€impartiality€of€the€judiciary,€inÏaccordance€with€article14,€paragraph1,€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô207.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€invites€the€Government€to€improve€the€situation€of€women,€Ïwith€a€view€to€achieving€the€effective€application€of€article3€of€the€Covenant,Ïin€particular€by€adopting€the€necessary€educational€and€other€measures€toÏovercome€the€weight€of€certain€customs€and€traditions€and€by€proceeding€as€soonÏas€possible€with€its€plan€to€amend€the€Family€Code.ÌÌÔ2Ô208.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€Cameroonian€authorities€remove€censorshipÏonce€and€for€all€and€amend€the€Act€of€19December1990,€with€a€view€to€ensuringÏits€conformity€with€article19€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÌà@ì .þàI.€€òòEl€SalvadoróóˆÌÌÔ2Ô209.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€considered€the€second€periodic€report€of€ElSalvadorÏ(CCPR/C/51/Add.8)€at€its€1310th€to€1313th€meetings,€held€on€4€and€5€April1994Ï(see€CCPR/C/SR.1310-1313),€and€adoptedòò27óó/€the€following€comments:ÌÌÌà@ì .Ìà1.€€òòIntroductionóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô210.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€welcomes€the€opportunity€to€continue€its€dialogue€with€theÏState€party€following€a€delay€in€reporting€of€over€10years.€€The€second€reportÏcontained€information€about€constitutional€and€legal€measures€giving€effect€toÏthe€Covenant€that€was€supplemented€by€the€core€document.€€The€Committee€regrets€that€the€second€periodic€report€neither€accurately€nor€candidly€represents€theÏactual€human€rights€situation€in€ElSalvador€in€the€period€covered€by€theÏreport,€during€which€armed€conflict€and€massive€violations€of€human€rights€haveÏbeen€followed€by€a€peace€process€supervised€by€the€United€Nations€ObserverÏMission€in€El€Salvador€(ONUSAL).€€In€particular,€it€provides€little€relevantÏinformation€on€such€key€areas€as€the€protection€of€the€right€to€life€underÏarticle6€of€the€Covenant,€the€prohibition€of€torture€under€article7,€the€rightÏto€liberty€and€security€of€person€under€article9€and€the€guarantee€to€dueÏprocess€under€the€law€in€accordance€with€article14.€€The€Committee€regrets,€inÏparticular,€the€complete€lack€of€information€regarding€either€the€report€of€theÏTruth€Commission€and€the€implementation€of€its€recommendations€or€the€AmnestyÏLaw€and€its€impact€on€the€State€party's€obligations€under€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô211.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€expresses€its€appreciation€to€the€delegation€for€the€usefulÏinformation€it€provided€in€response€to€the€list€of€issues,€as€well€as€toÏquestions€and€comments€of€Committee€members.€€However,€the€Committee€regretsÏthat€many€questions€put€to€the€delegation€during€the€discussion€remainedÏunanswered.ÌÌÔ&  ÔÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2.€€òòFactors€and€difficulties€affecting€the€applicationóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòof€the€CovenantóóÌÌÔ'  ÔÔ2Ô212.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€that€El€Salvador€has€only€recently€emerged€from€a€longÏand€devastating€civil€war€during€which€gross€and€systematic€human€rightsÏviolations€occurred€and€that€it€is€still€in€the€process€of€recovery€andÏtransition€to€peace.ÌÌÌà@ì .à3.€€òòPositive€aspectsóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô213.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€that€the€human€rights€situation€hasÏimproved€in€ElSalvador€and€that€some€progress€has€been€made€towards€theÏconsolidation€of€peace€and€the€establishment€of€the€rule€of€law.€€In€thatÏconnection,€the€Committee€notes€the€signing€of€the€peace€accords€in€1992€and€theÏcreation€under€that€accord€of€the€Truth€Commission€and€the€AdHoc€Commission€toÏinvestigate€past€human€rights€abuses,€to€recommend€action€against€theÏperpetrators€and€to€avoid€a€recurrence€of€such€events.€€The€CommitteeÏparticularly€welcomes€the€establishment€of€the€Office€of€the€Procurator€for€theÏProtection€of€Human€Rights€and€the€Office€for€Information€on€Detained€Persons€asÏwell€as€the€primacy€accorded€in€the€Constitution€to€international€human€rightsÏinstruments€over€domestic€legislation.€€The€Committee€also€welcomes€the€legalÏreform€undertaken€in€some€areas,€notably€with€respect€to€the€family€code€and€theÏestablishment€of€family€courts,€and€the€limitation€of€the€jurisdiction€ofÏmilitary€tribunals.ÌÌÌà@ì .z à4.€€òòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô214.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€is€concerned€that,€despite€the€signing€of€the€peace€accordÏover€twoyears€ago,€the€rule€of€law€has€not€yet€been€effectively€re-established.€ÏThe€Committee€expresses€concern€that€human€rights€violations€continue€inÏElSalvador,€particularly€serious€and€systematic€violations€of€the€right€to€lifeÏcarried€out€by€paramilitary€groups.€€In€this€regard,€the€Committee€notes€withÏalarm€that€politically€motivated€summary€and€arbitrary€executions,€death€threatsÏand€cases€of€torture€have€continued€to€occur€since€the€signing€of€the€peace€accord.€€The€Committee€also€notes€that€most€recommendations€of€the€TruthÏCommission€still€have€not€been€implemented.€€A€significant€gap€persists€betweenÏconstitutional€and€legal€guarantees€and€the€actual€application€of€those€legalÏguarantees.€€The€Committee€also€notes€with€concern€that€the€rights€and€freedomsÏin€the€Covenant€have€not€been€fully€included€in€the€Constitution.ÌÌÔ2Ô215.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€expresses€grave€concern€over€the€adoption€of€the€Amnesty€Law,Ïwhich€prevents€relevant€investigation€and€punishment€of€perpetrators€of€pastÏhuman€rights€violations€and€consequently€precludes€relevant€compensation.€€ItÏalso€seriously€undermines€efforts€to€re-establish€respect€for€human€rights€inÏElSalvador€and€to€prevent€a€recurrence€of€the€massive€human€rights€violationsÏexperienced€in€the€past.€€Furthermore,€failure€to€exclude€violators€from€serviceÏin€the€Government,€particularly€in€the€military,€the€National€Police€and€theÏjudiciary,€will€seriously€undermine€the€transition€to€peace€and€democracy.ÌÌÔ2Ô216.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€expresses€concern€over€continuing€human€rights€abuses€by€theÏmilitary€and€security€forces.€€In€this€context,€the€Committee€notes€withÏparticular€concern€the€lack€of€full€and€effective€control€by€civilianÏauthorities€over€the€military€and€the€security€forces.ÌÌÔ2Ô217.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€expresses€concern€over€the€fact€that€high€officials€of€theÏjudiciary€have€been€implicated€by€the€Truth€Commission€in€human€rightsÏviolations.€€In€that€connection,€the€Committee€notes€with€concern€that€untilÏserious€reform€of€the€judiciary€is€undertaken,€efforts€to€strengthen€the€rule€ofÏlaw€and€to€promote€respect€for€human€rights€will€continue€to€be€undermined.€€TheÏCommittee€also€notes€with€concern€the€lack€of€support€and€protection€given€byÏthe€civilian€authorities€to€the€judiciary€in€the€performance€of€its€duties.ÌÌÔ2Ô218.Ô3  Ôà, .,àA€number€of€additional€concerns€remain,€including€the€full€and€effectiveÏapplication€of€the€Covenant€in€matters€pertaining€to€the€full€enjoyment€by€womenÏof€the€rights€guaranteed€under€the€Covenant€and€the€difficulties€encountered€inÏensuring€the€full€participation€of€all€citizens€in€the€electoral€process.ÌÌÌà@ì . à5.€€òòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô219.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€endorses€the€recommendations€of€the€Truth€Commission€andÏstrongly€recommends€that€the€Government€take€immediate€steps€to€implement€themÏfully.ÌÌÔ2Ô220.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€emphasizes€the€obligation€of€the€State€party€under€article2,Ïparagraph3,€of€the€Covenant€to€ensure€that€victims€of€past€human€rightsÏviolations€have€an€effective€remedy.€€In€order€to€discharge€that€obligation,€theÏCommittee€recommends€that€the€State€party€review€the€effect€of€the€Amnesty€LawÏand€amend€or€repeal€it€as€necessary.ÌÌÔ2Ô221.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€all€necessary€measures€be€urgently€taken€toÏcombat€the€continuing€human€rights€violations€in€ElSalvador.€€All€violationsÏshould€be€thoroughly€investigated,€the€offenders€punished€and€the€victimsÏcompensated.€€In€this€connection,€the€Committee€also€recommends€that€the€OfficeÏof€the€Procurator€for€the€Protection€of€Human€Rights€should€be€strengthened,Ïboth€with€regard€to€resources€and€competence,€in€order€to€ensure€that€theÏProcurator€may€effectively€carry€out€his€or€her€responsibilities.ÌÌÔ2Ô222.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€all€necessary€measures€be€taken€to€ensureÏthat€human€rights€are€respected€by€the€military.€€The€Committee€urges€continuing€vigorous€action€to€ensure€that€persons€closely€associated€with€human€rightsÏabuses€do€not€re-enter€the€police,€army€or€security€forces.ÌÌÔ2Ô223.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€major€reform€of€the€judiciary€be€undertakenÏwith€a€view€to€establishing€an€independent€and€impartial€judicial€system€freeÏfrom€political€pressure€and€intimidation€that€will€safeguard€human€rights€andÏenforce€the€rule€of€law€without€discrimination.ÌÌÔ2Ô224.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€urges€that€respect€for€human€rights€be€institutionalized€atÏall€levels€of€the€Government€and€recognized€as€an€essential€element€of€theÏprocess€of€national€reconciliation€and€reconstruction.€€To€that€end,€theÏCommittee€recommends€that€all€articles€of€the€Covenant€be€fully€incorporatedÏinto€the€national€legal€system;€that€comprehensive€human€rights€training€beÏprovided€to€judges,€the€police€and€the€military;€and€that€human€rights€educationÏbe€provided€in€schools€at€all€levels.€€The€active€participation€ofÏnon-governmental€organizations€in€the€democratization€process€should€also€beÏencouraged.ÌÌÌÔ&  Ôà@ì .ØàJ.€€òòLibyan€Arab€JamahiriyaóóˆÌÌÔ'  Ô225.à, .,àThe€Committee€began€consideration€of€the€second€periodic€report€of€theÏLibyan€Arab€Jamahiriya€(CCPR/C/28/Add.16)€at€its€1275th€and€1276th€meetings€(seeÏCCPR/C/SR.1275€and€1276),€held€on€26October1993.€€Because€of€time€constraints,Ïthe€Committee€could€not€conclude€the€consideration€of€the€report.€€At€theÏrequest€of€the€Libyan€Arab€Jamahiriya,€the€Committee€agreed€to€take€it€up€againÏat€its€fifty„first€session.€€However,€by€a€note€dated€3May1994,€the€PermanentÏMission€of€the€Libyan€Arab€Jamahiriya€to€the€United€Nations€Office€at€GenevaÏrequested€a€further€postponement€of€the€consideration€of€that€report€because€ofÏa€lack€of€information€from€the€Libyan€specialized€institutions.€€The€Chairman€ofÏthe€Committee€met€the€Charg€d'affaires€of€the€Permanent€Mission€of€the€LibyanÏArab€Jamahiriya€on€19July1994€and€conveyed€to€him€the€Committee's€wish€toÏresume€consideration€of€the€report€at€its€fifty„second€session,€to€be€held€atÏGeneva€from€17October€to€4November1994€and,€in€any€event,€to€adopt€relevantÏcomments€at€that€session.ÌÌÌà@ì .øàK.€€òòJordanóóˆÌÓ(€  $(ÓØáØÌÔ2Ô226.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€considered€the€third€periodic€report€of€JordanÏ(CCPR/C/76/Add.1)€at€its€1321st€to€1324th€meetings,€held€on€5€and€6July€1994,Ïand€adoptedòò28óó/€the€following€comments:ÌÌÌà@ì .Ìà1.€€òòIntroductionóóˆÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô227.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€welcomes€the€opportunity€to€continue€its€dialogue€with€theÏState€party€and€thanks€the€Government€of€Jordan€for€its€report€(CCPR/C/76/Add.1)Ïand€core€document€(HRI/CORE/1/Add.18/Rev.1).€€It€notes€that€the€report€and€coreÏdocument€did€not€contain€sufficient€information€on€the€effective€implementationÏof€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant.€€However,€the€presence€of€a€high„levelÏdelegation,€which€provided€additional€information€on€many€points€not€covered€inÏthe€report€enabled€the€Committee€to€obtain€a€better€understanding€of€the€humanÏrights€situation€in€Jordan€and€thus€provided€the€basis€for€a€frank€and€fruitfulÏdialogue€between€the€delegation€and€the€Committee.Ì̇€€€€€€€€€€2.€€òòFactors€and€difficulties€affecting€the€implementation€ofóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòthe€CovenantóóÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô228.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€takes€note€of€the€difficult€economic€and€social€situationÏfaced€by€Jordan€as€a€result€of€the€Gulf€crisis€and€lack€of€stability€in€theÏregion.€€The€presence€of€a€very€large€number€of€refugees€constitutes€anotherÏfactor€which€renders€the€implementation€of€the€Covenant€more€difficult.ÌÌÌà@ì .à3.€€òòPositive€aspectsóóˆÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô229.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€welcomes€the€democratic€process€initiated€in€1989,€theÏlifting€of€the€state€of€emergency,€and€the€abolition€of€the€Martial€Law€and€theÏ1935€Defence€Act,€as€well€as€the€release€of€political€prisoners,€restitution€ofÏwithdrawn€passports,€reinstatement€of€civil€servants€who€had€been€dismissed€forÏpolitical€reasons€and€the€institution€of€a€right€to€appeal€against€decisions€ofÏthe€State€Security€Court€to€the€Supreme€Court.€€The€Committee€also€notes€withÏsatisfaction€the€existence€of€an€appeal€procedure€to€the€Supreme€Court€againstÏadministrative€decisions,€including€those€concerning€civil€servants.€€TheÏefforts€to€undertake€a€thorough€legal€reform€have€already€yielded€manyÏaccomplishments,€in€particular€with€respect€to€the€new€Press€Act€and€PoliticalÏParties€Act.€€The€Committee€also€appreciates€the€creation€of€a€Commission€forÏhuman€rights€and€the€establishment€of€Jordanian€sections€of€the€ArabÏOrganization€for€Human€Rights€and€Amnesty€International.€€These€new€institutionsÏand€the€drafting€of€new€bills€that€may€promote€human€rights,€as€well€as€theÏholding€of€multiparty€elections,€clearly€illustrate€the€positive€trend€towardsÏstrengthening€democracy€and€the€promotion€and€protection€of€human€rights€inÏJordan.€€Some€progress€made€in€recent€years€in€promoting€the€status€of€women€isÏalso€commendable€and€the€notable€achievements€in€the€field€of€life€expectancyÏtogether€with€reduction€of€child€mortality€rates€are€positive€developmentsÏensuring€better€respect€of€the€right€to€life€as€provided€for€under€article6€ofÏthe€Covenant.ÌÌÌÔ&  Ôà@ì .z à4.€€òòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóˆÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô230.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€that€the€Constitution€does€not€contain€specificÏÔ'  Ôprovisions€as€to€the€relationship€between€international€conventions€and€domesticÏlaw.€€Accordingly,€there€is€a€need€to€define€the€place€of€the€Covenant€withinÏthe€Jordanian€legal€system€to€ensure€that€domestic€laws€are€construed€inÏconformity€with€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant.€€Furthermore,€it€notes€withÏconcern€that€the€general€legal€framework€is€still€not€in€conformity€with€theÏprovisions€of€the€Covenant.€€The€Committee€also€regrets€that€the€ConstitutionalÏCourt€has€not€yet€been€established.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô231.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€is€concerned€that€the€State€Security€Court€continues€toÏexercise€special€jurisdiction€and€that,€in€accordance€with€articles124€and€125Ïof€the€Constitution€and€under€the€new€Defence€Act,€ordinary€law€can€be€suspendedÏin€emergency€situations,€contrary€to€the€provisions€of€article4€of€theÏCovenant,€which€prohibit€derogation€from€some€categories€of€human€rights.€€TheÏlack€of€clarity€with€regard€to€accountability€for€acts€performed€underÏprovisions€of€the€Martial€Law€is€also€a€matter€of€concern.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô232.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€regrets€that,€although€some€improvement€has€been€achieved€asÏregards€the€status€of€women,€the€State€party€has€not€embarked€on€all€theÏnecessary€reforms€to€combat€the€factors€still€impeding€equality€between€men€and€women.€€It€notes€with€concern€that€the€Constitution€does€not€guarantee€theÏprinciple€of€non„discrimination€on€the€basis€of€sex,€and€that€there€are€stillÏgender€disparities€in€law€or€practice€with€regard€to€such€issues€as€statusÏwithin€the€family,€inheritance€rights,€and€the€right€to€leave€the€country,€theÏacquisition€of€Jordanian€nationality,€access€to€work€and€participation€in€publicÏlife.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô233.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€is€concerned€about€the€excessive€number€of€offencesÏpunishable€by€the€death€penalty,€as€well€as€the€number€of€death€sentences€handedÏdown€by€the€Courts.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô234.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€is€also€concerned€that€the€guarantees€contained€inÏarticles7,€9,€10€and€14€of€the€Covenant€are€not€fully€complied€with.€€InÏparticular,€it€is€concerned€that€torture€and€ill„treatment€of€persons€deprivedÏof€liberty€continue€to€be€reported.€€Cases€of€administrative€detention,€denialÏof€access€of€detainees€to€legal€counsel,€long€periods€of€pre„trial€detentionÏwithout€charges€and€incommunicado€detention€are€also€matters€of€great€concern.€ÏThe€Committee€is€particularly€concerned€at€conditions€of€detention€in€theÏGeneral€Intelligence€Department€headquarters.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô235.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€with€concern€the€shortcomings€in€the€observance€of€theÏprovisions€of€article18€of€the€Covenant,€in€particular€the€restrictionsÏaffecting€the€enjoyment€by€non„recognized€or€non„registered€religiousÏdenominations,€including€the€Baha'i,€of€their€right€to€freedom€of€religion€orÏbelief.€€Concern€is€also€expressed€about€the€practical€limitations€to€the€rightÏto€have€or€adopt€a€religion€or€belief€of€one's€choice,€which€should€include€theÏfreedom€to€change€religion.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô236.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€also€expresses€concern€that€in€spite€of€the€positiveÏdevelopments€resulting€from€the€adoption€of€the€new€Press€Act,€freedom€ofÏexpression€is€still€restricted€by€the€control€exercised€by€the€authorities€overÏthe€State€radio€and€television€and€by€measures€of€harassment€against€someÏjournalists.€€The€Committee€is€also€concerned€that€a€rigid€interpretation€of€theÏprovisions€of€the€new€Press€Act€and€Political€Parties€Act€and€prosecutions€ofÏoffences€of€defamation€might€affect€the€effective€enjoyment€of€those€rightsÏstipulated€under€articles19€and€25€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÌà@ì . à5.€€òòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóˆÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô237.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€continue€the€legislativeÏreview€envisaged€in€the€National€Charter€and€use€this€process€to€incorporate€allÏsubstantive€provisions€of€the€Covenant€into€domestic€law€and€ensure€that€theÏrestrictions€imposed€under€national€legislation€do€not€go€beyond€those€permittedÏunder€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô238.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€hopes€that€the€Government€of€Jordan€will€consider€becoming€aÏparty€to€the€First€Optional€Protocol€to€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô239.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€further€recommends€that€Jordan€envisage€measures€towards€theÏabolition€of€the€death€penalty,€including€giving€consideration€to€accession€toÏthe€Second€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô240.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€emphasizes€the€need€for€the€Government€to€prevent€andÏeliminate€discriminatory€attitudes€and€prejudices€towards€women€and€to€achieve€the€effective€implementation€of€article3€of€the€Covenant,€by€adoptingÏpromotional€measures€to€overcome€the€weight€of€certain€traditions€and€customs.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô241.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€consideration€be€given€to€the€abolition€ofÏthe€State€Security€Court;€that€the€detention€premises€controlled€by€the€CentralÏIntelligence€Department€be€placed€under€close€supervision€of€the€judicialÏauthorities;€that€necessary€measures€be€taken€to€make€sure€that€torture,€ill„¼treatment€and€illegal€detention€do€not€occur€and€that€any€such€cases€beÏinvestigated€in€order€to€bring€before€the€courts€those€suspected€of€havingÏcommitted€such€acts€and€to€punish€them€if€found€guilty.€€It€also€recommends€thatÏmeasures€of€administrative€detention€and€incommunicado€detention€be€restrictedÏto€very€limited€and€exceptional€cases,€and€that€the€guarantees€concerningÏpre-trial€detention€provided€for€in€article9,€paragraph3,€of€the€Covenant€beÏimplemented.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô242.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€emphasizes€the€need€to€take€further€measures€to€guarantee€theÏfreedom€of€religion€and€eliminate€discrimination€on€religious€grounds,€andÏsuggests€in€this€connection€that€the€State€party€take€into€account€theÏrecommendations€contained€in€the€Committee's€general€comment€on€article18€ofÏthe€Covenant.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô243.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€stresses€that€further€measures€should€be€taken€to€ensure€thatÏthe€provisions€of€the€Covenant€be€made€more€widely€known.€€It€urges€theÏGovernment€to€prepare€its€fourth€periodic€report€in€compliance€with€theÏguidelines€for€the€preparation€of€State€party€reports,€taking€into€account€theÏgeneral€comments€adopted€by€the€Committee.€€The€fourth€periodic€report€shouldÏcontain€detailed€information€on€the€extent€to€which€each€right€protected€underÏthe€Covenant€is€enjoyed€in€practice,€and€refer€to€specific€factors€andÏdifficulties€that€might€impede€its€application.€€It€should€also€highlightÏmeasures€taken€to€follow€up€on€the€Committee's€suggestions€and€recommendations.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô244.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€Jordanian€authorities€ensure€that€theÏreport€submitted€by€the€State€party€and€the€comments€of€the€Committee€beÏdisseminated€as€widely€as€possible€in€order€to€encourage€the€involvement€of€allÏsectors€concerned€in€the€improvement€of€human€rights.ÌÌÌÔ&  Ôà@ì .\àL.€€òòTogoóóˆÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô245.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€considered€the€second€periodic€report€of€TogoÏÔ'  Ô(CCPR/C/63/Add.2)€at€its€1325th€to€1327th€meetings,€held€on€7€and€8July€1994,Ïand€adoptedòò29óó/€the€following€comments:ÌÌÌà@ì .Ìà1.€€òòIntroductionóóˆÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô246.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€thanks€Togo€for€its€report€(CCPR/C/63/Add.2)€and€coreÏdocument€(HRI/CORE/1/Add.38)€and€welcomes€the€willingness€of€the€Government€toÏpursue€the€dialogue€with€the€Committee.€€However,€it€notes€with€regret€that€theÏreport,€which€contained€scant€information€about€constitutional€and€legalÏmeasures€giving€effect€to€the€Covenant,€was€not€drawn€up€in€accordance€with€theÏCommittee's€guidelines€regarding€the€form€and€contents€of€periodic€reportsÏ(CCPR/C/20/Rev.1);€in€particular,€it€was€characterized€by€a€lack€of€informationÏon€the€practice€concerning€human€rights€as€well€as€on€the€factors€andÏdifficulties€affecting€the€implementation€of€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant.€ÏThe€Committee€nevertheless€thanks€the€delegation€of€Togo€for€endeavouring€to€reply€to€some€of€the€questions€raised€and€thus,€to€a€certain€extent,€make€up€forÏthe€report's€shortcomings.ÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2.€€òòFactors€and€difficulties€affecting€theóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòimplementation€of€the€CovenantóóÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô247.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€that€Togo€is€only€now€emerging€from€a€long€andÏdevastating€period€of€internal€disturbances€during€which€grave€human€rightsÏviolations€occurred€and€that€it€is€still€in€the€process€of€recovery€andÏtransition€to€democracy.€€The€lack€of€awareness€of€individuals€of€their€rightsÏunder€the€Covenant€and€the€Optional€Protocol€impedes€the€enjoyment€thereof€andÏfurther€contributes€to€the€failure€to€provide€remedies€for€violations€of€thoseÏrights.€€The€remnants€of€certain€traditions€and€customs€also€constitute€anÏobstacle€to€the€effective€implementation€of€the€Covenant,€particularly€withÏregard€to€equality€between€men€and€women.ÌÌÌà@ì .à3.€€òòPositive€aspectsóóˆÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô248.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€welcomes€the€adoption€of€a€new€Constitution€and€relatedÏlegislation€which€incorporate€a€number€of€provisions€of€the€Covenant€and€purportÏto€institute€a€legal€environment€favourable€to€the€promotion€and€protection€ofÏhuman€rights€as€well€as€the€enactment€of€the€new€Electoral€Code.€€It€also€takesÏnote€of€the€establishment€of€the€Ministry€of€Human€Rights€which€could€play€anÏimportant€role€in€coordinating€the€Government's€human€rights€policy.ÌÌÌà@ì .z à4.€€òòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóˆÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô249.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€with€concern€the€internal€disturbances€in€Togo€duringÏthe€period€under€review€which€resulted€in€serious€and€systematic€violations€ofÏthe€rights€guaranteed€by€the€Covenant,€particularly€articles4,€6,€7,€9,€10€andÏ14.€€It€is€particularly€concerned€with€the€fact€that€despite€initiation€of€theÏdemocratic€process,€the€rule€of€law€has€not€yet€been€re„established€in€Togo€andÏviolations€of€human€rights€continue€to€occur.€€Consequently,€a€significant€gapÏpersists€between€constitutional€and€legal€norms€and€their€application€inÏpractice.€€The€Committee€also€notes€with€concern€in€that€context€the€manifoldÏobstacles€faced€by€the€National€Human€Rights€Commission,€which,€unfortunately,Ïis€no€longer€operative€and€which€is€unable€to€contribute€to€the€promotion€ofÏrespect€for€human€rights.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô250.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€deplores€the€large€number€of€cases€of€summary€and€arbitraryÏexecutions,€enforced€or€involuntary€disappearances,€torture€and€arbitrary€orÏunlawful€detention€committed€by€members€of€the€army,€security€or€other€forcesÏduring€the€period€under€review.€€It€is€deeply€concerned€that€those€violationsÏwere€not€followed€by€any€inquiries€or€investigations,€that€the€perpetrators€ofÏsuch€acts€were€neither€brought€to€justice€nor€punished€and€that€the€victims€wereÏnot€compensated.€€It€notes€that€failure€to€exclude€violators€of€human€rightsÏfrom€service€in€the€military€or€the€security€forces€seriously€undermines€theÏtransition€to€democracy.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô251.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€is€disturbed€by€the€composition€of€the€army,€whose€membersÏare€almost€exclusively€recruited€from€only€one€of€the€ethnic€groups€in€Togo,Ïdepriving€other€groups€of€the€opportunity€for€equitable€participation.€€SuchÏcomposition,€whatever€its€historical€background,€together€with€the€apparent€lack€of€full€and€effective€control€by€civilian€authorities€over€the€military€andÏsecurity€forces€is€a€particular€cause€of€anxiety.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô252.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€regrets€that€the€State€party€has€not€yet€embarked€on€all€theÏnecessary€reforms€to€cope€with€the€factors€and€difficulties€impeding€equality€ofÏmen€and€women€in€order€to€fully€implement€article3€of€the€Covenant.€€TheÏreported€cases€of€traffic€of€women,€the€effect€of€certain€customs€andÏtraditions,€as€well€as€the€lack€of€effective€government€measures€aiming€atÏpromoting€equality€of€the€sexes€constitute€matters€of€grave€concern.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô253.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€regrets€the€fact€that€derogations€from€some€of€the€rightsÏprovided€for€in€the€Covenant€through€proclamation€of€curfews€during€theÏtransitional€period€have€not€been€notified€to€the€Secretary„General€inÏaccordance€with€article4€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô254.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€is€concerned€with€the€excessive€number€of€offences€punishableÏby€the€death€penalty€in€the€Togolese€legislation€which€contravenes€theÏprovisions€of€article6€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô255.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€that€freedom€of€expression€is€not€yet€fully€guaranteedÏin€Togo€owing€to€censorship€and€control€exercised€by€the€authorities€over€theÏpress,€radio€and€television.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô256.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€with€concern€the€restrictive€conditions€in€which€theÏrights€provided€for€in€articles21€and€22€of€the€Covenant€are€to€be€exercised,Ïand€deplores€the€severe€repression€of€peaceful€demonstrations€during€the€periodÏunder€review€involving€loss€of€life€which€has€not€been€fully€investigated.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô257.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€has€serious€doubts€and€concerns€about€the€existing€electoralÏsystem,€as€well€as€the€conditions€under€which€the€presidential€and€legislativeÏelections€have€recently€taken€place,€which€preclude€the€full€guarantee€of€freeÏchoice€by€all€voters€and€the€participation€of€all€citizens€in€the€conduct€ofÏpublic€affairs,€as€provided€for€in€article25€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô258.Ô3  Ôà, .,àA€number€of€additional€concerns€remain,€including€the€failure€to€ensureÏfull€and€effective€application€of€the€Covenant€in€matters€pertaining€to€theÏenjoyment€of€the€right€to€a€fair€trial€and€the€rights€of€persons€deprived€ofÏtheir€liberty.ÌÌÌÔ&  Ôà@ì . à5.€€òòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóˆÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô259.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€urges€the€Government€to€proceed€with€national€reconciliationÏÔ'  Ôand€to€restore€the€confidence€of€all€ethnic€groups.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô260.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€appropriate€measures€toÏtranslate€and€disseminate€the€Covenant,€so€that€all€people€in€Togo€become€awareÏof€their€rights€guaranteed€under€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô261.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€urges€that€the€Government€take€all€necessary€measures€toÏprevent€summary€or€arbitrary€executions,€enforced€or€involuntary€disappearances,Ïtorture€and€ill„treatment€and€illegal€or€arbitrary€detention;€that€all€suchÏcases€be€systematically€investigated€in€order€to€bring€those€suspected€of€havingÏcommitted€such€acts€before€the€courts;€and€that€those€found€guilty€be€punishedÏand€that€the€victims€be€compensated.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô262.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€deems€it€necessary€that€specific€measures€be€taken€to€ensureÏthat€human€rights€are€respected€by€the€military€and€security€forces.€€VigorousÏaction€should€be€taken€to€ensure€that€persons€closely€associated€with€humanÏrights€abuses€do€not€re„enter€the€police,€army€or€security€forces.€€Urgent€stepsÏshould€be€undertaken€to€ensure€that€the€composition€of€the€army€equitablyÏrepresents€various€ethnic€groups€of€the€Togolese€population,€including€currentlyÏunder„represented€minority€groups,€and€that€the€army€remains€subject€to€theÏcontrol€of€the€elected€civil€government.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô263.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€exhorts€the€Government€to€take€appropriate€action€to€ensureÏthe€effective€application€of€article3€of€the€Covenant,€in€particular€byÏadopting€administrative€and€educational€measures€designed€to€break€with€customsÏand€traditional€practices€detrimental€to€the€well„being€and€status€of€women€inÏTogolese€society.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô264.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€urges€the€authorities€of€Togo€to€revise€the€Criminal€CodeÏwith€a€view€to€diminishing€the€number€of€offences€carrying€the€death€penalty,€inÏconformity€with€article6€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô265.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€emphasizes€that€measures€should€be€taken€to€ensure€theÏimplementation€in€prisons€and€detention€centres€of€all€provisions€of€article10Ïof€the€Covenant€together€with€the€United€Nations€Standard€Minimum€Rules€for€theÏTreatment€of€Prisoners.€€They€should€be€more€widely€disseminated€and€observed,Ïparticularly€among€the€personnel€of€the€armed€forces,€security€and€policeÏofficers€involved€in€arrest€and€detention€matters,€as€well€as€members€of€theÏjudiciary.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô266.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€necessary€measures€be€taken€by€the€GovernmentÏto€ensure€the€independence€and€the€proper€functioning€of€the€judiciary€and€toÏprovide€proper€and€adequate€staffing€of€courts€in€accordance€with€the€provisionsÏof€article14€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô267.Ô3  Ôà, .,àMeasures€should€be€taken€to€allow€for€a€proper€resumption€of€the€activitiesÏof€the€National€Human€Rights€Commission€under€its€statutes,€including€theÏguarantee€of€safety€of€its€members€and€proper€funding.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô268.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€censorship€and€control€exercised€by€theÏauthorities€over€the€press,€radio€and€television€should€be€brought€in€line€withÏarticle19€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô269.Ô3  Ôà, .,àMeasures€should€be€taken€to€ensure€that€elections€are€organized€in€fullÏconformity€with€the€requirements€of€article25€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô270.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€Government€of€Togo€avail€itself€of€theÏadvisory€and€technical€assistance€services€of€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights€inÏorder€to€overcome€some€technical€difficulties€in€implementing€the€Covenant,Ïincluding€the€preparation€of€the€third€periodic€report€in€accordance€with€theÏCommittee's€guidelines.ÌÌÌà@ì .*àM.€€òòItalyóóˆÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô271.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€considered€the€third€periodic€report€of€ItalyÏ(CCPR/C/64/Add.8)€at€its€1330th€to€1332nd€meetings,€held€on€11€and€12July€1994Ï(see€CCPR/C/SR.1330€to€1332),€and€adoptedòò29óó/€the€following€comments:Ì̇à@ì .Ìà1.€€òòIntroductionóóˆÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô272.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€expresses€its€appreciation€to€the€State€party€for€itsÏelaborate€and€thorough€report,€which€has€been€prepared€in€accordance€with€theÏCommittee's€guidelines,€and€for€engaging,€through€a€highly€qualified€delegation,Ïin€a€very€constructive€dialogue€with€the€Committee.€€It€notes€with€satisfactionÏthat€the€information€provided€in€the€report,€and€submitted€orally€by€theÏdelegation€in€reply€to€questions€posed€by€members€enabled€the€Committee€toÏobtain€a€comprehensive€view€of€Italy's€actual€compliance€with€the€obligationsÏundertaken€under€the€Covenant.ÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€2.€€òòFactors€and€difficulties€affecting€the€implementation€ofóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòthe€CovenantóóÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô273.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€the€emergence€in€certain€parts€of€the€population€ofÏItaly€of€a€trend€towards€racism€and€intolerance€against€foreigners,€particularlyÏasylum„seekers€and€migrant€workers,€and€the€resurgence€of€certain€elementsÏmilitating€in€favour€of€political€movements€reminiscent€of€a€past€when€humanÏrights€were€seriously€violated.€€The€Committee€also€notes€that€there€areÏdifficulties€in€implementing€the€necessary€struggle€against€organized€crime€andÏcorruption,€especially€in€the€highest€spheres€of€power,€in€a€manner€that€isÏcompatible€with€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÌà@ì .à3.€€òòPositive€aspectsóóˆÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô274.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€with€particular€satisfaction€the€high€level€ofÏachievement€in€the€respect€of€human€rights€in€Italy€and€the€strong€commitment€ofÏthe€State€party€to€the€promotion€and€protection€of€human€rights€at€both€theÏnational€and€the€international€levels.€€In€this€regard,€it€welcomes,€inÏparticular,€the€intention€of€the€State€party€to€accede€to€the€Second€OptionalÏProtocol€to€the€Covenant,€aiming€at€the€abolition€of€the€death€penalty.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô275.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€welcomes€the€efforts€taken€by€the€State€party€to€promoteÏequal€opportunities€for€women,€particularly€through€the€work€of€the€CommissionÏfor€Parity€and€Equality€of€Opportunities€for€Men€and€Women,€and€the€progressÏachieved€in€improving€women's€participation€in€public€affairs,€professions€andÏthe€private€economic€sector.€€It€also€welcomes€the€adoption,€on€26April€1993,Ïof€a€law€aiming€at€strengthening€the€prevention,€elimination€and€punishment€ofÏracist€acts.€€The€Committee€takes€note€of€agreements€recently€concluded€betweenÏthe€State€party€and€certain€religious€denominations,€as€well€as€the€proposedÏestablishment€of€a€special€office€on€religious€freedom.€€The€improvements€in€theÏfree€legal€aid€scheme€and€the€establishment€of€an€advisory€national€bioethicsÏcommittee€are€also€welcomed.€€Moreover,€the€Committee€appreciates€the€variousÏmeasures€taken€by€the€State€party€to€protect€and€promote€the€rights€of€personsÏbelonging€to€linguistic€minorities,€which€constitutes€a€positive€approach€to€theÏfull€implementation€of€article27€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÌà@ì .z à4.€€òòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóˆÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô276.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€continues€to€regret€the€extent€of€State€party's€reservationsÏto€the€Covenant€and€that€it€has€yet€not€envisaged€withdrawing€some€of€them.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô277.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€regrets€that€the€office€of€the€citizens'€advocate€has€not€yetÏbeen€established€at€the€national€level€and€that€similar€offices€do€not€exist€inÏall€regions€of€the€State€party.€€Furthermore,€there€do€not€appear€to€be€anyÏguidelines€regarding€cooperation€and€coordination€between€those€differentÏoffices.€€These€facts€combined€with€distinctions€in€the€powers€and€functions€ofÏthe€regional€and€local€citizens'€advocates,€may€cause€unequal€protection€forÏindividuals€depending€on€the€place€where€they€live.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô278.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€is€concerned€about€cases€brought€to€its€attention€of€ill„¼treatment€of€persons€by€police€and€security€forces€in€public€places€and€policeÏstations.€€The€Committee€is€also€concerned€by€the€increasing€number€of€cases€ofÏill„treatment€in€prisons.€€It€notes€with€concern€that€the€Government€does€notÏalways€investigate€thoroughly€those€cases,€that€torture€as€such€is€notÏpunishable€in€domestic€law€and€that,€consequently,€appropriate€sanctions€are€notÏalways€imposed€on€those€found€guilty.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô279.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€is€concerned€about€the€duration€of€preventive€detention€asÏprovided€for€under€the€law€which€does€not€appear€to€be€compatible€with€theÏrequirements€of€articles9€and€14€of€the€Covenant.€€Delays€in€judicialÏproceedings€remain€worrisome€despite€attempts€at€reducing€them.€€The€CommitteeÏis€also€concerned€at€the€various€problems€faced€in€the€administration€of€prisonsÏand€other€detention€centres,€particularly€overcrowding.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô280.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€is€concerned€about€the€excessive€concentration€of€control€ofÏthe€mass€media€in€a€small€group€of€people.€€Furthermore,€it€notes€that€suchÏconcentration€may€affect€the€enjoyment€of€the€right€to€freedom€of€expression€andÏinformation€under€article19€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô281.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€is€concerned€that€the€State€party's€definition€of€minoritiesÏis€confined€to€linguistic€minorities€within€its€territory€and€that,Ïconsequently,€members€of€other€minorities€may€not€enjoy€equal€protection€ofÏtheir€rights€under€article27.ÌÌÌà@ì . à5.€€òòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóˆÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô282.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€review€its€reservations€toÏthe€Covenant€with€a€view€to€withdrawing€them.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô283.Ô3  Ôà, .,àIn€view€of€the€fact€that€criminal€legislation€does€not€provide€for€theÏdeath€penalty,€the€Committee€wishes€to€encourage€the€State€party€to€take€theÏnecessary€steps€to€accede€to€the€Second€Optional€Protocol€to€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô284.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€expresses€the€hope€that€the€Government€will€undertake€theÏÔ  Ônecessary€measures€to€establish€a€citizens'€advocate€office€at€the€nationalÏlevel.€€It€also€recommends€that,€at€the€regional€level,€where€this€has€not€yetÏbeen€done,€citizens'€advocate€offices€be€established€and€that€functions€andÏpowers€of€regional€citizens'€advocates€be€harmonized.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô285.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€urges€the€State€party€to€consider€making€torture€a€specificÏcriminal€offence.€€In€addition,€it€suggests€that€the€State€party€furtherÏstrengthen€measures€to€protect€the€rights€of€detainees€by€promptly€investigatingÏallegations€of€ill„treatment€and€ensuring€that€appropriate€penalties€are€appliedÏwhenever€such€offences€are€committed;€preventing€the€commission€of€such€actsÏthrough€efforts€to€ensure€the€stricter€observance€of€regulations€relating€to€theÏÌtreatment€of€detainees€and€offenders;€and€reducing€the€length€of€preventiveÏdetention,€taking€into€account€the€principle€of€presumption€of€innocence€and€theÏcomplexity€of€the€investigation.€€The€Committee€also€suggests€that€moreÏeffective€and€thorough€human€rights€training€be€provided€to€law€enforcementÏofficials€and€prison€officers.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô286.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€re„examine€the€possibility€ofÏcivil€liability€of€judges€in€the€light€of€the€Basic€Principles€on€theÏIndependence€of€the€Judiciary.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô287.Ô3  Ôà, .,àIn€order€to€avoid€the€inherent€risks€in€the€excessive€concentration€ofÏcontrol€of€the€mass€information€media€in€a€small€group€of€people,€the€CommitteeÏemphasizes€the€importance€of€implementing€measures€to€ensure€impartialÏallocation€of€resources,€as€well€as€equitable€access€to€such€media,€and€ofÏadopting€anti„trust€legislation€regulating€mass€media.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô288.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€continue€to€strengthen€itsÏeducation€and€training€programmes€on€multi„culturalism€with€a€view€toÏeliminating€racial€discrimination€and€advancing€tolerance€and€understandingÏamong€peoples€and€races.ÌÌÔ2Ô289.Ô3  Ôà, .,àFurther€efforts€are€required€to€ensure€the€equal€participation€by€women€inÏÔ  Ôpublic€life€and€more€effective€protection€of€women€against€all€forms€ofÏviolence.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô290.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€would€appreciate€receiving€in€the€next€periodic€reportÏinformation€on€those€matters€which,€owing€to€time€constraints,€remainedÏunanswered,€including€the€legal€measures€taken€by€the€State€party€to€allow€theÏimplementation€of€the€views€of€the€Committee€under€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌÌÓ(€  $(ÓØ"Øà@ì .0àN.€€òòAzerbaijanóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô291.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Human€Rights€Committee€considered€the€initial€report€of€AzerbaijanÏ(CCPR/C/81/Add.2)€at€its€1332nd€and€1336th€meetings,€on€12€and€14July1994,€andÏadoptedòò28óó/€the€following€comments:ÌÌÌà@ì .Ìà1.€€òòIntroductionóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô292.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€thanks€Azerbaijan€for€its€initial€report€and€welcomes€theÏpresence€of€a€high„level€delegation€before€the€Committee.€€It€notes€the€timelyÏsubmission€of€the€report€and€thanks€the€State€party€for€the€core€documentÏ(HRI/CORE/1/Add.41/Rev.1).€€The€Committee€notes€with€regret,€however,€that,Ïwhile€providing€detailed€information€on€prevailing€legislation€in€Azerbaijan,Ïthe€report€does€not€contain€enough€information€on€the€way€in€which€the€CovenantÏis€implemented€in€practice€or€on€the€factors€and€difficulties€affecting€theÏimplementation€of€the€Covenant€throughout€the€area€under€the€jurisdiction€ofÏAzerbaijan.€€The€information€provided€orally€by€the€delegation€made€good€theseÏdeficiencies€to€some€extent€and€provided€the€Committee€with€a€better€insightÏinto€the€human€rights€situation€in€Azerbaijan.ÌÌÌÔ&  Ô€€€€€€€€€€€€€2.€€òòFactors€and€difficulties€affecting€the€implementationóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòof€the€CovenantóóÌÌÔ2Ô293.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€situation€of€armed€conflict€with€a€neighbouring€country€and€theÏÔ'  Ôrecurrent€internal€unrest€are€affecting€the€exercise€of€human€rights€inÏAzerbaijan€and€have€given€rise€to€a€pattern€of€gross€human€rights€violations.€ÏRecognized€obstacles€arising€out€of€the€transition€from€the€legal€orderÏinherited€from€the€past€to€a€democratic€system€must€be€addressed€in€a€mannerÏcompatible€with€respect€for€the€Covenant.ÌÌÌà@ì .à3.€€òòPositive€aspectsóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô294.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€that€Azerbaijan€has€declared€that€it€is€bound€by€theÏCovenant€through€a€declaration€of€accession,€though€it€would€have€been€correctÏfor€it€to€have€regarded€itself€as€succeeding€to€the€obligations€of€the€CovenantÏas€a€State€of€the€former€Soviet€Union.€€None€the€less,€the€Committee€notes€withÏappreciation€that€the€delegation,€addressing€questions€raised€by€members€of€theÏCommittee,€did€not€deny€accountability€for€events€that€occurred€in€the€countryÏafter€the€date€of€independence€but€before€the€date€of€accession.€€It€also€takesÏnote€of€the€efforts€of€the€Government€of€Azerbaijan€to€include€human€rights€inÏits€new€Constitution,€to€adopt€new€human€rights€legislation€and€to€ensure€theÏrule€of€law.€€It€also€notes€that€the€Government€has€demonstrated€the€will€toÏinitiate€far„reaching€structural€reforms,€particularly€with€regard€to€theÏjudiciary.ÌÌÌà@ì .z à4.€€òòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô295.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€is€concerned€by€the€status€of€the€Covenant€within€theÏAzerbaijani€legal€system€and€by€the€lack€of€clarity€regarding€the€resolution€ofÏpossible€conflicts€between€the€Covenant€and€national€law.€€Furthermore,€it€doesÏnot€seem€possible€for€an€individual€to€invoke€the€Covenant€before€the€courts.ÌÌÔ2Ô296.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€regrets€the€position€adopted€in€the€report€regarding€theÏprinciple€of€self„determination.€€In€that€connection,€it€recalls€that,€underÏarticle1€of€the€Covenant,€that€principle€applies€to€all€peoples€and€not€merelyÏto€colonized€peoples.ÌÌÔ2Ô297.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€that€a€state€of€emergency€was€declared€in€1993€and€isÏconcerned€by€the€lack€of€clarity€in€the€law€governing€the€conditions€in€whichÏthe€state€of€emergency€can€be€implemented.ÌÌÔ2Ô298.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€deeply€deplores€the€events€that€have€occurred€recently€inÏAzerbaijan€in€the€context€of€the€armed€conflict€and€have€involved€numerousÏviolations€of€the€rights€guaranteed€by€the€Covenant.€€There€have€been€reports€ofÏcases€of€summary€execution,€enforced€or€involuntary€disappearance,€torture€andÏother€acts€of€violence€against€the€person,€as€well€as€arbitrary€detention.€€TheÏpractice€of€hostage„taking€as€a€retaliatory€measure€or€for€bargaining€purposesÏalso€seems€widespread.€€Such€violations€have€not€been€investigated€and€theÏpersons€responsible€for€them€have€therefore€not€been€punished.€€Nor€have€theÏvictims€or€their€families€been€compensated.ÌÌÔ2Ô299.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€is€disturbed€at€the€number€of€death€sentences€pronounced€andÏat€the€lack€of€any€appeal€procedure€for€persons€under€sentence€of€death.ÌÌÔ2Ô300.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€was€disturbed€by€the€obstacles€which€have€thus€far€preventedÏthe€implementation€of€article12€of€the€Covenant.€€Passport€applications€seem€toÏhave€been€rejected€without€proper€justification.€€The€visa€requirement€for€someÏcategories€of€persons€wishing€to€leave€the€country€is€an€unacceptableÏrestriction€on€the€liberty€of€movement€and€the€requirement€of€a€visa€to€returnÏto€Azerbaijan€is€contrary€to€article12€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô301.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€has€doubts€regarding€the€independence€and€impartiality€of€theÏjudiciary€in€Azerbaijan€and€deplores€the€fact€that€the€"Procuratura"€stillÏexists.ÌÌÔ2Ô302.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€with€concern€the€lack€of€laws€guaranteeing€the€right€ofÏinformation€and€the€fact€that€the€laws€inherited€from€the€former€regime€have€notÏbeen€amended€to€guarantee€the€rights€provided€for€in€article19€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô303.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€is€concerned€by€the€power€of€the€Ministry€of€Justice€toÏrefuse€to€register€a€political€party€or€an€association,€which€is€an€obstacle€toÏthe€pluralism€of€political€parties€as€provided€for€in€article25€of€theÏCovenant.ÌÌÌà@ì . à5.€€òòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô304.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€revise€the€former€legislationÏas€soon€as€possible€in€order€to€introduce€a€democratic€system€more€in€keepingÏwith€the€requirements€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô305.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€urges€the€Government€of€Azerbaijan€to€put€an€end€to€the€grossÏviolations€of€human€rights€that€have€occurred€and€continue€to€occur€inÏAzerbaijan,€to€conduct€investigations€into€them,€to€punish€the€persons€guilty€ofÏsuch€acts€and€to€compensate€the€victims.ÌÌÔ2Ô306.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€use€of€the€death€penalty€be€reduced€andÏthat€provision€be€made€for€the€right€to€appeal€against€a€death€sentence.ÌÌÔ2Ô307.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€invites€the€Government€of€Azerbaijan€to€amend€its€judicialÏsystem€as€quickly€as€possible€and€abolish€the€old€"Procuratura".ÌÌÔ2Ô308.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€suggests€that€the€authorities€of€the€State€party€shouldÏintroduce€legislation€guaranteeing€freedom€of€information€and€of€the€press€and,Ïin€general,€freedom€of€expression€and€opinion.ÌÌÔ2Ô309.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€Government€of€Azerbaijan€ensure€theÏpluralism€of€political€parties€and€remove€obstacles€to€their€registration.ÌÌÔ2Ô310.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€Government€take€account€of€theÏCommittee's€general€comment€No.23(50),€concerning€article27€of€the€Covenant,Ïin€drafting€legislative€or€regulatory€texts€for€the€full€protection€of€theÏrights€of€individuals€belonging€to€minorities.ÌÌÔ2Ô311.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€stresses€the€need€to€improve€information€and€educationÏregarding€human€rights€so€as€to€make€the€public€more€familiar€with€theÏprovisions€of€the€Covenant.€€It€also€recommends€that€the€authorities€considerÏthe€possibility€of€acceding€to€the€First€Optional€Protocol€to€the€Covenant.ÌÌÌà@ì .øàO.€€òòCyprusóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô312.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€considered€the€second€periodic€report€of€CyprusÏ(CCPR/C/32/Add.18)€at€its€1333rd€to€1335th€meetings,€held€on€13€and€14July1994Ï(see€CCPR/C/SR.1333„1335),€and€adopted€òò28óó/€the€following€comments:ÌÌÌà@ì .Ìà1.€€òòIntroductionóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô313.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€welcomes€the€opportunity€to€resume€its€dialogue€with€theÏGovernment€of€Cyprus€while€regretting€that€this€follows€a€lapse€in€reporting€ofÏover€16€years.€€The€Committee€expresses€its€satisfaction€with€the€usefulÏinformation€on€the€application€of€the€Covenant€that€is€contained€in€the€secondÏperiodic€report€and€in€the€annexes,€as€well€as€in€the€core€documentÏ(HRI/CORE/1/Add.28).€€The€Committee€expresses€its€appreciation€to€the€high„levelÏdelegation€which€presented€the€report€and€which€provided€the€Committee€with€aÏwealth€of€detailed€and€updated€additional€information€in€response€to€theÏquestions€posed€by€Committee€members.ÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€2.€€òòFactors€and€difficulties€affecting€the€implementation€ofóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòthe€CovenantóóÌÌÔ2Ô314.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party,€as€a€consequence€of€events€thatÏoccurred€in€1974€and€resulted€in€the€occupation€of€part€of€the€territory€ofÏCyprus,€is€not€in€a€position€to€exercise€control€over€all€of€its€territory€andÏconsequently€cannot€ensure€the€application€of€the€Covenant€in€areas€not€underÏits€jurisdiction.€€The€Committee€also€notes€that,€as€a€consequence€of€the€sameÏevents,€a€number€of€citizens€are€still€missing,€making€it€impossible€for€theÏState€party€to€provide€any€information€about€the€protection€of€their€rights.€ÏThe€Committee€further€notes€that€the€continuing€division€of€the€country€hasÏadversely€affected€efforts€to€reduce€tension€among€the€various€ethnic€andÏreligious€communities€which€comprise€the€population.ÌÌÌÔ&  Ôà@ì .à3.€€òòPositive€aspectsóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô315.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€that€Cyprus€has€constitutional€provisions€andÏdemocratic€institutions€that€ensure€basic€respect€for€the€rule€of€law€and€theÏÔ'  Ôprotection€of€rights,€and€that€there€are€non-governmental€organizations€activeÏin€the€promotion€of€human€rights.€€It€welcomes€the€general€legislative€reformÏthat€has€been€undertaken€with€regard€to€a€number€of€areas€covered€by€theÏCovenant.€€In€particular,€the€Committee€takes€note€of€new€or€proposed€lawsÏconcerning€arrest€and€detention€procedures,€incitement€to€racial€or€religiousÏhatred,€deportation€of€aliens,€election€laws,€personal€data,€violence€againstÏwomen€and€family€law,€and€the€establishment€of€family€courts.€€The€CommitteeÏalso€takes€note€of€the€commission€of€inquiry€on€allegations€and€complaintsÏagainst€the€police€and€the€pending€bill€to€amend€the€Law€for€the€CommissionerÏfor€Administration€("Ombudsman")€to€include€consideration€of€complaints€of€ill„¼treatment€in€his€functions.€€The€Committee€also€notes€that€the€Law€CommissionerÏis€responsible€for€the€preparation€of€reports€under€the€Covenant€and€for€takingÏappropriate€action€when€provisions€of€the€domestic€law€are€in€need€of€alignmentÏwith€the€Covenant.ÌÌÌÔ&  Ôà@ì .z à4.€€òòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô316.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€is€concerned€that,€while€the€Covenant€has€superior€force€toÏÔ'  Ôdomestic€law€under€the€Constitution€and€may€be€invoked€in€the€courts,€thereÏremain€uncertainties€in€domestic€law€as€to€which€provisions€of€the€Covenant€areÏself„executing€and€which€might€require€specific€legislation.ÌÌÔ2Ô317.Ô3  Ôà, .,àWith€respect€to€the€right€to€life,€the€Committee€is€concerned€thatÏarticle7€of€the€Constitution€provides€for€very€broad€exceptions€to€that€rightÏand€that€the€current€instructions€governing€the€use€of€force€leave€wideÏdiscretion€to€police€officers.€€The€Committee€is€also€concerned€that€theÏdomestic€law€allows€application€of€the€death€penalty€to€persons€between€16€andÏ18€years€of€age,€in€conflict€with€the€provisions€of€article6,€paragraph5,€ofÏthe€Covenant.€€The€Committee€notes,€however,€that€the€death€penalty€is€notÏapplied€in€practice.ÌÌÔ2Ô318.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€is€concerned€about€reported€cases€of€torture€or€cruel,Ïinhuman€or€degrading€treatment€of€detainees€by€police€and€about€the€failure€toÏsecure€conviction€and€punishment€of€any€of€the€perpetrators.€€In€thisÏconnection,€the€Committee€notes€with€concern€the€extended€nature€of€pre„trialÏdetention€in€Cyprus,€during€which€time€detainees€may€be€vulnerable€to€possibleÏpolice€abuse.€€The€Committee€is€also€concerned€that€police€officers€and€otherÏlaw€enforcement€officials€are€not€provided€with€adequate€education€and€trainingÏwith€regard€to€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€concerning€arrest€and€detentionÏprocedures.ÌÌÔ2Ô319.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€is€concerned€that€under€current€law€imprisonment€may€beÏimposed€for€non„payment€of€civil€debt€in€certain€circumstances,€in€violation€ofÏarticle11€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô320.Ô3  Ôà, .,àWhile€noting€that€some€progress€has€been€achieved€in€combatingÏdiscrimination€against€women,€the€Committee€is€concerned€that€some€patriarchalÏattitudes€and€practices€still€persist€which€impede€women€from€realizing€full€andÏequal€enjoyment€of€rights.ÌÌÔ2Ô321.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€is€concerned€about€the€unfair€treatment€accorded€toÏconscientious€objectors€in€Cyprus,€who€are€subject€to€an€excessive€period€ofÏalternative€service€lasting€42€months,€which€is€not€compatible€with€theÏprovisions€of€article€18€and€26€of€the€Covenant,€and€that€persons€may€also€beÏsubject€to€punishment€on€one€or€more€occasion€for€failure€to€perform€militaryÏservice.ÌÌÔ2Ô322.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€is€concerned€about€restrictions€on€the€press,€particularlyÏwith€regard€to€seditious€intent,€as€defined€under€article47€of€the€CriminalÏCode.€€The€Committee€notes€that€freedom€to€criticize€the€authorities€andÏchallenge€government€policies€are€a€normal€and€essential€part€of€a€functioningÏdemocracy.ÌÌÔ2Ô323.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€is€concerned€that€the€1958€law€regulating€lawful€assembly€andÏrequiring€permits€for€public€assemblies€is€not€in€compliance€with€article€21€ofÏthe€Covenant.€€In€this€regard,€the€Committee€emphasizes€that€restrictions€onÏfreedom€of€assembly€must€be€limited€to€those€which€are€deemed€necessary€inÏconformity€with€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô324.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€is€concerned€that€in€a€number€of€key€areas€children€are€notÏadequately€protected€under€the€terms€of€existing€legislation.€€In€particular,€the€Committee€is€concerned€that€marriageable€age€is€defined€as€the€onset€ofÏpuberty,€that€criminal€responsibility€begins€at€age€7€and€that€persons€betweenÏ16€and€18€years€of€age€are€not€considered€child€or€youthful€offenders€and€areÏsubject€to€penal€sanction.ÌÌÔ2Ô325.Ô3  Ôà, .,àWith€respect€to€article€25€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€is€concernedÏthat,€because€of€the€events€mentioned€in€paragraph3,€elections€in€accordanceÏwith€the€1960€Constitution€could€not€be€held€since€1974€for€government€positionsÏallocated€to€Turkish€Cypriot€representatives.€€Under€such€continuingÏcircumstances,€Cypriot€citizens€of€Turkish€origin€cannot€effectively€exerciseÏtheir€right€to€vote€and€run€for€public€office€as€guaranteed€under€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô326.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€is€concerned€that€public€awareness€of€the€Covenant€is€notÏsufficient€nor€is€adequate€publicity€given€to€the€availability€and€presentationÏof€its€reports€under€the€Covenant.€€In€this€connection,€the€lack€of€casesÏinvoking€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€in€the€courts,€as€well€as€the€lack€ofÏcommunications€filed€under€the€First€Optional€Protocol,€seem€to€indicate€thatÏawareness€of€the€Covenant€and€the€Optional€Protocol€is€not€high€among€judges€orÏmembers€of€the€bar.ÌÌÌà@ì . à5.€€òòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô327.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€legislative€reforms€presently€under€wayÏbe€expanded€and€accelerated€in€order€to€ensure€that€all€relevant€legislation,Ïincluding€the€Criminal€Code€and€administrative€procedures€are€in€conformity€withÏthe€requirements€of€the€Covenant.€€In€expanding€the€review,€the€CommitteeÏrecommends€that€its€general€comments€be€used€as€a€guide€to€the€application€ofÏthe€Covenant.€€In€this€connection,€the€Committee€suggests€that€the€presumptionÏof€innocence€should€be€expressly€stipulated€in€the€Penal€Code.€€In€addition,€theÏrelevant€laws€and€legislation€concerning€imprisonment€for€civil€debt€andÏrestrictions€on€freedom€of€expression€and€freedom€of€assembly€should€be€amendedÏto€conform€with€the€requirements€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô328.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€Government€of€Cyprus€consider€becoming€aÏparty€to€the€Second€Optional€Protocol€as€soon€as€possible.ÌÌÔ2Ô329.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€steps€be€taken€to€ensure€investigation€of€allÏallegations€of€torture€or€mistreatment€of€detainees€and€the€prosecution€andÏpunishment€of€all€persons€guilty€of€such€acts.€€The€length€of€pre„trialÏdetention€should€be€significantly€shortened€to€accord€with€the€Covenant€andÏadequate€training€should€be€provided€for€all€law€enforcement€officials€toÏpromote€observance€of€the€protection€afforded€by€the€Covenant.€€Instructions€onÏthe€use€of€force€by€police€should€be€updated€to€conform€with€the€requirements€ofÏthe€Covenant€and€the€Basic€Principles€on€the€Use€of€Force€and€Firearms€by€LawÏEnforcement€Officials.ÌÌÔ2Ô330.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€laws€concerning€conscientious€objectorsÏbe€amended€in€order€to€ensure€their€fair€treatment€under€the€law€and€to€reduceÏthe€excessively€lengthy€period€of€alternative€national€service€and€theÏpossibility€of€repeated€punishment.ÌÌÔ2Ô331.Ô3  Ôà, .,àWith€respect€to€the€equality€and€rights€of€women,€the€Committee€recommendsÏthat€affirmative€measures€be€taken€to€ensure€their€participation€in€theÏpolitical€process€and€that€the€new€laws€concerning€domestic€violence€be€closelyÏmonitored€to€ensure€their€effective€application.̇Ô2Ô332.Ô3  Ôà, .,àWith€respect€to€article€24€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€recommends€thatÏexisting€laws€concerning€the€protection€of€children€be€reviewed€and€amended€asÏnecessary€to€conform€with€the€requirements€of€the€Covenant.€€In€particular,€theÏminimum€age€for€marriage,€criminal€responsibility,€penal€sanction€and€theÏimposition€of€the€death€penalty€should€be€changed€to€conform€with€presentÏinternational€standards€and€the€spirit€of€article€24,€paragraph€1,€of€theÏCovenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô333.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€measures€be€taken€to€ensure€greater€publicÏawareness€of€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€and€the€Optional€Protocol€and€thatÏthe€legal€profession€as€well€as€judicial€and€administrative€authorities€haveÏdetailed€information€on€those€instruments€in€order€to€ensure€their€effectiveÏapplication.€€The€Committee€also€recommends€that€adequate€publicity€be€given€toÏthe€second€periodic€report€and€its€consideration€by€the€Committee,€includingÏthese€comments,€in€order€to€stimulate€greater€interest€in€the€Covenant€inÏCyprus.ÌÌÌà@ì .”àP.€€òòSloveniaóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô334.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€considered€the€initial€report€of€Slovenia€(CCPR/C/74/Add.1)Ïat€its€1343rd€and€1347th€meetings,€held€on€20€and€22€July€1994,€and€adoptedòò30óó/Ïthe€following€comments:ÌÌÌà@ì .Ìà1.€€òòIntroductionóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô335.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€welcomes€the€initial€report€(CCPR/C/74/Add.1)€and€the€coreÏdocument€(HRI/Core/1/Add.35)€of€Slovenia€and€expresses€its€deep€appreciation€toÏthe€State€party€for€the€constructive€dialogue€engaged€through€a€high€rankingÏdelegation.€€The€Committee€regrets€that€the€report€did€not€provide€sufficientÏinformation€on€the€implementation€of€the€Covenant€in€practice€and€that€it€wasÏnot€drawn€up€in€accordance€with€the€Committee's€guidelines€for€the€preparationÏof€State€party€reports€(CCPR/C/20/Rev.1).€€The€Committee€notes,€however,€thatÏthe€comprehensive€additional€information€provided€by€the€delegation€in€itsÏintroductory€statement€and€in€the€replies€given€to€questions€raised€in€theÏcourse€of€the€discussion€enabled€the€Committee€to€obtain€a€clearer€picture€ofÏthe€human€rights€situation€in€the€country€and€make€appropriate€recommendations.ÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€2.€€òòFactors€and€difficulties€affecting€the€implementationóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòof€the€CovenantóóÌÌÔ2Ô336.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recognizes€that€Slovenia€was€created€after€the€breakdown€ofÏthe€former€Yugoslavia€and€declared€its€independence€only€in€1991.€€The€CommitteeÏfurther€recognizes€that€the€remnants€of€authoritarian€rule€have€not€yet€beenÏovercome€and€that€several€steps€remain€to€be€undertaken€in€consolidating€andÏdeveloping€democratic€institutions€and€strengthening€the€implementation€of€theÏCovenant.€€Recognized€obstacles€stemming€from€the€continuing€armed€conflictÏclose€to€the€borders€of€Slovenia€and€the€consequent€influx€of€refugees,€as€wellÏas€the€intensity€of€the€ethnic€and€religious€conflicts€in€former€Yugoslavia,Ïmust€be€addressed€in€a€manner€compatible€with€respect€for€the€Covenant.ÌÌÌÔ&  Ôà@ì .à3.€€òòPositive€aspectsóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô337.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€welcomes€the€fact€that€transition€towards€democracy€andÏÔ'  Ôpluralism€has€started€in€Slovenia.ÌÌÔ2Ô338.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€with€appreciation€the€efforts€undertaken€to€incorporateÏhuman€rights€in€the€Constitution€and€to€harmonize€the€national€laws€with€theÏConstitution,€even€though€this€process€has€not€been€completed.ÌÌÔ2Ô339.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€with€appreciation€the€attitude€of€Slovenia€regardingÏits€succession€to€the€obligations€of€former€Yugoslavia€under€the€Covenant,€inÏdeclaring€that€it€succeeded€as€from€the€date€of€its€independence.€€In€thisÏcontext,€the€Committee€has€also€noted€the€statement€of€the€delegation€thatÏvictims€of€violations€of€human€rights€committed€by€the€former€regime€areÏentitled€to€remedy€by€the€new€State.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€fact€thatÏSlovenia€also€became€a€party€to€a€number€of€international€human€rightsÏinstruments,€including€the€First€and€Second€Optional€Protocols€to€the€Covenant.Ì̆Ô2Ô340.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€also€welcomes€the€abolition€of€the€death€penalty€and€theÏcreation€of€the€Office€of€the€Ombudsman€with€authority€to€make€recommendationsÏto€safeguard€the€observance€of€human€rights.ÌÌÌà@ì .z à4.€€òòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô341.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€is€concerned€that,€while€the€Covenant€may€be€given€precedenceÏover€legislative€acts,€its€status€òòvis„„visóó€the€Constitution€is€not€clearlyÏdefined.€€There€appears€to€be€little€publicity€given€to€the€provisions€of€theÏCovenant€and€the€Optional€Protocols€and€the€Covenant€has€yet€not€been€invokedÏbefore€the€courts.€€The€process€of€harmonization€of€national€laws€with€theÏConstitution€has€not€yet€been€completed€and€does€not€take€into€direct€accountÏprovisions€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô342.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€expresses€its€concern€about€remaining€areas€of€discriminationÏagainst€women,€particularly€regarding€the€extent€of€their€participation€in€theÏconduct€of€public€affairs,€and€the€lack€of€information€about€violence€againstÏwomen.ÌÌÔ2Ô343.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€with€concern€that€the€length€of€pre„trial€detention,Ïwhich€may€extend€up€to€six€months€under€certain€circumstances,€does€not€complyÏwith€the€requirements€of€articles€9€and€14€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô344.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€is€concerned€by€the€provision€in€the€Code€of€CriminalÏProcedure€under€which€in€specific€cases€accused€juvenile€persons€are€notÏseparated€from€adults,€which€may€raise€issues€under€article€10€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô345.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€singles€out€Italians€andÏHungarians€for€special€protection€as€minorities,€including€the€right€toÏpolitical€representation.€€Gypsies€are€also€granted€certain€special€protectionÏas€a€minority.€€While€this€protection€is€welcome,€all€minorities€are€entitled€toÏprotection€of€their€rights€under€article€27.€€Immigrant€communities€constitutingÏminorities€under€the€meaning€of€article€27€are€entitled€to€the€benefit€of€thatÏarticle.ÌÌÔ2Ô346.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€is€concerned€about€the€provisions€of€article€5€of€theÏConstitution€relating€to€the€protection€of€only€ethnic€Slovene€emigrants€and€migrant€workers,€which,€implicitly,€tend€to€establish€a€privileged€treatment€inÏthe€Constitution€for€such€Slovenes€over€other€Slovene€citizens€living€abroad.ÌÌÌà@ì . à5.€€òòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô347.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€legislative€reforms€presently€under€wayÏin€Slovenia€be€expanded€and€intensified€in€order€to€ensure€that€all€relevantÏlegislation€is€in€conformity€not€only€with€the€requirements€of€the€ConstitutionÏbut€also€with€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô348.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€emphasizes€that€the€text€of€the€Covenant€and€the€OptionalÏProtocols€should€be€translated€into€all€languages€spoken€in€Slovenia€and€widelyÏpublicized€so€that€the€general€public€may€be€made€fully€aware€of€the€rightsÏenshrined€in€the€provisions€of€those€instruments.ÌÌÔ2Ô349.Ô3  Ôà, .,àWith€respect€to€the€rights€of€women,€the€Committee€believes€thatÏaffirmative€measures€should€be€taken€to€strengthen€their€participation€in€theÏconduct€of€public€affairs€and€in€the€economic€and€social€life€of€the€country,€asÏwell€as€to€ensure€effective€protection€against€violence€of€all€kinds.ÌÌÔ2Ô350.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€calls€upon€the€State€party€to€ensure€that€the€maximum€periodÏof€pre-trial€detention€is€significantly€shortened€in€order€to€comply€with€theÏrequirements€of€articles€9€and€14€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô351.Ô3  Ôà, .,àWith€reference€to€freedom€of€conscience€and€religion,€including€the€issueÏof€religious€education,€the€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€intoÏaccount€the€Committee's€general€comment€No.€22(48)€on€article€18€of€theÏCovenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô352.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€calls€upon€the€State€party€to€take€appropriate€measures€toÏensure€the€full€and€equal€enjoyment€by€all€persons€belonging€to€minorities€ofÏtheir€rights€under€article€27€of€the€Covenant.€€It€must€also€ensure€that€allÏpersons,€including€members€of€minorities,€are€entitled€to€receive€the€guaranteesÏlaid€down€in€articles€25€and€26€of€the€Covenant.€€In€this€connection,€the€StateÏparty€should€take€into€account€the€recommendations€contained€in€the€Committee'sÏgeneral€comment€No.€23(50)€on€article€27€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô353.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€urges€the€Government€to€prepare€its€second€periodic€report€inÏcompliance€with€the€Committee's€guidelines€for€the€preparation€of€State€partyÏreports€(CCPR/C/20/Rev.1).€€The€report€should,€in€particular,€include€detailedÏinformation€on€the€extent€to€which€each€right€protected€under€the€Covenant€isÏenjoyed€in€practice€and€should€refer€to€specific€factors€and€difficulties€thatÏmight€impede€its€application.ÌÌÌà@ì .ÆàQ.€€òòBurundióóˆÌÌÔ2Ô354.Ô3  Ôà, .,àIn€the€light€of€past€and€continuing€events€in€Burundi€affecting€the€humanÏrights€guaranteed€under€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€PoliticalÏRights,€and€in€accordance€with€article40,€paragraph€1€(b),€of€the€Covenant,€theÏCommittee€requested€the€Government€of€Burundi€on€29€October€1993€to€submit€aÏreport,€not€later€than€31€January€1994,€if€necessary€in€summary€form,€describingÏin€particular€the€implementation€of€articles€4,€6,€7,€9,€12€and€25€of€theÏCovenant€during€the€current€period,€for€consideration€by€the€Committee€at€itsÏfiftieth€session.̇Ô2Ô355.Ô3  Ôà, .,àAt€its€fiftieth€session,€the€Committee€noted€that€the€report€requested€hadÏnot€been€submitted€by€the€Government€of€Burundi€and,€through€its€Chairman,€askedÏfor€it€to€be€submitted€to€the€Committee€for€consideration€at€its€fifty-firstÏsession.€€In€response€to€this€request,€the€Government€of€Burundi€submitted€aÏreport€on€12€July€1994€(CCPR/C/98),€which€was€considered€by€the€Committee€at€itsÏ1349th€and€1350th€meetings,€on€25€July€1994.€€The€Committee€adoptedòò30óó/€theÏfollowing€comments:ÌÌÌà@ì .Ìà1.€€òòIntroductionóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô356.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€thanks€the€State€party€for€its€report€and€welcomes€theÏpresence€before€the€Committee€of€a€high„level€delegation.€€The€Committee€notesÏwith€regret,€however,€that€while€providing€some€information€on€the€Ïimplementation€of€articles€4,€6,€7,€9,€12€and€25€of€the€Covenant,€the€reportÏdoes€not€contain€enough€information€on€the€situation€obtaining€in€the€countryÏand€the€difficulties€affecting€the€application€of€the€Covenant.€€The€informationÏprovided€orally€by€the€delegation€made€good€those€deficiencies€and€provided€theÏCommittee€with€better€insight€into€the€human€rights€situation€in€Burundi.ÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2.€€òòFactors€and€difficulties€affecting€the€applicationÌóó€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòof€the€CovenantóóÌÌÔ2Ô357.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€that,€since€its€accession€to€independence,€Burundi€hasÏregularly€had€to€contend€with€serious€conflicts€between€the€Hutu€majority€andÏthe€Tutsi€minority,€largely€attributable€to€socio-political€difficultiesÏinherited€from€the€past.€€Those€conflicts,€particularly€the€most€recent€one€inÏthe€autumn€of€1993,€following€the€assassination€of€the€President€of€theÏRepublic,€have€been€marked€by€gross€violations€of€human€rights.€€The€lack€ofÏeffective€measures€following€such€events,€as€well€as€the€defacto€impunityÏenjoyed,€regardless€of€rank,€by€members€of€the€army,€police,€gendarmerie,Ïsecurity€forces€or€administration€responsible€for€serious€violations€of€humanÏrights,€are€obstacles€to€the€restoration€of€lasting€peace€and€to€the€halting€ofÏthe€cycle€of€violence€between€the€Hutu€majority€and€the€Tutsi€minority.ÌÌÔ2Ô358.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€dominance€in€the€army,€the€police,€the€gendarmerie,€the€securityÏforces,€the€judicial€system€and,€generally,€in€the€most€senior€civil„serviceÏposts€of€persons€belonging€to€a€minority€group€is€a€factor€constantly€andÏseriously€affecting€the€application€of€the€Covenant€and€one€which€continuallyÏarouses€the€fears€of€the€majority€of€the€population.€€The€recent€unrest€on€anÏunprecedented€scale€in€a€neighbouring€country€(Rwanda),€which€has€resulted€in€aÏmassive€influx€of€refugees€into€Burundi,€is€a€further€difficulty€likely€to€haveÏextremely€negative€effects€on€the€application€of€the€Covenant€in€that€country.ÌÌÌà@ì .à3.€€òòPositive€aspectsóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô359.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€authorities€have€made€an€effort€to€consider€a€number€of€measures€toÏrestore€civil€peace€and€harmony€among€the€various€elements€of€the€BurundiÏpopulation,€although€those€efforts€do€not€for€the€time€being€seem€to€have€hadÏconcrete€effects.ÌÌÔ2Ô360.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€also€notes€that€foreign€non-governmental€organizations€haveÏbeen€allowed€to€conduct€inquiries€into€human€rights€violations€in€BurundiÏwithout€hindrance.̇à@ì .z à4.€€òòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô361.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€deplores€the€massacres€following€clashes€between€Hutus€andÏTutsis€that€have€occurred€in€Burundi€since€its€consideration€of€the€initialÏreport€in€October1992€and€the€increasingly€serious€obstacles€to€the€peacefulÏcoexistence€of€the€various€elements€of€the€Burundi€population.€€The€attempts€toÏrestore€civil€peace,€to€assuage€the€tensions€of€daily€life€in€society€and€toÏredress€the€balance€in€the€various€State€institutions,€particularly€the€army,Ïthe€police,€the€gendarmerie,€the€security€forces€and€the€judiciary,€so€as€toÏmake€them€more€representative€of€the€various€elements€of€the€population,€haveÏclearly€failed.€€The€Committee€deplores€the€pattern€of€gross€violations€of€humanÏrights€in€the€form€of€numerous€summary€executions,€disappearances€and€instancesÏof€torture€which€occurred€following€the€events€of€autumn€1993.€€The€army,€theÏpolice,€the€gendarmerie€and€the€security€forces€have€continued€to€be€responsibleÏfor€many€violations€of€human€rights.€€The€civilian€population€continues€to€beÏarmed€and€further€violations€of€human€rights€are€to€be€feared.ÌÌÔ2Ô362.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€deplores€the€lack€of€any€inquiry€into€the€above-mentionedÏviolations.€€As€a€result,€the€perpetrators€have€remained€unpunished€and€continueÏto€perform,€and€sometimes€to€abuse,€their€functions€in€the€army,€police,Ïgendarmerie€or€security€forces.€€The€victims€or€their€families€have€received€noÏcompensation€of€any€kind.€€The€judiciary€has€shown€itself€incapable€of€carryingÏout€its€duties€independently€and€impartially€and€has€been€unable€to€initiate€theÏnecessary€investigations€or€bring€those€responsible€to€trial.€€Furthermore,€theÏfact€that€the€commissions€of€inquiry€recently€set€up€to€identify€thoseÏresponsible€for€human€rights€violations€consist€of€individuals€belonging€to€onlyÏone€of€the€country's€population€groups€is€a€source€of€serious€concern€and€hasÏserved€only€to€shake€the€population's€confidence€in€the€authorities€andÏexacerbate€strife€and€violence€between€the€various€population€groups.ÌÌÔ2Ô363.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€deplores€the€fact€that€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€notÏreferred€to€in€the€Committee's€decision€have€also€been€the€subject€of€seriousÏviolations.€€In€particular,€the€use€of€the€media€to€incite€hostility€andÏviolence€among€the€various€population€groups€constitutes€a€clear€violation€ofÏthe€provisions€of€article€20€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ&  ÔÌà@ì . à5.€€òòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô364.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€urges€the€State€party€to€initiate€without€delay€a€process€ofÏnational€reconciliation.€€This€process€should€be€accompanied€by€various€specificÏÔ'  Ômeasures€such€as€the€establishment€of€commissions€of€inquiry€made€up€of€membersÏof€each€of€the€country's€population€groups.€€Impartial€foreign€observers€couldÏparticipate€in€the€inquiries€in€order€to€identify€those€responsible€for€grossÏviolations€of€human€rights€in€the€autumn€of€1993,€to€bring€them€to€trial€andÏpunish€them€and€to€remove€all€persons€involved€in€such€crimes€from€the€variousÏState€bodies,€particularly€the€army,€the€police,€the€gendarmerie€and€theÏsecurity€forces.€€The€victims€and€their€families€should€also€be€compensated.ÌÌÔ2Ô365.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€suggests€using€the€media€to€promote€national€reconciliationÏand€harmony€among€Burundi's€various€population€groups.€€Strenuous€efforts€shouldÏbe€made€to€educate€and€inform€the€whole€of€Burundi€society€regarding€humanÏrights.€€This€campaign€should€take€account€of€Burundi's€traditions€and€customs,Ïincluding€the€role€of€mothers€in€educating€their€children.ÌÌÔ2Ô366.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€believes€that€it€is€essential€to€take€urgent€measures€toÏreorganize€public€institutions€so€as€to€ensure€balanced€participation€by€allÏpopulation€groups€in€the€conduct€of€public€affairs€and€to€permit€all€citizens,Ïwithout€distinction,€to€have€access€to€public€service,€in€the€administration,Ïthe€army,€the€police,€the€gendarmerie,€the€security€forces€and€the€judiciary.€ÏIn€addition,€the€Committee€considers€that€the€army€should€be€brought€under€theÏeffective€control€of€the€civilian€authorities.€€The€judiciary€and€the€civilÏservice€should€also€be€opened€immediately€to€those€groups,€so€that€they€can€beÏseen€by€the€population€to€be€impartial€and€representative€of€the€population€as€aÏwhole,€thus€restoring€some€degree€of€public€confidence€in€national€institutions.ÌÌÔ2Ô367.Ô3  Ôà, .,àIn€view€of€the€considerable€difficulties€encountered€by€the€State€party€inÏimplementing€the€Covenant,€the€gross€violations€of€human€rights€that€occurred€inÏautumn€1993€and€the€serious€danger€of€a€recurrence€of€such€violations,€theÏCommittee€is€of€the€view€that€in€its€efforts€at€internal€pacification€andÏnational€reconciliation,€Burundi€should€receive€the€resolute€support€of€theÏinternational€community.ÌÌÔ2Ô368.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€United€Nations€High€Commissioner€forÏHuman€Rights€continue€to€make€strenuous€efforts€to€help€Burundi€avoid€any€futureÏrecurrence€of€gross€violations€of€human€rights,€for€example,€by€encouraging€theÏestablishment€of€international€investigation€machinery.ÌÌÔ2Ô369.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€encourages€the€High€Commissioner€for€Human€Rights€and€theÏCentre€for€Human€Rights€in€their€efforts€to€provide€advisory€services€andÏtechnical€assistance€in€the€field€of€human€rights.ÌÌÔ2Ô370.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee,€for€its€part,€is€ready€to€respond€constructively€to€anyÏappropriate€request€for€assistance€by€the€Government€of€Burundi,€provided€thatÏit€is€clear€and€accompanied€by€a€firm€resolve€on€the€part€of€the€Government€toÏadopt€the€measures€necessary€for€the€effective€implementation€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÌÇÓ882 Óà@ì .N àVII.€€GENERAL€COMMENTS€OF€THE€COMMITTEEˆÌÌÌà@ì .<àòòWork€on€general€commentsóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô371.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àAt€its€forty„ninth€session,€the€Committee€began€discussion€of€a€draftÏgeneral€comment€on€article27€of€the€Covenant.€€It€considered€that€generalÏcomment€at€its€1275th,€1294th,€1295th,€1301st,€1313rd€and€1314th€meetings,Ïduring€its€forty„ninth€and€fiftieth€sessions,€on€the€basis€of€successive€draftsÏrevised€by€its€working€group€in€the€light€of€the€comments€and€proposals€advancedÏby€members.€€The€Committee€adopted€its€general€comment€on€article27€at€itsÏ1314th€meeting,€held€on€6April1994€(see€annexV).€€Pursuant€to€the€request€ofÏthe€Economic€and€Social€Council,€the€Committee€decided€to€transmit€the€generalÏcomment€on€article27€to€the€Council€during€its€substantive€session€of€1994.ÌÌÔ2Ô372.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àAt€its€fifty„first€session,€the€Committee€noted€that€a€draft€generalÏcomment€on€article25€of€the€Covenant€had€been€submitted€to€it€by€its€workingÏgroup.ÌÌÔ2Ô373.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àAt€the€same€session,€the€Committee€noted€that€an€open„ended€working€groupÏcomposed€of€members€of€the€pre-sessional€working€group€on€article40€and€otherÏmembers€who€wished€to€express€their€opinion€had€begun€consideration€of€a€draftÏgeneral€comment€that€would€address€issues€relating€to€reservations€made€uponÏratification€or€accession€to€the€Covenant€or€Optional€Protocols€thereto,€or€inÏrelation€to€declarations€under€article41€of€the€Covenant.€€It€further€notedÏthat€a€revised€draft€would€be€considered€by€the€working€group€for€considerationÏby€the€Committee€at€its€fifty„second€session.Ìà€ # . #àˆÇà@ì .àVIII.€€CONSIDERATION€OF€COMMUNICATIONS€UNDER€THE€OPTIONAL€PROTOCOLˆÌÌÌÔ2Ô374.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àIndividuals€who€claim€that€any€of€their€rights€under€the€InternationalÏCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€have€been€violated,€and€who€haveÏexhausted€all€available€domestic€remedies,€may€submit€written€communications€toÏthe€Human€Rights€Committee€for€consideration€under€the€Optional€Protocol.€€OfÏthe€127€States€that€have€ratified€or€acceded€to€the€Covenant,€77€have€acceptedÏthe€Committee's€competence€to€deal€with€individual€complaints€by€becomingÏparties€to€the€Optional€Protocol€(see€annexI,€sect.B).€€Since€the€Committee'sÏlast€report€to€the€General€Assembly,€four€States€have€ratified€or€acceded€to€theÏOptional€Protocol:€€Belgium,€Georgia,€Germany€and€Latvia.€€No€communication€canÏbe€examined€by€the€Committee€if€it€concerns€a€State€party€to€the€Covenant€thatÏis€not€also€a€party€to€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌÔ2Ô375.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àConsideration€of€communications€under€the€Optional€Protocol€is€confidentialÏand€takes€place€in€closed€meetings€(art.€5,€para.3,€of€the€Optional€Protocol).€ÏAll€documents€pertaining€to€the€work€of€the€Committee€under€the€OptionalÏProtocol€(submissions€from€the€parties€and€other€working€documents€of€theÏCommittee)€are€confidential.€€Rules€96€to€99€of€the€Committee's€rules€ofÏprocedure€regulate€the€confidentiality€of€documents.òò31óó/€€The€texts€of€finalÏdecisions€of€the€Committee,€consisting€of€views€adopted€under€article€5,Ïparagraph4,€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€are,€however,€made€public.€€As€regardsÏdecisions€declaring€a€communication€inadmissible€(which€are€also€final),€theÏCommittee€has€decided€that€it€will€normally€make€these€decisions€public€(seeÏannexX).ÌÌÌà@ì .àA.€€òòProgress€of€workóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô376.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Committee€started€its€work€under€the€Optional€Protocol€at€its€secondÏsession,€in€1977.€€Since€then,€587€communications€concerning€44€States€partiesÏhave€been€registered€for€consideration€by€the€Committee,€including€35€placedÏbefore€it€during€the€period€covered€by€the€present€report.ÌÌÔ2Ô377.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€status€of€the€587€communications€registered€for€consideration€by€theÏHuman€Rights€Committee€so€far€is€as€follows:ÌÌà2 .2à(a)à .àConcluded€by€views€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€OptionalÏProtocol:€€193;ÌÌà2 .2à(b)à .àDeclared€inadmissible:€€201;ÌÌà2 .2à(c)à .àDiscontinued€or€withdrawn:€€94;ÌÌà2 .2à(d)à .àDeclared€admissible,€but€not€yet€concluded:€€31;ÌÌà2 .2à(e)à .àPending€at€the€pre-admissibility€stage:€€68.ÌÌÔ2Ô378.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àIn€addition,€the€secretariat€of€the€Committee€has€several€hundredÏcommunications€on€file,€in€respect€of€which€the€authors€have€been€advised€thatÏfurther€information€would€be€needed€before€their€communications€could€beÏregistered€for€consideration€by€the€Committee.€€The€authors€of€a€large€number€ofÏadditional€communications€have€been€informed€that€the€Committee€will€notÏconsider€their€cases,€as€they€fall€clearly€outside€the€scope€of€the€Covenant€orÏappear€to€be€frivolous.̇Ô2Ô379.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àTwo€volumes€containing€selected€decisions€of€the€Human€Rights€CommitteeÏunder€the€Optional€Protocol,€from€the€second€to€the€sixteenth€sessions€and€fromÏthe€seventeenth€to€the€thirty-second€sessions,€respectively,€have€been€publishedÏ(CCPR/C/OP/1€and€2).ÌÌÔ2Ô380.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àDuring€the€forty-ninth€to€fifty-first€sessions,€the€Committee€concludedÏconsideration€of€32€cases€by€adopting€views€thereon.€€These€are€casesÏNos.321/1988€(Maurice€Thomas€v.€Jamaica),€322/1988€(Hugo€Rodrguez€v.€Uruguay),Ï328/1988€(Roberto€Zelaya€Blanco€v.€Nicaragua),€330/1988€(Albert€Berry€v.ÏJamaica),€332/1988€(Devon€Allen€v.€Jamaica),€333/1988€(Lenford€Hamilton€v.ÏJamaica),€352/1989€(Dennis€Douglas,€Errol€Gentles€and€Lorenzo€Kerr€v.€Jamaica),Ï353/1988€(Lloyd€Grant€v.€Jamaica),€355/1989€(George€Winston€Reid€v.€Jamaica),Ï366/1989€(Isidore€Kanana€v.€Zaire),€375/1989€(Glenmore€Compass€v.€Jamaica),Ï377/1989€(Anthony€Currie€v.€Jamaica),€412/1990€(Auli€Kivenmaa€v.€Finland),Ï407/1990€(Dwayne€Hylton€v.€Jamaica),€414/1990€(Primo€Jos€Essono€Mika€Miha€v.ÏEquatorial€Guinea),€417/1990€(Manuel€Balaguer€Santacana€v.€Spain),€418/1990Ï(C.H.J.Cavalcanti€Araujo-Jongen€v.€the€Netherlands),€425/1990Ï(A.M.M.Doesburg€Lannoiij€Neefs€v.€the€Netherlands),€428/1990€(Fran ois€BozizeÏv.€the€Central€African€Republic),€440/1990€(El-Megreisi€v.€the€Libyan€ArabÏJamahiriya),€441/1990€(Robert€Casanovas€v.€France),€445/1991€(Lynden€ChampagnieÏòòet€alóó.€v.€Jamaica),€449/1991€(Rafael€Mojica€v.€Dominican€Republic),€451/1991Ï(Barry€Stephen€Harward€v.€Norway),€455/1991€(Allan€S.€Singer€v.€Canada),Ï456/1991€(Ismet€Celepli€v.€Sweden),€458/1991€(Albert€Womah€Mukong€v.€Cameroon),Ï468/1991€(Angel€N.€Olð;ð€Bahamonde€v.€Equatorial€Guinea),€469/1991Ï(CharlesChitatNg€v.€Canada),€484/1991€(H.J.€Pepels€v.€the€Netherlands),Ï488/1992€(Nicholas€Toonen€v.€Australia)€and€492/1992€(Lauri€Peltonen€v.ÏFinland).€€The€texts€of€the€views€in€these€32€cases€are€reproduced€in€annexIX.ÌÌÔ2Ô381.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Committee€also€concluded€consideration€of€30€cases€by€declaring€themÏinadmissible.òò32óó/€€These€are€cases€Nos.€384/1989€(R.M.€v.€Trinidad€and€Tobago),Ï421/1990€(Thierry€Trbutien€v.€France),€431/1990€(O.€Sara€òòet€alóó.€v.€Finland),Ï433/1990€(A.P.A.€v.€Spain),€436/1990€(Manuel€Sols€Palma€v.€Panama),€452/1990Ï(Jean€Glaziou€v.€France),€471/1991€(Theophilus€Barry€v.€Trinidad€and€Tobago),Ï475/1991€(S.B.€v.€New€Zealand),€476/1991€(R.M.€v.€Trinidad€and€Tobago),Ï477/1991€(J.A.M.B-R.€v.€the€Netherlands),€487/1992€(Walter€Rodrguez€Veiga€v.ÏUruguay),€489/1989€(Peter€Bradshaw€v.€Barbados),€497/1992€(Odia€Amisi€v.€Zaire),Ï498/1992€(Zdenek€Drbal€v.€the€Czech€Republic),€502/1992€(S.M.€v.€Barbados),Ï504/1992€(Denzil€Roberts€v.€Barbados),€509/1992€(A.R.U.€v.€the€Netherlands),Ï510/1992€(P.J.N.€v.€the€Netherlands),€517/1992€(Curtis€Lambert€v.€Jamaica),Ï520/1992€(E.€and€A.K.€v.€Hungary),€522/1992€(J.S.€v.€the€Netherlands),Ï524/1992€(E.C.W.€v.€the€Netherlands),€534/1993€(H.T.B.€v.€Canada),€544/1993Ï(K.J.L.€v.€Finland),€548/1993€(R.E.d.B.€v.€the€Netherlands),€559/1993Ï(J.M.v.€Canada),€565/1993€(R.€and€M.H.€v.€Italy),€567/1993€(PonsamyÏPoongavanam€v.€Mauritius),€568/1993€(K.€and€C.V.€v.€Germany)€and€570/1993Ï(M.A.B.,€W.A.T.€and€J.-A.Y.T.€v.€Canada).ÌÌÔ2Ô382.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àDuring€the€period€under€review,€26€communications€were€declared€admissibleÏfor€examination€on€the€merits.€€Decisions€declaring€communications€admissibleÏare€not€made€public.€€Consideration€of€seven€cases€was€discontinued.€€ProceduralÏdecisions€were€adopted€in€a€number€of€pending€cases€(under€article€4€of€theÏOptional€Protocol€or€under€rules€86€and€91€of€the€Committee's€rules€ofÏprocedure).€€The€Committee€requested€secretariat€action€in€other€pending€cases.ÌÌÌÔ&  Ô€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€B.€€òòGrowth€of€the€Committee's€case-load€underóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòthe€Optional€ProtocolóóÌÌÔ2Ô383.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àAs€the€Committee€has€already€stated€in€previous€annual€reports,€theÏÔ'  Ôincreasing€number€of€States€parties€to€the€Optional€Protocol€and€better€publicÏawareness€of€the€Committee's€work€under€the€Optional€Protocol€have€led€to€aÏgrowth€in€the€number€of€communications€submitted€to€it.€€In€addition,€theÏsecretariat€took€action€on€several€hundred€cases€which,€for€one€reason€orÏanother,€were€not€registered€under€the€Optional€Protocol€and€placed€before€theÏCommittee.€€Furthermore,€follow-up€activities€are€required€in€the€majority€ofÏthe€142€cases€in€which€the€Committee€found€violations€of€the€Covenant.€€ThisÏworkload€means€that€the€Committee€can€no€longer€examine€communicationsÏexpeditiously€and€highlights€the€urgent€need€to€reinforce€the€secretariat€staff.€ÏThe€Human€Rights€Committee€reiterates€its€request€to€the€Secretary-General€toÏtake€the€necessary€steps€to€ensure€a€substantial€increase€in€the€number€ofÏstaff,€specialized€in€the€various€legal€systems,€assigned€to€service€theÏCommittee,€and€wishes€to€record€that€the€work€under€the€Optional€ProtocolÏcontinues€to€suffer€as€a€result€of€insufficient€secretariat€resources.ÌÌÔ2Ô384.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àIn€order€to€reduce€the€backlog€of€pending€communications,€the€Committee€metÏfor€an€extra€week€during€its€fifty-first€session,€during€which€the€CommitteeÏadopted€16€views€and€11€decisions€declaring€communications€inadmissible,€therebyÏreducing€the€backlog€of€pending€cases.€€However,€the€failure€to€provide€moreÏstaff€for€the€preparation€of€this€extended€session€resulted€in€an€increasedÏbacklog€in€the€secretariat's€handling€of€incoming€communications€andÏconsequently€in€a€decreased€number€of€newly€registered€cases.ÌÌÌà@ì .ð àC.€€òòNew€approaches€to€examining€communicationsˆÌà@ì .€ àunder€the€Optional€Protocolóó€€€€€€€€€€€ˆÌÌÔ2Ô385.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àIn€view€of€the€growing€case-load,€the€Committee€has€been€applying€newÏworking€methods€to€enable€it€to€deal€more€expeditiously€with€communicationsÏunder€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌÌà@ì .T à1.€€òòSpecial€Rapporteur€on€new€communicationsóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô386.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àAt€its€thirty-fifth€session,€the€Committee€decided€to€designate€a€SpecialÏRapporteur€to€process€new€communications€as€they€were€received,€i.e.€betweenÏsessions€of€the€Committee.€€Mrs.€Rosalyn€Higgins€served€as€Special€RapporteurÏfor€a€period€of€two€years.€€At€its€forty-first€session,€the€Committee€designatedÏMr.€Rajsoomer€Lallah€to€succeed€Mrs.€Higgins€for€a€period€of€one€year;€at€theÏforty-fourth€session,€his€mandate€was€renewed€by€the€Committee€for€an€additionalÏyear.€€At€its€forty-seventh€session,€the€Committee€appointedÏMs.ChristineChanet€to€succeed€Mr.€Lallah;€at€the€fiftieth€session,€her€mandateÏwas€renewed€for€an€additional€year.€€Since€the€end€of€the€forty-eighth€session,Ïthe€Special€Rapporteur€has€transmitted€26€new€communications€to€the€StatesÏparties€concerned€under€rule€91€of€the€Committee's€rules€of€procedure,Ïrequesting€information€or€observations€relevant€to€the€question€ofÏadmissibility.€€In€some€cases,€the€Special€Rapporteurs€issued€requests€forÏinterim€measures€of€protection€pursuant€to€rule€86€of€the€Committee's€rules€ofÏprocedure.€€Regarding€other€communications,€the€Special€Rapporteurs€recommendedÏto€the€Committee€that€the€communications€be€declared€inadmissible€withoutÏforwarding€them€to€the€State€party.Ì̇Ô&  Ôà@ì .’ à2.€€òòCompetence€of€the€Working€Group€on€CommunicationsóóòòóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô387.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àAt€its€thirty-sixth€session,€the€Committee€decided€to€authorize€the€WorkingÏÔ'  ÔGroup€on€Communications€to€adopt€decisions€declaring€communications€admissibleÏwhen€all€five€members€so€agreed.€€Failing€such€agreement,€the€Working€GroupÏwould€refer€the€matter€to€the€Committee.€€It€could€also€do€so€whenever€itÏbelieved€that€the€Committee€itself€should€decide€the€question€of€admissibility.€ÏWhile€the€Working€Group€could€not€adopt€decisions€declaring€communicationsÏinadmissible,€it€might€make€recommendations€in€that€respect€to€the€Committee.€ÏPursuant€to€those€rules,€the€Working€Groups€on€Communications€that€met€previousÏto€the€forty-ninth,€fiftieth€and€fifty-first€sessions€of€the€Committee€declaredÏ26€communications€admissible.ÌÌÌà@ì .nàD.€€òòIndividual€opinionsóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô388.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àIn€its€work€under€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€Committee€strives€to€arrive€atÏits€decisions€by€consensus.€€However,€pursuant€to€rule€94,€paragraph€3,€of€theÏCommittee's€rules€of€procedure,€members€can€add€their€individual€concurring€orÏdissenting€opinions€to€the€Committee's€views.€€Pursuant€to€rule€92,€paragraph€3,Ïmembers€can€append€their€individual€opinions€to€the€Committee's€decisionsÏdeclaring€communications€inadmissible.ÌÌÔ2Ô389.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àDuring€the€sessions€covered€by€the€present€report,€individual€opinions€wereÏappended€to€the€Committee's€views€in€cases€Nos.€412/1990€(Auli€Kivenmaa€v.ÏFinland),€417/1990€(Manuel€Balaguer€Santacana€v.€Spain),€469/1991Ï(CharlesChitat€Ng€v.€Canada),€488/1992€(Nicholas€Toonen€v.€Australia)€andÏ492/1992€(Lauri€Peltonen€v.€Finland),€as€well€as€to€the€Committee's€decisionsÏdeclaring€communications€inadmissible€in€cases€Nos.€433/1989€(A.P.A.€v.ÏSpain),€477/1991€(J.A.M.B.-R.€v.€the€Netherlands),€498/1992€(Zdenek€Drbal€v.Ïthe€Czech€Republic)€and€520/1992€(E.€and€A.K.€v.€Hungary).ÌÌÌà@ì .€ àE.€€òòIssues€considered€by€the€CommitteeóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô390.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àFor€a€review€of€the€Committee's€work€under€the€Optional€Protocol€from€itsÏsecond€session€in€1977€to€its€forty-eighth€session€in€1993,€the€reader€isÏreferred€to€the€Committee's€annual€reports€for€1984€to€1993,€which,€òòinter€aliaóó,Ïcontain€summaries€of€the€procedural€and€substantive€issues€considered€by€theÏCommittee€and€of€the€decisions€taken.€€The€full€texts€of€the€views€adopted€byÏthe€Committee€and€of€its€decisions€declaring€communications€inadmissible€underÏthe€Optional€Protocol€have€been€reproduced€regularly€in€annexes€to€theÏCommittee's€annual€reports.ÌÌÔ2Ô391.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€following€summary€reflects€further€developments€on€issues€consideredÏduring€the€period€covered€by€the€present€report.ÌÌÌà@ì .Òà1.€€òòProcedural€issuesóóˆÌÌ(a)à2 .2àòòThe€concept€of€victim€(art.€1€of€the€Optional€Protocolóó)ÌÌÔ2Ô392.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àUnder€article€1€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€individuals€who€claim€to€beÏvictims€of€violations€by€a€State€party€of€any€of€the€rights€set€forth€in€theÏCovenant€may€submit€communications€to€the€Committee.€€In€case€No.€502/1992Ï(S.M.€v.€Barbados),€the€owner€and€sole€shareholder€of€a€company€claimed€that€he€was€a€victim€of€a€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant,€becauseÏof€alleged€procedural€irregularities€in€a€lawsuit€law€to€which€his€company€was€aÏparty.€€The€Committee€considered€that€the€author€was€essentially€claimingÏviolations€of€the€rights€of€his€company,€which€had€its€own€legal€personality,Ïand€concluded€that€the€author€had€no€standing€under€article€1€of€the€OptionalÏProtocol.€ÌÌÔ2Ô393.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àIn€its€decision€declaring€communication€No.€565/1993€(R.€and€M.H.€v.ÏItaly)€inadmissible,€the€Committee€noted€that€the€author€had€not€shown€that€heÏwas€authorized€to€act€on€behalf€of€the€alleged€victims€and€concluded€that€he€hadÏno€standing€under€article€1€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€€A€similar€conclusion€wasÏreached€in€case€No.436/1990€(Manuel€Sols€Palma€v.€Panama).ÌÌÔ2Ô394.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àCommunications€Nos.€477/1991€(J.A.M.B.-R.€v.€the€Netherlands)€andÏ567/1993€(Ponsamy€Poongavanam€v.€Mauritius)€were€also,€òòinter€aliaóó,€declaredÏinadmissible€under€article€1€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ(b)à2 .2àòòNo€claim€under€article€2€of€the€Optional€ProtocolóóÌÌÔ2Ô395.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àArticle€2€of€the€Optional€Protocol€provides€that€"individuals€who€claimÏthat€any€of€their€rights€enumerated€in€the€Covenant€have€been€violated€and€whoÏhave€exhausted€all€available€domestic€remedies€may€submit€a€writtenÏcommunication€to€the€Committee€for€consideration".ÌÌÔ2Ô396.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àAlthough€an€author€does€not€need€to€prove€the€alleged€violation€at€theÏadmissibility€stage,€he€must€submit€sufficient€evidence€substantiating€hisÏallegation€for€purposes€of€admissibility.€€A€"claim"€is,€therefore,€not€just€anÏallegation,€but€an€allegation€supported€by€a€certain€amount€of€substantiatingÏevidence.€€Thus,€in€cases€where€the€Committee€finds€that€the€author€has€failedÏto€substantiate€his€claim€for€purposes€of€admissibility,€the€Committee€has€heldÏthe€communication€inadmissible,€according€to€rule€90(b)€of€its€rules€ofÏprocedure,€declaring€that€the€author€"has€no€claim€under€article€2€of€theÏOptional€Protocol".ÌÌÔ2Ô397.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àIn€case€No.€477/1991€(J.A.M.B.-R.€v.€the€Netherlands),€the€authorÏclaimed€to€be€a€victim€of€discrimination€because€she€was€not€granted€aÏretroactive€social€security€benefit.€€The€Committee€observed€that€article€26€ofÏthe€Covenant€does€not€of€itself€require€States€parties€to€provide€socialÏsecurity€benefits€or€to€provide€them€retroactively,€but€that,€if€such€benefitsÏare€regulated€by€law,€such€a€law€must€comply€with€article€26.€€In€the€instantÏcase,€the€Committee€noted€that€the€law€in€question€did€not,€as€a€rule,€provideÏfor€retroactive€benefits.€The€Committee€considered:ÌÌà02 .2à"The€author€has€failed€to€substantiate,€for€purposes€of€admissibility,€thatÏthese€provisions€were€not€equally€applied€to€her,€in€particular€that€menÏwho€belatedly€apply€are€granted€wider€retroactive€benefits,€as€from€theÏdate€on€which€they€have€become€eligible€for€benefits,€whereas€she,€as€aÏwoman,€was€denied€such€benefits.€€Accordingly,€the€Committee€finds€that€theÏauthor€has€failed€to€substantiate€her€claim€under€article€2€of€the€OptionalÏProtocol€in€this€regard"€(see€annexX,€sect.J,€para.€5.4).ÌÌÔ2Ô398.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àOther€cases€declared€inadmissible,€òòinter€aliaóó,€for€lack€of€substantiationÏof€the€claim€or€failure€to€advance€a€claim,€are€communications€Nos.€384/1989Ï(R.M.€v.€Trinidad€and€Tobago),€471/1991€(Theophilus€Barry€v.€Trinidad€andÏTobago),€475/1991€(S.B.€v.€New€Zealand),€497/1992€(Odia€Amisi€v.€Zaire),Ï509/1992€(A.R.U.€v.€the€Netherlands),€510/1992€(P.J.N.€v.€the€Netherlands),€517/1992€(Curtis€Lambert€v.€Jamaica),€522/1992€(J.S.€v.€the€Netherlands),Ï524/1992€(E.C.W.€v.€the€Netherlands),€548/1993€(R.E.d.B.€v.€theÏNetherlands),€544/1993€(K.J.L.€v.€Finland),€559/1993€(J.M.€v.€Canada),Ï567/1993€(Ponsamy€Poongavanam€v.€Mauritius)€and€570/1993€(M.A.B.,€W.A.T.€andÏJ.-A.Y.T.€v.€Canada).ÌÌÔ&  Ô(c)à02 .2àòòCompetence€of€the€Committee€and€incompatibility€with€the€provisions€of€theÏCovenant€(Optional€Protocol,€art.€3óó)ÌÌÔ'  ÔÔ2Ô399.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àIn€its€work€under€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€Committee€has€had€severalÏoccasions€to€point€out€that€it€is€not€a€further€court€of€appeal€on€the€domesticÏlaw€of€States€parties€against€whom€communications€are€brought.ÌÌÔ2Ô400.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àIn€case€No.€476/1991€(R.M.€v.€Trinidad€and€Tobago),€the€author,€who€hadÏbeen€sentenced€to€death,€had€complained€that€his€trial€was€unfair€and€that€theÏjudge€had€misdirected€the€jury€on€several€issues.€€The€Committee€decided€thatÏthe€communication€was€inadmissible€under€article€3€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€€ItÏfound€that€the€author's€claims€did€not€come€within€the€competence€of€theÏCommittee,€as€they€related€primarily€to€the€judge's€instructions€to€the€jury€andÏthe€evaluation€of€evidence€by€the€court.€€The€Committee€recalled€that€it€wasÏgenerally€for€the€appellate€courts€of€States€parties€to€the€Covenant€and€not€forÏthe€Committee€to€evaluate€the€facts€and€evidence€and€to€review€specificÏinstructions€to€the€jury€by€the€judge,€unless€it€can€be€ascertained€that€theÏinstructions€were€arbitrary€or€amounted€to€a€denial€of€justice,€or€that€theÏjudge€manifestly€violated€his€obligation€of€impartiality.ÌÌÔ2Ô401.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Committee€reached€a€similar€conclusion€with€regard€to€casesÏNos.384/1989€(R.M.€v.€Trinidad€and€Tobago),€471/1991€(Theophilus€Barry€v.ÏTrinidad€and€Tobago)€and€567/1993€(Ponsamy€Poongavanam€v.€Mauritius).€€OtherÏcases€declared€inadmissible,€òòinter€aliaóó,€because€of€incompatibility€with€theÏprovisions€of€the€Covenant,€within€the€meaning€of€article€3€of€the€OptionalÏProtocol,€are€communications€Nos.€498/1992€(Zdenek€Drbal€v.€the€Czech€Republic),Ï509/1992€(A.R.U.€v.€the€Netherlands),€510/1992€(P.J.N.€v.€the€Netherlands),Ï517/1992€(Curtis€Lambert€v.€Jamaica),€522/1992€(J.S.€v.€the€Netherlands),Ï534/1993€(H.T.B.€v.€Canada),€544/1993€(K.J.L.€v.€Finland),€568/1993€(K.€andÏC.V.€v.€Germany)€and€570/1993€(M.A.B.,€W.A.T.€and€J.-A.Y.T.€v.€Canada).ÌÌ(d)à02 .2àòòNo€simultaneous€examinations€of€the€same€matter€(Optional€Protocol,€art.€5,Ïpara.€2(a)óó)ÌÌÔ2Ô402.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àArticle€5,€paragraph€2(a),€of€the€Optional€Protocol€precludes€the€CommitteeÏfrom€considering€a€communication€if€the€same€matter€is€being€examined€underÏanother€procedure€of€international€investigation€or€settlement.€€Only€theÏsimultaneous€examination€of€a€case€is€precluded,€however,€and€the€Committee€is,Ïin€principle,€competent€to€consider€cases€that€have€been€examined€elsewhere,Ïunless€the€State€party€has€made€a€reservation€upon€ratification€of€or€accessionÏto€the€Optional€Protocol€precluding€consideration€of€the€same€matter.€€Thus,Ïwhile€the€Committee€has€declared€inadmissible,€on€the€basis€of€pertinentÏreservations,€cases€examined€by€the€European€Commission€of€Human€Rights,€it€hasÏconsidered€a€number€of€cases€previously€examined€by€the€Commission€andÏsubsequently€submitted€to€the€Committee€against€States€that€have€not€made€such€aÏreservation.ÌÌÔ2Ô403.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àIn€the€period€covered€by€the€present€report,€the€Committee€declaredÏinadmissible€communications€Nos.€421/1990€(Thierry€Trbutien€v.€France)€andÏ452/1991€(Jean€Glaziou€v.€France)€because€of€the€reservation€made€by€France€upon€ratifying€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€effect€that€the€Human€Rights€CommitteeÏshall€not€have€the€competence€to€consider€a€communication€from€an€individual€ifÏthe€same€matter€is€being€or€has€already€been€examined€under€another€procedure€ofÏinternational€investigation€or€settlement.€€Both€complainants€had€already€filedÏapplications€with€the€European€Commission€of€Human€Rights€that€had€been€declaredÏinadmissible.€€The€Committee€decided€that€in€the€circumstances€it€was€precludedÏfrom€considering€the€communications.ÌÌÔ&  Ô(e)à02 .2àòòThe€requirement€of€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies€(Optional€Protocol,Ïart.5,€para.€2(b)óó)ÌÌÔ'  ÔÔ2Ô404.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àPursuant€to€article€5,€paragraph€2€(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€theÏCommittee€shall€not€consider€any€communication€unless€it€has€ascertained€thatÏthe€author€has€exhausted€all€available€domestic€remedies.€€However,€theÏCommittee€has€already€established€that€the€rule€of€exhaustion€applies€only€toÏthe€extent€that€these€remedies€are€effective€and€available.€€The€State€party€isÏrequired€to€give€"details€of€the€remedies€which€it€submitted€that€had€beenÏavailable€to€the€author€in€the€circumstances€of€his€case,€together€with€evidenceÏthat€there€would€be€a€reasonable€prospect€that€such€remedies€would€be€effective"Ï(case€No.€4/1977€(Torres€Ramrez€v.€Uruguay)).€€The€rule€also€provides€that€theÏCommittee€is€not€precluded€from€examining€a€communication€if€it€is€establishedÏthat€the€application€of€the€remedies€in€question€is€unreasonably€prolonged.ÌÌÔ2Ô405.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àIn€case€No.€431/1990€(O.€Sara€òòet€alóó.€v.€Finland),€the€Committee€reviewedÏits€earlier€decision€of€admissibility€on€the€basis€of€further€informationÏreceived€from€the€parties,€and€considered€that:ÌÌà02 .2à"...€the€authors'€doubts€about€the€courts'€readiness€to€entertain€claimsÏbased€on€article€27€of€the€Covenant€do€not€justify€their€failure€to€availÏthemselves€of€possibilities€of€domestic€remedies€which€the€State€party€hasÏplausibly€argued€are€available€and€effective"€(see€annexX,€sect.C,Ïpara.8.3).ÌÌConsequently,€the€Committee€set€aside€its€previous€decision€and€declared€theÏcommunication€inadmissible.ÌÌÔ2Ô406.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àCommunications€Nos.€433/1989€(A.P.A.€v.€Spain),€489/1992€(Peter€BradshawÏv.€Barbados)€and€504/1992€(Denzil€Roberts€v.€Barbados)€were€also€declaredÏinadmissible€for€failure€to€pursue€available€and€effective€domestic€remedies.ÌÌ(f)à02 .2àòòInadmissibility€ratione€temporisóóÌÌÔ2Ô407.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àAs€at€previous€sessions,€the€Committee€was€faced€with€communications€basedÏon€events€that€occurred€prior€to€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Optional€ProtocolÏfor€the€State€concerned.€€The€criterion€of€admissibility€has€been€whether€theÏevents€have€had€continued€effects€which€themselves€constitute€violations€of€theÏCovenant€after€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌÔ2Ô408.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àIn€its€decision€on€communication€No.€520/1992€(E.€and€A.K.€v.€Hungary),Ïthe€Committee€noted€that:ÌÌà02 .2à"...€the€State€party's€obligations€under€the€Covenant€apply€as€of€the€dateÏof€its€entry€into€force€for€the€State€party.€€There€is,€however,€aÏdifferent€issue€as€to€when€the€Committee's€competence€to€considerÏcomplaints€about€alleged€violations€of€the€Covenant€under€the€OptionalÏProtocol€is€engaged.€€In€its€jurisprudence€under€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€Committee€has€held€that€it€cannot€consider€alleged€violations€of€theÏCovenant€which€occurred€before€the€entry€into€force€of€the€OptionalÏProtocol€for€the€State€party,€unless€the€violations€complained€of€continueÏafter€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€€A€continuingÏviolation€is€to€be€interpreted€as€an€affirmation,€after€the€entry€intoÏforce€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€by€act€or€clear€implication,€of€theÏprevious€violations€of€the€State€party"€(see€annexX,€sect.T,€para.6.4).ÌÌIn€this€particular€case,€the€Committee€considered€that€it€was€not€possible€toÏspeak€of€such€continuing€affirmation;€accordingly,€the€communication€wasÏdeclared€inadmissible.ÌÌÔ2Ô409.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Committee€likewise€declared€inadmissible€communication€No.€568/1993Ï(K.and€C.V.€v.€Germany),€which€concerned€events€that€occurred€between€1985€andÏ1992€and€therefore€prior€to€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Optional€Protocol€forÏGermany€on€25€November€1993.ÌÌ(g)à2 .2àòòInterim€measures€under€rule€86ÌóóÌÔ2Ô410.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àUnder€rule€86€of€the€Committee's€rules€of€procedure,€the€Committee€may,Ïafter€receipt€of€a€communication€and€before€adopting€its€views,€request€a€StateÏparty€to€take€interim€measures€in€order€to€avoid€irreparable€damage€to€theÏvictim€of€the€alleged€violations.€€The€Committee€has€applied€this€rule€onÏseveral€occasions,€notably€in€cases€submitted€by€or€on€behalf€of€persons€whoÏhave€been€sentenced€to€death€and€are€awaiting€execution,€and€who€claim€that€theyÏwere€denied€a€fair€trial.€€In€view€of€the€urgency€of€the€communications,€theÏCommittee€has€requested€the€States€parties€concerned€not€to€carry€out€the€deathÏsentences€while€the€cases€are€under€consideration.€€Stays€of€execution€haveÏspecifically€been€granted€in€this€connection.ÌÌÔ2Ô411.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àOn€13€July€1994,€the€Special€Rapporteur€for€New€Communications€transmittedÏa€request€under€rule€86€to€the€authorities€of€Trinidad€and€Tobago€in€the€case€ofÏGlen€Ashby€(communication€No.€580/1994),€a€prisoner€under€sentence€of€deathÏscheduled€to€be€executed€on€14€July€1994.€€The€State€party€was€requested€not€toÏexecute€Mr.€Ashby€while€his€case€was€under€consideration€by€the€Committee.ÏNotwithstanding€this€request,€Mr.€Ashby€was€executed€in€the€morning€ofÏ14July1994.€€The€Committee€invited€the€State€party€to€explain€the€reasons€forÏnon-compliance€with€the€Special€Rapporteur's€request€under€rule€86.€€As€noÏexplanations€were€received€from€the€State€party,€the€Committee€adopted€a€formalÏdecision€on€the€matter€during€a€public€meeting€held€on€26€July€1994,€expressingÏits€indignation€at€the€State€party's€failure€to€comply€with€the€request€underÏrule€86,€and€calling€upon€the€State€party€to€ensure€that€situations€similar€toÏthat€surrounding€the€execution€of€Mr.€Ashby€do€not€recur.€€The€decision€read€asÏfollows:ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"òòThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"òòActingóó€under€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€PoliticalÏRights,ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"òòReferringóó€to€the€case€of€Mr.€Glen€Ashby,€a€citizen€of€Trinidad€andÏTobago,€whose€communication€was€submitted€to€the€Committee€under€theÏOptional€Protocol€to€the€Covenant€on€7July1994,ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"òòRecallingóó€that€the€Committee's€Special€Rapporteur€for€NewÏCommunications€requested€the€Government€of€Trinidad€and€Tobago€on€13July1994,€under€rule86€of€the€Committee's€rules€of€procedure,€to€stayÏthe€execution€of€Mr.Ashby€while€his€communication€was€under€considerationÏby€the€Committee,ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"òòDeeply€disturbedóó€by€the€information€that€Mr.€Ashby€was€executed€atÏthe€State€prison€at€Port„of„Spain€in€the€morning€of€14July1994,ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"òòRecallingóó€that€the€State€party€was€requested,€on€15€and€again€onÏ20July1994,€to€provide€specific€information€about€the€circumstancesÏsurrounding€the€execution€of€Mr.€Ashby,ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"òòNotingóó€that€no€representative€of€the€State€party€has€been€madeÏavailable€to€explain€to€the€Committee€the€events€of€14July1994,ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"òòRegrettingóó€the€lack€of€cooperation€on€the€part€of€the€State€party,ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"1.à . àòòExpresses€its€indignationóó€at€the€failure€of€the€State€party'sÏauthorities€to€comply€with€the€Committee's€request€for€interim€measures€ofÏprotection€pursuant€to€rule€86€of€the€Committee's€rules€of€procedures;€theÏattitude€displayed€by€the€State€party€has€no€precedent€in€the€Committee'sÏpractice€in€capital€cases€under€the€Optional€Protocol€and€is€all€the€moreÏregrettable€since€it€occurred€in€the€context€of€consideration€of€a€caseÏinvolving€capital€punishment€of€which€it€was€properly€seized€and€wasÏcompetent€to€examine;ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"2.à . àòòRecallsóó€that€the€State€party,€upon€ratifying€the€OptionalÏProtocol,€undertook€to€cooperate€with€the€Committee€under€the€procedure,Ïand€emphasizes€that€the€State€party€has€failed€to€comply€with€itsÏobligations,€both€under€the€Optional€Protocol€and€under€the€Covenant;ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"3.à . àòòDeploresóó€the€State€party's€failure€to€make€available,€asÏrequested€by€the€Committee,€an€authorized€representative€for€the€meetingsÏscheduled€on€20€and€on€26July1994€for€consideration€of€the€above€matter,Ïand€notes€that€what€was€made€available€on€20July1994€by€the€State€partyÏin€the€form€of€an€undated€'media€release'€in€no€way€constituted€a€reply€toÏthe€Committee's€specific€questions€formulated€on€15€July€1994;ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"4.à . àòòDecidesóó€to€continue€the€consideration€of€Mr.Ashby's€complaintÏunder€the€Optional€Protocol;ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"5.à . àòòStrongly€urgesóó€the€State€party€to€ensure,€by€all€means€at€itsÏdisposal,€that€situations€similar€to€that€surrounding€the€execution€ofÏMr.Ashby€do€not€recur;€in€particular,€the€Committee€urges€compliance€withÏits€rule€86€request€in€the€cases€of€Mr.LincolnGuerra€andÏMr.BrianWallen,€as€well€as€other€cases€of€a€similar€nature€of€which€theÏCommittee€is€seized;ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"6.à . àòòRequestsóó€the€Rapporteur€of€the€Committee€to€include€this€decisionÏin€the€annual€report€of€the€Committee€to€the€General€Assembly".ÌÌÌÔ&  Ôà@ì . à2.€€òòSubstantive€issuesóóˆÌÌ(a)à2 .2àòòRight€to€life€(Covenant,€art.€6óó)ÌÌÔ2Ô412.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àAlthough€capital€punishment€is€not€òòper€seóó€unlawful€under€the€Covenant,ÏÔ'  Ôarticle€6,€paragraph€2,€provides€that€a€"sentence€of€death€may€be€imposed€onlyÏfor€the€most€serious€of€crimes€in€accordance€with€the€law€in€force€at€the€timeÏof€the€commission€of€the€crime€and€not€contrary€to€the€provisions€of€the€presentÏCovenant".€€Thus,€a€nexus€is€established€between€the€imposition€of€a€sentence€ofÏdeath€and€observance€by€State€authorities€of€guarantees€under€the€Covenant.€ÏAccordingly,€in€cases€where€the€Committee€found€that€the€State€party€hadÏviolated€article€14€of€the€Covenant,€in€that€the€author€had€been€denied€a€fairÏtrial€and€appeal,€the€Committee€held€that€the€imposition€of€the€sentence€ofÏdeath€also€entailed€a€violation€of€article€6.€€In€its€views€in€case€No.377/1989Ï(Anthony€Currie€v.€Jamaica),€the€Committee€observed:ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"The€Committee€is€of€the€opinion€that€the€imposition€of€a€sentence€ofÏdeath€upon€conclusion€of€a€trial€in€which€the€provisions€of€the€CovenantÏhave€not€been€respected€constitutes,€if€no€further€appeal€against€theÏsentence€is€possible,€a€violation€of€article€6€of€the€Covenant.€€As€theÏCommittee€noted€in€its€general€comment€6(16),€the€provision€that€a€sentenceÏof€death€may€be€imposed€only€in€accordance€with€the€law€and€not€contrary€toÏthe€provisions€of€the€Covenant€implies€that€'the€procedural€guaranteesÏtherein€prescribed€must€be€observed,€including€the€right€to€a€fair€hearingÏby€an€independent€tribunal,€the€presumption€of€innocence,€the€minimumÏguarantees€for€the€defence,€and€the€right€to€review€of€conviction€andÏsentence€by€a€higher€tribunal'"€(annex€IX,€sect.€L,€para.€13.6).ÌÌÔ2Ô413.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àHaving€concluded€that€the€final€sentence€of€death€had€been€imposed€withoutÏthe€requirements€of€article€14€having€been€fully€met,€the€Committee€found€thatÏthe€right€protected€by€article€6€had€been€violated.€€Similar€conclusions€wereÏreached€in€cases€Nos.€330/1988€(Albert€Berry€v.€Jamaica),€333/1988Ï(LenfordHamilton€v.€Jamaica),€353/1988€(Lloyd€Grant€v.€Jamaica),€and€445/1991Ï(Lynden€Champagnie€òòet€alóó.€v.€Jamaica).ÌÌÔ2Ô414.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àIn€communication€No.449/1991€(Rafael€Mojica€v.€the€Dominican€Republic),€aÏfather€complained€about€the€disappearance€of€his€son,€a€well-known€trade€unionÏactivist.€€Prior€to€his€disappearance,€the€author's€son€had€received€deathÏthreats€from€certain€military€officers.€€In€addressing€the€alleged€violation€ofÏarticle€6,€the€Committee€referred€to€its€general€comment€6(16),€which€states,Ïòòinter€aliaóó,€that:Ì€Ìà02 .2àà .à"States€parties€should€take€specific€and€effective€measures€to€preventÏthe€disappearance€of€individuals€and€establish€effective€facilities€andÏprocedures€to€investigate€thoroughly,€by€an€appropriate€impartial€body,Ïcases€of€missing€and€disappeared€persons€in€circumstances€that€may€involveÏa€violation€of€the€right€to€life".ÌÌThe€Committee€then€noted€that€the€State€party€had€not€denied€that€Rafael€MojicaÏhad€in€fact€disappeared€and€remained€unaccounted€for€since€5€May€1990,€and€thatÏhis€disappearance€was€caused€by€individuals€belonging€to€the€Government'sÏsecurity€forces.€€In€the€circumstances,€it€concluded€that€the€right€to€life€hadÏnot€been€effectively€protected€by€the€Dominican€Republic€(see€annex€...,Ïsect....,€paras.€5.5€and€5.6)€ÌÌÔ2Ô415.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àIn€case€No.€469/1991€(Charles€Chitat€Ng€v.€Canada)€the€Committee€hadÏoccasion€to€affirm€its€earlier€decision€on€communication€No.€470/1991Ï(JosephKindler€v.€Canada)òò33óó/€with€regard€to€the€scope€of€the€requirement€underÏarticle€6,€paragraph€1,€to€protect€the€right€to€life.€€In€Mr.€Ng's€case,€theÏCommittee€had€to€determine€whether€the€requirement€under€article€6,€paragraph€1,Ïprevented€the€State€party€from€extraditing€the€complainant€to€the€United€States,Ïwhere€he€was€to€stand€trial€on€19€criminal€counts,€including€12€murders,€and,€ifÏconvicted,€would€face€the€imposition€of€the€death€penalty.€€The€CommitteeÏobserved€that,€if€Mr.€Ng's€extradition€from€Canada€had€exposed€him€to€a€realÏrisk€of€a€violation€of€article€6,€paragraph€2,€in€the€United€States,€this€wouldÏhave€entailed€a€violation€by€Canada€of€its€obligations€under€said€provision.€€InÏthe€circumstances€of€the€particular€case,€the€Committee€found€that€the€existenceÏof€such€risk€had€not€been€shown€and€consequently€found€no€violation€ofÏarticle6,€paragraph€1,€by€Canada.€ÌÌÔ2Ô416.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Committee€moreover€considered€that,€if€the€decision€to€extradite€Mr.€NgÏwould€have€been€taken€summarily€or€arbitrarily,€this€also€would€have€violatedÏthe€State€party's€obligations€under€article€6€of€the€Covenant.€€Since€Mr.€Ng'sÏextradition€had€been€taken€after€due€consideration€of€the€matter€by€the€CanadianÏauthorities,€the€Committee€concluded€that€article€6€of€the€Covenant€had€not€beenÏviolated.ÌÌÔ2Ô417.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àFive€members€of€the€Committee€appended€separate€individual€dissentingÏopinions€with€respect€to€the€Committee's€conclusion€that€the€facts€before€it€didÏnot€reveal€a€violation€of€article€6€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ(b)à02 .2àòòThe€right€not€to€be€subjected€to€torture€or€to€cruel,€inhuman€or€degradingÏtreatment€(Covenant,€art.€7óó)ÌÌÔ2Ô418.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àArticle€7€of€the€Covenant€provides€that€no€one€shall€be€subjected€toÏtorture€or€to€cruel,€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment€or€punishment.€€In€caseÏNo.321/1988€(Maurice€Thomas€v.€Jamaica),€the€author€had€alleged,€and€the€StateÏparty€had€not€denied,€that,€while€detained€in€the€death€row€section€of€theÏprison,€he€was€assaulted€by€soldiers€and€warders.€€As€a€result,€he€sustainedÏinjuries€on€his€chest,€lower€back,€left€hip€and€lower€abdomen,€for€which€he€didÏnot€receive€medical€treatment.€€The€Committee€concluded€that€this€amounted€toÏdegrading€treatment€within€the€meaning€of€article€7.ÌÌÔ2Ô419.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àIn€case€No.€440/1990€(El-Megreisi€v.€the€Libyan€Arab€Jamahiriya),€theÏCommittee€noted€that€the€alleged€victim's€brother€had€provided€information€whichÏshowed€that€Mr.€Mohammed€Bashir€El-Megreisi€was€detained€incommunicado€for€moreÏthan€three€years,€until€April€1992,€and€again€after€April€1992.€€The€State€partyÏhad€not€disputed€these€facts.€€The€Committee€found€that€Mr.€El-Megreisi,€byÏbeing€subjected€to€prolonged€incommunicado€detention€in€an€unknown€location,€wasÏthe€victim€of€torture€and€cruel€and€inhuman€treatment.ÌÌÔ2Ô420.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àIn€case€No.€458/1991€(Albert€Womah€Mukong€v.€Cameroon),€the€authorÏcontended€that€the€conditions€of€his€detention€in€1988€and€1990€amounted€to€aÏviolation€of€article€7,€in€particular€because€of€insalubrious€conditions€ofÏdetention€facilities,€overcrowding,€deprivation€of€food€and€clothing,€deathÏthreats€and€incommunicado€detention.€€The€State€party€argued€that€the€burden€ofÏproof€for€these€allegations€rested€with€the€author€and€that€as€far€as€theÏconditions€of€detention€were€concerned,€they€were€a€factor€of€theÏunderdevelopment€of€Cameroon.€€The€Committee€did€not€accept€the€State€party'sÏviews€and€stated:ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"...€the€burden€of€proof€cannot€rest€alone€with€the€author€of€aÏcommunication,€especially€considering€that€the€author€and€the€State€partyÏdo€not€always€have€equal€access€to€the€evidence€and€that€frequently€theÏState€party€alone€has€access€to€the€relevant€information"€(see€annexIX,Ïsect.AA,€para.9.2).ÌÌSince€Mr.€Mukong€had€provided€detailed€information€about€the€treatment€he€wasÏsubjected€to,€the€Committee€observed€that€it€was€incumbent€upon€the€State€partyÏto€refute€the€allegations€in€detail,€rather€than€shifting€the€burden€of€proof€toÏthe€author.€€As€to€the€conditions€of€detention€in€general,€the€CommitteeÏobserved€that€certain€minimum€standards€of€detention€must€be€observed€regardlessÏof€a€State€party's€level€of€development;€guidance€as€to€these€minimum€standardsÏcould€be€found€in€the€United€Nations€Standard€Minimum€Rules€for€the€Treatment€ofÏPrisoners.€€In€the€circumstances€of€the€case,€the€Committee€found€that€theseÏminimum€standards€had€not€been€met€and€that€Mr.€Mukong€had€been€subjected€toÏcruel,€inhuman€and€degrading€treatment,€in€violation€of€article€7€of€theÏCovenant€(ibid.,€paras.€9.1„9.3).ÌÌÔ2Ô421.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àViolations€of€article€7€were€also€found€in€cases€Nos.€322/1988Ï(HugoRodrguez€v.€Uruguay),€328/1988€(Roberto€Zelaya€Blanco€v.€Nicaragua),Ï366/1989€(Isidore€Kanana€Tshiongo€a€Minanga€v.€Zaire),€407/1990€(Dwayne€HyltonÏv.€Jamaica),€414/1990€(Primo€Jos€Essono€Mika€Miha€v.€Equatorial€Guinea),Ï428/1990€(Fran ois€Bozize€v.€the€Central€African€Republic),€and€449/1991Ï(RafaelMojica€v.€the€Dominican€Republic).ÌÌÔ2Ô422.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àIn€case€No.€469/1991€(Charles€Chitat€Ng€v.€Canada),€the€complainant€hadÏbeen€extradited€from€Canada€to€face€trial€in€the€State€of€California,€the€UnitedÏStates€of€America.€€If€convicted,€he€would€face€the€death€penalty€and€executionÏby€gas€asphyxiation.€€He€had€provided€detailed€information€to€show€thatÏexecution€by€gas€asphyxiation€may€cause€prolonged€suffering€and€agony.€€TheÏCommittee€noted€that:ÌÌà02 .2à"...€whereas€article€6,€paragraph€2,€allows€for€the€imposition€of€the€deathÏpenalty€under€certain€limited€circumstances,€any€method€of€executionÏprovided€for€by€law€must€be€designed€in€such€a€way€as€to€avoid€conflictÏwith€article€7.ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"The€Committee€is€aware€that,€by€definition,€every€execution€of€aÏsentence€of€death€may€be€considered€to€constitute€cruel€and€inhumanÏtreatment€within€the€meaning€of€article€7€of€the€Covenant;€on€the€otherÏhand,€article€6,€paragraph€2,€permits€the€imposition€of€capital€punishmentÏfor€the€most€serious€crimes.€€None€the€less,€the€Committee€reaffirms,€as€itÏdid€in€its€general€comment€20(44)€on€article€7€of€the€CovenantÏ(CCPR/C/21/Add.3,€para.€6)€that,€when€imposing€capital€punishment,€theÏexecution€of€the€sentence€'...€must€be€carried€out€in€such€a€way€as€toÏcause€the€least€possible€physical€and€mental€suffering'"€(see€annex€IX,Ïsect.€CC,€paras.€16.1€and€16.2).ÌÌOn€the€basis€of€the€information€before€it,€the€Committee€concluded€thatÏexecution€by€gas€asphyxiation,€should€the€death€penalty€be€imposed€on€theÏauthor,€would€not€meet€the€test€of€"least€possible€physical€and€mentalÏsuffering"€and€that€it€constituted€cruel€and€inhuman€treatment,€in€violation€ofÏarticle€7€of€the€Covenant.€€In€the€Committee's€opinion,€therefore,€Canada,€whichÏcould€reasonably€have€foreseen€that€Mr.€Ng,€if€sentenced€to€death,€would€beÏexecuted€in€a€way€that€amounted€to€a€violation€of€article€7,€failed€to€comply€with€its€obligations€under€the€Covenant,€by€extraditing€Mr.€Ng€without€havingÏsought€and€received€assurances.ÌÌÔ2Ô423.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àFour€members€of€the€Committee€appended€dissenting€opinions€with€respect€toÏthe€Committee's€conclusion€that€the€facts€before€it€amounted€to€a€violation€ofÏarticle€7€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ(c)à2 .2àòòLiberty€and€security€of€person€(Covenant,€art.€9óó)ÌÌÔ2Ô424.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àArticle€9€of€the€Covenant€guarantees€to€everyone€the€right€to€liberty€andÏsecurity€of€person.€€Under€paragraph€1,€no€one€shall€be€subjected€to€arbitraryÏarrest€or€detention.€€Paragraph€2€prescribes€that€anyone€who€is€arrested€shallÏbe€informed,€at€the€time€of€his€arrest,€of€the€reasons€for€his€arrest€and€shallÏbe€promptly€informed€of€any€charges€against€him.€€Paragraph€3€gives€anyoneÏarrested€or€detained€on€a€criminal€charge€the€right€to€be€brought€promptlyÏbefore€a€judge.€€Paragraph€4€entitles€any€one€deprived€of€his€liberty€to€takeÏproceedings€before€a€court,€in€order€to€have€the€court€decide€on€the€lawfulnessÏof€his€detention.€€Paragraph€5€gives€anyone€who€has€been€the€victim€of€unlawfulÏarrest€or€detention€a€right€to€compensation.ÌÌÔ2Ô425.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àIn€case€No.€468/1991€(Angel€N.€Olð;ð€Bahamonde€v.€Equatorial€Guinea),€theÏauthor€claimed€that€he€had€been€subjected€to€harassment,€intimidation€andÏthreats€by€prominent€government€officials€and€their€respective€services.€€TheÏCommittee€observed€that€the€right€to€liberty€and€security€of€person€might€beÏinvoked€not€only€in€the€context€of€arrest€and€detention,€and€that€anÏinterpretation€of€article€9€that€would€allow€a€State€party€to€ignore€threats€toÏthe€personal€security€of€non-detained€persons€within€its€jurisdiction€wouldÏrender€ineffective€the€guarantees€of€the€Covenant.€€In€the€circumstances€of€theÏcase,€the€Committee€therefore€found€a€violation€of€article€9,€paragraph€1€(seeÏannex€IX,€sect.€BB,€para.€9.2).ÌÌÔ2Ô426.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àIn€case€No.€330/1988€(Albert€Berry€v.€Jamaica),€the€complainant€wasÏdetained€for€two€and€one€half€months€before€he€was€brought€before€a€judge;Ïthroughout€this€period,€he€had€no€access€to€legal€representation.€€The€CommitteeÏfound€that€this€amounted€to€a€violation€of€paragraphs€3€and€4€of€article€9,Ïsince€Mr.€Berry€was€not,€in€due€time,€afforded€the€opportunity€to€obtain,€on€hisÏown€initiative,€a€decision€by€a€court€on€the€lawfulness€of€his€detention.ÌÌÔ2Ô427.Ô3  Ô€In€case€No.€449/1991€(Rafael€Mojica€v.€the€Dominican€Republic),€the€victimÏhad€disappeared€after€having€received€death€threats€from€military€officers.€ÏThere€was€no€evidence€that€he€had€actually€been€arrested€or€detained.€€TheÏCommittee€considered€that:ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"...€[the€right€to€liberty€and€security€of€person]€may€be€invoked€notÏonly€in€the€context€of€arrest€and€detention,€and€that€an€interpretationÏthat€would€allow€States€parties€to€tolerate,€condone€or€ignore€threats€madeÏby€persons€in€authority€to€the€personal€liberty€and€security€ofÏnon-detained€individuals€within€the€State€party's€jurisdiction€would€renderÏineffective€the€guarantees€of€the€Covenant"€(see€annex€IX,€sect.W,Ïpara.5.4).ÌÌThe€Committee€concluded€that€the€State€party€had€failed€to€ensure€the€victim'sÏright€to€liberty€and€security€of€person,€in€violation€of€article€9,€paragraph€1Ï(ibid.).ÌÌÔ2Ô428.Ô3  Ô€In€case€No.458/1991€(Albert€W.Mukong€v.€Cameroon),€the€author€claimedÏthat€he€had€been€arbitrarily€arrested€and€detained€over€a€period€of€severalÏmonths.€€The€State€party€rejected€the€author's€claim€by€indicating€that€theÏauthor€was€arrested€and€detained€in€accordance€with€the€applicable€rules€ofÏcriminal€procedure€and€that€the€police€detention€and€preliminary€inquiries€byÏthe€examining€magistrate€were€compatible€with€article€9.€€The€CommitteeÏconsidered:ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"It€remains€...€to€be€determined€whether€other€factors€may€render€anÏotherwise€lawful€arrest€and€detention€'arbitrary'€within€the€meaning€ofÏarticle€9.€€The€drafting€history€of€article€9,€paragraph1,€confirms€thatÏ'arbitrariness'€is€not€to€be€equated€with€'against€the€law',€but€must€beÏinterpreted€more€broadly€to€include€elements€of€inappropriateness,Ïinjustice,€and€lack€of€predictability€and€due€process€of€law€...€this€meansÏthat€...€remand€in€custody€must€further€be€necessary€in€all€theÏcircumstances,€for€example€to€prevent€flight,€interference€with€evidence€orÏthe€recurrence€of€crime"€(see€annex€IX,€sect.AA,€para.9.8).ÌÌThe€Committee€concluded€that€the€author's€detention€was€neither€reasonable€norÏnecessary€in€the€circumstances€of€the€case€and€was€thus€in€violation€ofÏarticle9,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant€(ibid.).ÌÌÔ2Ô429.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àViolations€of€article€9€were€also€found€in€cases€Nos.€366/1989Ï(IsidoreKanana€Tshiongo€a€Minanga€v.€Zaire),€414/1990Ï(PrimoJosEssonoMikaMiha€v.€Equatorial€Guinea),€428/1990€(Fran ois€Bozize€v.Ïthe€Central€African€Republic)€and€440/1990€(El-Megreisi€v.€the€Libyan€ArabÏJamahiriya).ÌÌ(d)à2 .2àòòTreatment€during€imprisonment€(Covenant,€art.€10óó)ÌÌÔ2Ô430.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àArticle€10,€paragraph€1,€prescribes€that€all€persons€deprived€of€theirÏliberty€shall€be€treated€with€humanity€and€with€respect€for€the€inherent€dignityÏof€the€human€person.€€Paragraph€2€of€article€10€states€that€accused€personsÏshall€be€segregated€from€convicted€persons,€save€in€exceptional€circumstances,Ïand€that€accused€juvenile€persons€shall€be€separated€from€adults.€€The€CommitteeÏfound€violations€of€article€10€in€cases€Nos.€321/1988€(Maurice€Thomas€v.ÏJamaica),€330/1988€(Albert€Berry€v.€Jamaica),€366/1989Ï(IsidoreKananaTshiongoa€Minanga€v.€Zaire),€407/1990€(Dwayne€Hylton€v.ÏJamaica),€414/1990€(Primo€J.€Essono€Mika€Miha€v.€Equatorial€Guinea),€428/1990Ï(Fran ois€Bozize€v.€the€Central€African€Republic)€and€440/1990€(El-Megreisi€v.Ïthe€Libyan€Arab€Jamahiriya),€sometimes€as€a€result€of€a€finding€of€a€violationÏof€article€7.ÌÌ(e)à2 .2àòòFreedom€of€movement€(Covenant,€art.€12óó)ÌÌÔ2Ô431.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àArticle€12,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant€gives€everyone€lawfully€within€theÏterritory€of€a€State€the€right€to€liberty€of€movement€and€freedom€to€choose€hisÏresidence.€€Paragraph€2€of€article€12€protects€the€individual's€right€to€leaveÏany€country,€including€his€own.€€In€case€No.€468/1991€(Angel€N.€Olð;ð€Bahamonde€v.ÏEquatorial€Guinea),€the€complainant€claimed,€and€the€State€party€did€not€deny,Ïthat€on€two€occasions€his€passport€had€been€confiscated€when€he€tried€to€leaveÏthe€country.€€The€Committee€found€that€this€constituted€a€violation€ofÏarticle12€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô432.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àIn€case€No.456/1991€(Ismet€Celepli€v.€Sweden),€the€author€was€subject€toÏan€expulsion€order€from€Sweden,€but€the€authorities€had€not€implemented€the€order€for€humanitarian€reasons.€€He€was€allowed€to€remain€in€Sweden,€subject€toÏcertain€restrictions€to€his€freedom€of€movement.€€The€Committee€held€that,Ïfollowing€the€expulsion€order:ÌÌà02 .2à"...€the€author€was€lawfully€in€the€territory€of€Sweden,€for€purposes€ofÏarticle€12,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant,€only€under€the€restrictionsÏplaced€upon€him€by€the€State€party.€€Moreover,€bearing€in€mind€that€theÏState€party€has€invoked€reasons€of€national€security€to€justify€theÏrestrictions€...€to€which€the€author€was€subjected€were€compatible€with...€Ïarticle€12,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant.€€In€this€connection,€theÏCommittee€also€notes€that€the€State€party€òòmotu€proprioóó€reviewed€saidÏrestrictions€and€ultimately€lifted€them"€(see€annex€IX,€sect.€Z,Ïpara.9.2).ÌÌÔ2Ô433.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àIn€case€No.€492/1992€(Lauri€Peltonen€v.€Finland),€the€author,€a€FinnishÏcitizen€born€in€1968,€claimed€that€his€right€under€article€12,€paragraph€2,€toÏleave€any€country,€had€been€violated.€€In€his€situation,€the€Finnish€PassportÏAct€provided€for€the€possibility€of€denying€a€passport€to€persons€aged€17€to€30Ïwho€had€not€performed€their€military€service.€€The€author,€a€resident€of€SwedenÏsince€1986,€had€failed€to€respond€to€repeated€call-ups€for€military€service,€andÏwas€accordingly€denied€a€passport€by€the€Finnish€Embassy€in€Sweden.€€TheÏCommittee€noted€that:ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"The€òòtravaux€prparatoiresóó€to€article€12,€paragraph€3,€of€the€CovenantÏreveal€that€it€was€agreed€upon€that€the€right€to€leave€any€country€couldÏnot€be€claimed,€òòinter€aliaóó,€in€order€to€avoid€such€obligations€as€nationalÏservice.€€Thus,€States€parties€to€the€Covenant€whose€laws€institute€aÏsystem€of€mandatory€national€service€may€impose€reasonable€restrictions€onÏthe€rights€of€individuals€who€have€not€yet€performed€such€service€to€leaveÏthe€country€until€service€is€completed,€provided€that€all€the€conditionsÏlaid€down€in€article€12,€paragraph€3,€are€complied€with"€(see€annexIX,Ïsect.FF,€para.8.3).€ÌÌ(f)à2 .2àòòGuarantees€of€a€fair€trial€(Covenant,€art.€14óó)ÌÌÔ2Ô434.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àArticle€14,€paragraph€1,€provides€that€all€persons€shall€be€equal€beforeÏthe€courts€and€gives€everyone€the€right€to€a€fair€and€public€hearing€in€theÏdetermination€of€criminal€charges€against€him.€€In€case€No.€377/1989Ï(AnthonyCurrie€v.€Jamaica),€the€complainant,€who€had€been€sentenced€to€deathÏfor€murder,€had€claimed€that€his€trial€was€unfair€and€that€he€was€prevented€fromÏseeking€constitutional€redress€for€the€violation€of€his€rights€because€the€highÏlegal€costs€involved€were€well€beyond€his€means€and€no€legal€aid€was€providedÏfor€the€filing€of€constitutional€motions.€€The€Committee€noted€that€the€CovenantÏdoes€not€contain€an€express€obligation€for€a€State€to€provide€legal€aid€in€allÏcases,€but€only,€in€accordance€with€article€14,€paragraph€3(d),€in€theÏdetermination€of€a€criminal€charge€where€the€interests€of€justice€so€require.€ÏIt€continued:ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"The€Committee€is€aware€that€the€role€of€the€Constitutional€Court€isÏnot€to€determine€the€criminal€charge€itself,€but€to€ensure€that€applicantsÏreceive€a€fair€hearing€in€all€cases,€whether€criminal€or€civil.€€The€StateÏparty€has€an€obligation,€under€article€2,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant,€toÏmake€the€remedies€in€the€Constitutional€Court€addressing€violations€ofÏfundamental€rights€available€and€effective.ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"The€determination€of€rights€in€proceedings€in€the€ConstitutionalÏCourt€must€conform€with€the€requirements€of€a€fair€hearing€in€accordanceÏwith€article€14,€paragraph€1.€€In€this€particular€case,€the€ConstitutionalÏCourt€would€be€called€on€to€determine€whether€the€author's€conviction€in€aÏcriminal€trial€has€violated€the€guarantees€of€a€fair€trial.€€In€such€cases,Ïthe€application€of€the€requirement€of€a€fair€hearing€in€the€ConstitutionalÏCourt€should€be€consistent€with€the€principles€in€paragraph€3(d)€ofÏarticle14.€€It€follows€that€where€a€convicted€person€seekingÏconstitutional€review€of€irregularities€in€a€criminal€trial€has€notÏsufficient€means€to€meet€the€costs€of€legal€assistance€in€order€to€pursueÏhis€constitutional€remedy€and€where€the€interests€of€justice€so€require,Ïlegal€assistance€should€be€provided€by€the€State"€(see€annex€IX,€sect.€L,Ïparas.€13.3€and€13.4).ÌÌThe€Committee€concluded€that€there€had€been€a€violation€of€article€14,Ïparagraph1,€òòjunctoóó€article€2,€paragraph€3.ÌÌÔ2Ô435.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àIn€case€No.€468/1991€(Angel€N.€Olð;ð€Bahamonde€v.€Equatorial€Guinea),€theÏauthor's€attempts€to€obtain€judicial€redress€before€the€courts€had€remainedÏunsuccessful.€€The€Committee€observed€that:ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"...€the€notion€of€equality€before€the€courts€and€tribunalsÏencompasses€the€very€access€to€the€courts€and€that€a€situation€in€which€anÏindividual's€attempts€to€seize€the€competent€jurisdictions€of€his/herÏgrievances€are€systematically€frustrated€runs€counter€to€the€guarantees€ofÏarticle€14,€paragraph€1.€€In€this€context,€the€Committee€has€also€noted€theÏauthor's€contention€that€the€State€party's€President€controls€the€judiciaryÏin€Equatorial€Guinea.€€The€Committee€considers€that€a€situation€where€theÏfunctions€and€competences€of€the€judiciary€and€the€executive€are€notÏclearly€distinguishable€or€where€the€latter€is€able€to€control€or€directÏthe€former€is€incompatible€with€the€notion€of€an€independent€and€impartialÏtribunal€within€the€meaning€of€article€14,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant"Ï(see€annex€IX,€sect.€BB,€para.€9.4).ÌÌÔ2Ô436.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àA€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€1,€was€also€found€in€case€No.€353/1988Ï(Lloyd€Grant€v.€Jamaica).ÌÌÔ2Ô437.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àIn€case€No.€441/1990€(Robert€Casanovas€v.€France),€the€complainant€had€beenÏdismissed€by€the€municipal€administration€of€Nancy€from€his€post€in€theÏmunicipal€fire€brigade.€€Upon€court€proceedings€that€lasted€for€over€32€months,Ïhe€was€reinstated€in€his€post.€€The€author€claimed€that€the€length€of€theÏproceedings€before€the€administrative€tribunal€amounted€to€a€violation€ofÏarticle€14,€paragraph€1.€€The€Committee€considered€that€the€right€to€a€fairÏhearing€entailed€a€number€of€requirements,€including€the€condition€that€theÏprocedure€before€the€courts€must€be€conducted€expeditiously.€€In€theÏcircumstances€of€the€case,€however,€bearing€in€mind€that€the€court€did€considerÏwhether€the€author's€case€should€have€priority€over€other€cases,€the€CommitteeÏfound€that€there€had€been€no€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€1€(see€annex€IX,Ïsect.€V,€para.7.4).ÌÌÔ2Ô438.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àPursuant€to€article€14,€paragraph€3(b),€accused€persons€must€have€adequateÏtime€and€facilities€to€prepare€their€defence.€€Article€14,€paragraph€3(d),€givesÏevery€accused€person€the€right€to€be€tried€in€his€presence€and€to€defend€himselfÏin€person€or€through€legal€assistance€of€his€own€choosing.€€The€provision€alsoÏprovides€the€right€to€have€legal€assistance€assigned€to€the€accused,€in€any€caseÏwhere€the€interests€of€justice€so€require,€and€without€payment€by€the€accused€in€any€such€case€if€he€does€not€have€sufficient€means€to€pay€for€it.€€WhileÏarticle14,€paragraph€3(d),€does€not€entitle€the€accused€to€choose€counselÏprovided€to€him€free€of€charge,€measures€must€be€taken€to€ensure€that€counsel,Ïonce€assigned,€provides€effective€representation€in€the€interest€of€justice.€ÏThis€includes€consulting€with€and€informing€the€accused€if€he€intends€toÏwithdraw€an€appeal€or€to€argue€before€the€appellate€instance€that€the€appeal€hasÏno€merit.€€In€case€No.€353/1988€(Lloyd€Grant€v.€Jamaica),€the€Committee€heldÏthat€while€it€was€not€for€the€Committee€to€question€counsel's€professionalÏjudgement€that€there€was€no€merit€in€the€appeal,€counsel€should€neverthelessÏhave€informed€his€client€of€his€intention€not€to€raise€any€grounds€of€appeal,€soÏthat€the€latter€could€have€considered€any€other€remaining€options€open€to€him.€ÏIn€the€circumstances,€the€Committee€found€a€violation€by€the€State€party€of€theÏauthor's€rights€under€article€14,€paragraphs€3(b)€and€(d)€(see€annex€IX,Ïsect.H,€para.€8.6).ÌÌÔ2Ô439.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àIn€case€No.€451/1991€(Barry€S.€Harward€v.€Norway)€the€author,€a€BritishÏcitizen€accused€of€certain€criminal€offences€in€Norway,€claimed€that€he€did€notÏhave€adequate€facilities€for€the€preparation€of€his€defence€because€not€allÏcourt€documents€had€been€made€available€in€English€to€himself€and€to€hisÏcounsel.€€The€Committee€was€called€upon€to€determine€whether€the€failure€of€theÏState€party€to€provide€written€translations€of€all€the€documents€used€in€theÏpreparation€of€the€trial€violated€the€author's€rights€under€article€14,Ïparagraphs€1€and€3(b).€€It€observed€that:Ìà2 .2àÌà02 .2àà .à"...€it€is€important€for€the€guarantee€of€a€fair€trial€that€theÏdefence€has€the€opportunity€to€familiarize€itself€with€the€documentaryÏevidence€against€an€accused.€€However,€this€does€not€entail€that€anÏaccused...€has€the€right€to€be€furnished€with€translations€of€all€relevantÏdocuments€in€a€criminal€investigation,€provided€that€the€relevant€documentsÏare€made€available€to€his€counsel.€€The€Committee€notes€that€Mr.€HarwardÏwas€represented€by€a€Norwegian€lawyer€of€his€choice,€who€had€access€to€theÏentire€file,€and€that€the€lawyer€had€the€assistance€of€an€interpreter€inÏhis€meetings€with€Mr.€Harward.€€Defence€counsel€therefore€had€theÏopportunity€to€familiarize€himself€with€the€file€and,€if€he€thought€itÏnecessary,€to€read€out€Norwegian€documents€to€Mr.€Harward€during€theirÏmeetings,€so€that€Mr.€Harward€could€take€note€of€their€contents€throughÏinterpretation.€€If€counsel€would€have€deemed€the€time€available€to€prepareÏthe€defence€...€inadequate€...,€he€could€have€requested€a€postponement€ofÏthe€trial,€which€he€did€not€do"€(see€annexIX,€sect.X,€para.9.5).Ìà2 .2àÌIn€the€circumstances,€the€Committee€concluded€that€the€author's€right€to€haveÏadequate€facilities€for€the€preparation€of€his€defence€had€not€been€violatedÏ(ibid.).ÌÌÔ2Ô440.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àArticle€14,€paragraph€3(c),€gives€every€accused€person€the€right€to€beÏtried€without€undue€delay.€€In€case€No.€428/1990€(Fran ois€Bozize€v.€the€CentralÏAfrican€Republic),€the€Committee€found€a€violation€of€this€provision,€asÏMr.Bozize,€a€political€opponent€of€the€Government,€still€had€not€been€tried€atÏthe€first€instance€after€four€years€of€detention.€ÌÌÔ2Ô441.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àPursuant€to€article€14,€paragraph€3(e),€an€accused€person€shall€have€theÏright€to€examine,€or€have€examined,€the€witnesses€against€him€and€to€obtain€theÏattendance€and€examination€of€witnesses€on€his€behalf€under€the€same€conditionsÏas€witnesses€brought€against€him.€€In€case€No.€353/1988€(Lloyd€Grant€v.ÏJamaica),€the€Committee€found€a€violation€of€this€provision.€€The€witness€calledÏon€behalf€of€the€defence€was€said€to€have€been€unable€to€attend€the€hearing,€because€she€lacked€the€means€to€travel€to€the€court.€€The€Committee,€bearing€inÏmind€that€this€was€a€case€involving€the€death€penalty,€found€that,€in€theÏcircumstances,€the€judge€should€have€adjourned€the€trial€and€issued€a€subpoenaÏto€secure€the€attendance€of€the€witness,€and€the€police€should€have€madeÏtransportation€available€to€her€(see€annex€IX,€sect.€H,€para.€8.5).ÌÌÔ2Ô442.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àArticle€14,€paragraph€3(g),€gives€every€accused€a€right€not€to€be€compelledÏto€testify€against€himself€or€to€confess€guilt.€€In€case€No.€330/1988Ï(AlbertBerry€v.€Jamaica),€the€complainant,€who€had€been€sentenced€to€death,Ïclaimed€that€the€investigating€officer€had€threatened€to€shoot€him€and€forcedÏhim€to€sign€a€prepared€statement.€€The€State€party€had€not€contested€this€claim.€ÏIn€the€circumstances,€the€Committee€found€a€violation€of€article€14,Ïparagraph3(g),€in€conjunction€with€article€7€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô443.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àArticle€14,€paragraph€5,€gives€anyone€convicted€of€a€crime€the€right€toÏhave€his€conviction€and€sentence€reviewed€by€a€higher€tribunal€according€to€law.€ÏThe€right€of€appeal€can€be€effectively€exercised€only€if€there€is€a€writtenÏjudgement€of€a€lower€tribunal.€€On€several€occasions€the€Committee€has€observedÏthat€article€14,€paragraph€5,€has€to€be€read€together€with€article€14,Ïparagraph3(c),€so€that€the€right€to€review€of€conviction€and€sentence€must€beÏmade€available€without€undue€delay.€€In€case€No.€377/1989€(Anthony€Currie€v.ÏJamaica),€the€Committee€referred€to€its€prior€jurisprudence€and€reaffirmed€that:ÌÌà02 .2à"...€under€article€14,€paragraph€5,€a€convicted€person€is€entitled€to€have,Ïwithin€reasonable€time,€access€to€written€judgements,€duly€reasoned,€forÏall€instances€of€appeal€in€order€to€enjoy€the€effective€exercise€of€theÏright€to€have€conviction€and€sentence€reviewed€by€a€higher€tribunalÏaccording€to€law"€(see€annex€__,€sect.€__,€para.€13.5).ÌÌThe€Committee€found€that€the€failure€of€the€Court€of€Appeal€to€issue€a€writtenÏjudgement,€13€years€after€the€dismissal€of€the€appeal,€effectively€barred€theÏcomplainant€from€petitioning€the€Judicial€Committee€of€the€Privy€Council€andÏconstituted€a€violation€of€article€14,€paragraphs€3(c)€and€5.ÌÌÔ2Ô444.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àSimilar€violations€were€found€in€cases€Nos.€333/1988€(Lenford€Hamilton€v.ÏJamaica),€355/1989€(George€Winston€Reid€v.€Jamaica)€and€445/1991Ï(LyndenChampagnie€òòet€alóó.€v.€Jamaica).ÌÌ(g)à2 .2àòòRight€to€privacy€(Covenant,€art.€17óó)ÌÌÔ2Ô445.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àUnder€article€17,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant€no€one€shall€be€subjected€toÏarbitrary€or€unlawful€interference€with€his€privacy,€family,€home€orÏcorrespondence,€nor€to€unlawful€attacks€on€his€honour€and€reputation.€€In€caseÏNo.€488/1992€(Nicholas€Toonen€v.€Australia)€the€author,€an€activist€for€theÏpromotion€of€the€rights€of€homosexuals,€complained€that€the€criminalizationÏunder€the€Tasmanian€Criminal€Code€of€homosexual€activity€between€consentingÏadult€men€violated€his€rights€under€articles€17€and€26€of€the€Covenant.€€TheÏCommittee€observed€that€it€was€undisputed€that€adult€consensual€sexual€activityÏin€private€is€covered€by€the€concept€of€"privacy"€in€article€17.€€The€continuedÏexistence€of€the€Tasmanian€law€prohibiting€homosexual€activity€was€found€toÏinterfere€directly€with€the€complainant's€privacy.€€The€Committee€recalled€itsÏgeneral€comment€16(32)€on€article€17€and€considered€that€interference€providedÏfor€by€law€should€be€in€accordance€with€the€provisions,€aims€and€objectives€ofÏthe€Covenant€and€should€be€reasonable€in€all€the€circumstances.€€The€CommitteeÏrejected€Tasmania's€argument,€which€had€been€transmitted€by€the€State€party,Ïthat€for€the€purposes€of€article€17,€moral€issues€are€exclusively€a€matter€for€domestic€concern.€€It€concluded€that€the€interference€with€Mr.€Toonen's€privacy,Ïalthough€lawful,€was€arbitrary€and€therefore€constituted€a€violation€ofÏarticle17.€€The€Committee€did€not€consider€it€necessary€to€consider€theÏcomplainant's€claim€under€article€26€of€the€Covenant€(see€annex€IX,€sect.€EE,Ïparas.€8.2€to11).ÌÌ(h)à2 .2àòòFreedom€of€expression€(Covenant,€art.€19óó)ÌÌÔ2Ô446.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àUnder€article€19,€paragraph€1,€everyone€has€the€right€to€hold€opinionsÏwithout€interference;€paragraph€2€gives€everyone€the€freedom€of€expression.€€TheÏrights€provided€for€in€article€19,€paragraph€2,€may€be€subject€to€certainÏrestrictions,€but€only€as€are€provided€by€law€and€are€necessary€for€theÏprotection€of€the€rights€or€reputations€of€others€or€for€the€protection€ofÏnational€security,€public€order€(òòordre€publicóó),€or€public€health€or€morals.ÌÌÔ2Ô447.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€complainant€in€case€No.€412/1990€(Auli€Kivenmaa€v.€Finland)€had,Ïtogether€with€a€few€other€individuals,€distributed€leaflets€and€deployed€aÏbanner€criticizing€the€human€rights€record€of€a€visiting€Head€of€State,€acrossÏfrom€the€Presidential€Palace.€€The€police€immediately€took€the€banner€down€andÏasked€who€was€responsible;€Ms.€Kivenmaa€identified€herself€and€was€charged€withÏviolating€the€Act€on€Public€Meetings€by€organizing€a€"public€meeting"€withoutÏprior€notification.€€The€complainant€argued€that€this€law€was€not€applicable€inÏthe€circumstances.€€The€Committee€found€that€issues€of€freedom€of€expressionÏcontinued€to€be€applicable€in€the€circumstances,€noting€that€the€State€party€hadÏinvoked€no€law€allowing€the€freedom€of€expression€to€be€restricted,€nor€had€itÏestablished€how€the€restriction€of€Ms.€Kivenmaa's€rights€was€necessary€toÏsafeguard€the€rights€within€the€meaning€of€article€19,€paragraphs€3(a)€and€(b)Ï(see€annex€IX,€sect.€N,€para.€9.3).ÌÌÔ2Ô448.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àIn€case€No.€455/1991€(Allan€Singer€v.€Canada)€the€author,€who€operated€aÏstationery€and€printing€business€in€Montreal,€claimed€that€Bill€101€passed€byÏthe€Qubec€legislature,€as€amended€by€Bill€178,€which€prohibited€him€fromÏoutdoor€advertising€in€any€language€other€than€French,€violated€his€rights€underÏthe€Covenant.€€In€line€with€its€views€on€communications€Nos.€359/1989Ï(J.Ballantyne€and€E.€Davidson€v.€Canada)€and€(G.McIntyre€v.€Canada),òò33óó/€theÏCommittee€considered€that€a€State€party€may€choose€one€or€more€officialÏlanguages,€but€that€it€may€not€exclude,€outside€the€sphere€of€public€life,€theÏfreedom€to€express€oneself€in€a€language€of€one's€choice.€€Accordingly,€itÏconcluded€that€Mr.€Singer's€rights€under€article€19€of€the€Covenant€had€beenÏviolated€(see€annex€IX,€sect.€Y,€para.€12.2).€ÌÌÔ2Ô449.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àIn€case€No.€458/1991€(Albert€W.€Mukong€v.€Cameroon),€the€author€claimedÏthat€the€State€party€had€imposed€unreasonable€restrictions€on€his€freedom€ofÏexpression€by,€òòinter€aliaóó,€banning€one€of€his€publications€and€detaining€him.ÏThe€Committee€observed€as€follows:ÌÌà02 .2à"Any€restriction€of€the€freedom€of€expression€pursuant€to€paragraph€3€ofÏarticle€19€must€cumulatively€meet€the€following€conditions:€€it€must€beÏprovided€for€by€law,€it€must€address€one€of€the€aims€enumerated€inÏparagraphs€3(a)€and€(b)€of€article€19€and€it€must€be€necessary€to€achieveÏthe€legitimate€purpose.€€The€State€party€has€indirectly€justified€itsÏactions€on€grounds€of€national€security€...€by€arguing€that€the€author'sÏright€to€freedom€of€expression€was€exercised€without€regard€to€theÏcountry's€political€context€and€continued€struggle€for€unity.€€While€theÏState€party€has€indicated€that€the€restrictions€on€the€author's€freedom€ofÏexpression€were€provided€for€by€law,€it€must€still€be€determined€whether€the€measures€taken€against€the€author€were€necessary€for€the€safeguard€ofÏnational€security€and/or€public€order.€€The€Committee€considers€that€it€wasÏnot€necessary€to€safeguard€an€alleged€vulnerable€state€of€national€unity€byÏsubjecting€the€author€to€arrest,€continued€detention€and€treatment€inÏviolation€of€article€7.€€It€further€considers€that€the€legitimate€objectiveÏof€safeguarding€and€indeed€strengthening€national€unity€under€difficultÏcircumstances€cannot€be€achieved€by€attempting€to€muzzle€advocacy€ofÏmulti-party€democracy,€democratic€tenets€and€human€rights;€in€this€regard,Ïthe€question€of€deciding€which€measures€might€meet€the€'necessity'€test€inÏsuch€situations€does€not€arise"€(see€annex€IX,€sect.AA,€para.9.7).ÌÌIn€the€circumstances€of€the€case,€the€Committee€found€a€violation€of€theÏauthor's€right€under€article€19€(ibid.).ÌÌÔ2Ô450.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àA€violation€of€article€19€was€also€found€in€case€No.€414/1990Ï(PrimoJ.Essono€Mika€Miha€v.€Equatorial€Guinea).€ÌÌ(i)à2 .2àòòThe€right€to€freedom€of€assembly€(Covenant,€art.€21óó)ÌÌÔ2Ô451.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àArticle€21€recognizes€the€right€of€peaceful€assembly.€€Restrictions€placedÏon€the€exercise€of€this€right€must€be€in€conformity€with€the€law€and€necessaryÏin€a€democratic€society€in€the€interests€of€national€security€or€public€safety,Ïpublic€order€(òòordre€publicóó),€the€protection€of€health€or€morals€or€theÏprotection€of€the€rights€and€freedoms€of€others.€€In€case€No.€412/1990Ï(AuliKivenmaa€v.€Finland),€the€Committee€found€that€a€requirement€to€notify€theÏpolice€of€an€intended€demonstration€in€a€public€place€six€hours€before€itsÏcommencement€may€be€compatible€with€the€permitted€limitations€laid€down€inÏarticle€21€of€the€Covenant.€€In€the€circumstances€of€the€particular€case,Ïhowever,€where€the€demonstration€was€part€of€a€larger€gathering€on€the€occasionÏof€a€visit€of€a€foreign€Head€of€State,€the€Committee€found€the€imposition€ofÏsuch€a€restriction€not€permissible€(annex€IX,€sect.N,€para.€9.2).€€One€memberÏof€the€Committee€appended€an€individual€opinion€opposing€the€finding€of€aÏviolation€of€article€21.ÌÌ(j)à2 .2àòòNon-discrimination€(Covenant,€art.€26óó)ÌÌ452.à2 .2àArticle€26€of€the€Covenant€guarantees€equality€before€the€law€and€equalÏprotection€of€the€law€without€any€discrimination.€€In€its€jurisprudence,€theÏCommittee€has€consistently€expressed€the€view€that€this€article€does€not€makeÏall€differences€in€treatment€discriminatory;€a€differentiation€based€onÏreasonable€and€objective€criteria€does€not€amount€to€prohibited€discriminationÏwithin€the€meaning€of€that€article.ÌÌ453.à2 .2àIn€case€No.€418/1990€(Cavalcanti€Araujo-Jongen€v.€the€Netherlands),€theÏcomplainant€had,€in€February€1983,€been€granted€unemployment€benefits€for€aÏperiod€of€six€months.€€At€the€time,€the€law€only€granted€extended€benefits€toÏmarried€women€if€they€were€breadwinners;€the€breadwinner€criterion€did€not€applyÏto€married€men.€€The€complainant€found€new€employment€as€of€April€1984.€€InÏApril1985,€the€State€party€abrogated€the€breadwinner€criterion€for€marriedÏwomen,€with€restrictive€retroactive€effect.€€On€11€December€1986,€the€authorÏunsuccessfully€applied€for€retroactive€unemployment€benefits.€€In€June€1991,€theÏState€party€amended€the€law€further€and€abolished€the€restrictions€on€theÏretroactivity.€€As€a€result,€married€women€who€had€been€denied€benefits€in€theÏpast,€can€now€claim€them€retroactively,€provided€that€they€satisfy€the€otherÏrequirements€of€the€law.€€One€of€these€requirements€is€that€the€applicant€beÏunemployed€on€the€date€of€application.€€The€Committee€observed€that:̇à02 .2à"...€even€if€the€law€in€force€in€1983€was€not€consistent€with€theÏrequirements€of€article€26€of€the€Covenant,€that€deficiency€was€correctedÏupon€the€retroactive€amendment€of€the€law€on€6€June€1991.€€The€CommitteeÏnotes€that€the€author€argues€that€the€amended€law€still€indirectlyÏdiscriminates€against€her€because€it€requires€applicants€to€be€unemployedÏat€the€time€of€application€and€that€this€requirement€effectively€bars€herÏfrom€retroactive€access€to€benefits.€€The€Committee€finds€that€theÏrequirement€of€being€unemployed€at€the€time€of€application€for€benefits€is,Ïas€such,€reasonable€and€objective,€in€view€of€the€purposes€of€theÏlegislation€in€question,€namely,€to€provide€assistance€to€persons€who€areÏunemployed.€€The€Committee€therefore€concludes€that€the€facts€before€it€doÏnot€reveal€a€violation€of€article€26€of€the€Covenant"€(see€annex€IX,Ïsect.Q,€para.€7.4).ÌÌ454.€€The€application€of€Dutch€social€security€legislation€was€also€at€issue€inÏcommunications€Nos.€425/1990€(A.€M.€M.€Doesburg€Lannooij€Neefs€v.€theÏNetherlands)€and€484/1991€(H.€J.€Pepels€v.€the€Netherlands).€€The€CommitteeÏfound€no€violation€of€article€26€in€either€case.ÌÌ455.à2 .2àIn€case€No.€468/1991€(Angel€N.€Olð;ð€Bahamonde€v.€Equatorial€Guinea),€theÏCommittee€found€that€the€complainant€had€been€discriminated€against,€inÏviolation€of€article26,€because€of€his€political€opinions€and€his€openÏcriticism€of,€and€opposition€to,€the€Government€and€the€ruling€political€party.ÌÌÔ&  Ô(k)à2 .2àòòProtection€of€the€family€(Covenant,€art.€23óó)ÌÌ456.€€Paragraph€1€of€article€23€provides€that€the€family€is€entitled€toÏÔ'  Ôprotection€by€society€and€the€State,€and€paragraph€4€provides€that€equality€ofÏrights€and€responsibilities€of€spouses€as€to€marriage,€during€marriage€and€atÏits€dissolution€should€be€ensured€and€that,€in€the€case€of€dissolution,Ïprovision€shall€be€made€for€the€necessary€protection€of€any€children.ÌÌ457.€In€case€No.€417/1990€(Manuel€Balaguer€Santacana€v.€Spain),€the€authorÏinvoked€a€violation€of€article€23,€since€he€was€denied€access€to€his€daughter,Ïwho€had€been€born€out€of€wedlock.€€The€Committee€noted€that:€ÌÌà02 .2à"...€the€term€'family'€must€be€understood€broadly;€it€reaffirms€that€theÏconcept€refers€not€solely€to€the€family€home€during€marriage€orÏcohabitation,€but€also€to€the€relations€in€general€between€parents€andÏchild.€€Some€minimal€requirements€for€the€existence€of€a€family€are,Ïhowever,€necessary,€such€as€life€together,€economic€ties,€a€regular€andÏintense€relationship,€etc."€(see€annex€IX,€sect.P,€para.10.2).ÌÌIn€the€specific€circumstances€of€the€case,€the€Committee€concluded€that€thereÏhad€been€no€violation€of€article€23,€as€the€author€himself€had€failed€to€observeÏthe€modalities€of€his€right€of€access.ÌÌÌà@ì .ö àF.€€òòRemedies€called€for€under€the€Committee's€viewsóóˆÌÌ458.à2 .2àThe€Committee's€decisions€on€the€merits€are€referred€to€as€"views"€inÏarticle€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€€After€the€Committee€has€madeÏa€finding€of€a€violation€of€a€provision€of€the€Covenant,€it€proceeds€to€ask€theÏState€party€to€take€appropriate€steps€to€remedy€the€violation.€€For€instance,€inÏthe€period€covered€by€the€present€report,€the€Committee,€in€a€case€concerningÏarbitrary€detention€and€torture,€found€as€follows:̇à02 .2àà .à"The€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€Mr.€Mohammed€Bashir€El-Megreisi€isÏentitled,€under€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€to€anÏeffective€remedy.€€It€urges€the€State€party€to€take€effective€measuresÏ(a)to€secure€his€immediate€release;€(b)€to€compensateÏMr.MohammedEl-Megreisi€for€the€torture€and€cruel€and€inhuman€treatment€toÏwhich€he€has€been€subjected€and€(c)€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€doÏnot€occur€in€the€future"€(see€annex€IX,€sect.T,€para.7).ÌÌThe€Committee€further€stated€that€it€would€wish€to€receive€information,€withinÏ90€days,€on€any€relevant€measures€taken€by€the€State€party€in€respect€of€theÏCommittee's€views€(communication€No.€440/1990,€El-Megreisi€v.€the€Libyan€ArabÏJamahiriya)€(ibid.,€para.8).ÌÌÌà@ì .<àG.€€òòFollow„up€activitiesóóˆÌÌ459.à2 .2àFrom€its€seventh€session,€in€1979,€to€its€fifty-first€session,€inÏJuly1994,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€has€adopted€193€views€on€communicationsÏreceived€and€considered€under€the€Optional€Protocol.€€The€Committee€has€foundÏviolations€of€the€Covenant€in€142€of€them.€€During€the€years,€however,€theÏCommittee€was€informed€by€States€parties€in€only€a€relatively€limited€number€ofÏcases€of€any€measures€taken€by€them€to€give€effect€to€the€views€adopted.€ÏBecause€of€the€lack€of€knowledge€about€State€compliance€with€its€decisions,€theÏCommittee€sought€to€devise€a€mechanism€that€would€enable€it€to€evaluate€StateÏcompliance€with€its€views.ÌÌ460.à2 .2àAt€its€thirty„ninth€session€(July€1990),€following€a€thorough€debate€on€theÏCommittee's€competence€to€engage€in€follow-up€activities,òò34óó/€the€Committee€setÏup€a€procedure€which€allows€it€to€monitor€the€follow-up€to€its€views€adoptedÏpursuant€to€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€€The€CommitteeÏalso€established€the€mandate€of€a€Special€Rapporteur€for€follow-up€on€views.€ÏHis€mandate€is€spelled€out€in€annex€XI€of€the€report€of€the€Committee€to€theÏGeneral€Assembly€at€its€forty„fifth€session.òò35óó/€€From€the€thirty„ninth€sessionÏ(July€1990)€to€the€forty„seventh€session€(March/April1993),€the€lateÏMr.JnosFodor€acted€as€Special€Rapporteur€for€follow-up€on€views.€€At€theÏforty„seventh€session,€in€March€1993,€Mr.€Andreas€Mavrommatis€was€appointedÏSpecial€Rapporteur€for€follow-up€on€views.€€During€its€fifty„first€session,€theÏCommittee€adopted€a€new€rule€of€procedure,€rule€95,€which€spells€out€the€mandateÏof€the€Special€Rapporteur€for€follow-up€on€views€(see€annex€VI€to€the€presentÏreport).ÌÌ461.à2 .2àIn€accordance€with€his€mandate,€the€Special€Rapporteur€has€been€requestingÏfollow-up€information€from€States€parties€since€the€autumn€of€1990.€€Follow-upÏinformation€has€been€requested€in€respect€of€all€views€with€a€finding€of€aÏviolation€of€the€Covenant.€€At€the€beginning€of€the€Committee's€fifty„firstÏsession,€follow-up€information€had€been€received€in€respect€of€65€views;€noÏinformation€had€been€received€in€respect€of€55€views.€€It€is€to€be€noted€that€inÏmany€instances,€the€secretariat€has€also€received€information€from€authors€toÏthe€effect€that€the€Committee's€views€have€not€been€implemented.ÌÌ462.à2 .2àWhile€it€is€obviously€difficult€to€categorize€follow-up€replies,€it€appearsÏthat€a€little€over€one€fourth€of€the€replies€received€thus€far€are€fullyÏsatisfactory,€in€that€they€display€a€willingness€on€the€part€of€the€State€partyÏconcerned€to€implement€the€Committee's€views€or€to€offer€the€applicant€a€remedy.€ÏA€little€over€one€third€of€the€replies€cannot€be€considered€satisfactory,€asÏthey€either€do€not€address€the€Committee's€recommendations€at€all,€merely€relate€to€one€aspect€thereof€or€indicate€that€the€State€party€is€not€willing€to€grantÏthe€remedy€recommended€by€the€Committee.€€A€number€of€replies€have€explicitlyÏchallenged€the€Committee's€findings,€either€on€factual€or€on€legal€grounds.€€TheÏremaining€replies€are€either€couched€in€general€terms,€promise€an€investigationÏof€the€matter€considered€by€the€Committee€or€reiterate€the€State€party'sÏposition€during€the€proceedings.ÌÌ463.à2 .2àWhile€the€overall€results€of€the€first€four€years€of€experience€with€theÏfollow-up€procedure€are€encouraging,€they€cannot€be€termed€fully€satisfactory.€ÏSome€States€parties€have€indeed€replied€that€they€are€implementing€theÏCommittee's€recommendations,€for€example,€by€releasing€from€detention€victims€ofÏhuman€rights€violations,€by€granting€them€compensation€for€the€violationsÏsuffered,€by€amending€legislation€found€incompatible€with€the€provisions€of€theÏCovenant€or€by€offering€the€complainants€different€remedies.€€In€a€number€ofÏcases,€States€parties€have€indicated€that€compensatory€payments€to€victims€wereÏmade€òòex€gratiaóó,òò36óó/€notably€where€the€domestic€legal€system€does€not€provide€forÏcompensation€in€a€different€manner.€€The€Committee€is€aware€that€the€absence€ofÏspecific€enabling€legislation€is€a€key€factor€that€often€stands€in€the€way€ofÏmonetary€compensation€to€victims€of€violations€of€the€Covenant,€and€commendsÏthose€States€which€have€compensated€victims€of€violation€of€the€Covenant;€itÏencourages€States€parties€to€consider€the€adoption€of€such€specific€enablingÏlegislation.ÌÌ464.à2 .2àThe€Committee€has€carefully€examined€and€analysed€the€information€gatheredÏthrough€the€follow-up€procedure.€€Between€the€thirty„ninth€and€fiftiethÏsessions,€it€considered€follow-up€information€on€a€confidential€basis.€€PeriodicÏreports€on€follow-up€activities€were€not€made€public,€and€debates€on€follow-upÏmatters€took€place€in€closed€meetings.ÌÌ465.à2 .2àAt€the€same€time,€however,€the€Committee€recognized€that€publicity€forÏfollow-up€activities€would€be€an€appropriate€means€for€making€the€procedure€moreÏeffective.€€Thus,€publicity€for€follow-up€activities€would€not€only€be€in€theÏinterest€of€victims€of€violations€of€provisions€of€the€Covenant,€but€could€alsoÏserve€to€enhance€the€authority€of€the€Committee's€views€and€provide€an€incentiveÏfor€States€parties€to€implement€them.ÌÌ466.à2 .2àThus,€during€its€forty„seventh€session,€in€March-April€1993,€the€CommitteeÏagreed€in€principle€that€information€on€follow-up€activities€should€be€madeÏpublic.òò37óó/€€Discussions€on€this€issue€continued€during€the€forty„eighth€andÏforty„ninth€sessions.€€During€its€fiftieth€session,€in€March€1994,€the€CommitteeÏformally€adopted€a€number€of€decisions€concerning€the€effectiveness€andÏpublicity€of€the€follow-up€procedure.€€Those€decisions€were€as€follows:ÌÌà2 .2à(a)à .àEvery€form€of€publicity€will€be€given€to€follow-up€activities;ÌÌà2 .2à(b)à .àFuture€annual€reports€will€include€a€separate€and€highly€visibleÏsection€on€follow-up€activities€under€the€Optional€Protocol.€€This€shouldÏclearly€convey€to€the€public€which€States€parties€have€cooperated€and€whichÏStates€parties€(hitherto)€have€failed€to€cooperate€with€the€Special€RapporteurÏfor€the€follow-up€on€views.€€A€list€of€States€parties€which€have€and€which€haveÏnot€provided€follow-up€information€or€cooperated€with€the€Special€Rapporteur€isÏreproduced€in€annex€VII€to€the€present€report.€€Reminders€will€be€sent€to€allÏthose€States€which€have€failed€to€provide€follow-up€information;ÌÌà2 .2à(c)à .àPress€communiqus€will€be€issued€once€a€year€after€the€Committee'sÏsummer€session,€highlighting€both€positive€and€negative€developments€concerningÏthe€Committee's€and€the€Special€Rapporteur's€follow-up€activities;ÌÌà2 .2à(d)à .àThe€Committee€will€welcome€any€information€which€non-governmentalÏorganizations€might€wish€to€submit€as€to€what€measures€States€parties€haveÏtaken,€or€failed€to€take,€in€respect€of€the€implementation€of€the€Committee'sÏviews;ÌÌà2 .2à(e)à .àThe€Special€Rapporteur€and€members€of€the€Committee€should,€asÏappropriate,€establish€contacts€with€particular€Governments€and€PermanentÏMissions€to€the€United€Nations€to€further€inquire€about€the€implementation€ofÏthe€Committee's€views;ÌÌà2 .2à(f)à .àThe€Committee€should€draw€the€attention€of€States€parties,€at€theirÏbiannual€meetings,€to€the€failure€of€certain€States€to€implement€the€Committee'sÏviews€and€to€cooperate€with€the€Special€Rapporteur€in€providing€information€onÏthe€implementation€of€views.ÌÌ467.à2 .2àThe€Committee€notes€with€concern€that€a€number€of€countries€have€either€notÏprovided€any€follow-up€information€or€have€not€replied€to€requests€from€theÏSpecial€Rapporteur€for€follow-up€on€views.€€Those€States€which€have€not€repliedÏto€at€least€four€requests€are,€in€alphabetical€order,€Jamaica,€Madagascar,ÏSuriname€and€Zaire.ÌÌ468.à2 .2àThe€Committee€decided€to€anchor€firmly€the€publicity€of€the€follow-upÏprocedure€in€its€rules€of€procedure,€by€adopting€a€new€rule€(rule€99)€to€thisÏeffect€(see€annex€VI).€€It€also€decided€to€keep€the€functioning€of€the€follow-upÏprocedure€under€constant€review.€ÌÌÌÓ882 Óà@ì .òàòòNotesóóˆÌÌà2 .2àòò1óó/à .à€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„eighth€Session,ÏSupplement€No.1óó€(A/48/1).ÌÌà2 .2àòò2óó/à .àIbid.,€òòThirty„ninth€Session,€Supplement€No.€40óó€(A/39/40),Ïparas.58-65.ÌÌà2 .2àòò3óó/à .àIbid.,€òòForty„fourth€Session,€Supplement€No.€40óó€(A/44/40),€annexVII.ÌÌà2 .2àòò4óó/à .àIbid.,€òòForty„seventh€Session,€Supplement€No.40óó€(A/47/40),€para.€13.ÌÌà2 .2àòò5óó/à .àIbid.,€òòForty„fourth€Session,€Supplement€No.€40óó€(A/44/40),€paras.€18Ïand€45.ÌÌà2 .2àòò6óó/à .àCCPR/C/3/Rev.3.ÌÌà2 .2àòò7óó/à .àDecision€taken€at€the€Committee's€1269th€meeting€(forty„ninthÏsession),€on€21October1994.ÌÌà2 .2àòò8óó/à .àSee€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„sixth€Session,ÏSupplement€No.40óó€(A/46/40),€para.€40€and€annex€VI.ÌÌà2 .2àòò9óó/à .àIbid.,€òòForty„seventh€Session,€óóòòSupplement€No.40óó€(A/47/40),€para.37Ïand€annexVII.̇à2 .2àòò10óó/à .àIbid.,€para.€41€and€annex€VII.ÌÌà2 .2àòò11óó/à .àIbid.,€òòForty„eighth€Session,€óóòòSupplement€No.40óó€(A/48/40),€para.36€andÏannexVII.ÌÌà2 .2àòò12óó/à .àIbid.,€òòForty„eighth€Session,€Supplement€No.€40óó€(A/48/40),€para.19€andÏannexIX.ÌÌà2 .2àòò13óó/à .àIbid.,€para.€332.ÌÌà2 .2àòò14óó/à .àIbid.,€para.€41.ÌÌà2 .2àòò15óó/à .àSee€òòinteraliaóó,€document€CCPR/SP/37.ÌÌà2 .2àòò16óó/à .àòòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Thirty„second€Session,ÏóóòòSupplement€No.44óó€(A/32/44)€and€corrigendum,€annex€IV.ÌÌà2 .2àòò17óó/à .àIbid.,€òòThirty„sixth€Session,€óóòòSupplement€No.40óó€(A/36/40),€annexV.ÌÌà2 .2àòò18óó/à .àIbid.,€annex€VI.ÌÌà2 .2àòò19óó/à .àIbid.,€òòForty„fifth€Session,€Supplement€No.€40óó€(A/45/40),€vol.I,Ïpara.12.ÌÌà2 .2àòò20óó/à .àIbid.,€òòForty„sixth€Session,€Supplement€No.€40óó€(A/46/40),€paras.21€andÏ32€and€annex€VII.ÌÌà2 .2àòò21óó/à .àAt€its€1281st€meeting€(forty„ninth€session),€held€on€29€October1993.ÌÌà2 .2àòò22óó/à .àAt€its€1282nd€meeting€(forty„ninth€session),€held€on€29€October€1993.ÌÔ  ÔÌà2 .2àòò23óó/à .àAt€its€1290th€meeting€(forty„ninth€session),€held€on€4€November€1993.ÌÌà2 .2àòò24óó/à .àAt€its€1289th€meeting€(forty„ninth€session),€held€on€4€November€1993.ÌÌà2 .2àòò25óó/à .àAt€its€1315th€meeting€(fiftieth€session),€held€on€6€April€1994.ÌÌà2 .2àòò26óó/à .àAt€its€1316th€meeting€(fiftieth€session),€held€on€7€April€1994.ÌÌà2 .2àòò27óó/à .àAt€its€1318th€meeting€(fiftieth€session),€held€on€8€April€1994.ÌÌà2 .2àòò28óó/à .àAt€the€1354th€meeting€(fifty„first€session),€held€on€27€July€1994.ÌÌà2 .2àòò29óó/à .àAt€the€1353rd€meeting€(fifty„first€session),€held€on€27€July€1994.ÌÌà2 .2àòò30óó/à .àAt€the€1355th€meeting€(fifty„first€session),€held€on€28€July€1994.ÌÌà2 .2àòò31óó/à .àThe€rules€on€confidentiality€of€the€procedure€were€adopted€during€theÏCommittee's€fiftieth€session€and€are€reproduced€in€annexVI€to€the€presentÏreport.ÌÌà2 .2àòò32óó/à .àContrary€to€earlier€practice,€the€inadmissibility€decisions€adopted€asÏof€the€fifty„first€session€of€the€Committee€reveal€the€identity€of€theÏauthor(s).ÌÌà2 .2àòò33óó/à .àòòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„eighth€Session,ÏSupplement€No.€40óó€(A/48/40),€annex€XII,€sect.€V.ÌÌà2 .2àòò34óó/à .àSee€the€Committee's€contribution€to€the€World€Conference€on€HumanÏRights,€A/CONF.157/TBB/3€(9€June€1993),€paras.€5€and€6.ÌÌà2 .2àòò35óó/à .àSee€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„fifth€Session,ÏSupplement€No.40óó€(A/45/40),€vol.€II,€annex€XI.ÌÌà2 .2àòò36óó/à .àSee,€for€example,€the€follow„up€reply€of€the€Government€of€theÏNetherlands€to€the€Committee's€views€on€case€No.€305/1988€(vanAlphenÏv.TheNetherlands),€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„sixthÏSession,€Supplement€No.40óó€(A/46/40),€paras.€707„708.ÌÌà2 .2àòò37óó/à .àSee€CCPR/C/SR.1227/Add.1.ÌÌÇà@ì .ŽàANNEX€IˆÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòStates€parties€to€the€International€Covenant€on€CivilÌóó€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòand€Political€Rights€and€to€the€Optional€ProtocolsÌóó€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòand€States€which€have€made€the€declaration€underÌà@ì ." àarticle€41€of€the€Covenant€as€at€29€July1994óóˆÌÌÓ 8Œ8ÓÌàŒ .Œà€€òòDate€of€receipt€of€theóóà8 .8àòòóóà8 .8àà8 .8àà8 .8àÌàŒ .Œàòòinstrument€of€ratificationóóà8 .8àòòóóÌàŒ .Œà€€€€€€òòor€accession€(aóó)òòóóà8 .8àòòDate€of€entryóóÌòòState€partyóóàŒ .Œà€€€€€òòor€succession€(dóó)òòóóà8 .8à€€òòinto€forceóóÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€A.€€òòStates€parties€to€the€International€CovenantóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòon€Civil€and€Political€Rights€(127óó)ÌÌÓ 88ÔÓAfghanistanà .à24€January€1983€(a)àÔ .Ôà24€April€1983ÌAlbaniaà .à€4€October€1991€(a)àÔ .Ôà€4€January€1992ÌAlgeriaà .à12€September€1989àÔ .Ôà12€December€1989ÌAngolaà0 .à10€January€1992€(a)àÔ .Ôà10€April€1992ÌArgentinaà .à€8€August€1986àÔ .Ôà€8€November€1986ÌÌArmeniaà .à23€June€1993àÔ .Ôà23€September€1993ÌAustraliaà .à13€August€1980àÔ .Ôà13€November€1980ÌAustriaà .à10€September€1978àÔ .Ôà10€December€1978ÌAzerbaijanà .à13€August€1992€(a)àÔ .Ôà13€November€1992ÌBarbadosà .à€5€January€1973€(a)àÔ .Ôà23€March€1976ÌÌBelarusà .à12€November€1973àÔ .Ôà23€March€1976ÌBelgiumà .à21€April€1983àÔ .Ôà21€July€1983ÌBeninà .à12€March€1992€(a)àÔ .Ôà12€June€1992ÌBoliviaà .à12€August€1982€(a)àÔ .Ôà12€November€1982ÌBosnia€and€Herzegovinaà .à€1€September€1993€(d)àÔ .Ôà€6€March€1992ÌÌBrazilà0 .à24€January€1992€(a)à0Ô .Ôà24€April€1992ÌBulgariaà 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.Œà€€òòDate€of€receipt€of€theóóà8 .8àòòóóà8 .8àà8 .8àà8 .8àÌàŒ .Œàòòinstrument€of€ratificationóóà8 .8àòòóóÌàŒ .Œà€€€€€€òòor€accession€(aóó)òòóóà8 .8àòòDate€of€entryóóÌòòState€partyóóàŒ .Œà€€€€€òòor€succession€(dóó)òòóóà8 .8à€€òòinto€forceóóÓ 88ÔÓÌÌSaint€Vincent€andÌ€€the€Grenadinesà .à€9€November€1981€(a)àÔ .Ôà€9€February€1982ÌSan€Marinoà .à18€October€1985€(a)àÔ .Ôà18€January€1986ÌSenegalà .à13€February€1978àÔ .Ôà13€May€1978ÌSeychellesà .à€5€May€1992€(a)àÔ .Ôà€5€August€1992ÌSlovakiaà .à28€May€1993àÔ .Ôà€1€January€1993ÌÌSloveniaà .à16€July€1993€(a)àÔ .Ôà16€October€1993ÌSomaliaà .à24€January€1990€(a)àÔ .Ôà24€April€1990ÌSpainà .à25€January€1985€(a)àÔ .Ôà25€April€1985ÌSurinameà .à28€December€1976€(a)àÔ .Ôà28€March€1977ÌSwedenà .à€6€December€1971àÔ .Ôà23€March€1976ÌÌTogoà .à30€March€1988€(a)àÔ .Ôà30€June€1988ÌTrinidad€and€Tobagoà .à14€November€1980€(a)àÔ .Ôà14€February€1981ÌUkraineà .à25€July€1991€(a)àÔ .Ôà25€October€1991ÌUruguayà .à€1€April€1970àÔ .Ôà23€March€1976ÌVenezuelaà .à10€May€1978àÔ .Ôà10€August€1978ÌÌZaireà .à€1€November€1976€(a)àÔ .Ôà€1€February€1977ÌZambiaà .à10€April€1984€(a)àÔ .Ôà10€July€1984ÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€C.€€òòStates€which€have€made€the€declaration€underóóÌòòóó€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòarticle€41€of€the€Covenant€(44óó)òòóóÌÌòòState€partyóóà .à€€€òòValid€fromóóà0Ô .ÔàòòValid€untilóóÌÌAlgeriaà .à12€September€1989àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelyÌArgentinaà .à€8€August€1986àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelyÌAustraliaà .à28€January€1993àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelyÌAustriaà .à10€September€1978àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelyÌBelarusà .à30€September€1992àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelyÌÌBelgiumà .à€5€March€1987àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelyÌBosnia€and€Herzegovinaà .à€6€March€1992àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelyÌBulgariaà .à12€May€1993àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelyÌCanadaà .à29€October€1979àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelyÌChileà .à11€March€1990àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelyÌÌCongoà .à€7€July€1989àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelyÌCzech€Republicà .à€1€January€1993àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelyÌDenmarkà .à23€March€1976àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelyÌEcuadorà .à24€August€1984àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelyÌFinlandà .à19€August€1975àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelyÌÌGambiaà .à€9€June€1988àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelyÌGermany€à .à28€March€1979àÔ .Ôà27€March€1996ÌGuyanaà .à10€May€1993àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelyÌHungaryà .à€7€September€1988àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelyÌIcelandà .à22€August€1979àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelẏÌòòState€partyóóà .à€€€òòValid€fromóóà0Ô .ÔàòòValid€untilóóÌÌIrelandà .à€8€December€1989àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelyÌItalyà .à15€September€1978àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelyÌLuxembourgà .à18€August€1983àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelyÌMaltaà .à13€September€1990àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelyÌNetherlandsà .à11€December€1978àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelyÌÌNew€Zealandà .à28€December€1978àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelyÌNorwayà .à23€March€1976àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelyÌPeruà .à€9€April€1984àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelyÌPhilippinesà .à23€October€1986àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelyÌPolandà .à25€September€1990€€àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelyÌÌRepublic€of€Koreaà .à10€April€1990àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelyÌRussian€Federationà0 .à€1€October€1991àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelyÌSenegalà .à€5€January€1981àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelyÌSlovakiaà .à€1€January€1993àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelyÌSloveniaà .à€6€July€1992àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelyÌÌSpainà .à25€January€1985àÔ .Ôà25€January€1993ÌSri€Lankaà .à11€June€1980àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelyÌSwedenà .à23€March€1976àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelyÌSwitzerlandà .à18€September€1992àÔ .Ôà18€September€1997ÌTunisiaà .à24€June€1993àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelyÌÌUkraineà .à28€July€1992àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelyÌUnited€Kingdom€of€GreatÌ€€Britain€and€NorthernÌ€€Irelandà .à20€May€1976àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelyÌUnited€States€of€Americaà .à€8€September€1992àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelyÌZimbabweà .à20€August€1991àÔ .ÔàIndefinitelyÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€D.€€òòStatus€of€the€Second€Optional€Protocol€aimingÌóóòòóó€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòatóóòò€the€abolition€of€the€death€penalty€óóòò(23óó)€òò1óó/Ì€ÌÓ 8Œ8ÓàŒ .Œà€€òòDate€of€receipt€of€theóóà8 .8àòòóóÌàŒ .Œàòòinstrument€of€ratificationóó€€€€€€à8 .8àòòDate€of€entryóóÌòòState€partyóóàŒ .Œà€€€€€òòor€accession€(aóó)òòóóà8 .8à€€òòinto€forceóóÌÌÓ 88ÔÓAustraliaà0 .à€2€October€1990€(a)€àÔ .Ôà11€July€1991ÌAustriaà .à€2€March€1993àÔ .Ôà€2€June€1993ÌDenmarkà .à24€February€1994àÔ .Ôà24€May€1994ÌEcuadorà .à23€February€1993€(a)àÔ .Ôà23€May€1993ÌFinlandà .à€4€April€1991àÔ .Ôà11€July€1991ÌÌÔ  ÔGermany€à .à18€August€1992àÔ .Ôà18€November€1992ÌHungaryà .à24€February€1994€(a)àÔ .Ôà24€May€1994ÌIcelandà .à€2€April€1991àÔ .Ôà11€July€1991ÌIrelandà .à18€June€1993€(a)àÔ .Ôà18€September€1993ÌLuxembourgà .à12€February€1992àÔ .Ôà12€May€1992ÌÌòòóóÇòòÓ 8Œ8ÓóóàŒ .Œà€€òòDate€of€receipt€of€theóóà8 .8àòòóóÌàŒ .Œàòòinstrument€of€ratificationóó€€€€€€à8 .8àòòDate€of€entryóóÌòòState€partyóóàŒ .Œà€€€€€òòor€accession€(aóó)òòóóà8 .8à€€òòinto€forceóóÌÌÓ 88ÔÓMozambiqueà .à21€July€1993€(a)àÔ .Ôà21€October€1993ÌNetherlandsà .à26€March€1991àÔ .Ôà11€July€1991ÌNew€Zealandà0 .à22€February€1990àÔ .Ôà11€July€1991ÌNorwayà .à€5€September€1991àÔ .Ôà€5€December€1991ÌPanamaà .à21€January€1993€(a)àÔ .Ôà21€April€1993ÌÌPortugalà .à17€October€1990àÔ .Ôà11€July€1991ÌRomaniaà .à27€February€1991àÔ .Ôà11€July€1991ÌSloveniaà .à10€March€1994àÔ .Ôà10€June€1994ÌSpainà .à11€April€1991àÔ .Ôà11€July€1991ÌSwedenà .à11€May€1990àÔ .Ôà11€July€1991ÌÌSwitzerlandà .à16€June€1994€(a)àÔ .Ôà16€September€1994ÌUruguayà .à21€January€1993àÔ .Ôà21€April€1993ÌVenezuelaà .à22€February€1993àÔ .Ôà22€May€1993ÌÌÌà@ì .òàòòNotesóóˆÌÌ€€€€€€òò1óó/€€€The€Second€Optional€Protocol€was€adopted€and€opened€for€signature,Ïratification€or€accession€in€New€York€on€15December1989€and€entered€into€forceÏthree€months€after€the€date€of€deposit€with€the€Secretary„General€of€the€tenthÏinstrument€of€ratification€or€accession,€that€is,€on€11€July€1991.Çà@ì .\àANNEX€IIˆÌÌà@ì .’ àòòMembership€and€officers€of€the€Human€Rights€CommitteeóóˆÌà@ì .*àòò1993„1994óóˆÌÌÌà@ì .0àA.€€òòMembershipóóˆÌÌÓ 88ØÓMr.€Francisco€Jos€AGUILAR€URBINA**àØ .ØàCosta€RicaÌMr.€Nisuke€ANDO*àØ .ØàJapanÌMr.€Tams€BððN**àØ .ØàHungaryÌMr.€Marco€Tulio€BRUNI€CELLI**àØ .ØàVenezuelaÌMrs.€Christine€CHANET*àØ .ØàFranceÌMr.€Vojin€DIMITRIJEVIC*àØ .ØàYugoslaviaÌMr.€Omran€EL€SHAFEI*àØ .ØàEgyptÌMs.€Elizabeth€EVATT**àØ .ØàAustraliaÌMr.€Laurel€FRANCIS**àØ .ØàJamaicaÌMr.€Kurt€HERNDL*àØ .ØàAustriaÌMrs.€Rosalyn€HIGGINS**àØ .ØàUnited€Kingdom€of€Great€Britain€andÌàØ .ØààØ .Øà€€Northern€IrelandÌMr.€Rajsoomer€LALLAH**àØ .ØàMauritiusÌMr.€Andreas€V.€MAVROMMATIS**àØ .ØàCyprusÌMr.€Birame€NDIAYE*àØ .ØàSenegalÌMr.€Fausto€POCAR**àØ .ØàItalyÌMr.€Julio€PRADO€VALLEJO*àØ .ØàEcuadorÌMr.€Waleed€SADI*àØ .ØàJordanÌMr.€Bertil€WENNERGREN*àØ .ØàSwedenÌÌ________________________ÌÌÓ882 Óà2 .2à*à .àTerm€expires€on€31€December€1994.ÌÌà2 .2à**à .àTerm€expires€on€31€December€1996.ÌÌÌà@ì .”àB.€€òòOfficersóóˆÌÌà2 .2àThe€officers€of€the€Committee,€elected€for€two„year€terms€at€theÏ1206thmeeting,€held€on€22€March€1993,€are€as€follows:ÌÌà2 .2àòòChairmanóó:€€Mr.€Nisuke€AndoÌÌà2 .2àòòVice„Chairmenóó:€€Mr.€Vojin€DimitrijevicÌà2 .2à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Mr.€Omran€El€ShafeiÌà2 .2à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Mr.€Bertil€WennergrenÌÌà2 .2àòòRapporteuróó:€€Mr.€Francisco€Jos€Aguilar€UrbinaÌÌÇÔ€©©©ÔÔ-€P3 ªH`$-Ôà@ì .¨àANNEX€IIIˆÌÌà@ì .@àòòSubmission€of€reports€and€additional€information€by€States€parties€under€article€40óóˆÌà@ì . àòòof€the€Covenant€during€the€period€under€reviewóó€òò1óó/ˆÌÌÌÔ*ƒQR dÔÔ,dd ÔÔ,àdd ÔÔ,¸dd ÔÔ,pdd ÔÔ,Ðdd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ )€OO€€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„)Ѐ€€State€partyÐ €OO „„ÐType€of€reportÐ €OO „„ÐDate€dueÐ €OO „„ÐDate€ofÏsubmissionÐ €OO „„ÐDate€of€written€reminder(s)Ïsent,€during€the€periodÏunder€review,€to€StatesÏwhose€reports€have€not€yetÏbeen€submittedÐ "€,€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÓÌÌX*²¨ ÓAfghanistanÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àThirdÐ  „„Ð23€April€1994Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€€€€€€€€€€„Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐAlbaniaÐ  „„Ðòòóóภ.¸ àInitialÐ  „„Ѐ3€January€1993Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(2)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(3)€15€June€1994Ð "€,€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐAngolaÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àInitial€òò2óó/Ð  „„Ѐ9€April€1993Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€€€€€€€€€€„Ð "€,€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐArgentinaÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àSecondÐ  „„Ѐ7€November€1992Ð  „„Ð7€January€1994Ð  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€€€€€€€€€€„Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐAustraliaÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àThirdÐ  „„Ð12€November€1991Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(4)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(5)€15€June€1994Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐAustriaÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àThirdÐ  „„Ѐ9€April€1993Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(1)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(2)€15€June€1994Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐBarbadosÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àThirdÐ  „„Ð11€April€1991Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(6)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(7)€15€June€1994Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐBelarusÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àFourthÐ  „„Ѐ4€November€1993Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(1)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(2)€15€June€1994Ð "€,€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐBelgiumÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àThirdÐ  „„Ð20€July€1994Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€€€€€€€€€€„Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐBeninÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àInitialÐ  „„Ð11€June€1993Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(1)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(2)€15€June€1994Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐBoliviaÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àSecond€òò3óó/Ð  „„Ð13€July€1990Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(7)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(8)€15€June€1994Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐBrazilÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àInitialÐ  „„Ð23€April€1993Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(1)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(2)€15€June€1994Ð "€,€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐBulgariaÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àThird€òò4óó/Ð  „„Ð28€April€1989Ð  „„Ѐ€€€€€€€„Ð  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€€€€€€€€€€„Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐCambodiaÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àInitialÐ  „„Ð25€August€1993Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(1)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(2)€15€June€1994Ð "€H€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐCentral€AfricanÏRepublicÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àSecond€òò5óó/ÌÌภ.¸ àThirdÐ  „„Ѐ9€April€1989ÌÌ€7€August€1992Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÌÌNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(9)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà(10)€15€June€1994ÌàÀ .Àà€(3)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(4)€15€June€1994Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐCongoÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àSecondÐ  „„Ѐ4€January€1990Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(8)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(9)€15€June€1994Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐCð=ðte€d'IvoireÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àInitialÐ  „„Ð25€June€1993Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(1)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(2)€15€June€1994Ð "€,€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐChileÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àFourthÐ  „„Ð28€April€1994Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€€€€€€€€€€„Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐCroatiaÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àInitialÐ  „„Ѐ7€October€1992Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(1)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(2)€15€June€1994Ð "€,€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐCyprusÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àThirdÐ  „„Ð18€August€1989Ð  „„Ѐ€€€€€€€„Ð  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€€€€€€€€€€„Ð "€H€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐDemocratic€People'sÏRepublic€of€KoreaÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àSecondÌÌภ.¸ àThirdÐ  „„Ð13€December€1987ÌÌ13€December€1992Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÌÌNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà(12)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà(13)€15€June€1994ÌàÀ .Àà€(2)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(3)€15€June€1994Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐDenmarkÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àThirdÐ  „„Ѐ1€November€1990Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(7)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(8)€15€June€1994Ð "€,€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐDominican€RepublicÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àFourthÐ  „„Ѐ3€April€1994Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(1)€15€June€1994Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐEcuadorÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àFourthÐ  „„Ѐ4€November€1993Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(1)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(2)€15€June€1994Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐEl€SalvadorÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àSecond€òò6óó/Ìภ.¸ àThird€òò7óó/Ð  „„Ð31€December€1988Ì28€February€1991Ð  „„Ð26€August€1993Ì€€€€€€€€„Ð  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€€€€€€€€€€„ÌàÀ .Àà€€€€€€€€€€„Ð "€”€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐEquatorial€GuineaÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àInitialÌÌภ.¸ àSecondÐ  „„Ð24€December€1988ÌÌ24€December€1993Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÌÌNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà(10)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà(11)€15€June€1994ÌàÀ .Àà€(1)€15€June€1994Ð "€,€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐEgyptÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àThird€òò8óó/Ð  „„Ð13€April€1993Ð  „„Ѐ€€€€€€€„Ð  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€€€€€€€€€€„Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐEstoniaÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àInitialÐ  „„Ð20€January€1993Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(2)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(3)€15€June€1994Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐFranceÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àThirdÐ  „„Ѐ3€February€1992Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(4)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(5)€15€June€1994Ð "€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐGabonÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àInitialÌÌภ.¸ àSecondÌÌภ.¸ àThirdÐ  „„Ð20€April€1984ÌÌ20€April€1989ÌÌ20€April€1994Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÌÌNot€yet€receivedÌÌNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà(19)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà(20)€15€June€1994ÌàÀ .Àà€(9)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà(10)€15€June€1994ÌàÀ .Àà€(1)€15€June€1994Ð "€H€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐGambiaÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àSecondÌÌภ.¸ àThirdÐ  „„Ð21€June€1985ÌÌ21€June€1990Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÌÌNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà(18)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà(19)€15€June€1994ÌàÀ .Àà€(7)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(8)€15€June€1994Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐGermanyÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àFourthÐ  „„Ѐ3€August€1993Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(1)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(2)€15€June€1994Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐGrenadaÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àInitialÐ  „„Ѐ5€December€1992Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(2)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(3)€15€June€1994Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐGuatemalaÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àInitialÐ  „„Ѐ4€August€1993Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(1)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(2)€15€June€1994Ð "€H€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐGuyanaÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àSecondÌÌภ.¸ àThirdÐ  „„Ð10€April€1987ÌÌ10€April€1992Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÌÌNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà(14)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà(15)€15€June€1994ÌàÀ .Àà€(4)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(5)€15€June€1994Ð "€,€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐHaitiÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àInitialÐ  „„Ѐ5€May€1992Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(3)€15€June€1994Ð "€,€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐIcelandÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àThird€òò9óó/Ð  „„Ð30€October€1992Ð  „„Ѐ€€€€€€€„Ð  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€€€€€€€€€€„Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐIndiaÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àThird€òò10óó/Ð  „„Ð31€March€1992Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(4)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(5)€15€June€1994Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐIran€(IslamicÏRepublic€of)Ð  „„Ðภ.¸ àThird€òò11óó/Ð  „„Ð21€March€1988Ð  „„Ѐ€€€€€€€„Ð  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€€€€€€€€€€„Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐIsraelÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àInitialÐ  „„Ѐ2€January€1993Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(2)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(3)€15€June€1994Ð "€H€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐJamaicaÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àSecondÌÌภ.¸ àThirdÐ  „„Ѐ1€August€1986ÌÌ€1€August€1991Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÌÌNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà(14)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà(15)€15€June€1994ÌàÀ .Àà€(5)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(6)€15€June€1994Ð "€H€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐKenyaÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àSecondÌÌภ.¸ àThirdÐ  „„Ð11€April€1986ÌÌ11€April€1991Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÌÌNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà(16)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà(17)€15€June€1994ÌàÀ .Àà€(6)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(7)€15€June€1994Ð "€ü€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐLebanonÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àSecondÌÌภ.¸ àThirdÌÌภ.¸ àFourthÐ  „„Ð21€March€1986ÌÌ21€March€1988ÌÌ21€March€1993Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÌÌNot€yet€receivedÌÌNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà(17)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà(18)€15€June€1994ÌàÀ .Àà(12)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà(13)€15€June€1994ÌàÀ .Àà€(1)€15€June€1994Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐLithuaniaÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àInitialÐ  „„Ð19€February€1993Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(2)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(3)€15€June€1994Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐLibyan€ArabÏJamahiriyaÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àThirdÌภ.¸ àFourthÐ  „„Ѐ4€February€1988Ì€4€February€1993Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÌNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€€€€€€€€€€„ÌàÀ .Àà€€€€€€€€€€„Ð "€H€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐMadagascarÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àThird€òò12óó/ÌÌภ.¸ àFourthÐ  „„Ð31€July€1992ÌÌ€3€August€1993Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÌÌNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(3)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(4)€15€June€1994ÌàÀ .Àà€(1)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(2)€15€June€1994Ð "€H€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐMaliÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àSecondÌÌภ.¸ àThirdÐ  „„Ð11€April€1986ÌÌ11€April€1991Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÌÌNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà(16)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà(17)€15€June€1994ÌàÀ .Àà€(6)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(7)€15€June€1994Ð "€H€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐMauritiusÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àThird€òò13óó/ÌÌภ.¸ àFourthÐ  „„Ð18€July€1990ÌÌ€4€November€1993Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÌÌNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(7)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(8)€15€June€1994ÌàÀ .Àà€(1)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(2)€15€June€1994Ð "€,€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐNepalÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àInitialÐ  „„Ð13€August€1992Ð  „„Ð30€March€1994Ð  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€€€€€€€€€€„Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐNetherlands€AntillesÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àSecondÐ  „„Ð31€October€1986Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(8)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(9€15€June€1994Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐNetherlandsÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àThirdÐ  „„Ð31€October€1991Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(5)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(6)€15€June€1994Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐNew€Zealand€„€CookÏIslandsÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àSecondÐ  „„Ð27€March€1985Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(8)€10€December€1993Ð "€,€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐNew€ZealandÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àThirdÐ  „„Ð27€March€1990Ð  „„Ð1€April€1994Ð  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€€€€€€€€€€„Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐNicaraguaÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àThirdÐ  „„Ð11€June€1991Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(5)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(6)€15€June€1994Ð "€,€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐNigerÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àSecond€òò14óó/Ð  „„Ð31€March€1994Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(1)€15€June€1994Ð "€H€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐPanamaÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àThird€òò15óó/ÌÌภ.¸ àFourthÐ  „„Ð31€March€1992ÌÌ€6€June€1993Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÌÌNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(4)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(5)€15€June€1994ÌàÀ .Àà€(1)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(2)€15€June€1994Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐPeruÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àThirdÐ  „„Ѐ9€April€1993Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(1)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(2)€15€June€1994Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐPhilippinesÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àSecondÐ  „„Ð22€January€1993Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(2)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(3)€15€June€1994Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐPortugalÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àThirdÐ  „„Ѐ1€August€1991Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(5)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(6)€15€June€1994Ð "€,€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐRepublic€of€MoldovaÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àInitialÐ  „„Ð25€April€1994Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€€€€€€€€€€„Ð "€,€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐRussian€FederationÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àFourthÐ  „„Ѐ4€November€1993Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€€€€€€€€€€„Ð "€,€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐRwandaÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àThirdÐ  „„Ð10€April€1992Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(4)€10€December€1993Ð "€H€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐSaint€Vincent€andÏthe€GrenadinesÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àSecond€òò16óó/ÌÌภ.¸ àThirdÐ  „„Ð31€October€1991ÌÌ€8€February€1993Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÌÌNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(5)€19€November€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(6)€15€June€1994ÌàÀ .Àà€(2)€19€November€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(3)€15€June€1994Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐSan€MarinoÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àSecondÐ  „„Ð17€January€1992Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(4)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(5)€15€June€1994Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐSeychellesÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àInitialÐ  „„Ѐ4€August€1993Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(1)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(2)€15€June€1994Ð "€,€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐSloveniaÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àInitialÐ  „„Ð24€June€1992Ð  „„Ѐ1€October€1993Ð  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€€€€€€€€€€„Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐSomaliaÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àInitialÐ  „„Ð23€April€1991Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(5)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(6)€15€June€1994Ð "€,€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐSpainÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àFourthÐ  „„Ð28€April€1994Ð  „„Ѐ2€June€1994Ð  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€€€€€€€€€€„Ð "€,€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐSri€LankaÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àThirdÐ  „„Ð10€September€1991Ð  „„Ð18€July€1994Ð  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€€€€€€€€€€„Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐSudanÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àSecondÐ  „„Ð17€June€1992Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(3)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(4)€15€June€1994Ð "€H€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐSurinameÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àSecondÌÌภ.¸ àThirdÐ  „„Ѐ2€August€1985ÌÌ€2€August€1990Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÌÌNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà(17)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà(18)€15€June€1994ÌàÀ .Àà€(7)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(8)€15€June€1994Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐSwitzerlandÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àInitialÐ  „„Ð17€September€1993Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(1)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(2)€15€June€1994Ð "€H€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐSyrian€Arab€RepublicÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àSecondÌÌภ.¸ àThirdÐ  „„Ð18€August€1984ÌÌ18€August€1989Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÌÌNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà(20)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà(21)€15€June€1994ÌàÀ .Àà€(9)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà(10)€15€June€1994Ð "€,€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐTogoÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àSecondÐ  „„Ѐ9€July€1990Ð  „„Ð29€December€1993Ð  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€€€€€€€€€€„Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐTrinidad€and€TobagoÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àThirdÐ  „„Ð20€March€1990Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(8)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(9)€15€June€1994Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐUnited€Republic€ofÏTanzaniaÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àThird€òò17óó/Ð  „„Ð31€December€1993Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(1)€15€June€1994Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐUnited€States€ofÏAmericaÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àInitialÐ  „„Ѐ7€September€1993Ð  „„Ð29€July€1994Ð  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€€€€€€€€€€„Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐUruguayÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àFourthÐ  „„Ð21€March€1993Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(1)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(2)€15€June€1994Ð "€,€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐVenezuelaÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àThird€òò18óó/Ð  „„Ð31€December€1993Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(1)€15€June€1994Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐViet€NamÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àSecond€òò19óó/Ð  „„Ð31€July€1991Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(5)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(6)€15€June€1994Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐYugoslaviaÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àFourthÐ  „„Ѐ3€August€1993Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(1)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(2)€15€June€1994Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐZaireÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àThird€òò20óó/Ð  „„Ð31€July€1991Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(5)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(6)€15€June€1994Ð "€à€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐZambiaÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àSecondÐ  „„Ѐ9€July€1990Ð  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(7)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(8)€15€June€1994Ð "€”€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐZimbabweÌÌÐ  „„Ðภ.¸ àInitialÌÌÐ  „„Ð12€August€1992ÌÌÐ  „„ÐNot€yet€receivedÌÌÐ  „„ÐàÀ .Àà€(3)€10€December€1993ÌàÀ .Àà€(4)€15€June€1994Ì¿ÌÓ882 Óà@ì .8àòòNotesóóˆÌÌà2 .2àòò1óó/à .àFrom€1€August€1993€to€29€July€1994€(end€of€the€fifty„first€session).ÌÌà2 .2àòò2óó/à .àPursuant€to€the€Committee's€decision€of€29October1993€(forty„ninth€session),€Angola€wasÏrequested€to€submit€a€report€relating€to€recent€and€current€events€affecting€the€implementation€of€the€CovenantÏin€the€country€for€consideration€at€the€fiftieth€session.ÌÌà2 .2àòò3óó/à .àAt€its€thirty„sixth€session€(914thmeeting),€the€Committee€decided€to€extend€the€deadline€for€theÏsubmission€of€the€second€periodic€report€of€Bolivia€from€11November1988€to€13July1990.ÌÌà2 .2àòò4óó/à .àAt€its€forty„eighth€session€(1258thmeeting),€the€Committee€decided€to€extend€the€deadline€forÏthe€submission€of€the€third€periodic€report€of€Bulgaria€from€28April1989€to€31December1994.ÌÌà2 .2àòò5óó/à .àAt€its€thirty„second€session€(794thmeeting),€the€Committee€decided€to€extend€the€deadline€forÏthe€submission€of€the€second€periodic€report€of€the€Central€African€Republic€from€7August1987€toÏ9April1989.ÌÌà2 .2àòò6óó/à .àAt€its€twenty„ninth€session,€the€Committee€decided€to€extend€the€deadline€for€the€submission€ofÏthe€second€periodic€report€of€ElSalvador€from€28February1986€to€31December1988.ÌÌà2 .2àòò7óó/à .àPursuant€to€the€Committee's€decision€taken€at€its€fiftieth€session€(1319thmeeting),€the€new€dateÏfor€the€submission€of€the€third€periodic€report€of€ElSalvador€is€31December1995.ÌÌà2 .2àòò8óó/à .àPursuant€to€the€Committee's€decision€taken€at€its€forty„eighth€session€(1258thmeeting),€the€newÏdate€for€the€submission€of€the€third€periodic€report€of€Egypt€is€31December1994.ÌÌà2 .2àòò9óó/à .àPursuant€to€the€Committee's€decision€taken€at€its€forty„ninth€session€(1281stmeeting),€the€newÏdate€for€the€submission€of€the€third€periodic€report€of€Iceland€is€31December1994.ÌÌà2 .2àòò10óó/à .àAt€its€forty„first€session€(1062ndmeeting),€the€Committee€decided€to€extend€the€deadline€for€theÏsubmission€of€the€third€periodic€report€of€India€from€9July1990€to€31March1992.ÌÌà2 .2àòò11óó/à .àAt€its€forty„eighth€session€(1258thmeeting),€the€Committee€decided€to€extend€the€deadline€forÏthe€submission€of€the€third€periodic€report€of€the€Islamic€Republic€of€Iran€from€21March1988€toÏ31December1994.ÌÌà2 .2àòò12óó/à .àAt€its€forty„third€session€(1112th€meeting),€the€Committee€decided€to€extend€the€deadline€for€theÏsubmission€of€the€third€periodic€report€of€Madagascar€from€3August1988€to€31July1992.ÌÌà2 .2àòò13óó/à .àAt€its€thirty„sixth€session€(914thmeeting),€the€Committee€decided€to€extend€the€deadline€for€theÏsubmission€of€Mauritius'€third€periodic€report€from€4November1988€to€18July1990.ÌÌà2 .2àòò14óó/à .àAt€its€forty„seventh€session€(1215thmeeting),€the€Committee€decided€to€extend€the€deadline€forÏthe€submission€of€the€second€periodic€report€of€Niger€from€6June1992€to€31March1994.ÌÌà2 .2àòò15óó/à .àAt€its€forty„first€session€(1062nd€meeting),€the€Committee€decided€to€extend€the€deadline€for€theÏsubmission€of€the€third€periodic€report€of€Panama€from€6June1988€to€31March1992.ÌÌà2 .2àòò16óó/à .àAt€its€thirty„eighth€session€(973rdmeeting),€the€Committee€decided€to€extend€the€deadline€forÏthe€submission€of€the€second€periodic€report€of€Saint€Vincent€and€the€Grenadines€from€8February1988€toÏ31October1991.ÌÌà2 .2àòò17óó/à .àAt€its€forty„sixth€session€(1205th€meeting),€the€Committee€decided€to€extend€the€deadline€for€theÏsubmission€of€the€third€periodic€report€of€the€United€Republic€of€Tanzania€from€11April1991€toÏ31December1993.ÌÌà2 .2àòò18óó/à .àAt€its€forty„sixth€session€(1205th€meeting),€the€Committee€decided€to€extend€the€deadline€for€theÏsubmission€of€the€third€periodic€report€of€Venezuela€from€1November1991€to€31December1993.ÌÌà2 .2àòò19óó/à .àAt€its€thirty„ninth€session€(1003rd€meeting),€the€Committee€decided€to€extend€the€deadline€forÏthe€submission€of€the€second€periodic€report€of€VietNam€from€23December1988€to€31July1991.ÌÌà2 .2àòò20óó/à .àAt€its€thirty„ninth€session€(1003rdmeeting),€the€Committee€decided€to€extend€the€deadline€forÏthe€submission€of€the€third€periodic€report€of€Zaire€from€30January1988€to€31July1991.ÌÌÇÔ€ôôôÔÔC€<þ6X9`(CourierCÔà@ì .\àANNEX€IVˆÌÌà@ì .fàòòStatus€of€reports€considered€during€the€period€under€reviewˆÌà@ì .Z àand€of€reports€still€pending€before€the€CommitteeóóˆÌÌÌòòóó€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòDate€ofóó€€€€€€€€€€€òòMeetings€at€whichóóÌòòState€partyóó€€€€€€€€€€€€òòDate€dueóó€€€€€€€€€€òòsubmissionóó€€€€€€€€€€€€òòconsideredóóÌÌà@ì .6àA.€€òòInitial€reportsóóˆÌÌÓ 8¤ tDÓMaltaठ.¤ à12€December€1991àt .tà18€May€1993àD .Dà1283rd€and€1287thÌठ.¤ ààt .tààD .Dà(forty„ninth€session)ÌÌSloveniaठ.¤ à24€June€1992àt .tà€1€October€1993àD .Dà1343rd€and€1347thÌठ.¤ ààt .tààD .Dà(fifty„first€session)ÌÌNepalठ.¤ à13€August€1992àt .tà30€March€1994àD .DàNot€yet€consideredÌÌLatviaठ.¤ à13€July€1993àt .tà12€July€1993àD .DàNot€yet€consideredÌÌUnited€States€ofÌAmericaठ.¤ à€7€September€1993àt .tà29July1994àD .DàNot€yet€consideredÌÌParaguayठ.¤ à€9€September€1993àt .tà€1€February€1994àD .DàNot€yet€consideredÌÌAzerbaijanठ.¤ à12€November€1993àt .tà21€January€1994àD .Dà1332nd€and€1336thÌठ.¤ ààt .tààD .Dà(fifty„first€session)ÌÌÌà@ì .¦àB.€€òòSecond€periodic€reportsóóˆÌÌLibyan€Arabठ.¤ à€4€February€1983àt .tà€4€February€1993àD .Dà1275th„1276th€òò1óó/ÌJamahiriyaठ.¤ ààt .tààD .Dà(forty„ninth€session)ÌÌCyprusठ.¤ à18€August€1984àt .tà19€July€1993àD .Dà1333rd„1335thÌठ.¤ ààt .tààD .Dà(fifty„first€session)ÌÌIcelandठ.¤ à30€October€1987àt .tà€2€June€1993àD .Dà1266th„1268thÌठ.¤ ààt .tààD .Dà(forty„ninth€session)ÌÌEl€Salvadorठ.¤ à31€December€1988àt .tà26€August€1993àD .Dà1310th„1313thÌठ.¤ ààt .tààD .Dà(fiftieth€session)ÌÌAfghanistanठ.¤ à23€April€1989àt .tà23€March€1992àD .DàNot€yet€consideredÌÌTogoठ.¤ à€9€July€1990àt .tà29€December€1993àD .Dà1325th„1327thÌठ.¤ ààt .tààD .Dà(fifty„first€session)ÌÌCameroonठ.¤ à26€September€1990àt .tà18€February€1993àD .Dà1306th„1308thÌठ.¤ ààt .tààD .Dà(fiftieth€session)ÌÌArgentinaठ.¤ à€7€November€1992àt .tà€7€January€1994àD .DàNot€yet€consideredÌÌYemenठ.¤ à€8€May€1993àt .tà10€May€1993àD .DàNot€yet€consideredÌÌÓ 8Ü ¬àÓ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòDate€ofóó€€€€€€€€€€€òòMeetings€at€whichóóÌòòState€partyóó€€€€€€€€€€òòDate€dueóó€€€€€€€€€€òòsubmissionóó€€€€€€€€€€€€òòconsideredóóÌÌà@ì .ØàC.€€òòThird€periodic€reportsóóˆÌÌRomaniaàÜ .Ü à28€April€1989ଠ.¬à30€July€1992àà .àà1284th„1286thÌàÜ .Ü àଠ.¬ààà .àà(forty„ninth€session)ÌÌNew€ZealandàÜ .Ü à27€March€1990ଠ.¬à€1€April€1994àà .ààNot€yet€consideredÌÌItalyàÜ .Ü à€1€November€1990ଠ.¬à23€October€1992àà .àà1329th„1331stÌàÜ .Ü àଠ.¬ààà .àà(fifty„first€session)ÌÌNorwayàÜ .Ü à€1€August€1991ଠ.¬à28€January€1992àà .àà1270th„1272ndÌàÜ .Ü àଠ.¬ààà .àà(forty„ninth€session)ÌÌCosta€RicaàÜ .Ü à€2€August€1991ଠ.¬à24€November€1992àà .àà1298th„1300thÌàÜ .Ü àଠ.¬ààà .àà(fiftieth€session)ÌÌSri€LankaàÜ .Ü à10September1991ଠ.¬à18July1994àà .ààNot€yet€consideredÌÌJapanàÜ .Ü à31€October€1991ଠ.¬à16€December€1991àà .àà1277th„1280thÌàÜ .Ü àଠ.¬ààà .àà(forty„ninth€session)ÌÌJordanàÜ .Ü à22€January€1992ଠ.¬à26€May€1992àà .àà1321st„1324thÌàÜ .Ü àଠ.¬ààà .àà(fifty„first€session)ÌÌMexicoàÜ .Ü à22€June€1992ଠ.¬à23€June€1992àà .àà1302nd„1305thÌàÜ .Ü àଠ.¬ààà .àà(fiftieth€session)ÌÌMoroccoàÜ .Ü à31€December€1992ଠ.¬à20€July€1993àà .ààNot€yet€consideredÌÌÌà@ì .¦àD.€€òòFourth€periodic€reportsóóˆÌÌTunisiaàÜ .Ü à€4€February€1993ଠ.¬à23€March€1993àà .ààNot€yet€consideredÌÌSpainàÜ .Ü à28€April€1994ଠ.¬à€2€June€1994àà .ààNot€yet€consideredÌÌUkraineàÜ .Ü à18August1994ଠ.¬à13July1994àà .ààNot€yet€consideredÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€E.€€òòReports€submitted€pursuant€to€a€special€decisionóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòtaken€by€the€Committeeóó€òò2óó/ÌÌBurundiàÜ .Ü à€€€€€€€„ଠ.¬à12July1994àà .àà1349th€and€1350thÌàÜ .Ü àଠ.¬ààà .àà(fifty„second€session)ÌÌÌÇ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòDate€ofóó€€€€€€€€€€€òòMeetings€at€whichóóÌòòState€partyóó€€€€€€€€€€òòDate€dueóó€€€€€€€€€€òòsubmissionóó€€€€€€€€€€€€òòconsideredóóÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€F.€€òòAdditional€information€submitted€subsequent€to€theóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòexamination€of€initial€reports€by€the€Committeeóó€òò3óó/ÌÌKenyaàÜ .Ü à€€€€€€€„ଠ.¬à€4€May€1982àà .ààNot€yet€consideredÌÌGambiaàÜ .Ü à€€€€€€€„ଠ.¬à€5€June€1984àà .ààNot€yet€consideredÌÌÓ 8Ü ¬àÓÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€G.€€òòAdditional€information€submitted€subsequent€to€theóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòexamination€of€periodic€reports€by€the€CommitteeóóÌÌMoroccoàÜ .Ü à€€€€€€€„ଠ.¬à2€November€1993àà .ààNot€yet€consideredÌÌÌà@ì .òàòòNotesóóˆÌÌÓ 8,  Óà, .,àòò1óó/à  . àIn€view€of€the€exhaustion€of€time€allocated€for€its€consideration,€theÏCommittee€could€not€conclude€the€consideration€of€the€report€and€decided€to€takeÏit€up€again€at€a€later€stage.ÌÌà, .,àòò2óó/à  . àSpecial€decision€adopted€by€the€Committee€on€29October1994€(seeÏpara.€61€above).ÌÌà, .,àòò3óó/à  . àAt€its€twenty„fifth€session€(601st€meeting),€the€Committee€decided€toÏconsider€additional€information€submitted€subsequent€to€the€examination€ofÏinitial€reports€together€with€the€State€party's€second€periodic€report.ÌÇà@ì .ŽàANNEX€VˆÌÌà@ì .` àòòGeneral€comments€under€article€40,€paragraph€4,€of€theóóˆÌà@ì .üà€òòInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rightsóó€òò1óó/ˆÌÌÌà@ì .T àòòGeneral€comment€No.€23€(50)€(art.€27)óó€òò2óó/,€òò3óó/ˆÌÌ1.à, .,àArticle€27€of€the€Covenant€provides€that,€in€those€States€in€which€ethnic,Ïreligious€or€linguistic€minorities€exist,€persons€belonging€to€such€minoritiesÏshall€not€be€denied€the€right,€in€community€with€the€other€members€of€theirÏgroup,€to€enjoy€their€own€culture,€to€profess€and€practise€their€own€religion,Ïor€to€use€their€own€language.€€The€Committee€observes€that€this€articleÏestablishes€and€recognizes€a€right€which€is€conferred€on€individuals€belongingÏto€minority€groups€and€which€is€distinct€from,€and€additional€to,€all€the€otherÏrights€which,€as€individuals€in€common€with€everyone€else,€they€are€alreadyÏentitled€to€enjoy€under€the€Covenant.ÌÌ2.à, .,àIn€some€communications€submitted€to€the€Committee€under€the€OptionalÏProtocol,€the€right€protected€under€article€27€has€been€confused€with€the€rightÏof€peoples€to€self„determination€proclaimed€in€article€1€of€the€Covenant.€ÏFurther,€in€reports€submitted€by€States€parties€under€article€40€of€theÏCovenant,€the€obligations€placed€upon€States€parties€under€article€27€haveÏsometimes€been€confused€with€their€duty€under€article€2,€paragraph€1,€to€ensureÏthe€enjoyment€of€the€rights€guaranteed€under€the€Covenant€without€discriminationÏand€also€with€equality€before€the€law€and€equal€protection€of€the€law€underÏarticle€26.ÌÌ3.1.à, .,àThe€Covenant€draws€a€distinction€between€the€right€to€self„determinationÏand€the€rights€protected€under€article€27.€€The€former€is€expressed€to€be€aÏright€belonging€to€peoples€and€is€dealt€with€in€a€separate€part€(part€I)€of€theÏCovenant.€€Self„determination€is€not€a€right€cognizable€under€the€OptionalÏProtocol.€€Article€27,€on€the€other€hand,€relates€to€rights€conferred€onÏindividuals€as€such€and€is€included,€like€the€articles€relating€to€otherÏpersonal€rights€conferred€on€individuals,€in€part€III€of€the€Covenant€and€isÏcognizable€under€the€Optional€Protocol.€òò4óó/ÌÌ3.2.à, .,àThe€enjoyment€of€the€rights€to€which€article€27€relates€does€not€prejudiceÏthe€sovereignty€and€territorial€integrity€of€a€State€party.€€At€the€same€time,Ïone€or€other€aspect€of€the€rights€of€individuals€protected€under€that€article€„Ïfor€example,€to€enjoy€a€particular€culture€„€may€consist€in€a€way€of€life€whichÏis€closely€associated€with€territory€and€use€of€its€resources.€òò5óó/€€This€mayÏparticularly€be€true€of€members€of€indigenous€communities€constituting€aÏminority.ÌÌ4.à, .,àThe€Covenant€also€distinguishes€the€rights€protected€under€article€27€fromÏthe€guarantees€under€article€2,€paragraph€1,€and€article€26.€€The€entitlement,Ïunder€article2,€paragraph€1,€to€enjoy€the€rights€under€the€Covenant€withoutÏdiscrimination€applies€to€all€individuals€within€the€territory€or€under€theÏjurisdiction€of€the€State€whether€or€not€those€persons€belong€to€a€minority.€€InÏaddition,€there€is€a€distinct€right€provided€under€article€26€of€equality€beforeÏthe€law,€equal€protection€of€the€law,€and€non„discrimination€in€respect€ofÏrights€granted€and€obligations€imposed€by€the€States.€€It€governs€the€exerciseÏof€all€rights,€whether€protected€under€the€Covenant€or€not,€which€the€StateÏparty€confers€by€law€on€individuals€within€its€territory€or€under€itsÏjurisdiction,€irrespective€of€whether€they€belong€to€the€minorities€specified€in€article€27€or€not.€òò6óó/€€Some€States€parties€who€claim€that€they€do€notÏdiscriminate€on€grounds€of€ethnicity,€language€or€religion€wrongly€contend,€onÏthat€basis€alone,€that€they€have€no€minorities.ÌÌ5.1.à, .,àThe€terms€used€in€article€27€indicate€that€the€persons€designed€to€beÏprotected€are€those€who€belong€to€a€group€and€who€share€in€common€a€culture,€aÏreligion€and/or€a€language.€€Those€terms€also€indicate€that€the€individualsÏdesigned€to€be€protected€need€not€be€citizens€of€the€State€party.€€In€thisÏregard,€the€obligations€deriving€from€article€2,€paragraph€1,€are€also€relevant,Ïsince€a€State€party€is€required€under€that€article€to€ensure€that€the€rightsÏprotected€under€the€Covenant€are€available€to€all€individuals€within€itsÏterritory€and€subject€to€its€jurisdiction,€except€rights€which€are€expresslyÏmade€to€apply€to€citizens,€for€example,€political€rights€under€article€25.€€AÏState€party€may€not,€therefore,€restrict€the€rights€under€article€27€to€itsÏcitizens€alone.ÌÌ5.2.à, .,àArticle€27€confers€rights€on€persons€belonging€to€minorities€which€"exist"Ïin€a€State€party.€€Given€the€nature€and€scope€of€the€rights€envisaged€under€theÏarticle,€it€is€not€relevant€to€determine€the€degree€of€permanence€that€the€termÏ"exist"€connotes.€€Those€rights€simply€are€that€individuals€belonging€to€thoseÏminorities€should€not€be€denied€the€right,€in€community€with€members€of€theirÏgroup,€to€enjoy€their€own€culture,€to€practise€their€religion€and€speak€theirÏlanguage.€€Just€as€they€need€not€be€nationals€or€citizens,€they€need€not€beÏpermanent€residents.€€Thus,€migrant€workers€or€even€visitors€in€a€State€partyÏconstituting€such€minorities€are€entitled€not€to€be€denied€the€exercise€of€thoseÏrights.€€As€any€other€individual€in€the€territory€of€the€State€party,€theyÏwould,€also€for€this€purpose,€have€the€general€rights,€for€example,€to€freedomÏof€association,€of€assembly€and€of€expression.€€The€existence€of€an€ethnic,Ïreligious€or€linguistic€minority€in€a€given€State€party€does€not€depend€upon€aÏdecision€by€that€State€party€but€requires€to€be€established€by€objectiveÏcriteria.ÌÌ5.3.à, .,àThe€right€of€individuals€belonging€to€a€linguistic€minority€to€use€theirÏlanguage€among€themselves,€in€private€or€in€public,€is€distinct€from€otherÏlanguage€rights€protected€under€the€Covenant.€€In€particular,€it€should€beÏdistinguished€from€the€general€right€to€freedom€of€expression€protected€underÏarticle€19.€€The€latter€right€is€available€to€all€persons,€irrespective€ofÏwhether€they€belong€to€minorities€or€not.€€Further,€the€right€protectedÏunderarticle€27€should€be€distinguished€from€the€particular€right€whichÏarticle14,€paragraph€3€(f),€of€the€Covenant€confers€on€accused€persons€toÏinterpretation€where€they€cannot€understand€or€speak€the€language€used€in€theÏcourts.€€Article€14,€paragraph€3€(f),€does€not€in€any€other€circumstances€conferÏon€accused€persons€the€right€to€use€or€speak€the€language€of€their€choice€inÏcourt€proceedings.€òò7óó/ÌÌ6.1.à, .,àAlthough€article€27€is€expressed€in€negative€terms,€that€article,Ïnevertheless,€does€recognize€the€existence€of€a€"right"€and€requires€that€itÏshall€not€be€denied.€€Consequently,€a€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€toÏensure€that€the€existence€and€the€exercise€of€this€right€are€protected€againstÏdenial€or€violation.€€Positive€measures€of€protection€are,€therefore,€requiredÏnot€only€against€the€acts€of€the€State€party€itself,€whether€through€itsÏlegislative,€judicial€or€administrative€authorities,€but€also€against€the€actsÏof€other€persons€within€the€State€party.ÌÌ6.2.à, .,àAlthough€the€rights€protected€under€article€27€are€individual€rights,€theyÏdepend€in€turn€on€the€ability€of€the€minority€group€to€maintain€its€culture,€language€or€religion.€€Accordingly,€positive€measures€by€States€may€also€beÏnecessary€to€protect€the€identity€of€a€minority€and€the€rights€of€its€members€toÏenjoy€and€develop€their€culture€and€language€and€to€practise€their€religion,€inÏcommunity€with€the€other€members€of€the€group.€€In€this€connection,€it€has€to€beÏobserved€that€such€positive€measures€must€respect€the€provisions€of€article2,Ïparagraph€1,€and€article€26€of€the€Covenant,€both€as€regards€the€treatmentÏaccorded€different€minorities€and€the€treatment€accorded€the€persons€belongingÏto€them€and€the€remaining€part€of€the€population.€€However,€as€long€as€thoseÏmeasures€are€aimed€at€correcting€conditions€which€prevent€or€impair€theÏenjoyment€of€the€rights€guaranteed€under€article€27,€they€may€constitute€aÏlegitimate€differentiation€under€the€Covenant,€provided€that€they€are€based€onÏreasonable€and€objective€criteria.ÌÌ7.à, .,àWith€regard€to€the€exercise€of€the€cultural€rights€protected€underÏarticle27,€the€Committee€observes€that€culture€manifests€itself€in€many€forms,Ïincluding€a€particular€way€of€life€associated€with€the€use€of€land€resources,Ïespecially€in€the€case€of€indigenous€peoples.€€That€right€may€include€suchÏtraditional€activities€as€fishing€or€hunting€and€the€right€to€live€in€reservesÏprotected€by€law.€òò8óó/€€The€enjoyment€of€those€rights€may€require€positive€legalÏmeasures€of€protection€and€measures€to€ensure€the€effective€participation€ofÏmembers€of€minority€communities€in€decisions€which€affect€them.ÌÌ8.à, .,àThe€Committee€observes€that€none€of€the€rights€protected€under€article27Ïof€the€Covenant€may€be€legitimately€exercised€in€a€manner€or€to€an€extentÏinconsistent€with€the€other€provisions€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ9.à, .,àThe€Committee€concludes€that€article€27€relates€to€rights€whose€protectionÏimposes€specific€obligations€on€States€parties.€€The€protection€of€these€rightsÏis€directed€to€ensure€the€survival€and€continued€development€of€the€cultural,Ïreligious€and€social€identity€of€the€minorities€concerned,€thus€enriching€theÏfabric€of€society€as€a€whole.€€Accordingly,€the€Committee€observes€that€theseÏrights€must€be€protected€as€such€and€should€not€be€confused€with€other€personalÏrights€conferred€on€one€and€all€under€the€Covenant.€€States€parties,€therefore,Ïhave€an€obligation€to€ensure€that€the€exercise€of€these€rights€is€fullyÏprotected€and€they€should€indicate€in€their€reports€the€measures€they€haveÏadopted€to€this€end.ÌÌÌà@ì .òàòòNotesóóˆÌÌà, .,àòò1óó/à  . àFor€the€nature€and€purpose€of€the€general€comments,€see€òòOfficialÏRecords€of€the€General€Assembly,€Thirty„sixth€Sessionóóòò,€Supplement€No.€40óóÏ(A/36/40),€annex€VII,€introduction.€€For€a€description€of€the€history€of€theÏmethod€of€work,€the€elaboration€of€general€comments€and€their€use,€see€ibid.,ÏòòThirty„ninth€Session,€Supplement€No.€40óó€(A/39/40)€and€Corr.1€and€2),Ïparas.541-557.€€For€the€text€of€the€general€comments€already€adopted€by€theÏCommittee,€see€ibid.,€òòThirty„sixth€Session,€Supplement€No.€40óó€(A/36/40),ÏannexVII;€ibid.,€òòThirty„seventh€Session,€Supplement€No.€40óó€(A/37/40),€annex€V;Ïibid.,€òòThirty-eighth€Session,€Supplement€No.€40óó€(A/38/40),€annex€VI;€ibid.,ÏòòThirty-ninth€Session,€Supplement€No.€40óó€(A/39/40)€and€Corr.1€and€2),€annex€VI;Ïibid.,€òòFortieth€Session,€Supplement€No.€40óó€(A/40/40),€annex€VI;€ibid.,ÏòòForty-first€Session,€Supplement€No.€40óó€(A/41/40),€annex€VI;€ibid.,€òòForty„thirdÏSession,€Supplement€No.€40óó€(A/43/40),€annex€VI;€ibid.,€òòForty„fourth€Session,ÏSupplement€No.€40óó€(A/44/40),€annex€VI;€ibid.,€òòForty„fifth€Session,€SupplementÏNo.€40óó€(A/45/40),€annex€VI;€ibid.,€òòForty„seventh€Session,€Supplement€No.€40óóÏ(A/47/40),€annex€VI;€and€ibid.,€òòForty„eighth€Session,€Supplement€No.€40óó€(A/48/40),€annex€VI.€€Also€issued€in€documents€CCPR/C/21/Rev.1€andÏRev.1/Add.1-5.ÌÌà, .,àòò2óó/à  . àAdopted€by€the€Committee€at€its€1314th€meeting€(fiftieth€session),€onÏ6€April€1994.ÌÌà, .,àòò3óó/à  . àThe€number€in€parenthesis€indicates€the€session€at€which€the€generalÏcomment€was€adopted.ÌÌà, .,àòò4óó/à  . àSee€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Thirty„ninth€Sessionóóòò,ÏSupplement€No.€40óó€(A/39/40),€annex€VI,€general€comment€No.€12€(21)€(art.€1),Ïalso€issued€in€document€CCPR/C/21/Rev.1;€ibid.,€òòForty„fifth€Session,€SupplementÏNo.€40óó€(A/45/40),€vol.€II,€annex€IX,€sect.€A,€communication€No.€167/1984Ï(òòBernard€Ominayak,€Chief€of€the€Lubicon€Lake€Band€v.€Canadaóó),€views€adopted€onÏ26€March€1990.ÌÌà, .,àòò5óó/à  . àIbid.,€òòForty„third€Session,€Supplement€No.€40óó€(A/43/40),€annex€VII,Ïsect.€G,€communication€No.€197/1985€(òòKitok€v.€Swedenóó),€views€adopted€onÏ27July1988.ÌÌà, .,àòò6óó/à  . àIbid.,€òòForty„second€Session,€Supplement€No.€40óó€(A/42/40),€annex€VIII,Ïsect.€D,€communication€No.€182/1984€(òòF.€H.€Zwaan„de€Vries€v.€the€Netherlandsóó),Ïviews€adopted€on€9€April€1987;€ibid.,€sect.€C,€communication€No.€180/1984Ï(òòL.G.Danning€v.€the€Netherlandsóó),€views€adopted€on€9€April€1987.à .àÌÌà, .,àòò7óó/à  . àIbid.,€òòForty„fifth€Session,€Supplement€No.€40óó,€(A/45/40),€vol.€II,Ïannex€X,€sect.€A,€communication€No.€220/1987€(òòT.€K.€v.€Franceóó),€decision€ofÏ8November€1989;€ibid.,€sect.€B,€communication€No.€222/1987€(òòM.€K.€v.€Franceóó),Ïdecision€of€8€November€1989.ÌÌà, .,àòò8óó/à  . àSee€notes€1€and€2€above,€communication€No.€167/1984€(òòBernard€Ominayak,ÏChief€of€the€Lubicon€Lake€Band€v.€Canadaóó),€views€adopted€on€26€March€1990,€andÏcommunication€No.€197/1985€(òòKitok€v.€Swedenóó),€views€adopted€on€27€July€1988.ÌÌÌÇÓ882  Óà@ì .\àANNEX€VIˆÌÌà@ì .ØàòòAmended€rules€of€procedureóóˆÌÌÌà2 .2àAt€its€1269th€meeting€(forty„ninth€session),€held€on€21October1993,€theÏHuman€Rights€Committee€amended€rule€70,€paragraph€3,€of€its€rules€of€procedure.€ÏAt€its€1319th€meeting€(fiftieth€session)€and€1345th€meeting€(fifty„firstÏsession),€held€on€8€April€and€21€July€1994,€respectively,€the€Committee€adoptedÏnew€rules€concerning€the€Special€Rapporteur€for€follow„up€on€views€andÏconfidentiality.€€The€text€of€rule€70€as€amended€and€of€new€rules€95€to€99€readÏas€follows:€€ÌÌÌà@ì .\à"òòRule€70óóˆÌÌà02 .2àà .à"1.à . àWhen€considering€a€report€submitted€by€a€State€party€underÏarticle40€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€shall€first€satisfy€itself€thatÏthe€report€provides€all€the€information€required€under€rule66€of€theseÏrules.ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"2.à . àIf€a€report€of€a€State€party€to€the€Covenant,€in€the€opinion€ofÏthe€Committee,€does€not€contain€sufficient€information,€the€Committee€mayÏrequest€that€State€to€furnish€the€additional€information€which€is€required,Ïindicating€by€what€date€the€said€information€should€be€submitted.ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"3.à . àOn€the€basis€of€its€examination€of€the€reports€and€informationÏsupplied€by€a€State€party,€the€Committee€in€accordance€with€article40,Ïparagraph4,€of€the€Covenant,€may€make€such€comments€as€it€may€considerÏappropriate."ÌÌÌà@ì .\à"òòRule€95óóˆÌÌà02 .2àà .à"1.à . àThe€Committee€shall€designate€a€Special€Rapporteur€for€follow„upÏon€views€adopted€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocol,Ïfor€the€purpose€of€ascertaining€the€measures€taken€by€States€parties€toÏgive€effect€to€the€Committee's€views.ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"2.à . àThe€Special€Rapporteur€may€make€such€contacts€and€take€suchÏaction€as€appropriate€for€the€due€performance€of€the€follow„up€mandate.€ÏThe€Special€Rapporteur€shall€make€such€recommendations€for€further€actionÏby€the€Committee€as€may€be€necessary.ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"3.à . àThe€Special€Rapporteur€shall€regularly€report€to€the€Committee€onÏfollow„up€activities.ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"4.à . àThe€Committee€shall€include€information€on€follow„up€activitiesÏin€its€annual€report."ÌÌÌà@ì .\à"òòRule€96óóˆÌÌà02 .2àà .à"1.à . àAll€decisions€not€of€a€final€nature€adopted€by€the€Committee€inÏthe€course€of€consideration€of€a€communication€under€the€Protocol€areÏconfidential.€€They€are€transmitted€to€the€parties€solely€for€information€or€for€the€purpose€of€soliciting€information,€observations€orÏclarifications€in€respect€of:€€(a)€questions€of€admissibility;€(b)€theÏmerits€of€the€claims;€or€(c)€any€remedial€action€that€may€have€been€takenÏby€the€State€party.€€No€publicity€shall€be€given€by€the€parties€to€theÏcontent€of€these€decisions,€which€will€remain€confidential€except€to€theÏextent€that€they€may€be€reflected€in€later€decisions€of€a€final€nature.ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"2.à . àNotwithstanding€paragraph€1€above,€interim€measures€requestedÏunder€rule€86€shall€not€be€subject€to€the€rule€of€confidentiality.ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"3.à . àDecisions€of€a€final€nature€are€normally€made€public€by€theÏCommittee.ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"(a)à . àDecisions€declaring€communications€inadmissible€under€theÏProtocol€will€normally€become€public€shortly€after€they€have€been€forwardedÏto€the€parties.€€As€a€rule,€the€identity€of€the€authors€will€be€indicatedÏin€the€text€made€public,€unless€the€Committee€decides€otherwise;ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"(b)à . àThe€Committee's€views€on€the€merits€of€the€claims€become€publicÏshortly€after€they€have€been€forwarded€to€the€parties€under€article5,Ïparagraph4,€of€the€Protocol.ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"4.à . àThe€text€of€a€decision€made€public€shall€carry€an€indication€toÏthat€effect.ÌÌÌà@ì .\à"òòRule€97óóˆÌÌà02 .2àà .à"1.à . àAll€submissions€made€by€the€parties€in€respect€of€communicationsÏconsidered€under€the€Protocol€shall€remain€confidential€until€a€finalÏdecision€has€been€forwarded€to€the€parties€pursuant€to€rule95.€€TheÏparties€are€under€an€obligation€to€observe€and€respect€this€rule€ofÏconfidentiality€and€shall€refrain€from€giving€publicity€to€any€submissionsÏwhile€a€communication€is€under€consideration.€€Thereafter,€both€parties€areÏfree€to€release€their€own€submissions.ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"2.à . àIf€the€identity€of€the€author€of€a€communication€declaredÏinadmissible€has€not€been€disclosed€by€the€Committee,€the€State€party€shallÏrefrain€from€disclosing€his€identity.ÌÌÌà@ì .\à"òòRule€98óóˆÌÌà02 .2àà .à"All€working€documents€issued€for€the€Committee€by€the€Secretariat,€orÏplaced€before€a€working€group€established€pursuant€to€rule€89,€paragraph1,Ïor€placed€before€a€special€rapporteur€designated€pursuant€to€rule89,Ïparagraph3,€are€confidential€and€remain€confidential€after€considerationÏof€a€communication€is€concluded,€unless€the€Committee€decides€otherwise.€ÏThis€includes€the€Secretariat€summaries€of€communications,€preparedÏpursuant€to€rule€79,€paragraph€1,€which€may€be€made€available€to€StatesÏparties€at€the€time€when€they€are€requested,€under€rule91,€paragraph€1,€toÏsubmit€information€or€observations€relevant€to€the€question€ofÏadmissibility€of€a€communication.ÌÌÌÌÔ  Ôà@ì .\à"òòRule€99óóˆÌÌà02 .2àà .à"Information€furnished€by€the€parties€within€the€framework€of€follow„¼up€to€the€Committee's€views€is€not€subject€to€confidentiality,€unless€theÏCommittee€decides€otherwise.€€Decisions€of€the€Committee€relating€toÏfollow„up€activities€are€equally€not€subject€to€confidentiality,€unless€theÏCommittee€decides€otherwise."ÌÌÇà@ì .*àANNEX€VIIˆÌÌà@ì .Ä àòòLetter€from€the€Chairman€of€the€Committee€concerningˆÌà@ì .šàan€overdue€reportóóˆÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€òòLetter€dated€5€November€1993€from€the€Chairman€of€the€CommitteeóóÌ€€€€€€€€€òòto€the€Minister€of€Foreign€Affairs€of€the€Russian€Federationóó,€Ìà@ì . àòòwhose€fourth€periodic€report€was€overdueóóˆÌÌà2 .2àOn€behalf€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee,€established€under€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€I€have€the€honour€toÏinvite€Your€Excellency's€attention€to€a€matter€to€which€the€Committee€attachesÏspecial€importance.ÌÌà2 .2àUnder€article€40€of€the€Covenant,€each€State€party€undertakes€to€submitÏreports€on€the€measures€it€has€adopted€to€give€effect€to€the€rights€recognizedÏtherein.€€Paragraph€1€(a)€of€that€article€provides€for€the€submission€of€anÏinitial€report€within€one€year€of€entry€into€force€of€the€Covenant€for€the€StateÏparty€concerned,€whereas€paragraph€1€(b)€calls€for€the€submission€of€subsequentÏreports€"whenever€the€Committee€so€requests".ÌÌà2 .2àAt€its€thirteenth€session,€held€in€July€1981,€the€Human€Rights€CommitteeÏdecided€that€States€parties€should€submit€periodic€reports€concerning€theÏimplementation€of€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€every€five€years.€€The€due€dateÏestablished€for€the€submission€of€the€Russian€Federation's€fourth€periodicÏreport€was€4€November€1993.€€Unfortunately,€that€report€has€not€yet€beenÏreceived.ÌÌà2 .2àThe€submission€of€such€reports€is€indispensable€for€continuing€theÏCommittee's€positive€dialogue€with€the€States€parties€in€the€field€of€humanÏrights.€€The€non„submission€of€the€Russian€Federation's€fourth€periodic€reportÏis€therefore€a€matter€of€great€concern€to€the€Committee.€€In€view€of€theÏimportance€of€this€matter€and€the€special€difficulties€being€encountered€in€theÏimplementation€of€the€Covenant€in€the€Russian€Federation,€it€is€my€most€earnestÏhope€that€its€fourth€periodic€report€will€be€submitted€in€the€near€future.ÌÌÌà€ # .xà(òòSignedóó)€€Nisuke€Ando€€€€€ˆÌà€ # .xà€€€€€€€€€€€Chairman€€€€€€€ˆÌà€ # .xà€€€€Human€Rights€CommitteeˆÌÌÇÝ ƒÿÝÔ UK ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÑ\R3Ø'\ÑÑ X ÑÑ À ÑÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓ…+ÓÔ€ôôôÔÔC€<þ6X9`(CourierCÔÓ(€  $(ÓØØÖ€SÖÖ€ÖÓ882^ ÓÝ  Ýà@ì .øàANNEX€VIIIˆÌÌà@ì .’ àòòList€of€States€parties'€delegations€that€participatedˆÌà@ì .’ àin€consideration€of€their€respective€reports€by€theó󀀈Ìà@ì .’ àòòHuman€Rights€Committee€at€its€forty„ninth,€fiftiethó󀀈Ìà@ì .<àòòand€fifty„first€sessionsóóˆÌÌÌÔ*ƒTU dÔÔ,,dd ÔÔ,¼dd@ ÔÔ,€dd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ "€þ€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐMALTAÐ  „„ÐRepresentativeÐ  „„ÐDr.€Anthony€Borg„BarthetÌAttorney„General€for€the€Republic€of€MaltaÐ "€þ€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐAlternateÏRepresentativeÐ  „„ÐDr.€Lawrence€QuintanoÌSenior€Counsel€for€the€Republic€of€MaltaÐ "€„€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐAdviserÐ  „„ÐMr.€Martin€ValentinoÌCharg€d'affairesa.i.,€Permanent€MissionÏof€Malta€to€the€United€Nations€Office€atÏGenevaÐ "€„€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐICELANDÐ  „„ÐRepresentativeÐ  „„ÐMr.€Kjartan€Jð;ðhannssonÌAmbassador,€Permanent€Representative,ÏPermanent€Mission€of€Iceland€to€the€UnitedÏNations€Office€at€GenevaÐ "€þ€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐAlternateÏRepresentativeÐ  „„ÐMr.€Thorsteinn€GeirssonÌSecretary€General,€Ministry€of€JusticeÐ "€þ€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐAdvisersÐ  „„ÐMs.€Bjrg€ThorarensenÌLegal€Adviser,€Ministry€of€JusticeÐ "€þ€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐProf.€Marks€SigurbjrnssonÌUniversity€of€Iceland,€Legal€AdviserÐ "€G€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐMs.€Lilja€ð:ðlafsdð;ðttirÌCounsellor,€Deputy€PermanentÏRepresentative,€Permanent€Mission€ofÏIceland€to€the€United€Nations€Office€atÏGenevaÐ "€þ€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐNORWAYÐ  „„ÐRepresentativeÐ  „„ÐMr.€Haakon€B.€HjeldeÌAmbassador,€Ministry€of€Foreign€AffairsÐ "€Á€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐAlternateÏRepresentativeÐ  „„ÐMr.€Petter€F.€WilleÌHead€of€Division,€Ministry€of€ForeignÏAffairsÐ "€þ€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐAdviserÐ  „„ÐMs.€Hilde€IndrebergÌLegal€Counsellor,€Ministry€of€JusticeÐ "€„€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐJAPANÐ  „„ÐRepresentativeÐ  „„ÐMr.€Minoru€EndoÌAmbassador,€Permanent€Representative,ÌPermanent€Mission€of€Japan€to€the€UnitedÏNations€Office€at€GenevaÐ "€G€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐAlternateÏRepresentativeÐ  „„ÐMr.€Toshio€KunikataÌDirector,€Human€Rights€and€RefugeeÏDivision,€Multilateral€CooperationÏDepartment,€Foreign€Policy€Bureau,ÏMinistry€of€Foreign€AffairsÐ "€Á€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐAdvisersÐ  „„ÐMr.€Tetsuo€ItoÌMinister,€Permanent€Mission€of€Japan€toÏthe€United€Nations€Office€at€GenevaÐ "€Á€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐMr.€Hiroshi€MitaniÌDirector,€General€Affairs,€Division,ÏCorrection€Bureau,€Ministry€of€JusticeÐ "€„€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐMr.€Jun€WatanabeÌDirector,€International€Affairs€Division,ÌCriminal€Affairs€Bureau,€Ministry€ofÏJusticeÐ "€G€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐMr.€Masahiro€OnoÌSpecial€Assistant€for€DetentionÏAdministration,€General€Affairs€Division,ÏCommissioner„General's€Secretariat,ÏNational€Police€AgencyÐ "€„€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐMr.€Keiichi€AizawaÌFirst€Secretary,€Permanent€Mission€ofÏJapan€to€the€United€Nations€Office€atÏGenevaÐ "€„€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐMr.€Tatsuya€NagaiÌAssistant€Director,€International€CriminalÏAffairs€Division,€Criminal€InvestigationÏBureau,€National€Police€AgencyÐ "€Á€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐMr.€Yasuhisa€MizunoÌPolicy€Office€of€Regional€Improvement,ÌManagement€and€Coordination€AgencyÐ "€G€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐMr.€Takeshi€GotoÌHuman€Rights€and€Refugee€Division,ÌMultilateral€Cooperation€Department,ÏForeign€Policy€Bureau,€Ministry€of€ForeignÏAffairsÐ "€G€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐMr.€Tsutomu€TakaguchiÌHuman€Rights€and€Refugee€Division,ÏMultilateral€Cooperation€Department,ÏForeign€Policy€Bureau,€Ministry€of€ForeignÏAffairsÐ "€Á€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐMs.€Mari€TomitaÌAttach,€Permanent€Mission€of€Japan€to€theÏUnited€Nations€Office€at€GenevaÐ "€þ€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐROMANIAÐ  „„ÐRepresentativeÐ  „„ÐM.€Florin€CostiniuÌSecretary€of€State,€Ministry€of€JusticeÐ "€Á€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐAdvisersÐ  „„ÐM.€Alexandru€FarcasÌDirector,€Human€Rights€Division,€MinistryÏof€Foreign€AffairsÐ "€„€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐM.€Sergiu€MargineanuÌFirst€Secretary,€Permanent€Mission€ofÏRomania€to€the€United€Nations€Office€atÏGenevaÐ "€„€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐCOSTA€RICAÐ  „„ÐRepresentativeÐ  „„ÐMr.€Christian€TattenbachÌPermanent€Representative,€PermanentÏMission€of€Costa€Rica€to€the€UnitedÏNationsÐ "€„€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐAlternateÏRepresentativeÐ  „„ÐMr.€Jorge€Rhenan€SeguraÌCharg€d'affairesa.i.,€Permanent€MissionÏof€Costa€Rica€to€the€United€Nations€OfficeÏat€GenevaÐ "€Á€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐAdviserÐ  „„ÐMrs.€Emilia€Castro€de€BarishÌPermanent€Mission€of€Costa€Rica€to€theÏUnited€NationsÐ "€„€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐMEXICOÐ  „„ÐRepresentativeÐ  „„ÐMr.€Miguel€Angel€Gonzlez€FelixÌCoordinator€for€Human€Rights€and€DrugÏTrafficking,€Secretariat€of€ForeignÏAffairsÐ "€Á€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐAdvisersÐ  „„ÐLic.€Manuel€Carrillo€PoblanoÌCoordinator€for€International€Affairs,ÏFederal€Electoral€InstituteÐ "€„€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐLic.€Mara€de€Lourdes€Aranda€BezauryÌAdviser,€Office€of€the€Coordinator€forÏHuman€Rights€and€Drug€Trafficking,ÏSecretariat€of€Foreign€AffairsÐ "€„€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐLic.€Mð;ðnica€Mora€ValdzÌAdviser,€Office€of€the€Coordinator€forÏHuman€Rights€and€Drug€Trafficking,ÏSecretariat€of€Foreign€AffairsÐ "€Á€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐLic.€Manuel€Collado€MartnezÌAdviser€to€the€Director„General€of€theÏFederal€Electoral€InstituteÐ "€Á€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐSra.€Yanerit€MorganÌFirst€Secretary,€Permanent€Mission€ofÏMexico€to€the€United€NationsÐ "€Á€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐLic.€Socorro€Flores€LieraÌAdviser€to€the€Under„Secretary,ÏSecretariat€of€Foreign€AffairsÐ "€„€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐCAMEROONÐ  „„ÐRepresentativeÐ  „„ÐM.€Pascal€Biloa€TangÌAmbassador,€Permanent€Representative,ÏPermanent€Mission€of€the€Republic€ofÏCameroon€to€the€United€NationsÐ "€Á€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐAlternateÏRepresentativeÐ  „„ÐM.€Toussaint€Zibi€NsoeÌJudge,€attached€to€the€Office€of€theÏPresident€of€the€RepublicÐ "€Á€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐAdvisersÐ  „„ÐM.€Joseph€EvaÌDirector€of€Political€Affairs,€Ministry€ofÏTerritorial€AdministrationÐ "€Á€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐM.€Magnus€EkoumouÌSecretary€for€Foreign€Affairs,€Ministry€ofÏForeign€AffairsÐ "€Á€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐMme€Pascaline€BoumÌFirst€Secretary,€Permanent€Mission€of€theÏRepublic€of€Cameroon€to€the€United€NationsÐ "€Á€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐEL€SALVADORÐ  „„ÐRepresentativeÐ  „„ÐSr.€Ricardo€G.€Castaneda€CornejoÌAmbassador,€Permanent€Representative€toÏthe€United€NationsÐ "€Á€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐAdvisersÐ  „„ÐSr.€Guillermo€A.€MelndezÌAmbassador,€Deputy€PermanentÏRepresentative€to€the€United€NationsÐ "€þ€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐSrta.€Elizabeth€VillaltaÌLegal€Adviser,€Ministry€of€Foreign€AffairsÐ "€þ€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐJORDANÐ  „„ÐRepresentativeÐ  „„ÐDr.€Fahad€Abdul„EthemÌJudge,€Supreme€CourtÐ "€þ€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐAlternateÏRepresentativeÐ  „„ÐMr.€Mohammad€Al€KhasawnehÌHuman€Rights€SpecialistÐ "€Á€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐAdviserÐ  „„ÐDr.€Ghazi€El€RashdanÌLegal€Consultant,€Ministry€of€ForeignÏAffairsÐ "€Á€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐTOGOÐ  „„ÐRepresentativeÐ  „„ÐM.€Aboudou€AssoumaÌCounsellor,€Constitutional€Chamber€of€theÏSupreme€CourtÐ "€Á€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐAdvisersÐ  „„ÐM.€Roland€Y.€KpotsraÌSecretary„General,€Ministry€of€ForeignÏAffairs€and€CooperationÐ "€„€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐM.€Komi€B.€GnondoliÌChief€of€Staff€of€Minister€of€Human€RightsÏand€Rehabilitation,€responsible€forÏrelations€with€ParliamentÐ "€þ€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐITALYÐ  „„ÐRepresentativeÐ  „„ÐM.€Paolo€Torella€di€RomagnanoÌAmbassador,€Ministry€of€Foreign€AffairsÐ "€Á€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐAlternateÏRepresentativeÐ  „„ÐProf.€Luigi€CitarellaÌSecretary„General,€Inter„MinisterialÏCommittee€on€Human€RightsÐ "€þ€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐAdvisersÐ  „„ÐMme€Vanna€PalumboÌExpert,€Ministry€of€the€InteriorÐ "€þ€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐMme€Anna€PassannantiÌJudge,€Ministry€of€JusticeÐ "€þ€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐMme€Daniela€CarlaÌExpert,€Ministry€of€LabourÐ "€„€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐM.€Daniele€VergaÌFirst€Counsellor,€Permanent€Mission€ofÏItaly€to€the€United€Nations€Office€atÏGenevaÐ"€þ€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐCYPRUSÐ  „„ÐRepresentativeÐ  „„ÐMr.€George€StavrinakisÌLaw€Commissioner€(Law€Reform€Commission)Ð "€G€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐAlternateÏRepresentativeÐ  „„ÐMrs.€Loria€MarkidesÌCharg€d'affairesa.i.ÌDeputy€Permanent€Representative€of€theÏRepublic€of€Cyprus€to€the€United€NationsÏOffice€at€GenevaÐ "€„€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐAdviserÐ  „„ÐMrs.€Eleni€LoisidouÌCounsel€of€the€RepublicÌOffice€of€the€Attorney„General€of€theÏRepublic€of€CyprusÐ "€þ€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐSLOVENIAÐ  „„ÐRepresentativeÐ  „„ÐDr.€Alenka€SelihÌProfessor€of€LawÐ "€„€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐAdvisersÐ  „„ÐMr.€Andrej€LogarÌDeputy€Permanent€Representative€of€theÏRepublic€of€Slovenia€to€the€United€NationsÏOffice€at€GenevaÐ "€Á€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐMr.€Borut€MahnicÌHead€of€the€Department€of€InternationalÏLaw,€Ministry€for€Foreign€AffairsÐ "€Á€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐMr.€Slavko€DebelakÌHead€of€the€Legal€Department,€Home€AffairsÏMinistryÐ "€Á€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐMrs.€Milena€SmitÌUnder„Secretary,€Ministry€for€ForeignÏAffairsÐ "€þ€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐBURUNDIÐ  „„ÐRepresentativeÐ  „„ÐMr.€Jean€Maken aÌChief€of€Staff,€Minister€of€JusticeÐ "€„€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐAdvisersÐ  „„ÐMme€Perptue€NshimirimanaÌPermanent€Representative,€PermanentÏMission€of€Burundi€to€the€United€NationsÏOffice€at€GenevaÐ "€Á€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐÐ  „„ÐÐ  „„ÐMr.€Charles€NdikuriyoÌDirector,€Centre€for€the€Promotion€ofÏHuman€Rights¿Çà@ì .\àANNEX€XIˆÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòRecommendation€submitted€by€the€Committee€to€theóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòSubcommission€on€Prevention€of€Discrimination€andóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòProtection€of€Minorities€concerning€a€draft€thirdóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòoptional€protocol€to€the€International€CovenantóóÌà@ì .Bàòòon€Civil€and€Political€RightsóóˆÌÌÌ1.à2 .2àAs€requested€by€the€Subcommission€in€paragraph4€of€its€resolution€1993/26,Ïthe€Human€Rights€Committee€has€considered€the€text€of€a€possible€draft€thirdÏoptional€protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€ÏThe€Committee€wishes€to€offer€the€following€commentsòò1óó/€which€are€limitedÏessentially€to€the€question€of€the€desirability€of€drafting€a€third€optionalÏprotocol,€aiming€at€guaranteeing€under€all€circumstances€the€right€to€a€fairÏtrial€and€remedy.ÌÌ2.à2 .2àThe€Committee€notes€that€the€purpose€of€the€possible€draft€optionalÏprotocol€is€to€add€article9,€paragraphs3€and€4,€and€article14€to€the€list€ofÏnon„derogable€provisions€in€article4,€paragraph2,€of€the€Covenant.€€Based€onÏits€experience€derived€from€the€consideration€of€States€parties'€reportsÏsubmitted€under€article40€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€wishes€to€point€outÏthat,€with€respect€to€article€9,€paragraphs3€and€4,€the€issue€of€remediesÏavailable€to€individuals€during€states€of€emergency€has€often€been€discussed.€ÏThe€Committee€is€satisfied€that€States€parties€generally€understand€that€theÏright€to€habeas€corpus€and€òòamparoóó€should€not€be€limited€in€situations€ofÏemergency.€€Furthermore,€the€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€the€remedies€providedÏin€article9,€paragraphs3€and€4,€read€in€conjunction€with€article2€areÏinherent€to€the€Covenant€as€a€whole.€€Having€this€in€mind,€the€CommitteeÏbelieves€that€there€is€a€considerable€risk€that€the€proposed€draft€thirdÏoptional€protocol€might€implicitly€invite€States€parties€to€feel€free€toÏderogate€from€the€provisions€of€article9€of€the€Covenant€during€states€ofÏemergency€if€they€do€not€ratify€the€proposed€optional€protocol.€€Thus,€theÏprotocol€might€have€the€undesirable€effect€of€diminishing€the€protection€ofÏdetained€persons€during€states€of€emergency.ÌÌ3.à2 .2àThe€Committee€is€also€of€the€view€that€it€would€simply€not€be€feasible€toÏexpect€that€all€provisions€of€article€14€can€remain€fully€in€force€in€any€kindÏof€emergency.€€Thus,€the€inclusion€of€article14€as€such€into€the€list€ofÏnon-derogable€provisions€would€not€be€appropriate.ÌÌ4.à2 .2àIn€the€light€of€the€foregoing,€the€Committee€considers€it€inadvisable€toÏpursue€the€elaboration€of€a€draft€optional€protocol€to€the€Covenant€with€the€aimÏof€adding€article9,€paragraphs€3€and€4,€as€well€as€article14€to€the€list€ofÏnon„derogable€rights€enumerated€in€article4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ5.à2 .2àThe€Human€Rights€Committee€requests€that€the€foregoing€comments€andÏsuggestions€be€brought€to€the€attention€of€the€Subcommission€on€Prevention€ofÏDiscrimination€and€Protection€of€Minorities.ÌÌÌà@ì .òàòòNotesóóˆÌÌà2 .2àòò1óó/òòóóà‘^ .^àˆà .àAdopted€by€the€Committee€at€its€1314th€meeting€(fiftieth€session),€onÏ6April1994.ÌÌÇà@ì .*àANNEX€XIIˆÌÌà@ì .Ä àòòList€of€documents€issued€during€the€reporting€periodóóˆÌÌÌòòReports€of€States€partiesóóÌÌÓ 88¸ÓCCPR/C/32/Add.18ภ.¸àSecond€periodic€report€of€CyprusÌÌCCPR/C/42/Add.13ภ.¸àAdditional€report€of€El€SalvadorÌÌCCPR/C/46/Add.5ภ.¸àSecond€periodic€report€of€IcelandÌÌCCPR/C/51/Add.7/Corr.1ภ.¸àSecond€periodic€report€of€Egypt€„€corrigendumÌÌCCPR/C/51/Add.8ภ.¸àSecond€periodic€report€of€El€SalvadorÌÌCCPR/C/63/Add.2ภ.¸àSecond€periodic€report€of€TogoÌÌCCPR/C/68/Add.4ภ.¸àInitial€report€of€MaltaÌÌCCPR/C/70/Add.1/Corr.1ภ.¸àSecond€periodic€report€of€Japan€„€corrigendumÌÌCCPR/C/70/Add.1/Corr.2ภ.¸àSecond€periodic€report€of€Japan€„€corrigendumÌÌCCPR/C/74/Add.1ภ.¸àInitial€report€of€SloveniaÌÌCCPR/C/75/Add.1ภ.¸àSecond€periodic€report€of€ArgentinaÌÌCCPR/C/76/Add.3ภ.¸àThird€periodic€report€of€MoroccoÌÌCCPR/C/76/Add.4à0¸ .¸àThird€periodic€report€of€Morocco€„€additionalÏinformationÌÌCCPR/C/81/Add.1ภ.¸àInitial€report€of€LatviaÌÌCCPR/C/81/Add.2ภ.¸àInitial€report€of€AzerbaijanÌÌCCPR/C/84/Add.1ภ.¸àFourth€periodic€report€of€TunisiaÌÌCCPR/C/98à0¸ .¸àReport€submitted€by€Burundi€pursuant€to€aÏspecial€decision€taken€by€the€CommitteeÌÌòòComments€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€on€States€parties'€reportsóóÌÌCCPR/C/79/Add.26à0¸ .¸àComments€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€on€StatesÏparties'€reports€„€IcelandÌÌCCPR/C/79/Add.27à0¸ .¸àComments€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€on€StatesÏparties'€reports€„€NorwayÌÌCCPR/C/79/Add.28à0¸ .¸àComments€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€on€StatesÏparties'€reports€„€JapanÌÌCCPR/C/79/Add.29à0¸ .¸àComments€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€on€StatesÏparties'€reports€„€MaltaÌÌCCPR/C/79/Add.30à0¸ .¸àComments€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€on€StatesÏparties'€reports€„€RomaniaÌÌCCPR/C/79/Add.31à0¸ .¸àComments€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€on€StatesÏparties'€reports€„€Costa€RicaÌÌCCPR/C/79/Add.32à0¸ .¸àComments€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€on€StatesÏparties'€reports€„€MexicoÌÌCCPR/C/79/Add.33à0¸ .¸àComments€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€on€StatesÏparties'€reports€„€CameroonÌÌCCPR/C/79/Add.34à0¸ .¸àComments€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€on€StatesÏparties'€reports€„€El€SalvadorÌÌCCPR/C/79/Add.35à0¸ .¸àComments€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€on€StatesÏparties'€reports€„€JordanÌÌCCPR/C/79/Add.36à0¸ .¸àComments€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€on€StatesÏparties'€reports€„€TogoÌÌCCPR/C/79/Add.37à0¸ .¸àComments€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€on€StatesÏparties'€reports€„€ItalyÌÌCCPR/C/79/Add.38à0¸ .¸àComments€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€on€StatesÏparties'€reports€„€AzerbaijanÌÌCCPR/C/79/Add.39à0¸ .¸àComments€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€on€StatesÏparties'€reports€„€CyprusÌÌCCPR/C/79/Add.40à0¸ .¸àComments€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€on€StatesÏparties'€reports€„€SloveniaÌÌCCPR/C/79/Add.41à0¸ .¸àComments€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€on€StatesÏparties'€reports€„€BurundiÌÌòòOther€documentsóóÌÌCCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.4à0¸ .¸àGeneral€comments€adopted€under€article€40,Ïparagraph4,€of€the€International€Covenant€onÏCivil€and€Political€Rights€„€General€commentÏNo.22€(48)€(art.18)ÌÌCCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.5à0¸ .¸àGeneral€comments€adopted€under€article40,Ïparagraph4,€of€the€International€Covenant€onÏCivil€and€Political€Rights€„€General€commentÏNo.23(50)€(art.27)ÌÌCCPR/C/91à0¸ .¸àProvisional€agenda€and€annotations€(forty„ninthÏsession)ÌÌCCPR/C/96à0¸ .¸àProvisional€agenda€and€annotations€(fiftiethÏsession)ÌÌCCPR/C/97à0¸ .¸àProvisional€agenda€and€annotations€(fifty„firstÏsession)ÌÌÖ€ÖCCPR/C/92à0¸ .¸àConsideration€of€initial€reports€submitted€byÏStates€parties€under€article40€of€the€CovenantÏdue€in€1994:€€note€by€the€Secretary„GeneralÌÌCCPR/C/93à0¸ .¸àConsideration€of€second€periodic€reportsÏsubmitted€by€States€parties€under€article40€ofÏthe€Covenant€due€in€1994:€€note€by€theÏSecretary„GeneralÌÌCCPR/C/94à0¸ .¸àConsideration€of€third€periodic€reportsÏsubmitted€by€States€parties€under€article40€ofÏthe€Covenant€due€in€1994:€€note€by€theÏSecretary„GeneralÌÌCCPR/C/95à0¸ .¸àConsideration€of€fourth€periodic€reportsÏsubmitted€by€States€parties€under€article40€ofÏthe€Covenant€due€in€1994:€€note€by€theÏSecretary„GeneralÌÌCCPR/C/SR.1263„1291ภ.¸àSummary€records€of€the€forty„ninth€sessionÌÌCCPR/C/SR.1292„1319ภ.¸àSummary€records€of€the€fiftieth€sessionÌÌCCPR/C/SR.1320„1357ภ.¸àSummary€records€of€the€fifty„first€sessionÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌ94„37762€(E)à@ì .òà„123„ˆ