ÿWPCdq £Ýhm‘zèvò-8¦?[ž˜·`Þ :v³Æp01•¸úF¹ew¨@Ô߯f1ÐÌéXeJ]­MóL3 ª<“Óo؃‡rF¬Ccpz= ÓcGTÞRü$Ñ=Ú¡¯ö`Çñc‚ÌÄJJÿÛN;…m;ÔñøRÖ’S 0:hTO¢V˜ñWC‰X 0zÌY 0®FZ 1ôZ 0·ù[!°\EÑ` 0¹Ó` Œa 0=a 0FÚa 0P b 1“pbwcc[ˆc Cãcfýcaÿc BdU0dfHdaJdx^dfÖdaØd 0Zìd 0ZFh 1· kWlnXgl 0 ¿mÊp 1mÊp47qKq mMqV1 Pè8Document[8]Document Styleà0..àà8` ..` àÌÌÛ  ÛV$8Document[4]Document Styleà..àò òòò.óó€€ó óÛ  ÛV ]ñ8Document[6]Document Styleà8..àÌÌÛ  ÛV ½ð8Document[5]Document Styleà0..àÌÌÛ  ÛV:ä8Document[2]Document StyleÌò òÛ  ÛÔ2ÔA.Ô3  Ô€òòÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÌÌó óóóV1 °ç8Document[7]Document Styleà0..àà0` ..` àÌÌÛ  Ûz` :Right Par[1]Right-Aligned Paragraph NumbersàÐ.. àÛ  ÛÔ2ÔI.Ô3  Ô€ˆà°..°àà0..àÌÌzs BÇ:Right Par[2]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..ààÐ` ..øàÛ  ÛÔ2ÔA.Ô3  Ô€ˆà..àà0` ..` àÌÌVJ8Document[3]Document StyleÌà..àò òÛ  ÛÔ2Ô1.Ô3  Ô€Ô  ÔÔ  ÔÌó óz† Çû:Right Par[3]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà` ..` ààи ..P àÛ  ÛÔ2Ô1.Ô3  Ô€ˆà` ..` àà0¸ ..¸ àÌÌz™ &ò:Right Par[4]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà` ..` àภ..¸ ààÐ..¨ àÛ  ÛÔ2Ôa.Ô3  Ô€ˆà¸ ..¸ àà0..àÌÌz­ {j:Right Par[5]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà` ..` àภ..¸ àà..ààÐh..ˆàÛ  ÛÔ2Ô(1)Ô3  Ô€ˆà..àà0h..hàÌÌzÀ Ä´:Right Par[6]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà` ..` àภ..¸ àà..ààh..hààÐÀ..ààÛ  ÛÔ2Ô(a)Ô3  Ô€ˆàh..hàà0À..ÀàÌÌzÒ Ž:Right Par[7]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà` ..` àภ..¸ àà..ààh..hààÀ..ÀààÐ..°àÛ  ÛÔ2Ôi)Ô3  Ô€ˆàÀ..Ààà0..àÌÌzå :Right Par[8]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà` ..` àภ..¸ àà..ààh..hààÀ..Ààà..ààÐp..àÛ  ÛÔ2Ôa)Ô3  Ô€ˆà..àà0p..pàÌÌVcÒ08Document[1]Document StyleÌÔ  Ôà@ì..^àòòò òÔ  ÔÛ  ÛÔ2ÔI.Ô3  Ô€Ô  ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔˆÌÌóóó ól= g:Technical[5]Technical Document Styleà..àò òÛ  ÛÔ2Ô(1)Ô3  Ô€.€€ó ól= …:Technical[6]Technical Document Styleà..àò òÛ  ÛÔ2Ô(a)Ô3  Ô€.€€ó ól:%ÊÀ:Technical[2]Technical Document StyleÌò òÛ  ÛÔ2ÔA.Ô3  Ô€òòÔ  ÔÔ  ÔóóÌÌà..àó ól7!›:Technical[3]Technical Document StyleÌò òÛ  ÛÔ2Ô1.Ô3  Ô€Ô  ÔÔ  ÔÌà..àó ól6! ):Technical[4]Technical Document Styleò òÛ  ÛÔ2Ôa.Ô3  Ô€Ô  ÔÔ  ÔÌà..àó ólE0 D:Technical[1]Technical Document StyleÌòòò òÔ  ÔÛ  ÛÔ2ÔI.Ô3  Ô€Ô  ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÌÌóóà..àó ól<a~:Technical[7]Technical Document Styleà..àò òÛ  ÛÔ2Ôi)Ô3  Ô€.€€ó ól<a…:Technical[8]Technical Document Styleà..àò òÛ  ÛÔ2Ôa)Ô3  Ô€.€€ó ódå ÿÿ$[Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà` ..` àภ..¸ àà..ààh..hààÀ..Ààà..ààÐp..àÛ  ÛÔ2Ôa)Ô3  Ô€ˆà..àà0p..pàÌÌ<þ6X9`(Courierô' Ê  '9437762E 2 0pc (F)(.A/49/40 (Vol.I)>final 127 pp., + 3 cvr pp.   $ÿÿ35;CKQYag11.(a)(i)a.(1)(a)i)a)˜åä0ukstyleFormat standard with headers and footers definitionÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRXà3Ø'3Ø'3Ø'ÿ Letterÿ3Ø'TÑÑX°ÑÑÀ°ÑÓ  ÓÓÓÓ…+ÓÒ8°ÒÒ8°ÒÔ€ô6‹õõôÔÔ€ô6‹õõô6‹ÔÓC€  ÿÿ$#]CÓØ--ØÖ€ÿÿÖÖ€ÿÿÖÓ'882^ °œX'Ó îÝ ƒ ÚF)ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÓ  ÓÓÓÓ…+ÓÒ8°ÒÒ8°ÒÔ€ô6‹õõôÔÔ€ô6‹õõô6‹ÔÓC€  ÿÿ$$CÓØ--ØÓ'882^ °œX'ÓÝ  ÝÓx[°X°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A882^öxÓà@VV2ìà„Ú  Ú1Ú  Ú„(þ2ÚF$©©Ý ƒ[ Ü!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRXà3Ø'3Ø'3Ø'ÿ Letterÿ3Ø'TÑÑX°ÑÑÀ°ÑÓ  ÓÓÓÓ…+ÓÒ8°ÒÒ8°ÒÑ  ÑÔ€ô6‹õõôÔÔ€ô6‹õõô6‹ÔÑ fXÑÑ fXÑÓC€  ÿÿ$#]CÓØ--ØÓ'882^ °œX'ÓÝ  Ýœ(û4landscapecodes for tables in landscape with headers/footers ÑÑÑ  ÑÑTROäØ'33Ø'Ø'3ÿ Letter Landscapeÿ3Ø'TÑÑ °ÑÑ °ÑÓ  ÓÓÓÓ…+ÓÖ€ÿÿÖÖ€"ÿÿÖÖ€+ÿÿÖÖ€.ÿÿÖÒˆ°ÒÒ(°Ò }Ý ƒ#ÚF*ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÓ  ÓÓÓÓ…+ÓÒ8°ÒÒ8°ÒÔ€ô6‹õõôÔÔ€ô6‹õõô6‹ÔÓC€  ÿÿ$#]CÓØ--ØÓ'882^ °œX'ÓÝ  ÝÔ€™~Xõô6‹ÔÒ„8ÒÒ(8ÒÓx[°X°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A882^öxÓ߀€()J:6z \ §X pÀ €@@@E„ ÊXÊX¼ Zè€ß(þ2ÚF$ªªÝ ƒ[ Ü!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRXà3Ø'3Ø'3Ø'ÿ Letterÿ3Ø'TÑÑX°ÑÑÀ°ÑÓ  ÓÓÓÓ…+ÓÒ8°ÒÒ8°ÒÑ  ÑÔ€ô6‹õõôÔÔ€ô6‹õõô6‹ÔÑ fXÑÑ fXÑÓC€  ÿÿ$#]CÓØ--ØÓ'882^ °œX'ÓÝ  Ý'ÈÈÈÈdxd„ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(þ2ÚF$££Ý ƒ[ Ü!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRXà3Ø'3Ø'3Ø'ÿ Letterÿ3Ø'TÑÑX°ÑÑÀ°ÑÓ  ÓÓÓÓ…+ÓÒ8°ÒÒ8°ÒÑ  ÑÔ€ô6‹õõôÔÔ€ô6‹õõô6‹ÔÑ fXÑÑ fXÑÓC€  ÿÿ$#]CÓØ--ØÓ'882^ °œX'ÓÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$••ò òÚ  ÚÚ  Úó ó%&'$Aýÿ<< cÿÿ ªÝ ƒ*ÚF"ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÓ  ÓÓÓÓ…+ÓÔ€ô6‹õõôÔÔ€ô6‹õõô6‹ÔÓC€  ÿÿ$$CÓØ--ØÓ'882^ °œX'ÓÝ  ÝÓx[°X°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A882^öxÓ/...(þ2ÚF$¢¢Ý ƒ[ Ü!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRXà3Ø'3Ø'3Ø'ÿ Letterÿ3Ø'TÑÑX°ÑÑÀ°ÑÓ  ÓÓÓÓ…+ÓÒ8°ÒÒ8°ÒÑ  ÑÔ€ô6‹õõôÔÔ€ô6‹õõô6‹ÔÑ fXÑÑ fXÑÓC€  ÿÿ$#]CÓØ--ØÓ'882^ °œX'ÓÝ  Ý ‚Ý ƒ,ÚF'ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÓ  ÓÓÓÓ…+ÓÒ8°ÒÒ8°ÒÔ€ô6‹õõôÔÔ€ô6‹õõô6‹ÔÓC€  ÿÿ$#]CÓØ--ØÓ'882^ °œX'ÓÝ  ÝÔ€™~Xõô6‹ÔÒ„8ÒÒ(8ÒÓx[°X°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A882^öxÓß…€(-O?;z|P.§p pÀ €@@@EP.ÊpÊpˆ-HZ…ß(þ2ÚF$§§Ý ƒ[ Ü!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRXà3Ø'3Ø'3Ø'ÿ Letterÿ3Ø'TÑÑX°ÑÑÀ°ÑÓ  ÓÓÓÓ…+ÓÒ8°ÒÒ8°ÒÑ  ÑÔ€ô6‹õõôÔÔ€ô6‹õõô6‹ÔÑ fXÑÑ fXÑÓC€  ÿÿ$#]CÓØ--ØÓ'882^ °œX'ÓÝ  Ý ¦Ý ƒ*ÚF"ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÓ  ÓÓÓÓ…+ÓÔ€ô6‹õõôÔÔ€ô6‹õõô6‹ÔÓC€  ÿÿ$$CÓØ--ØÓ'882^ °œX'ÓÝ  ÝÓx[°X°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A882^öxÓ ‚Ý ƒ/ÚF(ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÓ  ÓÓÓÓ…+ÓÒ8°ÒÒ8°ÒÔ€ô6‹õõôÔÔ€ô6‹õõô6‹ÔÓC€  ÿÿ$#]CÓØ--ØÓ'882^ °œX'ÓÝ  ÝÔ€™~Xõô6‹ÔÒ„8ÒÒ(8ÒÓx[°X°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A882^öxÓß…€(0O?;z|P.$¨À# pÀ €@@@EP. ¨!ÞÊ!ˆ- 8!…ß(þ2ÚF$¨¨Ý ƒ[ Ü!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRXà3Ø'3Ø'3Ø'ÿ Letterÿ3Ø'TÑÑX°ÑÑÀ°ÑÓ  ÓÓÓÓ…+ÓÒ8°ÒÒ8°ÒÑ  ÑÔ€ô6‹õõôÔÔ€ô6‹õõô6‹ÔÑ fXÑÑ fXÑÓC€  ÿÿ$#]CÓØ--ØÓ'882^ °œX'ÓÝ  Ý ¦Ý ƒ*ÚF"ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÓ  ÓÓÓÓ…+ÓÔ€ô6‹õõôÔÔ€ô6‹õõô6‹ÔÓC€  ÿÿ$$CÓØ--ØÓ'882^ °œX'ÓÝ  ÝÓx[°X°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A882^öxÓˆÒ_4landsuppllandscape with bottom centered paginationÑÑÑ  ÑÑTROäØ'33Ø'Ø'3ÿ Letter Landscapeÿ3Ø'TÑÑX°ÑÑH°ÑÒ(°ÒÒX°ÒÖ€ÿÿÖÖ€2ÿÿÖ JÝ ƒ,ÿÿ'ÝÝ  ÝÔ€™~XõôÔÒ(°ÒÒX°ÒÓo[°X°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXoÓß…€(3O?;z|À\§° pÀ €@@@EÀ\ʰʰø”Z@…ß ¶Ý ƒ*ÿÿ"ÝÝ  ÝÓo[°X°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXoÓà@¿¿Xà„Ú  Ú1Ú  Ú„œ(U0landtoplandscape with header including top center paginationÑÑÑ  ÑÑTROäØ'33Ø'Ø'3ÿ Letter Landscapeÿ3Ø'TÑÑ °ÑÑ °ÑÓ  ÓÓÓÓ…+ÓÖ€ÿÿÖÖ€ÿÿÖÖ€5ô„ÖÖ€7ÈÖÒˆ°ÒÒ$°Ò EÝ ƒ ÿÿ)ÝÝ  ÝÔ€™~XõôÔÒ„°ÒÒ$°ÒÓo[°X°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXoÓ߀€(6J:6z \ §X pÀ €@@@E„ ÊXÊX¼ Zè€ß ŽÝ ƒ*ÿÿ"ÝÝ  ÝÓo[°X°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXoÓ/... JÝ ƒ,ÿÿ'ÝÝ  ÝÔ€™~XõôÔÒ„°ÒÒ$°ÒÓo[°X°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXoÓß…€(8O?;z| 0\ì° pÀ €@@@E 0\^°^°D/”\@…ß ÌÝ ƒ*ÿÿ"ÝÝ  ÝÓo[°X°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXoÓà@¿¿Xà„Ú  Ú1Ú  Ú„ˆÌà@XXXàˆÌhÒUP2landbondlandscape with bond headerÑÑÑ  ÑÑTROäØ'33Ø'Ø'3ÿ Letter Landscapeÿ3Ø'TÑÑ °ÑÑ °ÑÖ€:ÿÿÖÖ€<ÿÿÖÒˆ°ÒÒ$°Ò EÝ ƒ ÿÿ)ÝÝ  ÝÔ€™~XõôÔÒ„°ÒÒ$°ÒÓo[°X°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXoÓ߀€(;J:6z \ §X pÀ €@@@E„ ÊXÊX¼ Zè€ß ŽÝ ƒ*ÿÿ"ÝÝ  ÝÓo[°X°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXoÓ/... 9Ý ƒ,ÿÿ'ÝÝ  ÝÔ€™~XõôÔÒ„°ÒÒ$°ÒÓo[°X°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXoÓßt€(@0,Z|P.¨´€@@@EP.P´ˆ-HDtßR& ÿÿ8BibliogrphyBibliographyà0..àà°..°àÌÌjDÿÿ4Tech InitInitialise Technical StyleÓ(€ ? (ÓØØ ÿÿCuy±ÉåTechnicalTechnical Document Style11.11.1.11.1.1.11.1.1.1.11.1.1.1.1.11.1.1.1.1.1.11.1.1.1.1.1.1.1x?Su2PleadingHeader for numbered pleading paperÓÈÓÑ °ÑÑè°ÑÖ€AÿÿÖ Ý ƒ/ÿÿ(ÝÝ  ÝÔ€™~XõôÔÒ°°ÒÒ°°ÒÓo[°X°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXoÓÓÈÓÒX°ÒÒ°°ÒÓÿÿÀ°œXÓß?€OB'ü°ø*–dEü°ø*?ßß?€OB'°ø*–dE°ø*?ßÌÌàHHÀà1ˆÌÌàHHÀà2ˆÌÌàHHÀà3ˆÌÌàHHÀà4ˆÌÌàHHÀà5ˆÌÌàHHÀà6ˆÌÌàHHÀà7ˆÌÌàHHÀà8ˆÌÌàHHÀà9ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà10ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà11ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà12ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà13ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà14ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà15ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà16ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà17ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà18ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà19ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà20ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà21ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà22ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà23ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà24ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà25ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà26ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà27ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà28Ô  à.À+ÔfEÿÿ2Doc InitInitialise Document StyleÓ€DÓÈÓ(€ H   (ÓØØEFG(ÿÿ$˜˜Ìà0 àà à(ÿÿ$™™à0 àà0 àà à((ÿÿ$ššà0 àà0 àà0 àà à  ÿÿA_ekqw‡DocumentDocument StyleI.1.A.a.(1)(a)i)a) wÝ ƒ )ÝÝ  ÝÓ&88,´    P"&ÓÔ  Ôà@ì .$à„Ú  ÚÚ  Ú„ˆ QÝ ƒ )ÝÝ  ÝÔ  Ôà@ì .$à„Ú  ÚÚ  Ú„ˆ ÿÿÿdTable_A d3 ªH`$Table_B nÝ ƒ )ÝÝ  ÝÓ882  ÓÔ  Ôà@ì .$à„Ú  ÚÚ  Ú„ˆTable_C("2×½$¤¤Ý ƒ[ Ü!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRXà3Ø'3Ø'3Ø'ÿ Letterÿ3Ø'TÑÑX°ÑÑÀ°ÑÓ  ÓÓÓÓ…+ÓÒ8°ÒÒ8°ÒÑ  ÑÔ€ô6‹õõôÔÔ€ô6‹õõô6‹ÔÑ fXÑÑ fXÑÓC€  ÿÿ$#]CÓØ--ØÓ'882^ °œX'ÓÝ  ÝÓ…+…+Ó€€€€€òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó/("2ÙÝ$¥¥Ý ƒ[ Ü!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRXà3Ø'3Ø'3Ø'ÿ Letterÿ3Ø'TÑÑX°ÑÑÀ°ÑÓ  ÓÓÓÓ…+ÓÒ8°ÒÒ8°ÒÑ  ÑÔ€ô6‹õõôÔÔ€ô6‹õõô6‹ÔÑ fXÑÑ fXÑÓC€  ÿÿ$#]CÓØ--ØÓ'882^ °œX'ÓÝ  ÝÓ…+…+Ó€€€€€òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó/  ÿÿCƒ‰•›£«±Right ParRight-Aligned Paragraph NumbersI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)#|d«<þ6X9`(Courierô¡dþ6X@ɹ`7ûô@3 ªH`$ier©H ªH@Žú¥Ç;©@(ã Ü$¡¡ÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRXà3Ø'3Ø'3Ø'ÿ Letterÿ3Ø'TÑÑX°ÑÑÀ°ÑÓ  ÓÓÓÓ…+ÓÒ8°ÒÒ8°ÒÑ  ÑÔ€ô6‹õõôÔÔ€ô6‹õõô6‹ÔÑ fXÑÑ fXÑÓC€  ÿÿ$#]CÓØ--ØÓ'882^ °œX'Ó# e37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)\^) ‰KÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒ[ Ü!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRXà3Ø'3Ø'3Ø'ÿ Letterÿ3Ø'TÑÑX°ÑÑÀ°ÑÓ  ÓÓÓÓ…+ÓÒ8°ÒÒ8°ÒÑ  ÑÔ€ô6‹õõôÔÔ€ô6‹õõô6‹ÔÑ fXÑÑ fXÑÓC€  ÿÿ$ CÓØ--ØÓ'882^ °œX'ÓÝ  ÝÝ ƒäÿÝÔUKUK.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRXà3Ø'Xà3Ø'3Ø'ÿ Letter3Ø'ÿ LetterTÑÑXXÑÑÀÀÑÓ  ÓÓÓÓ…+…+ÓÒ88ÒÒ88ÒÔ€ô6‹õõô6‹ÔÔ€ô6‹õõô6‹ÔÓC€  ÿÿ$$CÓØ--ØÖ€ÿÿÖÖ€ÿÿÖÓ0882^ 882^ö0ÓÝ  ÝÑ  Ñà€ÐÐG #à[Original:€€English]ˆÐ X ÐÌà€ÐÐG #à[21€September€1994]€ˆÌÌà@\\/ìàCONTENTSˆÌÌÓ' 88t882^ö'ÓòòChapteróóà t àòòParagraphsóó€€òòPageóóÐ Îv ÐÔ .ÔÓ38 8Ä´    P"88<3ÓÌà‘üü ÄàI.ˆà  àORGANIZATIONAL€AND€OTHER€MATTERS€.....................àÑHHE à1€„€31ˆà‘ì!ì!VP"à1ˆÐ   H ÐÌà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àA.à  àStates€parties€to€the€Covenant€...................à  ààѬ¬F à1€„€4ˆà‘ì!ì!VP"à1ˆÐ r   ÐÌà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àB.à  àSessions€and€agenda€..............................à  ààÑØØI à€5ˆà‘ì!ì!VP"à1ˆÐ D ì  ÐÌà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àC.à  àMembership€and€attendance€........................à  ààѬ¬F à6€„€8ˆà‘ì!ì!VP"à1ˆÐ ¾  ÐÌà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àD.à  àSolemn€declaration€...............................à  ààÑØØI à€9ˆà‘ì!ì!VP"à2ˆÐ è ÐÌà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àE.à  àWorking€groups€...................................à  ààÑääD à10€„€12ˆà‘ì!ì!VP"à2ˆÐ ºb ÐÌà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àF.à  àOther€matters€....................................à  ààÑääD à13€„€26ˆà‘ì!ì!VP"à3ˆÐ Œ4 ÐÌà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àG.à  àStaff€resources€..................................à  ààÑttH à€27ˆà‘ì!ì!VP"à5ˆÐ ^ ÐÌà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àH.à  àPublicity€for€the€work€of€the€Committee€..........à  ààÑääD à28€„€30ˆà‘ì!ì!VP"à5ˆÐ 0Ø ÐÌà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àI.à  àAdoption€of€the€report€...........................à  ààÑttH à€31ˆà‘ì!ì!VP"à6ˆÐ ª ÐÌà‘˜˜ ÄàII.ˆà  àACTION€BY€THE€GENERAL€ASSEMBLY€AT€ITS€FORTY„EIGHTHÐ Ô| Ðà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àSESSION€AND€BY€THE€COMMISSION€ON€HUMAN€RIGHTS€AT€ITSÌà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àFIFTIETH€SESSION€.....................................àÑääD à32€„€35ˆà‘ì!ì!VP"à7ˆÐ ¦N ÐÌà‘44 ÄàIII.ˆà  àMETHODS€OF€WORK€OF€THE€COMMITTEE€UNDER€ARTICLE€40€OFÐ x   Ðà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àTHE€COVENANT:€€OVERVIEW€OF€PRESENT€WORKING€METHODS€...àÑääD à36€„€56ˆà‘ì!ì!VP"à8ˆÐ a ! ÐÌà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àA.à  àList€of€issues€to€be€taken€up€in€connection€withÐ 3"Û# Ðà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àà  àthe€consideration€of€periodic€reports€of€StatesÌà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àà  àparties€..........................................à  ààÑääD à38€„€40ˆà‘ì!ì!VP"à8ˆÐ $­!% ÐÌà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àB.à  àComments€of€the€Committee€at€the€end€of€theÐ ×%#' Ðà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àà  àconsideration€of€reports€of€States€parties€.......à  ààÑääD à41€„€44ˆà‘ì!ì!VP"à9ˆÐ À&h$( ÐÌà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àC.à  àThe€Committee's€procedures€in€dealing€withÐ ’(:&* Ðà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àà  àemergency€situations€.............................à  ààÑääD à45€„€47ˆà‘ì!ì!VP"à9ˆÐ {)#'+ ÐÌà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àD.à  àImplementation€of€the€Covenant€in€new€States€thatÐ M+õ(- Ðà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àà  àconstituted€parts€of€former€States€parties€to€theÌà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àà  àCovenant€.........................................à  ààÑääD à48€„€49ˆà‘ˆ!ˆ!UP"à10ˆÐ -Ç*/ ÐÌà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àE.à  àGeneral€comments€.................................à  ààÑttH à€50ˆà‘ˆ!ˆ!UP"à11ˆÐ ñ.™,1  Їà‘ÄÄÄàˆà  àF.à  àOverdue€reports€..................................à  ààÑääD à51€„€53ˆà‘ˆ!ˆ!UP"à11ˆÐ X ÐÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àG.à .àFormat€of€the€annual€report€of€the€Committee€underÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .àarticle€45€of€the€Covenant€.......................à .ààÑ  .Øà54ˆ€„€56à‘P" .ˆ!à12ˆÌÌÌÌà@ì .òà„iii„ˆÌÑ  Ñà@ì .àCONTENTS€(continued)ˆÌÌÓ 88tÓòòChapteróóàt .tàòòParagraphsóó€€òòPageóóÌÔ  ÔÔ , ÔÓ)8 8Ä´    P")ÓÌà‘Ä .˜àIV.ˆà .àSUBMISSION€OF€REPORTS€BY€STATES€PARTIES€UNDERÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àARTICLE€40€OF€THE€COVENANT€...........................àÑ  .Øà57ˆ€„€61à‘P" .ˆ!à14ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àA.à .àReports€submitted€by€States€parties€underÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .àarticle€40€of€the€Covenant€during€the€period€underÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .àreview€...........................................à .ààÑ  . àˆ€60à‘P" .ˆ!à14ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àB.à .àSpecial€decisions€by€the€Human€Rights€CommitteeÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .àconcerning€reports€of€particular€States€..........à .ààÑ  . àˆ€61à‘P" .ˆ!à14ˆÌÌà‘Ä .üàV.ˆà .àSTATES€THAT€HAVE€NOT€COMPLIED€WITH€THEIR€OBLIGATIONSÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àUNDER€ARTICLE€40€.....................................àÑ  .Øà62ˆ€„€67à‘P" .ˆ!à16ˆÌÌà‘Ä .˜àVI.ˆà .àCONSIDERATION€OF€REPORTS€SUBMITTED€BY€STATES€PARTIESÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àUNDER€ARTICLE€40€OF€THE€COVENANT€.....................àÑ  .Øà68ˆ€„€370à‘P" .ˆ!à19ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àA.à .àIceland€..........................................à .ààÑ  .Øà69ˆ€„€83à‘P" .ˆ!à19ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àB.à .àNorway€...........................................à .ààÑ  .Øà84ˆ€„€97à‘P" .ˆ!à21ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àC.à .àJapan€............................................à .ààÑ  .Øà98ˆ€„€116à‘P" .ˆ!à23ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àD.à .àMalta€............................................à .ààÑ  .tà117ˆ€„€131à‘P" .ˆ!à26ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àE.à .àRomania€..........................................à .ààÑ  .tà132ˆ€„€149à‘P" .ˆ!à28ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àF.à .àCosta€Rica€.......................................à .ààÑ  .tà150ˆ€„€165à‘P" .ˆ!à31ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àG.à .àMexico€...........................................à .ààÑ  .tà166ˆ€„€182à‘P" .ˆ!à33ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àH.à .àCameroon€.........................................à .ààÑ  .tà183ˆ€„€208à‘P" .ˆ!à36ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àI.à .àEl€Salvador€......................................à .ààÑ  .tà209ˆ€„€224à‘P" .ˆ!à38ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àJ.à .àLibyan€Arab€Jamahiriya€...........................à .à€€€€225à‘P" .ˆ!à41ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àK.à .àJordan€...........................................à .ààÑ  .tà226ˆ€„€244à‘P" .ˆ!à41ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àL.à .àTogo€.............................................à .ààÑ  .tà245ˆ€„€270à‘P" .ˆ!à44ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àM.à .àItaly€............................................à .ààÑ  .tà271ˆ€„€290à‘P" .ˆ!à47ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àN.à .àAzerbaijan€.......................................à .ààÑ  .tà291ˆ€„€311à‘P" .ˆ!à50ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àO.à .àCyprus€...........................................à .ààÑ  .tà312ˆ€„€333à‘P" .ˆ!à53ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àP.à .àSlovenia€.........................................à .ààÑ  .tà334ˆ€„€353à‘P" .ˆ!à56ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àQ.à .àBurundi€..........................................à .ààÑ  .tà354ˆ€„€370à‘P" .ˆ!à58ˆÌÌÌÌÌÌà@ì .$à„iv„ˆÌÑ  Ñà@ì .àCONTENTS€(continued)ˆÌÌÓ 88tÓòòChapteróóàt .tàòòParagraphsóó€€òòPageóóÌÔ  ÔÔ , ÔÓ)8 8Ä´    P")ÓÌà‘Ä .4àVII.ˆà .àGENERAL€COMMENTS€OF€THE€COMMITTEE€....................àÑ  .tà371ˆ€„€373à‘P" .ˆ!à62ˆÌÌà‘Ä .ÐàVIII.ˆà .àCONSIDERATION€OF€COMMUNICATIONS€UNDER€THE€OPTIONALÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àPROTOCOL€.............................................àÑ  .tà374ˆ€„€468à‘P" .ˆ!à63ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àA.à .àProgress€of€work€.................................à .ààÑ  .tà376ˆ€„€382à‘P" .ˆ!à63ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àB.à .àGrowth€of€the€Committee's€case„load€under€theÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .àOptional€Protocol€................................à .ààÑ  .tà383ˆ€„€384à‘P" .ˆ!à65ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àC.à .àNew€approaches€to€examining€communications€underÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .àthe€Optional€Protocol€............................à .ààÑ  .tà385ˆ€„€387à‘P" .ˆ!à65ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àD.à .àIndividual€opinions€..............................à .ààÑ  .tà388ˆ€„€389à‘P" .ˆ!à66ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àE.à .àIssues€considered€by€the€Committee€...............à .ààÑ  .tà390ˆ€„€457à‘P" .ˆ!à66ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àF.à .àRemedies€called€for€under€the€Committee's€views€..€€€€€458à‘P" .ˆ!à83ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àG.à .àFollow„up€activities€.............................à .ààÑ  .tà459ˆ€„€468à‘P" .ˆ!à84ˆÌÌà@ì .ŽàòòAnnexesóóˆÌÌà‘Ä .üàI.ˆà .àStates€parties€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€andÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àPolitical€Rights€and€to€the€Optional€Protocols€and€States€whichÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àhave€made€the€declaration€under€article€41€of€the€Covenant€asÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àat€29€July€1994€..................................................à‘P" .ˆ!à89ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àA.à .àStates€parties€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€andÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .àPolitical€Rights€.............................................à‘P" .ˆ!à89ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àB.à .àStates€parties€to€the€First€Optional€Protocol€................à‘P" .ˆ!à92ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àC.à .àStates€which€have€made€the€declaration€under€article€41€of€theÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .àCovenant€.....................................................à‘P" .ˆ!à94ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àD.à .àStatus€of€the€Second€Optional€Protocol€aiming€at€the€abolitionÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .àof€the€death€penalty€.........................................à‘P" .ˆ!à95ˆÌÌà‘Ä .˜àII.ˆà .àMembership€and€officers€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee,€1993„1994€.à‘P" .ˆ!à97ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àA.à .àMembership€...................................................à‘P" .ˆ!à97ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àB.à .àOfficers€.....................................................à‘P" .ˆ!à97ˆÌÌà‘Ä .4àIII.ˆà .àSubmission€of€reports€and€additional€information€by€States€partiesÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àunder€article€40€of€the€Covenant€during€the€period€under€review€..à‘P" .ˆ!à98ˆÌÌà‘Ä .˜àIV.ˆà .àStatus€of€reports€considered€during€the€period€under€review€and€ofÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àreports€still€pending€before€the€Committee€.......................à‘P" .$!à104ˆÌÌÌÌÌà@ì .Và„v„ˆÌÑ  Ñà@ì .àCONTENTS€(continued)ˆÌÌÓ 88tÓòòóóàt .tà€€€€€€€€€€€€òòPageóóÌÔ  ÔÔ , ÔÓ)8 8Ä´    P")ÓÌà‘Ä .üàV.ˆà .àGeneral€comments€under€article€40,€paragraph€4,€of€theÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€.............à‘P" .$!à107ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àGeneral€comment€No.23€(50)€(art.€27)€............................à‘P" .$!à107ˆÌÌà‘Ä .˜àVI.ˆà .àAmended€rules€of€procedure€.......................................à‘P" .$!à111ˆÌÌà‘Ä .4àVII.ˆà .àLetter€from€the€Chairman€of€the€Committee€concerning€an€overdueÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àreport€...........................................................à‘P" .$!à114ˆÌÌà‘Ä .ÐàVIII.ˆà .àLists€of€States€Parties'€delegations€that€participated€in€theÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àconsideration€of€their€respective€reports€by€the€Human€RightsÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àCommittee€at€its€forty„ninth,€fiftieth€and€fifty„first€sessions€..à‘P" .$!à115ˆÌÌà‘Ä .˜àIX.ˆà .àViews€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,Ìà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àof€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€CivilÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àand€Political€Rights*€ÌÌà‘Ä .üàX.ˆà .àDecisions€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€declaring€communicationsÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àinadmissible€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€InternationalÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights*€ÌÌà‘Ä .˜àXI.ˆà .àRecommendation€submitted€by€the€Committee€to€the€SubcommissionÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àon€Prevention€of€Discrimination€and€Protection€of€MinoritiesÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àconcerning€a€draft€third€optional€protocol€to€the€InternationalÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€...........................à‘P" .$!à120ˆÌÌà‘Ä .4àXII.ˆà .àList€of€documents€issued€during€the€reporting€period€.............à‘P" .$!à121ˆÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌ________________________ÌÌÓ&88,´    P"&Óà, .,à*à .àSee€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„ninth€Session,ÏSupplement€No.€40óó€(A/49/40),€vol.€II.ÌÌÌÌà@ì .$à„vi„ˆÇÝ ƒÿÝÔ UK ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÑ\R3Ø'\ÑÑ X ÑÑ À ÑÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓ…+ÓÔ€ôôôÔÔC€<þ6X9`(CourierCÔÓ(€  $(ÓØØÖ€JÖÖ€ÖÓ882^ ÓÝ  ÝÙ  ÙØØà@ì .ä àI.€€ORGANIZATIONAL€AND€OTHER€MATTERSˆÌÌÌà@ì .H àA.€€òòStates€parties€to€the€CovenantóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô1.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àAs€at€29€July€1994,€the€closing€date€of€the€fifty„first€session€of€theÏHuman€Rights€Committee,€127€States€had€ratified,€acceded€or€succeeded€to€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€and€76€States€had€ratifiedÏor€acceded€to€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€Covenant.€€Both€instruments€wereÏadopted€by€the€General€Assembly€in€resolution€2200€A€(XXI)€of€16€December€1966Ïand€opened€for€signature€and€ratification€in€New€York€on€19€December€1966.€€TheyÏentered€into€force€on€23€March€1976€in€accordance€with€the€provisions€of€theirÏarticles€49€and€9€respectively.€€Also,€as€at€29€July€1994,€44€States€had€madeÏthe€declaration€envisaged€under€article€41,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant,€whichÏcame€into€force€on€28€March€1979.ÌÌÔ2Ô2.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Second€Optional€Protocol€aiming€at€the€abolition€of€the€death€penalty,Ïwhich€was€adopted€and€opened€for€signature,€ratification€or€accession€by€theÏGeneral€Assembly€in€resolution€44/128€of€15€December€1989,€entered€into€force€onÏ11€July€1991€in€accordance€with€the€provisions€of€its€article€8.€€As€atÏ29July1994,€there€were€23€States€parties€to€the€Second€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌÔ2Ô3.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àA€list€of€States€parties€to€the€Covenant€and€to€the€Optional€Protocols,Ïwith€an€indication€of€those€which€have€made€the€declaration€under€article€41,Ïparagraph€1,€of€the€Covenant,€is€contained€in€annex€I€to€the€present€report.ÌÌÔ2Ô4.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àReservations€and€other€declarations€made€by€a€number€of€States€parties€inÏrespect€of€the€Covenant€or€the€Optional€Protocols€are€set€out€in€documentÏCCPR/C/2/Rev.3€and€in€notifications€deposited€with€the€Secretary„General.€€By€aÏnote€of€18€January€1994,€the€Government€of€Iceland€notified€the€Secretary„¼General€of€the€withdrawal€of€its€reservation€to€article€8,€paragraph€3€(a),€ofÏthe€Covenant.€€Similarly,€by€a€note€of€12€April€1994,€the€Government€of€IrelandÏnotified€the€Secretary„General€of€the€withdrawal€of€its€reservation€toÏarticle6,€paragraph€5,€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÌà@ì .nàB.€€òòSessions€and€agendaóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô5.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Human€Rights€Committee€has€held€three€sessions€since€the€adoption€ofÏits€last€annual€report.€€The€forty„ninth€session€(1263rd€to€1291st€meetings)€wasÏheld€at€the€United€Nations€Office€at€Geneva€from€18€October€to€5€November€1993,Ïthe€fiftieth€session€(1292nd€to€1319th€meetings)€was€held€at€United€NationsÏHeadquarters€from€21€March€to€8€April€1994,€and€the€fifty„first€sessionÏ(1320thto€1357th€meetings)€was€held€at€the€United€Nations€Office€at€Geneva€fromÏ4€to€29€July€1994.ÌÌÌà@ì .BàC.€€òòMembership€and€attendanceóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô6.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àAt€the€forty„ninth€session€(1273rd€meeting),€held€on€25€October€1993,€theÏChairperson€informed€the€Committee€of€the€death€of€one€of€its€members,ÏMr.JnosFodor€(Hungary).€€Members€of€the€Committee€expressed€their€sorrow€atÏhis€untimely€death€and€paid€tribute€to€his€contributions€to€the€work€of€heÏCommittee€and€to€the€promotion€of€human€rights€in€general.ÌÌÔ2Ô7.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àMr.€Tams€Bn€(Hungary)€was€elected€at€the€13th€meeting€of€States€PartiesÏto€the€Convention,€held€at€United€Nations€Headquarters€on€16€March€1994,€to€fill€the€vacancy€in€the€Committee€resulting€from€the€death€of€Mr.€Jnos€Fodor.€€AÏlist€of€the€members€of€the€Committee,€as€well€as€of€its€officers,€is€given€inÏannex€II€to€the€present€report.ÌÌÔ2Ô8.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àAll€the€members€attended€the€forty„ninth€and€fiftieth€sessions€of€theÏCommittee.€€Mr.€Bn€attended€only€part€of€the€fiftieth€session.€€All€the€membersÏattended€the€fifty„first€session.€€Mrs.€Chanet,€Mr.€Herndl,€Mrs.€Higgins€andÏMr.Lallah€attended€only€part€of€that€session.ÌÌÌà@ì . àD.€€òòSolemn€declarationóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô9.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àBefore€assuming€his€functions,€Mr.€Tams€Bn€made€a€solemn€declaration€inÏaccordance€with€article€38€of€the€Covenant€and€rule€16€of€the€Committee's€rulesÏof€procedure.ÌÌÌà@ì .hàE.€€òòWorking€groupsóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô10.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àIn€accordance€with€rules€62€and€89€of€it€rules€of€procedure,€the€CommitteeÏestablished€working€groups€to€meet€before€its€forty„ninth,€fiftieth€and€fifty„¼first€sessions.ÌÌÔ2Ô11.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€working€group€established€under€rule€89€was€entrusted€with€the€task€ofÏmaking€recommendations€to€the€Committee€regarding€communications€under€theÏOptional€Protocol.€€At€the€forty„ninth€session,€the€working€group€was€composedÏof€Ms.€Evatt,€Mr.€Herndl,€Mr.€Ndiaye,€Mr.€Mavrommatis€and€Mr.€Prado€Vallejo.€€ItÏmet€at€the€United€Nations€Office€at€Geneva€from€11€to€15€October€1993€andÏelected€Ms.€Evatt€as€its€Chairperson„Rapporteur.€€At€the€fiftieth€session,€theÏworking€group€was€composed€of€Mr.€Ando,€Mrs.€Higgins,€Mr.€Ndiaye,€Mr.€Pocar€andÏMr.Prado€Vallejo.€€It€met€at€United€Nations€Headquarters€from€14€toÏ18March1994€and€elected€Mrs.€Higgins€as€its€Chairperson„Rapporteur.€€At€theÏfifty„first€session,€the€working€group€was€composed€of€Mr.€Bruni€Celli,ÏMr.Dimitrijevic,€Mr.€Mavrommatis,€Mr.€Ndiaye€and€Mr.€Sadi.€€It€met€at€theÏUnited€Nations€Office€at€Geneva€from€27€June€to€1€July€1994€and€elected€Mr.ÏBruni€Celli€as€its€Chairperson„Rapporteur.ÌÌÔ2Ô12.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€working€group€established€under€rule€62€was€mandated€to€prepare€conciseÏlists€of€issues€concerning€second€and€third€periodic€reports€scheduled€forÏconsideration€at€the€Committee's€forty„ninth,€fiftieth€and€fifty„first€sessions;Ïto€consider€any€draft€general€comments€that€might€be€put€before€it;€and€toÏreview€the€Committee's€procedures€under€article€40€of€the€Covenant.€ÏAdditionally,€the€working€group€that€met€before€the€fifty„first€session€wasÏrequested€to€formulate€recommendations€relating€to€the€forthcoming€meeting€ofÏpersons€chairing€the€human€rights€treaty€bodies.€€At€the€forty„ninth€session,Ïthe€working€group€was€composed€of€Mr.€Aguilar€Urbina,€Mr.€Dimitrijevic,ÏMr.Lallah€and€Mr.€Sadi.€€It€met€at€the€United€Nations€Office€at€Geneva€fromÏ11to€15€October€1993€and€elected€Mr.€Lallah€as€its€Chairperson„Rapporteur.€ÏAtthe€fiftieth€session,€the€working€group€was€composed€of€Mrs.€Chanet,ÏMr.Bruni€Celli,€Mr.€Francis€and€Mr.€Wennergren;€it€met€at€United€NationsÏHeadquarters€from€4€to€18€March€1994€and€elected€Mr.€Wennergren€as€itsÏChairperson„Rapporteur.€€At€the€fifty„first€session,€the€group€was€composed€ofÏMs.€Evatt,€Mr.€Aguilar€Urbina,€Mr.€El€Shafei€and€Mr.€Wennergren.€€It€met€at€theÏUnited€Nations€Office€at€Geneva€from€27€June€to€1€July€1994€and€electedÏMs.Evatt€as€its€Chairperson„Rapporteur.ÌÌÌà@ì .šàF.€€òòOther€mattersóóˆÌÌà@ì .nà1.€€òòForty„ninth€sessionóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô13.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Assistant€Secretary„General€for€Human€Rights€informed€the€Committee€ofÏthe€report€of€the€Secretary„General€on€the€work€of€the€Organization,€submittedÏto€the€General€Assembly€at€its€forty„eighth€session.€òò1óó/€€Members€were€alsoÏbriefed€on€recent€activities€of€the€Working€Group€on€Detention,€the€Committee€onÏthe€Elimination€of€Racial€Discrimination,€the€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€theÏChild€and€the€programme€of€advisory€services€of€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights.ÌÌòòSummary€records€of€the€forty„ninth€sessionóóÌÌÔ2Ô14.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Committee€was€informed€that,€owing€to€financial€difficultiesÏexperienced€by€the€Untied€Nations€in€recent€months,€interpretation€could€not€beÏprovided€for€all€30€meetings€of€the€session€and€that€Conference€Services€wouldÏbe€unable€to€provide€summary€records€for€the€forty„ninth€session.€€As€aÏconsequence€of€those€measures,€the€Committee€was€obliged€to€reschedule€theÏconsideration€of€certain€reports€in€order€to€benefit€from€interpretation€duringÏthe€dialogue€with€delegations€of€States€parties,€and€certain€urgentÏcommunications€under€the€Optional€Protocol€had€unfortunately€to€be€deferred€toÏanother€session.€€It€nevertheless€drew€attention€to€the€fact€that€the€completeÏelimination€of€summary€records€would€result€in€the€absence€of€any€officialÏrecord€of€what€had€been€said€in€the€dialogue€between€the€Committee€and€each€ofÏthe€States€parties.€€A€large€part€of€the€exercise€would€therefore€be€lost€bothÏfor€the€Committee€and€the€delegations€concerned.€€Furthermore,€without€suchÏrecords,€there€would€be€no€archive€of€the€jurisprudence€of€the€Committee€underÏthe€Optional€Protocol.€€Accordingly,€the€Committee€requested€the€Secretariat€toÏcontemplate€any€means€available€to€produce€summary€records€at€a€later€stage.ÌÌÔ2Ô15.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Committee€was€subsequently€informed€that€Conference€Services,€at€theÏCommittee's€request,€was€envisaging€the€preparation€of€summary€records€of€theÏforty„ninth€session€on€the€basis€of€recorded€tapes.€€In€view€of€the€costsÏinvolved,€those€summary€records€would,€on€an€exceptional€basis,€be€prepared€inÏEnglish€only.ÌÌÌà@ì .à2.€€òòFiftieth€sessionóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô16.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Committee€was€informed€by€the€representative€of€the€Secretary„GeneralÏthat€Ambassador€Jos€Ayala€Lasso€of€Ecuador€had€been€appointed€United€NationsÏHigh€Commissioner€for€Human€Rights€by€the€General€Assembly,€pursuant€toÏresolution€48/141€of€20€December€1994.€€The€High€Commissioner€was€to€beÏresponsible,€òòinter€aliaóó,€for€making€recommendations€to€competent€bodies€of€theÏUnited€Nations€system€for€improving€the€promotion€and€protection€of€all€humanÏrights,€for€engaging€all€Governments€in€a€dialogue€with€a€view€to€securingÏrespect€for€all€human€rights,€for€coordinating€human€rights€activitiesÏthroughout€the€United€Nations€system€and,€in€this€regard,€for€rationalizing,Ïadapting,€strengthening€and€streamlining€United€Nations€human€rights€machineryÏin€order€to€improve€its€efficiency€and€effectiveness.ÌÌÔ2Ô17.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àMembers€were€briefed€about€the€recent€activities€of€the€United€NationsÏhuman€rights€treaty€bodies,€particularly€the€Committee€against€Torture,€whichÏhad€just€completed€its€first€inquiry€procedure€under€article€20€of€theÏConvention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€orÏPunishment.ÌÌòòEducation€on€human€rightsóóÌÌÔ2Ô18.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Committee€took€note€with€particular€interest€of€a€letter€addressed€toÏit€by€the€Assistant€Secretary„General€for€Human€Rights€inviting€the€Committee€toÏexpress€its€views€and€give€its€suggestions€on€how€to€ensure€effective€promotionÏand€protection€of€human€rights€education,€training€and€public€information,€inÏthe€light€of€the€Vienna€Declaration€and€Programme€of€Action€adopted€by€the€WorldÏConference€on€Human€Rights.ÌÌÔ2Ô19.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Committee€pointed€to€the€pivotal€importance€of€adequate€human€rightsÏeducation,€training€and€public€information,€which€constituted€an€essentialÏcondition€for€the€accomplishment€of€the€objectives€set€forth€in€both€theÏUniversal€Declaration€of€Human€Rights€and€the€international€covenants€on€humanÏrights.€€Basic€information€on€the€fundamental€principles€and€rights€enshrined€inÏthose€texts,€as€well€as€on€the€moral€and€philosophical€concepts€behind€them,Ïshould€thus€be,€in€the€view€of€the€Committee,€a€primary€objective€of€theÏforthcoming€Decade€on€Human€Rights€Education.€€Such€information€should€be€widelyÏdisseminated€by€any€available€means€and€reach€the€largest€possible€audience,Ïparticularly€children.€€In€that€regard,€specific€efforts€should€be€made€toÏensure€that€primary€and€secondary€school€curricula€include€in€an€appropriate€wayÏsuch€human€rights€education.ÌÌÔ2Ô20.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àSpecific€training€should€be€targeted€to€benefit€different€categories€ofÏpersons€or€professions€and€relate€to€the€interpretation€and€enforcement€of€theÏpertinent€rights€and€freedoms€guaranteed€in€the€International€Covenant€on€CivilÏand€Political€Rights.€€In€that€respect,€particular€attention€should€be€given€toÏthe€training€of€law€enforcement€officials€(police,€army,€security€forces€andÏprison€officers),€judges,€lawyers€and€members€of€other€professions,€such€asÏjournalists,€whose€activities€have€direct€bearing€on€the€realization€of€theÏobjectives€set€out€in€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô21.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Committee€added€that€in€implementing€human€rights€education,€trainingÏand€public€information€programmes,€careful€consideration€should€be€given€toÏpossible€assistance€from,€and€cooperation€with,€international,€regional€orÏnational€institutions,€commissions€or€other€bodies€engaged€in€activities€in€theÏfield€of€human€rights.ÌÌòòQuestion€of€a€possible€draft€third€optional€protocol€to€the€CovenantóóÌÌÔ2Ô22.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Committee€took€note€that€the€Subcommission€on€Prevention€ofÏDiscrimination€and€Protection€of€Minorities€in€its€resolution€1993/26€hadÏrequested€the€Committee€to€consider€the€text€of€a€possible€draft€third€optionalÏprotocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.ÌÌÔ2Ô23.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Committee€noted€that€the€purpose€of€the€possible€draft€optionalÏprotocol€was€to€add€article€9,€paragraphs€3€and€4,€and€article€14€to€the€list€ofÏnon„derogable€provisions€in€article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Covenant.€€In€thatÏregard,€the€Committee€was€satisfied€that€States€parties€generally€understoodÏthat€the€right€to€habeas€corpus€and€òòamparoóó€should€not€be€limited€in€situationsÏof€emergency.€€Furthermore,€the€Committee€was€of€the€view€that€the€remediesÏprovided€in€article€9,€paragraphs€3€and€4,€read€in€conjunction€with€article€2Ïwere€inherent€to€the€Covenant€as€a€whole.€€Having€this€in€mind,€the€CommitteeÏbelieved€that€there€was€a€considerable€risk€that€the€proposed€draft€thirdÏoptional€protocol€might€implicitly€invite€States€parties€to€feel€free€toÏderogate€from€the€provisions€of€article€9€of€the€Covenant€during€states€ofÏemergency€if€they€do€not€ratify€the€proposed€optional€protocol.€€Thus,€the€protocol€might€have€the€undesirable€effect€of€diminishing€the€protection€ofÏdetained€persons€during€states€of€emergency.ÌÌÔ2Ô24.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Committee€was€also€of€the€view€that€it€would€simply€not€be€feasible€toÏexpect€that€all€provisions€of€article€14€can€remain€fully€in€force€in€any€kindÏof€emergency.€€Thus,€the€inclusion€of€article€14€as€such€in€the€list€ofÏnon-derogable€provisions€would€not€be€appropriate.ÌÌÔ2Ô25.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àIn€the€light€of€the€foregoing,€the€Committee€considered€it€inadvisable€toÏpursue€the€elaboration€of€a€draft€optional€protocol€to€the€Covenant€with€the€aimÏof€adding€article€9,€paragraphs€3€and€4,€as€well€as€article€14€to€the€list€ofÏnon„derogable€rights€enumerated€in€article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Covenant.€€TheÏtext€of€the€recommendations€submitted€by€the€Committee€to€the€Subcommission€isÏcontained€in€annex€XI€to€the€present€report.ÌÌÌà@ì .nà3.€€òòFifty„first€sessionóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô26.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Committee€was€addressed€for€the€first€time€by€the€United€Nations€HighÏCommissioner€for€Human€Rights,€Mr.€Jos€Ayala€Lasso.€€The€Committee€welcomed€theÏaffirmed€intention€of€the€High€Commissioner€to€establish€harmonious€and€fruitfulÏworking€relations€with€all€human€rights€treaty€bodies€and€to€support€them€asÏmuch€as€possible€so€as€to€enhance€their€effectiveness.€€It€also€appreciated€theÏintention€of€the€High€Commissioner€to€place€special€emphasis€on€the€importanceÏof€compliance€by€all€States€with€the€obligations€they€have€undertaken€inÏratifying€or€acceding€to€international€human€rights€instruments.€€The€CommitteeÏaffirmed€its€readiness€fully€to€support€the€High€Commissioner€in€the€fulfilmentÏof€his€mandate.ÌÌÌà@ì .6àG.€€òòStaff€resourcesóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô27.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€greater€complexity€and€more€intensive€pace€of€the€Committee'sÏoperations,€resulting€from€the€increased€number€of€States€parties€to€theÏCovenant€as€well€as€from€qualitative€changes€in€the€Committee's€methods€of€work,Ïhave€added€significantly€to€the€workload€of€the€Secretariat€in€providingÏsubstantive€servicing€to€the€Committee€in€relation€to€the€monitoring€of€StatesÏparties'€reports.€€The€number€of€communications€submitted€to€the€Committee€underÏthe€Optional€Protocol€has€also€grown€markedly€(see€chap.€VIII,€sect.€B).€ÏAccordingly,€the€Committee€requests€the€Secretary„General€to€take€the€necessaryÏsteps€to€ensure€a€substantial€increase€in€the€specialized€staff€assigned€toÏservice€the€Committee€both€in€relation€to€the€monitoring€of€States€parties'Ïreports€and€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌÌà@ì .† àH.€€òòPublicity€for€the€work€of€the€CommitteeóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô28.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Chairperson€held€press€briefings€during€each€of€the€Committee's€threeÏsessions.€€The€Committee€noted€with€satisfaction€the€level€of€interest€in€itsÏactivities€shown€by€non„governmental€organizations,€but€was€concerned€by€theÏlack€of€support€for€its€work€shown€by€the€media.ÌÌÔ2Ô29.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Committee€noted€that€the€Yearbook€(Official€Records€of€the€Human€RightsÏCommittee)€has€been€published€up€to€1988.€€The€Committee€was€informed€orallyÏthat€manuscripts€for€the€Yearbook€for€1987€(vol.€II),€1987„1988€(vol.€II)€andÏ1988„1989€(vol.€II)€had€been€submitted€for€processing.€€In€the€light€of€the€existing€resources,€the€Committee€reiterated€its€view€that€the€publication€ofÏthe€Yearbook€should€be€accelerated€to€eliminate€the€still€existing€backlog.ÌÌÔ2Ô30.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Committee€urged€that€work€on€volume€III€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee'sÏselected€decisions€under€the€Optional€Protocol€be€accelerated€with€a€view€toÏeliminating€the€existing€backlog€as€soon€as€possible.€€In€future,€they€should€beÏpublished€on€a€regular€and€timely€basis.ÌÌÌà@ì .ØàI.€€òòAdoption€of€the€reportóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô31.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àAt€its€1356th€and€1357th€meetings,€held€on€28€and€29€July€1994,€theÏCommittee€considered€the€draft€of€its€eighteenth€annual€report,€covering€itsÏactivities€at€the€forty„ninth,€fiftieth€and€fifty„first€sessions,€held€in€1993Ïand€1994.€€The€report,€as€amended€in€the€course€of€the€discussion,€wasÏunanimously€adopted€by€the€Committee.ÌÌÌÇà@ì .. àII.€€ACTION€BY€THE€GENERAL€ASSEMBLY€AT€ITS€FORTY„EIGHTHˆÌà@ì .. à€€€€€SESSION€AND€BY€THE€COMMISSION€ON€HUMAN€RIGHTS€AT€€ˆÌà@ì .. à€€€€€ITS€FIFTIETH€SESSION€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ˆÌÓ(€  $(ÓØØÌÔ  ÔÌÔ2Ô32.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àAt€its€1314th€meeting,€held€on€6€April€1994,€the€Committee€considered€theÏagenda€item€in€the€light€of€the€relevant€summary€records€of€the€Third€Committee,ÏGeneral€Assembly€resolutions€48/119€and€48/120€of€20December1993€andÏCommission€on€Human€Rights€resolutions€1994/15€and€1994/19€of€25February1994.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô33.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àIn€relation€to€the€Committee's€annual€report,€submitted€under€article45€ofÏthe€Covenant,€and€the€discussions€held€in€the€Third€Committee€at€its€36th€toÏ39thmeetings,€from€17€to€19€November€1993,€the€Committee€noted€with€particularÏsatisfaction€the€favourable€comments€of€the€Assembly€on€its€initiatives€designedÏto€improve€its€working€methods€under€article40€of€the€Covenant,€notably€inÏrelation€to€the€formulation€of€comments€by€the€Committee€on€each€State€report.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô34.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àWith€reference€to€the€discussion€within€the€General€Assembly€relating€toÏthe€effective€functioning€of€human€rights€treaty€bodies,€the€Committee€notedÏwith€satisfaction€that€the€Assembly€had€once€again€underlined€the€importance€ofÏcompliance€by€States€parties€with€their€reporting€obligations,€as€well€as€theÏimportance€of€the€work€of€the€supervisory€bodies€established€under€the€variousÏhuman€rights€treaty€bodies.€€The€Committee€took€note€of€statements€made€by€aÏnumber€of€delegations€relating€to€the€necessity€of€alleviating€the€reportingÏobligations€of€States€parties.€€It€took€note€of€the€fact€that€States€that€wereÏparties€to€various€international€human€rights€instruments€might€faceÏdifficulties€in€complying€with€their€reporting€obligations.€€However,€it€feltÏthat€the€suggested€possibility€of€allowing€States€parties€to€consolidate€reportsÏdue€under€various€instruments€into€a€single€comprehensive€report€would€raiseÏserious€difficulties,€especially€with€respect€to€the€compatibility€of€suchÏreports€with€both€the€provisions€of€each€instrument€concerned€and€the€aim€andÏpurpose€of€the€reporting€procedure€itself.€€It€also€disagreed€with€proposalsÏmade€relating€to€the€possible€consideration€of€the€situation€of€human€rights€inÏa€country€without€a€report.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô35.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Committee€discussed€the€relevant€resolutions€adopted€by€the€CommissionÏon€Human€Rights€at€its€forty„ninth€session€and€expressed€strong€agreement,€inÏparticular€with€the€recommendation€that€countries€having€difficulties€inÏintroducing€changes€in€their€legislation€that€might€be€necessary€for€theÏratification€of€international€instruments€on€human€rights€should€be€encouragedÏto€request€appropriate€support€from€the€advisory€services€and€technicalÏassistance€programmes€of€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights.€€The€Committee€expressedÏsatisfaction€that€the€Commission€had€renewed€its€request€to€have€the€recentÏperiodic€reports€of€States€parties€to€treaty„monitoring€bodies,€the€summaryÏrecords€of€Committee€discussions€pertaining€to€them,€as€well€as€concludingÏobservations€and€final€comments€of€the€treaty€bodies€made€available€in€UnitedÏNations€information€centres€in€the€countries€concerned.€€It€also€welcomed€theÏrenewed€request€that€high€priority€be€given€to€the€recommendations€of€the€TaskÏForce€on€Computerization€of€the€Work€of€the€Treaty€Bodies€and€that€generousÏvoluntary€contributions€be€made€to€cover€the€initial€one„time€cost€of€theÏproposed€system.ÌÌÌÇà@ì .˜àIII.€€METHODS€OF€WORK€OF€THE€COMMITTEE€UNDER€ARTICLE€40€OFˆÌà@ì .˜à€€€€€€THE€COVENANT:€€OVERVIEW€OF€PRESENT€WORKING€METHODS€€ˆÌÌÔ  ÔÌÔ2Ô36.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThis€section€of€the€report€of€the€Committee€aims€at€providing€a€concise€andÏup„to„date€overview€of€the€methods€utilized€by€the€Human€Rights€Committee€inÏcarrying€out€its€work€relating€to€the€consideration€of€reports€submitted€byÏStates€parties€under€article40€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€andÏPolitical€Rights.€€It€highlights€some€of€the€modifications€introduced€in€recentÏyears€and€is€designed€in€particular€to€make€the€Committee's€current€procedureÏmore€transparent€and€readily€accessible€to€all,€so€as€to€assist€States€partiesÏand€others€interested€in€the€implementation€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô37.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€consideration€of€reports€submitted€under€article€40€of€the€CovenantÏtakes€place€in€public€meetings€and€in€the€presence€of€representatives€of€theÏState€party€concerned.€€The€purpose€of€such€meetings€is€to€establish€aÏconstructive€dialogue€between€the€Committee€and€the€State€party.€€The€mainÏfunction€of€the€Committee€is€to€assist€State€parties€in€fulfilling€theirÏobligations€under€the€Covenant,€to€make€available€to€them€the€experience€theÏCommittee€has€acquired€in€its€examination€of€other€reports€and€to€discuss€withÏthem€various€issues€relating€to€the€enjoyment€of€the€rights€enshrined€in€theÏCovenant.€€In€fulfilling€this€function,€members€of€the€Committee€pose€questionsÏto€the€representatives€of€the€State€party€in€order€to€obtain€information€orÏclarification€on€any€legal€or€factual€matters€or€factors€that€may€affect€theÏimplementation€of€the€Covenant.€€The€representatives€of€States€that€haveÏsubmitted€their€initial€reports€are€then€given€time€to€prepare€answers€toÏquestions€posed€and€comments€raised€by€members€of€the€Committee.€€On€the€otherÏhand,€in€dealing€with€periodic€reports,€the€Committee€identifies€in€advance€theÏvarious€matters€that€might€most€usefully€be€discussed€with€the€representativesÏof€the€State€party.ÌÌÌà@ì .ÊàA.€€òòLists€of€issues€to€be€taken€up€in€connection€with€theóóˆÌà@ì .Êà€€€€òòconsideration€of€periodic€reports€of€States€partiesó󀀈ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô38.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Committee€originated€the€practice€of€preparing€lists€of€issues€inÏconnection€with€the€consideration€of€second€periodic€reports€in€1983.òò2óó/€€ForÏthis€purpose,€at€each€of€its€sessions€it€establishes€a€working€group€consistingÏof€four€members,€which€meets€during€the€week€preceding€each€of€the€Committee'sÏthree€sessions€held€during€the€year.€€The€lists€are€divided€into€chapters,€eachÏcovering€a€group€of€related€articles€of€the€Covenant.€€The€lists,€which€areÏconsidered€by€the€Committee€as€non„exhaustive,€are€transmitted€to€theÏrepresentatives€of€the€reporting€States.€€During€the€consideration€of€the€StateÏreport,€chapters€are€treated€one€by€one€in€a€manner€providing€for€immediateÏreplies€by€the€representatives€of€the€State€party.€€The€members€of€the€CommitteeÏhave€the€opportunity€to€seek€additional€clarifications€under€each€issue€and€toÏask€supplementary€questions.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô39.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àAt€its€thirty„fifth€session,€in€March€1989,€the€Committee€adopted€aÏmethodologyòò3óó/€for€considering€third€periodic€reports€similar€to€that€used€forÏsecond€periodic€reports,€but€stressed€the€need€to€concentrate€on€developmentsÏthat€occurred€after€the€submission€of€the€second€periodic€report€and€to€completeÏthe€dialogue€in€no€more€than€three€meetings,€unless€otherwise€decided.€€SuchÏlists€do€not€include€issues€extensively€dealt€with€during€the€consideration€ofÏthe€previous€report,€except€those€identified€as€giving€rise€to€concern.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô40.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àOn€the€basis€of€further€experience,€at€its€forty„third€session,òò4óó/€inÏOctober1991,€the€Committee€decided€that€in€order€to€make€better€use€of€its€timeÏduring€the€dialogue€with€States€parties,€the€number€of€chapters€included€in€theÏlists€of€issues€should€be€reduced€to€three€or€four€and€that€the€issuesÏthemselves€should€be€more€concise€and€precise.€€ÌÌÔ  ÔÌà@ì .àB.€€òòComments€of€the€Committee€at€the€end€of€the€considerationóóˆÌà@ì .à€€€€òòof€reports€of€States€partiesóó€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ˆÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô41.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àAt€its€forty„fourth€session€(March/April€1992),òò5óó/€the€Committee€decided€toÏadopt€comments€reflecting€the€views€of€the€Committee€as€a€whole€on€each€StateÏparty€report€considered€during€a€given€session.€€Such€comments€are€additionalÏto,€and€do€not€replace,€comments€made€by€individual€members€at€the€conclusion€ofÏthe€consideration€of€a€report.€€A€rapporteur€is€selected€in€each€case€to€draft€aÏtext,€in€consultation€with€the€Chairman€and€other€members,€for€adoption€by€theÏCommittee€in€closed€meeting.€€Such€comments€are€dispatched€to€the€State€partyÏconcerned€as€soon€as€practicable,€published€in€a€separate€document€(issued€inÏthe€CCPR/C/79€series)€and€included€in€the€annual€report€of€the€Committee.€ÏComments€drafted€during€a€given€session€are€normally€adopted€by€the€Committee€atÏthe€end€of€the€session.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô42.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€Committee's€comments€provide€a€general€evaluation€of€a€State€party'sÏreport€and€of€the€dialogue€with€the€delegation,€and€take€note€of€factors€andÏdifficulties€that€affect€the€implementation€of€the€Covenant,€of€positiveÏdevelopment€that€may€have€occurred€during€the€period€under€review€and€ofÏspecific€issues€of€concern€relating€to€the€application€of€the€provisions€of€theÏCovenant.€€They€include€suggestions€and€recommendations€to€the€State€partyÏconcerned.€€In€the€following€periodic€report,€States€parties€are€requested,€on€aÏsystematic€basis,€to€inform€the€Committee€about€the€measures€they€have€adoptedÏto€follow€up€on€the€Committee's€comments,€and€are€reminded,€when€appropriate,€ofÏthe€availability€of€advisory€services.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô43.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àDuring€its€forty„ninth€session,€the€Committee,€taking€into€account€theÏexperience€gained€in€adopting€comments€at€the€end€of€the€consideration€of€StatesÏparties'€reports,€formalized€this€practice€by€revising€rule70€of€its€rules€ofÏprocedure.òò6óó/€€Paragraph3€of€that€rule€was€amended€to€read€as€followsòò7óó/€(seeÏalso€annex€VI):ÌÌà02 .2à"3.à .àOn€the€basis€of€its€examination€of€the€reports€and€informationÏsupplied€by€a€State€party,€the€Committee,€in€accordance€with€article40,Ïparagraph4,€of€the€Covenant,€may€make€such€comments€as€it€may€considerÏappropriate".ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô44.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àAt€its€forty„ninth€session,€the€Committee€originated€the€practice€ofÏinforming€State€party€representatives,€at€the€conclusion€of€the€consideration€ofÏthe€country's€report,€that€the€comments€would€be€made€available€to€them€at€theÏlast€meeting€of€the€Committee's€session€in€the€language€adopted€and€made€publicÏimmediately€afterwards.ÌÌÔ  ÔÌà@ì .üàC.€€òòThe€Committee's€procedures€in€dealing€with€emergencyóóˆÌà@ì .üà€€€€òòsituationsóó€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ˆÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô45.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àSince€April€1991€(forty„first€session),€and€in€the€light€of€recent€orÏcurrent€events€indicating€that€the€enjoyment€of€human€rights€protected€under€theÏCovenant€has€been€seriously€affected€in€certain€States€parties,€the€Committee€has€resorted€to€the€practice€of€requesting€the€States€parties€concerned€toÏsubmit€urgently€reports€on€the€situation€(generally€within€three€months).€€SuchÏdecisions€have€been€taken€regarding,€in€chronological€order,€IraqÏ(11April1991),òò8óó/€the€Federal€Republic€of€Yugoslavia€(4€November€1991),òò9óó/ÏPeru€(10€April€1992),òò10óó/€Bosnia€and€Herzegovina,€Croatia€and€the€FederalÏRepublic€of€Yugoslavia€(6€October€1992),òò11óó/€Angola€and€BurundiÏ(29October1993)€(see€para.61).€€In€most€cases€the€States€concerned€compliedÏwith€the€Committee's€request€and€participated€in€the€consideration€of€theÏreport.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô46.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àAdditionally,€the€Committee€agreed€that,€if€an€exceptional€situation€arisesÏbetween€sessions,€the€Chairperson,€acting€in€consultation€with€the€members,€mayÏdirect€a€request€for€the€submission,€by€the€State€party€concerned,€of€a€reportÏunder€article€40,€paragraph€1€(b),€of€the€Covenant.€€That€procedure€wasÏimplemented€in€the€cases€concerning€Bosnia€and€Herzegovina,€Croatia€and€theÏFederal€Republic€of€Yugoslavia€(see€para.€45).€€Accordingly,€at€itsÏ1233rdmeeting€(forty„seventh€session),€held€on€8€April€1993,€the€CommitteeÏamended€its€rules€of€procedure€by€inserting€the€following€new€paragraph2€inÏrule€66:ÌÌà02 .2à"2.à .àRequests€for€submission€of€a€report€under€article€40,€paragraph1(b),Ïof€the€Covenant€may€be€made€in€accordance€with€the€periodicity€decided€byÏthe€Committee€or€at€any€other€time€the€Committee€may€deem€appropriate.€€InÏthe€case€of€an€exceptional€situation€when€the€Committee€is€not€in€session,Ïa€request€may€be€made€through€the€Chairman,€acting€in€consultation€with€theÏmembers€of€the€Committee".òò12óó/ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô47.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àAt€its€1274th€meeting€(forty„ninth€session),€on€25€October€1993,€theÏCommittee€decided€that,€where€the€consideration€of€a€State€report€submittedÏunder€article40€of€the€Covenant€revealed€a€grave€human€rights€situation,€itÏcould€request€the€Secretary„General€to€inform€the€competent€organs€of€the€UnitedÏNations,€including€the€Security€Council.ÌÌÌà@ì .’ àD.€€òòImplementation€of€the€Covenant€in€new€States€thatóóˆÌà@ì .’ à€€€€òòconstituted€parts€of€former€States€parties€to€theóóˆÌà@ì .’ à€€€€òòCovenantóó€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ˆÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô48.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àIn€its€decision€of€7€October€1992,€requesting€the€Governments€of€Bosnia€andÏHerzegovina,€Croatia€and€the€Federal€Republic€of€Yugoslavia€to€submit€reports€onÏspecific€issues€in€respect€of€persons€and€events€under€their€jurisdiction,€theÏCommittee€emphasized€that€all€the€peoples€within€the€territory€of€a€new€StateÏthat€constituted€a€part€of€the€former€Yugoslavia€were€entitled€to€the€guaranteesÏof€the€Covenant.€€In€its€comments€adopted€at€the€end€of€the€consideration€of€theÏreport€of€Bosnia€and€Herzegovina,€the€Committee€further€noted€that€by€complyingÏwith€the€Committee's€request€to€submit€a€report,€and€by€sending€a€delegationÏbefore€it,€the€Republic€of€Bosnia€and€Herzegovina€had€confirmed€its€successionÏto€the€obligations€undertaken€under€the€Covenant€by€the€former€Socialist€FederalÏRepublic€of€Yugoslavia€in€respect€of€the€territory€forming€part€of€the€RepublicÏof€Bosnia€and€Herzegovina.€€It€recommended€that€the€Republic€of€Bosnia€andÏHerzegovina€formalize€its€succession€to€the€Covenant€by€submitting€theÏappropriate€notifications€to€the€Secretary„General.òò13óó/€€Subsequently,€onÏ1September1993,€the€instruments€of€succession€of€the€Republic€of€Bosnia€andÏHerzegovina€to€the€Covenant,€with€effect€from€6€March€1992,€were€received€by€theÏSecretary„General.ÌÌÔ  ÔÔ2Ô49.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àAt€its€forty„seventh€session,€in€March/April€1993,€the€Committee€envisaged,Ïin€broader€terms,€the€problems€raised€in€connection€with€the€implementation€ofÏthe€Covenant€in€former€States€parties€to€the€Covenant.€€It€considered€that€allÏthe€peoples€within€the€territory€of€a€former€State€party€to€the€CovenantÏremained€entitled€to€the€guarantees€of€the€Covenant,€and€that,€in€particular,ÏArmenia,€Georgia,€Kazakhstan,€Kyrgyzstan,€Tajikistan,€the€former€YugoslavÏRepublic€of€Macedonia,€Turkmenistan€and€Uzbekistan€were€bound€by€the€obligationsÏunder€the€Covenant€as€from€the€dates€of€their€independence.€€Consequently,€it€Ý ƒÿÝÔ UK ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÑ\R3Ø'\ÑÑ X ÑÑ À ѼÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓ…+ÓÔ€ôôôÔÔC€<þ6X9`(CourierCÔÓ(€  $(ÓØØÖ€KÖÖ€ÖÓ882^ ÓÝ  Ýnoted€that€reports€under€article€40€of€the€Covenant€became€due€one€year€afterÌthat€date€and€requested,€in€notes€verbales€dated€28€May€1993€addressed€to€theÏMinisters€for€Foreign€Affairs€of€those€States,€that€such€reports€be€submitted€toÏit.€òò14óó/€€No€reports€have€yet€been€sent€to€the€Committee€in€reply€to€thatÏrequest.€€However,€since€the€closure€of€the€Committee's€forty„seventh€session,ÏArmenia,€Georgia€and€the€former€Yugoslav€Republic€of€Macedonia€acceded€to€theÏCovenant.ÌÌÌà@ì .àE.€€òòGeneral€commentsóóˆÌÌÓ(€  $(ÓØ1ØÔ2Ô50.Ô3  Ôà2 .2àThe€practice€of€preparing€general€comments€on€selected€articles€of€orÏissues€arising€from€the€Covenant€was€initiated€by€the€Committee€in€1981,€afterÏit€had€acquired€considerable€experience€in€examining€State€reports.€€GeneralÏcomments€draw€attention€to€certain€aspects€of€the€Covenant€but€do€not€purport€toÏbe€limitative€or€to€attribute€any€priority€among€the€different€aspects€in€termsÏof€implementation.€€They€are€intended€to€make€the€Committee's€experienceÏavailable€for€the€benefit€of€all€States€parties,€so€as€to€promote€more€effectiveÌimplementation€of€the€Covenant;€to€draw€their€attention€to€insufficienciesÏdisclosed€by€a€large€number€of€reports;€to€suggest€improvements€in€the€reportingÏprocedure€to€clarify€the€requirements€of€the€Covenant;€and€to€stimulate€theÏactivities€of€States€parties€and€international€organizations€in€the€promotionÏand€protection€of€human€rights.€€General€comments€are€also€intended€to€be€ofÏinterest€to€other€States,€especially€those€preparing€to€become€parties€to€theÏCovenant€and,€generally,€to€strengthen€cooperation€among€States€in€the€universalÏpromotion€and€protection€of€human€rights.€€To€date,€the€Committee€has€adopted€23Ïgeneral€comments,€which€can€be€found€in€documents€HRI/GEN/1€and€CCPR/C/21/Rev.1Ïand€Add.1„5€(see€also€paras.€371„373€and€annex€V).ÌÌÌà@ì .6àF.€€òòOverdue€reportsóóˆÌÌ51.à2 .2àThe€timely€submission€of€reports€under€article€40€of€the€Covenant€isÏfundamental€for€the€effective€discharge€by€the€Committee€of€its€functions€underÏthe€Covenant.€€Such€reports€form€the€basis€for€the€dialogue€between€theÏCommittee€and€the€States€parties€and€delays€result€in€the€interruption€of€theÏimplementation€process.€€Yet,€serious€delays€in€the€submission€of€reports€byÏStates€parties€have€occurred€throughout€the€period€since€the€Committee'sÏestablishment.€€The€cumulative€burden€of€producing€reports€to€severalÏinternational€human€rights€treaty€bodies,€the€insufficient€awareness€thatÏreporting€is€an€obligation€which€States€parties€are€required€to€fulfil€underÏarticle€40€of€the€Covenant,€the€shortage€of€qualified€government€staff,€the€lackÏof€an€efficient€administrative€structure€and€of€coordination€between€differentÏadministrative€bodies€dealing€with€similar€issues€and€the€lack€of€a€politicalÏwill€are€frequently€cited€as€contributing€factors€for€delays.ÌÌ52.à2 .2àOver€the€years,€the€Committee€has€resorted€to€various€actions€to€improveÏcompliance€by€States€parties€with€their€reporting€obligations€under€article€40Ïof€the€Covenant.€€Written€reminders€are€dispatched€twice€a€year€to€States€parties€whose€reports€are€overdue,€defaulting€States€parties€are€listed€in€theÏCommittee's€annual€reports€to€the€General€Assembly,€the€attention€of€theÏmeetings€of€States€parties€has€on€some€occasions€been€drawn€to€the€gravity€ofÏthe€situation;€òò15óó/€members€of€the€Bureau€are€regularly€requested€to€contactÏPermanent€Representatives€of€States€parties€on€the€Committee's€behalf,€and€theÏChairman€of€the€Committee€has€dispatched€special€letters€to€the€ForeignÏMinisters€of€States€parties€whose€reports€have€been€overdue€for€a€long€period.€ÏIn€one€case,€a€member€of€the€Committee€visited€one€of€the€States€parties€toÏprovide€expertise€and€advice,€with€a€view€to€facilitating€the€discharge€of€itsÏreporting€obligations.ÌÌ53.à2 .2àDespite€those€efforts,€the€situation€has€continued€to€worsen€over€theÏyears,€seriously€undermining€the€objectives€of€the€Covenant€and€hampering€theÏability€of€the€Committee€to€monitor€the€implementation€of€the€Covenant'sÏprovisions€in€the€State€party€concerned.€€As€at€29€July€1994,€a€total€of€93Ïreports€„€20€initial,€23€second€periodic,€37€third€periodic,€and€13€fourthÏperiodic€reports,€involving€a€total€of€75€States€parties,€were€outstanding.ÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€G.€€òòFormat€of€the€annual€report€of€the€CommitteeóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòunder€article€45€of€the€CovenantóóÌÌ54.à2 .2àAt€its€1314th€and€1315€meetings,€held€on€6€April€1994,€the€CommitteeÏdiscussed€various€ways€and€means€to€ensure€the€widest€possible€dissemination€ofÏinformation€on€its€activities€under€the€Covenant,€particularly€following€recentÏmodifications€in€the€Committee's€procedures€under€article€40€of€the€Covenant.€ÏIt€referred,€thereby,€to€the€adoption€of€the€comments€of€the€Committee€at€theÏend€of€the€consideration€of€States€parties'€reports€and€of€special€decisionsÏregarding€the€situation€of€human€rights€in€specific€countries.€€Those€importantÏdevelopments€had€generally€remained€unnoticed€owing€mainly€to€the€inadequacy€ofÏthe€format€of€the€Committee's€annual€report€to€the€General€Assembly.ÌÌ55.à2 .2àIt€was€felt€that€the€annual€report€was€excessively€long€and€cumbersome,Ïmainly€as€a€result€of€the€inclusion€of€summaries€of€the€examination€of€StatesÏparties'€reports€based€exclusively€on€summary€records.€€Developments€in€theÏCommittee's€procedures€under€article€40€and€the€Optional€Protocol€remainedÏinsufficiently€highlighted€for€that€reason.€€It€was€observed€that€sinceÏsummaries€relating€to€the€consideration€of€reports€at€the€October€and€MarchÏsessions€were€adopted€only€at€the€July€session,€they€often€were€not€in€closeÏagreement€with€the€"concluding€comments"€that€had€been€adopted€several€monthsÏearlier,€immediately€after€the€consideration€of€a€State€party's€report.€€It€wasÏfurther€noted€that€if€the€current€format€of€the€annual€report€were€to€beÏretained,€future€developments€relating€to€the€follow„up€of€views€adopted€underÏthe€Optional€Protocol€would€remain€largely€unnoticed.€€The€Committee€also€notedÏthat,€pursuant€to€recommendations€of€the€persons€chairing€human€rights€treatyÏbodies€concerning€improved€information€and€publicity€for€the€work€of€the€treatyÏbodies,€the€Committee€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights,€the€CommitteeÏagainst€Torture€and€the€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€decided€no€longerÏto€request€the€preparation€of€summaries€of€the€consideration€of€country€reportsÏand€to€include€in€their€annual€reports€only€the€"comments"€adopted€at€the€end€ofÏthe€consideration€of€country€reports.€ÌÌ56.à2 .2àIn€the€light€of€the€foregoing,€the€Committee€decided,€at€itsÏ1314thmeeting,€held€on€6€April€1994,€to€discontinue,€for€the€time€being,€theÏpractice€of€preparing€summaries€of€the€consideration€of€States€parties'€reportsÏfor€inclusion€in€the€Committee's€annual€report.€€The€section€in€the€annualÏreport€dealing€with€the€consideration€of€States€parties'€reports€should€henceforth€only€refer€to€the€meetings€at€which€the€report€was€considered,Ïfollowed€by€the€text€of€the€"comments"€of€the€Committee.€€At€its€fifty„firstÏsession,€modifications€were€agreed€upon€regarding€the€way€overdue€reports€areÏreferred€to€in€the€annex€to€the€report€and€the€elimination€of€the€agendasÏadopted€at€the€various€sessions€from€its€annexes.€ÌÌÇ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€IV.€€SUBMISSION€OF€REPORTS€BY€STATES€PARTIES€UNDERÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ARTICLE€40€OF€THE€COVENANTÌÌÌ57.à2 .2àUnder€article€2,€paragraph€1,€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€andÏPolitical€Rights,€each€State€party€undertakes€to€respect€and€to€ensure€to€allÏindividuals€within€its€territory€and€subject€to€its€jurisdiction€the€rightsÏrecognized€and€enumerated€in€PartIII€of€the€Covenant.€€In€connection€with€thisÏprovision,€article€40,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant€requires€States€parties€toÏsubmit€reports€on€the€measures€adopted€and€the€progress€achieved€in€theÏenjoyment€of€the€various€rights,€and€on€any€factors€and€difficulties€that€mayÏaffect€the€implementation€of€the€Covenant.€€States€parties€undertake€to€submitÏreports€within€one€year€of€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Covenant€for€the€StatesÏparties€concerned€and€thereafter€whenever€the€Committee€so€requests.€€In€orderÏto€assist€States€parties€in€submitting€reports,€the€Human€Rights€CommitteeÏapproved,€at€its€second€session,€general€guidelines€regarding€the€form€andÏcontents€of€initial€reports.òò16óó/ÌÌ58.à2 .2àFurthermore,€in€accordance€with€article€40,€paragraph€1€(b),€of€theÏCovenant,€at€its€thirteenth€session,€the€Committee€adopted€a€decision€onÏperiodicity€requiring€States€parties€to€submit€subsequent€reports€to€theÏCommittee€every€five€years.òò17óó/€At€the€same€session,€the€Committee€adoptedÏguidelines€regarding€the€form€and€contents€of€periodic€reports€from€StatesÏparties€under€article€40,€paragraph€1€(b),€of€the€Covenant.òò18óó/ÌÌ59.à2 .2àAt€its€thirty-ninth€session,€the€Committee€adopted€an€amendment€to€itsÏguidelines€for€the€submission€of€initial€and€periodic€reports€relating€toÏreporting€by€States€parties€on€action€taken€in€response€to€the€issuance€by€theÏCommittee€of€views€under€the€Optional€Protocol.òò19óó/€€At€its€forty-secondÏsession,€the€Committee€revised€its€general€guidelines€for€the€submission€ofÏinitial€and€periodic€reports€to€take€into€account€the€consolidated€guidelinesÏfor€the€initial€part€of€the€reports€of€States€parties€to€be€submitted€under€theÏvarious€international€human€rights€instruments,€including€the€CovenantÏ(HRI/CORE/1).òò20óó/€€ÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€A.€€òòReports€submitted€by€States€parties€under€article40€of€theóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòCovenant€during€the€period€under€reviewóóÌÌ60.à2 .2àAt€its€forty„ninth€session,€the€Committee€noted€that€the€initial€report€ofÏSlovenia€and€the€second€periodic€report€of€El€Salvador,€as€well€as€additionalÏinformation€to€the€third€periodic€report€of€Morocco,€had€been€received.€€At€itsÏfiftieth€session,€it€took€note€of€the€submission€of€the€initial€reports€ofÏAzerbaijan,€Nepal€and€Paraguay,€the€second€periodic€reports€of€Argentina€andÏTogo€and€the€third€periodic€report€of€New€Zealand.€€At€its€fifty„first€session,Ïthe€Committee€was€informed€that€the€initial€report€of€the€United€States€ofÏAmerica,€the€third€periodic€report€of€Sri€Lanka€and€the€fourth€periodic€reportsÏof€Spain€and€Ukraine€had€been€received.ÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€B.€€òòSpecial€decisions€by€the€Human€Rights€Committee€concerningóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòreports€of€particular€StatesóóÌÌ61.à2 .2àIn€view€of€the€special€difficulties€encountered€by€Angola€and€Burundi€inÏthe€implementation€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€adopted,€at€its€1281st€meetingÏ(forty„ninth€session),€held€on€29October1994,€the€following€special€decisions:Ì̇à@ì .\à"òòBurundióóˆÌÓ 8,  ÓÌà0, .,àà  . à"òòThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,ÌÌà0, .,àà  . à"òòTaking€into€considerationóó€recent€and€continuing€events€in€BurundiÏconcerning€human€rights€protected€under€the€International€Covenant€on€CivilÏand€Political€Rights,ÌÌà0, .,àà  . à"òòActingóó€under€article€40,€paragraph€1€(b)€of€the€Covenant,ÌÌà0, .,àà  . à"1.à . àòòDecides€to€requestóó€the€Government€of€Burundi€to€submit€not€laterÏthan€31January1994€a€report,€if€necessary€in€the€form€of€a€summary,Ïdealing,€in€particular,€with€the€application€of€articles4,€6,€7,€9,€12€andÏ25€of€the€Covenant€during€the€present€period,€so€that€it€may€be€consideredÏby€the€Committee€at€its€fiftieth€session,€to€be€held€from€21March€toÏ8April1994;ÌÌà0, .,àà  . à"2.à . àòòRequestsóó€the€Secretary„General€to€bring€the€present€decision€toÏthe€attention€of€the€Government€of€Burundi."ÌÌÌà@ì .Žà"òòAngolaóóˆÌÌà0, .,àà  . à"òòThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,ÌÌà0, .,àà  . à"òòNotingóó€that€the€initial€report€of€Angola€should€have€been€submittedÏby€9April1993,ÌÌà0, .,àà  . à"òòTaking€into€considerationóó€recent€and€continuing€events€in€AngolaÏconcerning€human€rights€protected€under€the€International€Covenant€on€CivilÏand€Political€Rights,ÌÌà0, .,àà  . à"òòActingóó€under€article€40,€paragraph€1€(b)€of€the€Covenant,ÌÌà0, .,àà  . à"1.à . àòòDecides€to€requestóó€the€Government€of€Angola€to€submit€its€initialÏreport€without€delay,€so€that€it€may€be€considered€by€the€Committee€at€itsÏfiftieth€session,€to€be€held€from€21March€to€8April1994,€and,€in€anyÏevent,€to€submit€the€said€report€not€later€than€31January1994,€ifÏnecessary€in€the€form€of€a€summary,€dealing,€in€particular,€with€theÏimplementation€of€articles4,€6,€7,€9,€12€and€25€of€the€Covenant€during€theÏpresent€period;ÌÌà0, .,àà  . à"2.à . àòòRequestsóó€the€Secretary„General€to€bring€the€present€decision€toÏthe€attention€of€the€Government€of€Angola."ÌÌÌÇ€€€€€€€€€€V.€€STATES€THAT€HAVE€NOT€COMPLIED€WITH€THEIR€OBLIGATIONS€UNDERÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ARTICLE€40ÌÌÌòòForty„ninth€sessionóóÌÌ62.à, .,àIn€view€of€the€growing€number€of€outstanding€State€party€reports,€theÏCommittee€decided€to€send€reminders€(contained€in€notes€verbales€datedÏ10December1994)€to€the€Governments€of€Albania,€Benin,€Brazil,€Cambodia,ÏCð=ðted'Ivoire,€Croatia,€Equatorial€Guinea,€Estonia,€Gabon,€Grenada,€Guatemala,ÏIsrael,€Lithuania,€Nepal,€Seychelles,€Somalia,€Switzerland€and€Zimbabwe,€whoseÏinitial€reports€were€overdue.€€In€addition,€the€Committee€decided€to€sendÏreminders€to€the€Governments€of€the€following€States€parties:€€Argentina,ÏBolivia,€Central€African€Republic,€Congo,€Croatia,€Democratic€People's€RepublicÏof€Korea,€Gabon,€Gambia,€Guyana,€Jamaica,€Kenya,€Lebanon,€Mali,€Nepal,ÏNetherlands€(with€respect€to€the€Netherlands€Antilles),€New€Zealand€(withÏrespect€to€the€Cook€Islands),€Philippines,€San€Marino,€Saint€Vincent€and€theÏGrenadines,€Sudan,€Suriname,€Syrian€Arab€Republic,€Viet€Nam€and€Zambia,€whoseÏsecond€periodic€reports€were€overdue;€to€Australia,€Austria,€Barbados,€Bolivia,ÏCentral€African€Republic,€Democratic€People's€Republic€of€Korea,€Denmark,ÏFrance,€Gambia,€Guinea,€Guyana,€India,€Jamaica,€Kenya,€Lebanon,€Madagascar,ÏMali,€Mauritius,€Netherlands,€Nicaragua,€Panama,€Peru,€Portugal,€Rwanda,€SaintÏVincent€and€the€Grenadines,€Sri€Lanka,€Suriname,€Syrian€Arab€Republic,€TrinidadÏand€Tobago€and€Zaire,€whose€third€periodic€reports€were€overdue;€and€to€Belarus,ÏDominican€Republic,€Ecuador,€Germany,€Madagascar,€Mauritius,€Panama,€Uruguay€andÏYugoslavia,€whose€fourth€periodic€reports€were€overdue.ÌÌ63.à, .,àIn€view€of€the€special€difficulties€encountered€by€the€Russian€FederationÏin€the€implementation€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€decided€to€send€a€specialÏreminder€urging€it€to€submit€its€fourth€periodic€report€as€rapidly€as€possible.€ÏThe€text€of€the€letter,€dated€5€November€1993,€from€the€Committee's€ChairpersonÏto€the€Minister€for€Foreign€Affairs€of€the€Russian€Federation€is€reproduced€inÏannex€VII€to€the€present€report.€€In€a€note€verbale€dated€17€December€1993,€theÏPermanent€Mission€of€the€Russian€Federation€informed€the€Committee€that,€in€viewÏof€the€fact€that€the€Constitution€had€been€approved€in€the€referendum€held€onÏ12December€1993€and€that€elections€to€the€Federation€Council€had€only€recentlyÏtaken€place,€the€fourth€periodic€report€of€the€Russian€Federation€would€beÏsubmitted€during€the€first€half€of€1994.ÌÌòòFiftieth€sessionóóÌÌ64.à, .,àThe€Committee€agreed€that€members€of€the€Bureau€should€meet€in€New€YorkÏwith€the€Permanent€Representatives€of€all€States€parties€whose€initial€orÏperiodic€reports€had€been€overdue€for€more€than€three€years.€€Accordingly,Ïcontacts€were€made€with€the€Permanent€Representatives€of€Albania,€Angola,ÏBolivia,€Burundi,€the€Congo,€Croatia,€the€Democratic€People's€Republic€of€Korea,ÏDenmark,€Equatorial€Guinea,€Estonia,€Gabon,€Grenada,€Guyana,€Israel,€Jamaica,ÏJordan,€Kenya,€Lithuania,€Mali,€Mauritius,€the€Netherlands,€Somalia,€the€Sudan,ÏSuriname,€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic,€Trinidad€and€Tobago€and€Zambia.€€It€was€notÏpossible€to€establish€contact€with€the€Permanent€Representatives€of€the€CentralÏAfrican€Republic,€the€Gambia,€Lebanon,€Zaire€and€Zimbabwe.ÌÌ65.à, .,àIn€addition,€the€Committee€decided€to€send€reminders€(contained€in€notesÏverbales€dated€15€June€1994)€to€the€Governments€of€Albania,€Benin,€Brazil,ÏCambodia,€Cð=ðte€d'Ivoire,€Croatia,€Estonia,€Gabon,€Grenada,€Guatemala,€EquatorialÏGuinea,€Haiti,€Israel,€Lithuania,€Seychelles,€Somalia,€Switzerland€and€Zimbabwe,€Ïwhose€initial€reports€were€overdue.€€Reminders€were€also€sent€to€the€Governments€of€the€following€States€parties:€€Bolivia,€Central€African€Republic,€Congo,ÏDemocratic€People's€Republic€of€Korea,€Equatorial€Guinea,€Gabon,€Gambia,€Guyana,ÏJamaica,€Kenya,€Lebanon,€Mali,€Netherlands€(with€respect€to€the€NetherlandsÏAntilles),€Niger,€Philippines,€Saint€Vincent€and€the€Grenadines,€San€Marino,ÏSudan,€Suriname,€Syrian€Arab€Republic,€Viet€Nam€and€Zambia,€whose€secondÏperiodic€reports€were€overdue;€to€Australia,€Austria,€Barbados,€Central€AfricanÏRepublic,€Democratic€People's€Republic€of€Korea,€Denmark,€France,€Gambia,ÏGuyana,€India,€Jamaica,€Kenya,€Lebanon,€Madagascar,€Mali,€Mauritius,ÏNetherlands,€Nicaragua,€Panama,€Peru,€Portugal,€Saint€Vincent€and€theÏGrenadines,€Sri€Lanka,€Suriname,€Syrian€Arab€Republic,€Trinidad€and€Tobago,ÏUnited€Republic€of€Tanzania,€Venezuela,€Viet€Nam€and€Zaire,€whose€third€periodicÏreports€were€overdue;€and€to€Belarus,€Ecuador,€Dominican€Republic,€Germany,ÏLebanon,€Madagascar,€Mauritius,€Panama,€Uruguay€and€Yugoslavia,€whose€fourthÏperiodic€reports€are€overdue.€ÌÌòòFifty„first€sessionóóÌÌ66.à, .,àAfter€reviewing€the€situation€with€respect€to€the€late€submission€both€ofÏinitial€and€periodic€reports,€the€Committee€noted€the€increasing€number€ofÏoverdue€reports,€despite€many€appeals€and€reminders€(see€paras.51„53€andÏannexIII).€€The€Committee€believes€it€is€its€obligation€to€express€its€seriousÏconcern€about€the€fact€that€so€many€States€parties€are€in€default€of€theirÏobligations€according€to€the€Covenant.ÌÌ67.à, .,àNoting€that€this€trend€seriously€impedes€its€ability€to€monitor€theÏimplementation€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€decided,€at€its€1325th€meeting,Ïheld€on€6€July€1994,€to€mention€in€the€core€of€its€report€to€the€GeneralÏAssembly€the€following€States€parties€that€have€more€than€one€report€overdue.€ÏThe€Committee€wishes€to€reiterate€that€these€States€are€in€serious€default€ofÏtheir€obligations€under€article€40€of€the€Covenant.Ó33ÓÌÌÌÔ*ƒMN dÔÔ,Údd ÔÔ,ÚddQÔÔ,Údd ÔÔ,ÚdduÔÔ+  ÔÐ %€O€€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„%ÐÌState€partyÐ €O „„ÐÌType€of€reportÐ €O „„ÐÌDate€dueÐ €O „„ÐNumber€ofÏreminders€sentÐ %€O€à€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„%ÐGabonÐ €O „„ÐÓ v > jÓà0> .> àà0j .jàinitialÌà0> .> àà0j .jàsecondÌà0> .> àà0j .jàthirdÐ €O „„Ðà0 .à20€April€1984Ìà0 .à20€April€1989Ìà0 .à20€April€1994Ð €O „„Ð21ˆÌ10ˆÌ1ˆÐ "€€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐSyrian€ArabÏRepublicÐ  „„Ðà0> .> àà0j .jàsecondÌà0> .> àà0j .jàthirdÐ  „„Ðà0 .à18€August€1984Ìà0 .à18€August€1989Ð  „„Ð21ˆÌ10ˆÐ "€€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐGambiaÐ  „„Ðà0> .> àà0j .jàsecondÌà0> .> àà0j .jàthirdÐ  „„Ðà0 .à21€June€1985Ìà0 .à21€June€1990Ð  „„Ð19ˆÌ8ˆÐ "€Ð€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐLebanonÐ  „„Ðà0> .> àà0j .jàsecondÌà0> .> àà0j .jàthirdÌà0> .> àà0j .jàfourthÐ  „„Ðà0 .à21€March€1986Ìà0 .à21€March€1988Ìà0 .à21€March€1993Ð  „„Ð18ˆÌ13ˆÌ1ˆÐ "€€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐSurinameÐ  „„Ðà0> .> àà0j .jàsecondÌà0> .> àà0j .jàthirdÐ  „„Ðà0 .à2€August€1985Ìà0 .à2€August€1990Ð  „„Ð18ˆÌ8ˆÐ "€€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐKenyaÐ  „„Ðà0> .> àà0j .jàsecondÌà0> .> àà0j .jàthirdÐ  „„Ðà0 .à11€April€1986Ìà0 .à11€April€1991Ð  „„Ð17ˆÌ7ˆÐ "€€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐMaliÐ  „„Ðà0> .> àà0j .jàsecondÌà0> .> àà0j .jàthirdÐ  „„Ðà0 .à11€April€1986Ìà0 .à11€April€1991Ð  „„Ð17ˆÌ7ˆÐ "€€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐJamaicaÐ  „„Ðà0> .> àà0j .jàsecondÌà0> .> àà0j .jàthirdÐ  „„Ðà0 .à1€August€1986Ìà0 .à1€August€1991Ð  „„Ð15ˆÌ6ˆÐ "€€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐGuyanaÐ  „„Ðà0> .> àà0j .jàsecondÌà0> .> àà0j .jàthirdÐ  „„Ðà0 .à10€April€1987Ìà0 .à10€April€1992Ð  „„Ð15ˆÌ5ˆÐ "€Ð€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐDemocraticÏPeople's€RepublicÏof€KoreaÐ  „„Ðà0> .> àà0j .jàsecondÌà0> .> àà0j .jàthirdÐ  „„Ðà0 .à13€December€1987Ìà0 .à13€December€1992Ð  „„Ð13ˆÌ3ˆÐ "€€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐEquatorial€GuineaÐ  „„Ðà0> .> àà0j .jàinitialÌà0> .> àà0j .jàsecondÐ  „„Ðà0 .à24€December€1988Ìà0 .à24€December€1993Ð  „„Ð11ˆÌ1ˆÐ "€€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐCentral€AfricanÏRepublicÐ  „„Ðà0> .> àà0j .jàsecondÌà0> .> àà0j .jàthirdÐ  „„Ðà0 .à9€April€1989Ìà0 .à7€August€1992Ð  „„Ð10ˆÌ4ˆÐ "€€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐMauritiusÐ  „„Ðà0> .> àà0j .jàthirdÌà0> .> àà0j .jàfourthÐ  „„Ðà0 .à18€July€1990Ìà0 .à4€November€1993Ð  „„Ð8ˆÌ2ˆÐ "€€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐSaint€Vincent€andÏthe€GrenadinesÐ  „„Ðà0> .> àà0j .jàsecondÌà0> .> àà0j .jàthirdÐ  „„Ðà0 .à31€October€1991Ìà0 .à8€February€1993Ð  „„Ð6ˆÌ3ˆÐ "€€‚x‚ƒƒ„„"ÐPanamaÐ  „„Ðà0> .> àà0j .jàthirdÌà0> .> àà0j .jàfourthÐ  „„Ðà0 .à31€March€1992Ìà0 .à6€June€1993Ð  „„Ð5ˆÌ2ˆÐ )€O€€‚x‚ƒƒ„„)ÐMadagascarÐ €O „„Ðà0> .> àà0j .jàthirdÌà0> .> àà0j .jàfourthÐ €O „„Ðà0 .à31€July€1992Ìà0 .à3€August€1993Ð €O „„Ð4ˆÌ2ˆ¿ÌÇ€€€€€€€€€€€€VI.€€CONSIDERATION€OF€REPORTS€SUBMITTED€BY€STATES€PARTIESÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€UNDER€ARTICLE€40€OF€THE€COVENANTÌÌÌÓ(€  $(ÓØCØÔ2Ô68.Ô3  Ôà, .,àAt€its€1314th€meeting€(fiftieth€session)€(see€paras.€54€to€56),€theÏCommittee€decided€to€discontinue€its€practice€of€including€in€its€annual€reportÏsummaries€of€the€consideration€of€reports€submitted€by€States€parties€underÏarticle40€of€the€Covenant.€€In€accordance€with€that€decision,€the€annual€reportÏshall€contain,€òòinter€aliaóó,€the€comments€adopted€by€the€Committee€at€the€end€ofÏthe€consideration€of€States€parties'€reports.€€Accordingly,€the€followingÏparagraphs€arranged€on€a€country„by„country€basis€in€the€sequence€followed€byÏthe€Committee€in€its€consideration€of€the€reports€contain€the€comments€adoptedÏby€the€Committee€with€respect€to€the€States€parties'€reports€considered€at€itsÏforty„ninth,€fiftieth€and€fifty„first€sessions.ÌÌÌà@ì .ÆàA.€€òòIcelandóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô69.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€considered€the€second€periodic€report€of€IcelandÏ(CCPR/C/46/Add.5)€at€its€1266th€to€1268th€meetings,€held€on€19€andÏ20October1993,€and€adoptedòò21óó/€the€following€comments:ÌÌÌà@ì .Ìà1.€€òòIntroductionóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô70.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€expresses€its€appreciation€to€the€State€party€for€itsÏelaborate€and€thorough€report,€which€has€been€prepared€in€accordance€with€theÏCommittee's€guidelines,€and€for€engaging€through€a€highly€qualified€delegationÏin€an€extremely€constructive€dialogue€with€the€Committee.€€It€notes€withÏsatisfaction€that€the€information€provided€in€the€report,€and€that€orallyÏsubmitted€by€the€delegation€in€reply€to€both€written€and€oral€questions,€enabledÏthe€Committee€to€obtain€a€comprehensive€view€of€Iceland's€actual€compliance€withÏthe€obligations€undertaken€under€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€andÏPolitical€Rights.€€The€Committee,€however,€regrets€that€the€second€periodicÏreport,€which€was€due€in€1987,€was€submitted€with€considerable€delay.€ÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2.€€òòFactors€and€difficulties€affecting€the€applicationóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòof€the€CovenantóóÌÌÔ2Ô71.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€finds€that€there€are€no€important€difficulties€that€mayÏaffect€the€effective€implementation€of€the€Covenant's€provisions€by€theÏGovernment€of€Iceland.ÌòòóóÌÌà@ì .à3.€€òòPositive€aspectsóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô72.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€welcomes€the€efforts€undertaken€by€the€Government€of€IcelandÏsince€the€submission€of€the€initial€report€in€1981€in€order€to€effectivelyÏguarantee€the€protection€of€rights€set€forth€in€the€Covenant.€€Of€particularÏimportance€in€this€respect€were€the€adoption€and€the€entry€into€force€onÏ1July1992€of€a€new€law€resulting€in€the€total€separation€of€judicial€andÏexecutive€power,€as€well€as€comprehensive€legislation€concerning€extensiveÏchanges€in€the€judicial€system€and€rules€governing€judicial€procedure;€theÏestablishment€in€1988,€in€accordance€with€Law€No.13/1987,€of€the€Office€of€Ombudsman€of€the€Althing€(Parliament);€and€the€revisions€of€the€Equal€Status€LawÏof€1976.ÌÌÔ2Ô73.Ô3  Ôà, .,àIn€this€connection,€the€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€thatÏLawNo.28/1991€on€Equal€Status€and€Equal€Rights€of€Women€and€Men€hasÏcontributed€towards€equal€rights€of€men€and€women€in€general,€although€there€isÏstill€room€for€improvement€in€practice€with€regard€to€the€remuneration€for€work.€ÏThe€Committee€also€notes€with€interest€the€establishment€of€the€Equal€RightsÏCouncil€with€the€aim€of€ensuring€the€proper€implementation€of€the€Equal€RightsÏLaw€and€of€recommending€proposals€to€the€authorities€regarding€gender€equality.€ÏThe€announced€establishment€of€Equal€Rights€Committees€at€the€municipal€levelÏthroughout€the€country€to€provide€counsel€to€municipal€governments€would€furtherÏserve€the€promotion€of€the€equality€of€rights€of€men€and€women.ÌÌÌà@ì .z à4.€€òòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô74.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€with€concern€that€the€Constitution€of€Iceland€isÏlacking€in€clear€and€comprehensive€provisions€dealing€with€the€protection€of€allÏfundamental€human€rights€as€recognized€in€the€numerous€international€humanÏrights€treaties,€in€particular€in€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€andÏPolitical€Rights,€to€which€Iceland€is€a€party.€€The€absence€is€not€met€byÏreliance€on€unspecified€unwritten€fundamental€rules.€€This€does€not€adequatelyÏmeet€the€requirements€of€article€2,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Covenant,€which€enjoinsÏStates€parties€to€take€such€legislative€or€other€measures€which€may€be€necessaryÏto€give€effect€to€the€rights€recognized€in€the€Covenant.€€No€matter€howÏeffective€the€Icelandic€constitutional€tradition€of€relying€on€unwrittenÏfundamental€rules€and€principles€may€be,€codification€of€the€rules€governing€theÏprotection€of€human€rights€is€an€important€element€of€protection.ÌÌÔ2Ô75.Ô3  Ôà, .,àIn€this€connection,€the€Committee€expresses€its€concern€over€the€status€ofÏthe€Covenant€within€the€national€legal€order€and€the€lack€of€clarity€concerningÏthe€resolution€of€eventual€conflicts€between€the€Covenant€and€the€ConstitutionÏand€other€domestic€legislation.€ÌÌÔ2Ô76.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€also€expresses€its€concern€over€the€apparent€preferenceÏaccorded,€in€the€domestic€law€as€well€as€in€legal€doctrine€and€jurisprudence,€toÏthe€European€Convention€for€the€Protection€of€Human€Rights€and€FundamentalÏFreedoms€as€against€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€ÏIn€that€regard,€the€attention€of€the€State€party€is€drawn€to€the€fact€that€theÏlatter€guarantees€a€number€of€human€rights€not€protected€under€the€former€andÏthat€permissible€restrictions€are€less€broad„based.ÌÌÔ2Ô77.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€hopes€that€the€pending€legislation€relevant€to€article€13Ïwill€be€formulated€in€such€a€way€as€to€allow€the€reservation€thereunder€to€beÏwithdrawn.€ÌÌÔ2Ô78.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€that€some€other€requirements€of€the€Covenant€areÏnotfully€met,€in€particular€those€referred€to€in€articles€4,€9,€paragraphs€3Ïand€4,€19€and€24,€paragraph2.€€The€Committee€also€notes€that€confessions€madeÏunder€duress€are€not€clearly€excluded€as€evidence,€that€inhuman€and€degradingÏpunishment€is€still€possible,€and€that€there€is€still€discrimination€againstÏchildren€born€out€of€wedlock€and€in€favour€of€public€officials.€€The€possibilityÏof€a€sentence€of€up€to€one€year's€imprisonment€for€libel€presents€problems€inÏrelation€to€article€19;€and€the€limitation€imposed€upon€naturalized€citizens€inÏthe€retention€of€their€names€of€origin€raises€issues€under€article€26.€€The€attention€of€the€State€party€has€also€been€drawn€to€the€various€General€CommentsÏadopted€by€the€Committee.ÌÔ&  ÔÌÌà@ì . à5.€€òòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóˆÌÔ'  ÔÌÔ2Ô79.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€appropriate€measures€toÏincorporate€provisions€of€the€Covenant€into€domestic€law€and€ensure€that€theÏCovenant€be€treated€on€an€equal€footing€with€regional€human€rights€instruments,Ïboth€in€legal€and€practical€terms.ÌÌÔ2Ô80.Ô3  Ôà, .,àIn€that€context,€the€Committee€recommends€that€the€Government€of€IcelandÏconsider€amending€the€national€Constitution€in€order€to€reflect€adequately€theÏprovisions€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€and€otherÏinternational€human€rights€treaties€ratified€by€Iceland.€€In€the€meantime,€theÏCommittee€strongly€recommends€that€the€Covenant€be€included,€by€way€ofÏappropriate€amendments,€in€the€draft€law€envisaging€the€incorporation€of€theÏEuropean€Convention€for€the€Protection€of€Human€Rights€and€Fundamental€FreedomsÏinto€domestic€law,€at€present€before€the€Althing€(Parliament),€or€in€a€similarÏlegislative€act.ÌÌÔ2Ô81.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€also€recommends€that€the€Government€review€the€continuingÏneed€for€any€reservation,€with€a€view€to€withdrawing€them.ÌÌÔ2Ô82.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€emphasizes€that€further€measures€should€be€taken€to€ensureÏthat€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€are€more€widely€disseminated,€particularlyÏamong€the€legal€profession€and€members€of€the€judiciary.ÌÌÔ2Ô83.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€strongly€recommends€that€the€reporting€obligations€of€theÏState€party€under€article€40€of€the€Covenant€be€strictly€observed€and€that€theÏthird€periodic€report€be€submitted€within€the€time-limit€to€be€determined€by€theÏCommittee.ÌÌòòóóÌà@ì .øàB.€€òòNorwayóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô84.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€considered€the€third€periodic€report€of€NorwayÏ(CCPR/C/70/Add.2)€at€its€1270th€to€1272nd€meetings,€held€on€21€andÏ22October1993,€and€adoptedòò22óó/the€following€comments:ÌÌÌà@ì .Ìà1.€€òòIntroductionóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô85.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€welcomes€the€timely€submission€of€the€third€periodic€reportÏof€Norway.€€The€report€contains€detailed€information€on€laws€and€practicesÏrelating€to€the€implementation€of€the€Covenant€and€is€in€full€conformity€withÏthe€Committee's€guidelines.€€The€Committee€appreciates€that€the€State€party€hasÏenvisaged€both€the€report€and€the€dialogue€with€the€Committee€as€an€unbrokenÏcontinuation€of€the€examination€of€the€initial€and€second€periodic€reports.€€TheÏCommittee€is€also€grateful€for€the€oral€responses€provided€by€the€high-rankingÏdelegation€and€considers€that€the€dialogue€with€the€State€party€has€been€mostÏfruitful€and€constructive.€ÌÌÔ2Ô86.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€thanks€the€State€party€for€the€core€documentÏ(HRI/CORE/1/Add.6),€drawn€up€in€accordance€with€the€consolidated€guidelines€for€the€initial€part€of€States€party€reports€to€be€submitted€under€the€variousÏinternational€human€rights€instruments€(HRI/1991/1).ÌÌÔ&  ÔÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€2.€€òòFactors€and€difficulties€affecting€the€implementationóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòof€the€CovenantóóÌÌÔ'  ÔÔ2Ô87.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€the€emergence€in€certain€parts€of€the€populationÏofNorway€of€a€trend€towards€intolerance€against€foreigners,€particularlyÏasylum-seekers€and€migrant€workers.€€With€this€exception,€the€Committee€notesÏthat€there€are€no€important€difficulties€affecting€the€implementation€of€theÏCovenant€in€Norway.ÌÌÌà@ì .à3.€€òòPositive€aspectsóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô88.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€takes€note,€with€particular€appreciation,€of€the€level€ofÏachievement€in€the€respect€of€human€rights€in€Norway.€€Among€the€positiveÏdevelopments€that€have€been€realized€since€the€consideration€of€the€secondÏperiodic€report€in€1988,€the€Committee€notes,€òòinter€aliaóó,€the€ratification€ofÏthe€Second€Optional€Protocol€to€the€Covenant€on€the€abolition€of€the€deathÏpenalty€and€the€efforts€undertaken€with€regard€to€the€promotion€of€greaterÏpublic€awareness€of€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€and€the€Optional€Protocols,Ïparticularly€in€the€area€of€human€rights€education€in€schools€and€universitiesÏand€through€the€organization€of€training€courses€for€members€of€the€police€andÏother€law€enforcement€officials.€€While€noting€that€it€is€still€not€possible€toÏappeal€against€the€reversal€by€the€Court€of€Appeal€of€an€acquittal€by€a€lowerÏjurisdiction,€the€Committee€also€appreciates€the€efforts€made€towards€theÏwithdrawal€of€Norway's€reservation€in€connection€with€article€14,€paragraph€5,Ïof€the€Covenant.€ÌÌÔ2Ô89.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€that€independent€investigative€bodiesÏhave€been€set€up€to€inquire€into€complaints€of€offences€by€members€of€the€policeÏand€that€their€reports€have€been€followed€up€by€a€number€of€prosecutions.€€ItÏfurther€commends€the€devolution€of€responsibility€to€the€Sami€AssemblyÏ(òòSametingetóó)€with€regard€to€matters€affecting€the€life€and€culture€of€members€ofÏthe€Sami€community€and€notes€with€satisfaction€that€the€Sami€language€may€beÏused€in€contacts€with€public€bodies€and€before€the€courts.ÌÌÔ2Ô90.Ô3  Ôà, .,àWith€respect€to€equality€and€non„discrimination,€developments€relating€toÏthe€granting€to€foreigners€of€the€right€to€vote€in€local€elections€and€to€holdÏlocal€office,€as€well€as€legislative€steps€relating€to€the€registration€ofÏpartnership€of€the€same€sex,€are€welcomed€by€the€Committee.€€The€continuingÏimprovements€in€the€legal€and€de€facto€equality€of€women€and€the€strengthenedÏmeasures€against€domestic€violence€and€sexual€abuse€of€children€were€also€notedÏwith€satisfaction.ÌÌÌà@ì .z à4.€€òòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô91.Ô3  Ôà, .,àDespite€efforts€undertaken€with€regard€to€the€status€of€the€Covenant€withinÏdomestic€law,€the€Committee€regrets€that€the€opportunity€has€not€beentaken€toÏfully€incorporate€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€into€the€Constitution,€orÏotherwise€to€confer€on€it€a€higher€status€than€ordinary€legislation.€€TheÏCommittee€also€notes€that€certain€obsolete€laws€still€exist€in€Norway,€inÏparticular€with€regard€to€penal€sanctions€against€defamation.ÌÔ&  Ô‡Ô2Ô92.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€expresses€its€concern€over€the€vagueness€of€the€criterion€ofÏ"compelling€social€considerations",€under€which€a€foreign€national's€right€toÏchoose€his€or€her€place€of€residence€may€be€restricted,€and€its€conformity€withÏarticle12€of€the€Covenant.ÌÔ'  ÔÌÔ2Ô93.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€emphasizes€that€article2€of€the€Constitution,€which€providesÏthat€individuals€professing€the€Evangelical„Lutheran€religion€are€bound€to€bringÏup€their€children€in€the€same€faith€is€in€clear€contradiction€to€article€18€ofÏthe€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô94.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€that€the€authorities€have€included€multicultural€issuesÏin€education,€but€is€concerned€that€they€have€approached€these€issues€only€byÏreference€to€articles€2€and€26€of€the€Covenant.€€This€gives€a€narrowÏinterpretation€of€article€27€of€the€Covenant€relating€to€the€rights€of€personsÏbelonging€to€minorities.€€The€Committee€has€observed,€in€this€regard,€that€theÏrights€conferred€under€article€27€of€the€Covenant€on€individuals€who€are€membersÏof€a€minority€avail€all€such€individuals€on€a€State€party's€territory€and€mustÏnot,€as€enjoined€by€article€2,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant,€be€restricted€toÏnationals.ÌÌÌà@ì . à5.€€òòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô95.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€further€measures€be€adopted€to€repealÏoutdated€provisions€in€the€Constitution€or€in€laws€relating€to€the€freedom€ofÏconscience€and€religion€or€the€freedom€of€expression€and€bring€them€into€lineÏwith€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô96.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€a€careful€study€of€the€recently€enactedÏamendment€to€the€Criminal€Procedure€Act€be€undertaken€with€regard€to€the€scopeÏof€article€14,€paragraph€5,€of€the€Covenant,€with€a€view€to€withdrawing€the€Ìreservation€made€in€that€connection.ÌÌÔ2Ô97.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€laudable€efforts€already€made€inÏconnection€with€the€promotion€of€greater€public€awareness€of€the€provisions€ofÏthe€Covenant€and€the€Optional€Protocols€be€further€pursued.ÌÌÌà@ì .*àC.€€òòJapanóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô98.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Human€Rights€Committee€considered€the€third€periodic€report€of€JapanÏ(CCPR/C/70/Add.1€and€Corr.1€and€2)€at€its€1277th€to€1280th€meetings,€held€onÏ27and€28€October€1993,€and€adoptedòò23óó/€the€following€comments:ÌÌÌà@ì .Ìà1.€€òòIntroductionóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô99.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€commends€the€Government€of€Japan€on€its€excellent€report,Ïwhich€has€been€prepared€in€accordance€with€the€Committee's€guidelines€for€theÏpresentation€of€State€party€reports€and€submitted€on€schedule.€€The€CommitteeÏappreciates,€in€particular,€the€participation,€in€its€consideration€of€theÏreport,€of€a€competent€delegation€from€the€Government€of€Japan,€which€consistedÏof€experts€in€various€fields€relating€to€the€protection€of€humanrights.€€TheÏCommittee€is€of€the€view€that€the€detailed€information€provided€by€theÏdelegation€in€its€introduction€of€the€report,€as€well€as€the€comprehensive€replies€furnished€to€the€question€raised€by€the€Committee€members,€contributedÏgreatly€to€making€the€dialogue€fruitful.ÌÌÔ2Ô100.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€with€appreciation€that€the€Government€of€Japan€gaveÏwide€publicity€to€its€report,€thus€enabling€a€great€number€of€non„governmentalÏorganizations€to€become€aware€of€the€contents€of€the€report€and€to€make€knownÏtheir€particular€concerns.€€In€addition,€some€of€them€were€present€during€theÏCommittee's€consideration€of€the€report.ÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€2.€€òòFactors€and€difficulties€affecting€the€implementationóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòof€the€CovenantóóÌÌÔ2Ô101.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€that€the€Government€of€Japan€sometimes€experiencesÏdifficulties€in€taking€measures€to€implement€the€Covenant€owing€to€variousÏsocial€factors,€such€as€the€traditional€concept€of€the€different€roles€of€theÏsexes,€the€unique€relationship€between€individuals€and€the€group€they€belong€toÏand€the€unconscious€particularities€owing€to€the€homogeneity€of€the€population.ÌÌÌà@ì .à3.€€òòPositive€aspectsóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô102.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€takes€note€with€satisfaction€of€the€serious€approach€that€theÏGovernment€of€Japan€has€taken€in€dealing€with€issues€relating€to€civil€andÏpolitical€rights,€and€of€its€commitment€to€fulfil€its€obligations€under€theÏCovenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô103.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€the€human€rights€situation€in€Japan€hasÏimproved€since€the€consideration€of€the€second€periodic€report€of€that€StateÏparty€in€1988,€and€that€there€is€generally€a€good€regard€for€human€rights€in€theÏcountry.ÌÌÔ2Ô104.Ô3  Ôà, .,àFurthermore,€the€Committee€notes,€with€appreciation,€that€Japan€activelyÏassists€in€the€promotion€of€human€rights€at€the€international€level.€€It€alsoÏnotes€that€there€is€awareness€in€the€Japanese€society€of€the€provisions€of€theÏCovenant;€this€awareness€is€confirmed€by€the€interest€expressed€by€many€JapaneseÏnon„governmental€organizations€in€the€Committee's€consideration€of€the€thirdÏperiodic€report€of€Japan.ÌÌÌà@ì .z à4.€€òòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô105.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€believes€that€it€is€not€clear€that€the€Covenant€would€prevailÏin€the€case€of€conflict€with€domestic€legislation€and€that€its€terms€are€notÏfully€subsumed€in€the€Constitution.€€Furthermore,€it€is€also€not€clear€whetherÏthe€"public€welfare"€limitation€of€articles12€and€13€of€the€Constitution€wouldÏbe€applied€in€a€particular€situation€in€conformity€with€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô106.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€expresses€concern€at€the€continued€existence€in€Japan€ofÏcertain€discriminatory€practices€against€social€groups,€such€as€Korean€permanentÏresidents,€members€of€the€Buraku€communities,€and€persons€belonging€to€the€AinuÏminority.€€The€requirement€that€it€is€a€penal€offence€for€alien€permanentÏresidents€not€to€carry€documentation€at€all€times,€while€this€does€not€apply€toÏJapanese€nationals,€is€not€consistent€with€the€Covenant.€€Moreover,€persons€ofÏKorean€and€Taiwanese€origin€who€serve€in€the€Japanese€Army€and€who€no€longer€possess€Japanese€nationality€are€discriminated€against€in€respect€of€theirÏpensions.ÌÌÔ2Ô107.Ô3  Ôà, .,àIn€addition,€the€Committee€expresses€concern€at€other€discriminatoryÏpractices€that€appear€to€persist€in€Japan€against€women€with€regard€toÏremuneration€in€employment,€and€notes€that€de€facto€problems€of€discriminationÏmore€generally€continue€to€exist.€€The€situation€regarding€mentally€ill€personsÏhas€significantly€improved,€but€problems€continue€regarding€access€toÏemployment.€€The€Committee€acknowledges€the€fact€that€legal€measures€have€beenÏtaken€by€the€Japanese€authorities€to€forbid€those€practices€and€that€there€areÏcomprehensive€programmes€to€promote€equal€opportunity.€€However,€it€appears€thatÏa€certain€gap€exists€in€Japan€between€the€adoption€of€legislation€and€the€actualÏbehaviour€of€certain€sectors€of€society.€€The€Committee€notes€that€recourse€forÏsettlement€of€claims€of€discrimination€against€trade„union€activists€is€veryÏprotracted.ÌÌÔ2Ô108.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€is€particularly€concerned€at€the€discriminatory€legalÏprovisions€concerning€children€born€out€of€wedlock.€€In€particular,€provisionsÏand€practices€regarding€the€birth€registration€forms€and€the€family€register€areÏcontrary€to€articles17€and€24€of€the€Covenant.€€The€discrimination€in€theirÏright€to€inherit€is€not€consistent€with€article26€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô109.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€is€disturbed€by€the€number€and€nature€of€crimes€punishable€byÏdeath€penalty€under€the€Japanese€Penal€Code.€€The€Committee€recalls€that€theÏterms€of€the€Covenant€tend€towards€the€abolition€of€the€death€penalty€and€thatÏthose€States€which€have€not€already€abolished€the€death€penalty€are€bound€toÏapply€it€only€for€the€most€serious€crimes.€€In€addition,€there€are€matters€ofÏconcern€relating€to€conditions€of€detainees.€€In€particular,€the€Committee€findsÏthat€the€undue€restrictions€on€visits€and€correspondence€and€the€failure€ofÏnotification€of€executions€to€the€family€are€incompatible€with€the€Covenant.ÌÌÔ2Ô110.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€is€concerned€that€the€guarantees€contained€in€articles9,€10Ïand€14€are€not€fully€complied€with,€in€that€pre„trial€detention€takes€place€notÏonly€in€cases€where€the€conduct€of€the€investigation€requires€it;€the€detentionÏis€not€promptly€and€effectively€brought€under€judicial€control€and€is€left€underÏthe€control€of€the€police;€most€of€the€time€interrogation€does€not€take€place€inÏthe€presence€of€the€detainee's€counsel,€nor€do€rules€exist€to€regulate€theÏlength€of€interrogation;€and€the€substitute€prison€system€(Daiyo€Kangoku)€is€notÏunder€the€control€of€an€authority€separate€from€the€police.€€In€addition,€theÏlegal€representatives€of€the€defendant€do€not€have€access€to€all€relevantÏmaterial€in€the€police€record,€in€order€to€enable€them€to€prepare€the€defence.ÌÌÔ2Ô111.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€regrets€that€there€appears€to€be€a€restrictive€approach€inÏcertain€laws€and€decisions€as€to€respect€for€the€right€to€freedom€of€expression.ÌÌÔ2Ô112.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€notes€with€concern€the€exclusion€of€Koreans€from€theÏGovernment's€concept€of€minorities.€€This€is€not€justified€by€the€Covenant,Ïwhich€does€not€limit€the€concept€of€minority€to€those€who€are€nationals€of€theÏState€concerned.ÌÌÌà@ì . à5.€€òòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóˆÌÌÔ2Ô113.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€recommends€that€Japan€become€a€party€to€both€OptionalÏProtocols€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€and€to€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€orÏPunishment.ÌÌÔ2Ô114.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€also€recommends€that€the€Japanese€legislation€concerningÏchildren€born€out€of€wedlock€be€amended€and€that€discriminatory€provisionsÏcontained€therein€be€removed€to€bring€it€into€line€with€the€provisions€ofÏarticles2,€24€and€26€of€the€Covenant.€€All€discriminatory€laws€and€practicesÏstill€existing€in€Japan€should€be€abolished€in€conformity€with€articles2,€3€andÏ26€of€the€Covenant.€€The€Government€of€Japan€should€make€an€effort€to€influenceÏpublic€opinion€in€this€respect.ÌÌÔ2Ô115.Ô3  Ôà, .,àThe€Committee€further€recommends€that€Japan€take€measures€towards€theÏabolition€of€the€death€penalty€and€that,€in€the€meantime,€that€penalty€should€beÏlimited€to€the€most€serious€crimes;€that€the€conditions€of€death€row€detaineesÏbe€reconsidered;€and€that€preventive€measures€of€control€against€anykind€ofÏill„treatment€of€detainees€should€be€further€improved.ÌÌÔ2Ô116.Ô3  Ôà, .,àWith€a€view€to€guaranteeing€the€full€application€of€articles9,€10€and€14Ïof€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€recommends€that€pre„trial€procedures€and€theÏoperation€of€the€substitute€prison€system€(Daiyo€Kangoku)€should€be€madeÏcompatible€with€all€requirements€of€the