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.àReports€submitted€by€States€parties€under€article€40€of€the€CovenantÏduring€the€period€under€reviewÌ̇à@ì .àCONTENTS€(continued)ˆÌÌÓ 88tÓòòChapteróóÌÔ  ÔÔ , ÔÓ)8 8Ä´    P")ÓÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àB.à0 .àSpecial€decisions€by€the€Human€Rights€Committee€concerning€reports€ofÏparticular€StatesÌÌà‘Ä .üàV.ˆà0 .àSTATES€THAT€HAVE€NOT€COMPLIED€WITH€THEIR€OBLIGATIONS€UNDER€ARTICLE40ÌÌà‘Ä .˜àVI.ˆà0 .àCONSIDERATION€OF€REPORTS€SUBMITTED€BY€STATES€PARTIES€UNDER€ARTICLE€40€OFÏTHE€COVENANTÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àA.à .àIcelandÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àB.à .àNorwayÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àC.à .àJapanÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àD.à .àMaltaÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àE.à .àRomaniaÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àF.à .àCosta€RicaÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àG.à .àMexicoÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àH.à .àCameroonÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àI.à .àEl€SalvadorÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àJ.à .àLibyan€Arab€JamahiriyaÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àK.à .àJordanÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àL.à .àTogoÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àM.à .àItalyÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àN.à .àAzerbaijanÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àO.à .àCyprusÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àP.à .àSloveniaÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àQ.à .àBurundiÌÌÔ  ÔÔ , ÔÓ)8 8Ä´    P")ÓÌà‘Ä .4àVII.ˆà .àGENERAL€COMMENTS€OF€THE€COMMITTEEÌÌà‘Ä .ÐàVIII.ˆà0 .àCONSIDERATION€OF€COMMUNICATIONS€UNDER€THE€OPTIONAL€PROTOCOLÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àA.à .àProgress€of€workÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àB.à0 .àGrowth€of€the€Committee's€case„load€under€the€Optional€ProtocolÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àC.à0 .àNew€approaches€to€examining€communications€under€the€Optional€ProtocolÌ̇à@ì .àCONTENTS€(continued)ˆÌÌÓ 88tÓòòChapteróóÌÌÔ  ÔÔ , ÔÓ)8 8Ä´    P")Óà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àD.à .àIndividual€opinionsÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àE.à .àIssues€considered€by€the€CommitteeÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àF.à .àRemedies€called€for€under€the€Committee's€viewsÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àG.à .àFollow„up€activitiesÌÌà@ì .ŽàòòAnnexesóóˆÌÌà‘Ä .üàI.ˆà0 .àSTATES€PARTIES€TO€THE€INTERNATIONAL€COVENANT€ON€CIVIL€AND€POLITICAL€RIGHTSÏAND€TO€THE€OPTIONAL€PROTOCOLS€AND€STATES€WHICH€HAVE€MADE€THE€DECLARATIONÏUNDER€ARTICLE€41€OF€THE€COVENANT€AS€AT€29€JULY€1994ÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àA.à0 .àStates€parties€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€PoliticalÏRightsÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àB.à .àStates€parties€to€the€First€Optional€ProtocolÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àC.à0 .àStates€which€have€made€the€declaration€under€article€41€of€theÏCovenantÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àD.à0 .àStatus€of€the€Second€Optional€Protocol€aiming€at€the€abolition€of€theÏdeath€penaltyÌÌà‘Ä .˜àII.ˆà .àMEMBERSHIP€AND€OFFICERS€OF€THE€HUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEE,€1993„1994ÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àA.à .àMembershipÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àB.à .àOfficersÌÌà‘Ä .4àIII.ˆà0 .àSUBMISSION€OF€REPORTS€AND€ADDITIONAL€INFORMATION€BY€STATES€PARTIES€UNDERÏARTICLE€40€OF€THE€COVENANT€DURING€THE€PERIOD€UNDER€REVIEWÌÌ€IV.à0 .àSTATUS€OF€REPORTS€CONSIDERED€DURING€THE€PERIOD€UNDER€REVIEW€AND€OF€REPORTSÏSTILL€PENDING€BEFORE€THE€COMMITTEEÌÌà‘Ä .üàV.ˆà0 .àGENERAL€COMMENTS€UNDER€ARTICLE€40,€PARAGRAPH€4,€OF€THE€INTERNATIONALÏCOVENANT€ON€CIVIL€AND€POLITICAL€RIGHTSÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àGeneral€comment€No.23€(50)€(art.€27)ÌÌà‘Ä .˜àVI.ˆà .àAMENDED€RULES€OF€PROCEDUREÌÌà‘Ä .4àVII.ˆà0 .àLETTER€FROM€THE€CHAIRMAN€OF€THE€COMMITTEE€CONCERNING€AN€OVERDUE€REPORTÌÌÔ  ÔÔ , ÔÓ)8 8Ä´    P")Óà‘Ä .ÐàVIII.ˆà0 .àLISTS€OF€STATES€PARTIES'€DELEGATIONS€THAT€PARTICIPATED€IN€THEÏCONSIDERATION€OF€THEIR€RESPECTIVE€REPORTS€BY€THE€HUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEE€ATÏITS€FORTY„NINTH,€FIFTIETH€AND€FIFTY„FIRST€SESSIONSÌÌÌÌÌà@ì .àCONTENTS€(continued)ˆÌÌà€ # .¬!àòòPageóó€ˆÌÓ 88tÓÔ  ÔÔ , ÔÓ)8 8Ä´    P")ÓÌÓ#88Ä´   ##Óà‘Ä .˜àIX.ˆà .àVIEWS€OF€THE€HUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEE€UNDER€ARTICLE€5,€PARAGRAPH€4,Ìà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àOF€THE€OPTIONAL€PROTOCOL€TO€THE€INTERNATIONAL€COVENANT€ON€CIVILÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àAND€POLITICAL€RIGHTS€...............................................€àÑ# .°"à1ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àA.à .àCommunication€No.€321/1988,€Maurice€Thomas€v.€JamaicaÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .à(views€adopted€on€19€October€1993,€forty„ninth€session)€........àÑ# .°"à1ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àB.à .àCommunication€No.€322/1988,€Hugo€Rodrguez€v.€UruguayÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .à(views€adopted€on€19€July€1994,€fifty„first€session)€...........àÑ# .°"à5ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àC.à .àCommunication€No.€328/1988,€Roberto€Zelaya€Blanco€v.Ìà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà 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.à(decision€adopted€on€19€July€1994,€fifty„first€session)€........à‘P" .P"àˆàP" .P"à310ÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àN.à .àCommunication€No.€498/1992,€Zdenek€Drbal€v.€the€Czech€RepublicÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .à(decision€adopted€on€22€July€1994,€fifty„first€session)€........à‘P" .P"àˆàP" .P"à312ÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .àAppendix€.......................................................à‘P" .ì!à€ˆàP" .P"à316ÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àO.à .àCommunication€No.€502/1992,€S.€M.€v.€BarbadosÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .à(decision€adopted€on€31€March€1994,€fiftieth€session)€..........à‘P" .ì!à€ˆàP" .P"à318ÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àP.à .àCommunication€No.€504/1992,€Denzil€Roberts€v.€BarbadosÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .à(decision€adopted€on€19€July€1994,€fifty„first€session)€........à‘P" .P"àˆàP" .P"à322ÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àQ.à .àCommunication€No.€509/1992,€A.€R.€U.€v.€the€NetherlandsÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .à(decision€adopted€on€19€October€1993,€forty„ninth€session)€.....à‘P" .P"àˆàP" .P"à327ÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àR.à .àCommunication€No.€510/1992,€P.€J.€N.€v.€the€NetherlandsÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà 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.à(decision€adopted€on€19€October€1993,€forty„ninth€session)€.....à‘P" .P"àˆàP" .P"à348ÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àX.à .àCommunication€No.€544/1993,€K.€J.€L.€v.€FinlandÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .à(decision€adopted€on€3€November€1993,€forty„ninth€session)€.....à‘P" .P"àˆàP" .P"à351ÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àY.à .àCommunication€No.€548/1993,€R.€E.€d.€B.€v.€the€NetherlandsÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .à(decision€adopted€on€3€November€1993,€forty„ninth€session)€.....à‘P" .P"àˆàP" .P"à354ÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àZ.à .àCommunication€No.€559/1993,€J.€M.€v.€Canada€(decision€adoptedÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .àon€8€April€1994,€fiftieth€session)€.............................à‘P" .P"àˆàP" .P"à357ÌÌÇà@ì .àCONTENTS€(continued)ˆÌÌà€ # ."àòòPageóóˆÌÓ 88tÓòòóóÔ  ÔÔ , ÔÓ)8 8Ä´    P")ÓÌÓ)8 8Ä,´    P")Óà‘Ä .Äàˆà, .,àAA.à .àCommunication€No.€565/1993,€A.€B.€v.€Italy€(decision€adoptedÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà, .,àà .àon€8€April€1994,€fiftieth€session)€.............................à‘P" .P"àˆàP" .P"à360ÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà, .,àBB.à .àCommunication€No.€567/1993,€Ponsamy€Poongavanam€v.€MauritiusÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà, 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.\àANNEX€IXˆÌÌ€€€€€€€€òòViews€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€under€article€5,€paragraph€4óó,Ì€€€€€€€€òòof€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€CivilóóÌà@ì .àòòand€Political€RightsóóˆÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€A.€€òòCommunication€No.€321/1988,€Maurice€Thomas€v.€JamaicaóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(òòviews€adopted€on€19€October€1993,€forty„ninth€sessionóó)ÌÌòòÓ#88, Ð  P"#ÓSubmitted€byóó:€€€€€€€€€€€Maurice€ThomasÌÌòòAlleged€victimóó:€€€€€€€€€The€authorÌÌòòState€partyóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€JamaicaÌÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€€10€July€1988ÌÌà, .,àòòThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà, .,àòòMeetingóó€on€19€October€1993,ÌÌà, .,àòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€321/1988,€submittedÏto€the€Human€Rights€Committee€by€Mr.€Maurice€Thomas€under€the€Optional€ProtocolÏto€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà, .,àòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€byÏthe€author€of€the€communication€and€the€State€party,ÌÌà, .,àòòAdoptsóó€its€views€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌòòThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€authoróóÌÌ1.à, .,àThe€author€of€the€communication€is€Maurice€Thomas,€a€Jamaican€citizenÏcurrently€awaiting€execution€at€St.€Catherine€District€Prison.€€He€claims€to€beÏthe€victim€of€a€violation€of€articles€7€and€10€of€the€International€Covenant€onÏCivil€and€Political€Rights€by€Jamaica.òòaóó/ÌÌ2.à, .,àThe€author€states€that€on€the€evening€of€9€July€1988,€a€contingent€ofÏsoldiers€conducted€a€search€in€a€block€of€St.€Catherine€Prison.€€At€the€end€ofÏtheir€search,€some€of€the€soldiers€were€directed€to€the€death€row€section€whereÏthe€author€and€16€other€inmates€were€detained.€€The€soldiers€were€accompanied€byÏseveral€prison€warders,€whom€the€author€mentions€by€name.€€Both€the€soldiers€andÏthe€warders€are€said€to€have€maltreated€the€inmates,€including€the€author.€€InÏparticular,€the€author€claims€that€he€was€severely€beaten€with€rifle€butts€andÏthat€he€sustained€injuries€in€his€chest,€his€back,€his€left€hip€and€his€lowerÏabdomen.€€Moreover,€one€of€the€soldiers€wounded€him€in€the€neck€with€a€bayonetÏand€tore€his€clothes.€€The€author€adds€that€following€the€beatings€he€was€thrownÏback€into€his€cell€and€left€without€any€kind€of€medical€attention.ÌÌòòThe€complaint€and€exhaustion€of€domestic€remediesóóÌÌ3.1à, .,àThe€author€claims€that€he€is€the€victim€of€a€violation€of€articles€7€and€10Ïof€the€Covenant.ÌÌ3.2à, .,àWith€regard€to€the€requirement€of€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€theÏauthor€states€that€he€wrote€to€the€Jamaican€Minister€of€Justice€and€theÏParliamentary€Ombudsman.€€On€6€September€1988,€he€received€a€letter€from€theÏoffice€of€the€former,€informing€him€that€his€complaint€was€being€investigatedÏand€that€he€would€be€contacted€again€at€a€later€stage.€€Since€then€he€has€had€noÏfurther€information€about€the€result€of€the€investigation.€€The€ParliamentaryÏOmbudsman€also€replied€to€the€author,€that€his€complaint€would€receive€"the€mostÏprompt€attention€possible".€€Notwithstanding€further€enquiries€from€the€author,Ïthe€Parliamentary€Ombudsman€has€not€contacted€him€again.€€The€author€submitsÏthat€no€Government€official€has€ever€visited€him€in€prison€in€order€toÏinvestigate€the€alleged€incident.ÌÌ3.3à, .,àThe€author€further€contends€that,€since€he€lacks€the€financial€means€toÏretain€counsel€for€purposes€of€filing€a€constitutional€motion€to€the€SupremeÏ(Constitutional)€Court€of€Jamaica,€a€motion€under€Sections€17€and€25€of€theÏJamaican€Constitution€is€not€an€effective€remedy€available€to€him€within€theÏmeaning€of€article€5,€paragraph€2(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌòòThe€State€party's€observationsóóÌÌ4.à, .,àThe€State€party€contends€that€the€communication€is€inadmissible€forÏnon-exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€since€the€author€has€failed€to€pursueÏconstitutional€remedies€available€to€him.€€The€State€party€submits€thatÏsection17€of€the€Jamaican€Constitution€guarantees€protection€from€cruel,Ïinhuman€and€degrading€treatment,€and€that€pursuant€to€section€25,€anyone€whoÏalleges€that€a€right€protected€by€the€Constitution€has€been,€is€being€or€isÏlikely€to€be€contravened€in€relation€to€him€may€apply€to€the€SupremeÏ(Constitutional)€Court€for€redress.ÌÌòòThe€Committee's€decision€on€admissibilityóóÌÌ5.1à, .,àAt€its€forty„second€session,€the€Committee€considered€the€admissibility€ofÏthe€communication.€€It€noted€that€the€author€had€submitted€his€case€to€theÏInter-American€Commission€on€Human€Rights,€but€that€the€examination€thereof€wasÏdiscontinued€on€27€March€1990.€€The€Committee€found,€therefore,€that€it€was€notÏprecluded€from€considering€the€author's€communication€under€article€5,Ïparagraph2(a),€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ5.2à, .,àThe€Committee€noted€the€State€party's€contention€that€the€communication€wasÏinadmissible€because€of€the€author's€failure€to€pursue€the€constitutionalÏremedies€available€to€him.€€It€also€noted€the€author's€contention€that€theÏremedy€indicated€by€the€State€party€was€not€a€remedy€available€to€him€because€ofÏhis€lack€of€financial€means€and€the€unavailability€of€legal€aid€for€purposes€ofÏfiling€a€constitutional€motion€to€the€Supreme€(Constitutional)€Court€of€Jamaica.€ÏThe€Committee€further€considered€that€the€author€had€demonstrated€that€he€hadÏmade€reasonable€efforts€through€administrative€demarches€to€seek€redress€inÏrespect€of€ill-treatment€allegedly€suffered€while€in€detention.€€The€CommitteeÏtherefore€found€that€the€requirements€of€article€5,€paragraph€2(b),€of€theÏOptional€Protocol€had€been€met.ÌÌ5.3à, .,àOn€4€July€1991,€the€Committee€therefore€declared€the€communicationÏadmissible€in€so€far€as€it€might€raise€issues€under€articles€7€and€10€of€theÏCovenant.ÌÌòòÇReview€of€admissibilityóóÌÌ6.à, .,àIn€its€submission€dated€16€February€1993,€the€State€party€maintains€thatÏthe€communication€is€inadmissible€for€non-exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies.€€ItÏsubmits€that€there€exists€no€absolute€obligation€under€the€Covenant€for€a€StateÏparty€to€provide€legal€aid.€€In€this€connection,€the€State€party€argues€that€theÏauthor's€indigence€cannot€be€attributed€to€the€State€party€and€cannot€serve€as€aÏjustification€for€not€exhausting€domestic€remedies.ÌÌ7.à, .,àThe€Committee€has€taken€note€of€the€arguments€submitted€to€it€by€the€StateÏparty€and€reiterates€that€domestic€remedies€within€the€meaning€of€the€OptionalÏProtocol€must€be€both€available€and€effective.€€The€Committee€considers,€that,Ïin€the€absence€of€legal€aid,€a€constitutional€motion€does€not,€in€theÏcircumstances€of€the€instant€case,€constitute€an€available€remedy€within€theÏmeaning€of€article€5,€paragraph€2(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€€There€isÏtherefore€no€reason€to€revise€the€Committee's€earlier€decision€on€admissibilityÏof€4€July€1991.ÌÌòòExamination€of€the€meritsóóÌÌ8.à, .,àThe€State€party€informs€the€Committee,€by€submission€of€16€February€1993,Ïthat€it€has€ordered€investigations€into€the€author's€allegations€and€that€itÏwill€forward€the€results€to€the€Committee€as€soon€as€they€are€available.€€TheÏCommittee€notes€that€the€State€party€was€informed€about€the€author's€allegationsÏon€17€November€1988€and€that€it€has€not€concluded€its€investigations€some€60Ïmonths€after€the€event€complained€of.ÌÌ9.1à, .,àThe€Committee€has€considered€the€communication€in€the€light€of€allÏinformation€made€available€to€it€by€the€parties,€as€required€under€article€5,Ïparagraph€1,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€State€partyÏhas€confined€itself€to€issues€of€admissibility.€€Article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€theÏOptional€Protocol€enjoins€the€State€party€to€investigate€in€good€faith€all€theÏallegations€made€against€it,€and€to€make€available€to€the€Committee€allÏinformation€at€its€disposal.€€In€the€circumstances€due€weight€must€be€given€toÏthe€author's€allegations,€to€the€extent€that€they€have€been€substantiated.ÌÌ9.2à, .,àIt€remains€uncontested€that,€on€9€July€1988,€the€author€was€assaulted€byÏsoldiers€and€warders,€who€beat€him€with€rifle€butts,€as€a€result€of€which€heÏsustained€injuries€in€his€chest,€his€back,€his€left€hip€and€his€lower€abdomen,Ïfor€which€he€did€not€receive€medical€treatment.€€The€Committee€considers€thatÏthese€claims€have€been€substantiated€and€that€the€facts€before€the€CommitteeÏamount€to€degrading€treatment€within€the€meaning€of€article€7€of€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€and€also€entail€a€violationÏof€article€10,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ10.à, .,àThe€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€theÏOptional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Ïis€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violation€of€articles€7€andÏ10,€paragraph€1,€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.ÌÌ11.à, .,àThe€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€Mr.€Maurice€Thomas,€a€victim€of€aÏviolation€of€articles€7€and€10€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€andÏPolitical€Rights,€is€entitled,€under€article€2,€paragraph€3(a),€of€theÏCovenant,€to€an€effective€remedy,€including€appropriate€compensation.€€The€StateÏparty€is€under€an€obligation€to€investigate€the€allegations€made€by€the€authorÏwith€a€view€to€instituting,€as€appropriate,€criminal€or€other€procedures€against€those€found€responsible€and€to€take€such€other€measures€as€may€be€necessary€toÏprevent€similar€violations€from€occurring€in€the€future.ÌÌ12.à, .,àThe€Committee€would€wish€to€receive€information,€within€90days,€on€anyÏrelevant€measures€taken€by€the€State€party€in€respect€of€the€Committee's€views.ÌÌÌ[Done€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€originalÏversion.]ÌÌÌà@ì .òàòòNotesóóˆÌÌà, .,àòòaóó/à  . àThe€author's€claims€under€articles€7€and€10€refer€to€the€same€factualÏbackground€as€in€communication€No.€320/1988€(òòVictor€Francis€v.€Jamaicaóó),€viewsÏadopted€on€24€March€1993€(see€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„¼eighth€Session,€Supplement€No.€40óó€(A/48/40),€annex€XII.K).ÌÇ€€€€€€€€€€€€€B.€€òòCommunication€No.€322/1988,€Hugo€Rodrguez€v.€UruguayóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(views€adopted€on€19€July€1994,€fifty„first€session)ÌÌòòSubmitted€byóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Hugo€RodrguezÌÌòòVictimóó:à  . ààÐ .Ð à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€The€authorÌÌòòState€partyóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€UruguayÌÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€23€July€1988€(initial€submission)ÌÌòòDate€of€decision€on€admissibilityóó:€€20€March€1992ÌÌà, .,àòòThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà, .,àòòMeetingóó€on€19€July€1994,ÌÌà, .,àòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€322/1988€submittedÏto€the€Human€Rights€Committee€by€Mr.€Hugo€Rodrguez€under€the€Optional€ProtocolÏto€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà, .,àòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€byÏthe€author€of€the€communication€and€the€State€party,ÌÌà, .,àòòAdoptsóó€its€views€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ1.à, .,àThe€author€of€the€communication€is€Hugo€Rodrguez,€a€Uruguayan€citizenÏresiding€in€Montevideo.€€Although€he€invokes€violations€by€Uruguay€of€articlesÏ7,€9,€10,€14,€15,€18€and€19€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€PoliticalÏRights,€he€requests€the€Human€Rights€Committee€to€focus€on€his€allegationsÏconcerning€article€7€of€the€Covenant€and€on€the€State€party's€alleged€failureÏproperly€to€investigate€his€case,€to€punish€the€guilty€and€to€award€himÏappropriate€compensation.€€The€author€is€the€husband€of€Luca€Arzuaga€Gilboa,Ïwhose€communication€No.€147/1983€was€also€considered€by€the€Committee.òòaóó/ÌÌòòThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€authoróóÌÌ2.1à, .,àIn€June€1983,€the€Uruguayan€police€arrested€the€author€and€his€wife,Ïtogether€with€several€other€individuals.€€The€author€was€taken€by€plainclothesÏpolicemen€to€the€headquarters€of€the€secret€police€(Direccið;ðn€Nacional€deÏInformacið;ðn€e€Inteligencia),€where€he€allegedly€was€kept€handcuffed€for€severalÏhours,€tied€to€a€chair€and€with€his€head€hooded.€€He€was€allegedly€forced€toÏstand€naked,€still€handcuffed,€and€buckets€of€cold€water€were€poured€over€him.€ÏThe€next€day,€he€allegedly€was€forced€to€lie€naked€on€a€metal€bedframe;€his€armsÏand€legs€were€tied€to€the€frame€and€electric€charges€were€applied€(òòpicanaÏelctricaóó)€to€his€eyelids,€nose€and€genitals.€€Another€method€of€ill-treatmentÏconsisted€in€coiling€wire€around€fingers€and€genitals€and€applying€electricÏcurrent€to€the€wire€(òòmagnetoóó);€at€the€same€time,€buckets€of€dirty€water€wereÏpoured€over€him.€€Subsequently,€he€allegedly€was€suspended€by€his€arms,€andÏelectric€shocks€were€applied€to€his€fingers.€€This€treatment€continued€for€aÏweek,€after€which€the€author€was€relocated€to€another€cell;€there€he€remainedÏincomunicado€for€another€week.€€On€24€June,€he€was€brought€before€a€militaryÏjudge€and€indicted€on€unspecified€charges.€€He€remained€detained€at€theÏ"Libertad€Prison"€until€27€December€1984.ÌÌ2.2à, .,àThe€author€states€that€during€his€detention€and€even€thereafter,€until€theÏtransition€from€military€to€civilian€rule,€no€judicial€investigation€of€his€caseÏcould€be€initiated.€€After€the€re-introduction€of€constitutional€guarantees€inÏMarch€1985,€a€formal€complaint€was€filed€with€the€competent€authorities.€€OnÏ27September€1985,€a€class€action€was€brought€before€the€Court€of€First€InstanceÏ(Juzgado€Letrado€de€Primera€Instancia€en€lo€Penal€de€4€Turno)€denouncing€theÏtorture,€including€that€suffered€by€the€author,€perpetrated€on€the€premises€ofÏthe€secret€police.€€The€judicial€investigation€was€not,€however,€initiatedÏbecause€of€a€dispute€over€the€court's€jurisdiction,€as€the€military€insistedÏthat€only€military€courts€could€legitimately€carry€out€the€investigations.€€AtÏthe€end€of€1986,€the€Supreme€Court€of€Uruguay€held€that€the€civilian€courts€wereÏcompetent,€but€in€the€meantime,€the€Parliament€had€enacted,€on€22€December€1986,ÏLaw€No.€15,848,€the€Limitations€Act€or€Law€of€Expiry€(òòLey€de€Caducidadóó)€whichÏeffectively€provided€for€the€immediate€end€of€judicial€investigation€into€suchÏmatters€and€made€impossible€the€pursuit€of€this€category€of€crimes€committedÏduring€the€years€of€military€rule.ÌÌòòThe€complaintóóÌÌ3.à, .,àThe€author€denounces€the€acts€of€torture€to€which€he€was€subjected€as€aÏviolation€of€article€7€of€the€Covenant€and€contends€that€he€and€others€have€beenÏdenied€appropriate€redress€in€the€form€of€investigation€of€the€abuses€allegedlyÏcommitted€by€the€military€authorities,€punishment€of€those€held€responsible€andÏcompensation€to€the€victims.€€In€this€context,€he€notes€that€the€State€party€hasÏsystematically€instructed€judges€to€apply€Law€No.€15,848€uniformly€and€closeÏpending€investigations;€the€President€of€the€Republic€himself€allegedly€advisedÏthat€this€procedure€should€be€applied€without€exception.€€The€author€furtherÏcontends€that€the€State€party€cannot,€by€simple€legislative€act,€violate€itsÏinternational€commitments€and€thus€deny€justice€to€all€the€victims€of€humanÏrights€abuses€committed€under€the€previous€military€regime.ÌÌòòThe€State€party's€information€and€observations€and€the€author's€comments€thereonóóÌÌ4.1à, .,àThe€State€party€argues€that€the€communication€be€declared€inadmissible€onÏthe€ground€of€non-exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies.€€It€rejects€the€author'sÏcontention€that€his€complaints€and€the€judicial€proceedings€were€frustrated€byÏthe€enactment€of€Law€No.€15,848.€€First,€the€enactment€of€the€law€did€notÏnecessarily€result€in€the€immediate€suspension€of€the€investigation€ofÏallegations€of€torture€and€other€wrongdoings,€and€article€3€of€the€law€providesÏfor€a€procedure€of€consultation€between€the€Executive€and€the€Judiciary.€ÏSecondly,€article€4€does€not€prohibit€investigations€into€situations€similar€toÏthose€invoked€by€the€author,€since€the€provision€"authorizes€an€investigation€byÏthe€Executive€Power€to€clarify€cases€in€which€the€disappearance€of€persons€inÏpresumed€military€or€police€operations€has€been€denounced".€€Thirdly,€the€authorÏcould€have€invoked€the€unconstitutionality€of€Law€No.€15,848;€if€his€applicationÏhad€been€accepted,€any€judicial€investigation€into€the€facts€alleged€to€haveÏoccurred€would€have€been€reopened.ÌÌ4.2à, .,àThe€State€party€further€explains€that€there€are€other€remedies,€judicialÏand€non-judicial,€which€were€not€exhausted€in€the€case:€€first,€"the€only€thingÏwhich€Law€No.€15,848€does€not€permit€...€is€criminal€prosecution€of€theÏoffenders;€it€does€not€leave€the€victims€of€the€alleged€offences€without€aÏremedy".€€Thus,€victims€of€torture€may€file€claims€for€compensation€throughÏappropriate€judicial€or€administrative€channels;€compensation€from€the€State€ofÏUruguay€may,€for€instance,€be€claimed€in€the€competent€administrative€court.€ÏThe€State€party€notes€that€many€such€claims€for€compensation€have€been€granted,Ïand€similar€actions€are€pending€before€the€courts.̇4.3à, .,àSubsidiarily,€it€is€submitted€that€Law€No.€15,848€is€consistent€with€theÏState€party's€international€legal€obligations.€€The€State€party€explains€thatÏthe€law€"did€establish€an€amnesty€of€a€special€kind€and€subject€to€certainÏconditions€for€military€and€police€personnel€alleged€to€have€been€engaged€inÏviolations€of€human€rights€during€the€period€of€the€previous€...€regime€....€ÏThe€object€of€these€legal€normative€measures€was,€and€still€is,€to€consolidateÏthe€institution€of€democracy€and€to€ensure€the€social€peace€necessary€for€theÏestablishment€of€a€solid€foundation€of€respect€of€human€rights."€€It€is€furtherÏcontended€that€the€legality€of€acts€of€clemency€decreed€by€a€sovereign€State,Ïsuch€as€an€amnesty€or€an€exemption,€may€be€derived€from€article€6,€paragraph€4,Ïof€the€Covenant€and€article€4€of€the€American€Convention€on€Human€Rights.€€InÏshort,€an€amnesty€or€abstention€from€criminal€prosecution€should€be€consideredÏnot€only€as€a€valid€form€of€legal€action€but€also€the€most€appropriate€means€ofÏensuring€that€situations€endangering€the€respect€for€human€rights€do€not€occurÏin€the€future.€€The€State€party€invokes€a€judgement€of€the€Inter-American€CourtÏof€Human€Rights€in€support€of€its€contention.òòbóó/ÌÌ5.1à, .,àCommenting€on€the€State€party's€submission,€the€author€maintains€that€LawÏNo.€15,848€does€not€authorize€investigations€of€instances€of€torture€by€theÏExecutive:€€its€article€4€only€applies€to€the€alleged€disappearance€ofÏindividuals.ÌÌ5.2à, .,àWith€respect€to€a€constitutional€challenge€of€the€law,€the€author€pointsÏout€that€other€complainants€have€already€challenged€Law€No.€15,848€and€that€theÏSupreme€Court€has€ruled€that€it€is€constitutional.ÌÌòòConsideration€of€and€decision€on€admissibilityóóÌÌ6.1à, .,àAt€its€forty„fourth€session,€the€Committee€considered€the€admissibility€ofÏthe€communication.€€The€Committee€ascertained,€as€it€is€required€to€do€underÏarticle€5,€paragraph€2(a),€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€that€the€matter€was€notÏbeing€examined€by€the€Inter-American€Commission€on€Human€Rights.ÌÌ6.2à, .,àThe€Committee€further€took€note€of€the€State€party's€contention€that€theÏauthor€had€failed€to€exhaust€available€domestic€remedies€and€that€civil€andÏadministrative,€as€well€as€constitutional,€remedies€remained€open€to€him.€€ItÏobserved€that€article€5,€paragraph€2(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol€requiredÏexhaustion€of€local€remedies€only€to€the€extent€that€these€are€both€availableÏand€effective;€authors€are€not€required€to€resort€to€extraordinary€remedies€orÏremedies€the€availability€of€which€is€not€reasonably€evident.ÌÌ6.3à, .,àIn€the€Committee's€opinion,€a€constitutional€challenge€of€Law€No.€15,848Ïfell€into€the€latter€category,€especially€given€that€the€Supreme€Court€ofÏUruguay€has€deemed€the€law€to€be€constitutional.€€Similarly,€to€the€extent€thatÏthe€State€party€indicated€the€availability€of€administrative€remedies€possiblyÏleading€to€the€author's€compensation,€the€author€plausibly€submitted€that€theÏstrict€application€of€Law€No.€15,848€frustrates€any€attempt€to€obtainÏcompensation,€as€the€enforcement€of€the€law€bars€an€official€investigation€ofÏhis€allegations.€€Moreover,€the€author€stated€that€on€27€September€1985€he€andÏothers€started€an€action€with€the€Juzgado€Letrado€de€Primera€Instancia€en€loÏPenal,€in€order€to€have€the€alleged€abuses€investigated.€€The€State€party€didÏnot€explain€why€no€investigations€were€carried€out.€€In€the€light€of€the€gravityÏof€the€allegations,€it€was€the€State€party's€responsibility€to€carry€outÏinvestigations,€even€if€as€a€result€of€Law€No.€15,848€no€penal€sanctions€couldÏbe€imposed€on€persons€responsible€for€torture€and€ill-treatment€of€prisoners.€ÏThe€absence€of€such€investigation€and€of€a€final€report€constituted€aÏconsiderable€impediment€to€the€pursuit€of€civil€remedies,€e.g.€for€compensation.€In€these€circumstances,€the€Committee€found€that€the€State€party€itself€hadÏfrustrated€the€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies€and€that€the€author's€complaintÏto€the€òòJuzgado€Letrado€de€Primera€Instanciaóó€should€be€deemed€a€reasonable€effortÏto€comply€with€the€requirements€of€article€5,€paragraph€2(b).ÌÌ6.4à, .,àTo€the€extent€that€the€author€claimed€that€the€enforcement€of€LawÏNo.15,848€frustrated€his€right€to€see€certain€former€government€officialsÏcriminally€prosecuted,€the€Committee€recalled€its€prior€jurisprudence€that€theÏCovenant€does€not€provide€a€right€for€an€individual€to€require€that€the€StateÏparty€criminally€prosecute€another€person.òòcóó/€€Accordingly,€this€part€of€theÏcommunication€was€found€to€be€inadmissible€òòratione€materiaeóó€as€incompatible€withÏthe€provisions€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ7.à, .,àOn€20€March€1992,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€decided€that€the€communicationÏwas€admissible€in€so€far€as€it€appeared€to€raise€issues€under€article€7€of€theÏCovenant.ÌÌòòThe€State€party's€observationsóóÌÌ8.1à, .,àOn€3€November€1992€the€State€party€submitted€its€observations€on€theÏCommittee's€admissibility€decision,€focusing€on€the€legality€of€Law€No.€15,848Ïin€the€light€of€international€law.€€It€considered€the€Committee's€decision€to€beÏunfounded,€since€the€State's€power€to€declare€amnesty€or€to€bar€criminalÏproceedings€are€"matters€pertaining€exclusively€to€its€domestic€legal€system,Ïwhich€by€definition€have€constitutional€precedence".ÌÌ8.2à, .,àThe€State€party€emphasizes€that€Law€No.€15,848€on€the€lapsing€of€StateÏprosecutions€was€endorsed€in€1989€by€referendum,€"an€exemplary€expression€ofÏdirect€democracy€on€the€part€of€the€Uruguayan€people".€€Moreover,€by€a€decisionÏof€2€May€1988,€the€Supreme€Court€declared€the€law€to€be€constitutional.€€ItÏmaintains€that€the€law€constituted€a€sovereign€act€of€clemency€that€is€fully€inÏaccord€and€harmony€with€the€international€instruments€on€human€rights.ÌÌ8.3à, .,àIt€is€argued€that€notions€of€democracy€and€reconciliation€ought€to€be€takenÏinto€account€when€considering€laws€on€amnesty€and€on€the€lapsing€ofÏprosecutions.€€In€this€context,€the€State€party€indicated€that€other€relevantÏlaws€were€adopted,€including€Law€No.€15,737,€adopted€on€15€March€1985,€whichÏdecreed€an€amnesty€for€all€ordinary€political€and€related€military€offencesÏcommitted€since€1€January€1962,€and€which€recognized€the€right€of€all€UruguayansÏwishing€to€return€to€the€country€to€do€so€and€the€right€of€all€public€officialsÏdismissed€by€the€military€Government€to€be€reinstated€in€their€respectiveÏpositions.€€This€law€expressly€excluded€from€amnesty€offences€involving€inhumanÏor€degrading€treatment€or€the€disappearance€of€persons€under€the€responsibilityÏof€police€officers€or€members€of€the€armed€forces.€€By€Law€No.€15,783€ofÏ28November€1985,€persons€who€had€been€arbitrarily€dismissed€for€political,Ïideological€or€trade-union€reasons€were€entitled€to€reinstatement.ÌÌ8.4à, .,àWith€regard€to€the€right€to€judicial€safeguards€and€the€obligation€toÏinvestigate,€the€State€party€asserts€that€Law€No.€15,848€in€no€way€restricts€theÏsystem€of€judicial€remedies€established€in€article€2,€paragraph€3,€of€theÏCovenant.€€Pursuant€to€this€law,€only€the€State's€right€to€bring€criminalÏcharges€lapsed.€€The€law€did€not€eliminate€the€legal€effects€of€offences€inÏareas€outside€the€sphere€of€criminal€law.€€Moreover,€the€State€argues,€itsÏposition€is€consistent€with€the€judgement€of€the€Inter-American€Court€of€HumanÏRights€in€the€case€of€Velasquez€Rodrguez€that€the€international€protection€ofÏhuman€rights€should€not€be€confused€with€criminal€justice€(para.€174).€€ÌÌ8.5à, .,àIn€this€connection,€the€State€party€contends€that€"to€investigate€pastÏevents€...€is€tantamount€to€reviving€the€confrontation€between€persons€andÏgroups.€€This€certainly€will€not€contribute€to€reconciliation,€pacification€andÏthe€strengthening€of€democratic€institutions."€€Moreover,€"the€duty€toÏinvestigate€does€not€appear€in€the€Covenant€or€any€express€provision,€and€thereÏare€consequently€no€rules€governing€the€way€this€function€is€to€be€exercised.€ÏNor€is€there€any€indication€in€the€Convention€text€concerning€its€precedence€orÏsuperiority€over€other€duties€-€such€as€the€duty€to€punish€-€nor,€of€course,Ïconcerning€any€sort€of€independent€legal€life€detached€from€the€legal€andÏpolitical€context€within€which€human€rights€as€a€whole€come€into€play€...€€TheÏState€can,€subject€to€the€law€and€in€certain€circumstances,€refrain€from€makingÏavailable€to€the€person€concerned€the€means€of€establishing€the€truth€formallyÏand€officially€in€a€criminal€court,€which€is€governed€by€public,€not€privateÏinterest.€€This,€of€course,€does€not€prevent€or€limit€the€free€exercise€by€suchÏa€person€of€his€individual€rights,€such€as€the€right€to€information,€which€inÏmany€cases€in€themselves€lead€to€the€discovery€of€the€truth,€even€if€it€is€notÏthe€public€authorities€themselves€that€concern€themselves€with€the€matter."ÌÌ8.6à, .,àWith€regard€to€the€author's€contention€that€Law€No.€15,848€"frustrates€anyÏattempt€to€obtain€compensation,€as€the€enforcement€of€the€law€bars€an€officialÏinvestigation€of€his€allegations"€the€State€party€asserts€that€there€have€beenÏmany€cases€in€which€claims€similar€to€that€of€the€author€have€succeeded€in€civilÏactions€and€that€payment€has€been€obtained.ÌÌ9.à, .,àThe€State€party's€submission€was€transmitted€to€the€author€for€comments€onÏ5€January€1993.€€In€spite€of€a€reminder€dated€9€June€1993,€no€comments€wereÏreceived€from€the€author.ÌÌòòThe€Committee's€views€on€the€meritsóóÌÌ10.à, .,àThe€Committee€has€taken€due€note€of€the€State€party's€contention€that€theÏCommittee's€decision€on€admissibility€was€not€well€founded.ÌÌ11.à, .,àEven€though€the€State€party€has€not€specifically€invoked€article€93,Ïparagraph€4,€of€the€Committee's€rules€of€procedure,€the€Committee€has€ex€officioÏreviewed€its€decision€of€20€March€1992€in€the€light€of€the€State€party'sÏarguments.€€The€Committee€reiterates€its€finding€that€the€criteria€ofÏadmissibility€of€the€communication€were€satisfied€and€holds€that€there€is€noÏreason€to€set€aside€the€decision.ÌÌ12.1à, .,à€With€regard€to€the€merits€of€the€communication,€the€Committee€notes€thatÏthe€State€party€has€not€disputed€the€author's€allegations€that€he€was€subjectedÏto€torture€by€the€authorities€of€the€then€military€regime€in€Uruguay.€€BearingÏin€mind€that€the€author's€allegations€are€substantiated,€the€Committee€findsÏthat€the€facts€as€submitted€sustain€a€finding€that€the€military€regime€inÏUruguay€violated€article€7€of€the€Covenant.€€In€this€context,€the€CommitteeÏnotes€that,€although€the€Optional€Protocol€lays€down€a€procedure€for€theÏexamination€of€individual€communications,€the€State€party€has€not€addressed€theÏissues€raised€by€the€author€as€a€victim€of€torture€nor€submitted€any€informationÏconcerning€an€investigation€into€the€author's€allegations€of€torture.€€Instead,Ïthe€State€party€has€limited€itself€to€justifying,€in€general€terms,€the€decisionÏof€the€Government€of€Uruguay€to€adopt€an€amnesty€law.ÌÌ12.2à, .,à€As€to€the€appropriate€remedy€that€the€author€may€claim€pursuant€toÏarticle2,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€finds€that€the€adoptionÏof€Law€No.€15,848€and€subsequent€practice€in€Uruguay€have€rendered€theÏrealization€of€the€author's€right€to€an€adequate€remedy€extremely€difficult.Ì12.3à, .,à€The€Committee€cannot€agree€with€the€State€party€that€it€has€no€obligationÏto€investigate€violations€of€Covenant€rights€by€a€prior€regime,€especially€whenÏthese€include€crimes€as€serious€as€torture.€€Article€2,€paragraph€3(a)€of€theÏCovenant€clearly€stipulates€that€each€State€party€undertakes€"to€ensure€that€anyÏperson€whose€rights€or€freedoms€as€herein€recognized€are€violated€shall€have€anÏeffective€remedy,€notwithstanding€that€the€violation€has€been€committed€byÏpersons€acting€in€an€official€capacity".€€In€this€context,€the€Committee€refersÏto€its€general€comment€No.€20€(44)€on€article€7,òòdóó/€which€provides€thatÏallegations€of€torture€must€be€fully€investigated€by€the€State:ÌÌà0, .,àà  . à"Article€7€should€be€read€in€conjunction€with€article€2,Ïparagraph3....€€The€right€to€lodge€complaints€against€maltreatmentÏprohibited€by€article€7€must€be€recognized€in€the€domestic€law.€€ComplaintsÏmust€be€investigated€promptly€and€impartially€by€competent€authorities€soÏas€to€make€the€remedy€effective....ÌÌà0, .,àà  . à"The€Committee€has€noted€that€some€States€have€granted€amnesty€inÏrespect€of€acts€of€torture.€€Amnesties€are€generally€incompatible€with€theÏduty€of€States€to€investigate€such€acts;€to€guarantee€freedom€from€suchÏacts€within€their€jurisdiction;€and€to€ensure€that€they€do€not€occur€in€theÏfuture.€€States€may€not€deprive€individuals€of€the€right€to€an€effectiveÏremedy,€including€compensation€and€such€full€rehabilitation€as€may€beÏpossible."ÌÌThe€State€party€has€suggested€that€the€author€may€still€conduct€privateÏinvestigations€into€his€torture.€€The€Committee€finds€that€the€responsibilityÏfor€investigations€falls€under€the€State€party's€obligation€to€grant€anÏeffective€remedy.€€Having€examined€the€specific€circumstances€of€this€case,€theÏCommittee€finds€that€the€author€has€not€had€an€effective€remedy.€ÌÌ12.4à, .,à€The€Committee€moreover€reaffirms€its€position€that€amnesties€for€grossÏviolations€of€human€rights€and€legislation€such€as€Law€No.€15,848,€òòLey€deÏCaducidad€de€la€Pretensið;ðn€Punitiva€del€Estadoóó,€are€incompatible€with€theÏobligations€of€the€State€party€under€the€Covenant.€€The€Committee€notes€withÏdeep€concern€that€the€adoption€of€this€law€effectively€excludes€in€a€number€ofÏcases€the€possibility€of€investigation€into€past€human€rights€abuses€and€therebyÏprevents€the€State€party€from€discharging€its€responsibility€to€provideÏeffective€remedies€to€the€victims€of€those€abuses.€€Moreover,€the€Committee€isÏconcerned€that,€in€adopting€this€law,€the€State€party€has€contributed€to€anÏatmosphere€of€impunity€which€may€undermine€the€democratic€order€and€give€rise€toÏfurther€grave€human€rights€violations.òòeóó/€ÌÌ13.à, .,àThe€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€theÏOptional€Protocol,€is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violationÏof€article€7,€in€connection€with€article€2,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ14.à, .,àThe€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€Mr.€Hugo€Rodrguez€is€entitled,€underÏarticle€2,€paragraph€3(a),€of€the€Covenant,€to€an€effective€remedy.€€It€urgesÏthe€State€party€to€take€effective€measures€(a)€to€carry€out€an€officialÏinvestigation€into€the€author's€allegations€of€torture,€in€order€to€identify€theÏpersons€responsible€for€torture€and€ill-treatment€and€to€enable€the€author€toÏseek€civil€redress;€(b)€to€grant€appropriate€compensation€to€Mr.€Rodrguez;€andÏ(c)€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€the€future.€ÌÌÔ&  Ô15.à, .,àThe€Committee€would€wish€to€receive€information,€within€90€days,€on€anyÏrelevant€measures€adopted€by€the€State€party€in€respect€of€the€Committee'sÏviews.ÌÌÌ[Adopted€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€originalÏÔ'  Ôversion.]ÌÌÌà@ì .òàòòNotesóóˆÌÌà, .,àòòaóó/à  . àSee€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„first€Session,ÏSupplement€No.€40óó€(A/41/40),€annex€VIII.B,€views€adopted€during€the€twenty„sixthÏsession,€on€1November€1985,€in€which€the€Committee€held€that€the€factsÏdisclosed€violations€of€articles€7€and€10,€paragraph1,€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌà, .,àòòbóó/à  . àJudgement€of€the€Inter„American€Court€of€Human€Rights€in€the€case€ofÏòòVelasquez€Rodrguezóó,€given€on€29July€1988.€€Compare,€however,€the€AdvisoryÏOpinion€OC„13/93€of€16July€1993,€affirming€the€competence€of€the€Inter„AmericanÏCommission€on€Human€Rights€to€find€any€norm€of€the€internal€law€of€a€State€partyÏto€be€in€violation€of€the€latter's€obligations€under€the€American€Convention€onÏHuman€Rights.€€See€also€resolution€No.22/88€in€case€No.9850€concerningÏArgentina,€given€on€4October1990,€and€report€No.29/92€of€2October€1992Ïconcerning€the€Uruguayan€cases€10.029,€10.036,€10.145,€10.305,€10.372,€10.373,Ï10.374€and€10.375,€in€which€the€Commission€concluded€that€"Law€15,848€ofÏDecember22,€1986€is€incompatible€with€articleXVIII€(right€to€a€fair€trial)€ofÏthe€American€Declaration€of€the€Rights€and€Duties€of€Man,€and€articles€1,€8Ïand25€of€the€American€Convention€on€Human€Rights".€€The€Commission€furtherÏrecommended€to€the€Government€of€Uruguay€that€it€give€the€applicant€victims€orÏtheir€rightful€claimants€just€compensation,€and€that€"it€adopt€the€measuresÏnecessary€to€clarify€the€facts€and€identify€those€responsible€for€the€humanÏrights€violations€that€occurred€during€the€defacto€period".€€(òòAnnual€Report€ofÏthe€Inter„American€Commission€on€Human€Rights,€1992„1993óó,€p.165).ÌÌà, .,àòòcóó/à  . àSee€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„fourth€Session,ÏSupplement€No.€40óó€(A/44/40),€annex€XI.B,€communication€No.213/1986Ï(òòH.C.M.A.v.€the€Netherlandsóó),€declared€inadmissible€on€30March€1989,Ïpara.11.6;€and€ibid.,€òòForty„fifth€Session,€Supplement€No.40óó€(A/45/40),ÏannexX.J,€communication€No.275/1988€(òòS.E.€v.€Argentinaóó),€declaredÏinadmissible€on€26March€1990,€para.5.5.ÌÌà, .,àòòdóó/à  . àAdopted€at€the€Committee's€forty„fourth€session,€in€1992;€see€òòOfficialÏRecords€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„seventh€Session,€Supplement€No.€40óóÏ(A/47/40),€annex€VI.A.ÌÌà, .,àòòeóó/à  . àSee€the€comments€of€the€Committee€on€Uruguay's€third€periodic€reportÏunder€article40€of€the€Covenant,€adopted€on€8April€1993,€òòOfficial€Records€ofÏthe€General€Assembly,€Forty„eighth€Session,€Supplement€No.40óó€(A/48/48),Ïchap.III.ÌÇÝ ƒ@ÿÝÔ UK ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÑ\R3Ø'\ÑÑ X ÑÑ À ÑÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓ…+ÓÔ€ôôôÔÔC€A<þ6X9`(CourierCÔÓ(€ B $(ÓØØÖ€eÖÖ€ÖÓ882 ÓÝ  Ý€€€€€€€C.€€òòCommunication€No.328/1988,€RobertoZelaya€Blanco€v.€NicaraguaóóòòÌóó€€€€€€€€€€€(òòviews€adopted€on€20July1994,€fifty-first€sessionóó)ÌÌòòSubmitted€byóó:à . à€€€€€€€€€Myriam€Zelaya€Dunaway€and€Juan€Zelaya,Ìà2 .2àà .àà . àà . àà . à€€€€€€€€€later€joined€by€their€brother,€the€alleged€victimÌÌòòVictimóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Roberto€Zelaya€BlancoÌÌòòState€partyóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€NicaraguaÌÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:àÐ .Ð ààÐ .Ð à€€20July1988€(initial€submission)ÌÌà2 .2àòòThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article28€of€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà2 .2àòòMeetingóó€on€20July1994,ÌÌà2 .2àòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€328/1988,€submittedÏto€the€Human€Rights€Committee€by€Ms.€Myriam€Zelaya€Dunaway€and€Juan€Zelaya€underÏthe€Optional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€PoliticalÏRights,ÌÌà2 .2àòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€byÏthe€authors€of€the€communication€and€the€State€party,ÌÌà2 .2àòòAdoptsóó€its€views€under€article5,€paragraph4,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ1.à2 .2àThe€authors€of€the€initial€communication€are€Myriam€Zelaya€Dunaway€andÏJuanZelaya,€citizens€of€the€United€States€of€America€of€Nicaraguan€origin,Ïcurrently€residing€in€the€United€States.€€They€submit€the€communication€onÏbehalf€and€upon€the€request€of€their€brother,€Roberto€Zelaya€Blanco,€aÏNicaraguan€citizen€born€in€1935,€at€the€time€of€submission€of€the€communicationÏdetained€at€the€prison€of€Tipitapa,€Nicaragua.€€The€authors€allege€that€theirÏbrother€has€been€a€victim€of€violations€by€Nicaragua€of€articles7,€9,€10,€14Ïand€17€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€€InÏMarch1989,€Roberto€Zelaya€was€released€from€detention€on€the€basis€of€aÏgovernmental€pardon,€and€on€19June1992€he€confirmed€the€contents€of€theÏcommunication€and€joined€his€sister€and€brother€as€co-author.€€He€now€resides€inÏthe€United€States€together€with€his€wife€and€son.ÌÌòòThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€authorsóóÌÌ2.1à2 .2àRoberto€Zelaya€Blanco,€an€engineer€and€university€professor,€was€arrestedÏwithout€a€warrant€on€20July1979,€the€day€after€the€assumption€of€power€by€theÏSandinista€Government.€€He€was€tried€by€a€Peoples'€Tribunal€(Tribunal€EspecialÏPrimero),€on€account€of€his€outspoken€criticism€of€the€Marxist€orientation€ofÏthe€Sandinistas.€€On€23February1980,€he€was€sentenced€to€30€years'Ïimprisonment.€€The€Tribunal€Especial€Primero€de€Apelacið;ðn€confirmed€the€sentenceÏon€14€March€1980€without€an€appeal€hearing.ÌÌ2.2à2 .2àWith€respect€to€the€issue€of€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€the€authorsÏstate€that€because€of€the€political€situation€in€Nicaragua,€they€were€for€a€longÏtime€unable€to€identify€Nicaraguan€lawyers€willing€to€take€up€their€brother'sÏcase.€€Only€at€the€beginning€of€1989€did€Roberto€Zelaya€inform€his€family€that€aÏlawyer,€J.E.P.B.,€had€indicated€his€readiness€to€represent€him.ÌÌ2.3à2 .2àIt€is€submitted€that€several€organizations,€including€the€Inter-AmericanÏCommission€on€Human€Rights,€Amnesty€International,€the€International€CommissionÏof€Jurists€and€the€International€Committee€of€the€Red€Cross€(NicaraguanÏSection),€were€apprised€of€Mr.Zelaya's€fate€and€visited€him€in€prison.€€TheÏauthors€add€that€they€addressed€many€written€complaints€about€their€brother'sÏfate€to€various€Nicaraguan€authorities,€including€President€Daniel€Ortega€andÏthe€prison€management,€but€that€they€did€not€receive€any€reply.ÌÌ2.4à2 .2àUpon€his€release€in€March1989,€Mr.€Zelaya€was€allegedly€threatened€by€aÏprison€guard,€"Comandante€Pedro",€with€the€words€"Be€very€careful.€€If€you€dareÏwrite€or€speak€against€the€Sandinistas,€you€will€regret€it."ÌÌòòThe€complaintóóÌÌ3.1à2 .2àThe€authors€submit€that€there€was€no€wrongdoing€or€criminal€activity€on€theÏpart€of€their€brother,€and€that€the€accusations€formulated€against€him€by€theÏSandinistas€(òòapologa€del€delito;€instigacið;ðn€para€delinquiróó)€were€purelyÏpolitical.€€It€is€claimed€that€Roberto€Zelaya€was€detained€arbitrarily€fromÏJuly1979€to€March€1989,€that€he€was€denied€a€fair€hearing€before€an€independentÏand€impartial€tribunal,€that€he€was€tortured€and€was€subjected€to€pseudo-medicalÏand€pharmacological€experiments,€to€inhuman€treatment€and€death€threats€while€inÏprison,€and€that€the€correspondence€between€Roberto€Zelaya€and€his€family€wasÏsystematically€interfered€with€by€the€prison€authorities.ÌÌ3.2à2 .2àThe€authors€submit€that€their€brother's€health,€already€precarious,Ïdeteriorated€as€a€result€of€his€detention.€€They€submit€that€asthma€attacks€wereÏtreated€experimentally€with€cortisone€and€other€drugs.€€Finally,€other€inmatesÏand€a€prison€warder€A.V.C.€are€said€to€have€made€death€threats€againstÏMr.Zelaya€on€numerous€occasions.ÌÌòòThe€State€party's€information€and€the€authors'€comments€thereonóóÌÌ4.1à2 .2àThe€State€party€indicates€that€Roberto€Zelaya€Blanco€was€released€fromÏdetention€pursuant€to€a€presidential€pardon€of€17€March€1989€(òòDecreto€de€IndultoóóòòÏNo.€044óó).ÌÌ4.2à2 .2àThe€authors€submit€that€their€brother€is€currently€receiving€specializedÏmedical€treatment€for€the€ailments€developed€or€aggravated€during€10€years€ofÏdetention,€òòinter€aliaóó,€asthma€and€chronic€hepatitis.€€They€add€that€theÏtreatment€requires€frequent€and€prolonged€hospitalization.ÌÌòòThe€Committee's€decision€on€admissibilityóóÌÌ5.1à2 .2àThe€Committee€ascertained,€as€it€is€required€to€do€under€article5,Ïparagraph€2(a),€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€that€the€case€was€not€underÏexamination€by€another€instance€of€international€investigation€or€settlement.€€ÏThe€general€investigation,€by€regional€and€intergovernmental€human€rightsÏorganizations,€of€situations€affecting€a€number€of€individuals,€including€theÏauthor€of€a€communication€under€the€Optional€Protocol,€does€not€constitute€theÏ"same€matter"€within€the€meaning€of€article€5,€paragraph€2(a).ÌÌ5.2à2 .2àThe€Committee€interpreted€the€State€party's€general€submission€thatÏMr.Zelaya€Blanco€had€been€released€from€detention€as€implying€that€he€had€beenÏoffered€an€appropriate€remedy.€€However,€the€Committee€reiterated€its€positionÏthat€it€is€implicit€in€rule91€of€the€rules€of€procedure€and€article4,Ïparagraph2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€that€a€State€party€to€the€Covenant€shouldÏmake€available€to€the€Committee€all€the€information€at€its€disposal;€this€includes,€at€the€stage€of€the€determination€of€the€admissibility€of€aÏcommunication,€the€provision€of€sufficiently€detailed€information€about€remediesÏpursued€by,€as€well€as€remedies€still€available,€to€victims€of€allegedÏviolations€of€their€rights.€€The€State€party€did€not€forward€such€information.ÏOn€the€basis€of€the€information€before€it,€the€Committee€concluded€that€thereÏare€no€further€effective€remedies€available€to€Roberto€Zelaya€in€theÏcircumstances€of€his€case.ÌÌ5.3à2 .2àThe€Committee€observed€that€the€authorities€of€any€State€party€to€theÏCovenant€are€under€an€obligation€to€investigate€alleged€human€rights€violationsÏand€to€make€available€appropriate€judicial€remedies€and€compensation€to€victimsÏof€such€violations,€even€if€they€are€attributable€to€a€previous€administration.ÌÌ5.4à2 .2àThe€Committee€considered€that€the€authors'€allegations€had€beenÏsufficiently€substantiated,€for€purposes€of€admissibility,€and€that€they€raisedÏissues€under€articles7,€9,€10,€14€and€17€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ5.5à2 .2àOn€20March1992,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€decided€that€the€communicationÏwas€admissible€inasmuch€as€it€appeared€to€raise€issues€under€articles7,€9,€10,Ï14€and€17€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌòòThe€State€party's€observations€and€the€authors'€comments€thereonóóÌÌ6.1à2 .2àOn€27€July€1992,€the€State€party€submitted€that€the€new€Government€hadÏembarked€on€a€process€of€national€reconciliation,€without€revanchism.€€At€theÏsame€time,€Nicaragua's€independent€judiciary€now€exercises€an€eminent€role€inÏprotecting€human€rights.€€Since€Mr.Zelaya€enjoys€all€civil€and€political€rightsÏin€Nicaragua,€he€is€at€liberty€to€demand€compensation€or€any€other€remedy€he€mayÏconsider€appropriate.ÌÌ6.2à2 .2àOn€5October1992,€Roberto€Zelaya€Blanco€responded€that€he€could€not€expectÏto€receive€any€compensation€from€ad€hoc€tribunals€in€Nicaragua,€heirs€of€theÏTribunales€Especiales€de€Justicia,€which€had€convicted€him€and€others€withoutÏdue€process.€€In€particular,€he€disputes€the€State€party's€submission€that€theÏNicaraguan€judiciary€is€now€independent,€because€many€judges,€including€thoseÏsitting€in€the€Supreme€Court,€are€political€appointees€of€the€former€SandinistaÏGovernment.€€Moreover,€he€contends€that€if€the€new€government€were€committed€toÏimpartial€justice,€it€would€have€prosecuted€òòmotu€proprioóó€those€responsible€forÏcrimes,€corruption€and€other€abuses€during€the€years€of€the€SandinistaÏadministration.€€He€further€questions€the€commitment€to€human€rights€of€theÏGovernment€of€Violeta€Barrios€de€Chamorro,€since€she€herself,€as€member€of€theÏthen€Sandinista€Government€(òòmiembro€de€la€Junta€de€Gobierno€de€Reconstruccið;ðnÏNacionalóó),€had€signed€Decree€No.185€of€29November1979,€which€established€theÏTribunales€Especiales€de€Justicia,€which€depended€directly€on€the€executiveÏ(òòpoder€ejecutivoóó)€and€prosecuted€many€former€civil€servants€for€the€so-calledÏcrime€of€conspiracy€(òòdelito€de€asociacið;ðn€para€delinquiróó)€merely€because€theyÏhad€been€civil€servants€during€the€Somoza€administration.ÌÌ6.3à2 .2àWith€regard€to€the€confiscation€of€his€property,€the€author€invokesÏarticle17€of€the€Universal€Declaration€of€Human€Rights,€which€protects€theÏright€to€property,€and€points€out€that€the€confiscation€decrees€of€theÏSandinista€Government€had€been€signed€by€many€of€the€current€members€of€theÏGovernment,€including€the€new€President,€Mrs.VioletaBarrios€de€Chamorro,€inÏparticular€Decree€No.38€of€8August1979,€which€provided€for€the€expropriationÏof€former€civil€servants€of€the€Somoza€administration,€including€the€medicalÏdoctors€and€dentists€in€the€service€of€the€Somoza€family.€€The€author€listsÏthree€pieces€of€real€property€which€he€had€owned€and€which€were€confiscated€by€the€Sandinista€Government€and€subsequently€sold€to€third€parties.€€The€authorÏalleges€that€the€new€Government€is€applying€dilatory€tactics€to€frustrate€theÏrestitution€of€such€property,€and€rendering€the€process€so€complicated€thatÏclaimants€eventually€abandon€their€claims€because€of€the€expense€involved€inÏattempting€to€recuperate€their€property.€€The€author€concludes€that€what€wasÏconfiscated€by€way€of€administrative€measures€ought€to€be€returned€to€theÏrightful€owners€also€by€administrative€decree.€€The€author€further€allegesÏdiscrimination€in€that€the€confiscated€property€of€persons€who€were€UnitedÏStates€citizens€before€19July1979€has€been€returned,€whereas€the€propertyÏformerly€owned€by€Nicaraguan€citizens€can€only€be€recovered€through€onerousÏlitigation.ÌÌ6.4à2 .2àWith€regard€to€his€detention,€the€author€claims€that€it€was€unlawful€andÏarbitrary€and€that€he€was€denied€due€process€by€the€revolutionary€tribunals.€€HeÏencloses€excerpts€from€the€Amnesty€International€report€entitledÏòòNicaragua:Derechos€Humanos€1986-1989óó,€which€specifically€refers€to€its€ownÏinvestigation€of€the€Zelaya€case.€€The€report€concluded:€€ÌÌà82 .2àà .à"After€examining€the€judgment€and€interviewing€the€prisoner€inÏNovember1987,€Amnesty€International€arrived€at€the€conclusion€thatÏthere€was€no€evidence€that€could€prove€the€criminal€charges€againstÏhim:€€no€victim€had€been€identified€in€relation€to€the€accusation€ofÏmurder,€and€as€to€the€other€charges,€the€victim€had€been€only€referredÏto€as€'the€people€of€Nicaragua'.€€It€would€seem€that€the€convictionÏwas€predicated€on€Mr.ZelayaBlanco's€open€anti-Sandinista€position€inÏthe€pre-revolutionary€period€and€on€his€various€journalisticÏpublications€..."€òòaóó/ÌÌ6.5à2 .2àThe€author€further€describes€the€torture€and€ill-treatment€to€which€he€wasÏallegedly€subjected.€€On€11October1979,€he€and€other€detainees€were€taken€outÏof€their€cells€by€mercenaries€of€Argentinian€nationality,€CheWalter€andÏCheManuel.€€At€9€a.m.€they€were€taken€to€an€office€where€they€were€beaten.€€InÏparticular,€he€claims€that€he€was€handcuffed€and€hanged€with€a€chain€from€theÏroof€of€the€office.€€He€was€allegedly€asked€to€sign€a€confession€concerning€theÏassassination€of€Pedro€Joaquin€Chamorro,€the€husband€of€the€current€President€ofÏNicaragua.€€The€text€of€the€confession€was€read€out€to€him€by€D.€M.R.,€theÏlegal€counsel€to€the€Police€Commander.€€He€categorically€refused€to€sign€anyÏsuch€statement,€in€spite€of€threats.€€At€1€p.m.,€the€interrogators€returned€withÏone€of€the€most€notorious€torturers€of€the€Direccið;ðn€General€de€Seguridad€delÏEstado,€but€he€continued€to€refuse€to€sign€any€confession,€whereupon€Che€Manuel,ÏJ.M.S.€and€R.C.G.€proceeded€to€administer€beatings€all€over€his€body€untilÏ7p.m.€€At€11p.m.,€the€chains€were€removed,€and€he€fell€to€the€floor,€where€heÏwas€kicked€by€the€same€interrogators.€€He€was€then€driven€out€of€town,€where€heÏand€15€other€prisoners€were€to€be€executed.€€Someone€read€out€the€deathÏsentences€ordered€by€the€Junta€de€Gobierno€de€Reconstruccið;ðn€Nacional.€€WhereasÏthe€other€15€were€killed,€he€was€not.€€Although€he€does€not€remember€clearlyÏwhat€happened,€it€appears€that€he€passed€out€and€only€regained€consciousnessÏsometime€after€the€shooting,€when€he€was€lying€on€the€ground€and€stillÏhandcuffed.€€At€2€a.m.€on€12October1979,€he€was€taken€to€Managua€to€theÏoffices€of€the€Direccið;ðn€General€de€Seguridad€delEstado,€where€he€was€receivedÏby€"Compaero€Ernesto",€who€removed€his€handcuffs.€€At€6.30€a.m.,€he€was€takenÏto€a€house€that€had€been€used€as€a€dormitory€of€the€former€Oficina€de€SeguridadÏNacional€and€interrogated€there€by€"Comandante€Pedro",€whose€real€name€wasÏR.B.,€who€also€took€his€Bulova€wristwatch,€his€wedding€ring€and€his€walletÏcontaining€400cordobas.€€He€names€five€witnesses€who€saw€him€arrive€at€theÏoffices€of€the€Dicreccið;ðn€General€de€Seguridad€del€Estado.€€At€around€noonÏComandante€Pedro,€together€with€J.R.€(Compaero€Patricio)€and€H.I.(Capitn€Santiago),€came€to€pick€him€up,€handcuffed€and€took€him€to€a€room€where€he€wasÏagain€chained,€partially€suspended€from€the€ceiling.€€He€was€told€that€theÏacademic€and€administrative€cadres€of€the€University€of€Nicaragua€were€full€ofÏagents€of€the€CIA€and€that€he€should€endorse€a€declaration€prepared€for€hisÏsignature,€denouncing,€òòinter€aliaóó,€some€of€his€University€colleagues,ÏProfessorsE.A.C.,€F.C.G.,€J.C.V.R.€and€A.F.V.€€When€he€refused€to€signÏthe€declaration,€because€he€never€had€any€contact€or€relationship€with€the€CIA,Ïhe€was€beaten€by€Comandante€Pedro,€Compaero€Patricio€and€Capitn€Santiago.€€HeÏwas€then€left€in€peace€for€a€few€weeks,€but€on€7November1979€he€was€againÏhandcuffed,€blindfolded€and€taken€by€ComandantePedro€to€a€place€where€twoÏtruckloads€of€prisoners€were€being€assembled.€€He€was€forced€to€board€one€of€theÏtrucks€and€was€driven€out€of€town,€where€the€prisoners€were€made€to€climb€downÏand€walk€to€a€spot€where€they€were€ordered€to€kneel;€approximately€30€of€themÏwere€shot€with€a€bullet€to€the€back€of€the€head.€€The€surviving€10€were€takenÏelsewhere.€€He€was€told€not€to€speak€of€what€he€had€witnessed€because€his€wifeÏand€son€would€be€made€to€suffer€for€it.ÌÌ6.6à2 .2àOn€26November1979,€the€author€and€23€other€prisoners€were€taken€to€a€newÏprison€establishment€near€the€international€airport€of€Managua,€the€Centro€deÏRehabilitacið;ðn€Social€y€Poltica,€under€Comandante€V.J.G.,€who€allegedlyÏpersonally€assassinated€several€guards€of€the€former€Somoza€Government.ÌÌ6.7à2 .2àOn€7December,€after€two€months€of€incomunicado€detention,€he€was€allowedÏto€be€visited€by€his€wife.€€He€learned€from€her€that€their€home€had€beenÏransacked€on€12October€by€forces€of€the€Direccið;ðn€General€de€Seguridad€delÏEstado,€which€beat€up€his€then€pregnant€wife,€causing€a€miscarriage,€and€stoleÏjewels€and€other€items€of€personal€property.ÌÌ6.8à2 .2àOn€26March1980€at€11€p.m.,€he€was€transferred,€together€with€someÏ29other€political€prisoners,€to€the€Carcel€Modelo,€which€was€more€like€aÏconcentration€camp€where€the€inmates€had€been€so€undernourished,€he€claims,€thatÏthey€looked€like€figures€from€Buchenwald.€€Because€of€the€torture€and€the€fearÏof€being€summarily€executed,€the€prisoners€appeared€traumatized.€€Moreover,Ïfamily€visits€were€not€allowed,€nor€was€the€sending€of€food€packages.€ÏResponsible€for€the€abuses€were€F.F.A.,€F.L.A.,€S.A.G.€and€J.I.G.C.€ÏPrincipal€responsibility,€however,€lay€on€J.M.A.,€the€Director€of€theÏPenitentiary€system,€under€whose€orders€allegedly€more€than€100politicalÏprisoners€were€shot.ÌÌ6.9à2 .2àThe€author€claims€that€these€crimes€and€abuses€have€not€been€investigatedÏby€the€new€Government€of€Nicaragua.ÌÌ6.10à2 .2à€In€a€further€submission€of€29March1993,€the€author€refers€to€a€book€byÏDr.CarlosHumbertoCanalesAltamirano,€òòInjusticia€Sandinista.€Carcel€yÏServicioóó,€in€which€his€case€is€frequently€mentioned,€in€particular€the€subòòóóhumanòòÏpóórison€conditions€leading€to€his€infection€with€hepatitis€and€the€aggravation€ofÏhis€chronic€asthma€attacks€and€the€responsibility€of€the€prison€doctor€J.A.B.Ïfor€these€conditions.ÌÌ7.à2 .2àThe€author's€submissions€were€transmitted€to€the€State€party€onÏ5January1993€and€26August1993.€€In€its€observations€of€16July1993,€theÏState€party€does€not€enter€the€merits€of€the€case€but€merely€refers€toÏarticle5,€paragraph€2(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€indicating€that€the€authorÏhas€not€availed€himself€of€local€remedies€to€solicit€the€return€of€his€propertyÏand€compensation€for€his€imprisonment.€ÌÌ8.1à2 .2àIn€a€further€submission€dated€6September1993,€the€author€comments€on€theÏState€party's€observations,€referring€to€Decree€No.185€of€29November1979,Ïpursuant€to€which€the€judgments€of€the€Tribunales€Especiales€de€Justicia€wereÏnot€subject€to€appeal€or€cassation.€€Thus,€the€exhaustion€of€local€remedies€wasÏcompleted€with€the€handing€down€of€the€30-year€sentence€against€him€by€theÏrevolutionary€tribunal.€€The€author's€release€from€imprisonment€after€10yearsÏof€deprivation€and€abuse€does€not€close€the€book€on€the€violation€of€his€rightsÏunder€the€InternationalCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€ÌÌ8.2à2 .2àWith€regard€to€the€issue€of€impunity,€the€author€points€out€that€the€StateÏparty€has€not€initiated€any€prosecution€against€named€torturers€of€the€priorÏregime€and€that€these€named€persons€are€living€in€Nicaragua€with€perfectÏimpunity,€although€their€crimes€have€been€denounced€and€documented.€€The€authorÏfurther€alleges€that€the€State€party€has€failed€to€initiate€investigation€ofÏthese€cases.ÌÌ8.3à2 .2àOn€16€June€1994,€the€State€party€reiterated€its€position€that€the€authorÏhas€not€exhausted€domestic€remedies€as€required€by€article€5,€paragraph€2(b),Ïof€the€Optional€Protocol.€€No€submissions€on€the€merits€of€the€author'sÏallegations€were€made.ÌÌ8.4à2 .2àWith€regard€to€the€author's€allegations€that€the€ad€hoc€tribunals€inÏNicaragua€are€not€impartial,€the€State€party€states€that€the€Government€has€noÏpower€to€intervene€in€their€deliberations€or€decisions.ÌÌ8.5à2 .2àThe€State€party€affirms€that€human€rights€are€today€respected€in€NicaraguaÏand€refers€to€the€fact€that€the€1993€session€of€the€Organization€of€AmericanÏStates€and€the€ninth€Interamerican€Indigenous€Congress€were€held€in€Nicaragua,Ïthus€manifesting€that€the€international€community€recognizes€Nicaragua'sÏdemocratic€legal€order.ÌÌòòThe€Committee's€views€on€the€meritsóóÌÌ9.1à2 .2àThe€Committee€has€taken€due€note€of€the€State€party's€submission€that€theÏauthor€has€failed€to€exhaust€domestic€remedies,€since€he€can€now€address€hisÏcomplaints€to€the€competent€courts€of€the€present€Government€of€Nicaragua.ÌÌ9.2à2 .2àEven€though€the€State€party€has€not€specifically€invoked€article93,Ïparagraph4,€of€the€Committee's€rules€of€procedure,€the€Committee€has€òòex€officioóóÏreviewed€its€decision€of€20March1992€in€the€light€of€the€State€party'sÏarguments.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€State€party's€readiness€to€examine€theÏauthor's€complaints€and€considers€that€such€examination€could€be€seen€as€aÏremedy€under€article2,€paragraph3,€of€the€Covenant.€€However,€for€purposes€ofÏarticle5,€paragraph€2(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€Committee€considersÏthat€the€author,€who€was€arrested€in€1979€and€spent€10years€in€detention,Ïcannot,€at€this€stage,€be€required€to€engage€the€Nicaraguan€courts€of€theÏpresent€administration€before€his€case€can€be€examined€under€the€OptionalÏProtocol.€€In€this€context,€the€Committee€recalls€that€the€communication€wasÏsubmitted€to€the€Committee€in€1988,€at€a€time€when€domestic€remedies€were€notÏavailable€or€not€effective.€€Even€if€domestic€remedies€may€now€be€available,€theÏapplication€of€such€remedies€would€entail€an€unreasonable€prolongation€of€theÏauthor's€quest€to€be€vindicated€for€his€detention€and€alleged€ill-treatment;€theÏCommittee€concludes€that€the€Optional€Protocol€does€not€require€the€author,€inÏthe€circumstances€of€his€case,€to€further€engage€the€Nicaraguan€courts.€ÏMoreover,€the€Committee€reiterates€its€finding€that€the€criteria€ofÏadmissibility€under€the€Optional€Protocol€were€satisfied€at€the€time€of€submission€of€the€communication€and€that€there€is€no€reason€to€set€aside€theÏCommittee's€decision€of€20March1992.ÌÌ9.3à2 .2àThe€Committee€has€considered€the€communication€in€the€light€of€all€theÏinformation€made€available€to€it€by€the€parties,€as€required€under€article5,Ïparagraph1,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€€The€Committee€regrets€the€absence€of€anyÏsubmission€by€the€State€party€concerning€the€substance€of€the€matter€underÏconsideration.€€Pursuant€to€article4,€paragraph2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€aÏState€party€should€investigate€in€good€faith€all€the€allegations€of€violationsÏof€the€Covenant€made€against€it€and€make€available€to€the€Committee€all€theÏinformation€at€its€disposal.€€In€the€absence€of€any€State€party€submission€onÏthe€merits€of€the€case,€due€weight€must€be€given€to€the€author's€allegations,€toÏthe€extent€that€they€have€been€substantiated.ÌÌ10.1à2 .2à€With€regard€to€the€author's€allegation€concerning€the€confiscation€of€hisÏproperty,€the€Committee€recalls€that€the€Covenant€does€not€protect€the€right€ofÏproperty,€as€such.€€However,€an€issue€under€the€Covenant€may€arise€if€aÏconfiscation€or€expropriation€is€based€on€discriminatory€grounds€prohibited€inÏarticle26€of€the€Covenant.€€Although€the€author€has€stated€that€his€propertyÏwas€confiscated€as€a€consequence€of€his€belonging€to€a€category€of€persons€whoseÏpolitical€views€were€contrary€to€those€of€the€Sandinista€Government,€and€in€aÏfashion€that€could€be€termed€discriminatory,€the€Committee€does€not€haveÏsufficient€facts€before€it€to€enable€it€to€make€a€finding€on€this€point.ÌÌ10.2à2 .2à€In€its€prior€jurisprudence€the€Committee€has€found€that€interferenceÏwithin€a€prisoner's€correspondence€may€constitute€a€violation€of€article17€ofÏthe€Covenant.€€However,€in€the€instant€case€the€Committee€lacks€sufficientÏinformation€to€make€a€finding€concerning€a€violation€of€the€author's€right€toÏprivacy€under€this€provision.ÌÌ10.3à2 .2à€With€regard€to€the€author's€allegations€that€he€was€subjected€to€arbitraryÏdetention,€the€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€has€not€disputed€theÏauthor's€description€of€the€reasons€for€his€detention,€i.e.his€politicalÏopinions€contrary€to€those€of€the€Sandinista€Government.€€The€Committee€has€alsoÏtaken€note€of€the€many€annexes€to€the€author's€submissions,€including€theÏrelevant€report€from€the€Nicaraguan€Departamento€de€Seguridad€del€Estado€and€theÏevaluation€of€the€case€by€Amnesty€International.€€In€the€light€of€all€theÏinformation€before€it,€the€Committee€finds€that€the€author's€arrest€andÏdetention€violated€article9,€paragraph1,€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ10.4à2 .2à€As€to€the€author's€allegations€that€he€was€denied€a€fair€trial,€theÏCommittee€finds€that€the€proceedings€before€the€Tribunales€Especiales€deÏJusticia€did€not€offer€the€guarantees€of€a€fair€trial€provided€for€in€article14Ïof€the€Covenant.€€In€particular,€the€Committee€observes€that€the€author'sÏallegation€that€he€was€repeatedly€put€under€duress€to€sign€a€confession€againstÏhimself,€in€contravention€of€article14,€paragraph3(g),€has€not€been€contestedÏby€the€State€party.ÌÌ10.5à2 .2à€With€regard€to€the€author's€allegations€of€having€been€subjected€toÏtorture€and€ill-treatment,€the€Committee€observes€that€the€author's€submissionsÏare€very€detailed€and€that€he€mentions€the€names€of€the€officers€who€ordered,Ïparticipated€in€or€were€ultimately€responsible€for€the€ill-treatment.€€Moreover,Ïthe€author€has€named€numerous€witnesses€of€the€alleged€mistreatment.€€In€theÏcircumstances€and€bearing€in€mind€that€the€State€party€has€not€disputed€theÏauthor's€allegations,€the€Committee€finds€that€the€information€before€itÏsustains€a€finding€that€the€author€was€a€victim€of€a€violation€of€articles€7Ïand10,€paragraph1,€of€the€Covenant.̇10.6à2 .2à€The€Committee€considers€violations€of€articles7€and10,€paragraph1,€ofÏthe€Covenant€to€be€extremely€serious,€and€requiring€prompt€investigation€byÏStates€parties€to€the€Covenant.€€In€this€context,€the€Committee€refers€to€itsÏgeneral€comment€àx .x àNo.20(44)€on€article7,òòbóó/€which€reds€in€part:ÌÌà2 .2àà .à"Article7€should€be€read€in€conjunction€with€article2,€¼à82 .2àparagraph3€...€€The€right€to€lodge€complaints€against€maltreatmentÏprohibited€by€article€7€must€be€recognized€in€the€domestic€law.ÏComplaints€must€be€investigated€promptly€and€impartially€by€competentÏauthorities€so€as€to€make€the€remedy€effective€...€ÌÌà2 .2àà .à"...€States€may€not€deprive€individuals€of€the€right€to€an€effective€¼à82 .2àremedy,€including€compensation€and€such€full€rehabilitation€as€may€beÏpossible."ÌÌIn€this€respect,€the€State€party€has€indicated€that€the€author€may€instituteÏactions€before€the€Nicaraguan€courts.€€Notwithstanding€the€possible€viability€ofÏthis€avenue€of€redress,€the€Committee€finds€that€the€responsibility€forÏinvestigations€falls€under€the€State€party's€obligation€to€grant€an€effectiveÏremedy.ÌÌ11.à2 .2àThe€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article5,€paragraph4,€of€theÏOptional€Protocol,€is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€violationsÏof€articles€7,9,€paragraph1,€10,paragraph1,€and14,€paragraph3(g),€of€theÏCovenant.ÌÌ12.à2 .2àThe€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€Mr.RobertoZelayaBlanco€is€entitled,Ïunder€article2,€paragraph3(a),€of€the€Covenant€to€an€effective€remedy.€€ItÏurges€the€State€party€to€take€effective€measures€(a)€to€grant€appropriateÏcompensation€to€Mr.Zelaya€for€the€violations€suffered,€also€pursuant€toÏarticle9,€paragraph5,€of€the€Covenant;€(b)to€carry€out€an€officialÏinvestigation€into€the€author's€allegations€of€torture€and€ill-treatment€duringÏhis€detention;€and€(c)€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€theÏfuture.ÌÌ13.à2 .2àThe€Committee€would€wish€to€receive€information,€within€90days,€on€anyÏrelevant€measures€adopted€by€the€State€party€in€respect€of€the€Committee'sÏviews.ÌÌÌ[Adopted€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€originalÏversion.]€ÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòNotesÌÌóóà2 .2àòòaóó/à .àAmnesty€International,€òòNicaragua:€€Derechos€Humanos€1986„1989óó€(London,ÏNov