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.àReports€submitted€by€States€parties€under€article€40€of€the€CovenantÏduring€the€period€under€reviewÌ̇à@ì .àCONTENTS€(continued)ˆÌÌÓ 88tÓòòChapteróóÌÔ  ÔÔ , ÔÓ)8 8Ä´    P")ÓÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àB.à0 .àSpecial€decisions€by€the€Human€Rights€Committee€concerning€reports€ofÏparticular€StatesÌÌà‘Ä .üàV.ˆà0 .àSTATES€THAT€HAVE€NOT€COMPLIED€WITH€THEIR€OBLIGATIONS€UNDER€ARTICLE40ÌÌà‘Ä .˜àVI.ˆà0 .àCONSIDERATION€OF€REPORTS€SUBMITTED€BY€STATES€PARTIES€UNDER€ARTICLE€40€OFÏTHE€COVENANTÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àA.à .àIcelandÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àB.à .àNorwayÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àC.à .àJapanÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àD.à .àMaltaÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àE.à .àRomaniaÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àF.à .àCosta€RicaÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àG.à .àMexicoÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àH.à .àCameroonÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àI.à .àEl€SalvadorÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àJ.à .àLibyan€Arab€JamahiriyaÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àK.à .àJordanÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àL.à .àTogoÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àM.à .àItalyÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àN.à .àAzerbaijanÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àO.à .àCyprusÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àP.à .àSloveniaÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àQ.à .àBurundiÌÌÔ  ÔÔ , ÔÓ)8 8Ä´    P")ÓÌà‘Ä .4àVII.ˆà .àGENERAL€COMMENTS€OF€THE€COMMITTEEÌÌà‘Ä .ÐàVIII.ˆà0 .àCONSIDERATION€OF€COMMUNICATIONS€UNDER€THE€OPTIONAL€PROTOCOLÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àA.à .àProgress€of€workÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àB.à0 .àGrowth€of€the€Committee's€case„load€under€the€Optional€ProtocolÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àC.à0 .àNew€approaches€to€examining€communications€under€the€Optional€ProtocolÌ̇à@ì .àCONTENTS€(continued)ˆÌÌÓ 88tÓòòChapteróóÌÌÔ  ÔÔ , ÔÓ)8 8Ä´    P")Óà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àD.à .àIndividual€opinionsÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àE.à .àIssues€considered€by€the€CommitteeÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àF.à .àRemedies€called€for€under€the€Committee's€viewsÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àG.à .àFollow„up€activitiesÌÌà@ì .ŽàòòAnnexesóóˆÌÌà‘Ä .üàI.ˆà0 .àSTATES€PARTIES€TO€THE€INTERNATIONAL€COVENANT€ON€CIVIL€AND€POLITICAL€RIGHTSÏAND€TO€THE€OPTIONAL€PROTOCOLS€AND€STATES€WHICH€HAVE€MADE€THE€DECLARATIONÏUNDER€ARTICLE€41€OF€THE€COVENANT€AS€AT€29€JULY€1994ÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àA.à0 .àStates€parties€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€PoliticalÏRightsÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àB.à .àStates€parties€to€the€First€Optional€ProtocolÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àC.à0 .àStates€which€have€made€the€declaration€under€article€41€of€theÏCovenantÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àD.à0 .àStatus€of€the€Second€Optional€Protocol€aiming€at€the€abolition€of€theÏdeath€penaltyÌÌà‘Ä .˜àII.ˆà .àMEMBERSHIP€AND€OFFICERS€OF€THE€HUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEE,€1993„1994ÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àA.à .àMembershipÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àB.à .àOfficersÌÌà‘Ä .4àIII.ˆà0 .àSUBMISSION€OF€REPORTS€AND€ADDITIONAL€INFORMATION€BY€STATES€PARTIES€UNDERÏARTICLE€40€OF€THE€COVENANT€DURING€THE€PERIOD€UNDER€REVIEWÌÌ€IV.à0 .àSTATUS€OF€REPORTS€CONSIDERED€DURING€THE€PERIOD€UNDER€REVIEW€AND€OF€REPORTSÏSTILL€PENDING€BEFORE€THE€COMMITTEEÌÌà‘Ä .üàV.ˆà0 .àGENERAL€COMMENTS€UNDER€ARTICLE€40,€PARAGRAPH€4,€OF€THE€INTERNATIONALÏCOVENANT€ON€CIVIL€AND€POLITICAL€RIGHTSÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àGeneral€comment€No.23€(50)€(art.€27)ÌÌà‘Ä .˜àVI.ˆà .àAMENDED€RULES€OF€PROCEDUREÌÌà‘Ä .4àVII.ˆà0 .àLETTER€FROM€THE€CHAIRMAN€OF€THE€COMMITTEE€CONCERNING€AN€OVERDUE€REPORTÌÌÔ  ÔÔ , ÔÓ)8 8Ä´    P")Óà‘Ä .ÐàVIII.ˆà0 .àLISTS€OF€STATES€PARTIES'€DELEGATIONS€THAT€PARTICIPATED€IN€THEÏCONSIDERATION€OF€THEIR€RESPECTIVE€REPORTS€BY€THE€HUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEE€ATÏITS€FORTY„NINTH,€FIFTIETH€AND€FIFTY„FIRST€SESSIONSÌÌÌÌÌà@ì .àCONTENTS€(continued)ˆÌÌà€ # .¬!àòòPageóó€ˆÌÓ 88tÓÔ  ÔÔ , ÔÓ)8 8Ä´    P")ÓÌÓ#88Ä´   ##Óà‘Ä .˜àIX.ˆà .àVIEWS€OF€THE€HUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEE€UNDER€ARTICLE€5,€PARAGRAPH€4,Ìà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àOF€THE€OPTIONAL€PROTOCOL€TO€THE€INTERNATIONAL€COVENANT€ON€CIVILÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àAND€POLITICAL€RIGHTS€...............................................€àÑ# .°"à1ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àA.à .àCommunication€No.€321/1988,€Maurice€Thomas€v.€JamaicaÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .à(views€adopted€on€19€October€1993,€forty„ninth€session)€........àÑ# .°"à1ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àB.à .àCommunication€No.€322/1988,€Hugo€Rodrguez€v.€UruguayÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .à(views€adopted€on€19€July€1994,€fifty„first€session)€...........àÑ# .°"à5ˆÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àC.à .àCommunication€No.€328/1988,€Roberto€Zelaya€Blanco€v.Ìà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà 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.à(decision€adopted€on€19€July€1994,€fifty„first€session)€........à‘P" .P"àˆàP" .P"à310ÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àN.à .àCommunication€No.€498/1992,€Zdenek€Drbal€v.€the€Czech€RepublicÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .à(decision€adopted€on€22€July€1994,€fifty„first€session)€........à‘P" .P"àˆàP" .P"à312ÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .àAppendix€.......................................................à‘P" .ì!à€ˆàP" .P"à316ÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àO.à .àCommunication€No.€502/1992,€S.€M.€v.€BarbadosÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .à(decision€adopted€on€31€March€1994,€fiftieth€session)€..........à‘P" .ì!à€ˆàP" .P"à318ÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àP.à .àCommunication€No.€504/1992,€Denzil€Roberts€v.€BarbadosÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .à(decision€adopted€on€19€July€1994,€fifty„first€session)€........à‘P" .P"àˆàP" .P"à322ÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àQ.à .àCommunication€No.€509/1992,€A.€R.€U.€v.€the€NetherlandsÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .à(decision€adopted€on€19€October€1993,€forty„ninth€session)€.....à‘P" .P"àˆàP" .P"à327ÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àR.à .àCommunication€No.€510/1992,€P.€J.€N.€v.€the€NetherlandsÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà 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.à(decision€adopted€on€19€October€1993,€forty„ninth€session)€.....à‘P" .P"àˆàP" .P"à348ÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àX.à .àCommunication€No.€544/1993,€K.€J.€L.€v.€FinlandÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .à(decision€adopted€on€3€November€1993,€forty„ninth€session)€.....à‘P" .P"àˆàP" .P"à351ÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àY.à .àCommunication€No.€548/1993,€R.€E.€d.€B.€v.€the€NetherlandsÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .à(decision€adopted€on€3€November€1993,€forty„ninth€session)€.....à‘P" .P"àˆàP" .P"à354ÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àZ.à .àCommunication€No.€559/1993,€J.€M.€v.€Canada€(decision€adoptedÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà .àà .àon€8€April€1994,€fiftieth€session)€.............................à‘P" .P"àˆàP" .P"à357ÌÌÇà@ì .àCONTENTS€(continued)ˆÌÌà€ # ."àòòPageóóˆÌÓ 88tÓòòóóÔ  ÔÔ , ÔÓ)8 8Ä´    P")ÓÌÓ)8 8Ä,´    P")Óà‘Ä .Äàˆà, .,àAA.à .àCommunication€No.€565/1993,€A.€B.€v.€Italy€(decision€adoptedÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà, .,àà .àon€8€April€1994,€fiftieth€session)€.............................à‘P" .P"àˆàP" .P"à360ÌÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà, .,àBB.à .àCommunication€No.€567/1993,€Ponsamy€Poongavanam€v.€MauritiusÌà‘Ä .Äàˆà, 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.\àANNEX€IXˆÌÌ€€€€€€€€òòViews€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€under€article€5,€paragraph€4óó,Ì€€€€€€€€òòof€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€CivilóóÌà@ì .àòòand€Political€RightsóóˆÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€A.€€òòCommunication€No.€321/1988,€Maurice€Thomas€v.€JamaicaóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(òòviews€adopted€on€19€October€1993,€forty„ninth€sessionóó)ÌÌòòÓ#88, Ð  P"#ÓSubmitted€byóó:€€€€€€€€€€€Maurice€ThomasÌÌòòAlleged€victimóó:€€€€€€€€€The€authorÌÌòòState€partyóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€JamaicaÌÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€€10€July€1988ÌÌà, .,àòòThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà, .,àòòMeetingóó€on€19€October€1993,ÌÌà, .,àòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€321/1988,€submittedÏto€the€Human€Rights€Committee€by€Mr.€Maurice€Thomas€under€the€Optional€ProtocolÏto€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà, .,àòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€byÏthe€author€of€the€communication€and€the€State€party,ÌÌà, .,àòòAdoptsóó€its€views€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌòòThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€authoróóÌÌ1.à, .,àThe€author€of€the€communication€is€Maurice€Thomas,€a€Jamaican€citizenÏcurrently€awaiting€execution€at€St.€Catherine€District€Prison.€€He€claims€to€beÏthe€victim€of€a€violation€of€articles€7€and€10€of€the€International€Covenant€onÏCivil€and€Political€Rights€by€Jamaica.òòaóó/ÌÌ2.à, .,àThe€author€states€that€on€the€evening€of€9€July€1988,€a€contingent€ofÏsoldiers€conducted€a€search€in€a€block€of€St.€Catherine€Prison.€€At€the€end€ofÏtheir€search,€some€of€the€soldiers€were€directed€to€the€death€row€section€whereÏthe€author€and€16€other€inmates€were€detained.€€The€soldiers€were€accompanied€byÏseveral€prison€warders,€whom€the€author€mentions€by€name.€€Both€the€soldiers€andÏthe€warders€are€said€to€have€maltreated€the€inmates,€including€the€author.€€InÏparticular,€the€author€claims€that€he€was€severely€beaten€with€rifle€butts€andÏthat€he€sustained€injuries€in€his€chest,€his€back,€his€left€hip€and€his€lowerÏabdomen.€€Moreover,€one€of€the€soldiers€wounded€him€in€the€neck€with€a€bayonetÏand€tore€his€clothes.€€The€author€adds€that€following€the€beatings€he€was€thrownÏback€into€his€cell€and€left€without€any€kind€of€medical€attention.ÌÌòòThe€complaint€and€exhaustion€of€domestic€remediesóóÌÌ3.1à, .,àThe€author€claims€that€he€is€the€victim€of€a€violation€of€articles€7€and€10Ïof€the€Covenant.ÌÌ3.2à, .,àWith€regard€to€the€requirement€of€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€theÏauthor€states€that€he€wrote€to€the€Jamaican€Minister€of€Justice€and€theÏParliamentary€Ombudsman.€€On€6€September€1988,€he€received€a€letter€from€theÏoffice€of€the€former,€informing€him€that€his€complaint€was€being€investigatedÏand€that€he€would€be€contacted€again€at€a€later€stage.€€Since€then€he€has€had€noÏfurther€information€about€the€result€of€the€investigation.€€The€ParliamentaryÏOmbudsman€also€replied€to€the€author,€that€his€complaint€would€receive€"the€mostÏprompt€attention€possible".€€Notwithstanding€further€enquiries€from€the€author,Ïthe€Parliamentary€Ombudsman€has€not€contacted€him€again.€€The€author€submitsÏthat€no€Government€official€has€ever€visited€him€in€prison€in€order€toÏinvestigate€the€alleged€incident.ÌÌ3.3à, .,àThe€author€further€contends€that,€since€he€lacks€the€financial€means€toÏretain€counsel€for€purposes€of€filing€a€constitutional€motion€to€the€SupremeÏ(Constitutional)€Court€of€Jamaica,€a€motion€under€Sections€17€and€25€of€theÏJamaican€Constitution€is€not€an€effective€remedy€available€to€him€within€theÏmeaning€of€article€5,€paragraph€2(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌòòThe€State€party's€observationsóóÌÌ4.à, .,àThe€State€party€contends€that€the€communication€is€inadmissible€forÏnon-exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€since€the€author€has€failed€to€pursueÏconstitutional€remedies€available€to€him.€€The€State€party€submits€thatÏsection17€of€the€Jamaican€Constitution€guarantees€protection€from€cruel,Ïinhuman€and€degrading€treatment,€and€that€pursuant€to€section€25,€anyone€whoÏalleges€that€a€right€protected€by€the€Constitution€has€been,€is€being€or€isÏlikely€to€be€contravened€in€relation€to€him€may€apply€to€the€SupremeÏ(Constitutional)€Court€for€redress.ÌÌòòThe€Committee's€decision€on€admissibilityóóÌÌ5.1à, .,àAt€its€forty„second€session,€the€Committee€considered€the€admissibility€ofÏthe€communication.€€It€noted€that€the€author€had€submitted€his€case€to€theÏInter-American€Commission€on€Human€Rights,€but€that€the€examination€thereof€wasÏdiscontinued€on€27€March€1990.€€The€Committee€found,€therefore,€that€it€was€notÏprecluded€from€considering€the€author's€communication€under€article€5,Ïparagraph2(a),€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ5.2à, .,àThe€Committee€noted€the€State€party's€contention€that€the€communication€wasÏinadmissible€because€of€the€author's€failure€to€pursue€the€constitutionalÏremedies€available€to€him.€€It€also€noted€the€author's€contention€that€theÏremedy€indicated€by€the€State€party€was€not€a€remedy€available€to€him€because€ofÏhis€lack€of€financial€means€and€the€unavailability€of€legal€aid€for€purposes€ofÏfiling€a€constitutional€motion€to€the€Supreme€(Constitutional)€Court€of€Jamaica.€ÏThe€Committee€further€considered€that€the€author€had€demonstrated€that€he€hadÏmade€reasonable€efforts€through€administrative€demarches€to€seek€redress€inÏrespect€of€ill-treatment€allegedly€suffered€while€in€detention.€€The€CommitteeÏtherefore€found€that€the€requirements€of€article€5,€paragraph€2(b),€of€theÏOptional€Protocol€had€been€met.ÌÌ5.3à, .,àOn€4€July€1991,€the€Committee€therefore€declared€the€communicationÏadmissible€in€so€far€as€it€might€raise€issues€under€articles€7€and€10€of€theÏCovenant.ÌÌòòÇReview€of€admissibilityóóÌÌ6.à, .,àIn€its€submission€dated€16€February€1993,€the€State€party€maintains€thatÏthe€communication€is€inadmissible€for€non-exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies.€€ItÏsubmits€that€there€exists€no€absolute€obligation€under€the€Covenant€for€a€StateÏparty€to€provide€legal€aid.€€In€this€connection,€the€State€party€argues€that€theÏauthor's€indigence€cannot€be€attributed€to€the€State€party€and€cannot€serve€as€aÏjustification€for€not€exhausting€domestic€remedies.ÌÌ7.à, .,àThe€Committee€has€taken€note€of€the€arguments€submitted€to€it€by€the€StateÏparty€and€reiterates€that€domestic€remedies€within€the€meaning€of€the€OptionalÏProtocol€must€be€both€available€and€effective.€€The€Committee€considers,€that,Ïin€the€absence€of€legal€aid,€a€constitutional€motion€does€not,€in€theÏcircumstances€of€the€instant€case,€constitute€an€available€remedy€within€theÏmeaning€of€article€5,€paragraph€2(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€€There€isÏtherefore€no€reason€to€revise€the€Committee's€earlier€decision€on€admissibilityÏof€4€July€1991.ÌÌòòExamination€of€the€meritsóóÌÌ8.à, .,àThe€State€party€informs€the€Committee,€by€submission€of€16€February€1993,Ïthat€it€has€ordered€investigations€into€the€author's€allegations€and€that€itÏwill€forward€the€results€to€the€Committee€as€soon€as€they€are€available.€€TheÏCommittee€notes€that€the€State€party€was€informed€about€the€author's€allegationsÏon€17€November€1988€and€that€it€has€not€concluded€its€investigations€some€60Ïmonths€after€the€event€complained€of.ÌÌ9.1à, .,àThe€Committee€has€considered€the€communication€in€the€light€of€allÏinformation€made€available€to€it€by€the€parties,€as€required€under€article€5,Ïparagraph€1,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€State€partyÏhas€confined€itself€to€issues€of€admissibility.€€Article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€theÏOptional€Protocol€enjoins€the€State€party€to€investigate€in€good€faith€all€theÏallegations€made€against€it,€and€to€make€available€to€the€Committee€allÏinformation€at€its€disposal.€€In€the€circumstances€due€weight€must€be€given€toÏthe€author's€allegations,€to€the€extent€that€they€have€been€substantiated.ÌÌ9.2à, .,àIt€remains€uncontested€that,€on€9€July€1988,€the€author€was€assaulted€byÏsoldiers€and€warders,€who€beat€him€with€rifle€butts,€as€a€result€of€which€heÏsustained€injuries€in€his€chest,€his€back,€his€left€hip€and€his€lower€abdomen,Ïfor€which€he€did€not€receive€medical€treatment.€€The€Committee€considers€thatÏthese€claims€have€been€substantiated€and€that€the€facts€before€the€CommitteeÏamount€to€degrading€treatment€within€the€meaning€of€article€7€of€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€and€also€entail€a€violationÏof€article€10,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ10.à, .,àThe€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€theÏOptional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Ïis€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violation€of€articles€7€andÏ10,€paragraph€1,€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.ÌÌ11.à, .,àThe€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€Mr.€Maurice€Thomas,€a€victim€of€aÏviolation€of€articles€7€and€10€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€andÏPolitical€Rights,€is€entitled,€under€article€2,€paragraph€3(a),€of€theÏCovenant,€to€an€effective€remedy,€including€appropriate€compensation.€€The€StateÏparty€is€under€an€obligation€to€investigate€the€allegations€made€by€the€authorÏwith€a€view€to€instituting,€as€appropriate,€criminal€or€other€procedures€against€those€found€responsible€and€to€take€such€other€measures€as€may€be€necessary€toÏprevent€similar€violations€from€occurring€in€the€future.ÌÌ12.à, .,àThe€Committee€would€wish€to€receive€information,€within€90days,€on€anyÏrelevant€measures€taken€by€the€State€party€in€respect€of€the€Committee's€views.ÌÌÌ[Done€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€originalÏversion.]ÌÌÌà@ì .òàòòNotesóóˆÌÌà, .,àòòaóó/à  . àThe€author's€claims€under€articles€7€and€10€refer€to€the€same€factualÏbackground€as€in€communication€No.€320/1988€(òòVictor€Francis€v.€Jamaicaóó),€viewsÏadopted€on€24€March€1993€(see€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„¼eighth€Session,€Supplement€No.€40óó€(A/48/40),€annex€XII.K).ÌÇ€€€€€€€€€€€€€B.€€òòCommunication€No.€322/1988,€Hugo€Rodrguez€v.€UruguayóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(views€adopted€on€19€July€1994,€fifty„first€session)ÌÌòòSubmitted€byóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Hugo€RodrguezÌÌòòVictimóó:à  . ààÐ .Ð à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€The€authorÌÌòòState€partyóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€UruguayÌÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€23€July€1988€(initial€submission)ÌÌòòDate€of€decision€on€admissibilityóó:€€20€March€1992ÌÌà, .,àòòThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà, .,àòòMeetingóó€on€19€July€1994,ÌÌà, .,àòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€322/1988€submittedÏto€the€Human€Rights€Committee€by€Mr.€Hugo€Rodrguez€under€the€Optional€ProtocolÏto€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà, .,àòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€byÏthe€author€of€the€communication€and€the€State€party,ÌÌà, .,àòòAdoptsóó€its€views€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ1.à, .,àThe€author€of€the€communication€is€Hugo€Rodrguez,€a€Uruguayan€citizenÏresiding€in€Montevideo.€€Although€he€invokes€violations€by€Uruguay€of€articlesÏ7,€9,€10,€14,€15,€18€and€19€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€PoliticalÏRights,€he€requests€the€Human€Rights€Committee€to€focus€on€his€allegationsÏconcerning€article€7€of€the€Covenant€and€on€the€State€party's€alleged€failureÏproperly€to€investigate€his€case,€to€punish€the€guilty€and€to€award€himÏappropriate€compensation.€€The€author€is€the€husband€of€Luca€Arzuaga€Gilboa,Ïwhose€communication€No.€147/1983€was€also€considered€by€the€Committee.òòaóó/ÌÌòòThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€authoróóÌÌ2.1à, .,àIn€June€1983,€the€Uruguayan€police€arrested€the€author€and€his€wife,Ïtogether€with€several€other€individuals.€€The€author€was€taken€by€plainclothesÏpolicemen€to€the€headquarters€of€the€secret€police€(Direccið;ðn€Nacional€deÏInformacið;ðn€e€Inteligencia),€where€he€allegedly€was€kept€handcuffed€for€severalÏhours,€tied€to€a€chair€and€with€his€head€hooded.€€He€was€allegedly€forced€toÏstand€naked,€still€handcuffed,€and€buckets€of€cold€water€were€poured€over€him.€ÏThe€next€day,€he€allegedly€was€forced€to€lie€naked€on€a€metal€bedframe;€his€armsÏand€legs€were€tied€to€the€frame€and€electric€charges€were€applied€(òòpicanaÏelctricaóó)€to€his€eyelids,€nose€and€genitals.€€Another€method€of€ill-treatmentÏconsisted€in€coiling€wire€around€fingers€and€genitals€and€applying€electricÏcurrent€to€the€wire€(òòmagnetoóó);€at€the€same€time,€buckets€of€dirty€water€wereÏpoured€over€him.€€Subsequently,€he€allegedly€was€suspended€by€his€arms,€andÏelectric€shocks€were€applied€to€his€fingers.€€This€treatment€continued€for€aÏweek,€after€which€the€author€was€relocated€to€another€cell;€there€he€remainedÏincomunicado€for€another€week.€€On€24€June,€he€was€brought€before€a€militaryÏjudge€and€indicted€on€unspecified€charges.€€He€remained€detained€at€theÏ"Libertad€Prison"€until€27€December€1984.ÌÌ2.2à, .,àThe€author€states€that€during€his€detention€and€even€thereafter,€until€theÏtransition€from€military€to€civilian€rule,€no€judicial€investigation€of€his€caseÏcould€be€initiated.€€After€the€re-introduction€of€constitutional€guarantees€inÏMarch€1985,€a€formal€complaint€was€filed€with€the€competent€authorities.€€OnÏ27September€1985,€a€class€action€was€brought€before€the€Court€of€First€InstanceÏ(Juzgado€Letrado€de€Primera€Instancia€en€lo€Penal€de€4€Turno)€denouncing€theÏtorture,€including€that€suffered€by€the€author,€perpetrated€on€the€premises€ofÏthe€secret€police.€€The€judicial€investigation€was€not,€however,€initiatedÏbecause€of€a€dispute€over€the€court's€jurisdiction,€as€the€military€insistedÏthat€only€military€courts€could€legitimately€carry€out€the€investigations.€€AtÏthe€end€of€1986,€the€Supreme€Court€of€Uruguay€held€that€the€civilian€courts€wereÏcompetent,€but€in€the€meantime,€the€Parliament€had€enacted,€on€22€December€1986,ÏLaw€No.€15,848,€the€Limitations€Act€or€Law€of€Expiry€(òòLey€de€Caducidadóó)€whichÏeffectively€provided€for€the€immediate€end€of€judicial€investigation€into€suchÏmatters€and€made€impossible€the€pursuit€of€this€category€of€crimes€committedÏduring€the€years€of€military€rule.ÌÌòòThe€complaintóóÌÌ3.à, .,àThe€author€denounces€the€acts€of€torture€to€which€he€was€subjected€as€aÏviolation€of€article€7€of€the€Covenant€and€contends€that€he€and€others€have€beenÏdenied€appropriate€redress€in€the€form€of€investigation€of€the€abuses€allegedlyÏcommitted€by€the€military€authorities,€punishment€of€those€held€responsible€andÏcompensation€to€the€victims.€€In€this€context,€he€notes€that€the€State€party€hasÏsystematically€instructed€judges€to€apply€Law€No.€15,848€uniformly€and€closeÏpending€investigations;€the€President€of€the€Republic€himself€allegedly€advisedÏthat€this€procedure€should€be€applied€without€exception.€€The€author€furtherÏcontends€that€the€State€party€cannot,€by€simple€legislative€act,€violate€itsÏinternational€commitments€and€thus€deny€justice€to€all€the€victims€of€humanÏrights€abuses€committed€under€the€previous€military€regime.ÌÌòòThe€State€party's€information€and€observations€and€the€author's€comments€thereonóóÌÌ4.1à, .,àThe€State€party€argues€that€the€communication€be€declared€inadmissible€onÏthe€ground€of€non-exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies.€€It€rejects€the€author'sÏcontention€that€his€complaints€and€the€judicial€proceedings€were€frustrated€byÏthe€enactment€of€Law€No.€15,848.€€First,€the€enactment€of€the€law€did€notÏnecessarily€result€in€the€immediate€suspension€of€the€investigation€ofÏallegations€of€torture€and€other€wrongdoings,€and€article€3€of€the€law€providesÏfor€a€procedure€of€consultation€between€the€Executive€and€the€Judiciary.€ÏSecondly,€article€4€does€not€prohibit€investigations€into€situations€similar€toÏthose€invoked€by€the€author,€since€the€provision€"authorizes€an€investigation€byÏthe€Executive€Power€to€clarify€cases€in€which€the€disappearance€of€persons€inÏpresumed€military€or€police€operations€has€been€denounced".€€Thirdly,€the€authorÏcould€have€invoked€the€unconstitutionality€of€Law€No.€15,848;€if€his€applicationÏhad€been€accepted,€any€judicial€investigation€into€the€facts€alleged€to€haveÏoccurred€would€have€been€reopened.ÌÌ4.2à, .,àThe€State€party€further€explains€that€there€are€other€remedies,€judicialÏand€non-judicial,€which€were€not€exhausted€in€the€case:€€first,€"the€only€thingÏwhich€Law€No.€15,848€does€not€permit€...€is€criminal€prosecution€of€theÏoffenders;€it€does€not€leave€the€victims€of€the€alleged€offences€without€aÏremedy".€€Thus,€victims€of€torture€may€file€claims€for€compensation€throughÏappropriate€judicial€or€administrative€channels;€compensation€from€the€State€ofÏUruguay€may,€for€instance,€be€claimed€in€the€competent€administrative€court.€ÏThe€State€party€notes€that€many€such€claims€for€compensation€have€been€granted,Ïand€similar€actions€are€pending€before€the€courts.̇4.3à, .,àSubsidiarily,€it€is€submitted€that€Law€No.€15,848€is€consistent€with€theÏState€party's€international€legal€obligations.€€The€State€party€explains€thatÏthe€law€"did€establish€an€amnesty€of€a€special€kind€and€subject€to€certainÏconditions€for€military€and€police€personnel€alleged€to€have€been€engaged€inÏviolations€of€human€rights€during€the€period€of€the€previous€...€regime€....€ÏThe€object€of€these€legal€normative€measures€was,€and€still€is,€to€consolidateÏthe€institution€of€democracy€and€to€ensure€the€social€peace€necessary€for€theÏestablishment€of€a€solid€foundation€of€respect€of€human€rights."€€It€is€furtherÏcontended€that€the€legality€of€acts€of€clemency€decreed€by€a€sovereign€State,Ïsuch€as€an€amnesty€or€an€exemption,€may€be€derived€from€article€6,€paragraph€4,Ïof€the€Covenant€and€article€4€of€the€American€Convention€on€Human€Rights.€€InÏshort,€an€amnesty€or€abstention€from€criminal€prosecution€should€be€consideredÏnot€only€as€a€valid€form€of€legal€action€but€also€the€most€appropriate€means€ofÏensuring€that€situations€endangering€the€respect€for€human€rights€do€not€occurÏin€the€future.€€The€State€party€invokes€a€judgement€of€the€Inter-American€CourtÏof€Human€Rights€in€support€of€its€contention.òòbóó/ÌÌ5.1à, .,àCommenting€on€the€State€party's€submission,€the€author€maintains€that€LawÏNo.€15,848€does€not€authorize€investigations€of€instances€of€torture€by€theÏExecutive:€€its€article€4€only€applies€to€the€alleged€disappearance€ofÏindividuals.ÌÌ5.2à, .,àWith€respect€to€a€constitutional€challenge€of€the€law,€the€author€pointsÏout€that€other€complainants€have€already€challenged€Law€No.€15,848€and€that€theÏSupreme€Court€has€ruled€that€it€is€constitutional.ÌÌòòConsideration€of€and€decision€on€admissibilityóóÌÌ6.1à, .,àAt€its€forty„fourth€session,€the€Committee€considered€the€admissibility€ofÏthe€communication.€€The€Committee€ascertained,€as€it€is€required€to€do€underÏarticle€5,€paragraph€2(a),€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€that€the€matter€was€notÏbeing€examined€by€the€Inter-American€Commission€on€Human€Rights.ÌÌ6.2à, .,àThe€Committee€further€took€note€of€the€State€party's€contention€that€theÏauthor€had€failed€to€exhaust€available€domestic€remedies€and€that€civil€andÏadministrative,€as€well€as€constitutional,€remedies€remained€open€to€him.€€ItÏobserved€that€article€5,€paragraph€2(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol€requiredÏexhaustion€of€local€remedies€only€to€the€extent€that€these€are€both€availableÏand€effective;€authors€are€not€required€to€resort€to€extraordinary€remedies€orÏremedies€the€availability€of€which€is€not€reasonably€evident.ÌÌ6.3à, .,àIn€the€Committee's€opinion,€a€constitutional€challenge€of€Law€No.€15,848Ïfell€into€the€latter€category,€especially€given€that€the€Supreme€Court€ofÏUruguay€has€deemed€the€law€to€be€constitutional.€€Similarly,€to€the€extent€thatÏthe€State€party€indicated€the€availability€of€administrative€remedies€possiblyÏleading€to€the€author's€compensation,€the€author€plausibly€submitted€that€theÏstrict€application€of€Law€No.€15,848€frustrates€any€attempt€to€obtainÏcompensation,€as€the€enforcement€of€the€law€bars€an€official€investigation€ofÏhis€allegations.€€Moreover,€the€author€stated€that€on€27€September€1985€he€andÏothers€started€an€action€with€the€Juzgado€Letrado€de€Primera€Instancia€en€loÏPenal,€in€order€to€have€the€alleged€abuses€investigated.€€The€State€party€didÏnot€explain€why€no€investigations€were€carried€out.€€In€the€light€of€the€gravityÏof€the€allegations,€it€was€the€State€party's€responsibility€to€carry€outÏinvestigations,€even€if€as€a€result€of€Law€No.€15,848€no€penal€sanctions€couldÏbe€imposed€on€persons€responsible€for€torture€and€ill-treatment€of€prisoners.€ÏThe€absence€of€such€investigation€and€of€a€final€report€constituted€aÏconsiderable€impediment€to€the€pursuit€of€civil€remedies,€e.g.€for€compensation.€In€these€circumstances,€the€Committee€found€that€the€State€party€itself€hadÏfrustrated€the€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies€and€that€the€author's€complaintÏto€the€òòJuzgado€Letrado€de€Primera€Instanciaóó€should€be€deemed€a€reasonable€effortÏto€comply€with€the€requirements€of€article€5,€paragraph€2(b).ÌÌ6.4à, .,àTo€the€extent€that€the€author€claimed€that€the€enforcement€of€LawÏNo.15,848€frustrated€his€right€to€see€certain€former€government€officialsÏcriminally€prosecuted,€the€Committee€recalled€its€prior€jurisprudence€that€theÏCovenant€does€not€provide€a€right€for€an€individual€to€require€that€the€StateÏparty€criminally€prosecute€another€person.òòcóó/€€Accordingly,€this€part€of€theÏcommunication€was€found€to€be€inadmissible€òòratione€materiaeóó€as€incompatible€withÏthe€provisions€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ7.à, .,àOn€20€March€1992,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€decided€that€the€communicationÏwas€admissible€in€so€far€as€it€appeared€to€raise€issues€under€article€7€of€theÏCovenant.ÌÌòòThe€State€party's€observationsóóÌÌ8.1à, .,àOn€3€November€1992€the€State€party€submitted€its€observations€on€theÏCommittee's€admissibility€decision,€focusing€on€the€legality€of€Law€No.€15,848Ïin€the€light€of€international€law.€€It€considered€the€Committee's€decision€to€beÏunfounded,€since€the€State's€power€to€declare€amnesty€or€to€bar€criminalÏproceedings€are€"matters€pertaining€exclusively€to€its€domestic€legal€system,Ïwhich€by€definition€have€constitutional€precedence".ÌÌ8.2à, .,àThe€State€party€emphasizes€that€Law€No.€15,848€on€the€lapsing€of€StateÏprosecutions€was€endorsed€in€1989€by€referendum,€"an€exemplary€expression€ofÏdirect€democracy€on€the€part€of€the€Uruguayan€people".€€Moreover,€by€a€decisionÏof€2€May€1988,€the€Supreme€Court€declared€the€law€to€be€constitutional.€€ItÏmaintains€that€the€law€constituted€a€sovereign€act€of€clemency€that€is€fully€inÏaccord€and€harmony€with€the€international€instruments€on€human€rights.ÌÌ8.3à, .,àIt€is€argued€that€notions€of€democracy€and€reconciliation€ought€to€be€takenÏinto€account€when€considering€laws€on€amnesty€and€on€the€lapsing€ofÏprosecutions.€€In€this€context,€the€State€party€indicated€that€other€relevantÏlaws€were€adopted,€including€Law€No.€15,737,€adopted€on€15€March€1985,€whichÏdecreed€an€amnesty€for€all€ordinary€political€and€related€military€offencesÏcommitted€since€1€January€1962,€and€which€recognized€the€right€of€all€UruguayansÏwishing€to€return€to€the€country€to€do€so€and€the€right€of€all€public€officialsÏdismissed€by€the€military€Government€to€be€reinstated€in€their€respectiveÏpositions.€€This€law€expressly€excluded€from€amnesty€offences€involving€inhumanÏor€degrading€treatment€or€the€disappearance€of€persons€under€the€responsibilityÏof€police€officers€or€members€of€the€armed€forces.€€By€Law€No.€15,783€ofÏ28November€1985,€persons€who€had€been€arbitrarily€dismissed€for€political,Ïideological€or€trade-union€reasons€were€entitled€to€reinstatement.ÌÌ8.4à, .,àWith€regard€to€the€right€to€judicial€safeguards€and€the€obligation€toÏinvestigate,€the€State€party€asserts€that€Law€No.€15,848€in€no€way€restricts€theÏsystem€of€judicial€remedies€established€in€article€2,€paragraph€3,€of€theÏCovenant.€€Pursuant€to€this€law,€only€the€State's€right€to€bring€criminalÏcharges€lapsed.€€The€law€did€not€eliminate€the€legal€effects€of€offences€inÏareas€outside€the€sphere€of€criminal€law.€€Moreover,€the€State€argues,€itsÏposition€is€consistent€with€the€judgement€of€the€Inter-American€Court€of€HumanÏRights€in€the€case€of€Velasquez€Rodrguez€that€the€international€protection€ofÏhuman€rights€should€not€be€confused€with€criminal€justice€(para.€174).€€ÌÌ8.5à, .,àIn€this€connection,€the€State€party€contends€that€"to€investigate€pastÏevents€...€is€tantamount€to€reviving€the€confrontation€between€persons€andÏgroups.€€This€certainly€will€not€contribute€to€reconciliation,€pacification€andÏthe€strengthening€of€democratic€institutions."€€Moreover,€"the€duty€toÏinvestigate€does€not€appear€in€the€Covenant€or€any€express€provision,€and€thereÏare€consequently€no€rules€governing€the€way€this€function€is€to€be€exercised.€ÏNor€is€there€any€indication€in€the€Convention€text€concerning€its€precedence€orÏsuperiority€over€other€duties€-€such€as€the€duty€to€punish€-€nor,€of€course,Ïconcerning€any€sort€of€independent€legal€life€detached€from€the€legal€andÏpolitical€context€within€which€human€rights€as€a€whole€come€into€play€...€€TheÏState€can,€subject€to€the€law€and€in€certain€circumstances,€refrain€from€makingÏavailable€to€the€person€concerned€the€means€of€establishing€the€truth€formallyÏand€officially€in€a€criminal€court,€which€is€governed€by€public,€not€privateÏinterest.€€This,€of€course,€does€not€prevent€or€limit€the€free€exercise€by€suchÏa€person€of€his€individual€rights,€such€as€the€right€to€information,€which€inÏmany€cases€in€themselves€lead€to€the€discovery€of€the€truth,€even€if€it€is€notÏthe€public€authorities€themselves€that€concern€themselves€with€the€matter."ÌÌ8.6à, .,àWith€regard€to€the€author's€contention€that€Law€No.€15,848€"frustrates€anyÏattempt€to€obtain€compensation,€as€the€enforcement€of€the€law€bars€an€officialÏinvestigation€of€his€allegations"€the€State€party€asserts€that€there€have€beenÏmany€cases€in€which€claims€similar€to€that€of€the€author€have€succeeded€in€civilÏactions€and€that€payment€has€been€obtained.ÌÌ9.à, .,àThe€State€party's€submission€was€transmitted€to€the€author€for€comments€onÏ5€January€1993.€€In€spite€of€a€reminder€dated€9€June€1993,€no€comments€wereÏreceived€from€the€author.ÌÌòòThe€Committee's€views€on€the€meritsóóÌÌ10.à, .,àThe€Committee€has€taken€due€note€of€the€State€party's€contention€that€theÏCommittee's€decision€on€admissibility€was€not€well€founded.ÌÌ11.à, .,àEven€though€the€State€party€has€not€specifically€invoked€article€93,Ïparagraph€4,€of€the€Committee's€rules€of€procedure,€the€Committee€has€ex€officioÏreviewed€its€decision€of€20€March€1992€in€the€light€of€the€State€party'sÏarguments.€€The€Committee€reiterates€its€finding€that€the€criteria€ofÏadmissibility€of€the€communication€were€satisfied€and€holds€that€there€is€noÏreason€to€set€aside€the€decision.ÌÌ12.1à, .,à€With€regard€to€the€merits€of€the€communication,€the€Committee€notes€thatÏthe€State€party€has€not€disputed€the€author's€allegations€that€he€was€subjectedÏto€torture€by€the€authorities€of€the€then€military€regime€in€Uruguay.€€BearingÏin€mind€that€the€author's€allegations€are€substantiated,€the€Committee€findsÏthat€the€facts€as€submitted€sustain€a€finding€that€the€military€regime€inÏUruguay€violated€article€7€of€the€Covenant.€€In€this€context,€the€CommitteeÏnotes€that,€although€the€Optional€Protocol€lays€down€a€procedure€for€theÏexamination€of€individual€communications,€the€State€party€has€not€addressed€theÏissues€raised€by€the€author€as€a€victim€of€torture€nor€submitted€any€informationÏconcerning€an€investigation€into€the€author's€allegations€of€torture.€€Instead,Ïthe€State€party€has€limited€itself€to€justifying,€in€general€terms,€the€decisionÏof€the€Government€of€Uruguay€to€adopt€an€amnesty€law.ÌÌ12.2à, .,à€As€to€the€appropriate€remedy€that€the€author€may€claim€pursuant€toÏarticle2,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€finds€that€the€adoptionÏof€Law€No.€15,848€and€subsequent€practice€in€Uruguay€have€rendered€theÏrealization€of€the€author's€right€to€an€adequate€remedy€extremely€difficult.Ì12.3à, .,à€The€Committee€cannot€agree€with€the€State€party€that€it€has€no€obligationÏto€investigate€violations€of€Covenant€rights€by€a€prior€regime,€especially€whenÏthese€include€crimes€as€serious€as€torture.€€Article€2,€paragraph€3(a)€of€theÏCovenant€clearly€stipulates€that€each€State€party€undertakes€"to€ensure€that€anyÏperson€whose€rights€or€freedoms€as€herein€recognized€are€violated€shall€have€anÏeffective€remedy,€notwithstanding€that€the€violation€has€been€committed€byÏpersons€acting€in€an€official€capacity".€€In€this€context,€the€Committee€refersÏto€its€general€comment€No.€20€(44)€on€article€7,òòdóó/€which€provides€thatÏallegations€of€torture€must€be€fully€investigated€by€the€State:ÌÌà0, .,àà  . à"Article€7€should€be€read€in€conjunction€with€article€2,Ïparagraph3....€€The€right€to€lodge€complaints€against€maltreatmentÏprohibited€by€article€7€must€be€recognized€in€the€domestic€law.€€ComplaintsÏmust€be€investigated€promptly€and€impartially€by€competent€authorities€soÏas€to€make€the€remedy€effective....ÌÌà0, .,àà  . à"The€Committee€has€noted€that€some€States€have€granted€amnesty€inÏrespect€of€acts€of€torture.€€Amnesties€are€generally€incompatible€with€theÏduty€of€States€to€investigate€such€acts;€to€guarantee€freedom€from€suchÏacts€within€their€jurisdiction;€and€to€ensure€that€they€do€not€occur€in€theÏfuture.€€States€may€not€deprive€individuals€of€the€right€to€an€effectiveÏremedy,€including€compensation€and€such€full€rehabilitation€as€may€beÏpossible."ÌÌThe€State€party€has€suggested€that€the€author€may€still€conduct€privateÏinvestigations€into€his€torture.€€The€Committee€finds€that€the€responsibilityÏfor€investigations€falls€under€the€State€party's€obligation€to€grant€anÏeffective€remedy.€€Having€examined€the€specific€circumstances€of€this€case,€theÏCommittee€finds€that€the€author€has€not€had€an€effective€remedy.€ÌÌ12.4à, .,à€The€Committee€moreover€reaffirms€its€position€that€amnesties€for€grossÏviolations€of€human€rights€and€legislation€such€as€Law€No.€15,848,€òòLey€deÏCaducidad€de€la€Pretensið;ðn€Punitiva€del€Estadoóó,€are€incompatible€with€theÏobligations€of€the€State€party€under€the€Covenant.€€The€Committee€notes€withÏdeep€concern€that€the€adoption€of€this€law€effectively€excludes€in€a€number€ofÏcases€the€possibility€of€investigation€into€past€human€rights€abuses€and€therebyÏprevents€the€State€party€from€discharging€its€responsibility€to€provideÏeffective€remedies€to€the€victims€of€those€abuses.€€Moreover,€the€Committee€isÏconcerned€that,€in€adopting€this€law,€the€State€party€has€contributed€to€anÏatmosphere€of€impunity€which€may€undermine€the€democratic€order€and€give€rise€toÏfurther€grave€human€rights€violations.òòeóó/€ÌÌ13.à, .,àThe€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€theÏOptional€Protocol,€is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violationÏof€article€7,€in€connection€with€article€2,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ14.à, .,àThe€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€Mr.€Hugo€Rodrguez€is€entitled,€underÏarticle€2,€paragraph€3(a),€of€the€Covenant,€to€an€effective€remedy.€€It€urgesÏthe€State€party€to€take€effective€measures€(a)€to€carry€out€an€officialÏinvestigation€into€the€author's€allegations€of€torture,€in€order€to€identify€theÏpersons€responsible€for€torture€and€ill-treatment€and€to€enable€the€author€toÏseek€civil€redress;€(b)€to€grant€appropriate€compensation€to€Mr.€Rodrguez;€andÏ(c)€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€the€future.€ÌÌÔ&  Ô15.à, .,àThe€Committee€would€wish€to€receive€information,€within€90€days,€on€anyÏrelevant€measures€adopted€by€the€State€party€in€respect€of€the€Committee'sÏviews.ÌÌÌ[Adopted€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€originalÏÔ'  Ôversion.]ÌÌÌà@ì .òàòòNotesóóˆÌÌà, .,àòòaóó/à  . àSee€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„first€Session,ÏSupplement€No.€40óó€(A/41/40),€annex€VIII.B,€views€adopted€during€the€twenty„sixthÏsession,€on€1November€1985,€in€which€the€Committee€held€that€the€factsÏdisclosed€violations€of€articles€7€and€10,€paragraph1,€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌà, .,àòòbóó/à  . àJudgement€of€the€Inter„American€Court€of€Human€Rights€in€the€case€ofÏòòVelasquez€Rodrguezóó,€given€on€29July€1988.€€Compare,€however,€the€AdvisoryÏOpinion€OC„13/93€of€16July€1993,€affirming€the€competence€of€the€Inter„AmericanÏCommission€on€Human€Rights€to€find€any€norm€of€the€internal€law€of€a€State€partyÏto€be€in€violation€of€the€latter's€obligations€under€the€American€Convention€onÏHuman€Rights.€€See€also€resolution€No.22/88€in€case€No.9850€concerningÏArgentina,€given€on€4October1990,€and€report€No.29/92€of€2October€1992Ïconcerning€the€Uruguayan€cases€10.029,€10.036,€10.145,€10.305,€10.372,€10.373,Ï10.374€and€10.375,€in€which€the€Commission€concluded€that€"Law€15,848€ofÏDecember22,€1986€is€incompatible€with€articleXVIII€(right€to€a€fair€trial)€ofÏthe€American€Declaration€of€the€Rights€and€Duties€of€Man,€and€articles€1,€8Ïand25€of€the€American€Convention€on€Human€Rights".€€The€Commission€furtherÏrecommended€to€the€Government€of€Uruguay€that€it€give€the€applicant€victims€orÏtheir€rightful€claimants€just€compensation,€and€that€"it€adopt€the€measuresÏnecessary€to€clarify€the€facts€and€identify€those€responsible€for€the€humanÏrights€violations€that€occurred€during€the€defacto€period".€€(òòAnnual€Report€ofÏthe€Inter„American€Commission€on€Human€Rights,€1992„1993óó,€p.165).ÌÌà, .,àòòcóó/à  . àSee€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„fourth€Session,ÏSupplement€No.€40óó€(A/44/40),€annex€XI.B,€communication€No.213/1986Ï(òòH.C.M.A.v.€the€Netherlandsóó),€declared€inadmissible€on€30March€1989,Ïpara.11.6;€and€ibid.,€òòForty„fifth€Session,€Supplement€No.40óó€(A/45/40),ÏannexX.J,€communication€No.275/1988€(òòS.E.€v.€Argentinaóó),€declaredÏinadmissible€on€26March€1990,€para.5.5.ÌÌà, .,àòòdóó/à  . àAdopted€at€the€Committee's€forty„fourth€session,€in€1992;€see€òòOfficialÏRecords€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„seventh€Session,€Supplement€No.€40óóÏ(A/47/40),€annex€VI.A.ÌÌà, .,àòòeóó/à  . àSee€the€comments€of€the€Committee€on€Uruguay's€third€periodic€reportÏunder€article40€of€the€Covenant,€adopted€on€8April€1993,€òòOfficial€Records€ofÏthe€General€Assembly,€Forty„eighth€Session,€Supplement€No.40óó€(A/48/48),Ïchap.III.ÌÇÝ ƒ@ÿÝÔ UK ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÑ\R3Ø'\ÑÑ X ÑÑ À ÑÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓ…+ÓÔ€ôôôÔÔC€A<þ6X9`(CourierCÔÓ(€ B $(ÓØØÖ€eÖÖ€ÖÓ882 ÓÝ  Ý€€€€€€€C.€€òòCommunication€No.328/1988,€RobertoZelaya€Blanco€v.€NicaraguaóóòòÌóó€€€€€€€€€€€(òòviews€adopted€on€20July1994,€fifty-first€sessionóó)ÌÌòòSubmitted€byóó:à . à€€€€€€€€€Myriam€Zelaya€Dunaway€and€Juan€Zelaya,Ìà2 .2àà .àà . àà . àà . à€€€€€€€€€later€joined€by€their€brother,€the€alleged€victimÌÌòòVictimóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Roberto€Zelaya€BlancoÌÌòòState€partyóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€NicaraguaÌÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:àÐ .Ð ààÐ .Ð à€€20July1988€(initial€submission)ÌÌà2 .2àòòThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article28€of€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà2 .2àòòMeetingóó€on€20July1994,ÌÌà2 .2àòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€328/1988,€submittedÏto€the€Human€Rights€Committee€by€Ms.€Myriam€Zelaya€Dunaway€and€Juan€Zelaya€underÏthe€Optional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€PoliticalÏRights,ÌÌà2 .2àòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€byÏthe€authors€of€the€communication€and€the€State€party,ÌÌà2 .2àòòAdoptsóó€its€views€under€article5,€paragraph4,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ1.à2 .2àThe€authors€of€the€initial€communication€are€Myriam€Zelaya€Dunaway€andÏJuanZelaya,€citizens€of€the€United€States€of€America€of€Nicaraguan€origin,Ïcurrently€residing€in€the€United€States.€€They€submit€the€communication€onÏbehalf€and€upon€the€request€of€their€brother,€Roberto€Zelaya€Blanco,€aÏNicaraguan€citizen€born€in€1935,€at€the€time€of€submission€of€the€communicationÏdetained€at€the€prison€of€Tipitapa,€Nicaragua.€€The€authors€allege€that€theirÏbrother€has€been€a€victim€of€violations€by€Nicaragua€of€articles7,€9,€10,€14Ïand€17€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€€InÏMarch1989,€Roberto€Zelaya€was€released€from€detention€on€the€basis€of€aÏgovernmental€pardon,€and€on€19June1992€he€confirmed€the€contents€of€theÏcommunication€and€joined€his€sister€and€brother€as€co-author.€€He€now€resides€inÏthe€United€States€together€with€his€wife€and€son.ÌÌòòThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€authorsóóÌÌ2.1à2 .2àRoberto€Zelaya€Blanco,€an€engineer€and€university€professor,€was€arrestedÏwithout€a€warrant€on€20July1979,€the€day€after€the€assumption€of€power€by€theÏSandinista€Government.€€He€was€tried€by€a€Peoples'€Tribunal€(Tribunal€EspecialÏPrimero),€on€account€of€his€outspoken€criticism€of€the€Marxist€orientation€ofÏthe€Sandinistas.€€On€23February1980,€he€was€sentenced€to€30€years'Ïimprisonment.€€The€Tribunal€Especial€Primero€de€Apelacið;ðn€confirmed€the€sentenceÏon€14€March€1980€without€an€appeal€hearing.ÌÌ2.2à2 .2àWith€respect€to€the€issue€of€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€the€authorsÏstate€that€because€of€the€political€situation€in€Nicaragua,€they€were€for€a€longÏtime€unable€to€identify€Nicaraguan€lawyers€willing€to€take€up€their€brother'sÏcase.€€Only€at€the€beginning€of€1989€did€Roberto€Zelaya€inform€his€family€that€aÏlawyer,€J.E.P.B.,€had€indicated€his€readiness€to€represent€him.ÌÌ2.3à2 .2àIt€is€submitted€that€several€organizations,€including€the€Inter-AmericanÏCommission€on€Human€Rights,€Amnesty€International,€the€International€CommissionÏof€Jurists€and€the€International€Committee€of€the€Red€Cross€(NicaraguanÏSection),€were€apprised€of€Mr.Zelaya's€fate€and€visited€him€in€prison.€€TheÏauthors€add€that€they€addressed€many€written€complaints€about€their€brother'sÏfate€to€various€Nicaraguan€authorities,€including€President€Daniel€Ortega€andÏthe€prison€management,€but€that€they€did€not€receive€any€reply.ÌÌ2.4à2 .2àUpon€his€release€in€March1989,€Mr.€Zelaya€was€allegedly€threatened€by€aÏprison€guard,€"Comandante€Pedro",€with€the€words€"Be€very€careful.€€If€you€dareÏwrite€or€speak€against€the€Sandinistas,€you€will€regret€it."ÌÌòòThe€complaintóóÌÌ3.1à2 .2àThe€authors€submit€that€there€was€no€wrongdoing€or€criminal€activity€on€theÏpart€of€their€brother,€and€that€the€accusations€formulated€against€him€by€theÏSandinistas€(òòapologa€del€delito;€instigacið;ðn€para€delinquiróó)€were€purelyÏpolitical.€€It€is€claimed€that€Roberto€Zelaya€was€detained€arbitrarily€fromÏJuly1979€to€March€1989,€that€he€was€denied€a€fair€hearing€before€an€independentÏand€impartial€tribunal,€that€he€was€tortured€and€was€subjected€to€pseudo-medicalÏand€pharmacological€experiments,€to€inhuman€treatment€and€death€threats€while€inÏprison,€and€that€the€correspondence€between€Roberto€Zelaya€and€his€family€wasÏsystematically€interfered€with€by€the€prison€authorities.ÌÌ3.2à2 .2àThe€authors€submit€that€their€brother's€health,€already€precarious,Ïdeteriorated€as€a€result€of€his€detention.€€They€submit€that€asthma€attacks€wereÏtreated€experimentally€with€cortisone€and€other€drugs.€€Finally,€other€inmatesÏand€a€prison€warder€A.V.C.€are€said€to€have€made€death€threats€againstÏMr.Zelaya€on€numerous€occasions.ÌÌòòThe€State€party's€information€and€the€authors'€comments€thereonóóÌÌ4.1à2 .2àThe€State€party€indicates€that€Roberto€Zelaya€Blanco€was€released€fromÏdetention€pursuant€to€a€presidential€pardon€of€17€March€1989€(òòDecreto€de€IndultoóóòòÏNo.€044óó).ÌÌ4.2à2 .2àThe€authors€submit€that€their€brother€is€currently€receiving€specializedÏmedical€treatment€for€the€ailments€developed€or€aggravated€during€10€years€ofÏdetention,€òòinter€aliaóó,€asthma€and€chronic€hepatitis.€€They€add€that€theÏtreatment€requires€frequent€and€prolonged€hospitalization.ÌÌòòThe€Committee's€decision€on€admissibilityóóÌÌ5.1à2 .2àThe€Committee€ascertained,€as€it€is€required€to€do€under€article5,Ïparagraph€2(a),€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€that€the€case€was€not€underÏexamination€by€another€instance€of€international€investigation€or€settlement.€€ÏThe€general€investigation,€by€regional€and€intergovernmental€human€rightsÏorganizations,€of€situations€affecting€a€number€of€individuals,€including€theÏauthor€of€a€communication€under€the€Optional€Protocol,€does€not€constitute€theÏ"same€matter"€within€the€meaning€of€article€5,€paragraph€2(a).ÌÌ5.2à2 .2àThe€Committee€interpreted€the€State€party's€general€submission€thatÏMr.Zelaya€Blanco€had€been€released€from€detention€as€implying€that€he€had€beenÏoffered€an€appropriate€remedy.€€However,€the€Committee€reiterated€its€positionÏthat€it€is€implicit€in€rule91€of€the€rules€of€procedure€and€article4,Ïparagraph2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€that€a€State€party€to€the€Covenant€shouldÏmake€available€to€the€Committee€all€the€information€at€its€disposal;€this€includes,€at€the€stage€of€the€determination€of€the€admissibility€of€aÏcommunication,€the€provision€of€sufficiently€detailed€information€about€remediesÏpursued€by,€as€well€as€remedies€still€available,€to€victims€of€allegedÏviolations€of€their€rights.€€The€State€party€did€not€forward€such€information.ÏOn€the€basis€of€the€information€before€it,€the€Committee€concluded€that€thereÏare€no€further€effective€remedies€available€to€Roberto€Zelaya€in€theÏcircumstances€of€his€case.ÌÌ5.3à2 .2àThe€Committee€observed€that€the€authorities€of€any€State€party€to€theÏCovenant€are€under€an€obligation€to€investigate€alleged€human€rights€violationsÏand€to€make€available€appropriate€judicial€remedies€and€compensation€to€victimsÏof€such€violations,€even€if€they€are€attributable€to€a€previous€administration.ÌÌ5.4à2 .2àThe€Committee€considered€that€the€authors'€allegations€had€beenÏsufficiently€substantiated,€for€purposes€of€admissibility,€and€that€they€raisedÏissues€under€articles7,€9,€10,€14€and€17€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ5.5à2 .2àOn€20March1992,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€decided€that€the€communicationÏwas€admissible€inasmuch€as€it€appeared€to€raise€issues€under€articles7,€9,€10,Ï14€and€17€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌòòThe€State€party's€observations€and€the€authors'€comments€thereonóóÌÌ6.1à2 .2àOn€27€July€1992,€the€State€party€submitted€that€the€new€Government€hadÏembarked€on€a€process€of€national€reconciliation,€without€revanchism.€€At€theÏsame€time,€Nicaragua's€independent€judiciary€now€exercises€an€eminent€role€inÏprotecting€human€rights.€€Since€Mr.Zelaya€enjoys€all€civil€and€political€rightsÏin€Nicaragua,€he€is€at€liberty€to€demand€compensation€or€any€other€remedy€he€mayÏconsider€appropriate.ÌÌ6.2à2 .2àOn€5October1992,€Roberto€Zelaya€Blanco€responded€that€he€could€not€expectÏto€receive€any€compensation€from€ad€hoc€tribunals€in€Nicaragua,€heirs€of€theÏTribunales€Especiales€de€Justicia,€which€had€convicted€him€and€others€withoutÏdue€process.€€In€particular,€he€disputes€the€State€party's€submission€that€theÏNicaraguan€judiciary€is€now€independent,€because€many€judges,€including€thoseÏsitting€in€the€Supreme€Court,€are€political€appointees€of€the€former€SandinistaÏGovernment.€€Moreover,€he€contends€that€if€the€new€government€were€committed€toÏimpartial€justice,€it€would€have€prosecuted€òòmotu€proprioóó€those€responsible€forÏcrimes,€corruption€and€other€abuses€during€the€years€of€the€SandinistaÏadministration.€€He€further€questions€the€commitment€to€human€rights€of€theÏGovernment€of€Violeta€Barrios€de€Chamorro,€since€she€herself,€as€member€of€theÏthen€Sandinista€Government€(òòmiembro€de€la€Junta€de€Gobierno€de€Reconstruccið;ðnÏNacionalóó),€had€signed€Decree€No.185€of€29November1979,€which€established€theÏTribunales€Especiales€de€Justicia,€which€depended€directly€on€the€executiveÏ(òòpoder€ejecutivoóó)€and€prosecuted€many€former€civil€servants€for€the€so-calledÏcrime€of€conspiracy€(òòdelito€de€asociacið;ðn€para€delinquiróó)€merely€because€theyÏhad€been€civil€servants€during€the€Somoza€administration.ÌÌ6.3à2 .2àWith€regard€to€the€confiscation€of€his€property,€the€author€invokesÏarticle17€of€the€Universal€Declaration€of€Human€Rights,€which€protects€theÏright€to€property,€and€points€out€that€the€confiscation€decrees€of€theÏSandinista€Government€had€been€signed€by€many€of€the€current€members€of€theÏGovernment,€including€the€new€President,€Mrs.VioletaBarrios€de€Chamorro,€inÏparticular€Decree€No.38€of€8August1979,€which€provided€for€the€expropriationÏof€former€civil€servants€of€the€Somoza€administration,€including€the€medicalÏdoctors€and€dentists€in€the€service€of€the€Somoza€family.€€The€author€listsÏthree€pieces€of€real€property€which€he€had€owned€and€which€were€confiscated€by€the€Sandinista€Government€and€subsequently€sold€to€third€parties.€€The€authorÏalleges€that€the€new€Government€is€applying€dilatory€tactics€to€frustrate€theÏrestitution€of€such€property,€and€rendering€the€process€so€complicated€thatÏclaimants€eventually€abandon€their€claims€because€of€the€expense€involved€inÏattempting€to€recuperate€their€property.€€The€author€concludes€that€what€wasÏconfiscated€by€way€of€administrative€measures€ought€to€be€returned€to€theÏrightful€owners€also€by€administrative€decree.€€The€author€further€allegesÏdiscrimination€in€that€the€confiscated€property€of€persons€who€were€UnitedÏStates€citizens€before€19July1979€has€been€returned,€whereas€the€propertyÏformerly€owned€by€Nicaraguan€citizens€can€only€be€recovered€through€onerousÏlitigation.ÌÌ6.4à2 .2àWith€regard€to€his€detention,€the€author€claims€that€it€was€unlawful€andÏarbitrary€and€that€he€was€denied€due€process€by€the€revolutionary€tribunals.€€HeÏencloses€excerpts€from€the€Amnesty€International€report€entitledÏòòNicaragua:Derechos€Humanos€1986-1989óó,€which€specifically€refers€to€its€ownÏinvestigation€of€the€Zelaya€case.€€The€report€concluded:€€ÌÌà82 .2àà .à"After€examining€the€judgment€and€interviewing€the€prisoner€inÏNovember1987,€Amnesty€International€arrived€at€the€conclusion€thatÏthere€was€no€evidence€that€could€prove€the€criminal€charges€againstÏhim:€€no€victim€had€been€identified€in€relation€to€the€accusation€ofÏmurder,€and€as€to€the€other€charges,€the€victim€had€been€only€referredÏto€as€'the€people€of€Nicaragua'.€€It€would€seem€that€the€convictionÏwas€predicated€on€Mr.ZelayaBlanco's€open€anti-Sandinista€position€inÏthe€pre-revolutionary€period€and€on€his€various€journalisticÏpublications€..."€òòaóó/ÌÌ6.5à2 .2àThe€author€further€describes€the€torture€and€ill-treatment€to€which€he€wasÏallegedly€subjected.€€On€11October1979,€he€and€other€detainees€were€taken€outÏof€their€cells€by€mercenaries€of€Argentinian€nationality,€CheWalter€andÏCheManuel.€€At€9€a.m.€they€were€taken€to€an€office€where€they€were€beaten.€€InÏparticular,€he€claims€that€he€was€handcuffed€and€hanged€with€a€chain€from€theÏroof€of€the€office.€€He€was€allegedly€asked€to€sign€a€confession€concerning€theÏassassination€of€Pedro€Joaquin€Chamorro,€the€husband€of€the€current€President€ofÏNicaragua.€€The€text€of€the€confession€was€read€out€to€him€by€D.€M.R.,€theÏlegal€counsel€to€the€Police€Commander.€€He€categorically€refused€to€sign€anyÏsuch€statement,€in€spite€of€threats.€€At€1€p.m.,€the€interrogators€returned€withÏone€of€the€most€notorious€torturers€of€the€Direccið;ðn€General€de€Seguridad€delÏEstado,€but€he€continued€to€refuse€to€sign€any€confession,€whereupon€Che€Manuel,ÏJ.M.S.€and€R.C.G.€proceeded€to€administer€beatings€all€over€his€body€untilÏ7p.m.€€At€11p.m.,€the€chains€were€removed,€and€he€fell€to€the€floor,€where€heÏwas€kicked€by€the€same€interrogators.€€He€was€then€driven€out€of€town,€where€heÏand€15€other€prisoners€were€to€be€executed.€€Someone€read€out€the€deathÏsentences€ordered€by€the€Junta€de€Gobierno€de€Reconstruccið;ðn€Nacional.€€WhereasÏthe€other€15€were€killed,€he€was€not.€€Although€he€does€not€remember€clearlyÏwhat€happened,€it€appears€that€he€passed€out€and€only€regained€consciousnessÏsometime€after€the€shooting,€when€he€was€lying€on€the€ground€and€stillÏhandcuffed.€€At€2€a.m.€on€12October1979,€he€was€taken€to€Managua€to€theÏoffices€of€the€Direccið;ðn€General€de€Seguridad€delEstado,€where€he€was€receivedÏby€"Compaero€Ernesto",€who€removed€his€handcuffs.€€At€6.30€a.m.,€he€was€takenÏto€a€house€that€had€been€used€as€a€dormitory€of€the€former€Oficina€de€SeguridadÏNacional€and€interrogated€there€by€"Comandante€Pedro",€whose€real€name€wasÏR.B.,€who€also€took€his€Bulova€wristwatch,€his€wedding€ring€and€his€walletÏcontaining€400cordobas.€€He€names€five€witnesses€who€saw€him€arrive€at€theÏoffices€of€the€Dicreccið;ðn€General€de€Seguridad€del€Estado.€€At€around€noonÏComandante€Pedro,€together€with€J.R.€(Compaero€Patricio)€and€H.I.(Capitn€Santiago),€came€to€pick€him€up,€handcuffed€and€took€him€to€a€room€where€he€wasÏagain€chained,€partially€suspended€from€the€ceiling.€€He€was€told€that€theÏacademic€and€administrative€cadres€of€the€University€of€Nicaragua€were€full€ofÏagents€of€the€CIA€and€that€he€should€endorse€a€declaration€prepared€for€hisÏsignature,€denouncing,€òòinter€aliaóó,€some€of€his€University€colleagues,ÏProfessorsE.A.C.,€F.C.G.,€J.C.V.R.€and€A.F.V.€€When€he€refused€to€signÏthe€declaration,€because€he€never€had€any€contact€or€relationship€with€the€CIA,Ïhe€was€beaten€by€Comandante€Pedro,€Compaero€Patricio€and€Capitn€Santiago.€€HeÏwas€then€left€in€peace€for€a€few€weeks,€but€on€7November1979€he€was€againÏhandcuffed,€blindfolded€and€taken€by€ComandantePedro€to€a€place€where€twoÏtruckloads€of€prisoners€were€being€assembled.€€He€was€forced€to€board€one€of€theÏtrucks€and€was€driven€out€of€town,€where€the€prisoners€were€made€to€climb€downÏand€walk€to€a€spot€where€they€were€ordered€to€kneel;€approximately€30€of€themÏwere€shot€with€a€bullet€to€the€back€of€the€head.€€The€surviving€10€were€takenÏelsewhere.€€He€was€told€not€to€speak€of€what€he€had€witnessed€because€his€wifeÏand€son€would€be€made€to€suffer€for€it.ÌÌ6.6à2 .2àOn€26November1979,€the€author€and€23€other€prisoners€were€taken€to€a€newÏprison€establishment€near€the€international€airport€of€Managua,€the€Centro€deÏRehabilitacið;ðn€Social€y€Poltica,€under€Comandante€V.J.G.,€who€allegedlyÏpersonally€assassinated€several€guards€of€the€former€Somoza€Government.ÌÌ6.7à2 .2àOn€7December,€after€two€months€of€incomunicado€detention,€he€was€allowedÏto€be€visited€by€his€wife.€€He€learned€from€her€that€their€home€had€beenÏransacked€on€12October€by€forces€of€the€Direccið;ðn€General€de€Seguridad€delÏEstado,€which€beat€up€his€then€pregnant€wife,€causing€a€miscarriage,€and€stoleÏjewels€and€other€items€of€personal€property.ÌÌ6.8à2 .2àOn€26March1980€at€11€p.m.,€he€was€transferred,€together€with€someÏ29other€political€prisoners,€to€the€Carcel€Modelo,€which€was€more€like€aÏconcentration€camp€where€the€inmates€had€been€so€undernourished,€he€claims,€thatÏthey€looked€like€figures€from€Buchenwald.€€Because€of€the€torture€and€the€fearÏof€being€summarily€executed,€the€prisoners€appeared€traumatized.€€Moreover,Ïfamily€visits€were€not€allowed,€nor€was€the€sending€of€food€packages.€ÏResponsible€for€the€abuses€were€F.F.A.,€F.L.A.,€S.A.G.€and€J.I.G.C.€ÏPrincipal€responsibility,€however,€lay€on€J.M.A.,€the€Director€of€theÏPenitentiary€system,€under€whose€orders€allegedly€more€than€100politicalÏprisoners€were€shot.ÌÌ6.9à2 .2àThe€author€claims€that€these€crimes€and€abuses€have€not€been€investigatedÏby€the€new€Government€of€Nicaragua.ÌÌ6.10à2 .2à€In€a€further€submission€of€29March1993,€the€author€refers€to€a€book€byÏDr.CarlosHumbertoCanalesAltamirano,€òòInjusticia€Sandinista.€Carcel€yÏServicioóó,€in€which€his€case€is€frequently€mentioned,€in€particular€the€subòòóóhumanòòÏpóórison€conditions€leading€to€his€infection€with€hepatitis€and€the€aggravation€ofÏhis€chronic€asthma€attacks€and€the€responsibility€of€the€prison€doctor€J.A.B.Ïfor€these€conditions.ÌÌ7.à2 .2àThe€author's€submissions€were€transmitted€to€the€State€party€onÏ5January1993€and€26August1993.€€In€its€observations€of€16July1993,€theÏState€party€does€not€enter€the€merits€of€the€case€but€merely€refers€toÏarticle5,€paragraph€2(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€indicating€that€the€authorÏhas€not€availed€himself€of€local€remedies€to€solicit€the€return€of€his€propertyÏand€compensation€for€his€imprisonment.€ÌÌ8.1à2 .2àIn€a€further€submission€dated€6September1993,€the€author€comments€on€theÏState€party's€observations,€referring€to€Decree€No.185€of€29November1979,Ïpursuant€to€which€the€judgments€of€the€Tribunales€Especiales€de€Justicia€wereÏnot€subject€to€appeal€or€cassation.€€Thus,€the€exhaustion€of€local€remedies€wasÏcompleted€with€the€handing€down€of€the€30-year€sentence€against€him€by€theÏrevolutionary€tribunal.€€The€author's€release€from€imprisonment€after€10yearsÏof€deprivation€and€abuse€does€not€close€the€book€on€the€violation€of€his€rightsÏunder€the€InternationalCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€ÌÌ8.2à2 .2àWith€regard€to€the€issue€of€impunity,€the€author€points€out€that€the€StateÏparty€has€not€initiated€any€prosecution€against€named€torturers€of€the€priorÏregime€and€that€these€named€persons€are€living€in€Nicaragua€with€perfectÏimpunity,€although€their€crimes€have€been€denounced€and€documented.€€The€authorÏfurther€alleges€that€the€State€party€has€failed€to€initiate€investigation€ofÏthese€cases.ÌÌ8.3à2 .2àOn€16€June€1994,€the€State€party€reiterated€its€position€that€the€authorÏhas€not€exhausted€domestic€remedies€as€required€by€article€5,€paragraph€2(b),Ïof€the€Optional€Protocol.€€No€submissions€on€the€merits€of€the€author'sÏallegations€were€made.ÌÌ8.4à2 .2àWith€regard€to€the€author's€allegations€that€the€ad€hoc€tribunals€inÏNicaragua€are€not€impartial,€the€State€party€states€that€the€Government€has€noÏpower€to€intervene€in€their€deliberations€or€decisions.ÌÌ8.5à2 .2àThe€State€party€affirms€that€human€rights€are€today€respected€in€NicaraguaÏand€refers€to€the€fact€that€the€1993€session€of€the€Organization€of€AmericanÏStates€and€the€ninth€Interamerican€Indigenous€Congress€were€held€in€Nicaragua,Ïthus€manifesting€that€the€international€community€recognizes€Nicaragua'sÏdemocratic€legal€order.ÌÌòòThe€Committee's€views€on€the€meritsóóÌÌ9.1à2 .2àThe€Committee€has€taken€due€note€of€the€State€party's€submission€that€theÏauthor€has€failed€to€exhaust€domestic€remedies,€since€he€can€now€address€hisÏcomplaints€to€the€competent€courts€of€the€present€Government€of€Nicaragua.ÌÌ9.2à2 .2àEven€though€the€State€party€has€not€specifically€invoked€article93,Ïparagraph4,€of€the€Committee's€rules€of€procedure,€the€Committee€has€òòex€officioóóÏreviewed€its€decision€of€20March1992€in€the€light€of€the€State€party'sÏarguments.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€State€party's€readiness€to€examine€theÏauthor's€complaints€and€considers€that€such€examination€could€be€seen€as€aÏremedy€under€article2,€paragraph3,€of€the€Covenant.€€However,€for€purposes€ofÏarticle5,€paragraph€2(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€Committee€considersÏthat€the€author,€who€was€arrested€in€1979€and€spent€10years€in€detention,Ïcannot,€at€this€stage,€be€required€to€engage€the€Nicaraguan€courts€of€theÏpresent€administration€before€his€case€can€be€examined€under€the€OptionalÏProtocol.€€In€this€context,€the€Committee€recalls€that€the€communication€wasÏsubmitted€to€the€Committee€in€1988,€at€a€time€when€domestic€remedies€were€notÏavailable€or€not€effective.€€Even€if€domestic€remedies€may€now€be€available,€theÏapplication€of€such€remedies€would€entail€an€unreasonable€prolongation€of€theÏauthor's€quest€to€be€vindicated€for€his€detention€and€alleged€ill-treatment;€theÏCommittee€concludes€that€the€Optional€Protocol€does€not€require€the€author,€inÏthe€circumstances€of€his€case,€to€further€engage€the€Nicaraguan€courts.€ÏMoreover,€the€Committee€reiterates€its€finding€that€the€criteria€ofÏadmissibility€under€the€Optional€Protocol€were€satisfied€at€the€time€of€submission€of€the€communication€and€that€there€is€no€reason€to€set€aside€theÏCommittee's€decision€of€20March1992.ÌÌ9.3à2 .2àThe€Committee€has€considered€the€communication€in€the€light€of€all€theÏinformation€made€available€to€it€by€the€parties,€as€required€under€article5,Ïparagraph1,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€€The€Committee€regrets€the€absence€of€anyÏsubmission€by€the€State€party€concerning€the€substance€of€the€matter€underÏconsideration.€€Pursuant€to€article4,€paragraph2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€aÏState€party€should€investigate€in€good€faith€all€the€allegations€of€violationsÏof€the€Covenant€made€against€it€and€make€available€to€the€Committee€all€theÏinformation€at€its€disposal.€€In€the€absence€of€any€State€party€submission€onÏthe€merits€of€the€case,€due€weight€must€be€given€to€the€author's€allegations,€toÏthe€extent€that€they€have€been€substantiated.ÌÌ10.1à2 .2à€With€regard€to€the€author's€allegation€concerning€the€confiscation€of€hisÏproperty,€the€Committee€recalls€that€the€Covenant€does€not€protect€the€right€ofÏproperty,€as€such.€€However,€an€issue€under€the€Covenant€may€arise€if€aÏconfiscation€or€expropriation€is€based€on€discriminatory€grounds€prohibited€inÏarticle26€of€the€Covenant.€€Although€the€author€has€stated€that€his€propertyÏwas€confiscated€as€a€consequence€of€his€belonging€to€a€category€of€persons€whoseÏpolitical€views€were€contrary€to€those€of€the€Sandinista€Government,€and€in€aÏfashion€that€could€be€termed€discriminatory,€the€Committee€does€not€haveÏsufficient€facts€before€it€to€enable€it€to€make€a€finding€on€this€point.ÌÌ10.2à2 .2à€In€its€prior€jurisprudence€the€Committee€has€found€that€interferenceÏwithin€a€prisoner's€correspondence€may€constitute€a€violation€of€article17€ofÏthe€Covenant.€€However,€in€the€instant€case€the€Committee€lacks€sufficientÏinformation€to€make€a€finding€concerning€a€violation€of€the€author's€right€toÏprivacy€under€this€provision.ÌÌ10.3à2 .2à€With€regard€to€the€author's€allegations€that€he€was€subjected€to€arbitraryÏdetention,€the€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€has€not€disputed€theÏauthor's€description€of€the€reasons€for€his€detention,€i.e.his€politicalÏopinions€contrary€to€those€of€the€Sandinista€Government.€€The€Committee€has€alsoÏtaken€note€of€the€many€annexes€to€the€author's€submissions,€including€theÏrelevant€report€from€the€Nicaraguan€Departamento€de€Seguridad€del€Estado€and€theÏevaluation€of€the€case€by€Amnesty€International.€€In€the€light€of€all€theÏinformation€before€it,€the€Committee€finds€that€the€author's€arrest€andÏdetention€violated€article9,€paragraph1,€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ10.4à2 .2à€As€to€the€author's€allegations€that€he€was€denied€a€fair€trial,€theÏCommittee€finds€that€the€proceedings€before€the€Tribunales€Especiales€deÏJusticia€did€not€offer€the€guarantees€of€a€fair€trial€provided€for€in€article14Ïof€the€Covenant.€€In€particular,€the€Committee€observes€that€the€author'sÏallegation€that€he€was€repeatedly€put€under€duress€to€sign€a€confession€againstÏhimself,€in€contravention€of€article14,€paragraph3(g),€has€not€been€contestedÏby€the€State€party.ÌÌ10.5à2 .2à€With€regard€to€the€author's€allegations€of€having€been€subjected€toÏtorture€and€ill-treatment,€the€Committee€observes€that€the€author's€submissionsÏare€very€detailed€and€that€he€mentions€the€names€of€the€officers€who€ordered,Ïparticipated€in€or€were€ultimately€responsible€for€the€ill-treatment.€€Moreover,Ïthe€author€has€named€numerous€witnesses€of€the€alleged€mistreatment.€€In€theÏcircumstances€and€bearing€in€mind€that€the€State€party€has€not€disputed€theÏauthor's€allegations,€the€Committee€finds€that€the€information€before€itÏsustains€a€finding€that€the€author€was€a€victim€of€a€violation€of€articles€7Ïand10,€paragraph1,€of€the€Covenant.̇10.6à2 .2à€The€Committee€considers€violations€of€articles7€and10,€paragraph1,€ofÏthe€Covenant€to€be€extremely€serious,€and€requiring€prompt€investigation€byÏStates€parties€to€the€Covenant.€€In€this€context,€the€Committee€refers€to€itsÏgeneral€comment€àx .x àNo.20(44)€on€article7,òòbóó/€which€reds€in€part:ÌÌà2 .2àà .à"Article7€should€be€read€in€conjunction€with€article2,€¼à82 .2àparagraph3€...€€The€right€to€lodge€complaints€against€maltreatmentÏprohibited€by€article€7€must€be€recognized€in€the€domestic€law.ÏComplaints€must€be€investigated€promptly€and€impartially€by€competentÏauthorities€so€as€to€make€the€remedy€effective€...€ÌÌà2 .2àà .à"...€States€may€not€deprive€individuals€of€the€right€to€an€effective€¼à82 .2àremedy,€including€compensation€and€such€full€rehabilitation€as€may€beÏpossible."ÌÌIn€this€respect,€the€State€party€has€indicated€that€the€author€may€instituteÏactions€before€the€Nicaraguan€courts.€€Notwithstanding€the€possible€viability€ofÏthis€avenue€of€redress,€the€Committee€finds€that€the€responsibility€forÏinvestigations€falls€under€the€State€party's€obligation€to€grant€an€effectiveÏremedy.ÌÌ11.à2 .2àThe€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article5,€paragraph4,€of€theÏOptional€Protocol,€is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€violationsÏof€articles€7,9,€paragraph1,€10,paragraph1,€and14,€paragraph3(g),€of€theÏCovenant.ÌÌ12.à2 .2àThe€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€Mr.RobertoZelayaBlanco€is€entitled,Ïunder€article2,€paragraph3(a),€of€the€Covenant€to€an€effective€remedy.€€ItÏurges€the€State€party€to€take€effective€measures€(a)€to€grant€appropriateÏcompensation€to€Mr.Zelaya€for€the€violations€suffered,€also€pursuant€toÏarticle9,€paragraph5,€of€the€Covenant;€(b)to€carry€out€an€officialÏinvestigation€into€the€author's€allegations€of€torture€and€ill-treatment€duringÏhis€detention;€and€(c)€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€theÏfuture.ÌÌ13.à2 .2àThe€Committee€would€wish€to€receive€information,€within€90days,€on€anyÏrelevant€measures€adopted€by€the€State€party€in€respect€of€the€Committee'sÏviews.ÌÌÌ[Adopted€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€originalÏversion.]€ÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòNotesÌÌóóà2 .2àòòaóó/à .àAmnesty€International,€òòNicaragua:€€Derechos€Humanos€1986„1989óó€(London,ÏNovember1989),€pp.13„4.ÌÌà2 .2àòòbóó/à .àAdopted€at€the€Committee's€forty-fourth€session,€in€1992;€see€òòOfficialÏRecords€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty-seventh€Session,€Supplement€No.40óóÏ(A/47/40),€annexVI.A,,€paras.14€and€15.ÌÌÇ€€€€€€€€€€€€€D.€€òòCommunication€No.€330/1988,€óóòòAlbert€Berry€v.€JamaicaóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(òòvóóòòiews€adopted€on€7April1994,€fiftieth€sessionóó)ÌÌòòSubmitted€byóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Albert€Berry€(represented€by€counsel)ÌÌòòVictimóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€The€authorÌÌòòState€partyóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€JamaicaÌÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:àÐ .Ð ààÐ .Ð ààÐ .Ð à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€6€May€1988ÌÌòòDate€of€decision€on€admissibilityóó:€€16€October€1992ÌÌà2 .2àòòThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà2 .2àòòMeetingóó€on€7€April€1994,ÌÌà2 .2àòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€330/1988,€submittedÏto€the€Human€Rights€Committee€by€Mr.€Albert€Berry€under€the€Optional€Protocol€toÏthe€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà2 .2àòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€by€Ïthe€author€of€the€communication,€his€counsel€and€the€State€party,ÌÌà2 .2àòòAdoptsóó€its€views€under€article5,€paragraph4,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ1.à2 .2àThe€author€of€the€communication€is€Albert€Berry,€a€Jamaican€citizen,€bornÏin1964,€awaiting€execution€at€St.€Catherine€District€Prison,€Jamaica.€€HeÏclaims€to€be€the€victim€of€violations€by€Jamaica€of€articles6,€paragraph1,Ï7,9,€paragraphs3€and€4,€10,€paragraphs1€and€2(a),€14,€paragraphs1,€3(b)€toÏ(e)€and€(g)€and€5,€and€17€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€PoliticalÏRights.€€He€is€represented€by€counsel.ÌÌòòThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€authoróóÌÌ2.1à2 .2àOn€27€March€1984,€the€author€was€arrested€on€a€murder€charge.€€TheÏpreliminary€hearing€was€held€on€15June1984.€€On€30January1985,€after€aÏthree-day€trial,€the€author€was€convicted€and€sentenced€to€death€in€theÏSt.Ann's€Circuit€Court.€€He€appealed€to€the€Jamaican€Court€of€Appeal€onÏ5February1985.€€The€appeal€was€dismissed€on€21October1987.€€The€Court€ofÏAppeal€produced€its€written€judgement€on€11November1987.€€The€authorÏsubsequently€petitioned€the€Judicial€Committee€of€the€Privy€Council€for€specialÏleave€to€appeal.€€On€17May1990,€the€Judicial€Committee€refused€leave€toÏappeal.€€With€this,€it€is€submitted,€available€domestic€remedies€have€beenÏexhausted.ÌÌ2.2à2 .2àThe€author€was€charged€with€the€murder€of€one€D.G.€€The€case€for€theÏprosecution€was€that,€on€23March1984€at€about€8p.m.,€a€group€of€11men,Ïincluding€D.G.,€were€walking€along€the€unlit€main€road€at€Maider,€Parish€ofÏSt.Ann.€€One€or€two€of€the€men€carried€flashlights,€one€of€which€was€lit.€€TheyÏsuddenly€came€upon€the€author€and€two€or€three€other€unidentified€men,€whoÏblocked€the€road€and€opened€fire.€€One€shot€hit€D.G.€in€the€back.ÌÌ2.3à2 .2àThe€prosecution€relied€solely€on€identification€evidence€given€by€fourÏwitnesses€who€allegedly€belonged€to€a€rival€gang.€€The€defence€was€based€onÏalibi.̇2.4à2 .2àAccording€to€the€prosecution€witnesses,€the€flashlight€carried€by€oneÏmember€of€the€group€illuminated€the€other€group€of€men€in€front€of€them€justÏprior€to€the€shooting.€€Each€of€the€witnesses€purportedly€recognized€the€author,Ïwhom€they€knew€from€childhood€and€who,€according€to€their€statements,€apparentlyÏwas€not€wearing€a€mask.€€The€witnesses€were€unable€to€identify€the€other€men,Ïwho€were€masked.€€It€is€stated€that€the€witnesses€gave€contradictory€evidence€asÏto€the€number€of€men€carrying€flashlights;€the€number€of€assailants;€whether€theÏauthor€carried€a€gun;€the€distance€which€separated€the€two€groups;€the€lapse€ofÏtime€between€the€encounter€with€the€assailants€and€the€burst€of€gunfire;€howÏlong€the€gunfire€lasted;€the€position€of€the€author€within€the€group€ofÏassailants;€and€the€number€of€shots€fired.€€Furthermore,€it€is€stated€that€noÏevidence€was€produced€that€it€was€the€author€who€fired€the€shot(s),€and€noÏmotive€for€the€shooting,€or€for€the€murder€of€D.G.,€was€adduced.ÌÌ2.5à2 .2àThe€author€states€that€during€the€preliminary€inquiry,€N.W.,€the€policeÏofficer€in€charge€of€the€investigation,€who€came€to€his€cell€nearly€every€day,Ïand€another€unidentified€police€officer,€forced€him€to€sign€a€preparedÏstatement,€in€which€he€reportedly€admitted€that€he€was€in€the€company€of€theÏthree€men€who€shot€the€deceased.€€It€appears,€however,€that€the€prosecution€didÏnot€seek€to€produce€as€evidence€said€statement.€€It€was€not€until€N.W.€(beingÏthe€last€witness€for€the€prosecution)€was€called€and€re-examined€that€the€issueÏof€the€alleged€admission€made€by€the€author€came€up.€€Author's€counsel€did€notÏraise€any€objection€against€N.W.'s€evidence€in€this€respect.ÌÌ2.6à2 .2àIt€further€appears€that€counsel€for€the€appeal€argued€that€the€trial€judgeÏhad€erred€in€admitting€this€evidence€which,€he€submitted,€was€highly€prejudicialÏto€the€author€and€which€was€of€no€probative€value.€€The€Court€of€Appeal,Ïhowever,€dismissed€this€ground€of€appeal,€stating€that:€ÌÌà82 .2àà .à"The€admission€in€the€instant€case€provided€powerfulÏcorroboration€of€the€evidence€of€visual€identification,€and€itsÏprobative€value€could€be€of€telling€effect.€€There€was€never€anyÏsuggestion€that€the€statement€made€by€the€applicant€after€caution€wasÏother€than€voluntary,€and€it€ill€behoves€the€applicant€to€make€noÏobjection€to€the€admission€of€the€statement€at€the€trial,€and€now€toÏrely€upon€its€allegedly€prejudicial€effect.€€We€hold€that€the€evidenceÏof€N.W.€as€to€the€admission€made€by€the€applicant€was€relevant€andÏprobative€and€was€properly€admitted."ÌÌ2.7à2 .2àThe€author€was€represented€by€legal€aid€attorneys€during€the€preliminaryÏhearing€and€on€appeal.€€It€appears€from€the€ACForm2€("Particulars€of€Trial")Ïthat€he€was€represented€by€a€privately€retained€lawyer€during€the€trial.€€AÏLondon€law€firm€represented€him€òòpro€bonoóó€before€the€Judicial€Committee€of€theÏPrivy€Council.ÌÌòòThe€complaintóóÌÌ3.1à2 .2àCounsel,€in€a€submission€of€22June1992,€notes€that€there€have€been€noÏexecutions€in€Jamaica€since€March1988;€the€Government€of€Jamaica€alsoÏconsidered€abolishing€the€death€penalty€in€Jamaica€as€confirmed€by€solicitors€toÏthe€State€party€in€1990.€€Counsel€further€contends€that€under€the€provisions€ofÏ"the€Bill€to€amend€The€Offences€Against€The€Person€Act"€(which€at€the€time€wasÏbeing€considered€by€the€Jamaican€Parliament),€the€author€would€regain€hisÏfreedom€under€the€relevant€parole€provisions€since€he€has€served€more€than€sevenÏyears€and€he€has€not€been€convicted€of€a€capital€crime€within€the€meaning€of€theÏBill.€òòaóó/€€It€is€stated€that,€in€the€light€of€the€above,€the€author€should€have€aÏreasonable€expectation€not€only€that€his€sentence€will€be€commuted,€but€that€he€will€be€released.€€Counsel€submits€that€the€author's€execution€would€constituteÏan€arbitrary€deprivation€of€life€contrary€to€article6,€paragraph1,€of€theÏCovenant€and€that,€in€the€circumstances,€the€renewed€threat€of€execution€couldÏamount€to€a€violation€of€article7€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ3.2à2 .2àArticle7€is€further€said€to€have€been€violated€by€N.W.,€who€allegedlyÏthreatened€to€shoot€the€author€if€no€confession€statement€was€forthcoming.€ÏFinally,€it€is€submitted€that€the€constant€stress€and€anxiety€suffered€as€aÏresult€of€prolonged€detention€on€death€row,€as€well€as€the€conditions€of€theÏauthor's€imprisonment€at€St.Catherine€District€Prison,€constitute€a€separateÏviolation€of€article7.ÌÌ3.3à2 .2àThe€author€alleges€that€he€was€not€cautioned€by€the€police€before€hisÏinterrogation.€€Counsel€points€out€that€the€author€was€detained€for€two€and€aÏhalf€months€before€he€was€brought€before€an€examining€magistrate.€€During€thatÏtime,€the€author€did€not€benefit€from€legal€representation.€€This,€coupled€withÏthe€fact€that€it€took€another€seven€and€a€half€months€before€the€author€wasÏtried,€is€said€to€amount€to€a€violation€of€article9,€paragraphs3€and4,€of€theÏCovenant.ÌÌ3.4à2 .2àThe€author€alleges€a€violation€of€article€10,€paragraphs€1€and€2(a).€€HeÏclaims€that€during€the€10months€of€his€pre-trial€detention€at€Brown's€TownÏPolice€Station,€he€was€not€segregated€from€convicted€persons€and€was€not€subjectÏto€separate€treatment€appropriate€to€his€status€as€an€unconvicted€person.€€HeÏfurther€claims€that€during€that€period,€he€was€kept€chained.€€Furthermore,€heÏalleges€that€he€was€hit€in€the€face€by€a€policeman€on€one€of€the€three€days€ofÏhis€trial€when€he€was€brought€back€to€his€cell,€and€that€he€has€been€exposed€toÏrandom€brutality€by€the€prison€guards€on€death€row.ÌÌ3.5à2 .2àIt€is€stated€that€on€the€first€day€of€the€trial,€the€author's€attorney€wasÏnot€present€in€court.€€On€that€occasion,€the€author€was€represented€by€theÏattorney's€assistant,€one€Mr.S.€€It€is€submitted€that€the€author€complained€toÏMr.S.€about€the€foreman€of€the€jury,€whom€he€believed€to€be€prejudiced€againstÏhim.€€€Mr.S.,€however,€raised€no€objections.€€Counsel€submits€the€transcript€ofÏa€letter,€dated€22January1988,€from€the€author's€mother€to€the€author,€fromÏwhich€it€would€appear€that€the€foreman€was€bribed€to€ensure€that€the€author€wasÏconvicted.€€Furthermore,€it€is€submitted€that€the€four€prosecution€witnesses€hadÏa€grudge€against€Mr.Berry.€€They€allegedly€belonged€to€a€gang€who€terrorizedÏthe€community€where€the€author€lived,€and€had€tried€to€kill€him€more€than€once.ÌÌ3.6à2 .2àCounsel,€while€conceding€that€it€is€not€in€principle€for€the€Committee€toÏevaluate€facts€and€evidence€in€a€particular€case€or€to€review€specificÏinstructions€by€the€judge€to€the€jury,€contends€that€the€Committee'sÏreservations€thereon€have€so€far€been€confined€to€instructions€by€the€judge€toÏthe€jury.€€Counsel€argues€that,€in€the€circumstances€of€the€author's€case,€theÏpresence€in€the€jury€of€a€biased€person€is€a€matter€that€warrants€examination€byÏthe€Committee.ÌÌ3.7à2 .2àThe€author€claims€that,€during€the€preliminary€hearing€and€on€appeal,€heÏwas€not€represented€by€counsel€of€his€choosing,€and€that€he€did€not€haveÏadequate€time€and€facilities€for€the€preparation€of€his€defence,€in€breach€ofÏarticle€14,€paragraph€3(b)€of€the€Covenant.€€He€indicates€that€only€on€the€dayÏthe€preliminary€hearing€began€did€the€examining€magistrate€appoint€a€lawyer.€€AsÏa€result,€he€had€only€one€hour€and€forty€minutes€to€communicate€with€his€lawyer.€ÏAs€to€his€appeal,€the€author€states€that€he€was€again€assigned€a€lawyer€withoutÏhis€consent;€he€submits€that€he€only€met€once€with€this€lawyer,€for€fifteenÏminutes,€between€21and€25February€1988,€about€four€months€after€losing€his€appeal.€€Finally,€the€author€claims€that€he€did€not€have€time€and€facilities€forÏthe€preparation€of€his€trial.€€He€affirms€that€he€met€with€his€attorney€onlyÏthree€times€before€the€trial,€each€time€for€no€more€than€thirty€minutes.€€DuringÏthe€trial,€the€attorney€met€with€him€only€a€few€times.ÌÌ3.8à2 .2àCounsel€points€out€that€the€author€filed€his€application€for€leave€toÏappeal€on€5February1985€and€that€his€legal€representative€filed€theÏsupplementary€grounds€of€appeal€on€20October1987,€only€one€day€before€theÏCourt€of€Appeal€hearing€took€place.€€It€is€submitted€that€the€lapse€of€timeÏbetween€the€filing€of€the€original€grounds€and€that€of€the€supplementary€groundsÏof€appeal€was€the€result€of€the€fact€that€the€author€did€not€have€the€assistanceÏof€a€lawyer,€and€that€the€delay€in€the€hearing€of€the€appeal€(more€than€two€andÏa€half€years)€amounts€to€a€violation€of€article14,€paragraph€3(c),€of€theÏCovenant.ÌÌ3.9à2 .2àThe€author€complains€that€he€was€excluded€from€the€hearing€of€his€appeal,Ïin€breach€of€article14,€paragraph€3(d),€despite€the€fact€that€he€had€expressedÏhis€wish€to€be€present€in€court.€€Counsel€notes€that€an€appellant€is€notÏentitled€to€be€present€at€the€hearing€of€an€application€for€leave€to€appeal,€butÏthat€in€the€author's€case€the€hearing€of€the€application€for€leave€to€appeal€wasÏtreated€as€the€hearing€of€the€appeal,€and€he€would€thus€have€been€entitled€to€beÏpresent.€€Furthermore,€counsel€submits€that€as€the€author€did€not€have€theÏopportunity€to€instruct€his€representative€for€the€appeal€prior€to€the€hearing,Ïand€as€his€attorney€at€the€trial€failed€to€raise€the€issues€of€the€foreman€ofÏthe€jury€and€the€author's€ill-treatment€by€the€police,€the€author€was€denied€anÏeffective€appeal,€in€breach€of€article14,€paragraph5.€€Counsel€refers€to€theÏCommittee's€views€on€communication€No.248/1987€(òòGlenford€Campbell€v.ÏJamaicaóó),òòbóó/òòóó€where€it€held€that€the€combined€effect€of€the€lawyer's€failure€toÏbring€the€defendant's€maltreatment€before€the€court,€the€consequences€thatÏfailure€had€on€the€conduct€of€the€appeal€and€the€lack€of€an€opportunity€toÏinstruct€counsel€for€the€appeal€or€to€defend€himself€in€person,€amounted€to€aÏdenial€of€effective€representation€in€the€judicial€proceedings€andÏnon-compliance€with€the€requirements€of€article14,€paragraph3(d),€of€theÏCovenant.ÌÌ3.10à2 .2à€As€to€article14,€paragraph3(e),€it€is€submitted€that€during€the€trialÏthe€author€was€denied€the€right€to€have€his€mother€and€three€of€his€sistersÏexamined€as€witnesses€for€the€defence.€€It€is€further€submitted€that€counselÏignored€the€author's€instructions€to€call€witnesses€other€than€hisÏbrother-in-law.ÌÌ3.11à2 .2à€Concerning€the€allegation€that€Mr.Berry€was€forced€to€sign€a€confession,€Ïin€breach€of€article14,€paragraph3(g),€counsel€submits€numerous€lettersÏaddressed€to€the€relevant€Jamaican€authorities,€requesting€them€to€makeÏavailable€copies€of€the€depositions€used€at,€and€the€transcript€of,€the€author'sÏpreliminary€hearing.€€He€explains€that€one€of€the€reasons€for€doing€so€has€beenÏto€identify€to€what€extent€statements€made€by€the€witnesses€at€the€trialÏdiffered€from€their€statements€at€the€preliminary€hearing.€€Counsel€complainsÏthat€all€his€endeavours€to€obtain€said€documents€have€been€futile.ÌÌ3.12à2 .2à€Finally,€the€author€claims€that€the€warders€at€St.CatherineDistrictÏPrison€have€repeatedly€interfered€with€his€correspondence,€in€violation€ofÏarticle17,€paragraph1.€€He€contends€that€books€sent€to€him€have€been€withheldÏand€that€his€letters€sent€through€the€prison€office€have€never€reached€theÏaddressees.€€In€this€context,€it€is€submitted€that,€in€May€of1991,€inmatesÏfound€a€room€packed€with€letters€and€documents€from€and€to€death€row€prisoners.€€ÏThe€author€reportedly€complained€to€the€Parliamentary€Ombudsman€about€this€finding€but€has€not€received€any€reply€to€date.€€This€is€said€to€amount€to€aÏviolation€of€article17,€paragraph2,€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ3.13à2 .2à€With€respect€to€the€requirement€of€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€it€isÏsubmitted€that€an€application€to€the€Supreme€(Constitutional)€Court€would€not€beÏan€available€and€effective€remedy€in€the€author's€case,€as€legal€aid€is€notÏgiven€for€this€purpose€and€the€author€himself€does€not€have€the€means€to€secureÏlegal€representation€in€Jamaica€to€see€a€constitutional€motion€argued€on€hisÏbehalf.ÌÌòòThe€State€party's€observationsóóÌÌ4.à2 .2àIn€its€submission,€dated€18April1989,€the€State€party€contended€that€theÏcommunication€was€inadmissible€because€of€non-exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,Ïsince€at€the€time€of€the€submission€it€was€still€open€to€the€author€to€petitionÏthe€Judicial€Committee€of€the€Privy€Council.€€On€1July1992,€a€furtherÏsubmission€from€author's€counsel€with€fresh€allegations€was€transmitted€to€theÏState€party,€providing€it€with€the€opportunity€to€comment€on€the€admissibilityÏof€these€new€claims.€€The€State€party's€comments€in€this€respect€were€onlyÏreceived€after€the€Committee€declared€the€communication€admissible€(seeÏpara.6.1€below).ÌÌòòThe€Committee's€decision€on€admissibilityóóÌÌ5.1à2 .2àDuring€its€forty-sixth€session,€the€Committee€considered€the€admissibilityÏof€the€communication.€€It€noted€that€the€author's€petition€for€special€leave€toÏappeal€to€the€Judicial€Committee€of€the€PrivyCouncil€had€been€dismissed,€andÏthat€the€State€party€had€not,€at€that€time,€raised€any€further€objections€inÏrespect€of€the€admissibility€of€the€communication.ÌÌ5.2à2 .2àWith€regard€to€the€author's€claims€under€article17,€the€CommitteeÏconsidered€that€they€had€not€been€substantiated,€for€purposes€of€admissibility,Ïand€that,€in€this€respect,€the€author€had€no€claim€within€the€meaning€ofÏarticle2€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ5.3à2 .2àOn€16October1992,€the€Committee€declared€the€communication€admissible€inÏso€far€as€it€appeared€to€raise€issues€under€articles6,€7,€9,€paragraphs3Ïand4,€10€and€14€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌòòThe€State€party's€request€for€review€of€admissibility€and€information€on€theÏmerits€of€the€communicationóóÌÌ6.1à2 .2àIn€its€submission€dated€26October1992€(received€only€after€the€CommitteeÏdeclared€the€communication€admissible),€the€State€party€argues€that€theÏcommunication€is€inadmissible€because€of€non-exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies.€ÏIt€states€that€the€rights€under€the€Covenant€which€allegedly€are€violated€in€theÏauthor's€case€are€similar€to€those€contained€in€the€Jamaican€Constitution.€ÏUnder€section25€of€the€Constitution,€it€would€be€open€to€the€author€to€seekÏredress€for€the€alleged€violations€of€his€constitutional€rights€before€theÏSupreme€(Constitutional)€Court€of€Jamaica.ÌÌ6.2à2 .2àMoreover,€with€regard€to€the€alleged€violations€of€article9,€paragraphs3Ïand€4,€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€argues€that,€at€all€times€during€hisÏdetention,€the€author€could€have€applied€to€the€courts€for€a€writ€of€habeasÏcorpus€to€have€the€reasonableness€of€his€detention€tested.€€It€is€submitted€thatÏthe€author's€failure€to€avail€himself€of€this€remedy€cannot€be€attributed€to€theÏState€party.̇6.3à2 .2àThe€State€party€notes€that€"the€author's€complaints€under€article14,Ïparagraph1,€relate€to€the€conduct€of€the€trial€including€jury€selection€andÏbias€of€prosecution€witnesses".€€It€further€contends€that€"the€alleged€breach€ofÏarticle€14,€paragraph3(g),€relates€to€the€authenticity€of€a€confessionÏstatement,€which€is€a€matter€of€evidence".€€With€reference€to€the€Committee'sÏjurisprudence,€the€State€party€submits€that€these€claims€fall€outside€the€scopeÏof€the€Committee's€competence.ÌÌ7.1à2 .2àIn€its€submission€of€1July1993,€the€State€party€reiterates€that€theÏcommunication€should€be€considered€inadmissible€because€of€non-exhaustion€ofÏdomestic€remedies€and€requests€the€Committee€to€review€its€decision€ofÏ16October1992€accordingly.€€With€regard€to€the€substance€of€the€matter€underÏconsideration,€it€provides€the€following€comments:€€as€to€the€author's€claimsÏunder€article14,€paragraph3(b)€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€submits€thatÏthe€material€presented€to€the€Committee€does€not€disclose€that€at€any€timeÏduring€the€proceedings€either€counsel€or€the€author€complained€to€the€trialÏjudge€or€the€Court€of€Appeal€that€the€time€or€facilities€allowed€for€theÏpreparation€of€the€defence€were€inadequate.ÌÌ7.2à2 .2àWith€regard€to€the€adequacy€of€the€author's€representation,€the€State€partyÏargues€that€the€facts€relied€upon€by€the€author€are€all€attributable€to€hisÏlegal€representative,€who€determined,€according€to€his€professional€skills,€whatÏissues€were€important€in€the€conduct€of€the€defence.ÌÌ7.3à2 .2àIn€so€far€as€the€allegation€of€denial€of€the€right€to€be€present€in€courtÏis€concerned,€the€State€party€asserts€that€at€no€time€did€the€author€or€hisÏcounsel€indicate€to€the€Court€of€Appeal€that€he€wished€to€be€present€at€theÏhearing€of€the€appeal.ÌÌ7.4à2 .2àFinally,€with€regard€to€the€author's€allegation€that€he€was€denied€theÏright€to€have€his€conviction€and€sentence€reviewed€by€a€higher€tribunal,€theÏState€party€contends€that€Mr.Berry€is€estopped€from€making€this€assertion,€asÏhe€exercised€this€right€by€appealing€to€the€Court€of€Appeal€and€to€the€JudicialÏCommittee€of€the€Privy€Council.ÌÌòòCounsel's€commentsóóÌÌ8.1à2 .2àIn€a€submission€of€16September1993,€counsel€states€that€Mr.Berry€wasÏnotified€in€December1992€that€his€case€had€been€reviewed€by€a€judge€of€theÏCourt€of€Appeal€pursuant€to€section7(2)€of€the€Offences€against€the€PersonÏ(Amendment)€Act1992,€and€that€his€case€had€been€classified€as€a€capital€murderÏcase€pursuant€to€section2(1)(f)€of€the€Act.€€Section2(1)(f)€states€asÏfollows:ÌÌà82 .2àà .à"Any€murder€committed€by€a€person€in€the€cause€or€furtherance€ofÏan€act€of€terrorism,€that€is€to€say,€an€act€involving€the€use€ofÏviolence€by€that€person€which,€by€reason€of€its€nature€and€extent,€isÏcalculated€to€create€a€state€of€fear€in€the€public€or€any€section€ofÏthe€public€...€shall€be€a€capital€murder".€ÌÌCounsel€points€out€that€his€client€was€indicted€for€murder€only€and€subsequentlyÏconvicted€thereof,€and€that€the€issue€of€terrorism€was€never€raised€during€theÏjudicial€proceedings;€he€argues€that€a€subsequent€addition€of€a€charge€ofÏterrorism€to€his€client's€murder€charge€violates€the€principle€of€due€process€ofÏlaw.€€Counsel€adds€that,€on€8January1993,€he€applied€to€the€Court€of€AppealÏfor€review€of€the€classification€in€Mr.Berry's€case;€the€application€isÏcurrently€pending€before€the€Court€of€Appeal.òòcóó/€€Counsel€submits€that€the€above€is€further€evidence€in€substantiation€of€the€claims€that€the€author€is€theÏvictim€of€violations€by€the€State€party€of€articles€6and7.ÌÌ8.2à2 .2àWith€reference€to€the€alleged€breach€of€article14,€paragraph3(g)€(seeÏpara.3.11€above),€counsel€forwards€a€letter,€dated€7May1993,€from€theÏRegistrar€of€the€Supreme€Court,€informing€him€that€the€authorities€of€theÏMagistrate's€Court€are€unable€to€locate€the€depositions€made€at€the€preliminaryÏhearing€in€the€author's€case.€€It€is€submitted€that€because€of€the€State€party'sÏfailure€to€produce€the€requested€documents,€it€is€impossible€for€the€authorÏfurther€to€substantiate€his€claims€that€the€prosecution€witnesses€were€biasedÏand€that€he€was€forced€by€the€police€to€sign€a€statement.ÌÌòòReview€of€admissibilityóóÌÌ9.1à2 .2àThe€Committee€has€taken€note€of€the€State€party's€arguments€onÏadmissibility,€and€of€counsel's€information€regarding€the€classification€reviewÏprocedure€in€Mr.Berry's€case,€both€submitted€after€the€Committee's€decisionÏdeclaring€the€communication€admissible.ÌÌ9.2à2 .2àWith€regard€to€the€State€party's€contention€that€constitutional€remediesÏare€still€open€to€the€author,€the€Committee€recalls€that€domestic€remediesÏwithin€the€meaning€of€the€Optional€Protocol€must€be€both€available€andÏeffective.€€The€Committee€considers€that€in€the€absence€of€legal€aid,€aÏconstitutional€motion€does€not,€in€the€specific€circumstances€of€the€instantÏcase,€constitute€an€available€remedy€within€the€meaning€of€article5,Ïparagraph2(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€which€the€author€must€exhaust.òòdóó/ÌÌ9.3à2 .2àAs€to€counsel's€claim€that€the€author's€execution€would€constitute€anÏarbitrary€deprivation€of€life€contrary€to€article6,€paragraph1,€and€that€theÏ"renewed€threat€of€execution"€would€be€in€violation€of€article7,€the€CommitteeÏnotes€that€these€issues€are€related€to€the€classification€of€the€author's€caseÏunder€the€Offences€against€the€Person(Amendment)Act1992.€€The€CommitteeÏfurther€notes€that€an€application€for€review€of€the€classification€in€the€caseÏremains€pending€before€the€Court€of€Appeal€of€Jamaica.€€On€the€basis€of€this€newÏinformation,€the€Committee€decides€not€to€proceed€with€the€consideration€of€thisÏpart€of€the€communication.ÌÌ9.4à2 .2àThe€Committee,€therefore,€revises€its€decision€on€admissibility€in€part€andÏconsiders€this€part€of€the€communication€(see€para.3.1€above)€to€beÏinadmissible€under€article5,€paragraph2(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌòòExamination€of€the€meritsóóÌÌ10.à2 .2àIn€the€light€of€the€above,€the€Committee€decides€to€proceed€with€itsÏexamination€of€the€merits€of€the€communication€in€so€far€as€it€relates€to€theÏremaining€allegations€under€article7€and€in€so€far€as€it€raises€issues€underÏarticles9,€paragraphs3€and4,€10€and€14€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ11.1à2 .2à€In€respect€of€the€allegations€pertaining€to€article9,€paragraphs3€and4,Ïthe€State€party€has€not€contested€that€the€author€was€detained€for€two€and€aÏhalf€months€before€he€was€brought€before€a€judge€or€judicial€officer€authorizedÏto€decide€on€the€lawfulness€of€his€detention.€€Instead,€the€State€party€hasÏconfined€itself€to€the€contention€that,€during€his€detention,€the€author€couldÏhave€applied€to€the€courts€for€a€writ€of€habeas€corpus.€€The€Committee€notes,Ïhowever,€the€author's€claim,€which€remains€unchallenged,€that€throughout€thisÏperiod€he€had€no€access€to€legal€representation.€€The€Committee€considers€that€aÏdelay€of€over€two€months€violates€the€requirement,€in€article9,€paragraph3,€that€anyone€arrested€on€a€criminal€charge€shall€be€brought€"promptly"€before€aÏjudge€or€other€officer€authorized€by€law€to€exercise€judicial€power.€€In€theÏcircumstances,€the€Committee€concludes€that€the€author's€right€under€article9,Ïparagraph4,€was€also€violated,€since€he€was€not,€in€due€time,€afforded€theÏopportunity€to€obtain,€on€his€own€initiative,€a€decision€by€a€court€on€theÏlawfulness€of€his€detention.ÌÌ11.2à2 .2à€The€Committee€notes€that€the€author's€claims€under€article10€of€theÏCovenant,€in€respect€of€his€treatment€in€pre-trial€detention€and€in€respect€ofÏhis€treatment€on€death€row€(see€para.3.4€above)€have€not€been€contested€by€theÏState€party.€€In€the€absence€of€a€response€from€the€State€party,€the€CommitteeÏwill€give€appropriate€weight€to€the€author's€allegations€that,€during€theÏ10months€of€his€pre-trial€detention€at€Brown's€Town€Police€Station,€he€was€notÏsegregated€from€convicted€persons,€was€not€subject€to€separate€treatmentÏappropriate€to€his€status€as€an€unconvicted€person€and€was€kept€chained.ÏFurthermore,€he€was€hit€in€the€face€by€a€policeman€on€one€of€the€days€of€hisÏtrial€when€he€was€brought€back€to€his€cell.€€In€the€opinion€of€the€Committee,Ïtherefore,€he€was€not€treated€in€accordance€with€article10,€paragraphs1Ïand2(a),€of€the€Covenant.€€As€to€the€author's€claim€that€he€has€been€exposedÏto€random€brutality€on€death€row,€the€Committee€notes€that€no€further€detailsÏhave€been€offered€on€this€claim.€€It€therefore€finds€no€violation€of€article€10Ïin€this€respect.ÌÌ11.3à2 .2à€As€to€the€author's€claim€that€he€did€not€receive€a€fair€trial,€underÏarticle14€of€the€Covenant,€because€of€the€presence€in€the€jury€of€an€allegedlyÏbiased€person€and€the€use€of€evidence€against€him€which€was€allegedly€obtainedÏunder€duress,€the€Committee€observes€that€these€issues€were€not€raised€duringÏthe€trial.€€Furthermore,€the€written€judgement€of€the€Court€of€Appeal€revealsÏthat€the€issue€of€self-incrimination€without€prior€cautioning€by€the€police€wasÏraised€during€the€trial,€when€N.W.€testified€that€the€author€had€made€hisÏstatement€after€police€cautioning.€€Neither€counsel€nor€the€author€contended€atÏthe€trial€that€he€had€not€been€cautioned.€€The€Committee€is€of€the€opinion€thatÏthe€failure€of€the€author's€representative€to€bring€these€issues€to€theÏattention€of€the€trial€judge,€which€purportedly€resulted€in€the€negative€outcomeÏof€the€trial,€cannot€be€attributed€to€the€State€party,€since€the€lawyer€wasÏprivately€retained.€€The€Committee,€therefore,€finds€no€violation€of€article14,Ïparagraph1,€of€the€Covenant€in€this€respect.ÌÌ11.4à2 .2à€The€right€of€an€accused€person€to€have€adequate€time€and€facilities€forÏthe€preparation€of€his€defence€at€trial€is€an€important€element€of€the€guaranteeÏof€a€fair€trial€and€an€important€aspect€of€the€principle€of€equality€of€arms.€ÏIn€cases€in€which€a€capital€sentence€may€be€pronounced€on€the€accused,€it€isÏaxiomatic€that€sufficient€time€must€be€granted€to€the€accused€and€his€counsel€toÏprepare€the€defence€for€the€trial.€€The€determination€of€what€constitutesÏadequate€time€requires€an€assessment€of€the€individual€circumstances€of€eachÏcase.€€The€author€also€contends€that€he€was€unable€to€obtain€the€attendance€ofÏwitnesses€other€than€his€brother-in-law.€€The€Committee€notes,€however,€that€theÏmaterial€before€it€does€not€reveal€that€either€counsel€or€the€author€himselfÏcomplained€to€the€trial€judge€that€the€time€or€facilities€for€the€preparation€ofÏthe€defence€had€been€inadequate.€€If€counsel€or€the€author€felt€that€they€wereÏnot€properly€prepared,€it€was€incumbent€upon€them€to€request€an€adjournment.ÏFurthermore,€there€is€no€indication€that€counsel's€decision€not€to€call€otherÏwitnesses€was€not€based€on€the€exercise€of€his€professional€judgement,€or€that,Ïif€a€request€to€call€the€author's€mother€and€sisters€to€testify€had€been€made,Ïthe€judge€would€have€disallowed€it.€€Accordingly,€there€is€no€basis€for€aÏfinding€of€a€violation€of€article€14,€paragraphs€3(b)€and€(e),€in€respect€ofÏthe€trial.̇11.5à2 .2à€As€to€the€author's€claim€in€respect€of€the€delay€in€the€hearing€of€hisÏappeal,€the€Committee€notes€that€the€author's€application€for€leave€to€appeal€toÏthe€Court€of€Appeal,€dated€5February1985,€indicates€that€he€wished€the€CourtÏto€assign€legal€aid€to€him.€€However,€it€also€appears€from€the€application€thatÏthe€author€answered€the€question€whether€he€had€any€means€to€obtain€a€legalÏrepresentative€himself€in€the€affirmative.€€On€the€basis€of€the€informationÏbefore€it,€the€Committee€is€unable€to€ascertain€whether€or€not€the€delay€in€theÏfiling€of€the€supplementary€grounds€of€appeal€was€attributable€to€the€authorÏhimself.€€In€this€context,€the€Committee€notes€that€the€author€has€not€indicatedÏwhen€he€informed€the€judicial€authorities€that€he€did€not€have€the€means€toÏprivately€retain€a€lawyer€and€when€he€learned€that€legal€aid€counsel€had€beenÏassigned€to€him.ÌÌ11.6à2 .2à€As€to€the€author's€claims€under€article14,€paragraphs3(b),€(d)and5,Ïconcerning€the€conduct€of€his€appeal,€the€Committee€begins€by€noting€that€aÏlawyer€was€assigned€to€the€author€for€purposes€of€his€appeal,€and€thatÏarticle14,€paragraph3(d),€does€not€entitle€an€accused€to€choose€counselÏprovided€to€him€free€of€charge.€€The€Committee€further€notes€that€the€author'sÏclaim€that€he€did€not€have€the€opportunity€to€instruct€counsel€for€the€appealÏprior€to€the€hearing€has€not€been€contested€by€the€State€party.€€InÏcommunication€No.248/1987€(òòGlenford€Campbell€v.€Jamaicaóó),€òòbóó/€the€Committee€heldÏthat€the€combined€effect€of€the€lawyer's€failure€to€raise€objections€at€theÏtrial€in€respect€of€the€confessional€evidence€allegedly€obtained€throughÏmaltreatment,€the€consequences€this€failure€had€on€the€conduct€of€the€appeal€andÏthe€lack€of€an€opportunity€to€instruct€counsel€for€the€appeal€or€to€defendÏhimself€in€person€amounted€to€a€denial€of€effective€representation€in€theÏjudicial€proceedings€and€non-compliance€with€the€requirements€of€article14,Ïparagraph3(d),€of€the€Covenant.€€The€Committee€notes,€however,€that€in€theÏpresent€case€the€author€would€not€have€been€allowed,€unless€specialÏcircumstances€could€be€shown,€to€raise€issues€on€appeal€that€had€not€previouslyÏbeen€raised€by€counsel€in€the€course€of€the€trial.€€In€the€circumstances,€andÏtaking€into€account€that€the€author's€appeal€was€in€fact€heard€by€the€Court€ofÏAppeal,€the€Committee€finds€no€violation€of€article14,€paragraphs3(b),€(d)Ïand5,€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ11.7à2 .2à€As€to€the€claim€under€article14,€paragraph3(g),€òòóóòòjunctoóó€article7,€theÏCommittee€recalls€that€the€wording€of€article14,€paragraph3(g),€that€no€oneÏshall€be€"compelled€to€testify€against€himself€or€to€confess€guilt",€must€beÏunderstood€in€terms€of€the€absence€of€any€direct€or€indirect€physical€orÏpsychological€pressure€from€the€investigating€authorities€on€the€accused€with€aÏview€to€obtaining€a€confession€of€guilt.€€òòA€fortiorióó,€it€is€unacceptable€toÏtreat€an€accused€person€in€a€manner€contrary€to€article7€of€the€Covenant€inÏorder€to€extract€a€confession.€€The€Committee€notes€that,€in€the€present€case,Ïthe€author€claims€that€the€investigating€officer,€N.W.,€threatened€to€shoot€himÏand€forced€him€to€sign€a€prepared€statement;€this€claim€has€not€been€contestedÏby€the€State€party.€€On€the€other€hand,€the€Committee€notes€that€N.W.€testifiedÏduring€the€trial€that€the€author€had€made€his€statement€after€police€cautioning.ÏThe€Committee€observes€that,€in€order€to€reconcile€these€different€versions,€theÏwritten€depositions€made€and€used€during€the€preliminary€hearing€were€required.€€ÏThe€Committee€further€observes€that€counsel€has€requested€the€State€party,€onÏseveral€occasions,€to€make€available€to€him€the€transcript€of€the€author'sÏpreliminary€hearing,€including€the€depositions€of€witnesses,€and€that€finally,Ïafter€several€reminders,€he€was€informed€by€the€judicial€authorities€that€theyÏwere€unable€to€locate€them.€€These€allegations€have€not€been€denied€by€the€StateÏparty€and€therefore€due€weight€must€be€given€to€the€author's€claims.€€In€thisÏrespect,€therefore,€the€Committee€finds€a€violation€of€article14,Ïparagraph3(g),€òòjunctoóó€article7,€of€the€Covenant.̇11.8à2 .2à€With€regard€to€the€claim€that€Mr.Berry's€prolonged€stay€and€theÏconditions€of€detention€on€death€row€constitute€cruel,€inhuman€or€degradingÏtreatment,€the€Committee€notes€that€these€issues€have€not€been€furtherÏsubstantiated.€€The€Committee€recalls€its€jurisprudence€that€authors€mustÏsubstantiate€allegations€of€violations€of€their€Covenant€rights€under€theÏOptional€Protocol;€mere€affirmations€unbuttressed€by€substantiating€evidence€doÏnot€suffice.€€In€this€case,€the€author€has€failed€to€show€that€he€is€the€victimÏof€a€violation€by€the€State€party€of€article7€of€the€Covenant€on€account€of€hisÏprolonged€detention€on€death€row.ÌÌ12.à2 .2àThe€Committee€is€of€the€opinion€that€the€imposition€of€a€sentence€of€deathÏupon€the€conclusion€of€judicial€proceedings€in€which€the€provisions€of€theÏCovenant€have€not€been€respected€constitutes,€if€no€further€appeal€against€theÏsentence€is€available,€a€violation€of€article6€of€the€Covenant.€€In€the€instantÏcase,€while€a€constitutional€motion€to€the€Supreme€(Constitutional)€Court€mightÏin€theory€still€be€available,€it€would€not€be€an€available€remedy€within€theÏmeaning€of€article5,€paragraph2(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€for€the€reasonsÏset€out€in€paragraph9.2€above.€€As€the€Committee€observed€in€its€generalÏcomment6(16),€the€provision€that€a€death€sentence€may€be€imposed€only€inÏaccordance€with€the€law€and€not€contrary€to€the€provisions€of€the€CovenantÏimplies€that€"the€procedural€guarantees€therein€prescribed€must€be€observed,Ïincluding€the€right€to€a€fair€hearing€by€an€independent€tribunal,€theÏpresumption€of€innocence,€the€minimum€guarantees€for€the€defence€and€the€rightÏto€review€by€a€higher€tribunal".€òòeóó/€€Accordingly,€it€may€be€concluded€that€theÏfinal€sentence€of€death€was€passed€without€having€met€the€requirements€ofÏarticle14,€and€that€as€a€result€the€right€protected€by€article6€of€theÏCovenant€has€been€violated.ÌÌ13.à2 .2àThe€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article5,€paragraph4,€of€theÏOptional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Ïfinds€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€violations€of€articles6,9,Ïparagraphs3€and4,€10,€paragraphs1€and2(a),€and14,€paragraph3(g)€òòjunctoóóÏarticle7,€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ14.à2 .2àThe€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€Mr.AlbertBerry€is€entitled€to€anÏappropriate€remedy€entailing€his€release.€€It€requests€the€State€party€toÏprovide€information,€within€90days,€on€any€relevant€measures€taken€by€the€StateÏparty€in€compliance€with€the€Committee's€views.ÌÌÌ[Adopted€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€originalÏversion.]€ÌÌÌà@ì .òàòòNotesóóˆÌÌà2 .2àòòaóó/à .àOn€25September1992,€the€Offences€against€the€Person€(Amendment)ÏAct1992€was€passed€in€the€Senate.€€The€Act€provides€for€the€classification€ofÏthe€cases€of€persons€under€sentence€of€death€for€murder€into€"capital"€orÏ"non-capital"€murder.€€Classification€as€"capital"€makes€the€death€penaltyÏmandatory;€classification€as€"non-capital"€will€commute€the€death€sentence€toÏlife€imprisonment.€€In€the€latter€case,€the€court€may€decide€to€grant€paroleÏafter€a€period€not€less€than€seven€years.€€In€December1992,€the€classificationÏ(by€a€single€judge€of€the€Court€of€Appeal)€procedure€began;€contrary€toÏcounsel's€expectations,€the€offence€for€which€Mr.Berry€was€convicted€wasÏclassified€as€a€capital€offence.ÌÌòòóóà2 .2àòòbóó/à .àSee€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty-seventh€Session,ÏSupplement€No.40óó€(A/47/40),€annexIX.D;€views€adopted€on€30March1992€at€theÏforty-fourth€session,€para.6.6.ภ.¸àÌÌà2 .2àòòcóó/à .àThe€review€process€under€the€Act€is€currently€stayed€pending€theÏoutcome€of€a€constitutional€motion€in€another€case,€which€challenges€theÏconstitutionality€of€the€classification€procedure€established€by€the€Act.ÌÌà2 .2àòòdóó/à .àSee€also€the€Committee's€views€in€communications€Nos.230/1987Ï(òòRaphaelHenry€v.Jamaicaóó)€and€283/1988€(òòAston€Little€v.€Jamaicaóó)€adopted€onÏ1November1991;€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty-seventhÏSession,€Supplement€No.40óó€(A/47/40),€annexesIX.B€and€J,€paras7.1€òòetseqóó.ÌÌà2 .2àòòeóó/à .àòòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Thirty-seventh€Session,ÏSupplement€No.40óó€(A/37/40),€annexV,€general€comment€6(16),€para.7.ÌÌÇ€€€€€€€€€€€€€E.€€òòCommunication€No.€332/1988,€Devon€Allen€v.€JamaicaóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(òòviews€adopted€on€31€March€1994,€fiftieth€sessionóó)ÌÌòòÓ 8à8øÄP ÓSubmitted€byóó:€€€€€€€€€€€Devon€Allen€(represented€by€counsel)ÌÌòòVictimóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€The€authorÌÌòòState€partyóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€JamaicaÌÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€€20€October€1988€(initial€submission)ÌÌà .àòòThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà .àòòMeetingóó€on€31€March€1994,ÌÌà .àòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€332/1988,€submittedÏto€the€Human€Rights€Committee€on€behalf€of€Mr.€Devon€Allen€under€the€OptionalÏProtocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà .àòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€byÏthe€author€of€the€communication,€his€counsel€and€the€State€party,ÌÌà .àòòAdoptsóó€its€views€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ1.à .àThe€author€of€the€communication€is€Devon€Allen,€a€Jamaican€citizen€born€inÏ1962,€currently€awaiting€execution€at€St.€Catherine€District€Prison,€Jamaica.€ÏHe€claims€to€be€a€victim€of€violations€by€Jamaica€of€articles€6,€paragraph€5,Ï7,9,€paragraphs€2€and€3,€10,€and€14,€paragraphs€3€(b),€(c),€(d)€and€(e)€of€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€€He€is€represented€byÏcounsel.€€The€crime€of€which€the€author€was€convicted€has€been€classified€as€aÏcapital€offence€under€the€Offences€Against€the€Person€(Amendment)€Act€1992.ÌÌòòThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€authoróóÌÌ2.1à .àDevon€Allen€was€arrested€on€18€August€1982,€while€he€was€in€hospitalÏrecovering€from€injuries€sustained€in€a€shooting€incident.€€He€was€charged€withÏthe€murder,€on€26€September€1980,€i.e.,€nearly€two€years€earlier,€of€one€W.H.€ÏHe€was€tried€in€the€Home€Circuit€Court€of€Kingston€between€10€and€17€May€1983,Ïfound€guilty€as€charged€and€sentenced€to€death.€€On€10€November€1983,€the€CourtÏof€Appeal€of€Jamaica€dismissed€his€appeal.€€The€Court€of€Appeal€did€not€issue€aÏreasoned€judgement€but€merely€a€"Note€of€Oral€Judgement",€also€datedÏ10November1983.€€A€further€application€for€special€leave€to€appeal€to€theÏJudicial€Committee€of€the€Privy€Council€has€not€been€filed.ÌÌ2.2à .àThe€evidence€presented€against€Mr.€Allen€was€that€on€26€September€1980€atÏabout€1.30€a.m.,€two€men€went€to€W.H.'s€house€in€Kingston,€climbed€onto€a€roof,Ïjumped€into€the€yard€and€approached€the€room€where€W.H.€was€sleeping.€€The€wifeÏof€W.H.€testified€that€one€of€the€men€shot€her€husband€through€the€half„openÏwindow;€both€men€then€broke€into€the€house,€took€the€television€set€and€ran€off.€ÏThis€was€reported€to€the€police€the€following€morning.ÌÌ2.3à .àDuring€the€trial,€W.H.'s€wife€and€her€son,€who€was€eight€years€old€whenÏthe€crime€was€committed,€testified€as€the€prosecution's€principal€witnesses.€ÏBoth€identified€the€author€as€the€man€who€had€shot€W.H.€€Mrs.€H.€testified€thatÏshe€had€known€the€author€for€several€years,€but€under€his€nickname€"Dap„si„Do"Ïonly.€€She€further€contended€that€eight€days€after€the€crime,€the€author€had€returned€to€her€house€and€that,€subsequently,€she€had€occasionally€seen€himÏwalking€around€the€area.ÌÌ2.4à .àThe€author€denied€responsibility€for€the€shooting€of€W.H.,€claiming€thatÏhe€was€not€in€the€neighbourhood€on€the€night€in€question€and€that€his€nicknameÏwas€not€"Dap„si„Do"€but€"Windward".€€He€notes€that€the€arresting€officer€at€theÏhospital€asked€him€whether€he€was€"George€Green,€known€as€Dap„si„Do".€€CounselÏfurther€encloses€an€affidavit€signed€in€May€1988€by€the€author's€brother,ÏSteveAllen,€in€which€he€indicates€that€in€his€presence€and€that€of€a€personÏinvestigating€the€circumstances€of€W.H.'s€death,€one€B.N.€admitted€having€shotÏW.H.€on€the€night€in€question.€€This€was€brought€to€the€attention€of€theÏAttorney„General's€Office,€but€the€case€was€not€reopened,€as€B.N.€had€gone€intoÏhiding€and€could€no€longer€be€located€by€the€police.ÌÌ2.5à .àIn€respect€of€the€requirement€of€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€counselÏcontends€that€delays€encountered€in€the€case€justify€the€conclusion€thatÏdomestic€remedies€have€been€"unreasonably€prolonged"€within€the€meaning€ofÏarticle€5,€paragraph€2€(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€€He€contends€that€aÏpetition€for€special€leave€to€appeal€to€the€Judicial€Committee€of€the€PrivyÏCouncil€based€on€the€issue€of€delay€would€inevitably€fail,€because€of€theÏsimilarities€between€the€author's€case€and€that€of€another€Jamaican€citizen,ÏHoward€Martin,€whose€petition€was€dismissed€by€the€Privy€Council€onÏ11July1988.òòaóó/€€Besides,€leading€counsel€has€advised€that€there€are€no€properÏgrounds€to€argue€a€petition€for€special€leave€to€appeal€to€the€JudicialÏCommittee.ÌÌ2.6à .àStill€in€the€context€of€domestic€remedies,€counsel€refers€to€the€PrivyÏCouncil's€jurisprudence€(judgement€in€the€case€of€òòRiley€et€al.€v.€Attorney„¼General€of€Jamaicaóó),€which€holds€that€whatever€the€reasons€for,€or€length€of,Ïdelays€in€executing€a€sentence€of€death€lawfully€imposed,€such€delays€can€affordÏno€ground€for€holding€the€execution€to€be€in€contravention€of€section€17€of€theÏJamaican€Constitution.€€He€observes€that€the€Court€of€Appeal€and€the€SupremeÏConstitutional€Court€of€Jamaica€would€consider€themselves€to€be€bound€by€thisÏjurisprudence,€and€that€no€decision€in€the€case€could€be€taken€unless€and€untilÏan€appeal€to€the€Judicial€Committee€of€the€Privy€Council€were€allowed€or€made.€ÏAccording€to€counsel,€the€pursuit€of€remedies€under€the€Jamaican€ConstitutionÏand€thereafter€to€the€Judicial€Committee€would€take€many€years.ÌÌòòÔ&  ÔThe€complaintóóÌÌ3.1Ô'  Ôà .àThe€author€contends€that€he€did€not€receive€a€fair€and€impartial€trial.€ÏThus,€in€relation€to€article€14,€paragraph€3€(e),€the€trial€transcript€revealsÏthat€no€witnesses€were€called€on€his€behalf€and€no€evidence€was€adduced€againstÏhis€claim€that€he€was€not€known€by€the€nickname€"Dap„si„Do"€but€insteadÏ"Windward".€€Nor€was€there€any€evidence€to€rebut€his€statement€that€fromÏ26September€1980€until€his€arrest€nearly€two€years€later,€he€remained€in€theÏarea€working€as€a€barman,€without€ever€being€questioned€about€W.H.'s€death.€ÏWithout€further€elaborating€on€his€claim€under€article€14,€paragraphs€3€(b)€andÏ(d),€he€submits€that€legal€assistance€available€to€individuals€charged€withÏcriminal€offences€in€Jamaica€is€such€that€witnesses€are€rarely€traced€and€expertÏwitnesses€are€hardly€ever€subpoenaed.ÌÌ3.2à .àThe€author€further€alleges€a€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€3€(c)€(andÏsubsidiarily€of€article€9,€paras.€2€and€3)€because€of€the€judicial€andÏadministrative€delays€in€the€case,€and€argues€that€a€delay€of€five€years€òòbóóòòóó/€inÏthe€execution€of€the€sentence€constitutes€"cruel€and€inhuman€treatment"€inÏviolation€of€article€7€of€the€Covenant.̇3.3à .àFinally,€counsel€argues€that€the€State€party€may€have€violated€article€6,Ïparagraph€5,€of€the€Covenant,€since€the€author€testified,€during€the€trial€inÏMay1983,€that€he€was€20€years€old.€€Accordingly,€it€may€be€that€he€was€underÏthe€age€of€18€when€the€offence€was€committed.ÌÌòòThe€State€party's€information€and€observationsóóÌÌ4.à .àIn€its€submissions€under€rule€91€of€the€rules€of€procedure,€the€State€partyÏcontended€that€the€communication€was€inadmissible€because€of€non„exhaustion€ofÏdomestic€remedies,€since€the€author€had€failed€to€petition€the€JudicialÏCommittee€of€the€Privy€Council€for€special€leave€to€appeal,€pursuant€toÏsection110€of€the€Jamaican€Constitution.ÌÌòòThe€Committee's€decision€on€admissibilityóóÌÌ5.1à .àDuring€its€44th€session,€the€Committee€considered€the€admissibility€of€theÏcommunication.€€With€respect€to€the€requirement€of€exhaustion€of€domesticÏremedies,€it€noted€that€the€Court€of€Appeal€of€Jamaica€had€not€issued€a€reasonedÏjudgement€in€the€case€but€confined€itself€to€delivering€a€"Note€of€OralÏJudgement".€€While€taking€note€of€the€State€party's€contention€that€the€JudicialÏCommittee€may€hear€petitions€for€leave€to€appeal€even€in€the€absence€of€aÏwritten€judgement€of€the€Court€of€Appeal,€the€Committee€considered,€basingÏitself€on€its€jurisprudence,€òòcóó/€that€the€Judicial€Committee€could€not,€in€itsÏpractice,€entertain€petitions€for€leave€to€appeal€which€are€not€corroborated€byÏa€reasoned€judgement€of€the€Court€of€Appeal€of€Jamaica.€€In€the€circumstances,Ïthe€Committee€found€that€a€petition€to€the€Judicial€Committee€did€not€constituteÏa€remedy€that€was€both€available€and€effective€within€the€meaning€of€article€5,Ïparagraph€2€(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ5.2à .àIn€respect€of€the€author's€claim€under€article€7,€the€Committee€observedÏthat€the€characterization€of€prolonged€detention€on€death€row€as€cruel,€inhumanÏand€degrading€treatment€had€not€been€placed€before€the€Jamaican€courts€and€that,Ïaccordingly,€domestic€remedies€had€not€been€exhausted.ÌÌ5.3à .àAs€to€the€author's€allegations€under€articles€6,€paragraph€5,€and€14,Ïparagraphs€3€(c)€and€(e),€the€Committee€considered€that€they€had€beenÏsubstantiated€and€that€they€deserved€consideration€on€the€merits.€€The€author'sÏremaining€allegations€were€not€considered€substantiated,€for€purposes€ofÏadmissibility.ÌÌ5.4à .àOn€20€March€1992,€therefore,€the€Committee€declared€the€communicationÏadmissible€in€so€far€as€it€appeared€to€raise€issues€under€articles€6,Ïparagraph5,€and€14,€paragraphs€3€(c)€and€(e),€of€the€Covenant;€it€reserved€theÏright€to€review€its€decision€in€respect€of€the€author's€claim€under€article€6,Ïparagraph€5,€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌòòThe€State€party's€further€observations€and€request€for€review€of€admissibilityÏand€counsel's€commentsóóÌÌ6.1à .àIn€a€submission€dated€2€September€1992,€the€State€party€observes€that€thereÏwas€no€violation€of€article€6,€paragraph€5,€in€the€author's€case:€€the€birthÏcertificate€shows€that€the€author€was€born€on€21€June€1962€and€that,Ïaccordingly,€he€was€no€longer€a€juvenile€at€the€time€of€the€commission€of€theÏoffence€(26€September€1980).ÌÌ6.2à .àThe€State€party€reiterates€that€the€communication€is€inadmissible€on€theÏground€of€failure€of€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€and€that€the€author€may€petition€the€Judicial€Committee€of€the€Privy€Council€even€in€the€absence€of€aÏwritten€judgement€of€the€Court€of€Appeal,€under€rules€3€and€4€of€the€rules€ofÏprocedure€of€the€Judicial€Committee.ÌÌ6.3à .àAs€to€the€claims€under€article€14,€paragraphs€3€(c)€and€(e),€the€StateÏparty€adds€that€it€would€further€be€open€to€the€author€to€seek€redress€for€anÏalleged€breach€of€his€rights€under€section€20€of€the€Jamaican€Constitution,Ïpursuant€to€section€25€thereof.€€The€State€party€observes€that€the€author€hasÏ"in€no€way€substantiated€allegations€[that]€witnesses€in€his€favour€were€notÏcalled€and€that€the€issue€of€whether€he€was€correctly€identified€was€notÏproperly€explored".€€In€the€State€party's€opinion,€the€issue€of€correctÏidentification€is€one€of€evidence,€the€review€of€which€is€the€function€of€anÏappellate€court€and€not,€save€in€exceptional€circumstances,€within€theÏcompetence€of€the€Committee.ÌÌ7.1à .àIn€his€comments,€counsel€concedes€that€Mr.€Allen€was€an€adult€when€theÏcrime€was€committed.ÌÌ7.2à .àCounsel€affirms€that€the€author€does€not€have€the€means€to€instruct€aÏlawyer€to€file€a€constitutional€motion€on€the€issue€of€delay€and/or€any€otherÏirregularity€under€the€Jamaican€Constitution.€€The€Poor€Prisoners'€Defence€ActÏdoes€not€provide€for€legal€aid€for€this€purpose,€and€no€lawyer€in€Jamaica€hasÏbeen€willing€to€file€a€motion€on€the€author's€behalf€on€a€òòpro€bonoóó€basis.€ÏCounsel€reiterates€that€even€if€the€author€were€in€the€position€to€file€such€aÏmotion,€Jamaican€courts€would€consider€themselves€bound€by€the€òòRileyóó€precedentÏ(see€para.€2.6€above).ÌÌ7.3à .àAs€to€the€availability€of€a€petition€for€special€leave€to€appeal€to€theÏPrivy€Council,€counsel€recalls€that€the€Privy€Council€does€not€act€as€a€simpleÏappellate€court,€and€that€it€will€only€grant€leave€to€appeal€upon€evidence€thatÏa€substantial€miscarriage€of€justice€has€occurred.€€Simple€misdirections€(to€theÏjury)€by€a€judge€are€not€sufficient.€€It€is€therefore€submitted€that€there€areÏno€grounds€on€which€to€petition€the€Judicial€Committee€(see€para.€2.5€above).ÌÌ7.4à .àFinally,€counsel€reiterates€that€the€delays€in€the€judicial€proceedings€didÏnot€arise€as€a€consequence€of€the€author€exercising€his€rights€of€appeal,€butÏsolely€as€a€result€of€"maladministration"€by€the€State€party.ÌÌòòReview€of€admissibility€and€consideration€of€the€meritsóóÌÌ8.1à .àThe€Committee€has€taken€note€of€the€State€party's€further€arguments€onÏadmissibility€and€of€counsel's€further€information€regarding€the€availability€ofÏconstitutional€remedies€in€Mr.€Allen's€case.ÌÌ8.2à .àWith€regard€to€the€State€party's€contention€that€constitutional€remediesÏare€still€open€to€Mr.€Allen,€the€Committee€recalls€that€domestic€remedies€withinÏthe€meaning€of€the€Optional€Protocol€must€be€both€available€and€effective.€€TheÏCommittee€considers€that,€in€the€absence€of€legal€aid€provided€by€the€StateÏparty€and€given€that€the€author€has€not€been€able€to€secure€legal€assistance€forÏthis€purpose,€a€constitutional€motion€does€not,€in€the€circumstances€of€theÏinstant€case,€constitute€an€available€remedy€within€the€meaning€of€article€5,Ïparagraph€2€(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€which€the€author€must€exhaust.€€TheÏCommittee,€therefore,€finds€no€reason€to€revise€its€decision€on€admissibility.ÌÌ8.3à .àThe€Committee€has€considered€the€claims€raised€in€the€communication€in€theÏlight€of€all€the€written€information€provided€by€the€parties.€€In€respect€of€theÏallegation€of€a€violation€of€article€6,€paragraph€5,€the€Committee€observes€that€the€State€party€has€conclusively€shown,€and€counsel€conceded,€that€Mr.€Allen€wasÏan€adult€when€the€crime€of€which€he€was€convicted€was€committed.€€Accordingly,Ïthe€Committee€concludes€that€there€has€been€no€violation€of€article€6,Ïparagraph5.ÌÌ8.4à .àThe€author€contends€that€he€did€not€have€a€fair€trial€within€the€meaning€ofÏarticle€14€of€the€Covenant,€although€he€does€not€claim€that€the€court€was€notÏimpartial€or€the€jury€biased.€€Thus,€he€claims€that€no€evidence€was€adduced€byÏthe€prosecution€to€rebut€his€claim€that€he€was€not€known€by€the€nicknameÏ"Dap-si„Do"€but€as€"Windward".€€He€further€observes€that€no€evidence€was€putÏforth€to€rebut€his€testimony€that€from€26€September€1980€until€his€arrest€inÏAugust€1982,€he€remained€in€the€area€working€as€a€barman,€without€ever€beingÏquestioned€about€W.H.'s€death.€€The€Committee€observes€that€these€claimsÏessentially€relate€to€the€evaluation€of€the€evidence€by€the€domestic€court.€€InÏthis€respect,€it€reiterates€that€it€is€generally€for€the€appellate€courts€ofÏStates€parties€to€the€Covenant€to€evaluate€the€facts€and€evidence€in€aÏparticular€case,€unless€it€is€clear€that€the€judge's€instructions€to€the€juryÏwere€arbitrary€or€amounted€to€a€denial€of€justice,€or€that€the€judge€violatedÏhis€obligation€of€impartiality.€€After€careful€consideration€of€the€materialÏbefore€it,€the€Committee€concludes€that€the€trial€did€not€suffer€from€suchÏdefects.€€Accordingly,€there€is€no€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€1,€in€thisÏrespect.ÌÌ8.5à .àThe€author€alleges€that€the€preparation€and€presentation€of€his€defenceÏwere€deficient,€in€that€no€witnesses€were€called€on€his€behalf.€€More€generally,Ïhe€contends€that€legal€assistance€available€to€individuals€charged€with€criminalÏoffences€in€Jamaica€is€such€that€witnesses€are€rarely€traced€or€subpoenaed€(seeÏpara.€3.1€above).€€In€respect€of€these€claims,€which€were€subsumed€underÏarticle14,€paragraph€3€(e),€in€the€admissibility€decision€of€20€March€1992,€theÏCommittee€notes€that€the€material€before€it€does€not€disclose€that€either€theÏauthor€or€his€counsel€complained€to€the€judge€that€facilities€for€theÏpreparation€of€the€defence€had€been€inadequate.€€Nor€is€there€an€indication€thatÏcounsel€decided€not€to€call€witnesses€on€Mr.€Allen's€behalf€other€than€in€theÏexercise€of€his€professional€judgement€or€that,€if€a€request€to€call€witnessesÏwas€made,€the€judge€disallowed€it€or€would€have€disallowed€it.€€In€theÏcircumstances,€the€Committee€finds€no€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€3€(e).ÌÌ8.6à .àThe€analysis€of€the€author's€communication€reveals€that€he€has€made€twoÏcomplaints€in€respect€of€the€issue€of€delay.€€His€initial€complaint€that€a€delayÏof€five€years€in€the€execution€of€the€sentence€of€death€constitutes€cruel,Ïinhuman€and€degrading€treatment€within€the€meaning€of€article€7€of€the€CovenantÏwas€declared€inadmissible€in€the€Committee's€admissibility€decision€ofÏ20March1992.€€The€author's€subsequent€claim,€relating€to€administrative€andÏjudicial€delays,€was€found€admissible€in€respect€of€article€14,€paragraph€3€(c).€ÏHowever,€the€substance€of€this€claim€has€remained€unclear,€and€no€material€inÏsupport€of€it€has€been€placed€before€the€Committee.€€In€the€circumstances,€theÏCommittee€finds€no€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€3€(c).ÌÌ9.à .àThe€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€theÏOptional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Ïis€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€do€not€disclose€a€violation€of€any€ofÏthe€provisions€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÌ[Adopted€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€originalÏversion].€€Ì̇à@ì .òàòòNotesóóˆÌÌà .àòòaóó/àø .øàOn€24€March€1993,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€adopted€its€views€inÏrespect€of€Mr.€Martin's€communication,€finding€no€violations€of€the€CovenantÏ(see€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„eighth€Session,€SupplementÏNo.40óó€(A/48/40),€annex€XII.J.€€Although€the€Judicial€Committee€of€the€PrivyÏCouncil€also€dismissed€Mr.Martin's€petition,€it€expressed€concern€about€theÏjudicial€delays€encountered€in€the€case.ÌÌà .àòòbóó/àø .øàThat€is,€at€the€time€of€submission€of€the€communicationÏ(October1988).ÌÌà .àòòcóó/àø .øàòòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„sixth€Session,ÏSupplement€No.40óó€(A/46/10),€annex€XI.D,€communication€No.€253/1987€(òòPaul€KellyÏv.€Jamaicaóó),€views€adopted€on€8April1991,€paras.€4.1€and€5.3.ÌÌÌÇ€€€€€€€€€€€F.€€òòCommunication€No.€333/1988,€Lenford€Hamilton€v.€JamaicaóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(òòviews€adopted€on€23€March€1994,€fiftieth€sessionóó)ÌÌòòÓ 8à8øÄP ÓSubmitted€byóó:€€€€€€€€€€€Lenford€Hamilton€(represented€by€counsel)ÌÌòòAlleged€victimóó:€€€€€€€€€The€authorÌÌòòState€partyóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€JamaicaÌÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€€7€November€1988€(initial€submission)ÌÌà .àòòThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà .àòòMeetingóó€on€23€March€1994,ÌÌà .àòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€333/1988,€submittedÏto€the€Human€Rights€Committee€on€behalf€of€Mr.€Lenford€Hamilton€under€theÏOptional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà .àòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€byÏthe€author€of€the€communication€and€the€State€party,ÌÌà .àòòAdoptsóó€its€views€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ1.à .àThe€author€of€the€communication€is€Lenford€Hamilton,€a€Jamaican€citizenÏunder€sentence€of€death,€detained€at€St.€Catherine€District€Prison,€Jamaica.€€HeÏclaims€to€be€a€victim€of€violations€by€Jamaica€of€articles€7€and€14€of€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€€He€is€represented€byÏcounsel.ÌÌòòThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€authoróóÌÌ2.1à .àThe€author€was€convicted€for€the€shooting€and€killing€of€a€policeman,ÏCaswellChristian,€on€27€February€1981€in€the€parish€of€St.€Catherine.€€TheÏdeceased€and€other€police€officers€were€in€the€process€of€searching€a€number€ofÏhouses€in€the€ghetto€area€of€Tawes€Pen€when€he€was€shot€from€behind€a€curtain€inÏthe€living€room€of€an€apartment€that€was€being€searched.€€It€was€submitted€thatÏat€least€two€police€officers€had€seen€the€author€running€away€from€the€block€ofÏapartments€where€the€shooting€had€taken€place.€€The€author€indicates€that€he€wasÏnot€arrested€until€almost€17€months€later,€on€23€July€1982.€€He€claims€that€heÏwas€not€placed€on€an€identification€parade€and€that€he€was€identified€byÏconfrontation€only.ÌÌ2.2à .àThe€author€was€tried€in€the€Home€Circuit€Court,€Kingston,€from€15€toÏ17November1983.€€From€the€trial€transcript,€it€transpires€that€the€policeÏofficers€who€had€arrested€the€author€at€the€Central€Police€Station€had€notÏthemselves€identified€the€author€at€the€scene€of€the€crime€but€merely€relied€onÏthe€reports€filed€by€two€other€police€officers.€€One€of€these€officers€testifiedÏduring€the€trial€that€he€had€not€been€able€to€see€the€face€of€the€accused€forÏmore€than€a€"split€second".ÌÌ2.3à .àUpon€conclusion€of€the€trial,€the€author€was€found€guilty€as€charged€andÏsentenced€to€death.€€He€appealed€to€the€Court€of€Appeal€of€Jamaica,€which€heardÏand€dismissed€the€appeal€on€14€January€1986.€€The€author€has€since€manifestedÏhis€desire€to€file€a€petition€for€special€leave€to€appeal€with€the€Judicial€Committee€of€the€Privy€Council,€but€has€been€unable€to€do€so,€as€the€Court€ofÏAppeal€did€not€issue€a€reasoned€judgement.ÌÌ2.4à .àOn€7€November€1988,€a€warrant€for€the€execution€of€the€author€onÏ15November1988€was€issued.€€On€14€November€1988,€he€was€given€a€stay€ofÏexecution,€pending€the€outcome€of€representations€to€the€Judicial€Committee€ofÏthe€Privy€Council€on€his€behalf.ÌÌòòThe€complaintóóÌÌ3.à .àThe€author€claims€to€be€a€victim€of€a€violation€of€article€7€of€theÏCovenant,€on€account€of€the€length€of€time€spent€on€death€row,€and€ofÏarticle14,€because€of€the€Court€of€Appeal's€failure€to€issue€a€reasonedÏjudgement.ÌÌòòThe€State€party's€information€and€observationsóóÌÌ4.1à .àIn€submissions€dated€3€March€and€7€July€1989€and€21€February€1990,€theÏState€party€argues€that€the€communication€is€inadmissible€on€the€ground€ofÏnon-exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€because€the€author€had€not€yet€applied€toÏthe€Judicial€Committee€of€the€Privy€Council€for€special€leave€to€appeal.ÌÌ4.2à .àAs€to€the€author's€contention€that€he€was€prevented€from€filing€a€petitionÏfor€special€leave€to€appeal€because€of€the€absence€of€a€reasoned€judgement€ofÏthe€Court€of€Appeal,€the€State€party€argues€that€this€statement€has€no€basis€inÏlaw€or€practice.€€It€observes€in€this€context€that€the€Judicial€CommitteeÏ(General€Appellate€Jurisdiction)€Rules€Order€1982€does€not€stipulate€that€aÏwritten€judgement€of€the€Court€of€Appeal€is€a€necessary€prerequisite€for€aÏpetition€for€special€leave€to€appeal€and€that,€in€practice,€the€JudicialÏCommittee€has€heard€several€petitions€in€the€absence€of€a€written€judgement.ÌÌ4.3à .àThe€State€party€further€submits€that€the€Court€of€Appeal€did€not€issue€aÏreasoned€judgement€in€the€author's€case€since€it€was€not€then€the€practice€ofÏthe€Court€to€do€so€in€appeals€considered€to€be€unmeritorious.ÌÌòòThe€Committee's€decision€on€admissibilityóóÌÌ5.1à .àDuring€its€forty„fourth€session€in€March€1992,€the€Committee€considered€theÏadmissibility€of€the€communication.€€It€noted€that€the€Court€of€Appeal€ofÏJamaica€had€still€not€issued€a€written€judgement€in€the€author's€case,€althoughÏthe€appeal€had€been€dismissed€more€than€six€years€earlier.€€It€concluded€that€inÏthe€circumstances,€the€application€of€domestic€remedies€had€been€unreasonablyÏprolonged€within€the€meaning€of€article€5,€paragraph€2€(b),€of€the€OptionalÏProtocol.ÌÌ5.2à .àAs€to€the€author's€allegation€of€a€violation€of€article€7€of€the€Covenant,Ïthe€Committee€considered€that€the€author€had€failed€to€substantiate€this€claim,Ïfor€purposes€of€admissibility,€and€concluded€that€Mr.€Hamilton€had€no€claimÏwithin€the€meaning€of€article€2€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ5.3à .àInasmuch€as€the€author's€claims€related€to€the€evaluation€of€the€evidenceÏagainst€him€by€the€Home€Circuit€Court€in€Kingston,€the€Committee,€by€referenceÏto€its€established€jurisprudence,òòaóó/€considered€that€this€part€of€theÏcommunication€was€inadmissible€under€article€3€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ5.4à .àFinally,€the€Committee€considered€that€the€Court€of€Appeal's€failure€toÏissue€a€written€judgement€could€raise€issues€under€article€14,€paragraphs3(c)€and€5,€which€should€be€considered€on€the€merits;€accordingly,€on€20March1992,Ïit€declared€the€communication€admissible€in€respect€of€article14,Ïparagraphs3(c)€and€5,€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌòòThe€State€party's€request€for€a€review€of€admissibility€and€counsel's€commentsóóÌÌ6.1à .àIn€a€submission€dated€11€February€1993,€the€State€party€reiterates€that€itÏconsiders€the€communication€inadmissible€on€the€ground€of€non-exhaustion€ofÏdomestic€remedies.€€It€observes€that€Mr.€Hamilton's€counsel€is€presently€in€theÏprocess€of€pursuing€two€domestic€remedies€available€to€his€client:€€firstly,€aÏcriminal€appeal€to€the€Judicial€Committee€of€the€Privy€Council€and,€secondly,€anÏapplication€to€the€Governor„General€under€section29(1)€of€the€JudicatureÏ(Appellate€Jurisdiction)€Act€to€have€the€author's€case€remitted€to€the€Court€ofÏAppeal€for€a€re„hearing.€€The€State€party€submits€that€it€is€"clear€that€theseÏare€domestic€remedies€available€to€the€author,€which€must€be€exhausted€beforeÏthe€Committee€is€competent€to€examine€the€case".ÌÌ6.2à .àThe€State€party€further€argues€that€the€author€may€still€seek€redress€underÏsection25€of€the€Constitution€for€any€alleged€violation€of€his€constitutionalÏrights;€in€this€context,€it€is€noted€that€the€right€in€article14,Ïparagraph3(c),€of€the€Covenant€is€similar€to€the€right€protected€underÏsection20,€paragraph1,€of€the€Jamaican€Constitution.ÌÌ7.1à .àIn€his€comments,€counsel€complains€that€the€State€party€has€failed€toÏaddress€the€merits€of€the€claims€under€article14,€paragraphs3(c)€and€5.€€HeÏobserves€that€the€Government€of€Jamaica€has€not€made€available€legal€aid€toÏMr.Hamilton€to€pursue€his€application€to€the€Governor„General€pursuant€toÏsection29(1)€of€the€Judicature€(Appellate€Jurisdiction)€Act;€this€remedy€isÏnot€therefore€available€to€him€in€practice.€€Similarly,€no€legal€aid€has€beenÏmade€available€under€section€25€of€the€Jamaican€Constitution€and,€accordingly,Ïthis€remedy€is€not€available€to€Mr.€Hamilton€in€practice€either.ÌÌ7.2à .àCounsel€notes€that€the€Court€of€Appeal€of€Jamaica€heard€Mr.Hamilton'sÏapplication€under€section29(1)€between€29€September€and€1€October€1993,€whenÏjudgement€was€reserved.€€To€date,€no€judgement€has€been€given.€€CounselÏcontends,€however,€that€the€issues€that€were€considered€by€the€Court€of€AppealÏof€Jamaica€under€section29(1)€were€entirely€different€from€those€submitted€toÏthe€Human€Rights€Committee€for€consideration.ÌÌ7.3à .àFinally,€counsel€observes€that€a€Notice€of€Intention€to€apply€for€specialÏleave€to€appeal€(òòin€forma€pauperisóó)€to€the€Judicial€Committee€could€be€filedÏwithout€necessarily€attaching€a€copy€of€the€reasoned€judgement€of€the€Court€ofÏAppeal.€€He€adds€that€in€practice,€however,€the€case€could€never€be€arguedÏbefore€the€Judicial€Committee€without€such€reasons€being€made€available€to€it.€ÏIn€this€context,€he€recalls€that€an€appeal€to€the€Judicial€Committee€is€againstÏthe€"judgement"€of€the€Court€of€Appeal.ÌÌòòReview€of€admissibility€and€considerations€of€meritsóóÌÌ8.1à .àThe€Committee€has€taken€note€of€the€parties'€arguments€made€in€respect€ofÏadmissibility.€€It€takes€the€opportunity€to€expand€on€its€admissibilityÏfindings.ÌÌ8.2à .àConcerning€a€re„hearing€of€the€author's€case€under€section€29€(1)€of€theÏJudicature€(Appellate€Jurisdiction)€Act,€the€Committee€notes€that€although€theÏauthor€was€not€assigned€legal€aid€for€the€purpose,€he€secured€legalÏrepresentation€for€it.€€This€is€evidenced€by€the€State€party's€own€submission€of€11February€1993€and€conceded€by€counsel,€who€points€to€the€fact€that€the€CourtÏof€Appeal€indeed€did€re„hear€the€case€between€29€September€and€1October1993.€ÏHowever,€as€counsel€indicates,€the€issues€before€the€Court€of€Appeal€differ€fromÏthose€before€the€Committee,€as€the€re„hearing€concerned€the€re„evaluation€ofÏevidence€in€the€case,€an€aspect€in€respect€of€which€the€communication€before€theÏCommittee€was€declared€inadmissible€under€article3€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€ÏAn€application€pursuant€to€section€29€(1)€of€the€Judicature€(AppellateÏJurisdiction)€Act€therefore€is€not€a€remedy€the€author€is€required€to€exhaustÏfor€purposes€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€in€this€particular€communication.ÌÌ8.3à .àSimilar€considerations€apply€to€the€possibility€of€a€petition€for€specialÏleave€to€appeal€to€the€Judicial€Committee€of€the€Privy€Council.€€On€the€basis€ofÏthe€information€before€the€Committee,€it€would€appear€that€the€author's€caseÏfalls€into€the€category€of€"fleeting€glance€identification",€for€which€theÏJudicial€Committee€established€precise€rules€and€guidelines€in€a€judgement€ofÏJuly1989.òòbóó/€However,€even€if€it€could€be€argued€that€the€directions€of€theÏJamaican€courts€on€the€"fleeting€glance"€identification€of€Mr.€Hamilton€did€notÏmeet€the€guidelines€established€by€the€Judicial€Committee,€it€is€not€this€issueÏwhich€is€before€the€Human€Rights€Committee;€furthermore,€the€absence€of€aÏreasoned€judgement€of€the€Court€of€Appeal€is€likely€to€prevent€the€author€fromÏsuccessfully€arguing€his€petition€before€the€Judicial€Committee€although€theÏavailability€of€the€judgement€is€not€a€precondition€for€lodging€an€applicationÏfor€special€leave€to€appeal.€€The€Committee€is€aware€that€the€Judicial€CommitteeÏhas€indicated€that€it€can€review€an€appeal€even€in€the€absence€of€a€writtenÏjudgement.€€But,€as€the€Judicial€Committee€itself€has€noted€in€the€recentÏjudgement€of€òòEarl€Pratt€and€Ivan€Morgan€v.€Attorney„Generalóó,òòcóó/€it€is€inÏpractice€"necessary€to€have€the€reasons€of€the€Court€of€Appeal€at€the€hearing€ofÏthe€application€for€special€leave€to€appeal,€as€without€them€it€is€not€usuallyÏpossible€to€identify€the€point€of€law€or€serious€miscarriage€of€justice€of€whichÏthe€appellant€complains".€€Under€the€Committee's€jurisprudence,€a€remedy€must€beÏeffective,€as€well€as€formally€available.€€An€appeal€on€the€merits€would€thusÏnecessarily€require€a€written€judgement.€€Accordingly,€the€Committee€finds€thatÏit€is€unnecessary,€in€order€to€exhaust€local€remedies,€to€petition€the€JudicialÏCommittee€for€special€leave€to€appeal€in€the€absence€of€a€reasoned€writtenÏjudgement.ÌÌ8.4à .àAs€to€the€possibility€of€filing€a€constitutional€motion€pursuant€toÏsection25€of€the€Jamaican€Constitution,€it€is€uncontested€that€no€legal€aid€isÏavailable€for€the€purpose.€€As€the€author€would€have€to€rely€on€the€provision€ofÏlegal€aid,€the€Committee€considers€that€in€the€absence€of€legal€aid,€aÏconstitutional€motion€does€not,€in€the€circumstances€of€the€case,€constitute€anÏavailable€and€effective€remedy€within€the€meaning€of€article5,€paragraph2(b),Ïof€the€Optional€Protocol.€Accordingly,€the€Committee€has€no€reason€to€reviewÏits€decision€of€admissibility€of€20€March€1992.ÌÌ9.1à .àIt€remains€for€the€Committee€to€decide€whether€the€failure€of€the€JamaicanÏCourt€of€Appeal€to€issue€a€reasoned€written€judgement€violated€the€author'sÏrights€under€article14,€paragraphs3(c)€and€5.€€Article14,€paragraph5,Ïguarantees€the€right€of€convicted€persons€to€have€the€conviction€and€sentenceÏreviewed€by€a€"higher€tribunal€according€to€law".€€The€Committee,€having€notedÏthat€the€failure€to€issue€a€reasoned€written€judgement€has€effectively€preventedÏthe€availability€of€a€further€remedy,€also€finds€that€the€author's€right,€underÏarticle14,€paragraphs€3€(c)€and€5,€to€be€tried€without€undue€delay€and€to€haveÏhis€sentence€reviewed€by€a€higher€tribunal€according€to€law,€has€been€violated.ÌÌ9.2à .àThe€Committee€is€of€the€opinion€that€the€imposition€of€a€sentence€of€deathÏupon€conclusion€of€judicial€proceedings€in€which€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€have€not€been€respected€constitutes,€if€no€further€appeal€against€the€sentenceÏis€available,€a€violation€of€article€6€of€the€Covenant.€€As€the€CommitteeÏobserved€in€its€general€comment€6(16),€the€provision€that€a€sentence€of€deathÏmay€only€be€imposed€in€accordance€with€the€law€and€not€contrary€to€theÏprovisions€of€the€Covenant€implies€that€"the€procedural€guarantees€thereinÏprescribed€must€be€observed,€including€the€right€to€a€fair€hearing€by€anÏindependent€tribunal,€the€presumption€of€innocence,€the€minimum€guarantees€forÏthe€defence€and€the€right€to€review€by€a€higher€tribunal".òòdóó/€€In€the€instantÏcase,€since€the€final€sentence€of€death€was€passed€and€an€important€requirementÏunder€article14€was€not€met,€it€must€be€concluded€that€the€right€protectedÏunder€article€6€of€the€Covenant€was€violated.ÌÌ9.3à .àThe€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€theÏOptional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Ïis€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violation€of€article€14,Ïparagraphs€3€(c)€and€5,€and€consequently€of€article€6€of€the€Covenant.€€ÌÌ10.à .àIn€capital€punishment€cases,€the€obligation€of€States€parties€to€observeÏrigorously€all€the€guarantees€for€a€fair€trial€set€out€in€article€14€of€theÏCovenant€admits€of€no€exception.€€The€Committee€is€of€the€view€thatÏMr.LenfordHamilton,€victim€of€a€violation€of€article€14,€paragraphs3(c)€andÏ5,€and€consequently€of€article€6,€is€entitled,€pursuant€to€article€2,Ïparagraph3(a),€of€the€Covenant,€to€an€effective€remedy€entailing€his€release;Ïthe€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€notÏoccur€in€the€future.ÌÌ11.à .àThe€Committee€would€wish€to€receive€information,€within€90days,€on€anyÏrelevant€measures€taken€by€the€State€party€in€respect€of€the€Committee's€views.ÌÌÌ[Adopted€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€originalÏversion.]ÌÌÌà@ì .òàòòNotesóóˆÌÌà .àòòaóó/àø .øàSee,€for€example,€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„¼sixth€Session,€Supplement€No.40óó€(A/46/40),€annex€XII.E,€communicationÏNo.304/1988,€(òòD.€S.€v.€Jamaicaóó)€declared€inadmissible€on€11€April€1991,Ïparagraph5.2.ÌÌà .àòòbóó/àø .øàòòOliver€Whylie€et€al.€v.€the€Attorney„General€of€Jamaicaóó.ÌÌà .àòòcóó/àø .øàJudicial€Committee€of€the€Privy€Council,€judgement€of€2November1993,Ïp.8.ÌÌà .àòòdóó/àø .øàòòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Thirty„seventh€Session,ÏSupplement€No.40óó€(A/37/40),€annex€V,€general€comment€6(16),€para.7).ÌÌÌÇÓH!Ó€€€€€€€€€€€G.€€òòCommunication€No.€352/1989,€Dennis€Douglas,€Errol€GentlesóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòand€Lorenzo€Kerr€v.€Jamaica€(views€adopted€onóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òò19€October€1993,€forty„ninth€sessionóó)€ÌÌòòSubmitted€byóó:€€€€€€€€€€€Dennis€Douglas,€Errol€Gentles€and€Lorenzo€KerrÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(represented€by€counsel)ÌÌòòAlleged€victimsóó:€€€€€€€€The€authorsÌÌòòState€partyóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€JamaicaÌÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€€9€March€1989€(initial€submission)ÌÌà .àòòThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà .àòòMeetingóó€on€19€October€1993,ÌÌà .àòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€352/1989,€submittedÏto€the€Human€Rights€Committee€by€Messrs.€Dennis€Douglas,€Errol€Gentles€andÏLorenzo€Kerr€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€CivilÏand€Political€Rights,ÌÌà .àòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€byÏthe€authors€of€the€communication,€their€counsel€and€the€State€party,ÌÌà .àòòAdoptsóó€its€views€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌòòThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€authorsóóÌÌ1.à .àThe€authors€of€the€communication€are€Errol€Gentles,€Lorenzo€Kerr€andÏDennisDouglas,€three€Jamaican€citizens€awaiting€execution€at€St.€CatherineÏDistrict€Prison,€Jamaica.€€They€claim€to€be€victims€of€violations€of€their€humanÏrights€by€the€Government€of€Jamaica.€€They€are€represented€by€counsel.ÌÌ2.1à .àThe€authors€were€charged€with€the€murder,€on€30€August€1980€in€the€ParishÏof€Clarendon,€of€one€Howard€Campbell.€€They€were€tried€in€the€Clarendon€DistrictÏCourt,€found€guilty€as€charged€and€sentenced€to€death€on€10€April€1981.€€OnÏ14April€1983,€the€Jamaican€Court€of€Appeal€dismissed€their€appeal.€€A€petitionÏfor€special€leave€to€appeal€to€the€Judicial€Committee€of€the€Privy€Council€wasÏdismissed€on€6€October€1988.ÌÌ2.2à .àAccording€to€the€authors,€Howard€Campbell€was€sitting€on€a€bench€by€theÏroadside€in€the€village€of€Woodside,€Clarendon,€when€a€van€with€armed€men€passedÏthrough€the€village.€€These€men,€together€with€two€motor„cyclists,€began€toÏmolest€and€attack€the€villagers.€€The€prosecution€contended€that€the€raiders€hadÏacted€with€intention€to€kill.€€In€particular,€they€caught€the€deceased,€beat€andÏstabbed€him€to€death.€€Furthermore,€as€the€attack€occurred€during€the€campaignÏfor€a€general€election,€it€was€suggested€that€it€could€have€had€politicalÏovertones.ÌÌ2.3à .àThe€authors€denied€having€taken€part€in€the€raid€and€testified€that€theyÏhad€been€elsewhere€when€the€crime€occurred.€€In€particular,€Mr.€Gentles'€uncleÏsupported€his€alibi€defence,€testifying€that€he€had€been€home€with€him€at€theÏtime€in€question.€€The€authors€claim€that€no€identification€parade€was€heldÏfollowing€their€arrest.€€In€this€connection,€Lorenzo€Kerr€and€Errol€GentlesÏclaimed,€in€their€petition€for€special€leave€to€appeal€to€the€Privy€Council,Ïthat€identification€evidence€was€central€to€their€case.€€They€alleged€that€threeÏpolice€constables€who€testified€during€the€trial€were€invited€by€the€prosecution€Ó…+Óto€identify€them€from€the€dock;€this,€however,€happened€seven€months€after€theÏmurder.€€Thus,€the€principal€ground€of€appeal€was€that€the€judge,€in€hisÏsumming-up€to€the€jury,€misdirected€the€jurors€on€the€issue€of€identificationÏevidence€and€permissibility€of€dock€identification,€and€that€he€erred€in€notÏpointing€out€the€dangers€inherent€in€such€methods€of€identification.€€Moreover,Ïthey€argued€that€the€judge,€in€reviewing€the€identification€evidence,€did€notÏremind€the€jury€that,€during€the€preliminary€inquiry,€one€of€the€constables€whoÏtestified€against€them€had€not€stated€that€he€had€seen€the€authors€stabbing€theÏdeceased.ÌÌ2.4à .àThe€Court€of€Appeal,€when€dealing€with€the€issue€of€identificationÏevidence,€rejected€the€authors'€argument€and€observed:€€"In€our€view,€theÏlearned€trial€judge€in€directing€the€jury€on€the€dangers€inherent€in€visualÏidentification€had€in€mind€òòR.€v.€Whylieóó.€€The€language€of€the€directions€is€theÏlanguage€of€that€case."€€The€authors€object€to€this€reasoning€and€contend€thatÏthe€dangers€inherent€in€dock€identification€are€recognized€by€the€courts€in€mostÏCommonwealth€countries.ÌÌ2.5à .àFor€Mr.€Dennis€Douglas,€it€is€claimed€that€the€judge€erred€in€not€puttingÏthe€issue€of€manslaughter€to€the€jury.€€Without€an€alternative€manslaughterÏverdict€to€consider,€the€jury€was€bound€to€convict€him€of€murder€after€rejectingÏhis€alibi€defence.ÌÌ2.6à .àIn€a€further€submission€from€the€authors,€dated€11€August€1989,€it€isÏstated€that€the€authors€were€victims€of€a€miscarriage€of€justice,€in€that€theÏpolice€did€not€place€them€on€an€identification€parade.€€It€is€further€submittedÏthat€they€did€not€have€an€opportunity€to€consult€with€their€court-appointedÏlawyers.ÌÌòòThe€complaintóóÌÌ3.à .àAlthough€the€authors€do€not€invoke€any€of€the€provisions€of€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€it€appears€from€theirÏsubmissions€that€they€claim€to€be€victims€of€a€violation€by€Jamaica€ofÏarticle14€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ4.1à .àCounsel's€submission€of€10€February€1993€contains€several€fresh€allegationsÏwhich€the€Human€Rights€Committee€is€precluded€from€considering,€since€they€wereÏformulated€after€the€Committee,€on€15€March€1990,€declared€the€communicationÏadmissible€in€so€far€as€it€appeared€to€raise€issues€under€article€14,Ïparagraphs3(b)€and€(d)€and€5,€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ4.2à .àWith€regard€to€a€violation€of€article€14,€paragraphs€3(b)€and€(d),€counselÏsubmits€that€each€author€was€denied€adequate€legal€representation€for€theirÏtrial€in€that:ÌÌà .à(a)àø .øàAll€three€were€represented€by€the€same€junior€counsel,€Mr.€J.H.,€andÏleading€counsel,€Mr.€N.E.€QC;ÌÌà .à(b)àø .øàJunior€counsel€was€also€representing€the€fourth€co-defendant€in€theÏsame€trial;ÌÌà .à(c)àø .øàUntil€the€first€day€of€the€trial,€N.E.€and€J.H.,€together€withÏanother€attorney,€were€also€representing€the€fifth€co-defendant.€€Only€prior€toÏthe€empanelling€of€the€jury,€this€co-defendant€requested€to€be€solelyÏrepresented€by€the€other€attorney.ÌÌ4.3à .àFurthermore,€the€amount€of€time€allocated€to€each€of€the€authors€for€theÏpreparation€of€the€trial€is€said€to€have€been€insufficient€for€them€and€theirÏrepresentatives€to€prepare€the€defence€in€any€meaningful€way.€€Sufficient€timeÏwas€particularly€important€as€the€trial€involved€the€preparation€of€complexÏcross-examination€on€the€issue€of€identification.€€Moreover,€the€preparation€ofÏthe€authors'€defence€is€said€to€have€been€prejudiced€by€the€State€party'sÏfailure€to€provide€them€or€their€legal€representatives€with€the€prosecutionÏstatements€at€a€sufficiently€early€stage€before€the€trial,€or€at€all.ÌÌà .àThus,€with€regard€to€Dennis€Douglas'€case,€it€is€submitted€that€he€only€metÏwith€junior€counsel€on€two€occasions€prior€to€the€trial.€€During€the€firstÏmeeting€in€prison,€the€author€was€allegedly€denied€privacy€and€therefore€couldÏnot€adequately€instruct€counsel.€€Leading€counsel€attended€only€the€secondÏmeeting,€which€took€place€immediately€prior€to€the€preliminary€hearing€onÏ16October€1989,€and€which€lasted€20€minutes.€€The€only€other€opportunity€toÏgive€instructions€and€discuss€the€case€with€his€legal€representatives€took€placeÏat€the€court€for€five€minutes€each€day€during€the€trial,€before€the€hearingÏstarted.€€It€is€further€submitted€that€Mr.€Douglas€was€first€made€aware€of€theÏprosecution€case€against€him€during€the€preliminary€enquiry,€some€five€monthsÏafter€his€arrest,€and€that€it€is€not€clear€whether€he€was€ever€shown€or€asked€toÏcomment€on€the€prosecution€statements€prior€to€the€trial.ÌÌà .àLorenzo€Kerr€submits€that€although€counsel€promised€to€try€to€obtain€theÏprosecution€statements,€he€was€never€shown€or€asked€to€comment€on€them€prior€toÏthe€trial.ÌÌà .àAs€to€Errol€Gentles'€case,€it€is€submitted€that€he€first€met€with€counselÏat€the€preliminary€enquiry,€for€a€brief€interview,€and€that€he€then€firstÏlearned€of€the€prosecution€case€against€him.€€He€had€no€further€meetings€withÏeither€leading€or€junior€counsel€prior€to€the€trial.€€It€is€further€submittedÏthat€it€is€unclear€whether€he€was€ever€shown€or€asked€to€comment€on€theÏprosecution€statements€prior€to€the€trial.ÌÌ4.4à .àCounsel€concludes€that€the€fact€that€one€leading€and€one€junior€counselÏ(who€initially€represented€five€co-defendants)€were€assigned€to€represent€allÏthree€authors€prejudiced€their€case,€since€their€instructions€could€not€beÏadequately€taken€prior€to€and€during€the€trial,€nor€could€their€cases€beÏadequately€presented.ÌÌ4.5à .àAs€to€the€preparation€of€the€appeal€to€the€Jamaican€Court€of€Appeal,€it€isÏsubmitted€that€the€authors€were€not€granted€any€privacy€when€consulting€theirÏlegal€representatives,€and€that€the€consultations€were€limited€to€20€minutes.ÌÌ4.6à .àFinally,€counsel€submits€that€the€State€party's€failure€to€make€legal€aidÏavailable€to€the€authors€to€pursue€a€constitutional€motion€under€sections€20€andÏ25€of€the€Jamaican€Constitution€amounts€to€a€violation€of€article€14,Ïparagraph5,€of€the€Covenant.€€In€this€context,€reference€is€made€toÏparagraph8.4€of€the€Committee's€views€in€Communication€No.€230/1987Ïòòóó(òòRaphaelHenry€v.€Jamaicaóó)€òòaóó/,€where€the€Committee€found€that€the€wordsÏ"according€to€law"€in€article€14,€paragraph€5,€mean€that€if€domestic€lawÏprovides€for€further€instances€of€appeal,€the€convicted€person€must€haveÏeffective€access€to€each€of€them.ÌÌòòThe€State€party's€admissibility€observations€and€the€authors'€comments€thereonóóÌÌ5.1à .àIn€its€submission€of€20€July€1989,€the€State€party€contends€that€theÏcommunication€is€inadmissible€on€the€ground€of€non-exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€as€required€by€article€5,€paragraph€2(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€ÏAlthough€the€authors'€petitions€for€leave€to€appeal€to€the€Judicial€Committee€ofÏthe€Privy€Council€have€been€dismissed,€the€authors€could€still€avail€themselvesÏof€constitutional€remedies.ÌÌ5.2à .àIn€his€comments,€counsel€denies€that€constitutional€remedies€remain€open€toÏhis€clients€and€submits€that€the€authors€cannot€afford€to€retain€a€lawyer€forÏthe€purposes€of€a€constitutional€motion.€€Furthermore,€there€is€no€provision€inÏthe€Poor€Prisoners'€Defence€Act€for€legal€aid€for€that€particular€purpose;€theÏJamaica€Council€for€Human€Rights€had€made€considerable€but€unsuccessful€effortsÏto€retain€lawyers€on€a€òòpro€bonoóó€basis.€€Counsel€contends€that€if€aÏconstitutional€remedy€is€theoretically€available€to€the€authors,€in€practiceÏthis€is€not€the€case.ÌÌòòThe€Committee's€decision€on€admissibilityóóÌÌ6.1à .àDuring€its€thirty„eighth€session,€in€March€1990,€the€Committee€consideredÏthe€admissibility€of€the€communication.€€It€took€note€of€the€State€party'sÏcontention€that€the€communication€was€inadmissible€because€of€the€authors'Ïfailure€to€pursue€constitutional€remedies.€€In€the€circumstances€of€the€case,Ïthe€Committee€considered€that€recourse€to€the€Constitutional€Court€underÏsection25€of€the€Jamaican€Constitution€was€not€a€remedy€available€to€theÏauthors€within€the€meaning€of€article€5,€paragraph€2(b),€of€the€OptionalÏProtocol.ÌÌ6.2à .àThe€Committee€further€considered€that€some€of€the€authors'€allegationsÏpertained€to€the€issue€of€the€adequacy€of€the€judge's€instructions€to€the€jury,Ïin€particular€to€the€issue€of€the€treatment€of€identification€evidence€and€theÏpossibility€of€a€manslaughter€verdict.€€The€Committee€reiterated€that€it€is,€inÏprinciple,€beyond€its€competence€to€review€specific€instructions€to€the€jury€byÏthe€judge,€unless€it€can€be€ascertained€that€the€instructions€to€the€jury€wereÏclearly€arbitrary€or€amounted€to€a€denial€of€justice,€or€that€the€judge€clearlyÏviolated€his€obligation€of€impartiality.€€In€the€circumstances,€the€CommitteeÏfound€that€the€judge's€instructions€did€not€suffer€from€such€defects.ÌÌ6.3à .àOn€15€March€1990,€the€Committee€declared€the€communication€admissible€inÏrespect€of€article€14,€paragraphs€3(b)€and€(d)€and€5,€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌòòThe€State€party's€objections€to€the€admissibility€decision€and€counsel'sÏcomments€thereonóóÌÌ7.1à .àIn€a€submission€of€6€February€1991,€the€State€party€requests€the€CommitteeÏto€review€its€decision€on€admissibility.ÌÌ7.2à .àThe€State€party€submits€that€nothing€in€the€Optional€Protocol€or€inÏcustomary€international€law€supports€the€contention€that€an€individual€isÏrelieved€of€the€obligation€to€exhaust€domestic€remedies€on€the€mere€ground€thatÏthere€is€no€provision€for€legal€aid€and€that€his€indigence€has€prevented€himÏfrom€resorting€to€an€available€remedy.€€It€is€submitted€that€the€Covenant€onlyÏimposes€a€duty€to€provide€legal€aid€in€respect€of€criminal€offences€(art.14,Ïpara.3(d)).€€Moreover,€international€conventions€dealing€with€economic,€socialÏand€cultural€rights€do€not€impose€an€unqualified€obligation€on€States€toÏimplement€such€rights:€€article€2€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Economic,ÏSocial€and€Cultural€Rights€provides€for€the€progressive€realization€of€economicÏrights€and€relates€to€the€"capacity€of€implementation€of€States".€€In€theÏcircumstances,€the€State€party€argues€that€it€is€incorrect€to€infer€from€the€authors'€indigence€and€the€absence€of€legal€aid€for€constitutional€motions€thatÏthe€remedy€is€necessarily€non-existent€or€unavailable.ÌÌ8.1à .àIn€his€submission€of€10€February€1993,€counsel€comments€on€the€StateÏparty's€request€for€review€of€the€admissibility€decision,€pointing€out€that€theÏauthors€were€arrested€in€1980,€tried€and€convicted€in€1981,€and€that€theÏJamaican€Court€of€Appeal€dismissed€their€appeal€in€1983.€€It€is€submitted€that€aÏfurther€appeal€to€the€Supreme€(Constitutional)€Court€would,€in€the€circumstancesÏof€the€case,€entail€an€unreasonable€prolongation€of€the€application€of€domesticÏremedies.ÌÌ8.2à .àCounsel€further€submits€that€a€constitutional€motion€in€the€SupremeÏ(Constitutional)€Court€of€Jamaica€would€fail,€in€the€light€of€the€precedent€setÏby€the€Judicial€Committee's€decisions€in€òòDPP€v.€Nasrallaóó€òòbóó/€and€òòRiley€et€al.€v.ÏAttorney€General€of€Jamaicaóó€òòcóó/,€where€it€was€held€that€the€Jamaican€ConstitutionÏwas€intended€to€prevent€the€enactment€of€unjust€laws€and€not€merely€unjustÏtreatment€under€the€law.ÌÌ8.3à .àAs€to€the€State€party's€contention€that€nothing€in€the€Optional€Protocol€orÏin€customary€international€law€supports€the€contention€that€a€person€is€relievedÏof€the€obligation€to€exhaust€local€remedies€on€the€ground€that€there€is€noÏprovision€for€legal€aid€and€that€his€indigence€has€prevented€him€from€utilizingÏan€available€remedy,€it€is€submitted€that€such€requirement€must€be€deemed€toÏexist€particularly€in€countries€where€indigence€and€poverty€are€common,€andÏwhere€those€who€can€afford€legal€representation€are€few€and€far€between.€€To€doÏotherwise€would€make€the€provisions€relating€to€the€exhaustion€of€domesticÏremedies€empty€and€meaningless.€€It€cannot€have€been€the€intention€of€those€whoÏdrafted€the€Optional€Protocol€that€a€State€party€can€claim€non-exhaustion€whereÏsuch€is€mainly€attributable€to€that€State€party's€failure€to€provide€the€authorÏwith€the€financial€means€to€do€so.€€To€decide€otherwise€would€make€article€2€ofÏthe€Covenant€meaningless.€€Pursuant€to€that€article,€State€parties€undertake€toÏguarantee€the€rights€in€the€Covenant€"without€distinction€of€any€kind,€such€asÏ...€property€...€or€another€status".€€To€effectively€limit€the€constitutionalÏremedies€to€those€who€can€afford€the€legal€fees€would€be€incompatible€with€theÏwording€of€the€provision€and€the€rights€which€the€Covenant€seeks€to€secureÏ"without€distinction€of€any€kind".ÌÌòòReconsideration€of€admissibility€issues€and€examination€of€the€meritsóóÌÌ9.1à .àThe€Committee€has€taken€note€of€the€State€party's€request€to€review€itsÏdecision€on€admissibility,€as€well€as€its€criticism€of€the€reasoning€leading€toÏthe€decision€of€15€March€1990.€€It€takes€the€opportunity€to€explain€itsÏadmissibility€findings.ÌÌ9.2à .àThe€Committee€notes€that€the€Supreme€Court€of€Jamaica€has,€in€recent€cases,Ïallowed€applications€for€constitutional€redress€in€respect€of€breaches€ofÏfundamental€rights,€after€the€criminal€appeals€in€these€cases€had€beenÏdismissed.€€However,€it€also€notes€that,€in€the€instant€case€as€well€as€in€otherÏcases,€òòdóó/€the€State€party€indicates€that€legal€aid€is€not€provided€forÏconstitutional€motions,€and€that€it€has€no€obligation€under€the€Covenant€to€makeÏlegal€aid€available€in€respect€of€such€motions,€as€they€do€not€involve€theÏdetermination€of€a€criminal€charge,€as€required€under€article€14,Ïparagraph3(d),€of€the€Covenant.€€In€the€view€of€the€Committee,€this€supportsÏthe€finding,€made€in€its€decision€on€admissibility,€that€a€constitutional€motionÏis€not€an€available€remedy€for€an€author€who€has€no€means€of€his€own€to€pursueÏit.€€In€this€context,€the€Committee€observes€that€the€authors€do€not€claim€thatÏthey€are€absolved€from€pursuing€constitutional€remedies€because€of€their€indigence;€rather€it€is€the€State€party's€unwillingness€or€inability€to€provideÏlegal€aid€for€the€purpose€that€renders€the€remedy€one€that€need€not€be€pursuedÏfor€purposes€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€€As€to€the€State€party's€argument€thatÏinternational€conventions€dealing€with€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights€doÏnot€impose€an€unqualified€obligation€on€States€to€implement€such€rights,€theÏCommittee€observes€that€the€question€of€whether€remedies€remain€available€to€theÏauthor€within€the€meaning€of€article€5,€paragraph€2€(b),€of€the€OptionalÏProtocol€is€entirely€distinct€from€and€has€no€bearing€on€the€issue€ofÏprogressive€realization€of€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights.ÌÌ9.3à .àThe€Committee€further€observes€that€the€authors€were€arrested€in€1980,Ïtried€and€convicted€in€1981,€and€that€their€appeal€was€dismissed€in€1983.€€TheÏCommittee€deems€that€for€purposes€of€article€5,€paragraph€2€(b),€of€the€OptionalÏProtocol,€the€pursuit€of€constitutional€remedies€would,€in€the€circumstances€ofÏthe€case,€entail€an€unreasonable€prolongation€of€the€application€of€domesticÏremedies.€€Accordingly,€there€is€no€reason€to€revise€the€decision€onÏadmissibility€of€15€March€1990.ÌÌ10.1€€The€Committee€notes€with€regret€the€absence€of€cooperation€from€the€StateÏparty,€which€has€not€made€any€submission€on€the€substance€of€the€matters€underÏconsideration.€€It€is€implicit€in€article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€OptionalÏProtocol,€that€a€State€party€should€make€available€to€the€Committee€all€theÏinformation€at€its€disposal;€this€is€so€even€where€the€State€party€objects€toÏthe€admissibility€of€the€communication€and€requests€the€Committee€to€review€itsÏadmissibility€decision,€as€requests€for€a€review€of€admissibility€are€examinedÏby€the€Committee€in€the€context€of€the€consideration€of€the€merits€of€a€case,Ïpursuant€to€rule€93,€paragraph€4,€of€the€rules€of€procedure.ÌÌ10.2€€The€Committee€also€takes€the€opportunity€to€express€concern€about€the€factÏthat€counsel,€in€spite€of€two€reminders,€submitted€his€comments€on€the€StateÏparty's€submission€two€years€after€its€receipt€and€only€substantiated€the€claimsÏalmost€three€years€after€the€adoption€of€the€decision€on€admissibility.€ÏParagraph€8€(d)€of€the€Committee's€decision€on€admissibility€in€the€caseÏprovides€that:€€"Any€explanations€or€statements€received€from€the€State€partyÏshall€be€communicated€...€to€the€authors€and€their€counsel€...€with€the€requestÏthat€any€comments€that€they€may€wish€to€submit€thereon€should€reach€the€HumanÏRights€Committee€...€within€six€weeks€of€the€date€of€the€transmittal".€€WhileÏthe€submission€of€any€comments€is€left€to€the€discretion€of€the€authors€andÏtheir€counsel,€the€Committee€considers€that€any€author€or€counsel€who€wishes€toÏsubstantiate€his/her€claims€or€wishes€to€comment€on€a€State€party's€submission,Ïshould€do€so€in€a€timely€manner€so€as€to€enable€the€Committee€to€conclude€itsÏexamination€in€an€appropriately€expeditious€way.ÌÌ11.1€€In€respect€of€the€authors'€claims€under€article€14,€paragraphs€3€(b)Ïand(d),€the€Committee€reiterates€that€the€right€of€an€accused€person€to€haveÏadequate€time€and€facilities€for€the€preparation€of€his€defence€is€an€importantÏelement€of€the€guarantee€of€a€fair€trial€and€a€corollary€of€the€principle€ofÏequality€of€arms.€€The€determination€of€what€constitutes€adequate€time€dependsÏon€an€assessment€of€the€particular€circumstances€of€each€case.€€The€materialÏbefore€the€Committee€discloses€that€neither€leading€nor€junior€counsel€nor€theÏauthors€complained€to€the€trial€judge€that€the€time€or€facilities€for€theÏpreparation€of€the€defence€had€been€inadequate.€€The€Committee€notes€that€if€theÏauthors€or€counsel€had€felt€that€they€were€improperly€prepared,€it€would€haveÏbeen€incumbent€upon€them€to€request€an€adjournment€of€the€trial.€€Moreover,€theÏCommittee€cannot€conclude,€on€the€basis€of€the€available€material,€that€theÏauthors'€representatives€were€unable€to€represent€them€adequately,€nor€that€theyÏdisplayed€lack€of€professional€judgement€in€the€conduct€of€the€defence€of€their€clients.€€The€same€is€true€for€the€appeal.€€The€written€judgement€of€the€CourtÏof€Appeal€reveals€that€each€of€the€authors€was€represented€before€the€Court€byÏdifferent€counsel,€and€there€is€no€evidence€that€their€lawyers€were€unable€toÏprepare€the€cases€properly€for€the€appeal.€€The€Committee€therefore€finds€noÏviolation€of€article€14,€paragraphs€3€(b)€and€(d).ÌÌ11.2€€It€remains€for€the€Committee€to€decide€whether€the€failure€of€the€StateÏparty€to€make€legal€aid€available€to€the€authors€for€purposes€of€aÏconstitutional€motion€violated€their€rights€under€article€14,€paragraph€5,€ofÏthe€Covenant.€€Article€14,€paragraph€5,€guarantees€the€right€of€convictedÏpersons€to€have€the€conviction€and€sentence€reviewed€"by€a€higher€tribunalÏaccording€to€law".€€In€this€context,€the€authors€claim€that€because€of€theÏnon-availability€of€legal€aid,€they€are€denied€effective€access€to€the€SupremeÏ(Constitutional)€Court€of€Jamaica.€€In€its€previous€jurisprudence,€òòeóó/€theÏCommittee€had€examined€the€question€whether€article€14,€paragraph€5,€guaranteesÏthe€right€to€a€single€appeal€to€a€higher€tribunal€or€whether€it€guarantees€theÏpossibility€of€further€appeals€when€these€are€provided€for€by€the€law€of€theÏState€concerned.€€It€observed€that€the€Covenant€does€not€require€States€partiesÏto€provide€for€several€instances€of€appeal.€€It€found,€however,€that€the€wordsÏ"according€to€law"€in€article€14,€paragraph€5,€must€be€understood€to€mean€thatÏif€domestic€law€provides€for€further€instances€of€appeal,€the€convicted€personÏshould€have€effective€access€to€each€of€them.€€The€Committee€observes€that€inÏthe€instant€case,€the€State€party€provided€the€authors€with€the€necessary€legalÏprerequisites€for€an€appeal€of€the€criminal€conviction€and€sentence€to€the€CourtÏof€Appeal€and€to€the€Judicial€Committee€of€the€Privy€Council.€€It€furtherÏobserves€that€Jamaican€law€also€provides€for€the€possibility€of€recourse€to€theÏConstitutional€Court,€which€is€not,€as€such,€a€part€of€the€criminal€appealÏprocess.€€Thus,€the€Committee€finds€that€the€availability€of€legal€aid€forÏconstitutional€motions€is€not€required€under€article€14,€paragraph€5,€of€theÏCovenant.€€Accordingly,€the€Committee€concludes€that€the€authors'€rights€underÏthis€provision€were€not€violated.ÌÌ12.à .àThe€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€theÏOptional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Ïis€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€the€Committee€do€not€disclose€any€violationÏof€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÌ[Done€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€originalÏversion.]ÌÌÌà@ì .òàòòNotesóóˆÌÌà .àòòaóó/àø .øàSee€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„seventh€Session,ÏSupplement€No.€40óó€(A/47/40),€annex€IX.B.ÌÌà .àòòbóó/àø .øà[1967]€2€ALL€ER€161.ÌÌà .àòòcóó/àø .øà[1982]€3€AL€ER€469.ÌÌà .àòòdóó/àø .øàSee,€for€example,€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„¼seventh€Session,€Supplement€No.€40óó€(A/47/40),€annex€IX.J,€communicationÏNo.283/1988€(òòAston€Little€v.€Jamaicaóó),€views€adopted€on€1€November1991€at€theÏforty„third€session.ÌÌà .àòòeóó/àø .øàIbid.,€annex€IX.B,€communication€No.€230/1987€(òòRaphael€Henry€v.ÏJamaicaóó),€para.€8.4.ÌÌÇÝ ƒ@ÿÝÔ UK ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÑ\R3Ø'\ÑÑ X ÑÑ À ÑÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓ…+ÓÔ€ôôôÔÔC€A<þ6X9`(CourierCÔÓ(€ B $(ÓØØÖ€fÖÖ€ÖÓ882 ÓÝ  Ý€€€€€€€€€€€€€H.€€òòCommunication€No.€353/1988,€Lloyd€Grant€v.€JamaicaóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(òòviews€adopted€on€31€March€1994,€fiftieth€sessionóó)ÌÌÓ 8à8€ ÓòòSubmitted€byóó:à€ .€ àLloyd€Grant€(represented€by€counsel)ÌÌòòVictimóó:à€ .€ àThe€authorÌÌòòState€partyóó:à€ .€ àJamaicaÌÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:à€ .€ à24€November€1988€(initial€submission)ÌÌÓ8à8,  Óà, .,àòòThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article28€of€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà, .,àòòMeeting€onóó€31€March€1994,ÌÌà, .,àòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.353/1988,€submittedÏto€the€Human€Rights€Committee€by€Mr.LloydGrant€under€the€Optional€Protocol€toÏthe€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà, .,àòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€byÏthe€author€of€the€communication,€his€counsel€and€the€State€party,ÌÌà, .,àòòAdoptsóó€its€views€under€article5,€paragraph4,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌòòThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€authoróóÌÌ1.à, .,àThe€author€of€the€communication€is€Lloyd€Grant,€a€Jamaican€citizen€awaitingÏexecution€at€St.Catherine€District€Prison,€Jamaica.€€An€earlier€communicationÏsubmitted€by€him€to€the€Human€Rights€Committee€was€registered€as€communicationÏNo.285/1988;€on€26July1988,€the€Committee€declared€it€inadmissible€on€theÏgrounds€of€non-exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€since€the€author€had€not€yetÏpetitioned€the€Judicial€Committee€of€the€Privy€Council€for€special€leave€toÏappeal.€€The€decision€provided€for€the€possibility€of€review,€pursuant€toÏrule92,€paragraph2,€of€the€Committee's€rules€of€procedure,€after€exhaustion€ofÏdomestic€remedies.€€On€21November1988,€the€Judicial€Committee€dismissed€theÏauthor's€petition€for€special€leave€to€appeal.€€The€author€thereupon€resubmittedÏhis€case.€€He€claims€to€be€a€victim€of€violations€by€Jamaica€of€articles€6,€7,Ï10€and€14€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€€He€isÏrepresented€by€counsel.ÌÌ2.1à, .,àThe€author€and€his€brother,€VincentGrant,€were€tried€in€the€HanoverÏCircuit€Court€between€4€and€7November1986€for€the€murder,€on€2October1985,Ïof€one€T.M.€€Both€were€convicted€and€sentenced€to€death.€€On€5October1987,Ïthe€Court€of€Appeal€of€Jamaica€dismissedàØ .Øà€the€author's€appeal,€but€acquitted€hisÏbrother.€€The€author's€petition€for€special€leave€to€appeal€to€the€JudicialÏCommittee€of€the€Privy€Council€was€dismissed€on€21November1988.€€With€this,€itÏis€submitted,€all€available€domestic€remedies€have€been€exhausted.ÌÌ2.2à, .,àThe€author€was€interrogated€by€the€police€on€7October1985€in€connectionÏwith€the€murder€of€T.M.,€who€had€been€killed€during€a€robbery€at€his€home€inÏthe€parish€of€Hanover,€over€150€miles€away€from€the€author's€home.€€The€authorÏexplained€that,€while€he€knew€the€deceased€from€the€time€when€he€lived€inÏHanover,€he€had€not€visited€that€town€since€June1985€and€knew€nothing€about€theÏcrime.€€He€was€none€the€less€arrested€and€placed€in€custody.€€OnÏ25October1985,€the€author€was€placed€on€an€identification€parade,€where€he€wasÏidentified€by€the€deceased's€wife,€E.M.,€whom€he€also€knew.€€He€and€VincentGrant,€who€was€then€living€in€Hanover,€were€subsequently€charged€withÏthe€murder€of€T.M.ÌÌ2.3à, .,àThe€prosecution's€case€was€that€the€author€acted€in€common€design€with€hisÏbrother€and€a€third,€unidentified,€man.€€It€relied€upon€identification€evidenceÏof€E.M.€and€of€one€D.S.,€and€upon€statements€allegedly€made€by€both€defendantsÏunder€caution.ÌÌ2.4à, .,àE.M.€testified€that,€in€the€afternoon€of€1October1985,€VincentGrant,Ïwhom€she€had€known€all€her€life,€entered€the€shop.€€Although€she€spoke€to€him€heÏremained€silent,€staring€at€her€house€which€was€opposite€the€shop.€€He€thenÏleft.€€Subsequently€D.S.€entered€the€shop€and€told€her€that€he€had€seenÏVincentGrant€holding€a€sharp€machete€and€leaning€against€the€gate€to€her€house,Ïwatching€her€banana€field,€and€that€two€masked€men,€both€carrying€machetes,€hadÏbeen€in€the€field.€€D.S.€further€told€her€that,€despite€the€mask,€he€hadÏrecognized€LloydGrant,€who,€when€asked€what€they€were€doing€on€the€M.'sÏpremises,€ran€away.€€E.M.€further€testified€that,€after€having€locked€the€doorsÏand€windows€of€their€house,€she€and€her€husband€retired€to€bed;€a€kerosene€lampÏwas€left€burning€in€the€living€room.€€At€approximately€1a.m.,€she€was€awakenedÏby€a€noise€and€she€went€to€the€living€room€where€she€saw€two€men€who€immediatelyÏassaulted€her.€€At€their€request,€she€gave€them€all€the€money€kept€in€the€house.€ÏShe€was€then€forced€to€lie€face€down€on€the€floor,€and€one€of€the€men,€whom€sheÏidentified€as€Lloyd€Grant,€bent€over€her,€asking€her€whether€she€knew€him.€€WhenÏshe€replied€in€the€negative,€he€stood€up€and€attacked€her€husband,€who€hadÏentered€the€room.€€A€scuffle€ensued€and€her€husband€fell€to€the€floor.€ÏLloydGrant,€she€stated,€then€proceeded€to€humiliate€and€assault€her,€duringÏwhich€time€she€had€ample€opportunity€to€see€his€face.€€E.M.€finally€testifiedÏthat€before€both€men€left€the€premises,€they€exchanged€words€with€a€third€man,Ïwho€was€apparently€waiting€for€them€outside€in€the€yard.ÌÌ2.5à, .,àThe€post„mortem€examination€revealed€that€T.M.'s€death€was€due€toÏhaemorrhage€and€excessive€bleeding€as€a€result€of€his€throat€being€cut,€and€thatÏhis€neck€had€been€broken.ÌÌ2.6à, .,àIn€court,€D.S.€further€testified€that,€on€2October1985,€between€2€a.m.Ïand€3a.m.,€he€was€returning€home€when€he€saw€Vincent€and€Lloyd€Grant€and€anÏunidentified€third€man€run€away€from€the€òòlocus€in€quoóó.ÌÌ2.7à, .,àStatements€allegedly€made€by€both€defendants€to€the€police€on€7€andÏ11October1985€were€admitted€in€evidence€by€the€judge€after€a€challenge€on€theÏòòvoir€direóó.€€VincentGrant€allegedly€told€the€police€that€he€had€been€forced€byÏhis€brother€to€accompany€him€and€another€man€to€T.M.'s€house,€but€that€afterÏboth€men€had€entered€the€premises,€he€had€run€away.€€In€his€statement,€theÏauthor€identified€VincentGrant€as€the€mastermind€behind€the€robbery€and€gaveÏdetails€of€the€burglary€and€of€his€entry€into€T.M.'s€house€in€the€company€ofÏhis€brother€and€a€third€person.€€The€author€further€allegedly€stated€that€whileÏhe€was€outside,€holding€E.M.,€the€third€person€came€out€of€the€house€and€toldÏhim€that€he€had€"chopped€up"€T.M.ÌÌ2.8à, .,àThe€author€put€forward€an€alibi€defence.€€He€made€an€unsworn€statement€fromÏthe€dock,€claiming€that€he€had€been€at€his€home€in€Kingston€with€his€girlfriendÏwhen€the€crime€occurred.€€He€further€claimed€that€he€had€been€forced€by€theÏpolice€to€sign,€on€11October1985,€a€drawn-up€statement.€€Vincent€Grant€alsoÏmade€an€unsworn€statement€from€the€dock,€stating€only€that€on€2October1985,€heÏwas€at€home€with€his€girlfriend,€that€he€went€to€bed€at€5o'clock€and€that€heÏknew€nothing€about€the€murder.Ì̇2.9à, .,àWith€respect€to€the€identification€of€VincentGrant€(who€had€not€beenÏidentified€by€E.M.),€the€testimony€of€D.S.€revealed€that€his€sight€had€beenÏimpaired€by€the€darkness.€€Before€the€Court€of€Appeal,€VincentGrant's€counselÏargued,€òòinteraliaóó,€that€the€trial€judge€had€failed€to€give€the€jury€adequateÏwarning€about€the€dangers€of€identification€evidence€and,€in€addition,€failed€toÏrelate€such€direction€as€he€gave€on€identification€to€the€evidence€presented€byÏD.S.€€The€Court€of€Appeal€agreed€with€counsel€that€the€trial€judge€overlookedÏthe€fact€that€the€identification€evidence€offered€in€respect€of€the€twoÏdefendants€was€materially€different€and€that€each€case€required€appropriate€andÏspecific€treatment.€€The€Court€of€Appeal€subsequently€acquitted€VincentGrant.ÌÌ2.10€€Author's€counsel€before€the€Court€of€Appeal€admitted€that€"there€wasÏoverwhelming€evidence€against€his€client,€especially€in€the€light€of€E.M.'sÏtestimony",€and€that€"although€he€was€of€the€opinion€that€the€trial€judge'sÏdirections€on€identification€in€relation€to€the€author€could€have€been€moreÏhelpful,€he€did€not€believe€that€any€reasonable€argument€could€be€mounted€in€lawÏas€to€what€the€trial€judge€actually€said".€€He€further€admitted€that€"the€trialÏjudge€gave€proper€directions€on€common€design"€and€that€"overall€he€could€findÏno€arguable€ground€to€urge€on€behalf€of€his€client".€€The€Court€of€Appeal€agreedÏwith€counsel,€stating€that,€in€the€case€of€the€author,€it€found€no€defects€inÏthe€instructions€to€the€jury€by€the€judge,€and€that€the€evidence€against€him€wasÏ"overwhelming".ÌÌ2.11€€Throughout€his€trial€and€appeal,€the€author€was€represented€by€legal€aidÏlawyers.€€A€London€law€firm€represented€him€òòpro€bonoóó€before€the€JudicialÏCommittee€of€the€Privy€Council.ÌÌ2.12€€The€offence€for€which€the€author€has€been€convicted€was€classified,€onÏ18December1992,€as€a€capital€offence€under€the€Offences€against€the€PersonÏ(Amendment)€Act€1992.€€On€6January1993,€the€author€applied€to€the€Court€ofÏAppeal€for€review€of€the€classification€in€his€case.€€The€review€process€underÏthe€Act€is€currently€stayed€pending€the€outcome€of€a€constitutional€motion€inÏanother€case,€which€challenges€the€constitutionality€of€the€classificationÏprocedure€established€by€the€Act.ÌÌòòThe€complaintóóÌÌ3.1à, .,àWith€regard€to€articles€7€and€10€of€the€Covenant,€the€author€claims€that€onÏ8October1985,€he€was€beaten€by€police,€hit€on€the€head€with€a€gun€andÏthreatened€with€death€and€that€another€policeman€fired€his€gun€to€frighten€him.€ÏOn€11October1985,€he€allegedly€was€again€beaten€by€the€police;€he€claims€thatÏhe€was€whipped€with€an€electric€cable€and€administered€electric€shocks.€€TheÏauthor€further€claims€that€on€death€row,€visiting€facilities€are€inadequate€andÏthat€conditions€in€the€prison€are€unsanitary€and€extremely€overcrowded.ÌÌ3.2à, .,àIn€respect€of€the€allegation€of€unfair€trial€under€article14€of€theÏCovenant,€it€is€submitted€that:ÌÌà, .,à(a)à  . àThe€author€did€not€receive€legal€advice€during€the€preliminaryÏhearing.€€It€was€not€until€one€month€prior€to€the€trial€that€he€was€assigned€aÏlegal€aid€attorney,€who€did€not€consult€with€him,€despite€an€earlier€adjournmentÏfor€that€purpose,€until€the€day€before€the€start€of€the€trial€and€then€only€forÏ40€minutes;ÌÌà, .,à(b)à  . àThe€circumstances€of€the€case€were€not€investigated€before€the€trialÏbegan.€€The€attorney€did€not€attempt€to€secure€the€testimony€of€the€author'sÏgirlfriend,€P.D.,€or€of€her€mother.€€Although€instructed€by€the€author€to€do€so,€the€attorney€failed€to€contact€P.D.,€whose€evidence€would€have€provided€anÏalibi€for€the€author;ÌÌà, .,à(c)à  . àThe€attorney€did€not€argue€the€issue€of€reliability€of€theÏidentification€by€E.M.€€If€E.M.€had€been€asked€when€she€had€last€seen€theÏauthor,€it€would€have€been€revealed€that€she€had€not€seen€him€for€aboutÏ10years,€when€he€was€fourteen€or€fifteen€years€old;ÌÌà, .,à(d)à  . àThe€attorney€did€not€go€through€the€prosecution€statements€with€theÏauthor;ÌÌà, .,à(e)à  . àCounsel€for€the€appeal€effectively€abandoned€the€appeal€or€failed€toÏpursue€it€properly.€€This€is€said€to€have€prejudiced€the€author's€case€beforeÏthe€Judicial€Committee€of€the€Privy€Council,€which€acknowledged€that€there€mightÏhave€been€points€of€law€for€the€Court€of€Appeal€to€look€into;ÌÌà, .,à(f)à  . àCounsel€for€the€appeal€also€declined€to€call€P.D.€€It€is€contendedÏthat€the€author's€legal€representation€was€inadequate€and€in€violation€ofÏarticle14,€paragraph3(d),€in€respect€of€the€proceedings€before€both€theÏCircuit€Court€and€the€Court€of€Appeal.ÌÌòòÔ&  ÔThe€State€party's€information€and€observationsóóÌÌÔ'  Ô4.à, .,àBy€submissions€of€8May1990€and€18April1991,€the€State€party€argued€thatÏthe€communication€was€inadmissible€on€the€grounds€of€failure€to€exhaust€allÏavailable€domestic€remedies€as€required€by€article5,€paragraph2(b),€of€theÏOptional€Protocol,€since€the€author€had€failed€to€avail€himself€ofÏconstitutional€remedies€in€the€Supreme€(Constitutional)€Court€of€Jamaica.€€TheÏState€party€further€submitted€that€the€communication€did€not€disclose€aÏviolation€of€any€of€the€rights€set€forth€in€the€Covenant.ÌÌòòThe€Committee's€decision€on€admissibilityóóÌÌ5.1à, .,àDuring€its€forty„fourth€session,€the€Committee€considered€the€admissibilityÏof€the€communication.€€With€regard€to€the€author's€claims€concerning€theÏconditions€of€detention€on€death€row,€the€Committee€noted€that€he€had€notÏindicated€what€steps,€if€any,€he€had€taken€to€submit€his€grievances€to€theÏcompetent€prison€authorities,€and€what€investigations,€if€any,€had€been€carriedÏout.€€Accordingly,€the€Committee€found€that€in€this€respect€domestic€remediesÏhad€not€been€exhausted.ÌÌ5.2à, .,àWith€regard€to€the€allegation€of€ill„treatment€by€the€police,€the€CommitteeÏnoted€that€this€issue€was€raised€before€the€trial€court,€and€that€the€StateÏparty€had€not€provided€specific€information€in€respect€of€this€allegation€inÏspite€of€the€Committee's€request€that€it€do€so.€€The€Committee€observed,€takingÏinto€account€that€the€author€is€a€poor€person€depending€on€assignment€of€legalÏaid€and€that€legal€aid€is€not€made€available€for€the€purpose€of€constitutionalÏmotions,€that€there€were€no€further€remedies€available€to€the€author€in€respectÏof€this€claim.ÌÌ5.3à, .,àWith€regard€to€the€allegations€of€unfair€trial,€the€Committee€noted€thatÏthe€author's€claims€related€primarily€to€the€inadequacy€of€the€preparation€ofÏhis€defence€and€of€his€representation€before€the€Jamaican€courts.€€It€consideredÏthat€these€claims€might€raise€issues€under€article14,€paragraphs3(b),€(d)Ïand(e)€of€the€Covenant,€which€should€be€examined€on€the€merits.ÌÌ5.4à, .,àOn€20March1992,€the€Committee€declared€the€communication€admissible€in€soÏfar€as€it€appeared€to€raise€issues€under€articles€7,€10€and€14,Ïparagraphs3(b),€(d)€and€(e)€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌòòThe€State€party's€request€for€review€of€admissibility€and€counsel's€commentsóóÌÌ6.1à, .,àThe€State€party,€in€a€submission€dated€1October1992,€maintains€that€theÏcommunication€is€inadmissible€because€of€non-exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies.€ÏIt€explains€that€the€rights€under€the€Covenant€which€allegedly€were€violated€inÏthe€author's€case€are€similar€to€the€rights€contained€in€sections€17(1)€andÏ20(6)(c)€and€(d)€of€the€Jamaican€Constitution.€€Accordingly,€having€exhaustedÏthe€criminal€appellate€process,€it€would€be€open€to€the€author,€under€section25Ïof€the€Constitution,€to€seek€redress€for€the€alleged€violations€of€hisÏconstitutional€rights€before€the€Supreme€(Constitutional)€Court€of€Jamaica.ÌÌ6.2à, .,àWith€regard€to€a€violation€of€article7,€the€State€party€submits€that€theÏauthor€did€not€substantiate€his€claim;€no€medical€evidence€was€produced€inÏsupport€of€the€alleged€ill„treatment,€nor€is€there€any€evidence€that€he€made€aÏcomplaint€to€the€competent€local€authorities.€€It€further€submits€that€theÏappropriate€remedy€for€the€author€for€the€alleged€violations€of€his€rights€underÏarticles€7€and€10€of€the€Covenant€would€be€a€civil€action€for€damages€forÏassault.ÌÌ6.3à, .,àWith€regard€to€the€alleged€violations€of€article14,€paragraphs€3(b),€(d)Ïand€(e),€the€State€party€refers€to€an€individual€opinion€appended€to€theÏCommittee's€views€in€communication€No.253/1987,òòaóó/€and€submits€that€the€StateÏparty's€obligation€to€provide€an€accused€with€legal€representation€cannot€extendÏbeyond€the€duty€to€act€in€good€faith€in€assigning€counsel€to€the€accused,€andÏthat€errors€of€judgement€made€by€court„appointed€lawyers€cannot€be€attributed€toÏthe€State€party€any€more€than€errors€by€privately€retained€lawyers€can€be.€€ItÏconcludes€that€the€Committee€would€be€applying€a€double€standard€if€it€were€toÏhold€court„appointed€lawyers€accountable€to€a€higher€degree€of€responsibilityÏthan€their€counterparts,€and€thus€hold€the€State€party€responsible€for€theirÏerrors€of€judgement.ÌÌ7.1à, .,àWith€regard€to€the€State€party's€request€for€review€of€the€admissibilityÏdecision,€London€counsel€points€out€that€the€State€party€has€failed€to€show€thatÏa€constitutional€motion€would€be€an€effective€and€available€remedy€for€theÏauthor.€€In€this€context,€it€is€submitted€that€a€constitutional€motion€is€not€aÏremedy€available€to€the€author,€as€he€does€not€have€the€means€to€pursue€such€aÏcourse€of€action€and€legal€aid€is€not€made€available€for€this€purpose.€ÏFurthermore,€the€author€has€been€unable€to€secure€legal€representation€inÏJamaica€to€argue€such€a€motion€on€a€òòpro€bonoóó€basis.€€It€is€submitted€that,€forÏthese€reasons,€a€constitutional€motion€is€not€an€available€remedy€which€theÏauthor€is€required€to€exhaust€for€purposes€of€article5,€paragraph2(b)€of€theÏOptional€Protocol.€€In€addition,€the€application€of€such€remedy,€and€theÏsubsequent€appellate€process,€would€entail€an€unreasonable€prolongation€of€theÏpursuit€of€remedies.ÌÌ7.2à, .,àAs€to€the€alleged€ill„treatment€in€violation€of€articles€7€and€10€of€theÏCovenant,€counsel€submits€that€on€8October1985,€the€author€was€taken€from€hisÏcell€(at€the€Central€Police€Station€in€Kingston)€to€an€office,€where€fourÏpolicemen€proceeded€to€question€him€without€caution€or€charge.€€In€the€course€ofÏthe€interrogation,€the€four€policemen€allegedly€beat€the€author€to€force€him€toÏconfess€to€the€crime.€€The€following€evening,€three€policemen€took€him€to€theÏMontego€Bay€Police€Station.€€On€the€way€to€Montego€Bay,€the€policemen€turned€offÏthe€highway€and€took€the€author€to€a€"lonely€road",€where€they€again€questioned€and€beat€the€author,€with€his€hands€cuffed€behind€his€back.€€One€of€the€policeÏofficers€hit€the€author€on€his€left€ear€with€his€gun,€causing€it€to€bleed,€whileÏanother€police€officer€fired€his€gun€close€to€the€author's€head.€€OnÏ11October1985,€two€policemen€took€the€author€out€of€his€cell€to€an€upstairsÏroom,€where€the€Superintendent€was€waiting.€€In€the€presence€of€theÏSuperintendent,€the€two€policemen€beat€the€author€on€his€back€with€electricÏwire,€until€it€began€to€bleed.€€One€of€the€men€plugged€in€pieces€of€the€wire€andÏgave€the€author€two€electric€shocks€to€his€side.ÌÌ7.3à, .,àAs€to€the€inadequacy€of€the€preparation€of€the€author's€defence€and€of€hisÏrepresentation€before€the€Jamaican€courts,€it€is€submitted€that€the€author€wasÏnot€represented€during€police€interrogation€and€during€the€preliminary€hearing.€ÏIn€September1986,€he€saw€the€attorney€assigned€to€him€for€the€trial€for€theÏfirst€time.€€She€reportedly€requested€the€judge€to€adjourn€the€trial,€as€sheÏneeded€more€time€to€prepare€the€defence.€€The€hearing€was€rescheduled€forÏ3November1986.€€Although€upon€requesting€the€adjournment,€the€attorneyÏpromised€the€author€that€she€would€discuss€the€case€with€him€that€evening,€sheÏnever€came€to€see€him.€€On€3November1986,€she€visited€him€in€the€courtÏlock-up.€€During€the€interview,€which€lasted€for€only€40€minutes,€she€took€theÏfirst€statement€from€the€author;€the€attorney€did€not€investigate€theÏcircumstances€of€the€case€prior€to€the€trial€nor€did€she€consider€the€author'sÏalibi€defence.€€The€author€affirms€that€during€the€course€of€the€trial€he€againÏmet€with€his€attorney,€but€that€she€did€not€carry€out€his€instructions.ÌÌ7.4à, .,àWith€regard€to€the€attorney's€failure€to€pursue€the€evidence€of€theÏauthor's€girlfriend,€counsel€forwards€an€affidavit,€dated€4December1989,€fromÏP.€D.€and€a€questionnaire,€dated€22March1990;€P.D.€contends€that€the€authorÏwas€with€her€during€the€whole€night€of€1€to€2October1985,€and€that€her€motherÏand€one€P.M.€could€have€corroborated€this€evidence.€€It€further€appears€fromÏher€affidavit€that,€on€one€of€the€days€of€the€court€hearing,€she€was€informed€byÏthe€police€that€her€presence€was€needed,€but€that€she€failed€to€go€because€sheÏhad€no€money€to€travel€and€the€police€allegedly€told€her€that€it€had€no€carÏavailable€to€transport€her€to€the€Circuit€Court.€€According€to€London€counsel,Ïthe€main€reason€why€witnesses€were€not€traced€and€called€was€that€the€legal€aidÏrates€were€so€inadequate€that€the€attorney€was€not€able€to€make€the€necessaryÏinquiries€and€initiate€the€necessary€steps€to€prepare€the€author's€defenceÏproperly.ÌÌ7.5à, .,àAs€to€the€conduct€of€the€trial€defence€itself,€it€is€submitted€that€theÏattorney€failed€properly€to€challenge€the€testimony€of€E.M.€and€D.S.,€inÏparticular€with€regard€to€their€identification€of€the€author,€and€that€she€didÏnot€make€any€interventions€when€counsel€for€the€prosecution€put€leadingÏquestions€to€the€prosecution€witnesses.ÌÌ7.6à, .,àWith€regard€to€the€preparation€of€the€author's€defence€on€appeal,€referenceÏis€made€to€the€transcript€of€an€annex€to€the€"Privy€Council€questionnaire€forÏinmate€appealing"€where€the€author€claims€that:€€"On€one€occasion€D.C.€[counselÏassigned€to€him€for€the€purpose€of€the€appeal]€came€inside€the€prison€and€sawÏabout€10€inmates€(including€myself)€and€I€spoke€with€him€for€approximatelyÏ20minutes.€€During€those€20€minutes€he€asked€me€if€I€had€any€knowledge€of€theÏcrime€and€if€I€have€any€witness.€€I€also€asked€him€to€get€my€girlfriend€in€courtÏand€he€don't".€€It€is€submitted€that,€since€D.C.€had€not€represented€him€at€theÏtrial,€it€was€essential€for€the€author€to€have€adequate€time€to€consult€withÏD.C.€prior€to€the€hearing€of€the€appeal,€and€that€the€amount€of€time€grantedÏfor€that€purpose€was€wholly€inadequate.€€The€above€is€said€to€indicate€that€theÏauthor's€rights€under€article14,€paragraph3(d)€were€not€respected,€sinceÏcounsel€was€not€of€his€own€choosing.̇7.7à, .,àWith€regard€to€the€claim€that€D.C.€abandoned€or€failed€properly€to€pursueÏthe€appeal,€reference€is€made€to€the€written€judgement€of€the€Court€of€AppealÏand€to€a€letter,€dated€8February1988,€from€D.C.€to€the€Jamaica€Council€forÏHuman€Rights.€€In€his€letter,€D.C.€states:€€"I€daresay,€however,€that€theÏjudge's€instruction€on€identification€was€certainly€not€the€best,€but€the€usualÏsafeguards€were€complied€with€and€on€any€legal€merit€I€cannot€recommend€the€caseÏfor€further€consideration".€€According€to€London€counsel,€there€were€severalÏgrounds€in€the€case€which€could€have€been€argued€on€appeal,€such€as€P.D.'sÏevidence€(had€she€been€called),€and€the€reliability€of€the€identificationÏevidence€of€E.M.€and€D.S.,€especially€in€light€of€the€fact€that€the€weaknessÏin€the€latter's€identification€concerned€both€defendants.òòbóó/ÌÌ7.8à, .,àFurther€to€the€above€comments,€which€relate€to€the€claims€which€were€beforeÏthe€Committee€when€the€communication€was€declared€admissible€on€20March1992,Ïcounsel's€comments,€dated€12March1993,€contain€several€new€allegationsÏrelating€to€articles€6,€9,€paragraphs€1,€2€and€3,€14,€paragraphs€1,€2,€3(c)Ïand5,€and€15€of€the€Covenant.€€For€the€purpose€of€the€present€communication,Ïthese€further€claims€have€been€made€too€late.ÌÌòòExamination€of€the€meritsóóÌÌ8.1à, .,àThe€Committee€has€taken€note€of€the€State€party's€request€that€it€reviewÏits€admissibility€decision.€€It€reiterates€that€domestic€remedies€within€theÏmeaning€of€the€Optional€Protocol€must€be€both€available€and€effective.€€TheÏCommittee€considers€that,€in€the€absence€of€legal€aid,€a€constitutional€motionÏdoes€not,€in€the€circumstances€of€the€instant€case,€constitute€an€availableÏremedy,€within€the€meaning€of€article5,€paragraph2(b),€of€the€OptionalÏProtocol,€which€the€author€should€still€exhaust.òòcóó/€€There€is€therefore€noÏreason€to€revise€the€Committee's€earlier€decision€on€admissibility.ÌÌ8.2à, .,àThe€Committee€has€considered€the€communication€in€the€light€of€all€theÏinformation€made€available€to€it€by€the€parties,€as€required€under€article5,Ïparagraph1,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ8.3à, .,àAs€to€the€author's€allegation€of€ill„treatment€by€the€police€on€8€andÏ11October1985,€the€Committee€notes€from€the€trial€transcript€that€the€policeÏofficers€allegedly€responsible€were€extensively€cross„examined€on€this€issue€byÏthe€author's€attorney€both€during€and€after€the€òòvoir€direóó€proceedings.€€In€theÏabsence€of€supporting€medical€evidence,€the€Committee€is€unable€to€findÏviolations€of€articles€7€and€10€of€the€Covenant€in€the€case.ÌÌ8.4à, .,àConcerning€the€author's€claims€relating€to€the€preparation€of€his€defenceÏand€his€legal€representation€on€trial,€the€Committee€recalls€that€the€right€ofÏan€accused€person€to€have€adequate€time€and€facilities€for€the€preparation€ofÏhis€defence€is€an€important€element€of€the€guarantee€of€a€fair€trial€and€anÏimportant€aspect€of€the€principle€of€equality€of€arms.€€The€determination€ofÏwhat€constitutes€adequate€time€requires€an€assessment€of€the€circumstances€ofÏeach€case.€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€material€before€it€does€not€discloseÏwhether€either€the€author€or€his€attorney€complained€to€the€trial€judge€that€theÏtime€or€facilities€for€the€preparation€of€the€defence€had€been€inadequate.€€NorÏis€there€any€indication€that€the€author's€attorney€acted€negligently€in€theÏconduct€of€the€defence.€€In€this€context,€the€Committee€notes€that€the€trialÏtranscript€discloses€that€E.M.€and€D.S.€were€thoroughly€cross„examined€on€theÏissue€of€identification€by€the€defence.€€The€Committee€therefore€finds€noÏviolations€of€article14,€paragraphs€3(b)€and€(d),€in€respect€of€the€author'sÏtrial.ÌÌ8.5à, .,àThe€author€also€contends€that€he€was€unable€to€secure€the€attendance€ofÏwitnesses€on€his€behalf,€in€particular€the€attendance€of€his€girlfriend,€P.D.€ÏThe€Committee€notes€from€the€trial€transcript€that€the€author's€attorney€didÏcontact€the€girlfriend,€and,€on€the€second€day€of€the€trial,€made€a€request€toÏthe€judge€to€have€P.D.€called€to€court.€€The€judge€then€instructed€the€policeÏto€contact€this€witness,€who,€as€indicated€in€paragraph7.4€above,€had€no€meansÏto€attend.€€The€Committee€is€of€the€opinion€that,€in€the€circumstances,€andÏbearing€in€mind€that€this€is€a€case€involving€the€death€penalty,€the€judgeÏshould€have€adjourned€the€trial€and€issued€a€subpoena€to€secure€the€attendanceÏof€P.D.€in€court.€€Furthermore,€the€Committee€considers€that€the€police€shouldÏhave€made€transportation€available€to€her.€€To€the€extent€that€P.D.'s€failureÏto€appear€in€court€was€attributable€to€the€State€party's€authorities,€theÏCommittee€finds€that€the€criminal€proceedings€against€the€author€were€inÏviolation€of€article14,€paragraphs€1€and€3(e),€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ8.6à, .,àThe€author€also€claims€that€the€preparation€of€his€defence€and€hisÏrepresentation€before€the€Court€of€Appeal€were€inadequate,€and€that€counselÏassigned€to€him€for€this€purpose€was€not€of€his€own€choosing.€€The€CommitteeÏrecalls€that,€while€article14,€paragraph3(d),€does€not€entitle€the€accused€toÏchoose€counsel€provided€to€him€free€of€charge,€measures€must€be€taken€to€ensureÏthat€counsel,€once€assigned,€provides€effective€representation€in€the€interestÏof€justice.€€This€includes€consulting€with,€and€informing,€the€accused€if€heÏintends€to€withdraw€an€appeal€or€to€argue€before€the€appellate€instance€that€theÏappeal€has€no€merit.òòdóó/€€While€it€is€not€for€the€Committee€to€question€counsel'sÏprofessional€judgement€that€there€was€no€merit€in€the€appeal,€it€is€of€theÏopinion€that€he€should€have€informed€Mr.Grant€of€his€intention€not€to€raise€anyÏgrounds€of€appeal,€so€that€Mr.Grant€could€have€considered€any€other€remainingÏoptions€open€to€him.€€In€the€circumstances,€the€Committee€finds€that€theÏauthor's€rights€under€article14,€paragraph€3(b)€and€(d),€were€violated€inÏrespect€of€his€appeal.ÌÌ8.7à, .,àThe€Committee€is€of€the€opinion€that€the€imposition€of€a€sentence€of€deathÏupon€the€conclusion€of€judicial€proceedings€in€which€the€provisions€of€theÏCovenant€have€not€been€respected€constitutes,€if€no€further€appeal€against€theÏsentence€is€available,€a€violation€of€article6€of€the€Covenant.€€In€the€instantÏcase,€while€a€constitutional€motion€to€the€Supreme€(Constitutional)€Court€mightÏin€theory€still€be€available,€it€would€not€be€an€available€remedy€within€theÏmeaning€of€article5,€paragraph2(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€for€the€reasonsÏindicated€in€paragraph8.1€above.€€As€the€Committee€observed€in€its€generalÏcomment€No.6(16),€the€provision€that€a€sentence€of€death€may€be€imposed€onlyÏin€accordance€with€the€law€and€not€contrary€to€the€provisions€of€the€CovenantÏimplies€that€"the€procedural€guarantees€therein€prescribed€must€be€observed,Ïincluding€the€right€to€a€fair€hearing€by€an€independent€tribunal,€theÏpresumption€of€innocence,€the€minimum€guarantees€for€the€defence,€and€the€rightÏto€review€by€a€higher€tribunal".òòeóó/€€In€the€present€case,€it€may€be€concludedÏthat€the€final€sentence€of€death€was€passed€without€the€proceedings€having€metÏthe€requirements€of€article14,€and€that,€as€a€result,€the€right€to€lifeÏprotected€by€article6€of€the€Covenant€has€been€violated.ÌÌ9.à, .,àThe€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€theÏOptional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Ïfinds€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€violations€of€articles€6€and€14,Ïparagraphs€1,€3(b),€(d)€and€(e)€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ10.à, .,àThe€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€Mr.€Lloyd€Grant€is€entitled€to€a€remedyÏentailing€his€release.€€It€requests€the€State€party€to€provide€information,€within€90days,€on€any€relevant€measures€taken€by€the€State€party€in€complianceÏwith€the€Committee's€views.ÌÌÌ[Adopted€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€originalÏversion.]ÌÌÌà@ì .òàòòNotesóóˆÌÌà, .,àòòaóó/à  . àòòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„sixth€Session,ÏSupplement€No.40óó€(A/46/40),€annexXI.D,€communication€No.253/1987€(òòPaulKellyÏv.€Jamaicaóó),€views€adopted€on€8April1991.ÌÌà, .,àòòbóó/à  . àIt€appears€from€the€transcript€of€the€Privy€Council€hearing€thatÏauthor's€counsel€before€the€Judicial€Committee€of€the€Privy€Council€argued,Ïòòinter€aliaóó,€that€the€trial€judge's€direction€as€to€the€evidence€of€E.M.€wasÏinadequate,€as€he€had€not€mentioned€to€the€jury€whether€any€sense€of€fear€on€herÏpart€could€have€had€an€effect€upon€her€ability€to€identify€the€assailant.€ÏCounsel€further€argued€that€the€defects€found€by€the€Court€of€Appeal€in€theÏtrial€judge's€direction€as€to€the€evidence€of€D.S.€affected€the€author's€caseÏas€much€as€it€did€his€brother's,€and€that€the€jury€might€have€come€to€aÏdifferent€conclusion€in€the€author's€case€if€they€had€been€adequately€directedÏon€the€evidence€of€D.S.€€Lord€Keith€of€Kinkel€replied€that:€€"It€may€be€so€andÏmaybe€you€have€a€Court€of€Appeal€point€on€that,€but€that€is€not€quite€the€way€weÏapproach€the€matter€when€considering€whether€to€grant€special€leave.€€The€juryÏmight€have€come€to€a€different€conclusion€if€they€had€been€directed€about€theÏevidence€of€D.S.€rather€more€effectively€than€they€were,€that€may€well€be,€butÏthe€fact€remains€that€you€have€got€a€very€clear€and€positive€identification€byÏE.M.".ÌÌà, .,àòòcóó/à  . àSee€also€the€Committee's€views€in€communications€Nos.€230/1987Ï(òòRaphaelHenry€v.€Jamaicaóó)€and€283/1988€(òòAstonLittle€v.€Jamaicaóó),€adopted€onÏ1November1991;€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„seventhÏSession,€Supplement€No.40óó€(A/47/40),€annexes€IX.B€and€J,€paras.€7.1€òòet€seqóó.ÌÌà, .,àòòdóó/à  . àSee€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„eighth€Session,ÏSupplement€No.40óó€(A/48/40),€annex€XII.O,€communication€No.€356/1989Ï(òòTrevorCollins€v.€Jamaicaóó),€views€adopted€on€25March1993,€para.8.2.ÌÌà, .,àòòeóó/à  . àIbid.,€òòThirty„seventh€Session,€Supplement€No.40óó€(A/37/40),€annex€V,Ïgeneral€comment€6(16),€para.7.ÌÌÌÇÝ ƒ@ÿÝÔ UK ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÑ\R3Ø'\ÑÑ X ÑÑ À ÑÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓ…+ÓÔ€ôôôÔÔC€A<þ6X9`(CourierCÔÓ(€ B $(ÓØØÖ€gÖÖ€ÖÓ882 ÓÝ  Ý€€€€€€€€€€€I.€€òòCommunication€No.€355/1989,€George€Winston€Reid€v.€JamaicaóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(òòviews€adopted€on€8€July€1994,€firty„first€sessionóó)ÌÌòòSubmitted€byóó:à . àà . àà . à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€George€Winston€ReidÌÌòòVictimóó:à .àà . àà . àà . à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€The€authorÌÌòòState€partyóó:à . àà . àà . àà . à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€JamaicaÌÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:àÐ .Ð ààÐ .Ð ààÐ .Ð à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€23€February€1989€(initial€submission)ÌÌòòDate€of€decision€on€admissibilityóó:à€ .€à€€25€March€1992ÌÌà2 .2àòòThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà2 .2àòòMeetingóó€on€8€July€1994,ÌÌà2 .2àòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€355/1989€submittedÏto€the€Human€Rights€Committee€by€Mr.€George€Winston€Reid€under€the€OptionalÏProtocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà2 .2àòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€byÏthe€author€of€the€communication€and€the€State€party,ÌÌà2 .2àòòAdoptsóó€its€views€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌòòThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€authoróóÌÌ1.à2 .2àThe€author€of€the€communication€is€George€Winston€Reid,€a€Jamaican€citizenÏcurrently€detained€at€the€General€Penitentiary€in€Kingston,€Jamaica.€€He€claimsÏto€be€a€victim€of€a€violation€by€Jamaica€of€his€human€rights.ÌÌ2.1à2 .2àThe€author€was€arrested€for€the€murder€of€his€girlfriend,€who€died€of€stabÏwounds€in€the€Cornwall€Regional€Hospital€on€9€January€1980.€€He€claims€to€beÏinnocent€and€maintains€that€his€girlfriend€was€stabbed€by€an€unidentified€man€inÏthe€course€of€a€dispute€in€her€house.€€The€author€was€taken€into€custody€andÏdetained€at€Montego€Bay€for€three€and€a€half€months.€€His€legal€aid€attorney,ÏMr.€E.€Alcott,€first€met€him€about€10€minutes€before€the€start€of€the€trial€onÏ22€April€1980.€€Without€giving€any€details,€the€author€claims€that€he€was€poorlyÏdefended.€€On€23€April€1980,€he€was€sentenced€to€death.€€On€16€March€1981,€heÏwas€notified€by€the€Registrar€of€the€Court€of€Appeal€that€his€appeal€had€beenÏdismissed€on€27€February€1981.€€No€reasoned€judgement€was€issued,€and€theÏauthor's€efforts€to€obtain€copies€of€trial€documents€in€his€case€failed.ÌÌ2.2à2 .2àSince€1981,€the€author€has€unsuccessfully€sought€legal€assistance€with€aÏview€to€filing€a€petition€for€leave€to€appeal€to€the€Judicial€Committee€of€theÏPrivy€Council.€€His€first€representative,€Mr.€Alcott,€emigrated.€€Mr.€Alcott'sÏdaughter,€also€an€attorney,€declined€to€take€the€case€because€she€did€not€thinkÏthat€there€was€merit€in€it.€€According€to€the€author,€the€Notes€of€EvidenceÏwould€clearly€prove€her€wrong.€€He€submits€that€he€would€be€unable€to€pursue€anÏappeal€other€than€òòin€forma€pauperisóó,€and€that€no€legal€aid€has€been€madeÏavailable€to€him.ÌÌ2.3à2 .2àOn€19€September€1990,€the€author's€death€sentence€was€commuted€to€lifeÏimprisonment.Ì̇òòThe€complaintóóÌÌ3.à2 .2àAlthough€the€author€does€not€invoke€any€article€of€the€InternationalÏCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€it€appears€from€his€submission€that€heÏclaims€to€be€a€victim€of€a€violation€by€Jamaica€of€article€14€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌòòThe€State€party's€observations€and€the€author's€comments€thereonóóÌÌ4.1à2 .2àBy€submission€of€7€July€1989,€the€State€party€argued€that€the€communicationÏwas€inadmissible€on€the€grounds€of€failure€to€exhaust€domestic€remedies,€sinceÏthe€author€could€still€petition€the€Judicial€Committee€of€the€Privy€Council€forÏleave€to€appeal.ÌÌ4.2à2 .2àBy€further€submission€of€16€January€1992,€the€State€party€confirmed€thatÏthe€author's€application€for€leave€to€appeal€had€been€refused€by€the€Court€ofÏAppeal€on€27€February€1981,€in€an€oral€judgement,€which€has€not€been€issued€inÏwriting.ÌÌ4.3à2 .2àThe€State€party€explained€that€"where€an€application€for€leave€to€appeal€isÏheard€and€an€oral€judgement€is€delivered,€it€is€not€permissible€in€law€for€theÏpresiding€judge€or€any€other€judge€on€that€panel€to€give€a€written€judgement€inÏthe€same€case,€unless€he€had€promised€to€do€so€at€the€time€of€the€applicationÏfor€leave€to€appeal.€€The€reason€for€this€is€that€once€the€case€is€heard€andÏdetermined,€the€judges€are€òòfunctus€officioóó€and€cannot€afterwards€write€up€aÏjudgement€and€put€it€on€the€files".ÌÌ5.à2 .2àIn€his€reply€to€the€State€party's€submission,€the€author's€counsel,€who€hadÏagreed€to€represent€him€òòpro€bonoóó€for€purposes€of€a€petition€for€special€leave€toÏappeal€to€the€Judicial€Committee€of€the€Privy€Council,€stated€that€he€had€beenÏadvised€by€leading€counsel€that€there€were€no€grounds€upon€which€to€petition€theÏPrivy€Council.€€He€therefore€argued€that€the€author€was€without€an€effectiveÏdomestic€remedy.ÌÌòòThe€Committee's€decision€on€admissibilityóóÌÌ6.à2 .2àAt€its€forty„fourth€session,€the€Committee€considered€the€admissibility€ofÏthe€communication.€€It€noted€the€State€party's€contention€that€the€communicationÏwas€inadmissible€because€of€the€author's€failure€to€petition€the€JudicialÏCommittee€of€the€Privy€Council€for€special€leave€to€appeal.€€It€also€noted€thatÏit€was€uncontested€that€no€reasoned€judgement€of€the€Court€of€Appeal€had€beenÏissued.€€Considering€that€the€Judicial€Committee€cannot€sustain€arguments€thatÏare€not€corroborated€by€a€written€judgement€of€the€Court€of€Appeal€and€takingÏinto€account€the€advice€given€by€leading€counsel,€the€Committee€concluded€that€aÏpetition€to€the€Judicial€Committee€did€not,€in€the€special€circumstances€of€theÏcase,€constitute€an€available€and€effective€remedy€within€the€meaning€ofÏarticle5,€paragraph€2(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ7.à2 .2àOn€25€March€1992,€the€Committee€therefore€declared€the€communicationÏadmissible€in€so€far€as€it€might€raise€issues€under€article€14,€paragraphs€3Ïand5,€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌòòReview€of€admissibilityóóÌÌ8.à2 .2àBy€submission€of€26€October€1992,€the€State€party€again€argued€that€theÏcommunication€was€inadmissible€for€failure€to€exhaust€domestic€remedies,€sinceÏthe€author€could€still€petition€the€Judicial€Committee€of€the€Privy€Council.€ÌÌ9.à2 .2àIn€his€comments€dated€17€January€1993€on€the€State€party's€submission,€theÏauthor€submitted€that€in€the€absence€of€a€written€judgement€by€the€Court€ofÏAppeal,€an€appeal€to€the€Privy€Council€only€constituted€a€theoretical€remedy€andÏnot€one€that€is€practically€available.ÌÌ10.à2 .2àThe€Committee€has€taken€note€of€the€arguments€submitted€to€it€by€the€StateÏparty€and€the€author€and€reiterates€that€domestic€remedies€within€the€meaning€ofÏthe€Optional€Protocol€must€be€both€available€and€effective.€€The€Committee€notesÏthat,€in€the€absence€of€a€written€judgement€by€the€Court€of€Appeal,€the€JudicialÏCommittee€of€the€Privy€Council€routinely€dismisses€petitions€for€special€leaveÏto€appeal.òòaóó/€òòbóó/€€It€reiterates€that,€in€the€absence€of€a€written€judgement€byÏthe€Court€of€Appeal,€a€petition€for€special€leave€to€appeal€to€the€JudicialÏCommittee€of€the€Privy€Council€does€not,€in€the€circumstances€of€the€instantÏcase,€constitute€an€available€remedy€within€the€meaning€of€article€5,Ïparagraph2(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€€There€is€therefore€no€reason€toÏrevise€the€Committee's€earlier€decision€on€admissibility€of€25€March€1992.ÌÌòòExamination€of€the€meritsóóÌÌ11.1à2 .2à€As€to€the€merits€of€the€communication,€the€State€party,€by€submission€ofÏ26€October€1992,€argues€that€there€has€been€no€violation€of€article€14,Ïparagraph€5,€in€the€author's€case.€€In€this€connection,€the€State€party€notesÏthat€the€Court€of€Appeal€reviewed€the€author's€conviction€and€sentence€and€thatÏit€was€open€to€the€author€to€seek€leave€to€appeal€from€this€judgement€to€theÏPrivy€Council.ÌÌ11.2à2 .2à€With€regard€to€the€author's€claim€under€article€14,€paragraph€3,€the€StateÏparty,€by€further€submission€of€12€May€1993,€argues€that€it€is€unable€to€submitÏits€comments,€since€the€author€has€not€alleged€specific€violations€of€theÏparticular€provisions€under€article€14,€paragraph€3,€and€since€the€Committee,€inÏits€admissibility€decision,€has€not€identified€the€specific€subparagraphsÏeither.€€The€State€party€argues€that,€under€the€Optional€Protocol,€an€individualÏis€under€an€obligation€to€invoke€specific€provisions€of€the€Covenant,€in€orderÏto€enable€the€State€party€to€reply€properly€to€the€communication.€€It€furtherÏargues€that€a€State€party€cannot€be€expected€to€answer€to€allegations€when€it€isÏunaware€of€their€contents.ÌÌ12.à2 .2àAt€its€forty„ninth€session,€the€Committee€considered€the€communication€andÏdecided,€on€22October€1993,€to€request€the€State€party€to€comment€on€theÏauthor's€claim€that€he€only€met€his€legal€aid€attorney€10€minutes€before€theÏstart€of€the€trial€and€to€clarify€how€the€right€to€adequate€time€and€facilitiesÏfor€the€preparation€of€the€defence€was€guaranteed€to€the€author,€as€provided€inÏarticle€14,€paragraph€3(b),€of€the€Covenant.€€In€this€context,€the€CommitteeÏalso€inquired€when€the€legal€aid€attorney€was€appointed,€whether€he€was€presentÏat€the€preliminary€inquiry€and€whether€the€relevant€depositions€were€madeÏavailable€to€the€attorney€and,€if€so,€when.€€The€Committee€further€decided€toÏrequest€the€State€party€to€provide€information€in€respect€of€Mr.€Reid's€appeal,Ïin€particular€to€clarify€whether€Mr.€Reid€was€able€to€appeal€his€conviction€andÏsentence€unconditionally€or€whether€his€right€to€appeal€was€dependent€on€theÏprior€granting€of€leave€to€appeal.ÌÌ13.1à2 .2à€In€two€further€letters,€dated€21€November€1993€and€25€February€1994,€theÏauthor€explains€that€he€was€represented€during€the€preliminary€inquiry€by€aÏlegal€aid€lawyer,€who€later€did€not€represent€him€at€the€trial.€€He€furtherÏsubmits€that€this€legal€aid€lawyer€was€only€present€on€the€first€day€of€theÏpreliminary€hearings€and€that€he€was€not€represented€on€the€second€day,€whenÏevidence€was€given€by€a€medical€doctor.€€He€alleges€that€the€doctor€did€not€speak€English,€but€Spanish,€that€there€was€no€interpretation€and€that,€when€itÏbecame€clear€that€the€investigating€magistrate€and€the€witness€could€notÏunderstand€each€other,€the€doctor€produced€a€written€statement,€which€had€beenÏprepared€in€advance.€€By€the€time€of€the€trial,€the€doctor€had€returned€to€hisÏhome€country€of€Cuba,€and€the€written€statement€was€rendered€as€evidence.€€TheÏauthor€claims€that€he€has€difficulties€further€substantiating€his€allegations,Ïsince€the€State€party€has€failed€to€provide€him€with€a€copy€of€the€trialÏtranscript.ÌÌ13.2à2 .2à€No€information€or€observations€have€been€forwarded€by€the€State€party,Ïdespite€a€reminder€sent€on€3€May€1994.€€The€Committee€notes€with€regret€theÏabsence€of€cooperation€from€the€State€party€with€the€Committee's€request€forÏfurther€information,€and€recalls€that€it€is€implicit€in€article€4,€paragraph€2,Ïof€the€Optional€Protocol,€that€a€State€party€should€make€available€to€theÏCommittee€all€the€information€at€its€disposal.€€In€the€circumstances,€due€weightÏmust€be€given€to€the€author's€allegations,€to€the€extent€that€they€have€beenÏsubstantiated.ÌÌ14.1à2 .2à€The€Human€Rights€Committee€has€considered€the€present€communication€in€theÏlight€of€all€the€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€parties,€as€provided€inÏarticle€5,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ14.2à2 .2à€As€regards€the€author's€claim€that€he€did€not€have€adequate€time€andÏfacilities€for€the€preparation€of€his€defence,€the€Committee€notes€that€it€isÏuncontested€that€the€legal€aid€lawyer€who€represented€the€author€at€theÏpreliminary€inquiry€was€not€present€at€all€the€hearings€and€that€the€author€metÏthe€legal€aid€lawyer€who€was€going€to€represent€him€at€the€trial€only€10minutesÏbefore€its€start.€€In€the€absence€of€any€evidence€that€might€prove€otherwise,Ïthe€Committee€considers€that€the€time€and€facilities€for€the€preparation€of€theÏauthor's€defence€were€not€adequate€and€that€this€must€have€been€known€to€theÏinvestigating€magistrate€and€the€trial€judge.€€The€Committee€therefore€concludesÏthat€the€facts€of€the€case€reveal€a€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€3€(b),€ofÏthe€Covenant.ÌÌ14.3à2 .2à€Concerning€the€proceedings€before€the€Court€of€Appeal,€the€CommitteeÏrecalls€that€article€14,€paragraph€5,€states€that€everyone€convicted€of€a€crimeÏshall€have€the€right€to€have€his€conviction€and€sentence€reviewed€by€a€higherÏtribunal€according€to€law.€€The€Committee€considers€that,€while€the€modalitiesÏof€an€appeal€may€differ€among€the€domestic€legal€systems€of€States€parties,Ïunder€article€14,€paragraph€5,€a€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€reviewÏsubstantially€the€conviction€and€sentence.€€In€the€instant€case,€the€CommitteeÏconsiders€that€the€conditions€of€the€dismissal€of€Mr.€Reid's€application€forÏleave€to€appeal,€without€reasons€given€and€in€the€absence€of€a€writtenÏjudgement,€constitute€a€violation€of€the€right€guaranteed€by€article€14,Ïparagraph€5,€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ14.4à2 .2à€As€regards€the€author's€right€to€petition€the€Judicial€Committee€of€theÏPrivy€Council€for€leave€to€appeal,€the€Committee€notes€that€the€Court€of€AppealÏdid€not€produce€a€written€judgement.€€In€these€circumstances,€the€author€wasÏprevented€from€effectively€petitioning€the€Judicial€Committee€of€the€PrivyÏCouncil€for€special€leave€to€appeal.€€The€Committee€recalls€that€the€wordsÏ"according€to€law"€in€article€14,€paragraph€5,€are€to€be€interpreted€to€meanÏthat€if€domestic€law€provides€for€further€instances€of€appeal,€the€convictedÏperson€must€have€effective€access€to€each€of€them.€€Moreover,€in€order€to€enjoyÏthe€effective€use€of€this€right,€the€convicted€person€is€entitled€to€have,Ïwithin€reasonable€time,€access€to€written€judgements,€duly€reasoned,€for€allÏinstances€of€appeal.òòcóó/€€In€this€connection,€the€Committee€refers€to€its€earlier€jurisprudence€and€reaffirms€that€article€14,€paragraph€3(c),€and€article€14,Ïparagraph€5,€are€to€be€read€together,€in€the€sense€that€the€right€to€review€ofÏconviction€and€sentence€must€be€made€available€without€undue€delay€at€allÏinstances.òòdóó/€€The€Committee€concludes€that€in€the€instant€case€there€has€been€aÏviolation€of€article€14,€paragraphs€3(c)€and€5,€of€the€Covenant€in€thisÏrespect.ÌÌ15.à2 .2àThe€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€theÏOptional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Ïis€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violation€of€article€14,Ïparagraphs€3(b),€3€(c)€and€5,€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€andÏPolitical€Rights.€ÌÌ16.à2 .2àThe€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€Mr.€Reid€is€entitled€to€an€appropriateÏremedy€under€article€2,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant.€€In€this€case,€as€theÏCommittee€finds€that€Mr.€Reid€did€not€receive€a€fair€trial€within€the€meaning€ofÏthe€Covenant,€the€Committee€considers€that€the€appropriate€remedy€entails€hisÏrelease.€€The€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€ensure€that€similarÏviolations€do€not€occur€in€the€future.€ÌÌ17.à2 .2àThe€Committee€would€wish€to€receive€information,€within€90days,€on€anyÏrelevant€measures€taken€by€the€State€party€in€respect€of€the€Committee's€views.ÌÌÌ[Adopted€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€originalÏversion.]ÌÌÌà@ì .òàòòNotesóóˆÌÌà2 .2àòòaóó/à .àSee€òòinteraliaóó€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„seventhÏSession,€Supplement€No.40óó€(A/47/40),€annexIX.B,€communication€No.230/1987Ï(òòRaphael€Henry€v.€Jamaicaóó),€views€adopted€on€1November€1991;€and€ibid.,€òòForty„¼sixth€Session,€Supplement€No.40óó€(A/46/40),€annex€XI.D,€communicationÏNo.253/1987€(òòPaul€Kelly€v.€Jamaicaóó),€views€adopted€on€8April€1991.ÌÌà2 .2àòòbóó/à .àRules€3€and€4€of€the€Judicial€Committee€(General€AppellateÏJurisdiction)€Rules€Order€read:€€ÌÌà2 .2àà .à"3(1).€A€petition€for€special€leave€to€appeal€shall:ÌÌà2 .2àà0 .àà . à€€"(a)€State€succinctly€all€such€facts€as€it€may€be€necessary€toÏstate€in€order€to€enable€the€Judicial€Committee€to€advise€Her€MajestyÏwhether€such€leave€ought€to€be€granted;ÌÌà2 .2àà0 .àà . à€€"(b)€Deal€with€the€merits€of€the€case€only€so€far€as€isÏnecessary€to€explain€the€grounds€upon€which€special€leave€to€appeal€isÏsought;ÌÌà2 .2àà .àà . à€€"...ÌÌà2 .2àà .à"4.€€€€A€petitioner€for€special€leave€to€appeal€shall€lodge:ÌÌà2 .2àà0 .àà . à€€"(a)€Six€copies€of€the€petition€and€of€the€judgement€from€whichÏspecial€leave€to€appeal€is€sought;ÌÌà2 .2àà .àà . à€€"..."̇à2 .2àòòcóó/à .àSee€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„seventh€Session,ÏSupplement€No.40óó€(A/47/40),€annex€IX.B,€communication€No.230/1987Ï(òòRaphaelHenry€v.€Jamaicaóó),€views€adopted€on€1November1991,€para.8.4;€andÏibid.,€òòForty„eighth€Session,€Supplement€No.40óó€(A/48/40),€annexXII.K,Ïcommunication€No.320/1988€(òòVictor€Francis€v.€Jamaicaóó),€views€adopted€onÏ24March€1993.ÌÌà2 .2àòòdóó/à .àIbid.,€òòForty„fourth€Session,€Supplement€No.40óó€(A/44/40),€annex€X.F,Ïcommunications€Nos.210/1986€and€225/1987€(òòEarl€Pratt€and€Ivan€Morgan€v.ÏJamaicaóó),€views€adopted€on€6April€1989,€paras.13.3„13.5.Ç€€€€€€€€€€€€J.€€òòCommunication€No.€366/1989,€Isidore€Kanana€v.€ZaireóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(òòviews€adopted€on€2€November€1993,€forty„ninth€sessionóó)ÌòòÌSubmitted€byóó:à . à€€€€€€€€€Isidore€Kanana€Tshiongo€a€MinangaÌÌòòVictimóó:à .àà . àà . àà . à€€€€€€€€€The€authorÌÌòòState€partyóó:à . àà . àà . àà . à€€€€€€€€€ZaireÌÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:àÐ .Ð ààÐ .Ð à€€2€May€1989€(initial€submission)ÌÌà2 .2àòòThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà2 .2àòòMeetingóó€on€2€November€1993,ÌÌà2 .2àòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€366/1989,€submittedÏto€the€Human€Rights€Committee€by€Mr.€Isidore€Kanana€Tshiongo€a€Minanga€under€theÏOptional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà2 .2àòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€byÏthe€author€of€the€communication€and€the€State€party,ÌÌà2 .2àòòAdoptsóó€its€views€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ1.à2 .2àThe€author€of€the€communication€is€Isidore€Kanana€Tshiongo€a€Minanga,€aÏZairian€citizen€residing€in€Kinshasa,€Zaire.€€The€author€claims€to€be€a€victimÏof€violations€of€his€human€rights€by€Zaire.ÌÌòòThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€authoróóÌÌ2.1à2 .2àThe€author€is€a€founding€member€of€the€Union€for€Democracy€and€SocialÏProgress€(Union€pour€la€dmocracie€et€le€progrs€social€(UDPS)),€a€politicalÏparty€which€was€in€opposition€to€the€regime€of€President€Mobutu.òòaóó/€€At€aroundÏ1p.m.€on€1€May€1989,€members€of€the€Zairian€Defence€Forces€allegedly€took€himÏto€the€headquarters€of€the€Agence€Nationale€de€Documentation€(AND),€a€specialÏbranch€of€the€Zairian€political€police.€€The€author€contends€that€he€had€beenÏtold€initially€that€he€was€to€meet€the€agency's€director€but€that€upon€hisÏarrival,€he€was€led€to€what€he€refers€to€as€torture€chambers.€€He€was€left€thereÏunattended€until€around€8€p.m.,€when€several€individuals€entered€the€cell.€€HeÏallegedly€was€undressed€and€strapped€to€the€concrete€floor€of€the€cell;€he€wasÏleft€in€this€state€until€around€midnight,€when€five€men€entered€the€cell€andÏbegan€torturing€him.€€A€sixth€man€joined€them€at€around€2€a.m.€€TortureÏallegedly€involved€applying€electric€shocks€to€the€author's€genitals€as€well€asÏheavy€beatings,€using€metal€bars€with€barbed€wire€wrapped€around€the€end.ÏAccording€to€the€author,€this€treatment€continued€until€he€lost€consciousness,Ïin€the€early€morning€hours€of€2€May€1989.ÌÌ2.2à2 .2àThe€author€was€left€for€dead€in€bushes€along€the€roadside,€in€the€vicinityÏof€the€AND€headquarters.€€He€states€that€he€regained€consciousness€at€aroundÏ7a.m.€on€2€May€and€managed€to€alert€some€roadworkers,€who€transported€him€toÏthe€nearby€office€of€the€Red€Cross,€from€which€he€was€brought€to€the€AmericanÏHospital€to€undergo€emergency€treatment;€he€remained€hospitalized€for€severalÏdays.ÌÌ2.3à2 .2àThe€author€asserts€that€as€the€executive€partly€controls€the€judiciary€inÏZaire,€it€would€be€naive€to€expect€to€obtain€redress€through€domestic€judicial€procedures.€€Nevertheless,€the€author€filed€a€complaint€with€the€Supreme€Court;Ïit€appears€that€to€date,€no€follow-up€has€been€given€to€it.€€He€furtherÏaddressed€two€letters€of€complaint€to€the€State€Commissioner€for€NationalÏDefence€and€Security,€to€no€avail.ÌÌ2.4à2 .2àThe€author€submits€that€his€health€remains€precarious,€and€adds€that€he€hasÏsuffered€from€paralysis€in€the€right€part€of€his€body€since€the€end€of€1990.ÌÌòòThe€complaintóóÌÌ3.à2 .2àWhile€the€author€does€not€invoke€any€provision€of€the€Covenant,€itÏtranspires€from€his€submission€that€he€claims€to€be€a€victim€of€arbitraryÏdetention€and€of€acts€of€torture.€€In€particular,€he€notes€that€he€was€at€noÏtime€notified€of€the€reasons€for€which€he€had€been€apprehended.ÌÌòòThe€Committee's€decision€on€admissibilityóóÌÌ4.1à2 .2àDuring€its€forty„fourth€session,€in€March€1992,€the€Committee€consideredÏthe€admissibility€of€the€communication.€€It€noted€with€concern€that€in€spite€ofÏfour€reminders€addressed€to€the€State€party€between€April€1990€andÏNovember1991,€no€information€or€observations€on€the€admissibility€of€theÏcommunication€had€been€received€from€the€State€party;€nor€did€the€State€partyÏprovide€information,€as€had€been€requested€by€the€Special€Rapporteur€on€NewÏCommunications,€about€the€status€of€investigations€into€the€allegations€ofÏMr.Kanana.€€Given€the€complete€absence€of€information€from€the€State€partyÏabout€the€availability€of€effective€domestic€remedies,€the€Committee€concludedÏthat€there€were€no€obstacles€to€the€admissibility€of€the€communication.ÌÌ4.2à2 .2àOn€20€March€1992,€therefore,€the€Committee€declared€the€communicationÏadmissible.ÌÌòòExamination€of€the€meritsóóÌÌ5.1à2 .2àThe€State€party€did€not€provide€any€information€in€respect€of€the€substanceÏof€the€author's€allegations,€in€spite€of€a€reminder€addressed€to€it€in€May€1993.ÏThe€Committee€notes€with€great€concern€the€total€absence€of€cooperation€on€theÏpart€of€the€State€party,€in€respect€of€both€the€admissibility€and€the€substanceÏof€the€author's€allegations.€€It€is€implicit€in€article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€theÏOptional€Protocol€and€in€rule€91€of€the€rules€of€procedure€that€a€State€party€toÏthe€Covenant€must€investigate€in€good€faith€all€the€allegations€of€violations€ofÏthe€Covenant€against€it€and€its€authorities€and€furnish€the€Committee€withÏdetailed€information€about€the€measures,€if€any,€taken€to€remedy€the€situation.ÏIn€the€circumstances,€due€weight€must€be€given€to€the€author's€allegations,€toÏthe€extent€that€they€have€been€substantiated.ÌÌ5.2à2 .2àThe€Committee€notes€that€the€author€claims€to€have€been€detained€at€theÏheadquarters€of€the€Agence€Nationale€de€Documentation€between€the€earlyÏafternoon€of€1€May€1989€and€the€early€morning€hours€of€the€following€day.€€HeÏclaims€that€he€was€not€informed€of€the€reasons€for€his€apprehension€andÏdetention;€this€has€not€been€contested.€€Furthermore,€it€is€uncontested€that€noÏwarrant€was€served€on€him€and€that€he€was€brought€to€AND€headquarters€underÏfalse€pretexts.€€These€uncontested€claims€are€considered€by€the€Committee€toÏhave€been€substantiated€by€Mr.€Kanana€and€justify€the€conclusion€that€hisÏdetention€on€1€and€2€May€1989€was€arbitrary€and€contrary€to€article€9,Ïparagraph1.€€The€Committee€also€expresses€grave€concern€about€the€circumstancesÏof€Mr.€Kanana's€apprehension€and€the€apparent€lack€of€judicial€accountability€ofÏthe€Zairian€Defence€Forces.€Ì‡5.3à2 .2àAs€to€the€treatment€to€which€the€author€was€subjected€between€8€p.m.€onÏ1May€1989€and€the€early€morning€hours€of€2€May€1989,€it€has€remainedÏuncontested€that€Mr.€Kanana€remained€strapped€to€the€concrete€floor€of€his€cellÏfor€close€to€four€hours,€and€that€he€was€thereafter€subjected€to€acts€of€tortureÏfor€several€more€hours.€€The€Committee€observes€in€this€context€that€Mr.€KananaÏhas€provided€photographic€evidence€of€the€consequences€of€this€treatment.€€InÏthe€circumstances,€the€Committee€concludes€that€the€author€has€substantiated€hisÏclaim€that€he€was€subjected€to€torture€and€cruel€and€inhuman€treatment,€inÏviolation€of€article€7€of€the€Covenant,€and€that€he€was€not€treated€with€respectÏfor€the€inherent€dignity€of€his€person,€in€violation€of€article€10,€paragraph€1.ÏÌ6.à2 .2àThe€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€is€of€the€view€that€theÏfacts€before€it€disclose€violations€of€articles€7,€9,€paragraph€1,€and€10,Ïparagraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ7.à2 .2àThe€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€Mr.€Isidore€Kanana€is€entitled,€underÏarticle€2,€paragraph€3(a),€of€the€Covenant,€to€an€effective€remedy,€includingÏappropriate€compensation€for€the€treatment€suffered.€€The€State€party€shouldÏinvestigate€the€events€complained€of€and€bring€to€justice€those€held€responsibleÏfor€the€author's€treatment;€it€further€is€under€an€obligation€to€take€effectiveÏmeasures€to€ensure€that€occurrences€such€as€those€complained€of€by€the€authorÏcease€and€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€the€future.ÌÌ8.à2 .2àThe€Committee€would€wish€to€receive€information,€within€90€days,€on€anyÏrelevant€measures€taken€by€the€State€party€in€respect€of€the€Committee's€views.ÌÌÌ[Done€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€originalÏversion.]ÌÌÌà@ì .òàòòNotesóóˆÌÌà2 .2àòòaóó/à .àIn€August€1992,€the€National€Sovereign€Conference€of€Zaire€designatedÏUDPS€leader€Etienne€Tshisekedi€Prime€Minister€of€Zaire;€he€assumed€his€duties€inÏlate€August€1992.€€His€mandate€has€not€been€recognized€by€PresidentÏMobutuSeseSeko.Ç€€€€€€€€€€€K.€€òòCommunication€No.€375/1989,€Glenmore€Compass€v.€JamaicaóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(òòviews€adopted€on€19€October€1993,€forty„ninth€sessionóó)ÌÌòòSubmitted€byóó:à . àà . àà . à€€€€€€€€€Glenmore€Compass€(represented€by€counsel)ÌÌòòAlleged€victimóó:à . àà . àà . à€€€€€€€€€The€authorÌÌòòState€partyóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€JamaicaÌÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€€à˜ .˜ à22€August€1989€(initial€submission)ÌÌà2 .2àòòThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà2 .2àòòMeetingóó€on€19€October€1993,ÌÌà2 .2àòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€375/1989,€submittedÏto€the€Human€Rights€Committee€by€Mr.€Glenmore€Compass€under€the€OptionalÏProtocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà2 .2àòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€byÏthe€author€of€the€communication,€his€counsel€and€the€State€party,ÌÌà2 .2àòòAdoptsóó€its€views€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌòòThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€authoróóÌÌ1.à2 .2àThe€author€of€the€communication€is€Glenmore€Compass,€a€Jamaican€citizenÏcurrently€awaiting€execution€at€St.€Catherine€District€Prison,€Jamaica.€€HeÏclaims€to€be€the€victim€of€a€violation€by€Jamaica€of€article€14,€paragraphs€1Ïand€3(e),€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€€He€isÏrepresented€by€counsel.ÌÌ2.1à2 .2àOn€4€September€1984,€the€author€was€charged,€together€with€oneÏVernonPinnock,€with€the€murder,€on€25€July€1984,€of€one€Sidney€Steele.€€OnÏ17January€1986,€he€was€tried€in€the€Home€Circuit€Court€of€Kingston,€convictedÏand€sentenced€to€death;€his€co-defendant€was€found€guilty€of€manslaughter€andÏsentenced€to€15€years€of€imprisonment.ÌÌ2.2à2 .2àThe€prosecution€contended€that€Mr.€Steele€and€his€companion,ÏMs.NoveletteProverbs,€were€attacked€by€Mr.€Compass€and€two€other€men,ÏVernonPinnock€and€one€Barrington€Shaw,€on€their€way€home€on€the€night€ofÏ25July€1984;€during€the€assault,€Mr.€Steele€was€shot.€€It€is€further€statedÏthat,€later€that€same€night,€the€three€men€were€stopped€by€two€police€officersÏfor€a€routine€control;€a€fight€ensued€during€which€the€officers€arrestedÏMr.Shaw€and€recovered€a€gun€which,€according€to€forensic€tests,€proved€to€beÏthe€murder€weapon.€ÌÌ2.3à2 .2àThe€author€was€arrested€one€month€later,€after€having€been€recognized€byÏone€of€the€police€officers€who€had€been€present€at€the€incident€of€25€July€1984.€ÏHe€was€placed€on€an€identification€parade;€Ms.€Proverbs,€the€prosecution's€mainÏwitness,€purportedly€was€unable€to€identify€the€author€properly,€owing€toÏinsufficient€light€in€the€room.€€During€the€trial,€however,€she€made€a€dockÏidentification€of€the€author,€whom€she€allegedly€knew€only€by€sight€and€by€hisÏnickname€of€"Brown€Man";€she€also€identified€the€two€other€assailants€andÏtestified€that€she€saw€the€author€shoot€the€deceased.€€According€to€the€evidenceÏof€a€police€inspector,€the€author€was€duly€cautioned€upon€his€arrest€and€made€a€statement€in€which€he€admitted€to€being€present€at€the€murder€scene,€but€deniedÏknowing€that€his€friends€intended€to€kill€Mr.€Steele.€€No€written€statement€wasÏtaken€from€the€author.ÌÌ2.4à2 .2àThe€author€denies€any€involvement€in€the€crime.€€During€the€trial,€he€madeÏan€unsworn€statement€from€the€dock,€stating€that€he€was€at€home€with€his€wifeÏand€daughter,€watching€television,€on€the€night€of€the€murder.€€He€contends€thatÏhe€did€not€know€his€co-defendant€prior€to€the€trial€and€that€he€never€made€anyÏstatement€concerning€the€murder€upon€his€arrest.ÌÌ2.5à2 .2àThe€author€further€states€that€the€Court€of€Appeal€of€Jamaica€dismissed€hisÏappeal€on€10€February€1988.€€In€this€context,€he€indicates€that€he€sought€toÏadduce€fresh€evidence,€which€included€depositions€of€two€witnesses€who€had€beenÏcalled€to€testify€at€the€trial,€in€order€to€show€inconsistencies€in€the€evidenceÏconcerning€the€identification€parade.€€The€Court€of€Appeal,€however,€did€notÏadmit€the€evidence.€€The€author€further€notes€that€he€appealed€on€the€groundÏthat€the€trial€judge€erred€in€his€summing-up€to€the€jury€in€relation€toÏMs.Proverbs'€identification€evidence,€as€well€as€with€respect€to€the€evidenceÏof€the€arresting€officers.ÌÌ2.6à2 .2àAfter€the€dismissal€of€his€appeal,€the€author€filed€a€petition€for€specialÏleave€to€appeal€to€the€Judicial€Committee€of€the€Privy€Council€on€the€followingÏgrounds:€€(a)€that€the€Court€of€Appeal€erred€in€failing€to€consider€whether€theÏdock€identifications€should€have€been€allowed;€(b)€that€it€erred€in€assumingÏthat€the€uncertainty€of€the€author's€identification€by€Ms.€Proverbs€wasÏirrelevant;€and€(c)€that€it€wrongly€evaluated€the€evidence€tendered€by€anotherÏprosecution€witness€as€to€why€he€did€not€attend€the€identification€parade.€€OnÏ19€December€1988,€the€Privy€Council€dismissed€the€petition.ÌÌ2.7à2 .2àWith€respect€to€the€requirement€of€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€theÏauthor€submits€that,€since€the€Judicial€Committee€of€the€Privy€Council€dismissedÏhis€petition,€he€has€exhausted€available€domestic€remedies€within€the€meaning€ofÏarticle€5,€paragraph€2(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌòòThe€complaintóóÌÌ3.1à2 .2àThe€author€claims€that€he€was€denied€a€fair€trial€and€that€severalÏirregularities€occurred€in€its€course.€€In€particular,€he€alleges€that€the€trialÏjudge€failed€to€exercise€his€discretion€to€prohibit€a€dock€identification€byÏwitnesses€who€had€not€previously€identified€the€author;€that€the€judge€failed€toÏdirect€the€jury€on€the€issue€of€whether€the€light€at€the€identification€paradeÏwas€sufficient€to€allow€Ms.€Proverbs€to€identify€him;€and€that€the€judge€failedÏto€warn€the€jury€on€the€dangers€of€dock€identifications,€the€significance€of€theÏfailure€by€the€police€to€hold€another€identification€parade€in€better€lightingÏconditions€and€the€danger€of€relying€upon€evidence€of€an€alleged€confessionÏwhich€was€not€taken€down€in€writing.€ÌÌ3.2à2 .2àThe€author€further€contends€that€his€rights€under€article€14,Ïparagraph3(e),€were€violated,€since€he€was€not€able€to€cross-examine€aÏprosecution€witness,€Detective€McNab,€who€at€the€time€of€the€trial€had€left€theÏpolice€and€emigrated,€but€whose€statements€were€admitted€pursuant€to€section€34Ïof€the€Justices€of€the€Peace€Act.€€The€statements€are€said€to€have€been€highlyÏprejudicial€to€the€author's€case,€in€that€they€purportedly€containedÏidentification€evidence€and€evidence€that€conflicted€with€the€ballisticÏevidence.€€In€this€context,€counsel€submits€that€the€examination€of€witnesses€inÏjury€trials€is€fundamental€to€the€notion€of€fair€trial.€€He€contends€that€theÏfact€that€an€accused€may€have€had€an€opportunity€to€examine€a€witness€against€him€at€a€preliminary€hearing€should€not€detract€from€his€right€to€examine€thatÏwitness€before€a€jury.€€In€this€connection,€counsel€submits€that€evidence€whichÏcomes€to€light€after€the€preliminary€hearing,€may€bring€up€questions€which€anÏaccused€will€wish€to€put€to€witnesses€against€him.ÌÌòòThe€State€party's€observations€and€the€author's€comments€thereonóóÌÌ4.1à2 .2àThe€State€party€contended€that,€in€spite€of€the€dismissal€of€the€author'sÏpetition€by€the€Judicial€Committee€of€the€Privy€Council,€the€communication€wasÏinadmissible€for€failure€to€exhaust€domestic€remedies,€since€the€author€had€notÏpursued€the€remedies€available€to€him€under€the€Jamaican€Constitution.€€In€thisÏcontext,€the€State€party€submitted€that€article€14€of€the€Covenant€invoked€byÏthe€author€is€coterminous€with€the€right€protected€by€section€20€of€the€JamaicanÏConstitution,€which€guarantees€to€everyone€the€right€to€due€process€of€law.€ÏUnder€article€25€of€the€Constitution,€if€anyone€alleges€that€any€of€hisÏfundamental€rights€has€been,€is€being€or€is€likely€to€be€contravened,€he€may,Ïwithout€prejudice€to€any€other€action€with€respect€to€the€same€matter€which€isÏlawfully€available,€apply€to€the€Supreme€Court€for€redress.ÌÌ4.2à2 .2àThe€State€party€further€challenged€the€Committee's€competence€to€examineÏthe€communication,€in€that€the€issues€raised€in€the€case€relate€to€theÏevaluation€of€facts€and€evidence.€€In€this€connection,€it€referred€to€theÏCommittee's€jurisprudence,€which€holds€that€"while€article€14€of€the€CovenantÏguarantees€a€right€to€a€fair€trial,€it€is€for€the€appellate€courts€of€StatesÏparties€to€the€Covenant€to€evaluate€facts€and€evidence€in€a€particular€case",Ïand€that€"the€review€by€the€Committee€of€specific€instructions€to€the€jury€byÏthe€judge€in€a€trial€by€jury€is€beyond€the€scope€of€application€of€article€14,Ïunless€it€can€be€ascertained€that€the€instructions€to€the€jury€were€clearlyÏarbitrary€or€amounted€to€a€denial€of€justice".òòaóó/ÌÌ5.à2 .2àIn€his€comments€on€the€State€party's€submission,€counsel€challenged€theÏState€party's€contention€that€the€author€might€still€pursue€constitutionalÏremedies€and€submitted€that€these€remedies€were€not€available€to€the€authorÏowing€to€lack€of€financial€means€and€unavailability€of€legal€aid€for€theÏpurpose.€€In€this€context,€reference€was€made€to€the€Committee's€constantÏjurisprudence€under€which€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies€can€only€be€requiredÏto€the€extent€that€those€remedies€are€both€effective€and€available€within€theÏmeaning€of€article€5,€paragraph€2(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌòòThe€Committee's€consideration€of€and€decision€on€admissibilityóóÌÌ6.1à2 .2àDuring€its€fortieth€session,€in€October€1990,€the€Committee€considered€theÏadmissibility€of€the€communication.€€It€observed€that€recourse€to€theÏConstitutional€Court€under€section€25€of€the€Jamaican€Constitution€was€not€aÏremedy€available€to€the€author€within€the€meaning€of€article€5,€paragraph€2(b),Ïof€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ6.2à2 .2àIn€respect€of€the€author's€allegations€relating€to€the€issue€of€theÏadequacy€of€the€judge's€instructions€to€the€jury,€the€Committee€considered€thatÏthe€review€by€the€Committee€of€specific€instructions€to€the€jury€in€a€trial€isÏbeyond€the€scope€of€application€of€article€14,€unless€it€can€be€ascertained€thatÏthe€instructions€were€clearly€arbitrary€or€amounted€to€a€denial€of€justice.€ÏSince€the€Committee€had€no€evidence€that€the€judge's€instructions€suffered€fromÏsuch€defects,€it€found€that€this€part€of€the€communication€was€inadmissibleÏunder€article€3€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ6.3à2 .2àThe€Human€Rights€Committee,€therefore,€on€18€October€1990,€declared€theÏcommunication€admissible€in€so€far€as€it€might€raise€issues€under€article€14,Ïparagraph€3(e),€of€the€Covenant,€in€respect€of€the€claim€that€the€author€wasÏunable€to€cross-examine€a€prosecution€witness€whose€evidence€allegedly€wasÏhighly€prejudicial€to€his€case.ÌÌòòReconsideration€of€admissibility€issuesóóÌÌ7.à2 .2àThe€State€party,€by€submission€of€12€June€1991,€maintains€that€theÏcommunication€is€inadmissible€because€of€the€author's€failure€to€seekÏconstitutional€redress.€€It€contends€that€the€Committee's€reasoning€in€theÏadmissibility€decision€reflects€a€misunderstanding€of€the€relevant€Jamaican€law;Ïit€claims€that€constitutional€redress€is€still€available€to€the€author,€sinceÏthe€breach€of€the€right€to€fair€trial€was€not€the€subject€of€judicialÏdetermination€by€the€Privy€Council.€€The€State€party€observes€that€there€areÏjudicial€precedents€which€illustrate€that€recourse€to€criminal€law€appellateÏremedies€does€not€preclude€the€Supreme€(Constitutional)€Court's€jurisdiction€toÏgrant€constitutional€redress.ÌÌ8.1à2 .2àBy€submission€of€9€August€1991,€counsel€contests€that€the€constitutionalÏmotion€is€a€remedy€available€to€the€author€within€the€meaning€of€article€5,Ïparagraph€2(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€€He€argues€that€the€issue€of€fairÏtrial€was€actually€the€subject„matter€of€the€appeal€to€the€Privy€Council,€andÏconcludes€that€the€Supreme€(Constitutional)€Court€is€therefore€barred€fromÏexercising€its€powers€under€section€25€of€the€Constitution.ÌÌ8.2à2 .2àCounsel€further€argues€that,€even€if€the€constitutional€motion€were€deemedÏadequate€and€effective,€it€is€not€a€remedy€available€to€the€author€owing€to€hisÏlack€of€financial€means€and€the€unavailability€of€legal€aid€for€the€purpose.€ÏCounsel€emphasizes€that€the€existence€of€constitutional€redress€is€not€denied,Ïbut€that,€in€the€circumstances€of€the€present€case,€the€provision€of€legal€aidÏwould€be€necessary€to€enable€an€effective€pursuit€of€the€constitutional€remedy.ÌÌ9.1à2 .2àThe€Committee€has€taken€note€of€the€State€party's€argument€thatÏconstitutional€remedies€are€still€available€to€the€author.€€It€recalls€that€theÏSupreme€Court€of€Jamaica€has,€in€recent€cases,€allowed€applications€forÏconstitutional€redress€in€respect€of€breaches€of€fundamental€rights,€after€theÏcriminal€appeals€in€these€cases€had€been€dismissed.ÌÌ9.2à2 .2àHowever,€the€Committee€also€recalls€that€by€submission€of€10€October€1991,Ïconcerning€another€case,òòbóó/€the€State€party€indicated€that€legal€aid€is€notÏprovided€for€constitutional€motions,€and€that€it€has€no€obligation€underÏarticle14,€paragraph€3(d),€of€the€Covenant€to€make€legal€aid€available€inÏrespect€of€such€motions,€as€they€do€not€involve€the€determination€of€a€criminalÏcharge.€€In€the€view€of€the€Committee,€this€supports€the€finding,€made€in€theÏdecision€of€admissibility,€that€a€constitutional€motion€is€not€an€availableÏremedy€for€an€author€who€has€no€means€of€his€own€to€pursue€it.€€In€this€context,Ïthe€Committee€observes€that€the€author€does€not€claim€that€he€is€absolved€fromÏpursuing€constitutional€remedies€because€of€his€indigence;€rather€it€is€theÏState€party's€unwillingness€or€inability€to€provide€legal€aid€for€the€purposeÏthat€renders€the€remedy€one€that€need€not€be€pursued€for€purposes€of€theÏOptional€Protocol.ÌÌ9.3à2 .2àAccordingly,€the€Committee€considers€that€there€is€no€reason€to€revise€theÏdecision€on€admissibility€of€19€October€1990.ÌÌòòÔ&  ÔExamination€of€the€meritsóóÌÌ10.1à2 .2à€The€Human€Rights€Committee€has€considered€the€present€communication€in€theÏÔ'  Ôlight€of€all€the€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€parties,€as€provided€inÏarticle€5,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.Ì€Ì10.2à2 .2à€The€Committee€notes€with€concern€that€the€State€party€in€its€submissionsÏhas€confined€itself€to€issues€of€admissibility.€€Article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€theÏOptional€Protocol€enjoins€a€State€party€to€investigate€in€good€faith€all€theÏallegations€made€against€it,€and€to€make€available€to€the€Committee€all€theÏinformation€at€its€disposal.ÌÌ10.3à2 .2à€In€respect€of€the€author's€claim€that€article€14,€paragraph€3,€wasÏviolated€in€his€case,€as€he€was€not€given€the€opportunity€to€cross-examine€oneÏof€the€main€prosecution€witnesses,€Detective€McNab,€the€Committee€notes€that€itÏis€undisputed€that€the€witness€was€unable€to€give€evidence€during€the€trial,Ïbecause€he€had€left€Jamaica.€€The€Committee€notes,€however,€that€it€appears€fromÏthe€trial€transcript€that€the€author€was€present€during€the€preliminary€hearing,Ïwhen€McNab€gave€his€statement€under€oath,€and€that€counsel€to€the€authorÏcross-examined€the€witness€on€that€occasion.€€The€statement€made€by€the€witness,Ïas€well€as€the€answers€in€cross-examination,€were€put€before€the€Court€duringÏthe€trial€as€evidence;€no€objection€was€taken€by€the€author€or€his€counsel,Ïeither€at€the€trial€or€on€appeal,€to€the€introduction€of€this€evidence.€€TheÏCommittee€observes€that€article€14,€paragraph€3(e),€protects€the€equality€ofÏarms€between€the€prosecution€and€the€defence€in€the€examination€of€witnesses,Ïbut€does€not€prevent€the€defence€from€waiving€or€not€exercising€its€entitlementÏto€cross-examine€a€prosecution€witness€during€the€trial€hearing.€€In€any€event,Ïthe€Committee€notes€that€Detective€McNab€was€examined€by€the€defence€under€theÏsame€conditions€as€by€the€prosecution€at€the€preliminary€hearing.€€In€theÏcircumstances€of€the€case,€the€Committee€concludes€that€the€facts€before€it€doÏnot€disclose€a€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€3(e).ÌÌ11.à2 .2àThe€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€theÏOptional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Ïis€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€do€not€disclose€a€violation€of€any€ofÏthe€provisions€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.ÌÌÌ[Done€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€originalÏversion.]ÌÌÌà@ì .òàòòNotesóóˆÌÌà2 .2àòòaóó/à .àSee€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„fifth€Session,ÏSupplement€No.40óó€(A/45/40),€annex€X.Q,€communication€No.329/1988€(òòD.F.€v.ÏJamaicaóó),€decision€of€26March€1990,€para.5.2;€and€ibid.,€annex€X.S,Ïcommunication€No.369/1989€(òòG.S.€v.€Jamaicaóó),€decision€of€8November€1989,Ïpara.3.2.ÌÌà2 .2àòòbóó/à .àIbid.,€òòForty„seventh€Session,€Supplement€No.40óó€(A/47/40),€annexIX.J,Ïcommunication€No.€283/1988€(òòAston€Little€v.€Jamaicaóó),€views€adopted€onÏ1November€1991.ÌÌÇÝ ƒ@ÿÝÔ UK ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÑ\R3Ø'\ÑÑ X ÑÑ À ÑÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓ…+ÓÔ€ôôôÔÔC€A<þ6X9`(CourierCÔÓ(€ B $(ÓØØÖ€hÖÖ€ÖÓ882 ÓÝ  Ýà@ì .ÊàL.€€òòCommunication€No.€377/1989,€Anthony€Currie€v.€JamaicaóóˆÌà@ì .Êà€€€€(òòviews€adopted€on€29€March€1994,€fiftieth€sessionóó)€€€ˆÌÌòòSubmitted€byóó:€€€€€€€€€€€Anthony€Currie€(represented€by€counsel)ÌÌòòAlleged€victimóó:€€€€€€€€€The€authorÌÌòòState€partyóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€JamaicaÌÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€€25€October€1989€(initial€submission)ÌÌà2 .2àòòThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà2 .2àòòMeetingóó€on€29€March€1994,ÌÌà2 .2àòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€377/1989,€submittedÏto€the€Human€Rights€Committee€by€Mr.€Anthony€Currie€under€the€Optional€ProtocolÏto€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà2 .2àòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€byÏthe€author€of€the€communication,€his€counsel€and€the€State€party,ÌÌà2 .2àòòAdoptsóó€its€views€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌòòThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€authoróóÌÌ1.à2 .2àThe€author€of€the€communication€is€Anthony€Currie,€a€Jamaican€citizenÏawaiting€execution€at€St.€Catherine€District€Prison,€Jamaica.€€He€claims€to€beÏthe€victim€of€a€violation€by€Jamaica€of€article€14,€paragraphs€1,€3€(c)€and€5,Ïòòjunctoóó€article€2,€paragraph€3,€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€andÏPolitical€Rights.€€He€is€represented€by€counsel.ÌÌ2.1à2 .2àThe€author€states€that€he€was€charged€with€the€murder,€on€18€April€1978,€ofÏEzekiel€Segree.€€Prior€to€the€murder,€the€author€and€the€deceased€had€beenÏengaged€in€an€argument.€€The€author€alleges€that€the€deceased€pulled€a€knife€andÏinjured€him.€€During€the€trial€medical€evidence€was€not€called€for€by€theÏauthor's€lawyer€in€order€to€determine€whether€the€author's€scar€could€have€beenÏthe€result€of€a€wound€inflicted€at€the€time€of€the€murder;€the€prosecutionÏwitnesses€testified€that€the€deceased€had€not€been€the€aggressor.ÌÌ2.2à2 .2àOn€8€December€1978,€the€author€was€sentenced€to€death.€€The€author€appealedÏthe€judgement€on€the€ground€that€the€judge€had€misdirected€the€jury€on€the€issueÏof€self„defence.€€The€Jamaican€Court€of€Appeal€dismissed€his€appeal€onÏ11October€1980.€€The€author€subsequently€filed€a€petition€for€special€leave€toÏappeal€to€the€Judicial€Committee€of€the€Privy€Council.€€On€20€February€1987,€hisÏpetition€was€dismissed€in€the€absence€of€a€written€judgement€of€the€JamaicanÏCourt€of€Appeal.€€Counsel€had€invited€the€Judicial€Committee€to€allow€theÏpetition€on€the€basis€that€the€failure€of€the€Court€of€Appeal€to€issue€a€writtenÏjudgement€in€a€capital€case€was€such€a€serious€violation€of€the€principles€ofÏnatural€justice€that€leave€to€appeal€should€be€granted,€or€to€remit€the€case€toÏJamaica€with€a€direction€under€section€10€of€the€Judicial€Committee€Act€1844Ïthat€the€Court€of€Appeal€be€required€to€provide€written€reasons.ÌÌ2.3à2 .2àSection€10€of€the€1844€Act€(as€revised€on€31€March€1978)€stipulates:ÌÌà02 .2à"It€shall€be€lawful€for€the€said€Judicial€Committee€to€make€an€order€orÏorders€on€any€court€in€any€colony€of€foreign€settlement,€or€foreignÏdominion€of€the€crown,€requiring€the€judge€or€judges€of€such€court€toÏtransmit€to€the€clerk€of€the€Privy€Council€a€copy€of€the€notes€of€evidenceÏin€any€case€tried€before€such€court,€and€of€the€reasons€given€by€the€judgeÏor€judges€for€the€judgement€pronounced€in€any€case€brought€by€appeal€or€byÏwrit€of€error€before€the€said€Judicial€Committee."ÌÌ2.4à2 .2àThe€Judicial€Committee€did€not€adopt€either€of€the€proposed€courses€andÏinstead€dismissed€the€application€for€leave€to€appeal.ÌÌòòThe€complaintóóÌÌ3.1à2 .2àThe€author€claims€that€he€has€been€denied€the€right€to€have€his€convictionÏand€sentence€reviewed€by€a€higher€tribunal€because€of€the€Court€of€Appeal'sÏfailure€to€issue€a€written€judgement€and€the€subsequent€failure€of€the€JudicialÏCommittee€to€exercise€its€powers€under€section€10€of€the€1844€Act.€€He€statesÏthat€he€failed€to€win€special€leave€to€appeal€to€the€Judicial€Committee€because,Ïin€the€absence€of€written€judgement,€he€was€unable€to€explain€the€grounds€onÏwhich€he€was€seeking€leave€to€appeal€and€to€include€copies€of€the€Appeal€Court'sÏjudgement.ÌÌ3.2à2 .2àThe€author€further€contends€that€the€failure€of€the€Court€of€Appeal€toÏissue€a€written€judgement,€despite€repeated€requests€on€his€behalf,€violates€hisÏright€to€be€tried€without€undue€delay,€as€in€the€absence€of€a€written€judgementÏhe€is€unable€to€pursue€effectively€his€right€of€appeal€to€the€Judicial€CommitteeÏof€the€Privy€Council.ÌÌ3.3à2 .2àThe€author€further€submits€that€by€failing€to€provide€him€with€anÏaccessible€legal€procedure€for€the€enforcement€of€his€constitutional€rights,€theÏState€party€denied€him€the€right€of€access€to€court€to€seek€redress€for€theÏviolations€of€his€fundamental€rights.€€The€author€argues€that€this€failureÏconstitutes€a€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€1,€òòjunctoóó€article€2,Ïparagraph3,€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ3.4à2 .2àIn€support€of€his€allegations€the€author€adduces€relevant€judicialÏprecedents€from€the€case€law€of€Commonwealth€countries,€the€United€States€ofÏAmerica,€the€European€Court€of€Human€Rights€and€the€Human€Rights€Committee.òòaóó/ÌÌÔ&  ÔòòThe€State€party's€observations€and€the€author's€clarificationsóóÌÌ4.1à2 .2àBy€submission€of€11€January€1990,€the€State€party€argues€that€theÏÔ'  Ôcommunication€is€inadmissible€on€the€ground€of€failure€to€exhaust€all€domesticÏremedies.ÌÌ4.2à2 .2àThe€State€party€submits€that€the€author's€right€to€a€fair€trial€withoutÏundue€delay€and€the€right€to€access€to€court€for€the€determination€of€criminalÏcharges€against€him€are€guaranteed€in€section€20€(1)€of€the€JamaicanÏConstitution.€€Under€section€25,€any€person€who€alleges€that€a€fundamental€rightÏguaranteed€in€the€Constitution€has€been,€is€being€or€is€likely€to€be€contravenedÏin€relation€to€him€may€apply€to€the€Supreme€(Constitutional)€Court€for€redress.€ÏThe€State€party€states€that€the€Supreme€Court€may€make€such€orders,€issue€suchÏwrits€and€give€such€directions€as€it€may€consider€appropriate€for€the€purpose€ofÏenforcing€or€securing€the€enforcement€of€any€of€the€rights€to€which€the€personÏis€entitled.ÌÌ4.3à2 .2àThe€State€party€argues€that,€since€the€author€has€taken€no€steps€to€secureÏhis€constitutional€remedies,€he€has€therefore€not€exhausted€domestic€remedies€asÏrequired€by€article€5,€paragraph€2€(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ5.1à2 .2àIn€his€comments€on€the€State€party's€observations,€the€author€explains€why,Ïin€his€opinion,€his€communication€meets€the€requirements€of€article€5,Ïparagraph2€(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€€While€conceding€that€he€has€notÏsought€to€exercise€his€right€under€section€25€(1)€of€the€Jamaican€ConstitutionÏto€seek€redress€for€the€alleged€breach€of€his€constitutional€rights€before€theÏSupreme€Court,€he€argues€that,€in€practical€terms,€because€of€lack€of€means,Ïthis€right€is€not€available€to€him€and€is€therefore€not€an€effective€domesticÏremedy.€€He€submits€that€he€cannot€be€required€to€exhaust€a€remedy€that€isÏneither€available€nor€effective.ÌÌ5.2à2 .2àThe€author€argues€that€the€State€party€has€rendered€his€constitutionalÏrights€meaningless€and€nugatory€by€failing€to€provide€legal€aid€forÏconstitutional€motions.€€He€contends€that€without€the€assistance€of€a€lawyer,€heÏis€unable€to€pursue€the€complex€legal€procedures€that€a€constitutional€motionÏentails.€€He€states€that€he€has€been€unsuccessful€in€finding€an€attorney€willingÏto€represent€him€on€a€òòpro€bonoóó€basis.€€He€contends€that€he€is€therefore€beingÏdenied€effective€access€to€court€for€the€determination€of€his€constitutionalÏrights.ÌÌòòThe€Committee's€decision€on€admissibilityóóÌÌ6.à2 .2àAt€its€forty„fourth€session,€the€Committee€considered€the€admissibility€ofÏthe€communication.€€It€noted€the€State€party's€contention€that€the€communicationÏwas€inadmissible€because€of€the€author's€failure€to€pursue€the€constitutionalÏremedies€said€to€be€available€to€him.€€In€this€context,€the€Committee€recalledÏits€constant€jurisprudence€that€domestic€remedies€within€the€meaning€of€theÏOptional€Protocol€must€be€both€available€and€effective;€it€considered€that,€inÏthe€absence€of€legal€aid€for€purposes€of€filing€a€constitutional€motion,€theÏrecourse€to€the€Supreme€Court€under€section€25€of€the€Jamaica€Constitution€didÏnot€constitute€a€remedy€which€is€both€available€and€effective€within€the€meaningÏof€article€5,€paragraph€2€(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ7.à2 .2àOn€20€March€1992,€the€Committee€therefore€declared€the€communicationÏadmissible€in€so€far€as€it€might€raise€issues€under€article€14,€paragraphs€1,Ï3(c)€and€5,€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌòòReview€of€admissibilityóóÌÌ8.à2 .2àBy€submission€of€16€February€1993,€the€State€party€maintains€that€theÏcommunication€is€inadmissible€for€failure€to€exhaust€domestic€remedies.€€ItÏchallenges€the€Committee's€finding€that€a€constitutional€motion€does€not€provideÏan€adequate€and€effective€remedy€in€the€absence€of€legal€aid.€€In€this€context,Ïthe€State€party€submits€that€the€Covenant€does€not€require€States€parties€toÏprovide€legal€aid€in€all€cases,€but€only,€under€article€14,€paragraph€3€(d),€toÏpersons€charged€with€a€criminal€offence€where€the€interests€of€justice€soÏrequire.ÌÌ9.à2 .2àIn€his€comments,€dated€21€June€1993,€on€the€State€party's€submission,€theÏauthor€refers€to€his€earlier€comments€concerning€the€admissibility€of€theÏcommunication.ÌÌ10.à2 .2àThe€Committee€has€taken€note€of€the€arguments€submitted€to€it€by€the€StateÏparty€and€the€author€and€reiterates€that€domestic€remedies€within€the€meaning€of€the€Optional€Protocol€must€be€both€available€and€effective.€€The€CommitteeÏconsiders€that,€in€the€absence€of€legal€aid,€a€constitutional€motion€does€not,Ïin€the€circumstances€of€the€instant€case,€constitute€an€available€remedy€withinÏthe€meaning€of€article€5,€paragraph€2€(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€€There€isÏtherefore€no€reason€to€revise€the€Committee's€earlier€decision€on€admissibilityÏof€20€March€1992.ÌÌòòExamination€of€the€meritsóóÌÌ11.à2 .2àAs€to€the€merits€of€the€communication,€the€State€party€argues€that€theÏauthor's€allegations€do€not€reveal€a€violation€of€the€Covenant.€€With€regard€toÏthe€author's€allegation€that€article€14,€paragraph€5,€has€been€violated,€theÏState€party€submits€that€the€author€has€had€his€case€reviewed€by€the€Court€ofÏAppeal€as€well€as€by€the€Privy€Council.ÌÌÓ#8à8ø ÄÌ#ÓÓ#8à8ø ÄÌ#Ó12.1à .àWith€regard€to€his€claim€under€article€14,€paragraphs€3€(c)€and€5,€of€theÏCovenant,€that€he€has€been€denied€the€right€to€have€his€conviction€and€sentenceÏreviewed€by€a€higher€tribunal€without€undue€delay,€the€author€refers€to€theÏCommittee's€prior€jurisprudence,€òòbóó/€where€the€Committee€found€violations€ofÏarticle€14,€paragraphs€3€(c)€and€5,€since€the€failure€of€the€court€to€issue€aÏwritten€judgement€denied€the€complainants€the€possibility€of€an€effective€appealÏwithout€undue€delay.€€The€author€points€out€that€it€has€been€15€years€since€heÏwas€originally€charged€with€murder€and€nearly€13€years€since€the€Court€of€AppealÏorally€dismissed€his€appeal€and€that€no€written€judgement€has€been€issued€asÏyet.€€He€challenges€the€State€party's€statement€that€his€case€had€been€examinedÏby€the€Privy€Council€and€states€that€the€Privy€Council€merely€denied€him€leaveÏto€appeal€because€he€was€unable€to€meet€the€requirements€of€the€Council's€rulesÏof€procedure,€namely,€to€explain€the€grounds€on€which€he€was€seeking€specialÏleave€to€appeal€and€to€include€copies€of€the€Appeal€Court's€judgement€with€hisÏpetition.ÌÌ12.2à .àWith€regard€to€his€claim€under€article€14,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant,Ïthat€he€has€been€denied€the€right€of€access€to€court€to€seek€constitutionalÏredress€for€the€violation€of€his€human€rights,€the€author€submits€that€the€highÏlegal€costs€involved€in€seeking€constitutional€redress€are€well€beyond€his€meansÏand€that€no€legal€aid€is€provided€for€constitutional€motions.€€He€moreoverÏclaims€that€the€complicated€nature€of€the€system€of€constitutional€redress€makesÏit€inaccessible€to€him€without€legal€assistance.€€He€argues€that€although€theÏCovenant€does€not€oblige€States€parties€to€provide€legal€aid€in€respect€of€civilÏactions,€States€parties€are€under€an€obligation€to€give€effect€to€the€rights€andÏremedies€set€out€in€the€Covenant.€€The€author€argues€that€the€absence€of€legalÏaid€for€constitutional€motions€and€the€absence€of€a€simple€and€accessibleÏprocedure€for€constitutional€redress€deny€him€effective€access€to€theÏconstitutional€court,€so€that€he€cannot€enjoy€his€right€under€article€14,Ïparagraph€1,€to€a€fair€and€public€hearing€for€the€determination€of€his€rightsÏand€obligations.ÌÌ13.1à .àThe€Committee€has€considered€the€communication€in€the€light€of€allÏinformation€made€available€to€it€by€the€parties,€as€required€under€article€5,Ïparagraph€1,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ13.2à .àThe€author€has€claimed€that€the€absence€of€legal€aid€for€the€purpose€ofÏfiling€a€constitutional€motion€itself€constitutes€a€violation€of€the€Covenant.€ÏThe€Committee€notes€that€the€Covenant€does€not€contain€an€express€obligation€asÏsuch€for€a€State€to€provide€legal€aid€for€individuals€in€all€cases€but€only,€inÏaccordance€with€article€14,€paragraph€3€(d),€in€the€determination€of€a€criminalÏcharge€where€the€interests€of€justice€so€require.̇13.3à .àThe€Committee€is€aware€that€the€role€of€the€Constitutional€Court€is€not€toÏdetermine€the€criminal€charge€itself,€but€to€ensure€that€applicants€receive€aÏfair€trial€in€all€cases,€whether€criminal€or€civil.€€The€State€party€has€anÏobligation,€under€article€2,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant,€to€make€the€remediesÏin€the€Constitutional€Court€addressing€violations€of€fundamental€rightsÏavailable€and€effective.ÌÌ13.4à .àThe€determination€of€rights€in€proceedings€in€the€Constitutional€CourtÏmust€conform€with€the€requirements€of€a€fair€hearing€in€accordance€withÏarticle14,€paragraph€1.€€In€this€particular€case,€the€Constitutional€CourtÏwould€be€called€on€to€determine€whether€the€author's€conviction€in€a€criminalÏtrial€has€violated€the€guarantees€of€a€fair€trial.€€In€such€cases,€theÏapplication€of€the€requirement€of€a€fair€hearing€in€the€Constitutional€CourtÏshould€be€consistent€with€the€principles€in€paragraph€3€(d)€of€article€14.€€ItÏfollows€that€where€a€convicted€person€seeking€constitutional€review€ofÏirregularities€in€a€criminal€trial€has€not€sufficient€means€to€meet€the€costs€ofÏlegal€assistance€in€order€to€pursue€his€constitutional€remedy€and€where€theÏinterests€of€justice€so€require,€legal€assistance€should€be€provided€by€theÏState.€€In€the€present€case€the€absence€of€legal€aid€has€denied€to€the€authorÏthe€opportunity€to€test€the€regularities€of€his€criminal€trial€in€theÏConstitutional€Court€in€a€fair€hearing,€and€is€thus€a€violation€of€article€14,Ïparagraph€1,€òòjunctoóó€article€2,€paragraph€3.ÌÌ13.5à .àThe€author€also€claims€that€the€failure€of€the€Court€of€Appeal€to€issue€aÏwritten€judgement€violates€his€right€under€article€14,€paragraph€3€(c),€to€beÏtried€without€undue€delay,€and€his€right€under€article€14,€paragraph€5,€to€haveÏhis€conviction€and€sentence€reviewed.€€The€State€party€had€not€provided€anyÏinformation€to€show€that€the€Judicial€Committee€of€the€Privy€Council€dismissedÏthe€author's€petition€for€special€leave€to€appeal€on€any€grounds€other€than€theÏabsence€of€a€written€judgement€of€the€Court€of€Appeal.€€In€the€circumstances,Ïthe€Committee€finds€that€the€author€has€been€barred€from€making€effective€use€ofÏthe€remedy€of€petitioning€the€Judicial€Committee€of€the€Privy€Council€forÏspecial€leave€to€appeal.€€The€Committee€recalls€that€article€14,Ïparagraph3(c),€and€article€14,€paragraph€5,€are€to€be€read€together,€so€thatÏthe€right€to€review€of€conviction€and€sentence€must€be€made€available€withoutÏundue€delay.€òòcóó/€€In€this€connection,€the€Committee€refers€to€its€earlierÏjurisprudence€òòbóó/€and€reaffirms€that€under€article€14,€paragraph€5,€a€convictedÏperson€is€entitled€to€have,€within€reasonable€time,€access€to€writtenÏjudgements,€duly€reasoned,€for€all€instances€of€appeal€in€order€to€enjoy€theÏeffective€exercise€of€the€right€to€have€conviction€and€sentence€reviewed€by€aÏhigher€tribunal€according€to€law.€€The€Committee€is€of€the€opinion€that€theÏfailure€of€the€Court€of€Appeal€to€issue€a€written€judgement,€13€years€after€theÏdismissal€of€the€appeal,€constitutes€a€violation€of€article€14,€paragraphs3(c)Ïand€5.ÌÌ13.6à .àThe€Committee€is€of€the€opinion€that€the€imposition€of€a€sentence€of€deathÏupon€conclusion€of€a€trial€in€which€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€have€not€beenÏrespected€constitutes,€if€no€further€appeal€against€the€sentence€is€possible,€aÏviolation€of€article€6€of€the€Covenant.€€As€the€Committee€noted€in€its€generalÏcomment€6€(16),€the€provision€that€a€sentence€of€death€may€be€imposed€only€inÏaccordance€with€the€law€and€not€contrary€to€the€provisions€of€the€CovenantÏimplies€that€"the€procedural€guarantees€therein€prescribed€must€be€observed,Ïincluding€the€right€to€a€fair€hearing€by€an€independent€tribunal,€theÏpresumption€of€innocence,€the€minimum€guarantees€for€the€defence€and€the€rightÏto€review€by€a€higher€tribunal."€òòdóó/€€In€the€present€case,€since€the€finalÏsentence€of€death€was€passed€without€due€respect€for€the€requirements€for€a€fair€trial€set€out€in€article€14,€paragraphs€3(c)€and€5,€there€has€accordingly€alsoÏbeen€a€violation€of€article6€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ14.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€theÏOptional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Ïis€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violation€of€article€14,Ïparagraph€1,€òòjunctoóó€article€2,€paragraph€3,€article€14,€paragraphs€3€(c)€and€5,Ïand€consequently€article€6€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€PoliticalÏRights.ÌÌ15.€€In€capital€punishment€cases,€the€obligation€of€States€parties€to€observeÏrigorously€all€the€guarantees€for€a€fair€trial€set€out€in€article€14€of€theÏCovenant€admits€of€no€exception.€€The€failure€to€provide€Mr.€Currie€an€effectiveÏright€to€appeal€without€undue€delay€in€accordance€with€article€14,Ïparagraphs3(c)€and€5,€of€the€Covenant,€means€that€he€did€not€receive€a€fairÏtrial€within€the€meaning€of€the€Covenant.€€Consequently,€he€is€entitled,€underÏarticle€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€to€an€effective€remedy.€€TheÏCommittee€is€of€the€view€that€in€the€circumstances€of€the€case,€this€entails€hisÏrelease.€€The€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€ensure€that€similarÏviolations€do€not€occur€in€the€future.ÌÌ16.€€The€Committee€would€wish€to€receive€information,€within€ninety€days,€on€anyÏrelevant€measures€taken€by€the€State€party€in€respect€of€the€Committee's€views.ÌÌÌ[Adopted€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€originalÏversion.]ÌÌÌà@ì .òàòòNotesóóˆÌÌÓ#8à8,ø ÄÌ#Óà, .,àòòaóó/àø .øàThe€author€refers,€òòinter€aliaóó,€to€the€Committee's€views€in€òòEarl€PrattÏand€Ivan€Morgan€v.€Jamaicaóó,€communications€Nos.€210/1986€and€225/1987,€adoptedÏon€6€April€1989€(see€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„fourthÏSession,€Supplement€No.€40óó€(A/44/40),€annex€X.F).ÌÌà, .,àòòbóó/àø .øàòòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„eighth€Session,ÏSupplement€No.€40óó€(A/48/40),€annex€XII.K,€communication€No.€320/1988Ï(òòVictorFrancis€v.€Jamaica)óó,€views€adopted€on€24€March€1993;€ibid.,€òòForty„¼seventh€Session,€Supplement€No.€40óó€(A/47/40),€annex€IX.J,€communicationÏNo.283/1988€(òòAston€Little€v.€Jamaicaóó),€views€adopted€on€1November€1991;€andÏibid.,€annex€IX.B,€communication€No.€230/1987€(òòRaphael€Henry€v.€Jamaicaóó),€viewsÏadopted€on€1November€1991.ÌÌà, .,àòòcóó/àø .øàIbid.,€òòForty„fourth€Session,€Supplement€No.€40óó€(A/44/40),€annex€X.F,Ïcommunications€Nos.€210/1986€and€225/1987€(òòEarl€Pratt€and€Ivan€Morgan€v.ÏJamaicaóó),€views€adopted€on€6€April€1989,€paras.13.3€to€13.5.ÌÌà, .,àòòdóó/àø .øàIbid.,€òòThirty„seventh€Session,€Supplement€No.€40óó€(A/37/40),€annex€V,Ïgeneral€comment€6€(16),€para.€7.ÌÌÇÝ ƒ@ÿÝÔ UK ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÑ\R3Ø'\ÑÑ X ÑÑ À ÑÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓ…+ÓÔ€ôôôÔÔC€A<þ6X9`(CourierCÔÓ(€ B $(ÓØØÖ€iÖÖ€ÖÓ882 ÓÝ  ÝÓH!Ó€€€€€€€€€€€€€€M.€€òòCommunication€No.€€407/1990,€Dwayne€Hylton€v.€JamaicaóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(òòviews€adopted€on€8€July€1994,€fifty„first€sessionóó)ÌÌòòSubmitted€byóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Dwayne€Hylton€(represented€by€counsel)ÌÌòòVictimóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€The€authorÌÌòòState€partyóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€JamaicaÌÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€24€June€1990ÌÌòòDate€of€decision€on€admissibilityóó:€€16€October€1992ÌÌà2 .2àòòThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà2 .2àòòMeetingóó€on€8€July€1994,ÌÌà2 .2àòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€407/1990,€submittedÏto€the€Human€Rights€Committee€by€Mr.€Dwayne€Hylton€under€the€Optional€ProtocolÏto€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà2 .2àòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€byÏthe€author€of€the€communication,€his€counsel€and€the€State€party,ÌÌà2 .2àòòAdoptsóó€its€views€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ1.à2 .2àThe€author€of€the€communication€is€Dwayne€Hylton,€a€Jamaican€citizenÏawaiting€execution€at€St.€Catherine€District€Prison,€Jamaica.€€He€claims€to€be€aÏvictim€of€violations€of€his€human€rights€by€Jamaica.€€He€is€represented€byÏcounsel.ÌÌòòThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€authoróóÌÌ2.1à2 .2àOn€26€August€1986,€the€author€was€taken€into€custody€at€the€MandevilleÏpolice€station,€Parish€of€Manchester.€€On€10€September€1986,€he€was€charged,Ïtogether€with€four€other€men,€for€the€murder,€on€7€July€1986,€of€one€C.P.€€HeÏwas€tried€together€with€one€I.C.€and€one€D.W.€in€the€Manchester€Circuit€CourtÏin€Mandeville.€€On€26€May€1988,€the€three€men€were€found€guilty€as€charged,Ïconvicted€and€sentenced€to€death.€€The€Court€of€Appeal€of€Jamaica€dismissed€theÏauthor's€appeal€on€15€March€1990.€€When€the€Committee€considered€the€question€ofÏthe€admissibility€of€the€communication,€the€author€was€in€the€process€ofÏpetitioning€the€Judicial€Committee€of€the€Privy€Council€for€special€leave€toÏappeal;€his€petition€to€that€body€was€dismissed€on€29€October€1992.ÌÌ2.2à2 .2àThe€author€submits€that€he€was€unrepresented€from€the€time€of€his€arrest€toÏthe€time€of€the€preliminary€hearing,€which€took€place€in€October€1986.€€HeÏindicates€that€when€the€hearing€started,€the€examining€magistrate€asked€him€ifÏhe€was€represented.€€After€replying€in€the€negative,€a€lady€sitting€at€theÏlawyers€table€told€the€judge€that€she€had€been€assigned€to€represent€the€author.€ÏThe€author€complains€that€even€during€the€preliminary€enquiry,€she€did€not€makeÏany€effort€to€communicate€with€him.ÌÌ2.3à2 .2àAs€to€his€representation€prior€to€and€during€the€trial,€the€author€contendsÏthat€it€was€not€until€two€days€before€the€trial€started€that€he€was€assigned€aÏlawyer.€€Counsel€allegedly€ignored€his€request€to€discuss€the€case€prior€to€theÏtrial;€during€the€trial,€the€author€spoke€with€him€only€once,€for€about€20Ïminutes.€€On€one€occasion,€he€told€counsel€that€one€of€the€jurors€had€been€seen€Ó…+Ótalking€to€the€investigating€officer.€€Counsel€did€not€react;€nor€did€he€callÏthe€author's€mother€to€testify,€in€spite€of€the€author's€request€to€do€so.ÌÌ2.4à2 .2àOn€10€October€1987,€an€application€for€a€change€of€venue€was€filed€by€theÏlawyer€of€I.C.,€as€it€was€feared€that€the€accused€would€not€obtain€a€fair€trialÏin€Mandeville,€the€home€town€of€the€deceased.€€The€judge,€however,€refused€toÏchange€the€venue.€€The€author€submits€that€the€judge's€refusal€to€grant€a€changeÏof€venue€amounted€to€a€miscarriage€of€justice.€€According€to€the€author,€it€wasÏclear€that€he€would€not€receive€a€fair€trial€in€Mandeville,€because€ofÏ"widespread€publicity€and€the€actual€prejudice€and€hostility€generated€byÏpersons€attending€the€court€and€awaiting€outside".€€Moreover,€the€author€claimsÏthat€the€mayor€of€Mandeville,€the€uncle€of€the€deceased,€used€his€politicalÏinfluence€to€have€them€sentenced.€€At€the€end€of€the€trial,€one€juror€allegedlyÏtold€the€author€and€his€co-defendants€that€most€of€the€jurors€had€beenÏintimidated€by€the€mayor.ÌÌ2.5à2 .2àAs€to€the€appeal,€the€author€states€that€in€early€March€1990,€only€twoÏweeks€before€the€hearing,€he€was€notified€of€the€dates€of€the€appeal,€and€thatÏone€Mr.€J.H.€had€been€assigned€to€represent€him.€€He€immediately€wrote€toÏJ.H.,€explaining€that€he€had€never€had€the€opportunity€to€discuss€his€case€withÏprevious€counsel,€and€that€he€would€like€to€meet€him€prior€to€the€hearing;€ifÏnot,€he€would€assume€that€counsel€could€not,€or€would€not,€represent€him€onÏappeal.€€The€author€did€not€receive€a€reply€to€his€enquiries€and€learned€thatÏhis€appeal€was€dismissed€on€15€March€1990.€€He€doubts€whether€J.H.€representedÏhim€at€all.ÌÌ2.6à2 .2àThe€author€further€states€that€on€9€September€1989,€warders€ofÏSt.Catherine€District€Prison€beat€one€P.L.€to€death€in€his€cell.€€ThoseÏresponsible€for€his€death€were€not€prosecuted.€€Since€the€incident,€the€twoÏco-defendants€of€P.L.€allegedly€received€death€threats€from€warders.€òòaóó/€€OnÏ28May€1990,€after€being€subjected€for€two€weeks€to€a€special€regime€ofÏdetention€(only€one€or€two€meals€per€day,€some€days€without€water€or€theÏpossibility€to€empty€slop€pails,€as€well€as€incommunicado€detention),€theÏordinary€prisoners€of€the€"New€Hall"€block€of€the€prison€forced€open€their€cellsÏand€began€to€protest€for€food,€water€and€better€treatment.€€The€inmates€of€deathÏrow€joined€the€protest€at€around€10.30€to€11€a.m.€€The€warders€were€then€sentÏaway€from€the€death€row€section€and€the€army€was€called€in.€€At€the€soldiers'Ïrequest,€the€death€row€inmates€returned€to€their€cells.€€The€warders€thenÏreturned€and€began€to€search€all€the€cells.€€The€author€alleges€that€during€thisÏsearch,€many€inmates€of€the€"Gibralta"€death€row€section,€including€himself,Ïwere€severely€beaten€by€the€warders.ÌÌ2.7à2 .2àAs€a€result,€three€inmates€died,€among€others€the€author's€co-defendant,ÏD.W.;€other€inmates€were€seriously€injured€(injuries€reportedly€includedÏfractured€jaws€and€skulls).€€Since€the€death€of€D.W.,€the€author€and€his€otherÏco-defendant,€I.C.,€have€allegedly€repeatedly€been€threatened€with€death€byÏwarders.€€The€author€adds€that€the€warders€allegedly€told€death€row€inmates€thatÏ"since€the€State€party€was€not€prepared€to€hang€them"€they€would€devise€"otherÏways€of€decreasing€the€death€row€population".ÌÌ2.8à2 .2àOn€30€May€1990,€the€author€complained€to€the€Parliamentary€Ombudsman€aboutÏrepeated€violence€in€the€prison€and€requested€an€investigation€into€the€killingÏof€the€four€inmates,€as€well€as€into€the€continued€threats€and€ill-treatment€byÏthe€prison€warders.€€By€letter€of€27€June€1990,€the€Ombudsman€acknowledged€theÏreceipt€of€the€complaint,€promising€that€it€would€receive€prompt€attention.€€TheÏauthor€has€not€received€any€subsequent€reply€on€the€substance€of€his€complaint.ÌÌòòThe€complaintóóÌÌ3.à2 .2àAlthough€the€author€does€not€invoke€any€of€the€provisions€of€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€it€appears€from€hisÏsubmissions€that€he€claims€to€be€a€victim€of€violations€by€Jamaica€ofÏarticles7,€10€and€14€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌòòThe€State€party's€observations€on€admissibility€and€the€author's€commentsÏthereonóóÌÌ4.1à2 .2àThe€State€party€argued€that€the€communication€was€inadmissible€because€ofÏnon-exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies.€€It€noted€that,€with€respect€to€hisÏcriminal€case,€the€author€could€still€petition€the€Judicial€Committee€of€theÏPrivy€Council€for€special€leave€to€appeal,€and€that€legal€aid€would€be€availableÏfor€this€purpose€under€section€3€of€the€Poor€Prisoners'€Defence€Act.ÌÌ4.2à2 .2àAs€to€the€author's€allegations€that€he€was€subjected€to€ill-treatment,€thatÏhe€received€threats€to€his€life€and€that€he€was€denied€a€fair€hearing,€the€StateÏparty€argued€that€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€protecting€these€rights€areÏco-terminous€with€the€rights€protected€by€sections€17€and€20€of€the€JamaicanÏConstitution.€€Under€section€25€of€the€Constitution,€any€person€who€alleges€thatÏhis€fundamental€rights€have€been,€are€being€or€are€likely€to€be€infringed€mayÏapply€to€the€Supreme€Court€for€constitutional€redress.€€A€right€of€appeal€liesÏfrom€the€Supreme€Court€to€the€Court€of€Appeal€and€thereafter€to€the€JudicialÏCommittee€of€the€Privy€Council.€€Since€the€author€failed€to€take€action€toÏpursue€his€constitutional€motion€in€the€Supreme€Court,€the€communication€shouldÏbe€declared€inadmissible.ÌÌ5.1à2 .2àIn€his€comments,€the€author€reiterated€that€he€was€still€receiving€threatsÏfrom€warders.€€In€this€context,€he€stated€that€he€had€written€twice€to€theÏJamaica€Council€for€Human€Rights,€but€that€he€had€not€received€a€reply.ÌÌ5.2à2 .2àIn€a€further€letter,€the€author€submitted€that€since€those€responsible€forÏthe€death€of€the€three€inmates€were€about€to€be€tried,€he€had€been€subjected€toÏ"a€massive€amount€of€threats"€by€other€warders,€and€that€he€feared€for€his€life.ÌÌòòThe€Committee's€decision€on€admissibilityóóÌÌ6.1à2 .2àDuring€its€forty„sixth€session,€the€Committee€considered€the€admissibilityÏof€the€communication.€€With€regard€to€the€author's€allegations€under€article€14Ïof€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€noted€that€the€author€was€in€the€process€ofÏpetitioning€the€Judicial€Committee€of€the€Privy€Council.€€Accordingly,€theÏCommittee€found€that€domestic€remedies€had€not€been€exhausted€in€this€respect.ÌÌ6.2à2 .2àAs€to€the€author's€claims€under€articles€7€and€10€of€the€Covenant,€theÏCommittee€noted€the€State€party's€contention€that€the€communication€wasÏinadmissible€because€of€the€author's€failure€to€pursue€constitutional€remediesÏavailable€to€him.€€In€this€connection,€the€Committee€considered€that,€in€theÏabsence€of€legal€aid,€a€constitutional€motion€did€not€constitute€an€availableÏremedy€within€the€meaning€of€article€5,€paragraph€2€(b),€of€the€OptionalÏProtocol,€which€the€author€should€still€exhaust.€€The€Committee€further€wasÏsatisfied€that€the€author€had€exercised€reasonable€diligence€in€seeking€redressÏfor€the€alleged€ill-treatment€and€threats€to€which€he€was,€and€allegedlyÏremained,€subjected.€€It€also€noted€that€the€State€party€had€failed€to€informÏthe€Committee€as€to€whether€it€did€investigate€the€events€complained€of€by€theÏauthor.€€Accordingly,€the€Committee€found€that,€in€this€respect,€theÏrequirements€of€article€5,€paragraph€2€(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol€had€been€met.̇6.3à2 .2àOn€16€October€1992,€the€Committee€declared€the€communication€admissible€inÏso€far€as€it€might€raise€issues€under€articles€7€and€10€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌòòThe€State€party's€objections€to€the€decision€on€admissibility€and€the€author'sÏfurther€comments€thereonóóÌÌ7.1à2 .2àIn€a€submission€dated€15€April€1993,€the€State€party€contends€that€theÏcommunication€remains€inadmissible€because€the€author€has€failed€to€seekÏconstitutional€redress€of€the€alleged€breaches€of€his€rights.ÌÌ7.2à2 .2àConcerning€the€Committee's€request€to€the€State€party€(as€set€out€in€theÏdecision€on€admissibility)€to€provide€information€about€the€result€of€suchÏinvestigations€as€may€have€taken€place€into€the€author's€allegations€underÏarticles€7€and€10€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€affirms€that€its€Ministry€ofÏNational€Security€and€Justice€had€started€an€investigation€into€the€prisonÏdisturbances€which€occurred€on€9€September€1989€at€St.€Catherine€DistrictÏPrison;€it€further€states€that€the€author€was€interviewed€by€investigatingÏofficers,€and€that€he€gave€a€written€statement€on€12€February€1992.€€The€StateÏparty€concludes€that€it€will€inform€the€Committee€as€soon€as€a€final€report€isÏavailable€on€the€matter.€€As€of€May€1994,€no€further€information€on€the€matterÏhad€been€received.ÌÌ8.1à2 .2àThe€author€states,€by€submission€of€10€February€1993,€that€onÏ27January1993,€the€offence€for€which€he€has€been€convicted€was€classified€as€aÏcapital€offence€under€the€Offences€against€the€Person€(Amendment)€Act€1992.€€HeÏsubmits€that:€€"From€the€moment€that€I€received€the€notification,€...€theÏwarders€...€are€taunting€me€with€death€threats€and€some€of€them€keep€on€tellingÏme€that€they€are€the€ones€who€will€be€taking€me€to€the€gallows€and€what€sizeÏrope€will€fit€my€neck€and€how€much€weight€it€will€take€to€take€my€head€off€myÏbody".€€He€states€that€as€a€result€of€this€psychological€torture,€he€hasÏsustained€ulcers.ÌÌ8.2à2 .2àThe€author€reiterates€that€he€has€exhausted€all€available€domesticÏremedies;€he€argues€that€while€he€retains€a€theoretical€right€to€file€aÏconstitutional€motion,€in€practice€this€right€remains€illusory,€given€theÏabsence€of€legal€aid€for€the€purpose.ÌÌ8.3à2 .2àWith€regard€to€the€State€party's€information€about€the€investigation,€it€isÏsubmitted€that€an€investigation€into€riots,€in€which€several€inmates€lost€theirÏlives€and€in€which€many€others€were€seriously€wounded,€cannot€amount€to€redressÏfor€the€ill-treatment€suffered€if€it€is€initiated€over€two€years€after€theÏmaterial€events€and€if€no€final€report€has€been€prepared€almost€five€yearsÏlater.€€Moreover,€the€State€party€has€failed€to€investigate€the€numerous€otherÏoccasions€on€which€the€author€was€subjected€to€ill-treatment€and€death€threatsÏfrom€prison€warders.ÌÌòòExamination€of€the€meritsóóÌÌ9.1à2 .2àThe€Committee€has€taken€note€of€the€State€party's€argument€on€admissibilityÏin€respect€of€the€availability€of€constitutional€remedies€which€the€author€mayÏstill€pursue.€€It€reiterates€that€domestic€remedies€within€the€meaning€of€theÏOptional€Protocol€must€be€both€available€and€effective,€and€that€in€the€absenceÏof€effective€legal€aid€made€available€by€the€State€party€for€the€purpose,€aÏconstitutional€motion€is€not€a€remedy€available€to€Mr.€Hylton.€€There€is,Ïtherefore,€no€reason€to€revise€the€Committee's€decision€on€admissibility€ofÏ16October€1992.ÌÌ9.2à2 .2àWith€regard€to€the€author's€claims€under€articles€7€and€10€of€the€Covenant,Ïthe€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€has€confined€itself€to€indicating€thatÏthe€riots€which€occurred€at€St.€Catherine€District€Prison€on€9€September€1989Ïare€being€investigated,€that€the€author€was€interviewed€by€investigatingÏofficers€and€that€he€gave€a€statement€on€12€February€1992.€€It€has€not€addressedÏthe€author's€claims€in€respect€of€the€events€at€St.€Catherine€District€PrisonÏthat€occurred€on€28€May€1990,€nor€has€it€addressed€the€author's€claimsÏconcerning€death€threats€received€from€prison€warders.€€Article€4,€paragraph€2,Ïof€the€Optional€Protocol,€however,€enjoins€the€State€party€to€investigateÏthoroughly,€in€good€faith€and€within€the€imparted€deadlines,€all€the€allegationsÏof€violations€of€the€Covenant€made€against€it,€and€to€make€available€to€theÏCommittee€all€the€information€at€its€disposal.ÌÌ9.3à2 .2àThe€author€alleges€that€he€was€severely€beaten€by€prison€warders€during€aÏsearch€of€the€cells€of€the€death€row€section€at€St.€Catherine€District€Prison€onÏ28€May€1990.€€He€claims€that€since€the€death€of€one€of€his€co-defendants,€whoÏdied€as€a€result€of€the€violence,€he€has€repeatedly€been€threatened€with€deathÏby€warders,€and€that€the€amount€of€threats€increased€after€those€responsible€forÏthe€death€of€three€inmates€were€indicted.€€He€further€claims€that€he€continuesÏto€suffer€from€psychological€torture€by€the€warders,€in€particular€after€hisÏcase€was€classified€as€a€capital€case€in€January€1993.€€These€claims€have€notÏbeen€refuted€by€the€State€party.€€Furthermore,€since€the€State€party€hasÏconfined€itself€to€the€general€observation€that€an€investigation€was€initiatedÏby€the€Ministry€of€National€Security€and€Justice€into€the€prison€disturbancesÏwhich€occurred€at€St.Catherine€District€Prison€on€9€September€1989,€theÏCommittee€remains€uninformed€whether€the€threats€and€ill-treatment€to€which€theÏauthor€himself€allegedly€was,€and€remains,€subjected,€are€also€underÏinvestigation.€€In€the€absence€of€further€information€on€such€investigations,Ïand€taking€into€account€that€such€investigations€as€have€been€undertaken€do€notÏappear€to€have€been€concluded€four€and€a€half€years€after€the€events,€due€weightÏmust€be€given€to€the€author's€allegations€to€the€extent€that€they€have€beenÏsubstantiated.€€Taking€into€account€the€detailed€description€of€the€events€byÏthe€author€and€in€view€of€the€lack€of€information€from€the€State€party,€theÏCommittee€considers€that€the€threats€and€the€ill-treatment€to€whichÏMr.DwayneHylton€has€been€subjected€by€the€prison€warders€amount€to€cruel€andÏinhuman€treatment€within€the€meaning€of€article€7,€and€also€entail€a€violationÏof€article€10,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ10.à2 .2àThe€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€theÏOptional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Ïis€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violation€of€articles€7€andÏ10,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ11.1à2 .2à€In€accordance€with€the€provisions€of€article€2€of€the€Covenant,€the€StateÏparty€is€under€an€obligation€to€take€effective€measures€to€remedy€the€violationsÏsuffered€by€Mr.€Hylton,€including€the€award€of€appropriate€compensation,€and€toÏensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€the€future.€€In€particular,€theÏState€party€is€requested€to€complete€the€investigations€into€the€threats€and€theÏill-treatment€to€which€Mr.€Hylton€has€been€subjected€and€to€punish€those€held€toÏbe€responsible€for€his€treatment.ÌÌÔ&  Ô11.2à2 .2à€The€Committee€would€wish€to€receive€information,€within€90€days,€on€anyÏrelevant€measures€adopted€by€the€State€party€in€respect€of€the€Committee'sÏviews.ÌÌÌ[Adopted€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€originalÏÔ'  Ôversion.]ÌÌÌà@ì .òàòòNotesóóˆÌÌà2 .2àòòaóó/à .àOne€of€P.L.'s€co„defendants,€N.P.,€submitted€a€communication€to€theÏHuman€Rights€Committee;€communication€No.€404/1990,€declared€inadmissible€onÏ5April€1993,€at€the€Committee's€forty„seventh€session€(see€òòOfficial€Records€ofÏthe€General€Assembly,€Forty„eighth€Session,€Supplement€No.€40óó€(A/48/40),ÏannexXIII.D).Ç€€€€€€€€€€€€€N.€€òòCommunication€No.€412/1990,€Auli€Kivenmaa€v.€FinlandóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(òòviews€adopted€on€31€March€1994,€fiftieth€sessionóó)*ÌÌòòSubmitted€byóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Auli€Kivenmaa€(represented€by€counsel)ÌÌòòVictimóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€The€authorÌÌòòState€partyóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€FinlandÌÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€7€March€1990ÌÌòòDate€of€decision€on€admissibilityóó:€€20€March€1992ÌÌà2 .2àòòThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà2 .2àòòMeetingóó€on€31€March€1994,ÌÌà2 .2àòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€412/1990,€submittedÏto€the€Human€Rights€Committee€by€Ms.€Auli€Kivenmaa€under€the€Optional€ProtocolÏto€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà2 .2àòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€byÏthe€author€of€the€communication,€her€counsel€and€the€State€party,ÌÌà2 .2àòòAdoptsóó€its€views€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ1.à2 .2àThe€author€of€the€communication€is€Ms.€Auli€Kivenmaa,€a€Finnish€citizen€andÏSecretary-General€of€the€Social€Democratic€Youth€Organization.€€She€claims€to€beÏa€victim€of€a€violation€by€Finland€of€articles€15€and€19,€alternatively,Ïarticle21,€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€€She€isÏrepresented€by€counsel.ÌÌòòThe€factsóóÌÌ2.1à2 .2àOn€3€September€1987,€on€the€occasion€of€a€visit€of€a€foreign€head€of€StateÏand€his€meeting€with€the€President€of€Finland,€the€author€and€about€25€membersÏof€her€organization,€amid€a€larger€crowd,€gathered€across€from€the€PresidentialÏPalace,€where€the€leaders€were€meeting,€distributed€leaflets€and€raised€a€bannerÏcritical€of€the€human€rights€record€of€the€visiting€head€of€State.€€The€policeÏimmediately€took€the€banner€down€and€asked€who€was€responsible.€€The€authorÏidentified€herself€and€was€subsequently€charged€with€violating€the€Act€on€PublicÏMeetings€by€holding€a€"public€meeting"€without€prior€notification.ÌÌ2.2à2 .2àThe€above-mentioned€Act€on€Public€Meetings€has€not€been€amended€since€1921,Ïnor€upon€entry€into€force€of€the€Covenant.€€Section€12€(1)€of€the€Act€makes€it€aÏpunishable€offence€to€call€a€public€meeting€without€notification€to€the€policeÏat€least€six€hours€before€the€meeting.€€The€requirement€of€prior€notificationÏapplies€only€to€public€meetings€in€the€open€air€(sect.€3).€€A€meeting€is€notÏpublic€if€only€those€with€personal€invitations€can€attend€(sect.€1€(2)).€ÌÌÌ________________________ÌÌà2 .2à*à .àThe€text€of€an€individual€opinion€submitted€by€Mr.€Kurt€Herndl€isÏappended.ÌSection€1€(1)€provides€that€the€purpose€of€a€"meeting"€is€to€discuss€publicÏmatters€and€to€make€decisions€on€them.€€Section€10€of€the€Act€extends€theÏrequirement€of€prior€notification€to€public€ceremonial€processions€and€marches.ÌÌ2.3à2 .2àAlthough€the€author€argued€that€she€did€not€organize€a€public€meeting,€butÏonly€demonstrated€her€criticism€of€the€alleged€human€rights€violations€by€theÏvisiting€head€of€State,€the€City€Court,€on€27€January€1988,€found€her€guilty€ofÏthe€charge€and€fined€her€438€markkaa.€€The€Court€was€of€the€opinion€that€theÏgroup€of€25€persons€had,€through€their€behaviour,€been€distinguishable€from€theÏcrowd€and€could€therefore€be€regarded€as€a€public€meeting.€€It€did€not€addressÏthe€author's€defence€that€her€conviction€would€be€in€violation€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ2.4à2 .2àThe€Court€of€Appeal,€on€19€September€1989,€upheld€the€City€Court'sÏdecision,€while€arguing,€òòinter€aliaóó,€that€the€Act€on€Public€Meetings,€"in€theÏabsence€of€other€legal€provisions"€was€applicable€also€in€the€case€ofÏdemonstrations;€that€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Covenant€had€not€repealed€orÏamended€said€Act;€that€the€Covenant€allowed€restrictions€of€the€freedom€ofÏexpression€and€of€assembly,€provided€by€law;€and€that€the€requirement€of€priorÏnotification€was€justified€in€the€case€because€the€"demonstration"€was€organizedÏagainst€a€visiting€head€of€State.ÌÌ2.5à2 .2àOn€21€February€1990,€the€Supreme€Court€denied€leave€to€appeal,€withoutÏfurther€motivation.ÌÌòòThe€complaintóóÌÌ3.à2 .2àThe€author€denies€that€what€took€place€was€a€public€meeting€within€theÏmeaning€of€the€Act€on€Public€Meetings.€€Rather,€she€characterizes€the€incidentÏas€an€exercise€of€her€right€to€freedom€of€expression,€which€is€regulated€inÏFinland€by€the€Freedom€of€the€Press€Act€and€does€not€require€prior€notification.€ÏShe€contends€that€her€conviction€was,€therefore,€in€violation€of€article€19€ofÏthe€Covenant.€€She€alleges€that€the€way€in€which€the€courts€found€her€actions€toÏcome€within€the€scope€of€the€Act€on€Public€Meetings€constitutes€òòex€analogiaóóÏreasoning€and€is,€therefore,€insufficient€to€justify€the€restriction€of€herÏright€to€freedom€of€expression€as€being€"provided€by€law"€within€the€meaning€ofÏarticle€19,€paragraph€3.€€Moreover,€she€contends€that€such€an€application€of€theÏAct€to€the€circumstances€of€the€events€in€question€amounts€to€a€violation€ofÏarticle€15€of€the€Covenant€(òònullum€crimen€sine€lege,€nulla€poena€sine€legeóó),Ïsince€there€is€no€law€making€it€a€crime€to€hold€a€political€demonstration.€€TheÏauthor€further€argues€that,€even€if€the€event€could€be€interpreted€as€anÏexercise€of€the€freedom€of€assembly,€she€still€was€not€under€obligation€toÏnotify€the€police,€as€the€demonstration€did€not€take€the€form€of€a€publicÏmeeting,€nor€a€public€march,€as€defined€by€the€said€Act.ÌÌòòThe€State€party's€observations€on€admissibility€and€the€author's€commentsÏthereonóóÌÌ4.1à2 .2àBy€submission€of€21€December€1990,€the€State€party€concedes€that,€withÏregard€to€the€author's€complaint€against€her€conviction,€all€available€domesticÏremedies€have€been€exhausted.ÌÌ4.2à2 .2àAs€to€the€issue€of€whether€or€not€the€relevant€provision€of€the€Act€onÏPublic€Meetings€was€applicable€in€the€author's€case,€the€State€party€submitsÏthat€it€is€a€question€of€evidence.€€The€State€party€points€out€that€the€authorÏdoes€not€contend€that€said€provision€conflicts€with€the€Covenant,€only€that€itsÏspecific€application€in€her€case€violated€the€Covenant.ÌÌ5.à2 .2àIn€her€comments€on€the€State€party's€submission,€the€author€reiterates€thatÏnot€only€convictions€based€on€the€retroactive€application€of€criminal€laws,€butÏalso€those€on€analogous€application€of€criminal€law,€violate€article€15€of€theÏCovenant.ÌÌòòThe€Committee's€decision€on€admissibilityóóÌÌ6.1à2 .2àDuring€its€forty-fourth€session,€the€Committee€considered€the€admissibilityÏof€the€communication.€€It€observed€that€domestic€remedies€had€been€exhausted€andÏthat€the€same€matter€was€not€being€examined€under€another€procedure€ofÏinternational€investigation€or€settlement.€ÌÌ6.2à2 .2àOn€20€March€1992,€the€Committee€declared€the€communication€admissible€in€soÏfar€as€it€might€raise€issues€under€articles€15,€19€and€21€of€the€Covenant.€€InÏits€decision,€the€Committee€requested€the€State€party€to€clarify€whether€thereÏwas€any€discrimination€between€those€who€cheered€and€those€who€protested€againstÏthe€visiting€head€of€State€and,€in€particular,€whether€any€other€groups€orÏsubgroups€in€the€larger€crowd€who€were€welcoming€the€visiting€head€of€State€alsoÏdistributed€leaflets€or€displayed€banners,€whether€they€gave€prior€notificationÏto€the€police€pursuant€to€the€Act€on€Public€Meetings,€and,€if€not,€whether€theyÏwere€similarly€prosecuted.ÌÌòòThe€State€party's€submission€on€the€merits€and€the€author's€comments€thereonóóÌÌ7.1à2 .2àThe€State€party,€by€submission€of€14€December€1992,€refers€to€the€questionsÏput€to€it€by€the€Committee€and€states€that€on€3€September€1987,€there€was€only€aÏsmall€crowd€of€people€assembled€in€front€of€the€Presidential€Palace;€besides€theÏauthor's€group,€there€were€journalists€and€some€curious€passers-by.€€Except€forÏthe€author€and€her€friends,€no€other€group€or€subgroup€which€could€beÏcharacterized€as€demonstrators,€distributing€leaflets€or€displaying€banners,€wasÏpresent.€€No€other€groups€had€given€prior€notification€to€the€police€of€theirÏintent€to€hold€a€public€meeting.ÌÌ7.2à2 .2àThe€State€party€recalls€that€article€19€of€the€Covenant€gives€everyone€theÏright€to€hold€opinions€without€interference€and€the€right€to€freedom€ofÏexpression,€but€that,€under€paragraph€3€of€the€provision,€the€exercise€of€theseÏrights€may€be€subject€to€certain€restrictions€as€are€provided€by€law€and€areÏnecessary€for€respect€of€the€rights€and€reputations€of€others,€or€for€theÏprotection€of€national€security€or€of€public€order€(òòordre€publicóó),€or€of€publicÏhealth€and€morals.€€The€State€party€also€recalls€that€the€Constitution€ofÏFinland€protects€every€citizen's€freedom€of€speech€and€freedom€to€publish,€andÏthat€the€exercise€of€these€freedoms€is€regulated€by€law,€in€accordance€with€theÏConstitution.€€The€State€party€submits€that,€although€the€wording€of€theÏConstitution€concentrates€on€freedom€of€the€press,€it€has€been€interpretedÏbroadly€so€as€to€encompass€freedom€of€expression€as€protected€by€article€19€ofÏthe€Covenant.€€In€this€context,€the€State€party€emphasizes€that€the€right€toÏfreedom€of€expression€does€not€depend€on€the€mode€of€expression€or€on€theÏcontents€of€the€message€thus€expressed.ÌÌ7.3à2 .2àThe€State€party€submits€that€the€right€to€freedom€of€expression€may€beÏrestricted€by€the€authorities,€as€long€as€these€restrictions€do€not€affect€theÏheart€of€the€right.€€With€regard€to€the€present€case,€the€State€party€arguesÏthat€the€author's€freedom€of€expression€has€not€been€restricted.€€She€wasÏallowed€freely€to€express€her€opinions,€for€instance€by€circulating€leaflets,Ïand€the€police€did€not,€after€having€received€information€about€the€organizer€ofÏthe€public€meeting,€hinder€the€author€and€her€group€from€continuing€their€activities.€€The€State€party€therefore€denies€that€the€Act€on€Public€MeetingsÏwas€applied€òòex€analogiaóó€to€restrict€the€right€to€freedom€of€expression.ÌÌ7.4à2 .2àIn€this€context,€the€State€party€argues€that€a€demonstration€necessarilyÏentails€the€expression€of€an€opinion,€but,€by€its€specific€character,€is€to€beÏregarded€as€an€exercise€of€the€right€of€peaceful€assembly.€€In€this€connection,Ïthe€State€party€argues€that€article€21€of€the€Covenant€must€be€seen€asÏòòlexspecialisóó€in€relation€to€article€19€and€that€therefore€the€expression€of€anÏopinion€in€the€context€of€a€demonstration€must€be€considered€under€article€21,Ïand€not€under€article€19€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ7.5à2 .2àThe€State€party€agrees€with€the€author€that€in€principle€article€15€of€theÏCovenant€also€prohibits€òòex€analogiaóó€application€of€a€law€to€the€disadvantage€ofÏa€person€charged€with€an€offence.€€It€argues,€however,€that€in€the€present€caseÏthe€author€was€not€convicted€of€expressing€her€opinion,€but€merely€of€herÏfailure€to€give€prior€notification€of€a€demonstration,€as€is€required€byÏarticle3€of€the€Act€on€Public€Meetings.ÌÌ7.6à2 .2àWith€regard€to€the€author's€allegation€that€she€is€a€victim€of€a€violationÏof€article€21€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€recalls€that€article€21€allowsÏrestrictions€on€the€exercise€of€the€right€to€peaceful€assembly.€€In€Finland,€theÏAct€on€Public€Meetings€guarantees€the€right€to€assemble€peacefully€in€public,Ïwhile€ensuring€public€order€and€safety€and€preventing€abuse€of€the€right€ofÏassembly.€€Under€the€Act,€public€assembly€is€understood€to€be€the€comingÏtogether€of€more€than€one€person€for€a€lawful€purpose€in€a€public€place€thatÏothers€than€those€invited€also€have€access€to.€€The€State€party€submits€that,€inÏthe€established€interpretation€of€the€Act,€the€Act€also€applies€toÏdemonstrations€arranged€as€public€meetings€or€street€processions.€€Article€3€ofÏthe€Act€requires€prior€notification€to€the€police,€at€least€six€hours€before€theÏbeginning€of€any€public€meeting€at€a€public€place€in€the€open€air.€€TheÏnotification€must€include€information€on€the€time€and€place€of€the€meeting€asÏwell€as€on€its€organizer.€€Article€12,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Act€makes€it€aÏpunishable€offence€to€call€a€public€meeting€without€prior€notification€to€theÏpolice.€€The€State€party€emphasizes€that€the€Act€does€not€apply€to€a€peacefulÏdemonstration€by€only€one€person.ÌÌ7.7à2 .2àThe€State€party€explains€that€the€provisions€of€the€Act€have€been€generallyÏinterpreted€as€also€applying€to€public€meetings€which€take€the€form€ofÏdemonstrations.€€In€this€connection,€the€State€party€refers€to€decisions€of€theÏParliamentary€Ombudsman,€according€to€which€a€prior€notification€to€the€policeÏshould€be€made€if€the€demonstration€is€arranged€at€a€public€place€in€the€openÏair€and€if€other€persons€than€those€who€have€personally€been€invited€are€able€toÏparticipate.€€The€State€party€submits€that€the€prior€notification€requirementÏenables€the€police€to€take€the€necessary€measures€to€make€it€possible€for€theÏmeeting€to€take€place,€for€instance€by€regulating€the€flow€of€traffic,€andÏfurther€to€protect€the€group€in€their€exercise€of€the€right€to€freedom€ofÏassembly.€€In€this€context,€the€State€party€contends€that,€when€a€foreign€headÏof€State€is€involved,€it€is€of€utmost€practical€importance€that€the€police€beÏnotified€prior€to€the€event.ÌÌ7.8à2 .2àThe€State€party€argues€that€the€right€of€public€assembly€is€not€restrictedÏby€the€requirement€of€a€prior€notification€to€the€police.€€In€this€connection,Ïit€refers€to€jurisprudence€of€the€European€Court€of€Human€Rights.€€The€StateÏparty€emphasizes€that€the€prior€notification€is€necessary€to€guarantee€theÏpeacefulness€of€the€public€meeting.ÌÌ7.9à2 .2àAs€regards€the€specific€circumstances€of€the€present€case,€the€State€partyÏis€of€the€opinion€that€the€actual€behaviour€of€the€author€and€her€friendsÏamounted€to€a€public€meeting€within€the€meaning€of€article€1€of€the€Act€onÏPublic€Meetings.€€In€this€context,€the€State€party€submits€that,€although€theÏword€"demonstration"€is€not€expressly€named€in€the€Act€on€Public€Meetings,€thisÏdoes€not€signify€that€demonstrations€are€outside€the€scope€of€application€of€theÏAct.€€In€this€connection,€the€State€party€refers€to€general€principles€of€legalÏinterpretation.€€Furthermore,€it€notes€that€article€21€of€the€Covenant€does€notÏspecifically€refer€to€"demonstrations"€as€a€mode€of€assembly€either.€€Finally,Ïthe€State€party€argues€that€the€requirement€of€prior€notification€is€inÏconformity€with€article€21,€second€sentence.€€In€this€context,€the€State€partyÏsubmits€that€the€requirement€is€prescribed€by€law,€and€that€it€is€necessary€in€aÏdemocratic€society€in€the€interests€of€legitimate€purposes,€especially€in€theÏinterest€of€public€order.ÌÌ8.1à2 .2àThe€author,€by€submission€of€28€April€1993,€challenges€the€State€party'sÏdescription€of€the€facts€and€refers€to€the€Court€records€in€her€case.€€AccordingÏto€these€records,€witnesses€testified€that€approximately€one€hundred€personsÏwere€present€on€the€square,€among€whom€were€persons€welcoming€the€foreign€headÏof€State€and€waving€miniature€flags;€no€action€was€taken€by€the€police€againstÏthem,€but€the€police€removed€the€banner€displayed€by€the€author€and€her€friends.€ÏAccording€to€the€author,€this€indicates€that€the€police€interfered€with€her€andÏher€friends'€demonstration€because€of€the€contents€of€the€opinion€expressed,€inÏviolation€of€article€19€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ8.2à2 .2àThe€author€further€challenges€the€State€party's€contention€that€the€policeÏdid€not€hinder€the€author€and€her€group€in€the€expression€of€their€opinion.€€SheÏemphasizes€that€the€entrance€of€the€foreign€head€of€State€into€the€PresidentialÏPalace€was€a€momentary€event,€and€that€the€measures€by€the€police€(taking€awayÏthe€banner€immediately€after€it€was€erected€and€questioning€the€author)Ïdramatically€decreased€the€possibilities€for€the€author€to€express€her€opinionÏeffectively.ÌÌ8.3à2 .2àAs€regards€the€alleged€violation€of€article€15€of€the€Covenant,€the€authorÏrefers€to€her€earlier€submissions€and€maintains€that€applying€òòex€analogiaóó€theÏAct€on€Public€Meetings€to€a€demonstration€such€as€the€one€organized€by€theÏauthor€is€in€violation€of€article€15€of€the€Covenant.€€In€this€context,€theÏauthor€submits€that€the€State€party's€argument€that€article€21€of€the€CovenantÏdoes€not€include€a€reference€to€demonstrations€either€is€irrelevant,€sinceÏarticle€15€only€prohibits€analogous€interpretation€to€the€disadvantage€of€anÏaccused€in€criminal€procedures.ÌÌ8.4à2 .2àThe€author€challenges€the€State€party's€contention€that€it€should€have€beenÏevident€to€the€author€that€she€was€under€obligation€to€notify€the€police€of€theÏdemonstration.€€The€author€argues€that€this€was€only€firmly€established€by€theÏCourt's€decision€in€her€own€case,€and€that€the€general€interpretation€to€whichÏthe€State€party€refers€is€insufficient€as€basis€for€her€conviction.€€The€authorÏfinally€submits€that€the€description€of€a€public€meeting,€within€the€meaning€ofÏarticle€1€of€the€Act,€used€by€the€State€party€is€unacceptably€broad€and€wouldÏcover€almost€any€outdoor€discussion€between€at€least€three€persons.ÌÌ8.5à2 .2àIn€conclusion,€the€author€states€that€she€does€not€contest€thatÏrestrictions€on€the€exercise€of€the€right€of€peaceful€assembly€may€be€justified,Ïand€that€prior€notification€of€public€meetings€is€a€legitimate€form€of€suchÏrestrictions.€€However,€the€author€does€challenge€the€concrete€application€ofÏthe€Act€on€Public€Meetings€in€her€case.€€She€contends€that€this€outdated,€vagueÏand€ambiguous€statute€was€used€as€the€legal€basis€for€police€interference€with€her€expressing€concern€about€the€human€rights€situation€in€the€country€of€theÏvisiting€head€of€State.€€She€claims€that€this€interference€was€not€in€conformityÏwith€the€law€nor€necessary€in€a€democratic€society€within€the€meaning€ofÏarticle21€of€the€Covenant.€€In€this€connection,€it€is€again€stressed€that€byÏtaking€away€the€banner,€the€police€interfered€with€the€most€effective€method€forÏthe€author€to€express€her€opinion.ÌÌòòIssues€and€proceedings€before€the€CommitteeóóÌÌ9.1à2 .2àThe€Human€Rights€Committee€has€considered€the€present€communication€in€theÏlight€of€all€the€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€parties,€as€provided€inÏarticle€5,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ9.2à2 .2àThe€Committee€finds€that€a€requirement€to€notify€the€police€of€an€intendedÏdemonstration€in€a€public€place€six€hours€before€its€commencement€may€beÏcompatible€with€the€permitted€limitations€laid€down€in€article€21€of€theÏCovenant.€€In€the€circumstances€of€this€specific€case,€it€is€evident€from€theÏinformation€provided€by€the€parties€that€the€gathering€of€several€individuals€atÏthe€site€of€the€welcoming€ceremonies€for€a€foreign€head€of€State€on€an€officialÏvisit,€publicly€announced€in€advance€by€the€State€party€authorities,€cannot€beÏregarded€as€a€demonstration.€€In€so€far€as€the€State€party€contends€thatÏdisplaying€a€banner€turns€their€presence€into€a€demonstration,€the€CommitteeÏnotes€that€any€restrictions€upon€the€right€to€assemble€must€fall€within€theÏlimitation€provisions€of€article€21.€€A€requirement€to€pre-notify€aÏdemonstration€would€normally€be€for€reasons€of€national€security€or€publicÏsafety,€public€order,€the€protection€of€public€health€or€morals€or€theÏprotection€of€the€rights€and€freedoms€of€others.€€Consequently,€the€applicationÏof€Finnish€legislation€on€demonstrations€to€such€a€gathering€cannot€beÏconsidered€as€an€application€of€a€restriction€permitted€by€article€21€of€theÏCovenant.ÌÌ9.3à2 .2àThe€right€for€an€individual€to€express€his€political€opinions,€includingÏobviously€his€opinions€on€the€question€of€human€rights,€forms€part€of€theÏfreedom€of€expression€guaranteed€by€article€19€of€the€Covenant.€€In€thisÏparticular€case,€the€author€of€the€communication€exercised€this€right€by€raisingÏa€banner.€€It€is€true€that€article€19€authorizes€the€restriction€by€the€law€ofÏfreedom€of€expression€in€certain€circumstances.€€However,€in€this€specific€case,Ïthe€State€party€has€neither€referred€to€a€law€allowing€this€freedom€to€beÏrestricted€nor€established€how€the€restriction€applied€to€Ms.€Kivenmaa€wasÏnecessary€to€safeguard€the€rights€and€national€imperatives€set€forth€inÏarticle19,€paragraphs€2€(a)€and€(b)€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ9.4à2 .2àThe€Committee€notes€that€while€claims€under€article€15€have€been€made,€noÏissues€under€this€provision€arise€in€the€present€case.ÌÌ10.à2 .2àThe€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€theÏOptional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Ïis€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violation€of€articles€19€andÏ21€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ11.à2 .2àPursuant€to€article€2€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€under€anÏobligation€to€provide€Ms.€Auli€Kivenmaa€with€an€appropriate€remedy€and€to€adoptÏsuch€measures€as€may€be€necessary€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occurÏin€the€future.ÌÌÔ&  Ô12.à2 .2àThe€Committee€would€wish€to€receive€information,€within€90€days,€on€anyÏrelevant€measures€taken€by€the€State€party€in€respect€of€the€Committee's€views.ÌÌÌ[Adopted€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€original€version€being€in€English].€ÏÔ'  ÔÇà@ì .\àòòAppendixóóˆÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€òòIndividual€opinion€(dissenting)€submitted€by€Mr.€Kurt€HerndlóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€òòpursuant€to€rule€94,€paragraph€3,€of€the€rules€of€procedureóó€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€òòof€the€Committee€on€Human€Rights,€concerning€the€Committee'sóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€òòviews€on€communication€No.€412/1990€(Auli€Kivenmaa€v.€Finlandóó)ÌÌÌ1.à2 .2àWhile€I€did€(and€do)€agree€with€the€Committee's€decision€of€20€March€1992Ïto€declare€the€present€communication€admissible€inasmuch€as€the€facts€reportedÏmight€raise€issues€under€articles€15,€19€and€21€of€the€Covenant,€I€amÏregrettably€unable€to€go€along€with€the€Committee's€substantive€decision€that€inÏthe€present€case€Finland€has€violated€articles€19€and€21.€€The€reason€for€thisÏis€that€I€do€not€share€at€all€the€Committee's€legal€assessment€of€the€facts.ÌÌÌà@ì .` àA.€€òòThe€question€of€a€possible€violation€of€article€21óóˆÌÌ2.1à2 .2àThe€Committee's€finding€that€by€applying€the€1907€Act€on€Public€MeetingsÏ(hereinafter€called€the€1907€Act)€to€the€author€-€and€ultimately€imposing€a€fineÏon€her€in€accordance€with€section€12€of€the€Act€-€Finland€has€breachedÏarticle21€of€the€Covenant,€is€based€on€an€erroneous€appreciation€of€the€factsÏand,€even€more€so,€on€an€erroneous€view€of€what€constitutes€a€"peacefulÏassembly"€in€the€sense€of€article€21.ÌÌ2.2à2 .2àIn€the€first€sentence€of€paragraph€9.2€of€its€views€the€Committee€rightlyÏobserves€that€"a€requirement€to€notify€the€police€of€an€intended€demonstrationÏin€a€public€place€six€hours€before€its€commencement€may€be€compatible€with€theÏpermitted€limitations€laid€down€in€article€21€of€the€Covenant".€€A€mereÏrequirement,€as€contained€in€the€1907€Act,€to€notify€the€authorities€of€a€publicÏmeeting€several€hours€before€it€starts,€is€obviously€in€line€with€article€21€ofÏthe€Covenant€which€provides€for€the€possibility€of€legitimate€restrictions€onÏthe€exercise€of€the€right€to€peaceful€assembly€"in€conformity€with€the€law€andÏwhich€are€necessary€in€a€democratic€society€in€the€interests€of€nationalÏsecurity€or€public€safety,€public€order€(òòordre€publicóó),€the€protection€of€publicÏhealth€or€morals€or€the€protection€of€the€rights€and€freedoms€of€others".€€TheÏ1907€Act€certainly€falls€in€this€category.€€This€is,€by€the€way,€admitted€by€theÏauthor€herself,€who€asserts€that€she€does€not€contest€that€restrictions€on€theÏexercise€of€the€right€to€peaceful€assembly€may€be€justified€and€that€priorÏnotification€of€public€meetings€is€a€legitimate€form€of€such€restrictions€(seeÏpara.€8.5€of€the€views).€€In€her€last€communication€she€explicitly€states€thatÏshe€is€not€challenging€the€validity€of€the€1907€Act€òòin€abstractoóó€either.ÌÌ2.3à2 .2àThe€legal€issue€therefore€centres€on€the€question€of€whether€the€author'sÏactions€-€the€fact€that€she€"and€about€25€members€of€her€organization,€amid€aÏlarger€crowd,€gathered€...,€distributed€leaflets€and€raised€a€banner"€(seeÏpara.2.1€of€the€views)€-€ought€or€ought€not€to€be€qualified€as€a€"publicÏmeeting"€in€the€sense€of€the€1907€Act€or,€for€that€matter,€as€a€"peacefulÏassembly"€in€the€sense€of€article€21€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ2.4à2 .2àIn€that€respect,€the€Committee€observes€in€paragraph€9.2€(second€sentence)Ïof€its€views€that€"it€is€evident€from€the€information€provided€by€the€partiesÏthat€the€gathering€of€several€individuals€at€the€site€of€the€welcomingÏceremonies€for€a€foreign€head€of€State€on€an€official€visit,€publicly€announcedÏin€advance€by€the€State€party€authorities,€cannot€be€regarded€as€aÏdemonstration".€€I€am,€much€to€my€regret,€not€able€to€follow€this€reasoning.ÌÌ2.5à2 .2àIt€is€not€contested€by€the€author€that€she€and€a€group€of€people€of€herÏorganization€summoned€by€her,€went€to€the€Presidential€Palace€explicitly€for€theÏpurpose€of€distributing€leaflets€and€raising€a€banner€and€thus€to€publiclyÏdenounce€the€presence,€in€Finland,€of€a€foreign€head€of€State€whose€human€rightsÏrecord€they€criticized.€€If€this€does€not€constitute€a€demonstration,€indeed€aÏpublic€gathering€within€the€scope€of€article€21€of€the€Covenant,€what€else€wouldÏconstitute€a€"peaceful€assembly"€in€that€sense,€and,€accordingly,€a€"publicÏmeeting"€in€the€sense€of€the€1907€Act?ÌÌ2.6à2 .2àIn€his€commentary€on€article€21€of€the€Covenant,€Manfred€Nowak€states€theÏfollowing:ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"The€term€'assembly'€(òòrunionóó)€is€not€defined€but€rather€presumed€inÏthe€Covenant.€€Therefore,€it€must€be€interpreted€in€conformity€with€theÏcustomary,€generally€accepted€meaning€in€national€legal€systems,€takingÏinto€account€the€object€and€purpose€of€this€traditional€human€right.€€It€isÏbeyond€doubt€that€not€every€assembly€of€individuals€requires€specialÏprotection.€€Rather,€only€intentional,€temporary€gatherings€of€severalÏpersons€for€a€specific€purpose€are€afforded€the€protection€of€freedom€ofÏassembly."€òòaóó/ÌÌ2.7à2 .2àThis€is€exactly€the€case€with€the€author's€manifestation€in€front€of€theÏPresidential€Palace.€€The€decisive€element€for€the€determination€of€anÏ"assembly"€-€as€opposed€to€a€more€or€less€accidental€gathering€(e.g.€peopleÏwaiting€for€a€bus,€listening€to€a€band,€etc.)€-€obviously€is€the€intention€andÏthe€purpose€of€the€individuals€who€come€together.€€The€author€is€estopped€fromÏarguing€that€she€and€her€group€were€bystanders€like€the€other€crowd,€which€wasÏapparently€attracted€by€the€appearance€of€a€foreign€head€of€State€visiting€theÏPresident€of€Finland.€€She€and€her€group€admittedly€joined€the€event€to€make€aÏpolitical€demonstration.€€This€was€the€sole€purpose€of€their€appearing€beforeÏthe€Presidential€Palace.€€The€State€party,€therefore,€rightly€stated,€that€thisÏwas€"conceptually"€a€demonstration.ÌÌ2.8à2 .2àNor€can€I€follow€the€Committee's€argument€in€paragraph€9.2€(fourth€andÏfifth€sentences)€where€an€attempt€is€made€to€create€a€link€between€the€purposeÏ(and€thus€the€legality)€of€the€restrictive€legislation€as€such€and€itsÏapplication€in€a€concrete€case.€€To€say€that€"a€requirement€to€pre-notify€aÏdemonstration€would€normally€be€for€reasons€of€national€security",€etc.,€andÏthen€to€continue€"consequently,€the€application€of€the€Finnish€legislation€onÏdemonstrations€to€such€a€gathering€cannot€be€considered€as€an€application€of€aÏrestriction€permitted€by€article€21€of€the€Covenant"€is,€to€say€at€least,Ïcontradictory.ÌÌ2.9à2 .2àIf€the€restricting€legislation€as€such€-€in€the€present€matter€the€1907€ActÏon€Public€Meetings€-€is€considered€as€being€within€the€limits€of€article€21Ï(afact€not€contested€by€the€author€and€recognized€by€the€Committee)€theÏrelevant€law€must€obviously€be€applied€in€a€uniform€manner€to€all€cases€fallingÏunder€its€scope.€€In€other€words,€if€the€1907€Act€and€the€obligation€thereinÏcontained€to€notify€any€"public€meeting"€prior€to€its€commencement,€is€a€validÏrestriction€on€the€exercise€of€the€right€to€assembly,€permitted€under€article€21Ïof€the€Covenant,€then€its€formal€application€cannot€be€considered€as€a€violationÏof€the€Covenant,€whatever€the€actual€reasons€(in€the€mind€of€the€authorities)Ïfor€demanding€the€notification.ÌÌ2.10à2 .2à€The€Finnish€authorities,€therefore,€did€not€violate€article€21€of€theÏCovenant€by€insisting€that€the€author€address€an€appropriate€notification€to€theÏauthorities€prior€to€her€demonstrating€in€front€of€the€Presidential€Palace€and€by€fining€her€subsequently€for€not€having€made€such€a€notification.€€InÏobjective€terms,€it€would€have€been€easy€for€the€author€to€comply€with€theÏrequirement€of€a€simple€notification.€€No€reason€has€ever€been€induced€by€herÏfor€not€doing€so,€except€for€her€arguing€òòex€post€factoóó€that€she€was€not€requiredÏto€notify€because€her€action€did€not€fall€under€the€1907€Act.€€She€seems€to€haveÏdeliberately€chosen€to€disregard€the€provisions€of€the€Act,€and€accordingly€hadÏto€bear€the€consequences,€i.e.€the€imposition€of€a€fine.ÌÌÌà@ì .` àB.€€òòThe€question€of€a€possible€violation€of€article€19óóˆÌÌ3.1à2 .2àIn€paragraph€9.3€of€its€views€the€Committee€emphasizes€that€the€authorÏexercised€her€right€to€freedom€of€expression€by€waiving€a€banner.€€As€the€bannerÏwas€removed€by€the€police,€the€Committee€concludes€that€this€violatedÏarticle19.ÌÌ3.2à2 .2àSurely,€one€will€have€to€place€the€removal€of€the€banner€in€the€context€ofÏthe€whole€event.€€The€author€and€her€group€"demonstrate",€they€distributeÏleaflets,€they€waive€a€banner.€€The€police€intervenes€in€order€to€establish€theÏidentity€of€the€person€leading€the€demonstration€(i.e.€the€"convener"€of€aÏpublic€meeting€under€the€1907€Act).€€The€banner€is€"taken€down"€by€the€policeÏ(see€para.€2.1€of€the€views).€€However,€the€demonstration€is€allowed€toÏcontinue.€€The€author€herself€and€her€group€go€on€to€distribute€their€leafletsÏand€presumably€give€vent€in€public€to€their€opinion€concerning€the€visiting€headÏof€State.€€There€is€no€further€intervention€by€the€police.€€Hence,€the€"takingÏdown"€of€the€banner€is€the€only€fact€to€be€retained€in€view€of€a€possibleÏviolation€of€article€19.ÌÌ3.3à2 .2àThe€Committee€has€opted€for€a€very€simple€òòfa on€de€voiróó:€€take€away€theÏbanner€and€you€necessarily€violate€the€right€to€freedom€of€expression.€€ThisÏview€does€not€take€into€account€the€intimate€and€somewhat€complex€relationshipÏbetween€articles€19€and€21€and,€for€that€matter,€also€article€18€of€theÏCovenant.ÌÌ3.4à2 .2àThe€right€of€peaceful€assembly€would€seem€to€be€just€one€facet€of€the€moreÏgeneral€right€to€freedom€of€expression.€€In€that€regard€John€P.€Humphrey€in€hisÏanalysis€of€political€and€related€rights€states€as€follows:€€"There€would€hardlyÏbe€freedom€of€assembly€in€any€real€sense€without€freedom€of€expression;€assemblyÏis€indeed€a€form€of€expression".€òòbóó/ÌÌ3.5à2 .2àIf,€therefore,€there€are€in€force€in€any€given€State€party,€legal€norms€onÏthe€right€to€assembly€which€are€in€conformity€with€article€21€of€the€Covenant,Ïincluding€restrictions€of€that€right€which€are€permitted€under€that€article,Ïsuch€legislation€will€apply€to€a€public€meeting€or€peaceful€assembly€rather€thanÏlegislation€on€the€exercise€of€freedom€of€expression.€€In€that€sense,€theÏobservation€by€the€Government€of€Finland€that€article€21€must€be€seen€as€òòlexÏspecialisóó€in€relation€to€article€19€(see€para.€7.4€of€the€views)€is€correct.€€InÏthat€regard,€I€should€like€to€refer€to€the€relevant€portion€of€the€Government'sÏsubmission€which€reads€as€follows:€€"...€this€means€that€article19€is€to€beÏregarded,€in€any€case,€as€a€òòlex€generalisóó€in€relation€to€article21€(òòlexÏspecialisóó),€thus€excluding€the€need€for€separate€consideration€under€the€formerÏarticle".€€It€is€regrettable€that€the€Committee,€in€its€views,€did€not€addressÏthis€legal€problem,€but€contented€itself€with€the€somewhat€oversimplifiedÏstatement€that€just€by€removing€the€displayed€banner,€the€Government€violatedÏthe€author's€right€to€freedom€of€expression.€€Would€the€Committee€still€haveÏfound€a€violation€of€article€19€if€it€had€found€no€violation€of€article€21?€ÏHardly.̇à@ì .` àC.€€òòThe€question€of€a€possible€violation€of€article€15óóˆÌÌ4.1à2 .2àAlthough€the€Committee,€in€its€admissibility€decision€of€20€March€1992,Ïclearly€retained€article€15€among€the€articles€which€might€have€been€violated€byÏthe€Government€of€Finland,€it€completely€failed€to€address€the€issue€ofÏarticle15€in€its€final€views.€€This€is€all€the€more€surprising€as€the€author€inÏall€her€submissions,€including€her€last€rejoinder,€had€again€and€againÏemphasized€that€her€being€fined€by€the€Helsinki€City€Court€(on€the€basis€ofÏsection€12€of€the€1907€Act)€was€tantamount€to€a€retroactive€application,€byÏanalogy,€of€criminal€law.€€While€this€argument€may€be€considered€on€the€surfaceÏas€rather€subtle,€it€is€contradicted€by€the€facts€of€the€case.ÌÌ4.2à2 .2àThe€author€was€convicted€not€for€having€expressed€her€political€opinions€inÏa€specific€way€but€merely€for€her€undisputed€omission€"to€give€the€priorÏnotification€required€by€section€3€of€the€Act€on€Public€Meetings€for€arranging€aÏcertain€kind€of€a€public€meeting,€in€her€case€a€demonstration"€(as€submitted€byÏthe€State€party).€€Even€on€the€assumption,€that€applying€the€1907€Act€withÏregard€to€the€author's€actions€was€erroneous,€which,€in€turn,€might€haveÏinfringed€on€the€author's€rights€under€article€21€of€the€Covenant,€herÏconviction€on€the€basis€of€that€same€Act€surely€cannot€be€qualified€as€aÏ"retroactive"€application€of€criminal€law,€forbidden€by€article€15€(òònullumÏcrimen,€nulla€poena€sine€legeóó).€€Perhaps€the€Committee€thought€the€argument€tooÏfar„fetched€and€unreasonable.€€In€any€event,€the€Committee€should€have€includedÏin€its€final€views€a€statement€to€the€effect€that€in€the€present€case€FinlandÏhas€not€violated€article€15.ÌÌÌ[Done€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€original€version€being€in€English.]€€€ÌÌÌà@ì .òàòòNotesóóˆÌÌà2 .2àòòaóó/à .àManfred€Nowak,€òòUnited€Nations€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÏCCPR€Commentaryóó€(Kehl-Strasbourg-Arlington,€Engel€Publisher,€1993),€p.€373.ÌÌà2 .2àòòbóó/à .àJohn€P.€Humphrey,€"Political€and€Related€Rights",€in€òòHuman€Rights€inÏInternational€Law,€Legal€and€Policy€Issuesóó,€Theodor€Meron€ed.€(Oxford,€ClarendonÏPress,€1984),€vol.€I,€p.€188.ÌÌÇÝ ƒ@ÿÝÔ UK ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÑ\R3Ø'\ÑÑ X ÑÑ À ÑÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓ…+ÓÔ€ôôôÔÔC€A<þ6X9`(CourierCÔÓ(€ B $(ÓØØÖ€jÖÖ€ÖÓ882 ÓÝ  Ý€€€€€€O.€€òòCommunication€No.€414/1990,€Primo€J.€Mika€Miha€v.€Equatorial€GuineaóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€(òòviews€adopted€on€8€July€1994,€fifty„first€sessionóó)ÌÌòòSubmitted€byóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Primo€Jos€Essono€Mika€MihaÌÌòòVictimóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€The€authorÌÌòòState€partyóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Equatorial€GuineaÌÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€28€May€1990€(initial€submission)ÌÌòòDate€of€decision€on€admissibilityóó:€€16€October€1992ÌÌà2 .2àòòThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà2 .2àòòMeetingóó€on€8€July€1994,ÌÌà2 .2àòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€414/1990,€submittedÏto€the€Human€Rights€Committee€by€Mr.€Primo€Jos€Essono€Mika€Miha€under€theÏOptional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà2 .2àòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€byÏthe€author€of€the€communication€and€the€State€party,ÌÌà2 .2àòòAdoptsóó€its€views€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ1.à2 .2àThe€author€of€the€communication€is€Primo€Jos€Essono€Mika€Miha,€a€citizenÏof€Equatorial€Guinea€born€in€1940.€€He€also€holds€a€Spanish€passport€andÏcurrently€resides€in€Madrid.€€The€author€claims€to€be€a€victim€of€violations€byÏEquatorial€Guinea€of€articles€3;€6,€paragraph€3;€7;€9,€paragraphs€1,€2,€4€and€5;Ï10,€paragraph€1;€12,€paragraphs€1€and€2;€14,€paragraphs€1,€3(b)€and€5;€16;€17,Ïparagraphs€1€and€2;€19,€paragraphs€1€and€2;€21;€and€22,€paragraphs€1€to€3,€ofÏthe€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€€The€Optional€ProtocolÏentered€into€force€for€Equatorial€Guinea€on€25€December€1987.ÌÌòòThe€facts€as€presented€by€the€authoróóÌÌ2.1à2 .2àThe€author€is€a€former€official€of€past€governments€of€the€Republic€ofÏEquatorial€Guinea.€€In€1968,€he€was€elected€Deputy€of€the€First€Assembly€of€theÏRepublic;€in€1971,€he€was€appointed€Permanent€Representative€of€his€country€toÏthe€United€Nations.€€In€1974,€he€was€nominated€Ambassador€of€Equatorial€GuineaÏto€Cameroon€and€the€Central€African€Republic.€€After€the€election€and€theÏinstallation€of€President€Macias,€the€author€resigned€from€his€post€and€left€theÏcountry,€together€with€his€family,€for€Spain,€where€he€requested€politicalÏasylum.ÌÌ2.2à2 .2àAfter€the€death€of€President€Macias,€the€author€returned€to€his€country€andÏtook€up€the€post€of€Director€of€Administrative,€Cultural€and€Consular€Affairs€inÏthe€new€Government's€Ministry€of€Foreign€Affairs.€€In€1982,€he€once€again€leftÏthe€country€and€sought€refuge€in€Spain,€as€he€feared€persecution€at€the€hands€ofÏthe€clan€of€Mongomo,€to€which€President€Obiang€Nguema€(who€had€replacedÏPresident€Macias)€belongs.ÌÌ2.3à2 .2àOn€an€unspecified€date€in€the€summer€of€1988,€the€author€returned€toÏEquatorial€Guinea,€so€as€actively€to€support€the€activities€of€the€oppositionÏparty€(Partido€de€Progreso)€of€which€he€is€a€member.€€At€around€11:30€p.m.€on€16August€1988,€he€was€abducted€by€members€of€the€security€forces€in€a€street€ofÏMalabo,€the€country's€capital.€€He€claims€that€he€was€handcuffed€andÏblind-folded,€and€that€a€handkerchief€was€pushed€into€his€mouth€in€order€toÏsilence€him.€€He€was€told€that€President€Obiang€had€ordered€his€arrest,€but€noÏfurther€explanations€were€given;€the€author€contends€that€he€was€arrested€solelyÏbecause€of€his€activities€for€the€Partido€de€Progreso.ÌÌ2.4à2 .2àAfter€his€arrest,€the€author€was€detained€on€board€a€ship€and€allegedlyÏdeprived€of€food€and€drink€for€one€week.€€He€was€then€transferred€to€the€prisonÏof€Bata€on€the€mainland,€where€he€allegedly€was€tortured€for€two€days.€€TheÏauthor€provides€detailed€information€about€the€ill-treatment€he€was€subjected€toÏand€explains€that€torture€is€practised€in€an€open€field€close€to€the€beach€atÏnight,€and€that€not€only€police€officers€but€also€members€of€the€GovernmentÏattend€these€sessions.€€It€appears€that€several€other€individuals€who€had€beenÏarrested€at€approximately€the€same€time€as€the€author,€and€who€also€belonged€toÏthe€Partido€de€Progreso,€suffered€the€same€fate€as€the€author.€òòaóó/ÌÌ2.5à2 .2àThe€author€does€not€specify€the€nature€of€the€injuries€sustained€duringÏtorture€but€claims€that€he€was€subsequently€kept€in€detention€for€well€over€oneÏmonth€without€any€medical€assistance.€€He€adds€that€the€conditions€of€detentionÏat€the€prison€of€Bata€are€deplorable,€that€detainees€hardly€receive€any€foodÏunless€it€is€brought€to€them€by€relatives,€and€that€they€must€sleep€on€theÏfloor.ÌÌ2.6à2 .2àOn€10€January€1990,€while€still€in€detention,€the€author€underwent€surgeryÏon€his€right€elbow,€made€necessary€to€prevent€the€development€of€a€seriousÏinfection€and€a€tumor,€which€according€to€him€can€be€causally€linked€to€theÏill-treatment€sustained€during€the€summer€of€1988.€€In€support€of€hisÏcontention,€he€submits€copies€of€medical€reports,€X-rays€and€the€results€ofÏmedical€analyses€carried€out€by€a€Spanish€laboratory.€€On€1€March€1990,€he€wasÏreleased,€without€any€explanations€being€offered;€the€authorities€did€not€returnÏto€him€all€the€personal€belongings€(money,€plane€tickets,€jewellery)€taken€fromÏhim€after€his€arrest.€€He€then€returned€to€Spain,€where€he€currently€teaches€inÏa€public€school.ÌÌ2.7à2 .2àAs€to€the€requirement€of€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€the€authorÏsubmits€that€such€judicial€remedies€as€exist€in€Equatorial€Guinea€are€totallyÏineffective.€€According€to€the€author,€the€judiciary€is€directly€controlled€byÏPresident€Obiang€Nguema€himself,€who€also€has€his€say€in€the€appointment€of€theÏjudges.€€As€a€result,€local€courts€and€tribunals€are€neither€independent€norÏimpartial;€in€this€context,€the€author€dismisses€the€trial€against€him€and€aÏnumber€of€co-defendants€as€summary€("procedimiento€sumarsimo"),€which€did€notÏmeet€the€criteria€for€a€fair€hearing.€€He€does€not,€however,€provide€furtherÏinformation€about€the€date,€venue€or€circumstances€of€the€trial.ÌÌ2.8à2 .2àAccording€to€the€author,€recourse€to€appellate€instances€is€impossible,€asÏthey€either€do€not€exist€or€have€fallen€into€disuse.€€The€author€adds€thatÏregardless€of€whether€a€criminal€offence€may€be€tried€only€after€a€formalÏindictment€or€summarily,€trials€are€conducted€summarily,€as€in€his€own€case.€€HeÏsubmits€that€frequently€it€is€not€the€tribunal€but€the€President€himself€whoÏdecides€on€the€sentence€to€be€imposed€on€the€accused.ÌÌòòThe€complaintóóÌÌ3.à2 .2àThe€author€submits€that€the€facts€as€described€above€constitute€violationsÏof€articles€3;€6,€paragraph€3;€7;€9,€paragraphs€1,€2,€4€and€5;€10,€paragraph€1;€12,€paragraphs€1€and€2;€14,€paragraphs€1,€3€(b)€and€5;€16;€17,€paragraphs€1Ïand2;€19,€paragraphs€1€and€2;€21;€and€22,€paragraphs€1€to€3,€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌòòThe€State€party's€observationsóóÌÌ4.1à2 .2àIn€its€submission€under€rule€91€of€the€rules€of€procedure,€datedÏ12October1991,€the€State€party€challenges€the€admissibility€of€theÏcommunication,€arguing€that€it€violates€elemental€norms€of€international€law€andÏconstitutes€an€interference€into€domestic€affairs€of€Equatorial€Guinea€("estaÏcomunicacið;ðn€viola€las€normas€elementales€del€derecho€internacional€y€constituyeÏuna€ingerencia€en€los€asuntos€del€Estado€ecuatoguineano").ÌÌ4.2à2 .2àIn€this€context,€the€State€party€explains€that€the€author€voluntarilyÏrelinquished€his€Equatorial-Guinean€citizenship€in€1982€and€instead€opted€forÏSpanish€nationality.€€As€there€is€neither€an€agreement€nor€a€treaty€betweenÏSpain€that€governs€the€acquisition€of€double€nationality,€and€as€the€author€isÏcurrently€a€Spanish€civil€servant,€he€is€not,€in€the€State€party's€opinion,Ïsubject€to€its€own€jurisdiction.ÌÌòòThe€Committee's€decision€on€admissibilityóóÌÌ5.1à2 .2àDuring€its€forty„sixth€session,€the€Committee€considered€the€admissibilityÏof€the€communication.€€It€dismissed€the€State€party's€contention€that€the€authorÏwas€not€subject€to€its€jurisdiction,€since€the€author€had€been€detained€inÏEquatorial€Guinea€from€16€August€1988€until€1€March€1990€and€thus€had€clearlyÏbeen€subject€to€the€State€party's€jurisdiction.€€The€Committee€recalled€thatÏarticle€1€of€the€Optional€Protocol€applies€to€individuals€subject€to€theÏjurisdiction€of€the€State€concerned€who€claim€to€be€victims€of€a€violation€byÏthat€State€of€their€rights€under€the€Covenant,€regardless€of€their€nationality.€ÏIt€further€noted€that€the€State€party's€acceptance€of€the€Committee's€competenceÏunder€the€Optional€Protocol€implied€that€considerations€of€domestic€policy€couldÏnot€be€advanced€to€prevent€the€Committee€from€considering€claims€fromÏindividuals€subject€to€the€State€party's€jurisdiction.ÌÌ5.2à2 .2àOn€the€issue€of€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€the€Committee€observedÏthat€the€State€party€had€not€indicated€which€remedies€were€available€and€wouldÏbe€effective€in€the€circumstances€of€the€case.€€It€concluded€that€theÏrequirements€of€article€5,€paragraph€2€(b),€had€been€met.ÌÌ5.3à2 .2àIn€respect€of€the€author's€claims€under€articles€3;€6,€paragraph€3;€16,€17,Ï21€and€22,€the€Committee€concluded€that€they€had€not€been€substantiated,€forÏpurposes€of€admissibility,€and€accordingly€concluded€that€the€author€had€noÏclaim€within€the€meaning€of€article€2€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ5.4à2 .2àOn€16€October€1992,€the€Committee€declared€the€communication€admissible€inÏso€far€as€it€appeared€to€raise€issues€under€articles€7,€9,€10,€12,€14,€and€19€ofÏthe€Covenant.ÌÌòòExamination€of€the€meritsóóÌÌ6.1à2 .2àThe€State€party's€deadline€for€the€submission€of€information€andÏobservations€under€article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol€expired€inÏJune€1993.€€No€submission€on€the€merits€has€been€received€from€the€State€party,Ïin€spite€of€a€reminder€addressed€to€it€on€2€May€1994.ÌÌ6.2à2 .2àThe€Committee€notes€with€regret€and€concern€that€the€State€party€has€notÏcooperated€with€it€as€far€as€the€provision€of€information€on€the€substance€of€the€author's€claims€is€concerned.€€Article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€OptionalÏProtocol€enjoins€a€State€party€to€investigate€thoroughly,€in€good€faith€andÏwithin€the€imparted€deadlines,€all€the€allegations€of€violations€of€the€CovenantÏmade€against€it,€and€to€make€available€to€the€Committee€in€written€form€all€theÏinformation€at€its€disposal.€€This€the€State€party€has€failed€to€do.€ÏAccordingly,€due€weight€must€be€given€to€the€author's€allegations,€to€the€extentÏthat€they€have€been€substantiated.ÌÌ6.3à2 .2àThe€Committee€has€noted€the€State€party's€contention€that€the€communicationÏconstitutes€an€interference€into€its€domestic€affairs.€€The€Committee€stronglyÏrejects€the€State€party's€argument€and€recalls€that€when€ratifying€the€OptionalÏProtocol,€the€State€party€accepted€the€Committee's€competence€to€considerÏcomplaints€from€individuals€subject€to€the€State€party's€jurisdiction.ÌÌ6.4à2 .2àThe€author€has€claimed,€and€the€State€party€has€not€refuted,€that€he€wasÏdeprived€of€food€and€water€for€several€days€after€his€arrest€on€16€August€1988,Ïtortured€during€two€days€after€his€transfer€to€the€prison€of€Bata€and€leftÏwithout€medical€assistance€for€several€weeks€thereafter.€€The€author€has€given€aÏdetailed€account€of€the€treatment€he€was€subjected€to€and€submitted€copies€ofÏmedical€reports€that€support€his€conclusion.€€On€the€basis€of€this€information,Ïthe€Committee€concludes€that€he€was€subjected€to€torture€at€the€prison€of€Bata,Ïin€violation€of€article€7;€it€further€observes€that€the€deprivation€of€food€andÏwater€after€16€August€1988,€as€well€as€the€denial€of€medical€attention€after€theÏill-treatment€in€or€outside€of€the€prison€of€Bata,€amounts€to€cruel€and€inhumanÏtreatment€within€the€meaning€of€article€7,€as€well€as€to€a€violation€ofÏarticle10,€paragraph€1.ÌÌ6.5à2 .2àAs€to€the€author's€allegation€that€he€was€arbitrarily€arrested€and€detainedÏbetween€16€August€1988€and€1€March€1990,€the€Committee€notes€that€the€StateÏparty€has€not€contested€this€claim.€€It€further€notes€that€the€author€was€notÏgiven€any€explanation€of€the€reasons€for€his€arrest€and€detention,€except€thatÏthe€President€of€the€Republic€had€ordered€both,€that€he€was€not€brought€promptlyÏbefore€a€judge€or€other€officer€authorized€by€law€to€exercise€judicial€power,Ïand€that€he€was€unable€to€seek€the€judicial€determination,€without€delay,€of€theÏlawfulness€of€his€detention.€€On€the€basis€of€the€information€before€it,€theÏCommittee€finds€a€violation€of€article€9,€paragraphs€1,€2€and€4.€€On€the€sameÏbasis,€the€Committee€concludes,€however,€that€there€has€been€no€violation€ofÏarticle€9,€paragraph€5,€as€it€does€not€appear€that€the€author€has€in€factÏclaimed€compensation€for€unlawful€arrest€or€detention.€€Nor€is€the€CommitteeÏable€to€make€a€finding€in€respect€of€article€9,€paragraph€3,€as€it€remainsÏunclear€whether€the€author€was€in€fact€detained€on€specific€criminal€chargesÏwithin€the€meaning€of€this€provision.ÌÌ6.6à2 .2àThe€author€has€claimed€a€violation€of€article€12,€paragraphs€1€and€2.€ÏThere€is€no€indication,€however,€that€he€was€either€deprived€of€his€passport€orÏother€documents,€that€the€State€party€restricted€his€liberty€of€movement,€orÏthat€he€was€denied€the€right€to€leave€his€country.€€On€the€basis€of€the€materialÏbefore€the€Committee,€it€appears,€rather,€that€the€author€left€Equatorial€GuineaÏof€his€own€free€will,€both€in€1982€and€1990;€nor€is€there€an€indication€thatÏrestrictions€were€placed€on€his€freedom€of€movement€after€his€return€toÏEquatorial€Guinea€in€the€summer€of€1988€and€prior€to€his€arrest€onÏ16August1988.€€The€Committee€thus€concludes€that€there€has€been€no€violationÏof€article12.ÌÌ6.7à2 .2àThe€author€has€alleged€that€his€trial€was€summary,€and€that€the€judicialÏsystem€in€Equatorial€Guinea€is€neither€impartial€nor€independent.€€In€thisÏcontext,€the€Committee€has€in€particular€noted€the€author's€contention€that€the€State€party's€President€directly€controls€the€judiciary€in€Equatorial€Guinea.€ÏHowever,€the€information€provided€by€the€author€has€not€been€sufficient€toÏsubstantiate€his€claim€under€article€14.€€The€Committee€therefore€concludes€thatÏthere€has€been€no€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€1.ÌÌ6.8à2 .2àIn€respect€of€issues€under€article€19,€finally,€the€Committee€notes€thatÏthe€State€party€has€not€refuted€the€author's€claim€that€he€was€arrested€andÏdetained€solely€or€primarily€because€of€his€membership€in,€and€activities€for,€aÏpolitical€party€in€opposition€to€the€regime€of€President€Obiang€Nguema.€€In€theÏcircumstances€of€the€case,€the€Committee€concludes€that€the€State€party€hasÏunlawfully€interfered€with€the€exercise€of€the€author's€rights€under€article€19,Ïparagraphs€1€and€2.ÌÌ7.à2 .2àThe€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€theÏOptional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Ïis€of€the€view€that€the€material€before€it€discloses€violations€of€articles€7;Ï9,€paragraphs€1,€2€and€4;€10,€paragraph€1;€and€19,€paragraphs€1€and€2,€of€theÏCovenant.ÌÌ8.à2 .2àUnder€article€2€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€toÏprovide€Mr.€Mika€Miha€with€an€appropriate€remedy,€including€appropriateÏcompensation€for€the€treatment€to€which€he€has€been€subjected.ÌÌ9.à2 .2àThe€Committee€would€wish€to€receive€information,€within€90€days,€on€anyÏmeasures€taken€by€the€State€party€in€respect€of€the€Committee's€views.ÌÌÌ[Adopted€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€originalÏversion]ÌÌÌà@ì .òàòòNotesóóˆÌÌà2 .2àòòaóó/à .àThe€author€provides€a€list€with€the€names€of€these€individuals.ÌÌÇ€€€€€€€€P.€€òòCommunication€No.€417/1990,€Manuel€Balaguer€Santacana€v.€SpainóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€(òòviews€adopted€on€15€July€1994,€fifty„first€sessionóó)*ÌÌòòÓ882HÓSubmitted€byóó:àH .HàManuel€Balaguer€SantacanaÌÌòòAlleged€victimsóó:àH .HàThe€author€and€his€daughter,Ìà2 .2àà .ààH .HàMara€del€Carmen€Balaguer€MontalvoÌÌòòState€partyóó:àH .HàSpainÌÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:àH .Hà9€July€1990€(initial€submission)ÌÌòòDate€of€decision€on€admissibilityóó:àH .Hà25€March€1992ÌÌà2 .2àòòThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà2 .2àòòMeetingóó€on€15€July€1994,ÌÌà2 .2àòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€417/1990,€submittedÏto€the€Human€Rights€Committee€by€Mr.€Manuel€Balaguer€Santacana€on€behalf€ofÏhimself€and€his€daughter,€Mara€del€Carmen€Balaguer€Montalvo€under€the€OptionalÏProtocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà2 .2àòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€byÏthe€author€of€the€communication€and€the€State€party,ÌÌà2 .2àòòAdoptsóó€its€views€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ1.à2 .2àThe€author€of€the€communication€is€Manuel€Balaguer€Santacana,€a€SpanishÏcitizen€born€in€1940€and€residing€in€Barcelona,€Spain.€€He€submits€theÏcommunication€on€his€behalf€and€on€behalf€of€his€daughter,ÏMaradelCarmenBalaguer€Montalvo,€born€in€1985,€claiming€that€they€are€victimsÏof€violations€by€Spain€of€articles€23,€paragraphs€1€and€4,€and€24,€paragraph€1,Ïof€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€€The€OptionalÏProtocol€entered€into€force€for€Spain€on€25€April€1985.ÌÌòòThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€authoróóÌÌ2.1à2 .2àThe€author€states€that€in€November€1983€he€and€MaradelCarmenMontalvo€ÌQuiones€decided€to€live€together.€€On€15October1985,€Ms.€Montalvo€gave€birthÏto€a€girl,€who€was€recognized€by€both€parents€and€registered€on€the€òòRegistroÏCivilóó€of€Barcelona€under€the€name€of€Mara€del€Carmen€Balaguer€Montalvo.€€TheÏauthor€further€states€that€after€the€birth€of€the€child,€their€relationshipÏdeteriorated€irremediably;€on€7October1986,€Ms.€Montalvo€left€the€commonÏhousehold,€taking€the€child€with€her.€€After€several€weeks,€the€author€learnedÏthat€she€had€moved€to€Badalona,€a€town€near€Barcelona.ÌÌÌÌÌÌ________________________ÌÌà2 .2à*à .àThe€text€of€an€individual€opinion€submitted€by€Mrs.€Elizabeth€Evatt€isÏappended.ÇÌ2.2à2 .2àOn€10€November€1986,€the€author€filed€with€the€Third€Chamber€of€theÏBadalona€Court€(Juzgado€Tres€de€Instruccið;ðn€y€Primera€Instancia€de€Badalona)Ïcase€No.€18/86€under€the€regime€of€"voluntary€jurisdiction"€(òòjurisdiccið;ðnÏvoluntariaóó),€with€a€view€to€obtaining€the€recognition€of€his€paternal€authorityÏ(òòpatria€potestadóó)€and€visiting€rights€to€his€child.€€On€28€January€1987,€theÏjudge€decided€that€provisional€measures€should€be€taken€until€a€final€decisionÏwas€issued€in€the€matter.€€The€author€was€authorized€to€spend€every€Saturday€orÏSunday€from€11€a.m.€to€8€p.m.€with€his€daughter,€who€by€then€was€one€year€old.€€ÏIn€February€1987€he€saw€his€daughter,€believed€her€to€be€in€ill-health€and€tookÏher€to€a€doctor,€keeping€her€for€four€days.€€Subsequent€to€this€visit,€theÏmother€refused€to€let€him€see€the€child€for€a€period€of€19€months€untilÏNovember1988.ÌÌ2.3à2 .2àOn€23€June€1988,€the€Badalona€Court€issued€an€enforcement€order€(òòauto€deÏobligado€cumplimientoóó)€against€Ms.€Montalvo,€which€she€appealed€to€the€SuperiorÏCourt€of€Barcelona€(Tribunal€Superior)€while€continuing€to€deny€the€authorÏaccess€to€his€daughter.€€One€year€later,€on€23€June€1989,€the€Superior€CourtÏaffirmed€the€order€of€23€June€1988.ÌÌ2.4à2 .2àOn€19€July€1989,€the€mother€started€a€contentious€action€(òòdemanda€de€menorÏcuantaóó)€before€the€Badalona€Court€(case€No.€406/89)€aimed€at€modifying€theÏprovisional€decisions€of€28€January€1987€and€23€June€1988.€€On€16€March€1990,Ïthe€Court€decided€to€suspend€the€proceedings€of€voluntary€jurisdiction€pendingÏdecision€on€the€contentious€matter.€€The€author€appealed€against€this€decisionÏon€22€March€1990.€€Nearly€two€years€later,€on€31€January€1992,€the€SuperiorÏCourt€(Tribunal€Superior)€rejected€the€author's€appeal.ÌÌ2.5à2 .2àThe€author€also€applied€to€the€Direccið;ðn€General€de€atencið;ðn€a€la€infanciaÏde€la€Conselleria€de€Benestar€Social€de€la€Generalitat€de€Catalunya,€requestingÏthat€his€daughter's€case€be€further€investigated€and€protective€measuresÏadopted.€€The€department€seized€of€the€matter€carried€out€a€summaryÏinvestigation€and€accepted€to€consider€it€in€more€detail.€€In€April€1990,Ïhowever,€the€same€department€informed€the€author€that€it€had€received€anÏexplicit€order€from€the€court€of€first€instance€to€refrain€from€furtherÏexamining€the€case,€since€the€court€considered€that€it€alone€was€competent.ÌÌ2.6à2 .2àThe€author€emphasizes€the€urgency€of€the€matter,€since€these€are€hisÏdaughter's€formative€years.€€He€claims€that€irreparable€harm€is€being€done€toÏher€by€depriving€her€of€the€opportunity€of€having€contact€with€her€father.€€InÏthis€connection,€he€refers€to€pertinent€psychological€and€sociological€studiesÏthat€conclude€that€the€separation€of€a€child€from€any€one€parent€may€haveÏserious€psychological€consequences.€€He€finally€invokes€the€Convention€on€theÏRights€of€the€Child,€in€particular€article€9,€paragraph€3,€which€provides:ÌÌà02 .2àà .à"States€parties€shall€respect€the€right€of€the€child€who€is€separatedÏfrom€one€or€both€parents€to€maintain€personal€relations€and€direct€contactÏwith€both€parents€on€a€regular€basis,€except€if€it€is€contrary€to€theÏchild's€best€interests".ÌÌòòThe€complaintóóÌÌ3.à2 .2àThe€author€claims€that€he€is€a€victim€of€a€violation€of€article€23,Ïparagraphs1€and€4,€of€the€Covenant,€because€he€has€been€denied€family€rightsÏand€equality€of€treatment€by€the€Spanish€courts€in€the€award€of€child€custodyÏand€because€of€the€failure€of€the€courts€to€act€promptly€in€enforcing€a€regimeÏof€reasonable€parental€visits.€€He€also€claims€a€violation€of€his€daughter's€rights€under€article€24,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant,€since€a€child€should€beÏafforded€access€to€both€parents,€especially€during€her€formative€years,€exceptÏin€very€specific€circumstances.€€He€further€claims€that€Spanish€legislation€doesÏnot€sufficiently€guarantee€the€right€of€access€and€that€the€practice€of€SpanishÏcourts,€as€illustrated€by€his€own€and€many€other€cases,€reveals€a€bias€in€favourÏof€mothers€and€against€fathers.€€Although€he€does€not€specifically€invokeÏarticle€26€of€the€Covenant,€the€author's€allegations€also€pertain€to€thisÏprovision.ÌÌòòThe€State€party's€observations€and€the€author's€comments€thereonóóÌÌ4.1à2 .2àThe€State€party,€in€submissions€dated€14€January,€15€February,€10€April€andÏ10€September€1991€and€20€and€26€February€1992,€objects€to€the€admissibility€ofÏthe€communication€as€an€abuse€of€the€right€of€submission€under€article€3€of€theÏOptional€Protocol€and€further€argues€that€the€author€has€failed€to€exhaustÏdomestic€remedies,€as€required€by€article€5,€paragraph€2€(b),€of€the€OptionalÏProtocol.ÌÌ4.2à2 .2àThe€State€party€summarizes€recent€developments€in€the€pending€proceedingsÏas€follows:ÌÌÌà@ì .Ä àA.€€òòProceedings€under€"non-contentious€jurisdictionóó"ˆÌÌà02 .2à1.à .àOrder€of€16€March€1990€of€the€Badalona€Court€which€suspended€theÏproceedings€under€non-contentious€jurisdiction.ÌÌà02 .2à2.à .àMr.€Balaguer,€having€been€notified€of€this€order,€filed€an€applicationÏfor€reconsideration€(òòrecurso€de€reposicið;ðnóó)€of€the€order,€which€wasÏdismissed€on€30€April€1990.ÌÌà02 .2à3.à .àOn€25€June€1990,€Mr.€Balaguer€submitted€a€further€request€for€review,Ïwith€a€subsidiary€appeal€(òòrecurso€de€reforma€y€subsidiario€de€apelacið;ðnóó).ÌÌà02 .2à4.à .àProcedural€order€of€25€June€1990,€declaring€the€request€for€reviewÏinadmissible€subsequent€to€the€application€for€reconsideration€having€beenÏlodged€and€a€decision€given,€and€ordering€the€application€for€leave€toÏappeal€(òòrecurso€de€apelacið;ðnóó)€to€be€processed.ÌÌà02 .2à5.à .àProcedural€order€by€the€judge,€dated€18€December€1990,€ordering€theÏparties€to€be€summoned€to€appear€before€the€Superior€Court.ÌÌà02 .2à6.à .àReceipt€of€the€orders€made€under€non-contentious€jurisdiction€byÏSection€Fifteen€of€the€Superior€Court€of€Barcelona,€to€which€the€appealÏlodged€by€Mr.€Balaguer€was€transmitted.ÌÌà02 .2à7.à .àProcedural€order,€dated€31€January€1991,€by€Section€Fifteen€of€theÏSuperior€Court,€by€which€the€Barcelona€Bar€was€requested€to€appoint€a€courtÏlawyer€for€Mr.€Balaguer.ÌÌà02 .2à8.à .àProcedural€order,€dated€23€May€1991,€relating€to€the€appointment€ofÏthe€representative€for€Mr.€Balaguer.ÌÌà02 .2à9.à .àProcedural€order,€dated€21€June€1991,€authorizing€the€file€to€be€madeÏavailable€to€Mr.€Balaguer's€lawyer.ÌÌà02 .2à10.à .àOn€31€January€1992,€Section€Fifteen€of€the€Superior€Court€of€BarcelonaÏdismissed€Mr.€Balaguer's€appeal€because€the€contentious€action€ofÏMs.Montalvo€before€the€Badalona€Court€was€deemed€to€take€precedence.ÌÌÌà@ì .Z àB.€€òòContentious€proceedings€of€minor€jurisdictionóóˆÌÌà02 .2à1.à .àOn€10€January€1991,€in€the€contentious€proceedings€instituted€byÏMs.Montalvo€in€respect€of€parental€authority€and€custody€of€the€child,ÏMr.Balaguer€challenged€the€competence€of€the€Badalona€Court€by€entering€aÏwritten€plea€to€the€jurisdiction€on€the€grounds€that€he€was€domiciled€inÏBarcelona.ÌÌà02 .2à2.à .àProcedural€order€of€17€January€1991€acknowledging€the€plea€andÏrecording€that€the€issue€of€competence€had€been€raised.ÌÌà02 .2à3.à .àAnswer€by€the€Government€Attorney€to€the€objection€on€the€issue€ofÏcompetence,€dated€4€March€1991,€proposing€that€it€should€be€dismissed€asÏbeing€untimely,€since€it€should€have€been€raised€within€a€period€of€sixÏdays€following€the€summons€to€answer€the€case.ÌÌà02 .2à4.à .àProcedural€order€of€6€May€1991€calling€for€evidence€on€the€contestedÏissue.ÌÌà02 .2à5.à .àProcedural€order€of€10€July€1991€stating€that€the€issue€is€awaitingÏdecision.ÌÌà02 .2à6.à .àOn€12€September€1991,€Mr.€Balaguer€submits€to€the€Court€informationÏabout€his€journalistic€activities€in€Barcelona.ÌÌà02 .2à7.à .àOn€16€September€1991,€the€Court€requests€clarification€from€theÏBarcelona€City€Hall.ÌÌà02 .2à8.à .àOn€19€September€1991,€the€Administrative€Division€of€the€High€Court€ofÏJustice€of€Catalonia€requests€information€from€the€Court€concerning€theÏcomplaint€made€by€Mr.€Balaguer€seeking€to€establish€judicial€liability€onÏthe€part€of€members€of€the€Badalona€Third€Chamber.ÌÌà02 .2à9.à .àOn€24€September€1991,€the€Administrative€Division€of€the€High€Court€ofÏJustice€of€Catalonia€receives€information€from€the€Court€concerning€theÏaccusation€made€by€Mr.€Balaguer.ÌÌà02 .2à10.à .àOn€1€October€1991,€it€is€agreed€to€schedule€hearings€for€the€16th€ofÏthat€month.ÌÌà02 .2à11.à .àOn€15€October€1991,€the€General€Council€of€the€Judiciary€is€informedÏof€the€steps€being€taken€in€the€case,€in€view€of€its€interest€following€theÏcomplaint€by€Mr.€Balaguer.ÌÌà02 .2à12.à .àOn€16€October€1991,€the€parties'€counsel€and€advocates€do€not€appearÏfor€the€hearings.ÌÌà02 .2à13.à .àOn€18€October€1991,€the€attorney€for€Ms.€Carmen€Montalvo€QuionesÏrequests€acceptance€of€his€withdrawal€from€the€case.ÌÌà02 .2à14.à .àOn€28€October€1991,€the€Association€of€Attorneys€is€requested€toÏappoint€a€new€attorney€for€Ms.€Montalvo€Quiones.Ìà02 .2à15.à .àOn€31€January€1992,€the€new€attorney€is€appointed.ÌÌà02 .2à16.à .àOn€21€February€1992,€the€court€decides€to€make€a€further€request€toÏthe€Barcelona€City€Hall€for€clarification€of€Mr.€Balaguer's€residentialÏstatus,€such€clarification€being€required€in€order€to€resolve€theÏinterlocutory€matter€regarding€competence€raised€by€Mr.€Balaguer.ÌÌ4.3à2 .2àAs€to€the€duration€of€the€proceedings,€the€State€party€affirms€that€theÏauthor€himself€is€to€blame,€because€he€has€engaged€various€procedures€that€haveÏdelayed€final€adjudication€of€his€case.€€Moreover,€if€he€claims€that€theÏproceedings€are€too€slow,€he€should€have€filed€and€still€could€file€a€complaintÏunder€article€24€of€the€Spanish€Constitution.ÌÌ4.4à2 .2àThe€State€party€concludes€that€since€the€issues€raised€by€Mr.€Balaguer€areÏbeing€dealt€with€by€the€Spanish€courts€in€the€exercise€of€Spanish€sovereignty,Ïdomestic€remedies€have€not€been€exhausted,€and€that€the€communication€should€beÏdeclared€inadmissible.ÌÌ4.5à2 .2àWith€regard€to€the€merits,€the€State€party€indicates€that€on€two€occasionsÏthe€author€misused€his€visiting€rights€by€keeping€his€daughter€longer€thanÏpermitted.€€It€denies€any€discrimination€in€the€pertinent€Spanish€law€andÏindicates,€òòinter€aliaóó,€that€the€competent€judge€acted€pursuant€to€the€lawÏapplicable€in€1986€(article€159€of€the€Civil€Code),€which€provided€as€follows:€€Ï"if€the€parents€are€separated€and€do€not€decide€by€mutual€agreement,€male€andÏfemale€children€less€than€seven€years€of€age€shall€remain€in€the€custody€of€theÏmother,€unless€the€judge€for€special€reasons€rules€otherwise".€€Article€160Ïprovides€that€"the€father€and€the€mother,€even€if€not€exercising€parentalÏauthority,€shall€have€the€right€of€access€to€their€minor€children".€€The€StateÏparty€contends€that€these€provisions€are€fully€compatible€with€the€Covenant€andÏrefers€in€this€connection€to€the€Committee's€views€on€communicationÏNo.201/1985,€òòHendriks€v.€the€Netherlandsóó.òòaóó/ÌÌ5.1à2 .2àAs€to€the€delays€in€the€proceedings,€the€author€informed€the€Committee€onÏ21€August€1991€that:ÌÌà2 .2à(a)à .àFrom€the€date€of€his€initial€petition€for€visiting€rights€(òòrelacið;ðnÏpaterno-filialóó)€there€has€been€an€interval€of€1,747€days€(5€and€one€half€yearsÏas€of€the€time€of€the€present€decision€by€the€Committee);ÌÌà2 .2à(b)à .àThe€interval€between€the€Badalona€Court's€order€and€the€SuperiorÏCourt's€confirmatory€order€was€360€days;ÌÌà2 .2à(c)à .àThe€interval€between€the€Superior€Court's€order€and€the€BadalonaÏCourt's€order€of€suspension€was€238€days.ÌÌ5.2à2 .2àHe€further€adds€that€following€the€order€by€the€court€of€first€instanceÏsuspending€an€order€from€a€superior€court,€proceedings€have€been€delayed€for€noÏapparent€reason:ÌÌà2 .2à(a)à .àThe€interval€between€the€submission€of€the€appeal€against€theÏsuspension€order€(22€March€1990)€and€the€transfer€of€the€case€to€the€SuperiorÏCourt€was€300€days;ÌÌà2 .2à(b)à .àThe€time€elapsed€from€the€submission€of€the€appeal€(22€March€1990)€toÏdate€(August€1991)€has€been€517€days.ÌÌ5.3à2 .2àThe€author€thus€complains€that€as€at€August€1991€the€court€had€not€decidedÏon€his€application€for€visiting€arrangements€and€had€not€made€a€ruling,€althoughÏ1,747€days€had€elapsed.ÌÌ5.4à2 .2àBy€a€letter€dated€24€February€1992€the€author€challenges€the€rationale€ofÏthe€decision€of€the€Superior€Court€of€Barcelona€of€31€January€1992€suspendingÏhis€previously€recognized€right€to€access,€which€he€had€been€unable€to€exerciseÏin€view€of€"the€mother's€intransigence€and€opposition€in€attitude€of€revenge".ÏHe€adds€that€this€last€decision€under€the€regime€of€voluntary€jurisdiction€isÏnot€subject€to€appeal.ÌÌ5.5à2 .2àThe€author€claims€that€the€application€of€domestic€remedies€in€his€case€hasÏbeen€unreasonably€prolonged,€within€the€meaning€of€article€5,€paragraph€2,€ofÏthe€Optional€Protocol.€€In€this€context€he€refers€to€the€Committee'sÏadmissibility€decision€in€communication€No.€238/1987.òòbóó/ÌÌòòThe€Committee's€decision€on€admissibilityóóÌÌ6.1à2 .2àDuring€its€forty„fourth€session,€in€March€1992,€the€Committee€consideredÏthe€admissibility€of€the€communication.€€The€Committee€first€considered€whetherÏthe€author€had€standing€to€act€on€his€daughter's€behalf,€as€he€was€not€theÏcustodial€parent.€€It€noted€that€it€was€evident€that€the€author's€daughter€couldÏnot€herself€submit€a€communication€to€the€Committee,€and€further€observed€thatÏthe€bond€between€a€father€and€his€daughter,€as€well€as€the€nature€of€theÏallegations€in€the€case,€were€sufficient€to€justify€representation€of€theÏauthor's€daughter€by€her€father.ÌÌ6.2à2 .2àThe€Committee€ascertained€that€the€same€matter€was€not€being€consideredÏunder€another€procedure€of€international€investigation€or€settlement.ÌÌ6.3à2 .2àAs€to€the€requirement€of€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€the€CommitteeÏnoted€the€State€party's€indication€that€proceedings€in€the€case€remainedÏpending.€€It€observed€that€Mr.€Balaguer's€attempts€to€vindicate€a€right€ofÏaccess€to€his€daughter€had€begun€in€1986€and€that€he€had€not€seen€his€daughterÏfor€several€years.€€Taking€into€account€the€proviso€in€article€5,Ïparagraph2(b),€about€undue€prolongation€of€remedies,€coupled€with€the€factÏthat€the€situation€(in€1992)€prevented€both€the€author€and€his€daughter€fromÏhaving€contact€with€each€other,€the€Committee€deemed€it€unreasonable€to€expectÏthe€author€to€continue€to€await€a€final€decision€on€custody€and€visiting€rightsÏand€considered€a€delay€of€over€five€years€in€the€determination,€at€firstÏinstance,€of€a€right€of€access€in€custodial€disputes€to€be€excessive.€€ItÏconcluded€that€article€5,€paragraph€2€(b),€did€not€preclude€it€from€consideringÏthe€merits€of€the€case.ÌÌ6.4à2 .2àOn€25€March€1992,€the€Committee€declared€the€communication€admissible€in€soÏfar€as€it€appeared€to€raise€issues€under€articles€23,€paragraphs€1€and€4;€24,Ïparagraph€1;€and€26€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌòòThe€State€party's€submission€on€the€merits€and€the€author's€comments€thereonóóÌÌ7.1à2 .2àIn€its€submission€under€article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Optional€ProtocolÏdated€16€November€1992,€the€State€party€challenges€the€Committee's€conclusionÏthat€the€author€has€standing€to€act€on€his€daughter's€behalf.€€In€this€context,Ïit€noted€that€it€ascertained€that:ÌÌà2 .2à(a)à .àThe€author€never€complied€with€his€obligations,€agreed€to€inÏJanuary1987€with€the€child's€mother,€to€contribute€financially€to€the€girl'sÏupbringing;ÌÌà2 .2à(b)à .àHis€allegations€relating€to€the€poor€physical€health€of€his€daughterÏhave€proven€false;ÌÌà2 .2à(c)à .àHis€allegations€relating€to€the€presumed€disorderly€lifestyle€of€theÏmother€have€been€proven€wholly€false;ÌÌà2 .2à(d)à .àThe€author€never€purported€to€act€as€representative€of€his€daughter€inÏthe€domestic€judicial€proceedings.ÌÌ7.2à2 .2àAs€to€whether€the€same€matter€is€under€examination€by€another€instance€ofÏinternational€investigation€or€settlement,€the€State€party€questions€theÏveracity€of€the€author's€initial€submissions€to€the€Committee,€given€that:ÌÌà2 .2à(a)à .àHe€has€written€twice€to€the€office€of€examining€magistrate€of€BadalonaÏwith€indications€that€his€case€is€pending€before€the€"international€court€ofÏjustice"€(òòtribunal€internacional€de€justiciaóó)€so€as€to€vindicate€his€rights;€ÌÌà2 .2à(b)à .àHe€has€indicated€to€the€same€office€that€he€has€presented€his€case€toÏthe€United€Nations€Educational,€Scientific€and€Cultural€Organization€(UNESCO)€inÏParis,€in€his€function€as€"secretary-general"€of€a€non-governmentalÏorganization.ÌÌIn€the€circumstances,€the€State€party€requests€the€Committee's€confirmation€thatÏthe€requirements€of€article€5,€paragraph€2€(a),€of€the€Protocol€have€been€met.ÌÌ7.3à2 .2àAs€to€the€issue€of€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€the€State€partyÏreiterates€that€both€in€respect€of€non-contentious€jurisdiction€and€contentiousÏproceedings€of€minor€jurisdiction€(see€paragraph€4.2€above),€available€andÏeffective€domestic€remedies€have€not€been€exhausted.€€With€respect€to€theÏpurported€"undue€prolongation"€of€domestic€remedies,€the€State€party€emphasizesÏthat€this€rule€is€inapplicable€in€the€author's€case,€as€all€the€delays€in€theÏproceedings€(both€non-contentious€and€contentious)€are€solely€attributable€toÏMr.€Balaguer.€€Thus,€the€author's€own€behaviour€and€his€repeated€refusal€toÏcomply€with€the€terms€of€access€initially€agreed€upon€led€to€the€decision€of€theÏBadalona€Court€of€16€March€1990€to€suspend€proceedings€under€non-contentiousÏjurisdiction.€€As€to€the€contentious€jurisdiction,€the€State€party€recalls€thatÏthe€author€himself€is€the€defendant€in€these€proceedings€-€as€a€result,€he€hasÏseen€fit€to€delay€these€proceedings€as€much€as€possible,€either€by€challengingÏthe€jurisdiction€of€the€Court€of€Badalona€or€by€changing€legal€representatives.€€ÏThe€State€party€notes€that€all€legal€representatives€assigned€to€or€chosen€byÏthe€author€have,€after€varying€periods€of€time,€refused€to€represent€him€anyÏfurther.ÌÌ7.4à2 .2àThe€State€party€explains€that€the€custody€of€children€(òòpatria€potestadóó)€isÏgoverned€by€articles€154,€156€and€159€of€the€Civil€Code.€€Article€159€wasÏamended€in€October€1990€by€Law€11/1990,€out€of€concern€that€the€previousÏprovision,€which€as€a€rule€gave€custody€to€the€mother€save€under€exceptionalÏcircumstances,€discriminated€on€the€basis€of€sex.€€Under€the€provision€asÏamended,€the€judge€must€decide,€in€the€best€interest€of€the€children,€which€ofÏthe€parents€will€be€awarded€custody€and,€to€the€extent€that€this€is€possible€andÏreasonable,€hear€the€children;€it€is€mandatory€to€hear€children€over€the€age€ofÏ12.€€The€State€party€points€out€that€at€no€point,€before€the€change€inÏlegislation€or€afterwards,€did€the€author€seek€custody€of€his€daughter,€either€before€the€local€courts€or€before€the€Committee.€€By€contrast,€it€was€the€girl'sÏmother€who,€since€the€end€of€1989,€has€sought€to€obtain€a€ruling€on€theÏexclusive€custody€of€the€child.ÌÌ7.5à2 .2àThe€State€party€recalls€that€the€right€of€access€of€parents€to€theirÏchildren€is€governed€by€article€160€of€the€Civil€Code.€€Under€article€159,Ïparagraph€3,€the€judge€decides€on€the€modalities€of€access€and€on€the€specialÏconditions€of€access,€with€a€view€to€avoiding€harm€to€the€children.€€The€StateÏparty€rejects€as€"totally€unjustified"€and€unsubstantiated€the€author's€claimÏthat€his€right€of€access€has€been€violated€("Es€una€...€denuncia€radicalmenteÏfalsa").ÌÌ7.6à2 .2àThe€State€party€affirms€that€article€23,€paragraph€1,€does€not€apply€in€theÏauthor's€case.€€It€argues€that€the€cohabitation,€of€limited€duration,€fromÏApril1985€until€shortly€after€the€birth€of€Maria€del€Carmen,€between€theÏauthor,€a€44-year€old€married€man,€and€Carmen€Montalvo,€a€17-year€old€minor,Ïdoes€not€qualify€as€a€"family"€within€the€meaning€of€article€23,€paragraph€1.€€ÏFurthermore,€the€relationship€between€the€author€and€Ms.€Montalvo,€highlyÏproblematic€while€it€lasted€and€never€placed€on€firm€legal€grounds,€cannot,€inÏthe€State€party's€opinion,€be€deemed€a€"fundamental€[element]€of€society"€whichÏis€entitled€to€"protection€by€society€and€the€State".€€Rather,€the€State€partyÏqualifies€the€author's€behaviour€as€bigamy.ÌÌ7.7à2 .2àIn€the€State€party's€opinion,€article€23,€paragraph€4,€cannot€apply€in€theÏauthor's€case€either,€as€the€author€never€formalized€his€relationship€withÏMs.Montalvo,€either€through€marriage€or€other€legal€arrangements.€€As€a€result,Ïthere€cannot€be€any€question€of€a€"dissolution"€of€a€marriage€within€the€meaningÏof€article€23,€paragraph€4,€first€sentence,€which€would€trigger€the€StateÏparty's€obligation€to€guarantee€the€equality€of€rights€and€responsibilities€ofÏspouses.€€The€State€emphasizes€that€the€author€was€married€when€a€child€was€bornÏout€of€his€relationship€with€Ms.€Montalvo.ÌÌ7.8à2 .2àAs€to€the€alleged€violation€of€article€24,€paragraph€1,€the€State€partyÏaffirms€that€the€author's€daughter€has€not€suffered€discrimination€of€any€type,Ïand€that,€as€a€minor,€she€is€given€the€requisite€measures€of€protection,€both€byÏher€mother€and€by€the€State.ÌÌ7.9à2 .2àThe€State€party€dismisses€as€absolutely€unfounded€("radicalmente€falsa")Ïthe€author's€allegations€under€article€26,€namely€that€he€is€discriminatedÏagainst€in€relation€to€his€right€of€access€to€his€daughter.€€It€explains€thatÏunder€Spanish€legislation,€no€distinction€is€made€between€legitimate€andÏillegitimate€children;€for€both,€the€parents€have€the€same€rights€andÏresponsibilities,€which€are€guaranteed€by€law.€€In€particular,€any€parent€hasÏthe€right€of€access€to€his€or€her€child;€in€conflict€situations,€it€is€incumbentÏupon€the€(family)€judge€to€take€the€necessary€measures€to€avoid€any€harm€to€theÏchildren.€€The€procedure,€the€State€party€submits,€was€strictly€followed€in€theÏauthor's€case.ÌÌÓ88HÓ7.10à .àIn€this€context,€the€State€party€recalls€that€the€author€and€Ms.€MontalvoÏagreed,€in€January€1987€and€with€the€approval€of€a€judge,€upon€a€visiting€rightsÏregime,€under€which€the€girl€could€spend€several€days€during€every€secondÏweekend€("unos€dias")€with€the€author.€€The€first€time€the€author€made€use€ofÏthis€right,€he€disappeared€with€the€child€for€four€days,€and€the€mother€had€toÏtravel€to€Paris,€where€she€found€the€child,€according€to€the€State€party,€inÏdisgraceful€circumstances€("en€lamentables€condiciones").€€The€second€time,€theÏauthor€once€again€took€off€with€his€daughter,€this€time€for€four€months,€duringÏwhich€he€did€not€maintain€a€fixed€domicile,€taking€refuge,€at€one€point,€in€a€religious€institution.€€Those€incidents,€the€State€party€affirms,€did€notÏdeprive€the€author€of€his€right€of€access.ÌÌ7.11à .àAfter€appropriate€psychological€tests,€the€parents,€again€with€the€judge'sÏapproval,€agreed€that€the€author€could€visit€his€daughter€in€an€appropriateÏpublic€institution€or€public€place.€€This€form€of€contact€between€father€andÏdaughter€produced€unsatisfactory€results,€as€the€child€displayed€signs€ofÏanguish€and€discomfort€during€the€visits.€€Thereafter,€the€mother€proposed,€andÏthe€judge€agreed,€that€contacts€between€the€author€and€his€daughter€take€placeÏat€her€home;€under€the€terms€of€this€agreement,€the€author€would€be€allowed€toÏsee€his€daughter€alone,€in€the€mother's€absence€but€with€the€assistance€of€theÏpolice€(òòMossos€d'esquadraóó).ÌÌ7.12à .àAccording€to€the€State€party,€the€author€rejected€this€form€of€contactÏwith€his€daughter.€€Rather,€he€requested€that€the€child€be€brought€to€anÏorphanage€("un€establecimiento€de€acogida,€es€decir€un€orfanato"),€where€heÏwould€then€visit€her.€€Faced€with€this€attitude€of€the€author,€and€given€thatÏthe€mother€had,€in€the€meantime,€initiated€judicial€proceedings,€the€judgeÏsuspended€non-contentious€proceedings€by€decision€of€14€March€1990.€€The€StateÏparty€underlines€that€this€decision€did€not€deny€the€author€his€right€of€accessÏto€his€daughter.ÌÌ7.13à .àThe€author,€rather€than€accepting€the€visiting€rights€regime€negotiatedÏearlier,€proceeded€to€file€recourse€upon€recourse,€requesting€that€the€initialÏvisiting€rights€regime€of€January€1987€be€reinstated.€€The€State€party€notesÏthat,€significantly,€the€author€has€never€filed€similar€requests€in€the€contextÏof€the€contentious€proceedings.€€The€State€party€concludes€that€no€one,€be€itÏthe€mother,€the€authorities€or€the€judge,€has€denied€the€author€the€right€ofÏaccess€to€his€daughter;€rather,€the€latter€has€simply€refused€to€avail€himselfÏof€the€formula€deemed€by€all€to€be€the€one€that€is€in€the€child's€best€interest,Ïnamely€contacts€between€child€and€father€in€the€mother's€home€but€in€herÏabsence.ÌÌ7.14à .àIn€the€light€of€all€of€the€above,€and€given€that€the€author€has€at€timesÏchosen€to€misrepresent€his€situation€and€deliberately€to€distort€his€claims€bothÏbefore€the€local€courts€and€before€the€Human€Rights€Committee,€the€State€partyÏrequests€that€the€Committee€dismiss€Mr.€Balaguer's€complaint€as€an€abuse€of€theÏright€of€submission.ÌÌÓ88,HÓ8.1à, .,àIn€his€comments,€dated€June€and€6€September€1993,€the€author€dismisses€theÏState€party's€submission€as€untruthful,€distorting€the€facts,€devious€andÏreflecting€the€outdated€societal€and€family€concepts€of€the€Spanish€authoritiesÏand/or€the€law.€€The€Committee,€after€carefully€examining€the€author's€comments,Ïhowever,€feels€obliged€to€note€that€they€frequently€amount€to€critical€commentsÏdirected€against€the€government€official€responsible€for€the€State€party'sÏsubmission€in€the€instant€case.€€To€the€extent€that€this€is€the€case,€theÏCommittee€will€not€consider€the€author's€comments.ÌÌ8.2à, .,àMr.€Balaguer€reaffirms€that€he€is€entitled€to€represent€his€daughter€beforeÏthe€Committee,€not€however€by€refuting€the€State€party's€observations€but€byÏreference€to€paragraph€6.2€of€the€Committee's€decision€on€admissibility.€€HeÏconfirms€that€his€case€has€not€been€presented€to€another€instance€ofÏinternational€investigation€or€settlement€and€contends€that€the€State€party'sÏdoubts€in€this€respect€are€designed€to€discredit€him.ÌÌ8.3à, .,àTo€the€State€party's€reaffirmation€that€domestic€remedies€have€not€beenÏexhausted€and€that€delays€in€the€adjudication€of€the€matter€must€be€attributed€to€the€author€himself,€Mr.€Balaguer€replies€that€the€judge€of€the€Badalona€CourtÏhas€never€seen€fit€to€handle€the€requests€to€determine€the€issue€of€custody€andÏvisiting€rights€properly€and€in€accordance€with€the€applicable€law.€€NoÏindication€is,€however,€given€as€to€which€laws€and€regulations€have€not€beenÏobserved€by€the€State€party's€judicial€authorities.€€The€author€adds€that€heÏcannot€exhaust€available€domestic€remedies€by€way€of€appeal€or€òòamparoóó,€since€theÏcourt€of€first€instance€had€not€handed€down€a€decision€at€first€instance€moreÏthan€seven€years€after€his€initial€petition.ÌÌ8.4à, .,àThe€author€reaffirms€that€he€is€a€victim€of€violations€of€articles€23,Ïparagraphs€1€and€4;€24,€paragraph€1;€and€26;€he€does€so€by€reference€to€hisÏearlier€submissions,€which€in€his€opinion€clearly€demonstrate€that€hisÏallegations€are€well-founded.€In€particular,€he€submits€that€the€relationshipÏwith€his€daughter€must€be€subsumed€under€the€term€"family"€within€the€meaning€ofÏarticle€23,€paragraph€1,€and€that€the€family€unit€has€not€benefitted€from€theÏrequisite€protection€of€the€State.ÌÌ8.5à, .,àApart€from€violations€of€the€Covenant,€the€author€contends€that€the€SpanishÏauthorities€have€violated€article€9€of€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€ChildÏin€his€case,€and€in€particular€of€paragraph€3€of€this€provision,€which€he€claimsÏguarantees€the€contact€with€both€mother€and€father€for€children€whose€parentsÏare€separated.€€It€is€submitted€that€the€attitude€of€the€judicial€authorities€inÏthe€case€constitutes€a€violation€of€article€9€of€the€Convention,€notwithstandingÏthe€Government's€assurance€that€the€Convention€would€be€incorporated€intoÏdomestic€law.€ÌÌ8.6à, .,àThe€author€accuses€the€State€party€of€not€citing,€or€citing€incorrectly,Ïthe€applicable€domestic€laws€and€regulations,€the€relevant€jurisprudence€ofÏdomestic€tribunals,€or€relevant€international€instruments.€€A€careful€analysisÏof€his€comments€reveals,€however,€that€he€does€not€himself€cite€any€provisionsÏof€the€Spanish€Civil€Code,€the€Code€of€Civil€Procedure,€regulations€governingÏfamily€relations€or€the€jurisprudence€of€the€domestic€courts,€save€forÏunidentified€excerpts€of€Supreme€Court€or€Constitutional€Court€decisions.ÌÌòòReview€of€admissibility€issues€and€examination€of€the€meritsóóÌÌ9.1à, .,àThe€Committee€has€considered€the€present€communication€in€the€light€of€allÏthe€information€provided€by€the€parties.€€It€takes€note€of€the€State€party'sÏreiterated€request€that€the€complaint€be€dismissed€as€an€abuse€of€the€right€ofÏsubmission,€as€well€as€the€author's€rebuttal.ÌÌ9.2à, .,àThe€Committee€has€taken€note€of€the€State€party's€observations€questioningÏthe€decision€on€admissibility€of€25€March€1992.€€Having€duly€considered€theÏarguments€summarized€in€paragraphs€7.1€to€7.3€above,€the€Committee€concludesÏthat€there€is€no€reason€to€revise€its€decision€on€admissibility.òòcóó/€€Firstly,€inÏrespect€of€the€question€of€the€author's€standing€to€represent€his€daughter,€itÏreiterates€that€standing€under€the€Optional€Protocol€may€be€determinedÏindependently€of€national€regulations€and€legislation€governing€an€individual'sÏstanding€before€a€court€of€law.€€This€means€that€regardless€of€what€Mr.€BalaguerÏdid€to€represent€his€daughter's€interests€before€the€Spanish€courts,€theÏconsiderations€in€paragraph€6.2€above€apply.€€Secondly,€the€Committee€hasÏascertained€that€the€author's€case€is€not€pending€before€another€instance€ofÏinternational€investigation€or€settlement.€€Finally,€while€it€is€true€that€manyÏdelays€in€the€proceedings€must€be€attributed€to€the€author€himself,€it€none€theÏless€remains€that€after€several€years€of€contentious€proceedings,€there€is€noÏevidence€of€a€judicial€decision€at€first€instance.€€In€a€dispute€about€custody€rights€and€access€to€children,€the€Committee€considers€this€delay€to€beÏunreasonable.ÌÌÓ88HÓ10.1à .àOn€the€merits,€the€questions€before€the€Committee€concern€the€scope€ofÏarticles€23,€paragraphs€1€and€4;€and€24,€paragraph€1;€i.e.€whether€or€not€theseÏprovisions€guarantee€an€unqualified€right€of€access€for€a€divorced€or€separatedÏparent,€and€a€child's€right€to€have€contact€with€both€parents.€€Another€issue€isÏwhether€decisions€on€custody€and€access€rights€in€the€case€have€been€based€onÏdistinctions€made€between€fathers€and€mothers€and,€if€so,€whether€theseÏdistinctions€are€based€on€objective€and€reasonable€criteria,€as€follows€from€theÏapplication€of€article€26€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ10.2à .àThe€State€party€has€argued€that€article€23,€paragraphs€1€and€4,€do€notÏapply€to€the€case,€as€the€author's€unstable€relationship€with€Ms.€MontalvoÏcannot€be€subsumed€under€the€term€"family",€and€no€marital€ties€between€theÏauthor€and€Ms.€Montalvo€ever€existed.€€The€Committee€begins€by€noting€that€theÏterm€"family"€must€be€understood€broadly;€it€reaffirms€that€the€concept€refersÏnot€solely€to€the€family€home€during€marriage€or€cohabitation,€but€also€to€theÏrelations€in€general€between€parents€and€child.òòdóó/€€Some€minimal€requirementsÏfor€the€existence€of€a€family€are,€however,€necessary,€such€as€life€together,Ïeconomic€ties,€a€regular€and€intense€relationship,€etc.ÌÌ10.3à .àIn€the€instant€case,€irrespective€of€the€nature€of€the€author'sÏrelationship€with€Ms.€Montalvo,€the€Committee€observes€that€the€State€party€hasÏalways€acknowledged€that€the€relations€between€the€author€and€his€daughter€wereÏprotected€by€the€law€and€that€the€mother,€between€1986€and€1990,€never€objectedÏto€the€author's€contacts€with€his€daughter.€€It€was€only€after€Mr.€BalaguerÏcontinuously€failed€to€observe,€and€objected€to,€the€modalities€of€his€right€ofÏaccess,€that€she€sought€exclusive€custody€and€non-contentious€proceedings€wereÏsuspended.€€The€Committee€concludes€that€there€has€been€no€violation€ofÏarticle23,€paragraph€1.ÌÌ10.4à .àThe€Committee€further€notes€that€article€23,€paragraph€4,€does€not€applyÏin€the€instant€case,€as€Mr.€Balaguer€was€never€married€to€Ms.€Montalvo.€€IfÏparagraph€4€is€placed€into€the€overall€context€of€article€23,€it€becomes€clearÏthat€the€protection€of€the€second€sentence€refers€only€to€children€of€theÏmarriage€which€is€being€dissolved.€€In€any€event,€the€material€before€theÏCommittee€justifies€the€conclusion€that€the€State€party's€authorities,€whenÏdetermining€custody€or€access€issues€in€the€case,€always€took€the€child's€bestÏinterests€into€consideration.€€This€is€true€also€for€the€decisions€of€the€ThirdÏChamber€of€the€Court€of€Badalona,€which€the€author€has€singled€out€inÏparticular.ÌÌ10.5à .àThe€author€has€claimed€a€violation€of€article€24,€paragraph€1,€since€hisÏdaughter,€as€a€minor,€has€not€benefited€from€the€appropriate€measures€ofÏprotection,€by€law€or€otherwise,€on€the€part€of€her€family€and€the€State.€€TheÏCommittee€cannot€share€this€conclusion.€€On€the€one€hand,€the€girl's€mother€has,Ïon€the€basis€of€the€available€documentation,€fulfilled€her€obligations€asÏcustodian€of€the€child;€secondly,€there€is€no€indication€that€the€applicableÏSpanish€law,€in€particular€sections€154,€156,€159€and€160€of€the€Civil€Code,€doÏnot€provide€for€appropriate€protection€of€children€upon€dissolution€of€aÏmarriage€or€the€separation€of€unmarried€parents.ÌÌ10.6à .àFinally,€having€examined€the€material€before€it,€the€Committee€concludesÏthat€no€issues€arise€under€article€26€in€the€circumstances€of€the€case.€€ThereÏis€no€indication€that€the€author€was€treated€arbitrarily€and€on€the€basis€of€unreasonable€criteria€by€the€Spanish€authorities,€or€that€he€was€treatedÏdifferently€from€others€in€a€similar€situation.ÌÌ11.à .àThe€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€theÏOptional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Ïis€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€do€not€reveal€a€breach€by€the€StateÏparty€of€any€of€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÌ[Adopted€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€originalÏversion.]ÌÌÌà@ì .òàòòNotesóóˆÌÌÓ882^ Óà2 .2àòòaóó/à‘^ .^àˆà .àòòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„third€Session,ÏSupplement€No.€40óó€(A/43/40),€annex€VII.H,€views€adopted€on€27€July€1988.ÌÌà2 .2àòòbóó/à‘^ .^àˆà .àIbid.,€òòForty„fourth€Session,€Supplement€No.€40óó€(A/44/40),€annex€X.I,ÏòòFloresmilo€Bolaos€v.€Ecuadoróó,€views€adopted€on€26€July€1989.ÌÌà2 .2àòòcóó/à‘^ .^àˆà .àThe€Committee€regrets€that€subsequent€to€the€decision€onÏadmissibility,€the€parties€have€become€locked€in€disputes€that€are€of€littleÏrelevance€to€the€content€of€the€initial€communication.€€It€notes€that€the€fileÏreveals€that€the€author€used€his€òòdemarchesóó€before€the€Human€Rights€Committee€forÏpurposes€of€the€proceedings,€to€which€he€is€party,€before€the€Court€of€Badalona.€ÏThus,€it€transpires€that€he€used€United€Nations€stationery€in€correspondenceÏwith€the€Court€of€Badalona,€although€he€was€not€authorized€to€do€so.€€WhileÏthese€occurrences€do€not€have€a€direct€bearing€on€the€examination€ofÏcommunication€No.€417/1990,€they€may€discredit€the€procedure€under€the€OptionalÏProtocol.ÌÌà2 .2àòòdóó/à‘^ .^àˆà .àSee€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„third€Session,ÏSupplement€No.€40óó€(A/43/40),€annex€VII.H,€communication€No.€201/1985€(òòHendriksÏv.€the€Netherlandsóó),€views€adopted€on€27€July€1988,€para.€10.3.ÌÌÇ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòAppendixóóÌÌ€€€€€€€€€òòIndividual€opinion€(concurring)€submitted€by€Mrs.€Elizabeth€EvattóóÌ€€€€€€€€€òòunder€rule€94,€paragraph€3,€of€the€rules€of€procedure€of€theóóÌ€€€€€€€€€òòCommittee€on€Human€Rights,€concerning€the€Committee's€views€onóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€òòcommunication€No.€417/1990€(Manuel€Balaguer€Santacana€v.€Spainóó)ÌÌÌà2 .2àI€agree€with€the€Committee's€conclusion€that€there€has€been€no€violation€ofÏthe€author's€rights€under€the€Covenant.€€I€agree€also€that,€in€the€circumstancesÏof€the€case,€it€is€not€necessary€to€apply€article€23,€paragraph€4,€since€theÏmeasures€of€protection€required€for€a€minor€under€article€24,€paragraph€1,€alsoÏrequire€that€decisions€about€custody€and€access€(visiting€rights)€be€decided€onÏthe€basis€of€the€child's€best€interests.ÌÌà2 .2àI€do€not€agree,€however,€with€an€interpretation€of€the€concept€ofÏ"marriage"€in€article€23,€paragraph€4,€which€would€automatically€exclude€itsÏapplication€to€relationships€which,€while€not€"formal"€marriages,€are€in€theÏnature€of€marriage€and€share€many€of€its€attributes€including€jointÏresponsibility€for€the€care€and€upbringing€of€children.€€Legal€regimes€applyingÏto€such€relationships€should,€in€my€view,€be€in€conformity€with€article€23,Ïparagraph€4.ÌÌÌ[Done€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€originalÏversion.]ÌÇÝ ƒ@ÿÝÔ UK ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÑ\R3Ø'\ÑÑ X ÑÑ À ÑÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓ…+ÓÔ€ôôôÔÔC€A<þ6X9`(CourierCÔÓ(€ B $(ÓØØÖ€kÖÖ€ÖÓ882 ÓÝ  ÝÙ  ÙØrØ€€€€€€€€Q.€€òòCommunication€No.€418/1990,€C.€H.€J.€Cavalcanti€Araujo„JongenóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€òòv.€the€Netherlands€(views€adopted€on€22€October€1993óó,Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€òòforty„óóòòninth€sessionóó)ÌÌòòSubmitted€byóó:à . à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€C.€H.€J.€Cavalcanti€Araujo-JongenÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(represented€by€counsel)ÌÌòòAlleged€victimóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€The€authorÌÌòòState€partyóó:à . àà . àà . à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€The€NetherlandsÌÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€16€August€1990€(initial€submission)ÌÌòòDate€of€decision€on€admissibilityóó:€€20€March€1992ÌÌà2 .2àòòThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà2 .2àòòMeetingóó€on€22€October€1993,ÌÌà2 .2àòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€418/1990,€submittedÏto€the€Human€Rights€Committee€by€Mrs.€C.€H.€J.€Cavalcanti€Araujo-Jongen€underÏthe€Optional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€PoliticalÏRights,ÌÌà2 .2àòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€byÏthe€author€of€the€communication,€her€counsel€and€the€State€party,ÌÌà2 .2àòòAdoptsóó€its€views€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌòòThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€authoróóÌÌ1.à2 .2àThe€author€of€the€communication€is€Mrs.€C.€H.€J.€Cavalcanti€Araujo-Jongen,Ïa€citizen€of€the€Netherlands,€residing€at€Diemen,€the€Netherlands.€€She€claimsÏto€be€a€victim€of€a€violation€by€the€Netherlands€of€article€26€of€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€€She€is€represented€byÏcounsel.ÌÌ2.1à2 .2àThe€author€was€born€in€1939€and€is€married€to€Mr.€Cavalcanti€Araujo.€€FromÏSeptember€1979€to€January€1983,€she€was€employed€as€a€part-time€secretary€forÏ20hours€a€week.€€As€of€1€February€1983,€she€was€unemployed.€€In€virtue€of€the€ÏUnemployment€Act€she€was€granted€unemployment€benefits.€€In€conformity€with€theÏprovisions€of€the€Act,€the€benefits€were€granted€for€the€maximum€period€of€sixÏmonths€(until€1€August€1983).€€The€author€subsequently€found€new€employment,€asÏof€24€April€1984.ÌÌ2.2à2 .2àHaving€received€benefits€under€the€Unemployment€Act€for€the€maximum€period,Ïthe€author,€as€an€unemployed€person€in€1983-1984,€contends€that€she€was€entitledÏto€benefits€under€the€Unemployment€Benefits€Act,€for€a€maximum€period€of€twoÏyears.€€These€benefits€amounted€to€75€per€cent€of€the€last€salary,€whereasÏbenefits€under€the€Unemployment€Act€amounted€to€80€per€cent€of€the€last€salary.ÌÌ2.3à2 .2àThe€author,€on€11€December€1986,€applied€for€benefits€under€theÏUnemployment€Benefits€Act€to€the€Municipality€of€Leusden,€her€then€place€ofÏresidence.€€Her€application€was€rejected€on€8€April€1987€on€the€grounds€that€asÏa€married€woman€who€did€not€qualify€as€a€breadwinner,€she€did€not€meet€theÏrequirements€of€the€Act.€€The€rejection€was€based€on€article€13,€paragraph€1,€subsection€1€of€the€Unemployment€Benefits€Act,€which€did€not€apply€to€marriedÏmen.ÌÌ2.4à2 .2àOn€2€July€1987,€the€Municipality€confirmed€its€earlier€decision.€€TheÏauthor€subsequently€appealed€to€the€Board€of€Appeal€at€Utrecht,€which,€byÏdecision€of€22€February€1988,€declared€her€appeal€to€be€well-founded;€theÏdecision€of€8April€1987€was€set€aside.ÌÌ2.5à2 .2àThe€Municipality€then€appealed€to€the€Central€Board€of€Appeal,€which,€byÏjudgement€of€10€May€1989,€confirmed€the€Municipality's€earlier€decisions€and€setÏaside€the€Board€of€Appeal's€decision.€€The€author€claims€she€has€exhausted€allÏavailable€domestic€remedies.ÌÌòòThe€complaintóóÌÌ3.1à2 .2àIn€the€author's€opinion,€the€denial€of€benefits€under€the€UnemploymentÏBenefits€Act€amounts€to€discrimination€within€the€meaning€of€article€26€of€theÏCovenant.€€She€refers€to€the€views€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€regardingÏcommunications€No.€172/1984€(òòBroeks€v.€the€Netherlandsóó)€and€No.€182/1984Ï(òòZwaan-de€Vries€v.€the€Netherlandsóó).ÌÌ3.2à2 .2àIn€its€judgement€of€10€May€1989,€the€Central€Board€of€Appeal€concedes,€asÏin€earlier€judgements,€that€article€26€in€conjunction€with€article€2€of€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€applies€also€to€theÏgranting€of€social€security€benefits€and€similar€entitlements.€€The€CentralÏBoard€further€observed€that€the€explicit€exclusion€of€married€women,€unless€theyÏmeet€specific€requirements€that€are€not€applicable€to€married€men,€impliesÏdirect€discrimination€on€the€ground€of€sex€in€relation€to€(marital)€status.€ÏHowever,€the€Central€Board€held€that€"as€far€as€the€elimination€ofÏdiscrimination€in€the€sphere€of€national€social€security€legislation€isÏconcerned,€in€some€situations€there€is€room€for€a€gradual€implementation€withÏregard€to€the€moment€at€which€unequal€treatment€...€cannot€be€consideredÏacceptable€any€longer,€as€well€as€in€view€of€the€question€of€when,€in€such€aÏcase,€the€moment€has€come€at€which€article€26€of€the€Covenant€in€relation€toÏnational€legislation€cannot€be€denied€direct€applicability€any€longer".€€TheÏCentral€Board€concluded€in€relation€to€the€provision€in€the€UnemploymentÏBenefits€Act€that€article€26€of€the€Covenant€could€not€be€denied€directÏapplicability€after€23€December€1984,€the€time-limit€established€by€the€ThirdÏDirective€of€the€European€Economic€Community€(EEC)€regarding€the€elimination€ofÏdiscrimination€between€men€and€women€within€the€Community.ÌÌ3.3à2 .2àThe€author€notes€that€the€Covenant€entered€into€force€for€the€NetherlandsÏon€11€March€1979,€and€that,€accordingly,€article€26€was€directly€applicable€asÏof€that€date.€€She€contends€that€the€date€of€23€December€1984€was€chosenÏarbitrarily,€as€there€is€no€formal€link€between€the€Covenant€and€the€Third€EECÏDirective.€€The€Central€Board€had€not,€in€earlier€judgements,€taken€a€consistentÏview€with€regard€to€the€direct€applicability€of€article€26.€€In€a€case€relatingÏto€the€General€Disablement€Act,€for€instance,€the€Central€Board€decided€thatÏarticle€26€could€not€be€denied€direct€applicability€after€1€January€1980.ÌÌ3.4à2 .2àThe€author€submits€that€the€Netherlands€had,€when€ratifying€the€Covenant,Ïaccepted€the€direct€applicability€of€its€provisions,€in€accordance€withÏarticles93€and€94€of€the€Constitution.€€Furthermore,€even€if€a€gradualÏelimination€of€discrimination€were€permissible€under€the€Covenant,€theÏtransitional€period€of€almost€13€years€between€the€adoption€of€the€Covenant€inÏ1966€and€its€entry€into€force€for€the€Netherlands€in€1979,€was€sufficient€toÏenable€it€to€adapt€its€legislation€accordingly.̇3.5à2 .2àThe€author€claims€she€suffered€damage€as€a€result€of€the€application€of€theÏdiscriminatory€provisions€in€the€Unemployment€Benefits€Act,€in€that€benefitsÏwere€refused€to€her€for€the€period€of€1€August€1983€to€24€April€1984.€€SheÏcontends€that€these€benefits€should€be€granted€to€women€equally€as€to€men€as€ofÏ11€March€1979€(the€date€the€Covenant€entered€into€force€for€the€Netherlands),€inÏher€case€as€of€1€August€1983,€notwithstanding€measures€adopted€by€the€GovernmentÏto€grant€married€women€WWV€benefits€equally€after€23€December€1984.ÌÌòòThe€Committee's€decision€on€admissibilityóóÌÌ4.1à2 .2àDuring€its€forty„fourth€session,€the€Committee€considered€the€admissibilityÏof€the€communication.€€It€noted€that€the€State€party,€by€submission€ofÏ11December€1990,€raised€no€objections€against€admissibility€and€conceded€thatÏthe€author€had€exhausted€available€domestic€remedies.ÌÌ4.2à2 .2àOn€20€March€1992,€the€Committee€declared€the€communication€admissibleÏinasmuch€as€it€might€raise€issues€under€article€26€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌòòState€party's€submission€on€the€merits€and€author's€commentsóóÌÌ5.1à2 .2àBy€submission€of€8€December€1992,€the€State€party€argues€that€the€author'sÏcommunication€is€unsubstantiated,€since€the€facts€of€the€case€do€not€reveal€aÏviolation€of€article€26€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ5.2à2 .2àThe€State€party€submits€that€article€13,€paragraph€1,€subsection€1€of€theÏUnemployment€Benefits€Act,€on€which€the€rejection€of€the€unemployment€benefit€ofÏthe€author€was€based,€was€abrogated€by€law€of€24€April€1985.€€In€this€law,Ïhowever,€it€was€laid€down€that€the€law€which€was€in€force€to€that€date€-Ïincluding€the€controversial€article€13,€paragraph€1,€subsection€1€-€remainedÏapplicable€in€respect€of€married€women€who€had€become€unemployed€beforeÏ23December€1984.€€As€these€transitionary€provisions€were€much€criticized,€theyÏwere€abolished€by€Act€of€6€June€1991.€€As€a€result,€women€who€had€beenÏineligible€in€the€past€to€claim€benefits€under€the€Unemployment€Benefits€ActÏbecause€of€the€breadwinner€criterion,€can€claim€these€benefits€retroactively,Ïprovided€they€satisfy€the€other€requirements€of€the€Act.€€One€of€the€otherÏrequirements€is€that€the€applicant€be€unemployed€on€the€date€of€application.ÌÌ5.3à2 .2àThe€State€party€therefore€contends€that€if€the€author€had€been€unemployedÏon€the€date€of€application€for€benefits€under€the€Unemployment€Benefits€Act,€sheÏwould€be€eligible€for€retroactive€benefits€on€the€basis€of€her€unemployed€statusÏas€from€1€February€1983.€€However,€since€the€author€had€found€other€employmentÏas€of€April€1984,€she€could€not€claim€retroactive€benefits€under€theÏUnemployment€Benefits€Act.€€The€State€party€emphasizes€that€since€the€amendmentÏof€the€law€on€6€June€1991,€the€obstacle€to€the€author's€eligibility€for€aÏbenefit€is€not€the€breadwinner€criterion,€but€her€failure€to€satisfy€the€otherÏrequirements€under€the€law€that€apply€to€all,€men€and€women€alike.ÌÌ5.4à2 .2àThe€State€party€submits€that€by€amending€the€law€in€this€respect,€it€hasÏcomplied€with€the€principle€of€equality€before€the€law€as€laid€down€inÏarticle26€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ5.5à2 .2àMoreover,€the€State€party€reiterates€the€observations€it€made€in€connectionÏwith€communications€Nos.€172/1984€òòaóó/€and€182/1984.òòbóó/€€It€emphasizes€that€theÏintent€of€the€breadwinner€criterion€in€the€Unemployment€Benefits€Act€was€not€toÏdiscriminate€between€married€men€and€married€women,€but€rather€to€reflect€a€factÏof€life,€namely,€that€men€generally€were€breadwinners,€whereas€women€were€not.€ÏThe€State€party€argues€therefore€that€the€law€did€not€violate€article€26€of€the€Covenant,€since€objective€and€reasonable€grounds€existed€at€the€time€to€justifyÏthe€differentiation€in€treatment€between€married€men€and€married€women.ÌÌ5.6à2 .2àFurthermore,€the€State€party€argues€that€the€implementation€of€equal€rightsÏin€national€legislation€depends€on€the€nature€of€the€subject„matter€to€which€theÏprinciple€of€equality€must€be€applied.€€The€State€party€contends€that€in€theÏfield€of€social€security,€differentiation€is€necessary€to€bring€about€socialÏjustice.€€The€incorporation€of€the€breadwinner€criterion€in€WWV€should€be€seenÏin€this€light,€as€its€object€was€to€limit€the€eligibility€of€the€benefit€toÏthose€who€were€breadwinners.€€In€this€context,€the€State€party€refers€to€theÏindividual€opinionòòcóó/€appended€to€the€Committee's€views€in€communicationÏNo.395/1990,òòdóó/€which€states€that€"article€26€of€the€Covenant€should€not€beÏinterpreted€as€requiring€absolute€equality€or€non-discrimination€in€[the€fieldÏof€social€security]€at€all€times;€instead€it€should€be€seen€as€a€generalÏundertaking€on€the€part€of€States€parties€to€the€Covenant€to€review€regularlyÏtheir€legislation€in€order€to€ensure€that€it€corresponds€to€the€changing€needsÏof€society".ÌÌ5.7à2 .2àIn€this€connection,€the€State€party€submits€that€it€regularly€adjusts€itsÏsocial€security€legislation€to€accommodate€shifts€in€the€prevailing€socialÏclimate€and/or€structure,€as€it€has€done€in€the€Unemployment€Benefits€Act.€€TheÏState€party€concludes€that€by€amending€the€Act€in€1991,€it€has€complied€with€itsÏobligations€under€article€26€and€article€2,€paragraphs€1€and€2,€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ6.1à2 .2àBy€submission€of€8€March€1993,€counsel€stresses€that€the€central€issue€inÏthe€communication€is€whether€article€26€of€the€Covenant€had€acquired€directÏeffect€before€23€December€1984,€more€specifically€on€1€August€1983.€€She€arguesÏthat€the€explicit€exclusion€of€married€women€from€benefits€under€theÏUnemployment€Benefits€Act€constituted€discrimination€on€the€grounds€of€sex€inÏrelation€to€marital€status.€€Counsel€argues€that,€even€if€objective€andÏreasonable€grounds€existed€to€justify€the€differentiation€in€treatment€betweenÏmarried€men€and€married€women€at€the€time€of€the€enactment€of€the€provision,Ïconditions€in€society€no€longer€supported€such€differentiation€in€August€1983.ÌÌ6.2à2 .2àCounsel€submits€that,€under€the€amended€law,€it€is€still€not€possible€forÏthe€author,€who€has€found€new€employment,€to€claim€the€benefits€she€was€deniedÏbefore.€€In€this€connection,€she€points€out€that€the€author€failed€to€apply€forÏa€benefit€during€the€period€of€her€unemployment€because€the€law€at€that€time€didÏnot€grant€her€any€right€to€a€benefit€under€the€Unemployment€Benefits€Act.€€TheÏauthor€applied€for€a€benefit€after€the€breadwinner€requirement€for€women€wasÏdropped€as€from€23€December€1984,€but€had€by€then€found€new€employment.€€SheÏtherefore€argues€that€the€discriminatory€effect€of€the€said€provision€of€the€ActÏis€not€abolished€for€her,€but€still€continues.ÌÌ6.3à2 .2àCounsel€refers€to€the€Committee's€views€in€communications€Nos.€172/1984òòaóó/Ïand€182/1984òòbóó/€and€argues€that€even€if€a€transitional€period€is€acceptable€toÏbring€the€law€in€compliance€with€the€Covenant,€the€length€of€that€period,€fromÏthe€entry€into€force€of€the€Covenant€(11€March€1979)€to€the€amendment€of€the€lawÏ(6€June€1991),€is€unreasonable.€€Counsel€therefore€maintains€that€article€26€ofÏthe€Covenant€has€been€violated€in€the€author's€case€by€the€refusal€of€the€StateÏparty€to€grant€her€a€benefit€under€the€Unemployment€Benefits€Act€for€the€periodÏof€her€unemployment,€from€1€August€1983€to€24€April€1984.ÌÌòòÔ&  ÔExamination€of€the€meritsóóÌÌ7.1à2 .2àThe€Human€Rights€Committee€has€considered€the€present€communication€in€theÏÔ'  Ôlight€of€all€the€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€parties,€as€provided€inÏarticle€5,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ7.2à2 .2àThe€questions€before€the€Committee€are€whether€the€author€is€a€victim€of€aÏviolation€of€article€26€of€the€Covenant€(a)€because€the€state€and€application€ofÏthe€law€in€August€1983€did€not€entitle€her€to€benefits€under€the€UnemploymentÏBenefits€Act,€and€(b)€because€the€present€application€of€the€amended€law€stillÏdoes€not€entitle€her€to€benefits€for€the€period€of€her€unemployment€fromÏ1August€1983€to€24€April€1984.€€In€this€connection,€the€author€has€alsoÏrequested€the€Committee€to€find€that€the€Covenant€acquired€direct€effect€in€theÏNetherlands€as€from€11€March€1979,€or€in€any€event€as€from€1€August€1983.ÌÌ7.3à2 .2àThe€Committee€recalls€its€earlier€jurisprudence€and€observes€that,€althoughÏa€State€is€not€required€under€the€Covenant€to€adopt€social€security€legislation,Ïif€it€does,€such€legislation€must€comply€with€article€26€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ7.4à2 .2àThe€Committee€observes€that€even€if€the€law€in€force€in€1983€was€notÏconsistent€with€the€requirements€of€article€26€of€the€Covenant,€that€deficiencyÏwas€corrected€upon€the€retroactive€amendment€of€the€law€on€6€June€1991.€€TheÏCommittee€notes€that€the€author€argues€that€the€amended€law€still€indirectlyÏdiscriminates€against€her€because€it€requires€applicants€to€be€unemployed€at€theÏtime€of€application,€and€that€this€requirement€effectively€bars€her€fromÏretroactive€access€to€benefits.€€The€Committee€finds€that€the€requirement€ofÏbeing€unemployed€at€the€time€of€application€for€benefits€is,€as€such,€reasonableÏand€objective,€in€view€of€the€purposes€of€the€legislation€in€question,€namely€toÏprovide€assistance€to€persons€who€are€unemployed.€€The€Committee€thereforeÏconcludes€that€the€facts€before€it€do€not€reveal€a€violation€of€article€26€ofÏthe€Covenant.ÌÌ7.5à2 .2àAs€regards€the€author's€request€that€the€Committee€make€a€finding€thatÏarticle€26€of€the€Covenant€acquired€direct€effect€in€the€Netherlands€as€fromÏ11March€1979,€the€date€on€which€the€Covenant€entered€into€force€for€the€StateÏparty,€or€in€any€event€as€from€1€August€1983,€the€Committee€observes€that€theÏmethod€of€incorporation€of€the€Covenant€in€national€legislation€and€practiceÏvaries€among€different€legal€systems.€€The€determination€of€the€question€whetherÏand€when€article€26€has€acquired€direct€effect€in€the€Netherlands€is€therefore€aÏmatter€of€domestic€law€and€does€not€come€within€the€competence€of€the€Committee.ÌÌ8.à2 .2àThe€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€theÏOptional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Ïis€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€do€not€disclose€a€violation€of€anyÏprovision€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÌ[Done€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€originalÏversion.]ÌÌÌà@ì .òàòòNotesóóˆÌÌà2 .2àòòaóó/à .àòòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„second€Session,ÏSupplement€No.40óó€(A/42/40),€annex€VIII.B,€òòBroeks€v.€the€Netherlandsóó,€viewsÏadopted€on€9April1987.ÌÌà2 .2àòòbóó/à .àIbid.,€annex€VIII.D,€òòZwaan„de€Vries€v.€the€Netherlandsóó,€views€adoptedÏon€9April1987.ÌÌà2 .2àòòcóó/à .àAppended€by€Messrs.€Nisuke€Ando,€Kurt€Herndl€and€Briame€Ndiaye.ÌÌà2 .2àòòdóó/à .àòòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„seventh€Session,ÏSupplement€No.€40óó€(A/47/70),€annex€IX.P,€òòSprenger€v.€the€Netherlandsóó,€viewsÏadopted€on€31€March€1992.ÌÌÌÇ€€€€€€€€R.€€òòCommunication€No.€425/1990,€A.M.M.Doesburg€Lannooij€Neefs€vóó.€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€òòthe€Netherlands€(óóòòviews€adopted€on€15€July€1994,€fifty„firstÌóó€€€€€€€€€€€€òòsessionóó)ÌÌòòSubmitted€byóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€A.€M.€M.€Doesburg€Lannooij€NeefsÌÌòòVictimóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€The€authorÌÌòòState€partyóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€The€NetherlandsÌÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€15€August€1990€(initial€submission)ÌÌòòDate€of€decision€on€admissibilityóó:€€26€July€1993ÌÌà2 .2àòòThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà2 .2àòòMeetingóó€on€15€July€1994,ÌÌà2 .2àòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€425/1990€submittedÏto€the€Human€Rights€Committee€by€Mr.€A.€M.€M.€Doesburg€Lannooij€Neefs€under€theÏOptional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà2 .2àòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€byÏthe€author€of€the€communication€and€the€State€party,ÌÌà2 .2àòòAdoptsóó€its€views€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ1.à2 .2àThe€author€of€the€communication,€dated€15€August€1990,€isÏMr.A.M.M.Doesburg€Lannooij€Neefs,€a€Dutch€citizen,€born€in€1958€andÏpresently€residing€in€Naarden,€the€Netherlands.€€He€claims€to€be€the€victim€of€aÏviolation€of€article€26€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€PoliticalÏRights€by€the€Netherlands.ÌÌòòThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€authoróóÌÌ2.1à2 .2àIn€1983,€the€author€concluded€a€sublet€contract€with€his€mother,€with€whomÏhe€shared€a€house.€€On€29€September€1986,€being€unemployed,€he€applied€for€aÏbenefit€under€the€Social€Security€Act€(òòAlgemene€Bijstandswetóó),€since€hisÏallowance€under€the€Unemployment€Benefits€Act€(òòWet€Werkloosheidsvoorzieningóó)Ïwould€expire€on€1€October€1986.ÌÌ2.2à2 .2àUnder€the€Social€Security€Act,€a€person€can€receive€a€benefit€if€he€doesÏnot€have€sufficient€means€to€provide€for€his€cost€of€living.€€The€amount€of€theÏbenefit€depends€on€the€specific€circumstances€of€the€applicant;€differentiationÏis€made,€òòinter€aliaóó,€between€single€persons€and€persons€who€share€a€householdÏwith€others.€€Under€article€1(4)(a)€of€the€Royal€Decree€of€13€March€1985Ïimplementing€the€Act,€a€subtenant€or€boarder€is€considered€to€be€a€single€personÏliving€alone€and€thus€is€entitled€to€a€full€benefit€under€the€Act.€€However,€theÏDecree€limits€the€application€of€this€article€by€declaring€that€a€person€whoÏshares€a€household€with€a€close€relative€cannot€be€considered€a€single€subtenantÏor€boarder€unless€the€relative€is€a€brother€or€a€sister€and€the€household€isÏshared€on€a€commercial€basis.ÌÌ2.3à2 .2àOn€28€October€1986,€the€Naarden€municipality€decided€to€grant€the€author€aÏreduced€benefit€under€the€Social€Security€Act,€based€on€the€fact€that€he€wasÏsharing€a€household€with€his€mother.€€The€author€sought€review€of€this€decision€on€10€November€1986,€and€after€receiving€no€reply€within€the€establishedÏone-month€time-limit,€he€appealed€under€article€41€of€the€Act€to€the€NorthÏHolland€provincial€authorities,€arguing,€òòinter€aliaóó,€that€the€distinction€in€theÏDecree€between€boarders€and€subtenants€who€share€a€house€with€a€non-relative€andÏthose€who€share€a€house€with€a€relative€amounted€to€unlawful€discrimination.€€OnÏ24€April€1987,€the€Provincial€Appeal€Commission€(òòCommissie€BeroepszakenÏAdministratieve€Geschillenóó)€rejected€the€author's€appeal.ÌÌ2.4à2 .2àOn€9€August€1990,€the€Council€of€State,€Division€for€AdministrativeÏLitigation,€(òòRaad€van€State,€Afdeling€Geschillen€van€Bestuuróó)€rejected€theÏauthor's€subsequent€appeal.€€It€considered€that€the€distinction€was€based€on€theÏpresumption€that€close€relatives€sharing€a€household€did€so€on€a€joint€account.€ÏThe€Division€was€of€the€opinion€that€this€presumption€was€not€unreasonable€andÏthat€it€provided€a€sufficient€justification€for€the€distinction€betweenÏsubtenants€or€boarders€and€close€relatives€sharing€a€household.ÌÌòòThe€complaintóóÌÌ3.à2 .2àThe€author€contends€that€the€differentiation€in€standards€applied€amountsÏto€discrimination€within€the€meaning€of€article€26€of€the€Covenant.€€He€arguesÏthat€the€distinction€between€close€relatives€and€others,€while€both€are€sharingÏa€household€on€a€commercial€basis€and€live€in€the€same€circumstances,€isÏunreasonable.ÌÌòòThe€Committee's€decision€on€admissibilityóóÌÌ4.à2 .2àAt€its€forty„eighth€session,€the€Committee€considered€the€admissibility€ofÏthe€communication.€€The€Committee€noted€that€the€State€party€had€confirmed€thatÏall€domestic€remedies€had€been€exhausted€and€that€it€had€raised€no€otherÏobjections€to€admissibility.€€On€26€July€1993,€the€Committee€declared€theÏcommunication€admissible€inasmuch€as€it€might€raise€issues€under€article€26€ofÏthe€Covenant.ÌÌòòThe€State€party's€submission€on€the€merits€and€the€author's€comments€thereonóóÌÌ5.1à2 .2àBy€submissions€of€30€March€and€29€April€1994,€the€State€party€recalls€thatÏthe€author€had€been€granted,€as€of€1€October€1986,€benefits€under€the€SocialÏSecurity€Act.€€The€level€of€benefits€was€based€on€the€fact€that€the€author€was€aÏsingle€person€living€with€his€mother.€€The€State€party€explains€that€the€purposeÏof€the€Social€Security€Act€is€to€guarantee€a€minimum€income€to€those€who€have€noÏor€insufficient€income€of€their€own.€€Since€the€main€element€in€granting€theÏbenefits€is€the€need€of€the€applicant,€the€benefits€are€related€to€the€specificÏcircumstances€of€each€applicant.€€To€standardize€its€decision€making,€the€StateÏparty€has€established€different€categories€corresponding€to€different€levels€ofÏbenefits.€€According€to€these€standards,€a€married€couple€without€income€willÏreceive€benefits€amounting€to€a€minimum€wage€income,€a€single€parent€willÏreceive€90percent€thereof,€and€a€single€person€with€no€dependants€70percent.ÌÌ5.2à2 .2àThe€State€party€states€that€the€benefits€are€intended€to€cover€theÏnecessary€costs€of€living,€including€the€costs€of€accommodation.€€It€thereforeÏargues€that€it€is€reasonable€to€reduce€the€level€of€benefits€if€the€applicantÏhas€less€expenditures€because€he€or€she€is€sharing€a€household.€€As€a€rule,Ïsingle€persons€sharing€a€household€on€a€non-commercial€basis€receive€60percentÏof€the€minimum€wage€income.€€Persons€sharing€a€household€are€presumed€to€shareÏequally€in€the€costs,€regardless€of€the€factual€cost€distribution.€€Close€familyÏmembers€living€in€one€and€the€same€house€or€apartment€are€presumed€to€share€aÏhousehold€on€a€non-commercial€basis.€€Evidence€to€the€contrary€is€allowed€if€an€applicant€is€living€with€a€brother€or€sister,€but€not€if€he€is€living€with€aÏparent.€€In€this€connection,€the€State€party€argues€that€this€distinction€isÏrelated€to€the€obligations€imposed€upon€family€members€under€civil€law.€€TheÏDutch€Civil€Code€imposes€upon€parents€and€children€a€mutual€obligation€toÏprovide€support€in€the€costs€of€living,€but€does€not€contain€a€similarÏobligation€for€brothers€and€sisters.€€The€State€party€argues€that€distinctionsÏbetween€persons€who€have€different€obligations€towards€each€other€are€reasonableÏand€do€not€constitute€a€violation€of€article€26€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ6.à2 .2àIn€his€comments,€dated€17€May€and€7€June€1994,€the€author€argues€that€hisÏspecific€situation€calls€for€an€exception€to€the€standards€applied€to€singleÏpersons€living€with€a€parent,€since€he€is€sharing€a€household€with€his€mother€onÏa€commercial€basis€and€therefore€should€be€considered€as€a€single€person€livingÏalone.€€He€contests€the€State€party's€statement€that€the€relationship€between€aÏmother€and€a€child€is€necessarily€one€of€dependency.€€He€argues€that€the€legalÏobligation€to€mutual€support€does€not€only€exist€for€those€parents€and€childrenÏwho€live€in€the€same€house,€but€also€for€those€who€live€apart€from€each€other.€ÏHe€further€states€that€his€mother€is€not€in€a€position€to€contribute€to€hisÏcosts€of€living.€€He€argues€that€there€is€no€easy€solution€to€his€case,€becauseÏhe€has€not€been€able€to€find€a€paid€job€and€if€he€moves€out€of€the€householdÏwith€his€mother,€he€will€face€high€housing€costs,€since€cheap€accommodations€areÏdifficult€to€find.ÌÌòòIssues€and€proceedings€before€the€CommitteeóóÌÌ7.1à2 .2àThe€Human€Rights€Committee€has€considered€the€present€communication€in€theÏlight€of€all€the€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€parties,€as€provided€inÏarticle€5,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ7.2à2 .2àThe€Committee€refers€to€its€prior€jurisprudence€and€reiterates€thatÏalthough€a€State€is€not€required€under€article€26€of€the€Covenant€to€adoptÏsocial€security€legislation,€if€it€does,€such€legislation€must€comply€withÏarticle€26€of€the€Covenant.€€The€right€to€equality€before€the€law€and€to€theÏequal€protection€of€the€law€without€any€discrimination€does€not€make€allÏdifferences€of€treatment€discriminatory.€€A€differentiation€based€on€reasonableÏand€objective€criteria€does€not€amount€to€prohibited€discrimination€within€theÏmeaning€of€article€26.òòaóó/ÌÌ7.3à2 .2àIn€the€instant€case,€the€Committee€notes€that€the€author's€claim€that€he€isÏa€victim€of€a€violation€of€article€26€is€based€on€the€fact€that€he€is€sharing€aÏhousehold€with€his€mother€and€on€that€basis€receives€a€lower€level€of€benefitÏunder€the€Social€Security€Act€than€he€would€have€if€he€had€shared€it€with€aÏnon-relative€or€with€a€relative€in€respect€of€whom€the€regulations€under€the€ActÏallow€evidence€of€a€commercially€shared€household.ÌÌ7.4à2 .2àThe€Committee€observes€that€benefits€under€the€Social€Security€Act€areÏgranted€to€persons€with€low€or€no€income€in€order€to€provide€for€their€costs€ofÏliving.€€The€author€himself€has€conceded€that€his€costs€of€living€are€reducedÏsince€he€is€sharing€a€household€with€his€mother,€be€this€on€a€commercial€basisÏor€on€a€basis€of€mutual€support.€€In€the€light€of€the€explanations€given€by€theÏState€party,€the€Committee€finds€that€the€different€treatment€of€parents€andÏchildren€and€of€other€relatives€respectively,€contained€in€the€regulations€underÏthe€Social€Security€Act,€is€neither€unreasonable€nor€arbitrary,€and€itsÏapplication€in€the€author's€case€does€not€amount€to€a€violation€of€article€26€ofÏthe€Covenant.ÌÌ8.à2 .2àThe€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€theÏOptional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Ïis€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€do€not€reveal€a€violation€by€the€StateÏparty€of€any€of€the€articles€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÌ[Adopted€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€originalÏversion.]ÌÌÌà@ì .òàòòNotesóóˆÌÌà2 .2àòòaóó/à .àSee€òòinter€aliaóó€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„seventhÏSession,€Supplement€No.40óó€(A/47/40),€annex€IX.P,€communication€No.395/1990Ï(òòM.T.Sprenger€v.€the€Netherlandsóó),€views€adopted€on€31€March€1992,Ïparagraph7.2);€and€Ibid.,€annexIX.R,€communication€No.415/1990Ï(òòDietmarPauger€v.Austriaóó),€views€adopted€on€26€March€1992,€paragraph7.3.Ç€€€€€€€€€€€€€€S.€€òòCommunication€No.€428/1990,€Fran ois€Bozize€v.€theÌóó€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòCentral€African€Republic€(views€adopted€onÌóó€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òò7€April€1994,€fiftieth€sessionóó)ÌÌòòSubmitted€byóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Yvonne€M'BoissonaÌÌòòVictimóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Her€brother,€Fran ois€BozizeÌÌòòState€partyóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Central€African€RepublicÌÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€14€November€1990ÌÌòòDate€of€decision€on€admissibilityóó:€€8€July€1992ÌÌà2 .2àòòThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà2 .2àòòMeetingóó€on€7€April€1994,ÌÌà2 .2àòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€428/1990,€submittedÏto€the€Human€Rights€Committee€by€Mrs.€M'Boissona,€on€behalf€of€her€brother,ÏMr.F.€Bozize,€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€onÏCivil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà2 .2àòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€byÏthe€author€of€the€communication€and€the€State€party,ÌÌà2 .2àòòAdoptsóó€its€views€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ1.à2 .2àThe€author€of€the€communication€is€Yvonne€M'Boissona,€a€citizen€of€theÏCentral€African€Republic€residing€at€Stains,€France.€€She€submits€theÏcommunication€on€behalf€of€her€brother,€Fran ois€Bozize,€currently€detained€at€aÏpenitentiary€at€Bangui,€Central€African€Republic.€€She€claims€that€her€brotherÏis€a€victim€of€violations€of€his€human€rights€by€the€authorities€of€the€CentralÏAfrican€Republic,€but€does€not€invoke€any€provisions€of€the€InternationalÏCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.ÌÌòòThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€authoróóÌÌ2.1à2 .2àThe€author€states€that€her€brother€was€a€high-level€military€officer€of€theÏarmed€forces€of€the€Central€African€Republic.€€On€3€March€1982,€he€instigated€aÏòòcoup€d'tatóó;€after€its€failure,€he€went€into€exile€in€Benin.€€On€24€July€1989,Ïthe€author's€brother€was€arrested€at€a€hotel€in€Cotonou,€Benin,€together€with€11Ïother€citizens€of€the€Central€African€Republic;€all€were€presumed€members€of€theÏpolitical€opposition,€the€Central€African€Movement€of€National€LiberationÏ(Mouvement€centrafricain€de€libration€nationale).€€On€31€August€1989,ÏMr.Bozize€and€the€other€opposition€activists€were€repatriated€by€force,Ïallegedly€with€the€help€of€a€Central€African€Republic€military€commando€allowedÏto€operate€within€Benin;€this€"extradition"€is€said€to€have€been€negotiatedÏbetween€the€Governments€of€Benin€and€the€Central€African€Republic.€€The€forcedÏrepatriation€occurred€without€a€formal€extradition€request€having€been€issued€byÏthe€Government€of€the€Central€African€Republic.ÌÌ2.2à2 .2àUpon€his€return€to€Bangui,€Mr.€Bozize€was€imprisoned€at€Camp€Roux,€where€heÏallegedly€suffered€serious€maltreatment€and€beatings.€€The€author€claims€thatÏher€brother€was€not€allowed€access€to€a€lawyer€of€his€own€choosing,€nor€to€aÏmember€of€his€family.€€Allegedly,€not€even€a€doctor€was€allowed€to€see€him€to€provide€basic€medical€care.€€Furthermore,€the€sanitary€conditions€of€the€prisonÏare€said€to€be€deplorable€and€the€food€allegedly€consists€of€rotten€meat€mixedÏwith€sand;€as€a€result,€the€weight€of€Mr.€Bozize€dropped€to€40€kilograms€by€theÏsummer€of€1990.ÌÌ2.3à2 .2àDuring€the€night€of€10€to€11€July€1990,€the€prison€authorities€of€Camp€RouxÏreportedly€stage-managed€a€power€failure€in€the€sector€of€town€where€the€prisonÏis€located,€purportedly€to€incite€Mr.€Bozize€to€attempt€an€escape.€€As€thisÏpractice€is€said€to€be€common€and€invariably€results€in€the€death€of€theÏwould-be€escapee,€Mr.€Bozize€did€not€leave€his€cell.€€The€author€contends€thatÏin€the€course€of€the€night,€her€brother€was€brutally€beaten€for€several€hoursÏand€severely€injured.€€This€version€of€the€events€was€confirmed€by€Mr.€Bozize'sÏlawyer,€Mað3ðtre€Thiangaye,€who€was€able€to€visit€his€client€on€26€October€1990Ïand€who€noticed€numerous€traces€of€beatings€and€ascertained€that€Mr.€Bozize€hadÏtwo€broken€ribs.€€The€lawyer€also€reported€that€Mr.€Bozize€was€kept€shackled,Ïthat€his€reading€material€had€been€confiscated€and€that€the€prison€guards€onlyÏallowed€him€out€of€his€cell€twice€a€week.€€Allegedly,€this€treatment€is€knownÏto,€and€condoned€by,€President€Kolingba€and€the€Ministers€of€Defence€and€of€theÏInterior.ÌÌ2.4à2 .2àThe€authorities€of€the€Central€African€Republic€consistently€maintain€thatÏMr.€Bozize€indeed€attempted€to€escape€from€the€prison€and€that€he€sustainedÏinjuries€in€the€process.€€This€is€denied€by€the€author,€who€points€to€herÏbrother's€weak€physical€condition€in€the€summer€of€1990€and€argues€that€he€couldÏnot€possibly€have€climbed€over€the€three-metre„high€prison€wall.ÌÌ2.5à2 .2àMr.€Bozize's€wife,€who€currently€resides€in€France,€has€requested€the€goodÏoffices€of€the€French€authorities.€€By€a€letter€of€29€October€1990,€theÏPresident€of€the€National€Assembly€informed€her€that€the€French€foreign€serviceÏhad€ascertained€that€Mr.€Bozize€was€alive€and€that€he€had€been€transferred€toÏthe€Kassai€prison€at€Bangui.ÌÌ2.6à2 .2àAs€to€the€issue€of€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€it€is€submitted€thatÏcriminal€proceedings€against€Mr.€Bozize€were€to€have€been€opened€onÏ28February1991,€allegedly€in€order€to€profit€from€the€momentary€absence,€owingÏto€a€trip€abroad,€of€his€lawyer.€€However,€the€trial€was€postponed€forÏ"technical€reasons".€€Since€then,€the€trial€has€apparently€been€postponed€onÏother€occasions.€€Mrs.€Bozize€complains€that€in€the€months€following€his€arrest,Ïher€husband€was€denied€access€to€counsel;€later,€the€family€retained€theÏservices€of€a€lawyer€to€defend€him.€€The€lawyer,€however,€was€deniedÏauthorization€to€visit€his€client;€the€lawyer€allegedly€also€sufferedÏrestrictions€of€his€freedom€of€movement€on€account€of€his€client.ÌÌòòThe€complaintóóÌÌ3.à2 .2àIt€is€submitted€that€the€events€described€above€constitute€violations€ofÏMr.€Bozize's€rights€under€the€Covenant.€€Although€the€author€does€notÏspecifically€invoke€any€provisions€of€the€Covenant,€it€transpires€from€theÏcontext€of€her€submissions€that€her€claims€relate€primarily€to€articles€7,€9,Ï10,€14€and€19€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌòòThe€Committee's€decision€on€admissibilityóóÌÌ4.1à2 .2àDuring€its€forty-fifth€session,€in€July€1992,€the€Committee€considered€theÏadmissibility€of€the€communication.€€It€noted€with€concern€that€in€spite€of€twoÏreminders€addressed€to€the€State€party,€in€July€and€September€1991,€noÏinformation€or€observations€on€the€admissibility€of€the€communication€had€been€received€from€the€State€party.€€In€the€circumstances,€the€Committee€found€thatÏit€was€not€precluded€from€considering€the€communication€under€article€5,Ïparagraph€2(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ4.2à2 .2àOn€8€July€1992,€the€Committee€declared€the€communication€admissible€in€soÏfar€as€it€appeared€to€raise€issues€under€articles€7;€9;€10;€14,€paragraphs€1Ïand3;€and€19€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌòòExamination€of€the€meritsóóÌÌ5.1à2 .2àThe€State€party€did€not€provide€any€information€in€respect€of€the€substanceÏof€the€author's€allegations,€in€spite€of€two€reminders€addressed€to€it€inÏJune1993€and€February€1994.€€The€Committee€notes€with€regret€and€great€concernÏthe€absence€of€cooperation€on€the€part€of€the€State€party€in€respect€of€both€theÏadmissibility€and€the€substance€of€the€author's€allegations.€€It€is€implicit€inÏarticle€4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol€and€in€rule€91€of€theÏCommittee's€rules€of€procedure€that€a€State€party€to€the€Covenant€mustÏinvestigate€in€good€faith€all€the€allegations€of€violations€of€the€Covenant€madeÏagainst€it€and€its€authorities€and€furnish€the€Committee€with€the€informationÏavailable€to€it.€€In€the€circumstances,€due€weight€must€be€given€to€the€author'sÏallegations,€to€the€extent€that€they€have€been€substantiated.ÌÌ5.2à2 .2àThe€Committee€decides€to€base€its€views€on€the€following€facts,€which€haveÏnot€been€contested€by€the€State€party.€€Mr.€Fran ois€Bozize€was€arrested€onÏ24July€1989€and€was€taken€to€the€military€camp€at€Roux,€Bangui,€onÏ31August1989.€€There,€he€was€subjected€to€maltreatment€and€was€heldÏincommunicado€until€26€October€1990,€when€his€lawyer€was€able€to€visit€him.€ÏDuring€the€night€of€10€to€11€July€1990,€he€was€beaten€and€sustained€seriousÏinjuries,€which€was€confirmed€by€his€lawyer.€€Moreover,€while€detained€in€theÏCamp€at€Roux,€he€was€held€under€conditions€which€did€not€respect€the€inherentÏdignity€of€the€human€person.€€After€his€arrest,€Mr.€Bozize€was€not€broughtÏpromptly€before€a€judge€or€other€officer€authorized€by€law€to€exercise€judicialÏpower,€was€denied€access€to€counsel€and€was€not,€in€due€time,€afforded€theÏopportunity€to€obtain€a€decision€by€a€court€on€the€lawfulness€of€his€arrest€andÏdetention.€€The€Committee€finds€that€the€above€amount€to€violations€by€the€StateÏparty€of€articles€7,€9,€and€10€in€the€case.ÌÌ5.3à2 .2àThe€Committee€notes€that€although€Mr.€Bozize€has€not€yet€been€tried,€hisÏright€to€a€fair€trial€has€been€violated;€in€particular,€his€right€to€be€triedÏwithin€a€"reasonable€time"€under€article€14,€paragraph€3(c),€has€not€beenÏrespected,€as€he€does€not€appear€to€have€been€tried€at€first€instance€after€overÏfour€years€of€detention.ÌÌ5.4à2 .2àIn€respect€of€a€possible€violation€of€article€19€of€the€Covenant,€theÏCommittee€notes€that€this€claim€has€remained€unsubstantiated.€€The€CommitteeÏtherefore€makes€no€finding€of€a€violation€in€this€respect.€ÌÌ6.à2 .2àThe€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€theÏOptional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Ïis€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€violations€of€articles€7,€9,€10Ïand€14,€paragraph€3(c),€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ7.à2 .2àThe€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€Mr.€Fran ois€Bozize€is€entitled,€underÏarticle€2,€paragraph€3(a),€of€the€Covenant,€to€an€effective€remedy,€includingÏhis€release€and€appropriate€compensation€for€the€treatment€suffered.€€The€StateÏparty€should€investigate€the€events€complained€of€and€bring€to€justice€thoseÏheld€responsible€for€the€author's€treatment;€it€further€is€under€an€obligation€to€take€effective€measures€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€theÏfuture.ÌÌ8.à2 .2àThe€Committee€would€wish€to€receive€prompt€information€on€any€relevantÏmeasures€taken€by€the€State€party€in€respect€of€the€Committee's€views.ÌÌÌ[Adopted€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€originalÏversion.]ÌÌÇ€€€€€€€€€€€€T.€€òòCommunication€No.€440/1990,€Youssef€El„Megreisi€v.€theóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòLibyan€Arab€Jamahiriya€(views€adopted€on€23€March€1994óó,Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòfiftieth€sessionóó)ÌÓ 8à8øØ ˜ ÓÌòòSubmitted€byóó:àØ .Ø àà˜ .˜ àà˜ .˜ àYoussef€El„MegreisiÌÌòòVictimóó:àø .øààØ .Ø àà˜ .˜ àThe€author's€brotherÌà .ààø .øààØ .Ø àà˜ .˜ àMohammed€Bashir€El„MegreisiÌÌòòState€partyóó:àØ .Ø àà˜ .˜ àLibyan€Arab€JamahiriyaÌÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:à˜ .˜ à27€December€1990ÌÌà .àòòThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà .àòòMeetingóó€on€23€March€1994,ÌÌà .àòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€440/1990,€submittedÏto€the€Human€Rights€Committee€by€Mr.€Youssef€El„Megreisi€on€behalf€of€hisÏbrother,€Mr.€Mohammed€Bashir€El„Megreisi,€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà .àòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€byÏthe€author€of€the€communication,ÌÌà .àòòAdoptsóó€its€views€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ1.à .àThe€author€of€the€communication€is€Youssef€El„Megreisi,€a€statelessÏindividual€of€Libyan€origin,€born€in€Benghazi,€Libya,€in€1958,€currentlyÏresiding€in€the€United€Kingdom€of€Great€Britain€and€Northern€Ireland.€€HeÏsubmits€the€communication€on€behalf€of€his€brother,€Mohammed€Bashir€El„Megreisi,Ïa€Libyan€citizen,€born€in€1956,€said€to€be€unable€himself€to€submit€theÏcommunication.€€The€author€claims€that€his€brother€is€the€victim€of€violationsÏof€his€human€rights€by€Libya.€€The€Optional€Protocol€entered€into€force€for€theÏLibyan€Arab€Jamahiriya€on€16€August€1989.ÌÌòòThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€authoróóÌÌ2.1à .àThe€author€states€that€in€January€1989,€his€family€home€at€Benghazi,€whereÏthe€family,€including€his€brother,€his€brother's€wife€and€their€two€children,Ïlived,€was€searched€at€dawn.€€The€intruders€allegedly€were€members€of€theÏMukhabarat,€the€Libyan€security€police.€€Mohammed€El„Megreisi€was€asked€to€dressÏand€accompany€them,€purportedly€to€assist€in€some€unspecified€security€matter.€ÏHe€never€returned.€€The€author€adds€that€"no€one€could€visit€his€brother€and€noÏone€was€given€any€information€about€him".ÌÌ2.2à .àThe€author€claims€that€the€security€police€falsely€suspected€his€brother€ofÏactive€involvement€in€politics.€€No€specific€charges€were€brought€againstÏMohammedEl„Megreisi,€nor€was€a€trial€ever€held.€€The€family€could€not€trace€himÏfor€approximately€three€years€and€feared€that€he€had€been€tortured€or€killed,Ïwhich€is€said€to€be€the€usual€fate€of€political€detainees€in€Libya.ÌÌ2.3à .àIn€April€1992,€the€El„Megreisi€family€learned€that€he€was€still€alive,Ïsince€he€was€allowed€a€visit€by€his€wife.€€According€to€Mrs.El„Megreisi,€theÏLibyan€authorities€have€told€her€husband€that€no€charges€against€him€exist€andÏthat€they€have€no€reason€to€keep€him€in€detention€other€than€for€routine€procedures.€€It€is€submitted€that€during€his€wife's€visit,€MohammedEl-MegreisiÏcould€not€comment€on€the€conditions€under€which€he€is€detained,€nor€on€whetherÏhe€has€been€subjected€to€torture€or€to€other€cruel,€inhuman€or€degradingÏtreatment,€out€of€fear€of€punishment,€as€meeting€places€are€allegedly€bugged€andÏconversations€between€visitors€and€prisoners€recorded.ÌÌ2.4à .àIn€a€submission€of€September€1992,€the€author€stated€that€at€that€time,€hisÏbrother€was€detained€in€a€military€camp€in€Tripoli;€the€name€and€location€of€theÏcamp€were,€however,€unknown.€€The€author€reiterated€that€conditions€under€whichÏprisoners€in€Libya€are€detained€are€cruel€and€inhuman,€without€giving€furtherÏdetails.ÌÌ2.5à .àAs€to€the€requirement€of€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€the€author€hasÏstated,€in€his€initial€submission,€that€the€Libyan€authorities€simply€deniedÏthat€they€ever€arrested€his€brother,€even€though€his€arrest€had€been€witnessedÏby€the€family.€€In€1990,€two€London„based€non-governmental€organizationsÏrequested€the€Libyan€authorities€to€provide€clarifications€aboutÏMr.El-Megreisi's€fate,€but€received€no€reply.€€It€appears€from€the€author'sÏsubmissions€that€local€remedies€are€deemed€to€be€both€unavailable€andÏineffective.ÌÌòòThe€complaintóóÌÌ3.à .àAlthough€the€author€does€not€invoke€specific€provisions€of€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€it€appears€from€hisÏsubmissions€that€he€considers€his€brother€to€be€the€victim€of€a€violation€byÏLibya€of€articles€7,€9€and€10.ÌÌòòThe€Committee's€decision€on€admissibilityóóÌÌ4.1à .àDuring€its€forty„sixth€session,€in€October€1992,€the€Committee€consideredÏthe€admissibility€of€the€communication.€€It€noted€with€concern€that€in€spite€ofÏtwo€reminders€addressed€to€the€State€party€in€January€and€July1992,€noÏinformation€or€observations€on€the€admissibility€of€the€communication€had€beenÏreceived€from€the€State€party;€nor€did€the€State€party€provide€information,€asÏhad€been€requested€by€the€Committee's€Special€Rapporteur€on€New€CommunicationsÏon€2€August€1991,€on€the€whereabouts€of€Mr.Mohammed€El„Megreisi€sinceÏJanuary1989€and€on€his€state€of€health.€€In€the€circumstances,€the€CommitteeÏfound€that€it€was€not€precluded€from€considering€the€communication€underÏarticle5,€paragraph2(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ4.2à .àOn€16€October€1992,€the€Committee€declared€the€communication€admissible€inÏso€far€as€it€appeared€to€raise€issues€under€articles€7,€9€and€10€of€theÏCovenant.ÌÌòòExamination€of€the€meritsóóÌÌ5.1à .àThe€Committee€begins€by€noting€that€the€Optional€Protocol€entered€intoÏforce€for€the€Libyan€Arab€Jamahiriya€on€16€August€1989.€€It€observes€that€it€isÏnot€precluded€from€considering€the€present€communication,€since€the€eventsÏcomplained€of€by€the€author€have€continued€after€16€August€1989.ÌÌ5.2à .àIn€spite€of€a€reminder€addressed€to€it€in€October1993,€the€State€party€didÏnot€provide€any€information€in€respect€of€the€substance€of€the€author'sÏallegations,€nor€in€respect€of€Mr.€M.€El„Megreisi's€current€whereabouts,€stateÏof€health€and€conditions€of€detention,€as€requested€in€paragraph€6€(c)€of€theÏCommittee's€decision€on€admissibility.€€The€Committee€notes€with€regret€and€great€concern€the€absence€of€cooperation€on€the€part€of€the€State€party,€both€inÏrespect€of€the€admissibility€and€of€the€substance€of€the€author's€allegations.€ÏIt€is€implicit€in€article€4,€paragraph2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol€and€inÏrule91€of€the€Committee's€rules€of€procedure€that€a€State€party€to€the€CovenantÏmust€investigate€in€good€faith€all€the€allegations€of€violations€of€the€CovenantÏmade€against€it€and€its€authorities€and€furnish€the€Committee€with€theÏinformation€available€to€it.€€The€lack€of€cooperation€from€the€State€partyÏprevents€the€Committee€from€fully€discharging€its€functions€under€the€OptionalÏProtocol.ÌÌ5.3à .àThe€Committee€therefore€bases€its€assessment€on€the€undisputed€facts€thatÏMr.€Mohammed€El„Megreisi€was€arrested€in€January€1989,€that€no€charges€were€orÏhave€been€brought€against€him€and€that€he€has€not€been€released€to€date.€€In€theÏopinion€of€the€Committee,€therefore,€he€has€been€subjected€to€arbitrary€arrestÏand€detention,€and€continues€to€be€arbitrarily€detained,€contrary€to€article9Ïof€the€Covenant.ÌÌ5.4à .àMoreover,€the€Committee€notes,€from€the€information€before€it,€thatÏMohammedEl„Megreisi€was€detained€incommunicado€for€more€than€three€years,€untilÏApril1992,€when€he€was€allowed€a€visit€by€his€wife,€and€that€after€that€date€heÏhas€again€been€detained€incommunicado€and€in€a€secret€location.€€Having€regardÏto€these€facts,€the€Committee€finds€that€Mr.€Mohammed€Bashir€El„Megreisi,€byÏbeing€subjected€to€prolonged€incommunicado€detention€in€an€unknown€location,€isÏthe€victim€of€torture€and€cruel€and€inhuman€treatment,€in€violation€ofÏarticles7€and€10,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ6.à .àThe€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€theÏOptional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Ïis€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€violations€of€articles€7,€9Ïand10,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ7.à .àThe€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€Mr.€Mohammed€Bashir€El„Megreisi€isÏentitled,€under€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€to€an€effectiveÏremedy.€€It€urges€the€State€party€to€take€effective€measures€(a)€to€secure€hisÏimmediate€release;€(b)to€compensate€Mr.€Mohammed€El„Megreisi€for€the€tortureÏand€cruel€and€inhuman€treatment€to€which€he€has€been€subjected;€and€(c)€toÏensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€the€future.ÌÌ8.à .àThe€Committee€would€wish€to€receive€information,€within€90€days,€on€anyÏrelevant€measures€taken€by€the€State€party€in€respect€of€the€Committee's€views.ÌÌÌ[Adopted€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€originalÏversion.]ÌÌÇ€€€€€€€€€€€€U.€€òòCommunication€No.€441/1990,€Robert€Casanovas€v.€FranceóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(òòviews€adopted€on€19€July€1994,€fifty„first€sessionóó)ÌÌÓ882 HÓòòSubmitted€byóó:à . ààH .HààH .HààH .HàRobert€CasanovasÌÌòòVictimóó:à .àà . ààH .HààH .HààH .HàThe€authorÌÌòòState€partyóó:à . ààH .HààH .HààH .HààH .HàFranceÌÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:àH .HààH .HààH .Hà27€December€1990€(initial€submission)ÌÌòòDate€of€decision€on€admissibilityóó:àH .Hà7€July€1993ÌÌà2 .2àòòThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà2 .2àòòMeetingóó€on€19€July€1994,ÌÌà2 .2àòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€441/1990€submittedÏto€the€Human€Rights€Committee€by€Mr.€Robert€Casanovas€under€the€OptionalÏProtocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà2 .2àòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€byÏthe€author€of€the€communication€and€the€State€party,ÌÌà2 .2àòòAdoptsóó€its€views€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ1.à2 .2àThe€author€of€the€communication€is€Robert€Casanovas,€a€French€citizenÏresiding€in€Nancy.€€He€claims€to€be€the€victim€of€a€violation€by€France€ofÏarticles€2,€paragraph€3€(a)€and€(b),€and€14,€paragraph€1,€of€the€InternationalÏCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.ÌÌòòThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€authoróóÌÌ2.1à2 .2àThe€author€is€a€former€employee€of€the€fire€brigade€òòsapeurs-pompiersóó€ofÏNancy.€€On€1€September€1987,€he€was€appointed€head€of€the€Centre€de€SecoursÏPrincipal€of€Nancy.€€On€20€July€1988,€he€was€dismissed€for€alleged€incompetence,Ïby€decision€of€the€regional€and€departmental€authorities.€€The€author€appealedÏto€the€Administrative€Tribunal€(Tribunal€Administratif)€of€Nancy,€which€quashedÏthe€decision€on€20€December€1988.€€Mr.€Casanovas€was€reinstated€in€his€post€byÏdecision€of€25€January€1989.ÌÌ2.2à2 .2àThe€city€administration,€however,€initiated€new€proceedings€against€theÏauthor€which€resulted,€on€23€March€1989,€in€a€second€decision€terminating€hisÏemployment.€€The€author€challenged€this€decision€before€the€AdministrativeÏTribunal€of€Nancy€on€30€March€1989.€€On€19€October€1989,€the€President€of€theÏTribunal€ordered€the€closure€of€the€preliminary€inquiry.€€By€a€letter€ofÏ20November€1989,€Mr.€Casanovas€requested€the€President€of€the€Tribunal€to€putÏhis€case€on€the€court€agenda€at€as€early€a€date€as€possible;€this€request€wasÏrepeated€on€28€December€1989.€€By€a€letter€dated€11€January€1990,€the€PresidentÏinformed€him€that€the€matter€was€not€considered€urgent€and€that,€since€noÏspecial€circumstances€prevailed,€it€would€be€registered€in€chronological€order,Ïwhich€implied€that€the€case€would€not€be€heard€either€in€1990€or€in€1991.ÌÌ2.3à2 .2àOn€23€January€and€again€on€2€February€1990,€the€author€notified€the€CourtÏthat€he€considered€such€a€delay€to€constitute€a€breach€of€article€6€of€theÏEuropean€Convention€for€the€Protection€of€Human€Rights€and€Fundamental€Freedoms€and,€accordingly,€requested€the€inscription€of€his€case€on€the€court€calendar,Ïpursuant€to€articles€506€and€507€of€the€French€Code€of€Civil€Procedure.€€Again,Ïhe€received€no€reply€and€therefore€asked€the€Tribunal,€on€13€February€1990,€toÏacknowledge€receipt€of€his€earlier€submissions.€€On€15€March€1990,€the€CourtÏinformed€him€that€he€was€not€being€discriminated€against,€but€that€the€delaysÏencountered€were€the€result€of€a€backlog€in€the€handling€of€earlier€cases€datingÏback€to€1986;€in€the€circumstances,€it€was€impossible€to€examine€the€case€at€anÏearlier€date.ÌÌ2.4à2 .2àOn€21€March€1990,€the€author€once€again€requested€the€President€of€theÏAdministrative€Tribunal€to€hear€the€case.€€The€request€was€reiterated€onÏ5June1990,€but€refused€by€the€President€of€the€Court€on€11€June€1990.ÌÌ2.5à2 .2àOn€20€July€1990,€Mr.€Casanovas€appealed€to€the€European€Commission€of€HumanÏRights,€invoking€article€6€of€the€European€Convention€for€the€Protection€ofÏHuman€Rights€and€Fundamental€Freedoms.€€By€decision€of€3€October€1990,€theÏCommission€declared€his€communication€inadmissible,€considering€that€theÏConvention€does€not€cover€procedures€governing€the€dismissal€of€civil€servantsÏfrom€employment.ÌÌ2.6à2 .2àAs€to€the€requirement€of€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€the€authorÏsubmits€that€he€cannot€appeal€to€any€other€French€judicial€instance,€unless€andÏuntil€the€Administrative€Tribunal€of€Nancy€has€adjudicated€his€case.€€HeÏtherefore€submits€that€he€should€be€deemed€to€have€complied€with€theÏrequirements€of€article€5,€paragraph€2(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌòòThe€complaintóóÌÌ3.1à2 .2àThe€author€submits€that€the€State€party€has€failed€to€provide€him€with€anÏ"effective€remedy",€since€the€delay€in€having€his€case€adjudicated€would€be€atÏleast€three€years.€€The€author€claims€that€this€delay€is€manifestly€unreasonableÏand€cannot€be€justified€by€the€work€backlog€of€the€Administrative€Tribunal.€€TheÏauthor€argues€that€it€is€incomprehensible€that€the€Administrative€Tribunal€wasÏable€to€adjudicate€his€first€case€(concerning€the€1988€dismissal)€within€fiveÏmonths,€whereas€it€apparently€will€take€several€years€to€adjudicate€his€secondÏpetition.ÌÌ3.2à2 .2àThe€author€further€claims€that€States€parties€to€the€Covenant€have€the€dutyÏto€provide€their€tribunals€with€the€necessary€means€to€render€justiceÏeffectively€and€expeditiously.€€According€to€the€author,€this€is€not€the€case€ifÏat€least€three€years€pass€before€a€case€can€be€heard€at€first€instance.€€TheÏauthor€claims€that€in€case€of€appeal€to€the€Administrative€Court€of€Appeal€(òòCourÏadministrative€d'appelóó),€and€subsequently€to€the€Council€of€State€(òòConseilÏd'Etatóó),€a€delay€of€about€10€years€could€be€expected.ÌÌ3.3à2 .2àThe€author€further€submits€that€a€case€which€concerns€the€dismissal€of€aÏcivil€servant€is€by€nature€an€urgent€matter;€in€this€context,€he€submits€that€heÏhas€not€received€any€salary€since€23€March€1989.€€He€claims€that€a€decisionÏreached€after€three€years,€even€if€favourable,€would€be€ineffective.€€The€authorÏmoreover€argues€that,€since€the€Chairman€of€the€Administrative€Tribunal€hasÏdiscretionary€power€to€put€cases€on€the€roll,€he€could€have€granted€the€author'sÏrequest,€taking€into€account€the€particular€nature€of€the€case.ÌÌÔ&  ÔòòThe€State€party's€information€and€observations€with€regard€to€the€admissibilityÏof€the€communicationóóÌÌ4.1à2 .2àThe€State€party€argues€that€the€communication€is€inadmissible,€on€accountÏof€the€reservation€made€by€the€Government€of€France€upon€the€deposit€of€theÏÔ'  Ôinstrument€of€ratification€of€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€InternationalÏCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€with€respect€to€article€5,Ïparagraph2(a),€that€the€Human€Rights€Committee€"shall€not€have€the€competenceÏto€consider€a€communication€from€an€individual€if€the€same€matter€is€beingÏexamined€or€has€already€been€examined€under€another€procedure€of€internationalÏinvestigation€or€settlement".ÌÌ4.2à2 .2àThe€State€party€submits€that€this€reservation€is€applicable€to€the€presentÏcase€because€the€author€of€the€communication€has€already€submitted€a€complaintÏto€the€European€Commission€of€Human€Rights,€which€declared€it€inadmissible.€€TheÏState€party€argues€that€the€fact€that€the€European€Commission€has€not€decided€onÏthe€merits€does€not€preclude€the€application€of€the€reservation,€as€the€caseÏconcerns€the€same€individual,€the€same€facts€and€the€same€claim.€€In€thisÏcontext,€the€State€party€refers€to€the€Committee's€decision€with€regard€toÏcommunication€No.€168/1984,òòaóó/€where€the€Committee€held€that€the€phrase€"'theÏsame€matter'€refers,€with€regard€to€identical€parties,€to€the€complaintsÏadvanced€and€facts€adduced€in€support€of€them".ÌÌ4.3à2 .2àThe€State€party€further€submits€that€the€communication€is€inadmissible€asÏincompatible€òòratione€materiaeóó€with€the€Covenant.€€The€State€party€argues€thatÏarticle€14,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant€is€not€applicable,€since€the€procedureÏbefore€the€Administrative€Tribunal€does€not€involve€"rights€and€obligations€in€aÏsuit€at€law".€€In€this€context,€the€State€party€refers€to€the€decision€of€theÏEuropean€Commission€of€Human€Rights,€which€held€that€the€European€Convention€forÏthe€Protection€of€Human€Rights€and€Fundamental€Freedoms€does€not€coverÏprocedures€governing€the€dismissal€from€employment€of€civil€servants,€and€pointsÏout€that€the€text€on€which€the€European€Commission€based€its€decision€isÏidentical€to€the€text€of€article€14,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.€€Moreover,Ïunlike€article€6,€paragraph€1,€of€the€European€Convention,€article€14,Ïparagraph1,€of€the€Covenant€does€not€contain€any€provision€on€the€right€to€aÏjudicial€decision€within€a€reasonable€time.ÌÌ4.4à2 .2àThe€State€party€further€argues€that€article€2,€paragraph€3,€of€theÏCovenant,€which€guarantees€an€effective€remedy€to€any€person€whose€rights€orÏfreedoms€as€recognized€in€the€Covenant€are€violated,€has€not€been€breached,Ïsince€the€procedure€before€the€Administrative€Tribunal€can€be€considered€anÏeffective€remedy.€€According€to€the€State€party,€this€is€shown€by€the€decisionÏof€the€Administrative€Tribunal,€which€quashed€the€author's€dismissal€inÏDecember1988.ÌÌòòThe€Committee's€decision€on€admissibilityóóÌÌ5.1à2 .2àAt€its€forty„eighth€session,€the€Committee€considered€the€admissibility€ofÏthe€communication.€€It€noted€the€State€party's€contention€that€the€communicationÏwas€inadmissible€because€of€the€reservation€made€by€the€State€party€toÏarticle5,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€€The€Committee€observed€thatÏthe€European€Commission€had€declared€the€author's€application€inadmissible€asÏincompatible€òòratione€materiaeóó€with€the€European€Convention.€€The€CommitteeÏconsidered€that,€since€the€rights€of€the€European€Convention€differed€inÏsubstance€and€with€regard€to€their€implementation€procedures€from€the€rights€setÏforth€in€the€Covenant,€a€matter€that€had€been€declared€inadmissible€òòratione€materiaeóó€had€not,€in€the€meaning€of€the€reservation,€been€"considered"€in€such€aÏway€that€the€Committee€was€precluded€from€examining€it.ÌÌ5.2à2 .2àThe€Committee€recalled€that€the€concept€of€"suit€at€law"€under€article€14,Ïparagraph€1,€was€based€on€the€nature€of€the€right€in€question€rather€than€on€theÏstatus€of€one€of€the€parties.€€The€Committee€considered€that€a€procedureÏconcerning€a€dismissal€from€employment€constituted€the€determination€of€rightsÏand€obligations€in€a€suit€at€law,€within€the€meaning€of€article€14,€paragraph€1,Ïof€the€Covenant.€€Accordingly,€on€7€July€1993,€the€Committee€declared€theÏcommunication€admissible.ÌÌòòInformation€received€after€the€decision€on€admissibilityóóÌÌ6.1à2 .2àBy€a€letter€dated€17€June€1994,€the€author€informs€the€Committee€that€theÏAdministrative€Tribunal€of€Nancy,€on€20€December€1991,€ruled€in€his€favour€andÏthat€he€was€reinstated€in€his€post.€€He€adds,€however,€that€the€cityÏadministration,€on€17€December€1992,€has€again€unilaterally€terminated€hisÏemployment€and€that€this€decision€now€is€again€before€the€administrativeÏtribunals.€€He€further€submits€that€the€continuing€conflict€with€theÏadministration€and€the€long€delays€before€the€Tribunal€have€resulted€in€feelingsÏof€anguish€and€depression,€as€a€result€of€which€his€health€has€seriouslyÏdeteriorated.ÌÌ6.2à2 .2àNo€information€or€observations€have€been€forwarded€by€the€State€party,Ïdespite€a€reminder€sent€on€3€May€1994.€€The€Committee€notes€with€regret€theÏabsence€of€cooperation€from€the€State€party,€and€recalls€that€it€is€implicit€inÏarticle€4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€that€a€State€party€should€makeÏavailable€to€the€Committee€all€the€information€at€its€disposal.€€In€theÏcircumstances,€due€weight€must€be€given€to€the€author's€allegations,€to€theÏextent€that€they€have€been€substantiated.ÌÌòòIssues€and€proceedings€before€the€CommitteeóóÌÌ7.1à2 .2àThe€Human€Rights€Committee€has€considered€the€present€communication€in€theÏlight€of€all€the€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€parties,€as€provided€inÏarticle€5,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ7.2à2 .2àThe€Committee€notes€that€the€issue€before€it€is€whether€the€duration€of€theÏproceedings€before€the€Administrative€Tribunal€of€Nancy€concerning€the€author'sÏsecond€dismissal€of€23€March€1989€violated€the€author's€right€to€a€fair€hearingÏwithin€the€meaning€of€article€14,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ7.3à2 .2àThe€Committee€recalls€that€the€right€to€a€fair€hearing€under€article€14,Ïparagraph€1,€entails€a€number€of€requirements,€including€the€condition€that€theÏprocedure€before€the€courts€must€be€conducted€expeditiously.òòbóó/€€The€CommitteeÏnotes€that€in€the€instant€case,€the€author,€on€30€March€1989,€initiatedÏproceedings€against€his€dismissal€before€the€Administrative€Tribunal€of€NancyÏand€that€the€Tribunal,€after€having€concluded€the€preliminary€inquiry€onÏ19October€1989,€rendered€its€judgement€in€the€case€on€20€December€1991.ÌÌ7.4à2 .2àThe€Committee€notes€that€the€author€obtained€a€favourable€decision€from€theÏAdministrative€Tribunal€of€Nancy€and€that€he€was€reinstated€in€his€post.€ÏBearing€in€mind€the€fact€that€the€Tribunal€did€consider€whether€the€author'sÏcase€should€have€priority€over€other€cases,€the€Committee€finds€that€the€periodÏof€time€that€has€elapsed€from€the€submission€of€the€complaint€of€irregularÏdismissal€to€the€decision€of€reinstatement€does€not€constitute€a€violation€ofÏarticle14,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.̇8.à2 .2àThe€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€theÏOptional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Ïis€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€do€not€reveal€a€violation€of€any€of€theÏprovisions€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌÌ[Adopted€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€originalÏversion.]ÌÌÌà@ì .òàòòNotesóóˆÌÌà2 .2àòòaóó/à .àòòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Fortieth€Session,€SupplementÏNo.40óó€(A/40/40),€annex€XIX,€òòV.€€v.€Norwayóó,€declared€inadmissible€onÏ17July1985,€para.4.4.ÌÌà2 .2àòòbóó/à .àSee€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„fourth€Session,ÏSupplement€No.40óó€(A/44/40),€annex€X.E,€communication€No.€207/1986€(òòYves€MoraelÏv.€Franceóó),€views€adopted€on€28€July€1989,€para.€9.3.ÌÌÇ€€€€€€€€€V.€€òòCommunication€No.€445/1991,€Lynden€Champagnie,€Delroy€PalmeróóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòand€Oswald€Chisholm€v.€Jamaica€(views€adopted€on€18€July€1994óó,Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòfifty„first€sessionóó)ÌÌòòSubmitted€byóó:à . ààH .HààH .HààH .HàLynden€Champagnie,€Delroy€Palmer€andÌà2 .2àà .àà . ààH .HààH .HààH .HàOswald€Chisholm€(represented€by€counsel)ÌÌòòVictimsóó:à .àà . ààH .HààH .HààH .HàThe€authorsÌÌòòState€partyóó:à . ààH .HààH .HààH .HààH .HàJamaicaÌÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:àH .HààH .HààH .Hà28€January€1991ÌÌòòDate€of€decision€on€admissibilityóó:àH .Hà18€March€1993ÌÌà2 .2àòòThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà2 .2àòòMeetingóó€on€18€July€1994,ÌÌà2 .2àòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€445/1991,€submittedÏto€the€Human€Rights€Committee€on€behalf€of€Messrs.€Lynden€Champagnie,ÏDelroyPalmer€and€Oswald€Chisholm€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà2 .2àòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€byÏthe€authors€of€the€communication,€their€counsel€and€the€State€party,ÌÌà2 .2àòòAdoptsóó€its€views€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ1.à2 .2àThe€authors€of€the€communication€are€Lynden€Champagnie,€Delroy€Palmer€andÏOswald€Chisholm,€three€Jamaican€citizens€currently€awaiting€execution€atÏSt.Catherine€District€Prison,€Jamaica.€€They€claim€to€be€the€victims€ofÏviolations€by€Jamaica€of€articles€2,€paragraphs€2€and€3(a)€and€(b);€6;€7;€10Ïand€14,€paragraph€5,€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€PoliticalÏRights.€€They€are€represented€by€counsel.€€An€earlier€communication€submitted€toÏthe€Human€Rights€Committee€by€the€authors,€communication€No.€257/1987,€wasÏdeclared€inadmissible€on€26€July€1988€because€of€non-exhaustion€of€domesticÏremedies,€since€they€had€not€petitioned€the€Judicial€Committee€of€the€PrivyÏCouncil€for€special€leave€to€appeal.€€They€resubmitted€their€communication,Ïarguing€that€in€their€case€a€petition€to€the€Judicial€Committee€of€the€PrivyÏCouncil€would€not€be€an€effective€remedy€within€the€meaning€of€article€5,Ïparagraph€2€(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌòòThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€authorsóóÌÌ2.1à2 .2àOn€8€March€1979,€the€authors,€together€with€one€R.€W.€and€one€A.€G.,€wereÏconvicted€in€the€Home€Circuit€Court€of€Kingston€of€the€murder€of€one€C.€M.€€TheÏauthors€were€sentenced€to€death;€the€two€other€co-accused€were€sentenced€to€lifeÏimprisonment,€as€they€were€minors€when€the€crime€was€committed.ÌÌ2.2à2 .2àThe€case€for€the€prosecution€was€that€on€9€July€1977€at€3€a.m.,€C.M.€andÏhis€common„law€wife,€H.P.,€were€awakened€by€noise€outside€their€bedroom€window.€ÏWhen€C.M.€inquired€who€was€disturbing€them,€someone€answered€that€it€was€theÏpolice.€€Immediately€thereafter€H.P.€heard€a€gunshot€and€saw€C.M.€falling€fromÏthe€bed;€she€then€hid€under€the€bed.€€The€door€to€the€house€was€kicked€open€andÏfive€men€entered€the€house.€€After€they€discovered€H.P.,€the€men€asked€her€for€money.€€She€was€then€taken€outside€by€two€of€the€men,€who€raped€her.€€C.M.€diedÏfrom€the€gunshot€wounds.ÌÌ2.3à2 .2àThe€authors€and€R.W.€were€identified€by€H.P.€at€separate€identificationÏparades.€€Supplementary€evidence€against€them€included€self-incriminatingÏstatements,€which€they€made€to€the€police€after€their€arrest.€€Their€defence€wasÏmainly€based€on€alleged€irregularities€during€the€identification€parade€and€theÏinvoluntariness€of€their€statements.ÌÌ2.4à2 .2àThe€authors€appealed€their€convictions;€on€10€June€1981,€the€Jamaican€CourtÏof€Appeal,€treating€the€applications€for€leave€to€appeal€as€the€hearing€of€theÏappeal,€dismissed€the€appeal€in€the€cases€of€the€authors€and€R.W.,€whereasÏA.G.€was€acquitted.ÌÌ2.5à2 .2àThe€Court€of€Appeal€did€not€issue€a€written€judgement€in€the€case€untilÏ17July€1986,€over€five€years€later.€€The€judges€admitted€that€"due€to€the€mostÏunpardonable€oversight,€the€records€got€filed€away€and€the€reasons€for€judgementÏwere€never€prepared".€€Furthermore,€they€stated€that€"we€cannot,€after€thisÏlapse€of€time,€rely€upon€our€memory€of€any€impression€formed€during€the€hearingÏof€the€appeals,€and€we€will€therefore€confine€our€reasons€to€the€points€whichÏclearly€appear€from€our€notes€made€during€the€hearing".ÌÌ2.6à2 .2àBy€a€letter€dated€14€June€1988€concerning€the€authors'€previousÏcommunication,€a€London€law€firm,€which€had€agreed€to€represent€the€authorsÏbefore€the€Judicial€Committee€of€the€Privy€Council,€requested€the€Human€RightsÏCommittee€to€defer€consideration€of€the€communication,€pending€the€outcome€ofÏthe€authors'€petition€for€special€leave€to€appeal.€€However,€on€16€July€1990,Ïleading€counsel€for€the€case€opined€that€although€the€summing€up€of€the€case€byÏthe€trial€judge€was€highly€questionable€and€the€conduct€of€the€appeal€by€theÏCourt€of€Appeal€deplorable,€there€was€little€point€in€appealing€to€the€JudicialÏCommittee€of€the€Privy€Council,€in€the€light€of€the€narrow€interpretation€of€itsÏjurisdiction€by€this€body.€€He€pointed€out€that€it€was€difficult€to€give€fullÏadvice€on€the€merits€of€an€application€for€leave€to€appeal€against€the€decisionÏof€the€Court€of€Appeal,€as€the€latter's€written€judgement€had€not€yet€been€madeÏavailable€at€that€time.€€It€appears€that€after€having€received€the€writtenÏjudgement€in€October€1990,€counsel€confirmed€that€there€was€no€merit€in€seekingÏleave€to€appeal€to€the€Judicial€Committee€for€the€following€reasons:ÌÌà2 .2à(a)à .àAlthough€there€were€potential€grounds€for€appeal€to€the€Court€ofÏAppeal€in€each€of€the€three€cases,€many€of€those€grounds€had€not€been€raised€byÏcounsel€in€Jamaica.€€The€Privy€Council€would€be€most€unwilling€to€allow€newÏgrounds€to€be€argued€before€it€for€the€first€time;ÌÌà2 .2à(b)à .àBecause€of€the€inadequacy€of€the€judgement€by€the€Court€of€Appeal,€theÏonly€proper€way€in€which€the€case€could€be€argued€in€the€Privy€Council,€evenÏassuming€that€it€would€allow€new€grounds€to€be€argued,€was€by€reference€to€theÏ2,000-page€transcript€of€the€trial.€€The€Privy€Council€was€unlikely€to€allowÏsuch€a€course€to€be€adopted;ÌÌà2 .2à(c)à .àThe€Privy€Council€would€most€likely€be€of€the€opinion€that€the€properÏmanner€of€redress€for€the€authors€was€by€way€of€constitutional€motion€toÏchallenge€the€delay€in€the€delivery€and€the€inadequacy€of€the€judgement.ÌÌ2.7à2 .2àIn€the€light€of€the€above,€counsel€submits€that€the€only€form€of€redressÏcurrently€open€to€the€authors€is€a€constitutional€motion€to€the€SupremeÏ(Constitutional)€Court€of€Jamaica,€for€which€the€Poor€Prisoners'€Defence€ActÏdoes€not€provide€legal€aid.€€Counsel€further€submits€that,€as€it€is€virtually€impossible€to€secure€the€services€of€qualified€lawyers€in€Jamaica€on€a€òòpro€bonoóóÏbasis€for€the€purpose,€a€constitutional€motion€cannot€be€deemed€to€be€anÏavailable€remedy.ÌÌòòThe€complaintóóÌÌ3.1à2 .2àIt€is€submitted€that€the€authors€have€been€unable€to€petition€the€JudicialÏCommittee€of€the€Privy€Council€for€special€leave€to€appeal€because€of€the€lackÏof€a€reasoned€judgement€of€the€Court€of€Appeal,€in€violation€of€article€2,Ïparagraphs€2€and€3(a)€and€(b),€òòjunctoóó€article€14,€paragraph€5,€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ3.2à2 .2àCounsel€further€submits€that€an€execution€of€the€authors€at€this€point€inÏtime,€after€more€than€15€years€on€death€row,€would€amount€to€an€arbitraryÏdeprivation€of€life,€in€violation€of€article€6€of€the€Covenant.€€Similarly,€theÏfact€that€the€authors€were€kept€on€death€row€for€six€years€(from€1981€to€1987,Ïwhen€they€initially€submitted€their€communication€to€the€Committee),€duringÏwhich€there€was€no€legal€impediment€to€their€execution,€constitutes€cruel,Ïinhuman€and€degrading€treatment€within€the€meaning€of€article€7€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ3.3à2 .2àFinally,€counsel€submits€that€the€conditions€of€detention€on€death€rowÏamount€to€a€violation€of€article€10€of€the€Covenant.€€In€support€of€hisÏcontention,€he€submits€a€copy€of€a€report€on€conditions€of€detention€in€JamaicanÏpenitentiaries,€prepared€by€a€non-governmental€organization.ÌÌòòThe€State€party's€information€and€observations€on€the€question€of€admissibilityóóÌÌ4.1à2 .2àIn€its€submission€under€rule€91,€the€State€party€argues€that€theÏcommunication€is€inadmissible€under€article€5,€paragraph€2(b),€of€the€OptionalÏProtocol,€because€the€authors€have€failed€to€exhaust€domestic€remedies.€€ItÏnotes€that€the€authors€may€still€appeal€to€the€Judicial€Committee€of€the€PrivyÏCouncil€by€way€of€petition€for€special€leave€to€appeal€and€that€legal€aid€wouldÏbe€available€to€them€under€the€Poor€Prisoners'€Defence€Act€for€that€purpose.€ÏThe€State€party€adds€that€the€authors€may€still€apply€for€constitutionalÏredress;€in€this€context,€it€notes€that€the€rights€invoked€by€the€authors€areÏco-terminous€with€the€provisions€of€chapter€III€of€the€Jamaican€Constitution,Ïwhich€guarantees€and€protects€fundamental€rights€and€freedoms€to€all€persons€inÏJamaica.€€Pursuant€to€section€25€of€the€Constitution,€an€individual€claimingÏthat€any€of€these€provisions€has€been,€is€being€or€is€likely€to€be€contravenedÏin€relation€to€him,€may€apply€to€the€Supreme€(Constitutional)€Court€for€redress.€ÏA€right€of€appeal€lies€to€the€Court€of€Appeal€and€subsequently€to€the€PrivyÏCouncil.ÌÌ4.2à2 .2àWith€respect€to€the€question€of€availability€of€legal€aid,€the€State€partyÏsubmits€that€the€Poor€Prisoners'€Defence€Act€does€not€make€provision€for€legalÏaid€in€respect€of€constitutional€motions,€and€that€there€is€no€obligation€forÏStates€parties€to€the€Covenant€to€provide€legal€aid€in€respect€of€matters€otherÏthan€criminal€matters.€€It€is€submitted€that€nothing€in€the€Optional€Protocol€orÏin€customary€international€law€would€support€the€contention€that€a€person€isÏrelieved€of€the€obligation€to€exhaust€local€remedies€because€of€his€indigence.ÌÌòòThe€Committee's€decision€on€admissibilityóóÌÌ5.1à2 .2àAt€its€forty„seventh€session,€the€Committee€considered€the€admissibility€ofÏthe€communication.€€In€respect€of€the€State€party's€contention€that€theÏcommunication€was€inadmissible€because€of€non-exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,Ïthe€Committee€recalled€its€constant€jurisprudence€that€for€purposes€ofÏarticle5,€paragraph€2(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€domestic€remedies€must€be€both€effective€and€available,€and€that€an€element€of€timeliness€both€in€theÏpursuit€and€in€the€adjudication€of€such€remedies€must€be€observed.€€With€respectÏto€the€authors'€possibility€to€petition€the€Judicial€Committee€of€the€PrivyÏCouncil€for€special€leave€to€appeal,€the€Committee€noted€counsel's€advice€thatÏsuch€a€petition€would€have€little€prospect€of€success.€€Moreover,€the€CommitteeÏnoted€that€on€11€July€1988,€the€Judicial€Committee€of€the€Privy€Council€decidedÏin€another€caseòòaóó/€that€it€had€no€competence€to€hear€an€application€relating€toÏdelay€in€judicial€procedure.€€In€the€circumstances€of€the€case€before€it,€whereÏthe€sole€issue€raised€by€the€authors€under€article€14€was€one€of€delay,€theÏCommittee€considered€that€the€petition€for€special€leave€to€appeal€to€the€PrivyÏCouncil€could€not€be€considered€an€effective€remedy€within€the€meaning€ofÏarticle€5,€paragraph€2(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ5.2à2 .2àWith€respect€to€the€authors'€possibility€of€filing€a€constitutional€motion,Ïthe€Committee€considered€that€in€the€absence€of€legal€aid,€a€constitutionalÏmotion€did€not€constitute€an€available€remedy€in€the€case.€€In€the€light€of€theÏabove,€the€Committee€found€that€it€was€not€precluded€by€article€5,Ïparagraph2(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€from€considering€the€communication.ÌÌ5.3à2 .2àThe€Committee€considered,€however,€that€the€authors€had€failed€toÏsubstantiate,€for€purposes€of€admissibility,€their€claim€under€article€7.€ÏSimilarly,€the€Committee€considered€that€the€authors,€by€merely€referring€to€aÏreport€outlining€the€conditions€of€detention€in€Jamaican€prisons,€had€failed€toÏsubstantiate,€for€purposes€of€admissibility,€the€allegation€that€they€were€theÏvictims€of€a€violation€of€article€10€of€the€Covenant.€€In€this€respect,€theÏCommittee€found€that€the€authors€had€no€claim€within€the€meaning€of€article€2€ofÏthe€Optional€Protocol.ÌÌ5.4à2 .2àOn€18€March€1993,€the€Committee€declared€the€communication€admissible€in€soÏfar€as€it€appeared€to€raise€issues€under€article€14,€paragraphs€3(c)€and€5,Ïòòjunctoóó€article€6€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌòòExamination€of€the€meritsóóÌÌ6.à2 .2àThe€State€party€did€not€reply€to€the€Committee's€request€under€article€4,Ïparagraph€2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€to€submit€to€it€written€explanations€orÏstatements€clarifying€the€matter€and€the€remedy,€if€any,€that€may€have€beenÏtaken€in€the€case.ÌÌ7.1à2 .2àThe€Committee€has€considered€the€communication€in€light€of€all€theÏinformation€made€available€to€it€by€the€parties,€as€required€under€article€5,Ïparagraph€1,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€€The€Committee€notes€with€concern€thatÏthe€State€party€has€not€addressed€the€substance€of€the€matter€underÏconsideration.€€Article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol€enjoins€theÏState€party€to€investigate,€in€good€faith€and€within€the€imparted€deadlines,€allÏthe€allegations€of€violations€of€the€Covenant€made€against€it€and€against€itsÏjudicial€authorities,€and€to€make€available€to€the€Committee€all€the€informationÏat€its€disposal.ÌÌ7.2à2 .2àThe€question€before€the€Committee€is€whether€the€delay€in€the€issuing€andÏthe€inadequacy€of€the€written€judgement€of€the€Court€of€Appeal€of€JamaicaÏdeprived€the€authors€of€their€right,€under€article€14,€paragraph€3(c),€to€beÏtried€without€undue€delay,€and€of€their€right,€under€article€14,€paragraph€5,€toÏhave€conviction€and€sentence€reviewed€by€a€higher€tribunal€according€to€law.€ÏThe€Committee€recalls€that€article€14,€paragraph€3(c),€and€article€14,Ïparagraph5,€must€be€read€together;€the€right€to€review€of€conviction€andÏsentence€must€be€made€available€without€delay.òòbóó/€€In€this€connection,€the€Committee€refers€to€its€earlier€jurisprudenceòòcóó/€and€reaffirms€that€underÏarticle14,€paragraph€5,€a€convicted€person€is€entitled€to€have,€within€aÏreasonable€time,€access€to€written€judgements,€duly€reasoned,€for€all€instancesÏof€appeal€in€order€to€enjoy€the€effective€exercise€of€the€right€to€haveÏconviction€and€sentence€reviewed€by€a€higher€tribunal€according€to€law.ÌÌ7.3à2 .2àAs€regards€the€case€before€it,€the€Committee€notes€that€the€Court€of€AppealÏdismissed€the€authors'€appeal€on€10€June€1981,€but€did€not€issue€a€writtenÏjudgement€until€17€July€1986,€i.e.€over€five€years€later.€€Furthermore,€itÏappears€from€the€information€before€the€Committee,€which€has€remainedÏuncontested,€that€it€took€another€four€years€before€the€written€judgement€wasÏmade€available€to€leading€counsel€in€London,€who€was€only€then€able€to€give€hisÏopinion€on€the€merits€of€a€petition€for€special€leave€to€appeal€to€the€JudicialÏCommittee€of€the€Privy€Council.€€The€Committee€has€also€noted€that€because€ofÏthe€considerable€lapse€of€time€between€the€hearing€of€the€appeal€and€delivery€ofÏthe€reasons€for€judgement,€the€Court€of€Appeal€was€unable€to€rely€on€its€memoryÏof€the€hearing€of€the€appeal€and€had€to€confine€its€reasons€to€such€notes€asÏwere€made€during€the€hearing€of€the€appeal.€€In€the€circumstances,€the€CommitteeÏfinds€that€it€cannot€be€said€that€the€authors€benefited€from€a€proper€review€ofÏtheir€conviction€and€sentence,€nor€from€timely€access€to€the€reasons€forÏjudgement,€which€would€have€enabled€them€to€exercise€effectively€their€right€ofÏappeal€at€all€instances.€€The€Committee€therefore€concludes€that€the€rights€ofÏthe€authors€under€article€14,€paragraphs3(c)€and€5,€of€the€Covenant,€have€beenÏviolated.ÌÌ7.4à2 .2àThe€Committee€is€of€the€opinion€that€the€imposition€of€a€sentence€of€deathÏupon€conclusion€of€a€trial€in€which€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€have€not€beenÏrespected€constitutes,€if€no€further€appeal€against€the€sentence€is€possible,€aÏviolation€of€article€6€of€the€Covenant.€€As€the€Committee€noted€in€its€generalÏcomment€6(16),€the€provision€that€a€sentence€of€death€may€be€imposed€only€inÏaccordance€with€the€law€and€not€contrary€to€the€provisions€of€the€CovenantÏimplies€that€"the€procedural€guarantees€therein€prescribed€must€be€observed,Ïincluding€the€right€to€a€fair€hearing€by€an€independent€tribunal,€theÏpresumption€of€innocence,€the€minimum€guarantees€for€the€defence,€and€the€rightÏto€review€by€a€higher€tribunal".òòdóó/€€In€the€present€case,€since€the€finalÏsentence€of€death€was€passed€without€due€respect€for€the€requirements€for€a€fairÏtrial€set€out€in€article€14,€paragraphs€3(c)€and€5,€there€has€accordingly€alsoÏbeen€a€violation€of€article€6€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ8.à2 .2àThe€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€theÏOptional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Ïis€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violation€of€article€14,Ïparagraphs3(c)€and€5,€and€consequently€of€article€6€of€the€InternationalÏCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.ÌÌ9.à2 .2àIn€capital€punishment€cases,€the€obligation€of€States€parties€to€observeÏrigorously€all€the€guarantees€for€a€fair€trial€set€out€in€article€14€of€theÏCovenant€admits€of€no€exception.€€The€failure€to€provide€Messrs.€Champagnie,ÏPalmer€and€Chisholm€with€an€effective€right€to€appeal€without€undue€delay€inÏaccordance€with€article€14,€paragraphs€3(c)€and€5,€of€the€Covenant,€means€thatÏthey€did€not€receive€a€fair€trial€within€the€meaning€of€the€Covenant.€ÏConsequently,€they€are€entitled,€under€article€2,€paragraph€3(a),€of€theÏCovenant,€to€an€effective€remedy.€€The€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€in€theÏcircumstances€of€the€case,€this€entails€their€release.€€The€State€party€is€underÏan€obligation€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€the€future.ÌÌ10.à2 .2àThe€Committee€would€wish€to€receive€information,€within€90€days,€on€anyÏrelevant€measures€taken€by€the€State€party€in€respect€of€the€Committee's€views.ÌÌÌ[Adopted€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€originalÏversion.]ÌÌÌà@ì .òàòòNotesóóˆÌÌà2 .2àòòaóó/à .àThe€case€of€Howard€Martin€was€subsequently€submitted€to€the€CommitteeÏas€communication€No.€317/1988€(see€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,ÏForty„eighth€Session,€Supplement€No.€40óó€(A/48/40),€annexXII.J,€views€adopted€onÏ24March€1993).ÌÌà2 .2àòòbóó/à .àSee€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„fourth€Session,ÏSupplement€No.€40óó€(A/44/40),€annex€X.F,€communications€Nos.€210/1986€andÏ225/1987€(òòEarl€Pratt€and€Ivan€Morgan€v.€Jamaicaóó),€views€adopted€on€6April1989,Ïparas.13.3„13.5.ÌÌà2 .2àòòcóó/à .àIbid.,€òòForty„seventh€Session,€Supplement€No.€40óó€(A/47/40),ÏannexesIX.B€and€J,€communications€Nos.€230/1987€(òòRaphael€Henry€v.€Jamaicaóó)€andÏ283/1988€(òòAston€Little€v.€Jamaicaóó),€views€adopted€on€1€November€1991;€and€ibid.,ÏòòForty„eighth€Session,€Supplement€No.€40óó€(A/48/40),€annex€XII.K,€communicationÏNo.320/1988€(òòVictor€Francis€v.€Jamaicaóó),€views€adopted€on€24€March€1993.ÌÌà2 .2àòòdóó/à .àIbid.,€òòThirty„seventh€Session,€Supplement€No.€40óó€(A/37/40),€annexV,Ïgeneral€comment€6(16),€para.€7.ÌÌÇ€€€€€€€€€W.€€òòCommunication€No.€449/1991,€Barbarn€Mojica€v.€the€DominicanóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòRepublic€(views€adopted€on€15€July€1994,€fifty„first€sessionóó)ÌÌÓ882 HÓòòSubmitted€byóó:à . ààH .HààH .HààH .HàBarbarn€MojicaÌÌòòVictimóó:à .àà . ààH .HààH .HààH .HàHis€son,€Rafael€MojicaÌÌòòState€partyóó:à . ààH .HààH .HààH .HààH .HàDominican€RepublicÌÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:àH .HààH .HààH .Hà22€July€1990ÌÌòòDate€of€decision€on€admissibilityóó:àH .Hà18€March€1993ÌÌà2 .2àòòThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€theÏInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,ÌÌà2 .2àòòMeetingóó€on€15€July€1994,ÌÌà2 .2àòòHaving€conc