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(G_UNLOGO1.WPG C)  @ 8  8 Rl@..$    ڄ($     d$  882 OriginallyissuedinanadvanceversionasdocumentA/50/40of3October1995.(2C$ w!USUS.,'F` X'fff   +@-f88Ҁ  0  ڀ d$  &88( h#&  TobeissuedsubsequentlyinOfficialRecordsoftheGeneralAssembly,FiftiethSession,SupplementNo.40(A/50/40),vol.II. d$  &88( h#&  TobeissuedsubsequentlyinOfficialRecordsoftheGeneralAssembly,FiftiethSession,SupplementNo.40(A/50/40),vol.II. dTable_A&0 d d C)  @ 8  8 8824 N  @ .$    ڄ<6X`( d$   ,    Thepresentannexisbeingpublishedasreceived,withoutformalediting. C)  @ 8  8  ,    @ .$    ڄ C)  @ 8  8 882   @ .$    ڄ C)  @ 8  8 882   @ .$    ڄ C)  @ 8  8  88 t  @ .$    ڄ  w!  @ 8  8 882   Ԁ    ڀTobeissuedsubsequentlyinOfficialRecordsoftheGeneralAssembly,FiftiethSession,SupplementNo.40(A/50/40),vol.II.  w!  @ 8  8 882   Ԁ    ڀTobeissuedsubsequentlyinOfficialRecordsoftheGeneralAssembly,FiftiethSession,SupplementNo.40(A/50/40),vol.II.  5u{13Right-Aligned Paragraph NumbersI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)3|c) `(CG TimesScalablec P7P<6X9`("Courier NewTTled6X@`7@) `(CG TimesScalable P7P* `(CG TimesScalablexx P7xP* `(CG TimesScalable P7P) `(CG TimesScalableO P7P<6X`(ier NewTTlebU6X@`7@($USUS.,'F` X'fff  # e37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)h)h) w!USUS.,'F` X'fff   [  $$$$Z%A/50/40=]TD@z 8 X ` @@ELOOLO߈      fUnitedNations   6*  #aPddxh x^xh x xxhReportofthe  HumanRightsCommittee^ x^xh^VolumeI   #dPaPGeneralAssembly    ^  OfficialRecords^f ^f^f f^  ԀFiftiethSession   SupplementNo.40(A/50/40)   U) `(CG TimesScalableU    M A/50/40    U) `(CG TimesScalableUReportoftheHumanRightsCommitteeVolumeI#dPU^* `(CG TimesScalableUGeneralAssembly  OfficialRecordsU) `(CG TimesScalableUU^* `(CG TimesScalableUԀFiftiethSessionSupplementNo.40(A/50/40) * b=`QA=z (  ` @@b - UnitedNationsU) `(CG TimesScalableUU^* `(CG TimesScalableUԀNewYork,1996  U) `(CG TimesScalableURl 4  4    @.. NOTESymbolsofUnitedNationsdocumentsarecomposedofcapitalletterscombinedwithfigures.MentionofsuchasymbolindicatesareferencetoaUnitedNationsdocument. #/ @..ISSN02552353#dd ? UK     \R3'\ X      + 8  8 O@<6X9`("Courier NewTTOS A $ 1.(a)(i) a.(1)(a) i) a)Sa882     #..[Original:English]#..[4February1996]* c   ׀@..\CONTENTS 88tChaptert..tParagraphsPage   , &88 h#& .I. .ORGANIZATIONALANDOTHERMATTERS......................h .127# ."1 . .A. .StatespartiestotheCovenant....................h .14# ."1 . .B. .Sessionsandagenda...............................h .h5# ."1 . .C. .Election,membershipandattendance...............h .67# ."1 . .D. .Solemndeclaration................................h .h8# ."2 . .E. .Electionofofficers..............................h .910# ."2 . .F. .Workinggroups....................................h .1113# ."2 . .G. .Othermatters.....................................h .1418# ."3 . .H. .Staffresources...................................h .h19# ."4 . .I. .PublicityfortheworkoftheCommittee...........h .h20# ."5 . .J. .PublicationsrelatingtotheworkoftheCommitteeh .2124# ."5 . .K. .Facilities........................................h .h25# ."5 . .L. .FuturemeetingsoftheCommittee..................h .h26# ."5 . .M. .Adoptionofthereport............................h .h27# ."6 .II. .ACTIONBYTHEGENERALASSEMBLYATITSFORTYNINTH . .SESSIONANDBYTHECOMMISSIONONHUMANRIGHTSATITS . .FIFTYFIRSTSESSION...................................h .2834# ."7 .4III. .METHODSOFWORKOFTHECOMMITTEEUNDERARTICLE40OF . .THECOVENANT:OVERVIEWOFPRESENTWORKINGMETHODS....h .3545# ."9 . .A. .TheCommittee'sproceduresindealingwith . . .emergencysituationsandincasesofreportsthat . . .havebeenoverdueforaverylongperiod..........h .3639# ."9 . .B. .Participationbythespecializedagenciesandother . . .UnitedNationsorgansintheCommittee'swork.....h .4042# ."9 . .C. .Equalityandhumanrightsofwomen................h .4345# .P"10&  @ .CONTENTS(continued) 88tChaptert .tParagraphsPage   , &88 h#& .IV. .SUBMISSIONOFREPORTSBYSTATESPARTIESUNDER'   . .ARTICLE40OFTHECOVENANT............................h .4656# .P"12 . .A. .ReportssubmittedbyStatespartiesunder . . .article40oftheCovenantduringtheperiod . . .underreview......................................h .4954# .P"12 . .B. .SpecialdecisionsbytheHumanRightsCommittee . . .concerningreportsofparticularStates...........h .h55# .P"14 . .C. .ReportssubmittedbyStatespartiesinaccordance . . .withaspecialdecisionoftheHumanRights . . .Committee.........................................h .h56# .P"14 .V. .STATESTHATHAVENOTCOMPLIEDWITHTHEIROBLIGATIONS . .UNDERARTICLE40......................................h .5758# .P"15 .VI. .CONSIDERATIONOFREPORTSSUBMITTEDBYSTATESPARTIES . .UNDERARTICLE40OFTHECOVENANT......................h .59476# .P"17 . .A. .Nepal.............................................h .6078# .P"17 . .B. .Tunisia...........................................h .7998# .P"20 . .C. .Morocco...........................................h .99122# .P"23 . .D. .LibyanArabJamahiriya............................h .<123143# .P"27 . .E. .Argentina.........................................h .<144165# .P"30 . .F. .NewZealand.......................................h .<166191# .P"33 . .G. .Paraguay..........................................h .<192223# .P"36 . .H. .Haiti.............................................h .<224241# .P"40 . .I. .Yemen.............................................h .<242265# .P"43 . .J. .UnitedStatesofAmerica..........................h .<266304# .P"46 . .K. .Ukraine...........................................h .<305333# .P"51 . .L. .Latvia............................................h .<334361# .P"56 . .M. .RussianFederation................................h .<362407# .P"60 . .N. .UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainand . . .NorthernIreland..................................h .<408435# .P"66 . .O. .SriLanka.........................................h .<436476# .P"70 .4VII. .GENERALCOMMENTSOFTHECOMMITTEE.....................h .<477481# .P"76&  @ .CONTENTS(continued) 88tChaptert .tParagraphsPage   , &88( h#&( .4VIII. .CONSIDERATIONOFCOMMUNICATIONSUNDERTHEOPTIONAL( .( .PROTOCOL..............................................h .<482543# .P"77( .( .A. .Progressofwork..................................h .<484490# .P"77( .( .B. .GrowthoftheCommittee'scaseloadunderthe( .( . .OptionalProtocol.................................h .h491# .P"78( .( .C. .Approachestoexaminingcommunicationsunderthe( .( . .OptionalProtocol.................................h .<492494# .P"79( .( .D. .Individualopinions...............................h .<495496# .P"79( .( .E. .IssuesconsideredbytheCommittee................h .<497541# .P"80( .( .F. .RemediescalledforundertheCommittee'sViews...h .h542# .P"90( .( .G. .NoncooperationbyStatesparties.................h .h543# .P"90( .IX. .FOLLOWUPACTIVITIESUNDERTHEOPTIONALPROTOCOL......h .<544565# .P"91@ .Annexes( .`I. .StatespartiestotheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPolitical( .( .RightsandtotheOptionalProtocolsandStateswhichhavemadethe( .( .declarationunderarticle41oftheCovenantasat28July1995...# .P"99( .( .A. .StatespartiestotheInternationalCovenantonCiviland( .( . .PoliticalRights..............................................# .P"99( .( .B. .StatespartiestotheOptionalProtocol.......................# .!102( .( .C. .StatusoftheSecondOptionalProtocolaimingattheabolition( .( . .ofthedeathpenalty..........................................# .!105( .( .D. .Stateswhichhavemadethedeclarationunderarticle41of( .( . .theCovenant..................................................# .!106( .II. .MembersandofficersoftheHumanRightsCommittee(19951996)....# .!108( .( .A. .Membership....................................................# .!108( .( .B. .Officers......................................................# .!108( .III. .SubmissionofreportsandadditionalinformationbyStatesparties( .( .underarticle40oftheCovenantduringtheperiodunderreview...# .!109( .IV. .Statusofreportsconsideredduringtheperiodunderreviewand( .( .ofreportsstillpendingbeforetheCommittee.....................# .!116'  @ .CONTENTS(continued) 88tt .tPage   , &88( h#&( .`V. .Generalcommentsadoptedunderarticle40,paragraph4,ofthe( .( .InternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights..............# .!119( .( .GeneralcommentNo.24(52)onissuesrelatingtoreservations( .( .madeuponratificationoraccessiontotheCovenantorthe( .( .OptionalProtocolsthereto,orinrelationtodeclarationsunder( .( .article41oftheCovenant........................................# .!119( .VI. .ObservationsofStatespartiesunderarticle40,paragraph5,of( .( .theCovenant......................................................# .!126( .( .A. .UnitedStatesofAmerica......................................# .!126( .( .B. .UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland..........# .!130( .VII. .Revisedguidelinesregardingtheformandcontentsofreports( .( .fromStatesparties...............................................# .!135( .( .A. .Guidelinesregardingtheformandcontentsofreportsfrom( .( . .Statespartiesunderarticle40(1)(a)oftheCovenant.......# .!135( .( .B. .Generalguidelinesregardingtheformandcontentsof( .( . .periodicreportsfromStatesparties..........................# .!136( .4VIII. .Letterdated13July1995fromtheChairmanoftheCommitteetothe( .( .PermanentRepresentativeoftheFederalRepublicofYugoslaviato( .( .theUnitedNationsOfficeatGeneva...............................# .!139( .IX. .ListofStatesparties'delegationsthatparticipatedin( .( .considerationoftheirrespectivereportsbytheHumanRights( .( .Committeeatitsfiftysecond,fiftythirdandfiftyfourth( .( .sessions..........................................................# .!140( .`X. .ObservationsoftheHumanRightsCommitteeunderarticle5,( .( .paragraph4,oftheOptionalProtocolrelatingtotheInternational( .( .CovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights e   ׀...........................# .!147( .( .A. .CommunicationNo.386/1989;FamaraKonv.Senegal( .( . .(Viewsadoptedon21October1994,fiftysecondsession)( .( .B. .CommunicationNo.400/1990;DarwiniaR.M;nacodeGallichio( .( . .v.Argentina( .( . .(Viewsadoptedon3April1995,fiftythirdsession)( .( .C. .CommunicationNo.447/1991;LeroyShaltov.TrinidadandTobago( .( . .(Viewsadoptedon4April1995,fiftythirdsession)@ .CONTENTS(continued) 88tt .tPage   , &88( h#&&  ( .( .D. .CommunicationNo.453/1991;A.R.andM.A.R.Coerielv.( .( . .theNetherlands( .( . .(Viewsadoptedon31October1994,fiftysecondsession)( .( . .Appendix'  ( .( .E. .CommunicationNos.464/1991and482/1991;G.Peartand( .( . .A.Peartv.Jamaica( .( . .(Viewsadoptedon19July1995,fiftyfourthsession)( .( .F. .CommunicationNo.473/1991;IsadoraBarrosov.Panama( .( . .(Viewsadoptedon19July1995,fiftyfourthsession)( .( .G. .CommunicationNo.493/1992;GeraldJ.Griffinv.Spain( .( . .(Viewsadoptedon4April1995,fiftythirdsession)( .( .H. .CommunicationNo.500/1992;JoszefDebreczenyv.( .( . .theNetherlands( .( . .(Viewsadoptedon3April1995,fiftythirdsession)( .( .I. .CommunicationNo.511/1992;LimariLnsmanetal.v.Finland( .( . .(Viewsadoptedon26October1994,fiftysecondsession)( .( .J. .CommunicationNo.514/1992;SandraFeiv.Colombia( .( . .(Viewsadoptedon4April1995,fiftythirdsession)( .( .K. .CommunicationNo.516/1992;AlinaSimuneketal.v.the( .( . .CzechRepublic( .( . .(Viewsadoptedon19July1995,fiftyfourthsession)( .( .L. .CommunicationNo.518/1992;JongKyuSohnv.theRepublic( .( . .ofKorea( .( . .(Viewsadoptedon19July1995,fiftyfourthsession)( .( .M. .CommunicationNo.539/1993;KeithCoxv.Canada( .( . .(Viewsadoptedon31October1994,fiftysecondsession)( .( . .Appendix( .( .N. .CommunicationNo.606/1994;ClementFrancisv.Jamaica( .( . .(Viewsadoptedon25July1995,fiftyfourthsession)( .XI. .DecisionsoftheHumanRightsCommitteedeclaringcommunications( .( .inadmissibleundertheOptionalProtocolrelatingtothe( .( .InternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights f   ׀.............# .!148( .( .A. .CommunicationNo.437/1990;B.ColamarcoPatiov.Panama( .( . .(decisionof21October1994,fiftysecondsession)( .( .B. .CommunicationNo.438/1990;EnriqueThompsonv.Panama( .( . .(decisionadoptedon21October1994,fiftysecondsession)@ .CONTENTS(continued) 88tt .tPage   , &88( h#&&  ( .( .C. .CommunicationNo.460/1991;T.OmarSimonsv.Panama( .( . .(decisionof25October1994,fiftysecondsession)( .( .D. .CommunicationNo.494/1992;LloydRogersv.Jamaica( .( . .(decisionof4April1995,fiftythirdsession)( .( .E. .CommunicationNo.515/1992;PeterHolderv.TrinidadandTobago( .( . .(decisionadoptedon19July1995,fiftyfourthsession)( .( .F. .CommunicationNo.525/1992;PierreGirev.France( .( . .(decisionadoptedon28March1995,fiftythirdsession)'  ( .( .G. .CommunicationNo.536/1993;FrancisP.Pererav.Australia( .( . .(decisionadoptedon28March1995,fiftythirdsession)( .( .H. .CommunicationNo.541/1993;ErrolSimmsv.Jamaica( .( . .(decisionadoptedon3April1995,fiftythirdsession)( .( .I. .CommunicationNo.553/1993;MichaelBullockv.( .( . .TrinidadandTobago( .( . .(decisionadoptedon19July1995,fiftyfourthsession)( .( .J. .CommunicationNos.575and576/1994;LincolnGuerraand( .( . .BrianWallenv.TrinidadandTobago( .( . .(decisionadoptedon4April1995,fiftythirdsession)( .( .K. .CommunicationNo.578/1994;LeonardusJ.deGrootv.( .( . .theNetherlands( .( . .(decisionadoptedon14July1995,fiftyfourthsession)( .( .L. .CommunicationNo.583/1994;RonaldH.vanderHouwenv.( .( . .theNetherlands( .( . .(decisionadoptedon14July1995,fiftyfourthsession)( .XII. .Listofdocumentsissuedduringthereportingperiod..............# .!149 8,    @ . I.ORGANIZATIONALANDOTHERMATTERS@ .H A.StatespartiestotheCovenant1., .,Asat28July1995,theclosingdateofthefiftyfourthsessionoftheHumanRightsCommittee,131StateshadratifiedoraccededorsaidtheywouldaccedetotheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRightsand94StateshadratifiedoraccededorsaidtheywouldaccedetotheOptionalProtocoltotheCovenant.BothinstrumentswereadoptedbytheGeneralAssemblyinresolution2200A(XXI)of16December1966andopenedforsignatureandratificationinNewYorkon19December1966.Theyenteredintoforceon23March1976inaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheirarticles49and9,respectively.Alsoasat28July1995,44Stateshadmadethedeclarationenvisagedunderarticle41,paragraph1,oftheCovenant,whichcameintoforceon28March1979.2., .,ThesecondOptionalProtocol,aimingattheabolitionofthedeathpenalty,whichwasadoptedandopenedforsignature,ratificationoraccessionbytheGeneralAssemblyinresolution44/128of15December1989,enteredintoforceon11July1991inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofitsarticle8.Asat28July1995,therewere28StatespartiestothesecondOptionalProtocol.3., .,AlistofStatespartiestotheCovenantandtotheOptionalProtocols,withanindicationofthosewhichhavemadethedeclarationunderarticle41,paragraph1,oftheCovenant,iscontainedinannexItothepresentreport.4., .,ReservationsandotherdeclarationsmadebyanumberofStatespartiesinrespectoftheCovenantortheOptionalProtocolsaresetoutindocumentCCPR/C/2/Rev.4andinnotificationsdepositedwiththeSecretaryGeneral.@ .nB.Sessionsandagenda5., .,TheHumanRightsCommitteehasheldthreesessionssincetheadoptionofitspreviousannualreport.Thefiftysecondsession(1358thto1386thmeetings)washeldattheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom17Octoberto4November1994,thefiftythirdsession(1387thto1415thmeetings)atUnitedNationsHeadquartersfrom20Marchto7April1995andthefiftyfourthsession(1416thto1444thmeetings)attheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom3to28July1995.@ .N C.Election,membershipandattendance6., .,AtthefourteenthmeetingofStatesparties,heldatUnitedNationsHeadquarterson8September1994,ninemembersoftheCommitteewereelected,inaccordancewitharticles28to32oftheCovenant,tofillthevacanciesresultingfromtheterminationofsometermsofofficeon31December1994.Mr.PrafullachandraNatwarlalBaghwati,Mr.ThomasBuergenthal,Mr.EckartKlein,Mr.DavidKretzmerandMrs.CeciliaMdinaQuirogawereelectedforthefirsttime.Mr.NisukeAndo,Mrs.ChristineChanet,Mr.OmranElShafeiandMr.JulioPradoVallejowerereelected.AlistofthemembersoftheCommitteeappearsinannexIItothepresentreport.7.AllthemembersoftheCommitteeparticipatedinthefiftysecondsession.Mr.RajsoomerLallahattendedonlypartofthatsession.Mrs.Chanetdidnotattendthefiftythirdsession.Mr.TamsBnandMr.Baghwatiattendedonlypartofthatsession.Mrs.RosalynHigginsattendedonlypartofthefiftyfourthsession.@ .D.Solemndeclaration8., .,Atthe1387th,1397thand1416thmeetingsoftheCommittee(fiftythirdandfiftyfourthsessions),themembersoftheCommitteewhohadbeenelectedorre-electedatthefourteenthmeetingofStatespartiestotheCovenantmadeasolemndeclarationinaccordancewitharticle38oftheCovenantbeforeassumingtheirfunctions.@ .<E.Electionofofficers9., .,Atthe1387thand1399thmeetingsoftheCommittee(fiftythirdsession),heldon20and28March1995,theCommitteeelecteditsofficersforatermoftwoyears,inaccordancewitharticle39,paragraph1,oftheCovenant:theyarelistedinannexII.10., .,TheCommitteeexpresseditssincerestappreciationtoMr.NisukeAndo,theoutgoingChairman,forthecontributionwhichhehadmadetothesuccessoftheCommittee'sworkbypresidingoveritsocompetently.@ .hF.Workinggroups11., .,Inaccordancewithrules62and89ofitsrulesofprocedure,theCommitteeestablishedworkinggroupswhichweretomeetbeforeitsfifty-second,fifty-thirdandfifty-fourthsessions.12., .,Theworkinggroupestablishedunderrule89wasentrustedwiththetaskofmakingrecommendationstotheCommitteeregardingcommunicationsreceivedundertheOptionalProtocol.Atthefiftysecondsession,theworkinggroupwascomposedofMr.BnandMr.ElShafei,Ms.ElizabethEvatt,Mr.AndreasV.MavrommatisandMr.PradoVallejo.ItmetattheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom10to14October1994andelectedMr.MavrommatisasitsChairperson/Rapporteur.Atthefifty-thirdsession,theworkinggroupwascomposedofMr.Ando,Mr.LaurelFrancis,Mrs.Higgins,Mr.MavrommatisandMr.PradoVallejo.ItmetatUnitedNationsHeadquartersfrom13to17March1995andelectedMrs.HigginsasitsChairperson/Rapporteur.Atthefifty-fourthsession,theworkinggroupwascomposedofMr.Baghwati,Mr.ElShafei,Mr.Mavrommatis,Mr.FaustoPocarandMr.PradoVallejo.ItmetattheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom3to7July1995andelectedMr.PocarasitsChairperson/Rapporteur.13., .,Theworkinggroupestablishedunderrule62wasmandatedtoprepareconciselistsofissuesconcerningthesecond,thirdandfourthperiodicreportstobeconsideredbytheCommitteeatitsfiftysecond,fiftythirdandfifty-fourthsessions.Atthefifty-secondsession,theworkinggroupwascomposedofMr.FranciscoJosAguilarUrbina,Mr.VojinDimitrijevic,Mr.WaleedSadiandMr.Francis.ItmetattheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom10to14October1994andelectedMr.AguilarUrbinaasitsChairperson/Rapporteur.IthadthetaskofstudyingtheCommittee'smethodsofworkaswellasadraftgeneralcommentonissuesrelatingtoreservationsmadebyStatespartiesuponratificationoforaccessiontotheCovenantortheOptionalProtocolstheretoorinrelationtodeclarationsmadeunderarticle41oftheCovenant.ThemembersoftheworkinggroupalsoheldajointmeetingwiththemembersoftheworkinggroupestablishedunderthenoterelatingtoquestionsrelatedtothestructureofannualreportsandtheproceduretobefollowedbytheCommitteeinresponsetoemergencysituations.Atthefiftythirdsession,itwascomposedofMr.Bn,Mr.MarcoTulioBruniCelli,Ms.EvattandMr.Lallah;itmetatUnitedNationsHeadquartersfrom13to17March1995andelectedMr.BnasitsChairperson/Rapporteur.Ithadthetaskofstudyingadraftgeneralcommentonarticle25andofconsideringtheCommittee'smethodsofwork.Inaddition,pursuanttoadecisiontakenattheCommittee's1384thmeeting(fiftysecondsession)(seeparas.40and41),theworkinggroupheldaclosedmeetingon13Marchwithrepresentativesofspecializedagenciesinordertoobtainadvanceinformationonreportstobeconsideredatthefiftythirdsession;themeetingwasattendedbyrepresentativesoftheInternationalLabourOffice,theOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugees(UNHCR)andtheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO).Atthefiftyfourthsession,theworkinggroupwascomposedofMr.AguilarUrbina,Mr.Francis,Mr.KleinandMrs.MdinaQuiroga.ItmetattheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom3to7July1995andelectedMr.KleinasitsChairperson/Rapporteur.IthadthetaskofstudyingtheCommittee'smethodsofworkandofconsideringgeneralcommentsalreadyadoptedinthepastinordertodeterminewhichofthemwarrantedupdating.Pursuanttoadecisiontakenatthe1384thmeeting(fifty-secondsession),theworkinggroupheldameetingon3JulywithrepresentativesoftheInternationalLabourOffice,UNHCRandWHOinordertoobtainadvanceinformationonreportstobeconsideredbytheCommitteeatitsfiftyfourthsession.@ .G.Othermatters@ .<1.Fiftysecondsession14., .,TheAssistantSecretaryGeneralforHumanRightsreferredtotheaimoftreatyuniversalization,asestablishedbytheDeclarationandProgrammeofActionadoptedbytheWorldConferenceonHumanRightsheldatVienna,andemphasizedthattheSecretary-GeneralhadaddressedarequesttoHeadsofStateandGovernmentcallingfortheuniversalratificationoftheprincipalhumanrightsinstrumentsand,inparticular,theCovenantanditstwoOptionalProtocols.InhisreportontheworkoftheOrganization,theSecretary-GeneralhadcalledforbettersynergybetweentheworkofthetreatybodiesandtheprogrammeofadvisoryservicesandtechnicalassistanceoftheCentreforHumanRights.ThemembersoftheCommitteewerealsoinformedoftheworkofthefifthmeetingofpersonschairingthehumanrightstreatybodiesheldinSeptember1994,aswellastherecentsessionsoftheCommitteeontheRightsoftheChildandtheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscrimination.@ .n2.Fiftythirdsession15., .,TheCommitteewasinformedbytherepresentativeoftheSecretary-GeneraloftherecentactivitiesoftheGeneralAssemblyinregardtohumanrights,particularlyitsresolution49/178of23December1994concerningeffectiveimplementationofinternationalinstrumentsonhumanrights,inwhichtheAssemblynotedwithappreciationtheinitiativestakenbytreatybodiesinrespectofurgentmeasurestopreventhumanrightsviolations.TheAssemblyalsourgedthemtoamendtheirreportingguidelinessoastorequestgenderspecificinformationfromStatesparties.TherecommendationofthemeetingofpersonschairingthehumanrightstreatybodiesthatsuchmeetingsshouldinfuturebeheldonanannualbasiswasalsoendorsedbytheAssembly.Inaddition,thememberswereinformedofdevelopmentsatthefifty-firstsessionoftheCommissiononHumanRightsandoftheactivitiesoftheCommitteeonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRights,theCommitteeagainstTorture,theCommitteeontheRightsoftheChildandtheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen.16., .,TheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRightsstressedtheimportanceheattachedtotheCommittee'sworkand,inparticular,emphasizedtheleadingroleitplayedinthehumanrightstreatysystem.Furthereffortswere,however,neededinordertopublicizetheresultsofitsworkmorewidelyandbringthemtotheattentionofthecompetentnationalauthorities.Ateveryoneofhismeetingswithgovernmentrepresentatives,hehadsystematicallydrawntheirattentiontothecommentsadoptedbytheCommitteefollowingitsconsiderationofthereportsofStatesparties.Althoughitwastooearlytodrawanyfirmconclusionsaboutthatpractice,hehadbeenstruckbythefactthatGovernmentswereextremelysensitivetotheissuesraisedandhadonthewholegivenassurancesthattheywouldtakestepstoapplytheCommittee'srecommendations.17., .,TheHighCommissioneralsostressedtheimportanceofthetreatysystemintheinternationalprotectionofhumanrights,sayingthatanunprecedentedmeetinghadjustbeenheldbetweenthepersonschairinghumanrightstreatybodiesandtheSecretaryGeneral.Thatmeeting,whichtheHighCommissionerhadmadeapointofattendinginperson,hadbeentheresultofaninitiativetakenatthemostrecentmeetingofthepersonschairingsuchbodiesinSeptember1994.Amongthesubjectsdiscussedhadbeentheactiontakenbythedifferentcommitteestopreventhumanrightsviolations,suchasearlywarningmeasuresandurgentprocedures.18., .,TheCommitteealsohadanexchangeofcorrespondencewiththeFederalRepublicofYugoslavia(SerbiaandMontenegro)concerningthesubmissionofreportsinconformitywiththeCovenant(seeparas.53and54andannexVIIItothepresentreport).@ .6H.Staffresources19., .,ThegreatercomplexityandmoreintensivepaceoftheCommittee'soperations,resultingfromtheincreasednumberofStatespartiestotheCovenantaswellasfromqualitativechangesintheCommittee'smethodsofwork,haveaddedsignificantlytotheworkloadoftheSecretariatinprovidingsubstantiveservicingtotheCommitteeinrelationtothemonitoringofStatesparties'reports.ThenumberofcommunicationssubmittedtotheCommitteeundertheOptionalProtocolhasalsogrown(seechap.VIII).TheCommitteenotedthatunderthetermsofarticle36oftheCovenanttheSecretaryGeneraloftheUnitedNationswastoprovidethenecessarystaffandfacilitiesfortheeffectiveperformanceofthefunctionsoftheCommitteeundertheCovenant.ItaccordinglyrequestedtheSecretaryGeneraltotakethenecessarystepstoensureasubstantialincreaseinthespecializedstaffassignedtoservicetheCommitteeinrelationbothtothemonitoringofStatesparties'reportsandtoconsiderationofcommunicationssubmittedundertheOptionalProtocol.@ . I.PublicityfortheworkoftheCommitteė20., .,TheChairmangavepressconferencesateachoftheCommittee'sthreesessions.TheCommitteeexpressedthewishthattheinformationservicesshouldbeassociatedmorecloselywithitsworksoastogiveitgreaterpublicity.TheCommitteenotedwithappreciationthegreatinterestinitsworktakenbythenon-governmentalorganizationsandthankedthemfortheinformationprovided.@ .` J.PublicationsrelatingtotheworkoftheCommittee21., .,TheCommitteenotedthattheOfficialDocuments(Yearbooks)oftheHumanRightsCommitteehadbeenpublisheduntil1991.Giventheresourcesonhand,theCommitteesaidthatpublicationoftheOfficialDocuments(Yearbooks)shouldbeexpeditedinordertoliquidatethebacklogandeliminatethedelayinissuingtheFrenchversion.22., .,TheCommitteeonceagainurgedthattheworkbespeededupforthepurposeofpublishingvolumeIIIoftheselectionofdecisionstakenundertheOptionalProtocolsoastoreducethebacklogassoonaspossible.Infuture,theselecteddecisionsshouldbeissuedinaregularandtimelyfashion.23., .,TheCommitteealsoinsistedontheneedforitsannualreporttogetherwithitsannexestobesubmittedtotheGeneralAssemblyontime.24., .,TheCommitteewishestodrawattentiontothefactthatitwasdeprivedofsummaryrecordsatitsfortyninthsessionforfinancialreasons,butthattheSecretariatundertooktoproducethemfromtherecordedtapes,inEnglishonly.1Thathasnotyetbeendone,andtheCommitteethereforewishestoreiterateitsrequest.@ .0K.Facilities25., .,TheCommitteeexpressedawishforadditionalfacilitiestobemadeavailableduringitssessions.Itwouldliketohavearoominwhichmemberscouldreceivedelegations,meetininformalgroups,orworkbetweenmeetings.Induecourse,allthedocumentationmembersoftheCommitteemightneedinpreparingtheirworkcouldbekeptintheroominquestion,whichcouldbeusedbyothertreatybodies(seedecisionalongthoselinesadoptedatthemostrecentmeetingofpersonschairinghumanrightstreatybodiesinSeptember1994(seeA/49/537,annex)).@ . L.FuturemeetingsoftheCommittee26., .,Atitsfifty-thirdsession,theCommitteeconfirmedthefollowingscheduleofmeetingsfor1996-1997:thefifty-sixthsessionwillbeheldatUnitedNationsHeadquartersfrom18Marchto5April1996,thefifty-seventhsessionattheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom8to26July1996,thefifty-eighthsessionattheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom21Octoberto8November1996,thefifty-ninthsessionatUnitedNationsHeadquartersfrom24Marchto11April1997,thesixtiethsessionattheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom14Julyto1August1997andthesixty-firstsessionattheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom20Octoberto7November1997.Ineachcase,theworkinggroupsoftheCommitteewillmeetduringtheweekprecedingthesession.̇@ .M.Adoptionofthereport27., .,Atits1443rdand1444thmeetings,on27and28July1995,theCommitteeconsideredthedraftofitsnineteenthannualreport,coveringitsactivitiesatthefifty-second,fifty-thirdandfifty-fourthsessions,heldin1994and1995.Thereport,asamendedinthecourseofthediscussion,wasadoptedunanimously.ǀII.ACTIONBYTHEGENERALASSEMBLYATITSFORTYNINTH̀SESSIONANDBYTHECOMMISSIONONHUMANRIGHTSAT̀ITSFIFTYFIRSTSESSIONS A $ 1.(a)(i) a.(1)(a) i) a)S  228.3  , .,Atits1415thmeeting,on7April1995,theCommitteeconsideredtheagendaiteminthelightoftherelevantsummaryrecordsoftheThirdCommittee,GeneralAssemblyresolution49/178,CommissiononHumanRightsresolutions1995/18and1995/22of24February1995andCommissiononHumanRightsdecision1995/110of3March1995.229.3  , .,TheCommitteenotedthat,inaccordancewithGeneralAssemblyresolution45/175of18December1990,substantiveresolutionsonthehumanrightstreatybodiesshouldbeadoptedeverytwoyears(inunevenyears)andthat,consequently,atitsfortyninthsession,theThirdCommitteehadlimiteditselftotakingnoteofitsreport.230.3  , .,WithreferencetothediscussionintheGeneralAssemblyrelatingtotheeffectiveimplementationofinternationalinstrumentsonhumanrights,includingreportingobligationsunderthoseinstruments,andtheeffectivefunctioningofthetreatybodies,theCommitteenotedwithsatisfactionthattheAssemblyhadonceagainstressedtheimportanceofcompliancebyStatespartieswiththeirreportingobligations.TheCommitteetooknoteoftheimportanceattachedbytheAssemblytothefinalcommentsonthereportsconsideredbythehumanrightstreatymonitoringbodies.TheCommitteenotedthattheconclusionsandrecommendationsofthe5thmeetingofpersonschairingthehumanrightstreatybodieshadbeenendorsedbytheGeneralAssembly,particularlytherecommendationthattheirmeetingsshouldbeheldannually.  231.3  , .,TheCommitteediscussedtherelevantresolutionsadoptedbytheCommissiononHumanRightsatitsfiftyfirstsession.ItwholeheartedlyendorsedtheresolutiononsuccessionofStatesinrespectofinternationalhumanrightstreatiesaswellasthatontheCovenants,inparticulartherecommendationthatcountrieshavingdifficultiesinintroducingchangesintheirlegislationthatmightbenecessaryfortheratificationofinternationalinstrumentsonhumanrightsshouldbeencouragedtorequestappropriatesupportfromtheCentreforHumanRightsonadvisoryservicesandtechnicalcooperationprogrammes,aswellastherecommendationstressingtheimportanceforStatespartiestoobservetheagreedconditionsandprocedureforderogationunderarticle4oftheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights.TheCommitteenotedwithsatisfactiontheCommission'srequestthattherecentperiodicreportsofStatespartiestothehumanrightstreatymonitoringbodies,thesummaryrecordsofCommitteediscussionspertainingtothem,andconcludingobservationsandfinalcommentsofthetreatybodiesshouldbemadeavailabletotheUnitedNationsinformationcentres.  232.3  , .,TheCommitteeconsideredCommissiononHumanRightsdecision1995/110ontherighttoafairtrialandnotedthat,asrecommendedbytheSubcommissiononPreventionofDiscriminationandProtectionofMinoritiesinitsresolution1994/35of26August1994,theCommissionwasconsideringtheestablishmentofanopenendedworkinggrouptodraftathirdoptionalprotocoltotheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRightsaimingatguaranteeingunderallcircumstancestherighttoafairtrialandtoaremedy.Inthatregard,theCommitteerecalledthatithadsubmitteditsownrecommendationstotheSubcommissiononPreventionofDiscriminationandProtectionofMinorities.Inthoserecommendations,adoptedatits1314thmeeting(fiftiethsession),on6April1994,2theCommitteehadconcludedthatitwasinadvisabletopursuetheelaborationofadraftoptionalprotocoltotheCovenantwiththeaimofaddingarticle9,paragraphs3and4,aswellasarticle14tothelistofnonderogablerightsenumeratedinarticle4,paragraph2,oftheCovenant.  233.3  , .,TheCommitteeagainnotedthatthepurposeofthepossiblethirdoptionalprotocolwastoaddarticle9,paragraphs3and4,andarticle14tothelistofnon-derogableprovisionsinarticle4,paragraph2,oftheCovenant.BasedonitsexperiencederivedfromtheconsiderationofStatesparties'reportssubmittedunderarticle40oftheCovenant,theCommitteewishestopointoutthat,withrespecttoarticle9,paragraphs3and4,theissueofremediesavailabletoindividualsduringstatesofemergencyhasoftenbeendiscussed.TheCommitteeissatisfiedthatStatespartiesgenerallyunderstandthattherighttohabeascorpusandamparoshouldnotbelimitedinsituationsofemergency.Furthermore,theCommitteeisoftheviewthattheremediesprovidedinarticle9,paragraphs3and4,readinconjunctionwitharticle2,areinherentintheCovenantasawhole.Havingthisinmind,theCommittee&  believesthatthereisaconsiderableriskthattheproposeddraftthirdoptionalprotocolmightimplicitlyinviteStatespartiestofeelfreetoderogatefromtheprovisionsofarticle9oftheCovenantduringstatesofemergencyiftheydonotratifytheproposedoptionalprotocol.Thus,the'  protocolmighthavetheundesirableeffectofdiminishingtheprotectionofdetainedpersonsduringstatesofemergency.  234.3  , .,TheCommitteeisalsooftheviewthatitwouldsimplynotbefeasibletoexpectthatallprovisionsofarticle14canremainfullyinforceinanykindofemergency.Thus,theinclusionofarticle14assuchinthelistofnon-derogableprovisionswouldnotbeappropriate.ǀIII.METHODSOFWORKOFTHECOMMITTEEUNDERARTICLE40OF̀THECOVENANT:OVERVIEWOFPRESENTWORKINGMETHODS  235.3  , .,ThissectionoftheCommittee'sreportaimsatprovidingaconciseandup-to-dateoverviewofthemodificationsrecentlyintroducedbytheCommitteeinitsworkingmethodsunderarticle40oftheCovenantandisparticularlydesignedtomakethecurrentproceduremoretransparentandreadilyaccessibletoall,soastoassistStatespartiesandothersinterestedintheimplementationoftheCovenant.AdetailedaccountofthemethodsofworkusuallyappliedbytheCommitteefortheconsiderationofreportssubmittedbyStatespartiesappearsintheCommittee'slastannualreport.3̀A.TheCommittee'sproceduresindealingwithemergency󀀀situationsandincasesofreportsthathavebeen󀀀overdueforaverylongperiod  236.3  , .,SinceApril1991(fortyfirstsession),andinthelightofrecentorcurrenteventsindicatingthattheenjoymentofhumanrightsprotectedundertheCovenanthasbeenseriouslyaffectedincertainStatesparties,theCommitteehasresortedtothepracticeofrequestingtheStatespartiesconcernedtosubmiturgentlyreportsonthesituation(generallywithinthreemonths).Suchdecisionshavebeentakenregarding,inchronologicalorder,Iraq(11April1991),theFederalRepublicofYugoslavia(4November1991),Peru(10April1992),BosniaandHerzegovina,CroatiaandtheFederalRepublicofYugoslavia(SerbiaandMontenegro)(6October1992),AngolaandBurundi(29October1993),HaitiandRwanda(27October1994).  237.3  , .,Thesituationregardingoverduereportshasgrownworseovertheyears,seriouslyjeopardizingtheattainmentoftheobjectivesoftheCovenantandhamperingtheabilityoftheCommitteetomonitortheimplementationoftheCovenantintheStatespartiesconcerned.Asat28July1995,atotalof106reports(27initial,21secondperiodic,37thirdperiodicand21fourthperiodicreports),involvingatotalof85Statesparties,wereoutstanding.  238.3  , .,Inviewoftheforegoing,theCommitteedecidedatitsfifty-secondsessionthatinfutureStatespartiesthathadnotrepliedfavourablytoaspecialrequestortoadecisionbytheCommitteeandwhosereportswereoverduebyfiveyearsormoreshouldbesentastronglywordednoteverbalerequestingthemtosubmittheirreportsassoonaspossible.Suchnotesverbalesweresentforthefirsttimeon12December1994.  239.3  , .,Atthesamesession,theCommitteealsodecidedthat,wheretheconsiderationofareportrevealedagravehumanrightssituation,theCommitteecouldrequesttheStatepartyconcernedtoreceiveamissioncomposedofoneormoreofitsmembersinordertoreestablishdialoguewithit,explainthesituationbetterandformulateappropriatesuggestionsorrecommendations.̀B.ParticipationbyspecializedagenciesandotherUnited󀀀NationsorgansintheCommittee'swork  240.3  , .,Atitsfifty-secondsession,theCommitteemodifieditsworkingmethodssoastoenablethespecializedagenciesandotherUnitedNationsorganstotakeamoreactivepartinitsactivities.TheCommitteeaccordinglydecidedthatameetingwouldbescheduledatthebeginningofeachsessionofthepre-sessionalworkinggroupsothatitmightsuitablyreceiveoralinformationprovidedbythoseorganizations.SuchoralinformationshouldthusrelatetothereportstobeconsideredduringtheCommittee'ssessionand,ifneedbe,supplementthewritteninformationalreadyprovided.  241.3  , .,Consequently,startingwiththefifty-thirdsession,theWorkingGrouponArticle40devotedameetingtolisteningtosuchstatementsbyspecializedagenciesandotherUnitedNationsorgansconcerningthereportstobeconsideredduringtheplenarysession.TheCommitteewashighlyappreciativebothofthewealthoftheoralorwritteninformationreceivedandofthelevelofrepresentationofthespecializedagenciesorotherUnitedNationsorgansparticipatinginsuchexchangesofviews,inparticulartheInternationalLabourOfficeandUNHCR.  242.3  , .,OnthebasisofthisexperienceandnotingthatthespecialrapporteursorrepresentativesandtheworkinggroupsoftheCommissiononHumanRightsweretendingtomakeincreasinglyfrequentreferencetoitscomments,theCommittee,atitsfifty-thirdsession,expressedthewishthattheyshouldalsobeallowedasfaraspossibletoavailthemselvesoftheproceduredescribedinthepreviousparagraph.Itthereforedecidedthat,wheneverpossible,thespecialrapporteursorrepresentativesandrepresentativesofworkinggroupsoftheCommissiononHumanRightsthathaddraftedcountryreportsorthematicreportswouldbeinvitedtoattendtheaforementionedmeetingoftheWorkingGrouponArticle40.@ . C.Equalityandhumanrightsofwomen  243.3  , .,TheCommitteetooknoteofthevariousrecommendationsmadebytheWorldConferenceonHumanRightsconcerningtheintegrationofacomponentregardingequalityofstatusandhumanrightsofwomenintheactivitiesofthehumanrightstreatybodies(principles36to42oftheDeclarationoftheViennaProgrammeofAction).4TheCommitteestressedinthatconnectionthatthelistsofissuestobedealtwithduringtheCommittee'sconsiderationofStates'reportssubmittedunderarticle40oftheCovenantsystematicallyincludedpracticalmattersconcerningequalityofstatusandthehumanrightsofwomen.Furthermore,generalcommentNo.4(13)wasdevotedtomattersconcerningmeasurestobetakentogiveeffecttoarticle3oftheCovenant,whilegeneralcommentNo.18(37)coveredalltheprovisionsagainstdiscriminationunderarticles2,3and26oftheCovenant.TheCommitteeisenvisagingthepossibilityofsupplementingthesetwotextsbyaspecificgeneralcomment.  244.3  , .,Atitsfiftythirdsession,theCommitteedecidedtoamendparagraph4(c)oftheCommittee'sguidelinesconcerningtheinitialreportssubmittedbyStatespartiesasfollows:0, .,"4.  . ThepartofthereportrelatingspecificallytopartsI,IIandIIIoftheCovenantshoulddescribeinrelationtotheprovisionsofeacharticle:0, .,"...0, .,  . "(c)AnyotherfactorsordifficultiesaffectingtheenjoymentoftherightbypersonswithinthejurisdictionoftheStates,includinganyfactorsaffectingtheequalenjoymentbywomenofthatright".245.3  , .,Paragraph6(e)oftheCommittee'sguidelinesforperiodicreportsisamendedaccordingly.Theguidelinesasamendedarereproduce