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C I'  .X$o[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXo~=>>>>B2.Z|P. @@EP.P-HD~ <>N9709863E<><>A/51/40(Vol.I)(Suppl)<><><>Y) `CG TimesWPC  9513 ,, XF}G"?!   ?  ? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?? ? ? ? ? >? ?0 0 0  ??? ?        ?  ? ?   ? ??      ?8 ? ~   ??? ? ??? ? ? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ? ? ?? ??? ?0? x??????~??<???????????? ? ???8x???? ??????x  ?x ?   ?@ #? # #??>???????????? ?????`?`?  ?~??????????????????B8<BpC???C???C??B?B?`B??B??B???B??B???C???B???C??C??C*?C?G?C?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? p?>? <~p??>>x??>?8??<>8??<~??8?8???? ??? ?? ?? > <?   |? ??  x? ?? p?? ??? ?? `?? ?????????????????        ?   ?   ?   ? ?   ?       ?   ? p?#@x?#/?#??>?>?~?????????@ ????? ????????????????? ??? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??   ? ?  ? ?? 8? >???   ? ?  ? `?  `?  p?  p? 0? p?? x? p? ? 0?.??? 0? 0?? 0x  x ? x ?8 ?8 ?<  <   '  -  -?  -?=  ?0?  ?0?? -?`x?? #p? #` ? ? -?-?!? !?? ?! ??? ??  ?    ?~? ?~????? 0? ?  ? ?? >?? <? 8? ? ? ?@ `   ?x   ~  8  ? ??????????????? ?? ? ???? p?? ??`?< >? ?0~ 0?  ? ? ??? ???????????????? ?  ?? ?????`??? ?? ? ? ?? ?? ???? ?   ??   ?   ?  ?  ? ?   ??  ? ?   ~        ? ??  >   ?   ??       8  `  ?? ???   ?  ?    ?p    ?   ?     ?  ?   ?   ??    ?   ?? ?   ?    8 ?  _   ?               ?  ? @  ? ?  8 ~  ?  ?  ?    ?   ? ?  ??  ?   ?       ???? ?       ?? ? ?       ?? 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(G_UNLOGO1.WPG w B)  8  8 Rl@..$    ڄ- -($     e$  )8 8,  P")  SeeOfficialRecordsoftheGeneralAssembly,FiftyfirstSession,SupplementNo.40(A/51/40),vol.II.(2:$ ~q!UKUS.,  +'F` X'   ++88Ҁ  0  ڀ B)  8  8  8,    @ .$    ڄ dTable_A B)  8  8 882   @ .$    ڄ B)  8  8 882   @ .$    ڄ B)  8  8 882   @ .$    ڄ B)  8  8 882     @ .$    ڄ B)  8  8 882 \    @ .$    ڄTable_B B)  8  8 88 \    @ .$    ڄTable_C B)  8  8  8     @ .$    ڄ B)  8  8  8,      @ .$    ڄ B)  8  8 882     @ .$    ڄTable_D U E*  8  8 882     9709863(E)230498XXX]zj`$0Code 3 of 9 4.6cpiBC]*9709863*C<6X9`(CourierCԂj`$0Code 3 of 9 4.6cpiBC  5u{13Right-Aligned Paragraph NumbersI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)3|d<6X9`(Courierd6X@`7@) `CG TimesO PE37P) `CG Times PE37P* `CG Timesxx PE37xP* `CG Times PE37P) `CG Timesc PE37P<6X9`(CourierMP6X@`7@<6X9`(CourierwZ6X@`7@j`$0Code 3 of 9 4.6cpiBCXXj@(7X@(q$UKUS.,  +'F` X'  # e37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)horw)h)HH& ~q!UKUS.,  +'F` X'   Z  $$$$Z%Z[nZA/51/40=]TD@z 8 X ` @@ELOOLO߈      [ 2[nUnitedNations   ."  #aPdd[x x[ 2^x x x[x Reportofthe  HumanRightsCommittee^ 2 x^x [ 2^ 2VolumeI   #dPaPGeneralAssembly ?3  [ [ 2^  [OfficialRecords^' ^['^'[ ['^  [ԀFiftyfirstSession cW  SupplementNo.40(A/51/40)  {  ^' ^['^'    MA/51/40       y[ 2['Reportofthe    HumanRightsCommitteeVolumeI[ [ 2^  [GeneralAssemblyM  OfficialRecords^n ^[n^n[ [n^  [ԀFiftyfirstSession  SupplementNo.40(A/51/40)**)"=`QA=z (  ` @@Ev*FFv*F--+,(*UnitedNations^n ^[n^n[ [n^  [ԀNewYork,1997 -+    .,    E[) `CG TimesERl 4  4    @.. NOTESymbolsofUnitedNationsdocumentsarecomposedofcapitalletterscombinedwithfigures.MentionofsuchasymbolindicatesareferencetoaUnitedNationsdocument. #/ @..ISSN0255-2353 ? UK     \R3'\ X      + 8  8 C<6X9`(CourierCS @ $ 1.(a)(i) a.(1)(a) i) a)Sa882   #dd   b #..[Original:English/French]#..[13April1997]@..\CONTENTS 88tChaptert..tParagraphsPage   , )8 8 P") .I. .ORGANIZATIONALANDOTHERMATTERS..................... .<125P" .!1 . .A. .StatespartiestotheInternationalCovenanton . . .CivilandPoliticalRights....................... . .<14P" .!1 . .B. .SessionsoftheHumanRightsCommittee........... . .5P" .!1 . .C. .Election,membershipandattendance.............. . .<68P" .!1 . .D. .Solemndeclaration............................... . .9P" .!2 . .E. .Workinggroups................................... . .1012P" .!2 . .F. .Othermatters.................................... . .1317P" .!3 . .G. .Staffresources.................................. . .18P" .!4 . .H. .PublicityfortheworkoftheCommittee.......... . .19P" .!4 . .I. .Documentsandpublicationsrelatingtothework̀oftheCommittee................................. .2024P" .!4 . .J. .Adoptionofthereport........................... . .25P" .!5 .II. .METHODSOFWORKOFTHECOMMITTEEUNDERARTICLE40OF̀THECOVENANT:OVERVIEWOFPRESENTWORKINGMETHODS... .2636P" .!6 . .A. .Considerationofinitialreportsandperiodic̀reports.......................................... .2830P" .!6 . .B. .Overduereports.................................. . .3132P" .!6 . .C. .FollowuptotheCommittee'sactivitiesunder̀article40....................................... .33P" .!7 . .D. .ObservationsofStatespartiesontheCommittee's̀concludingcomments.............................. .34P" .!7 . .E. .Cooperationwithothertreatymonitoringbodies.. . .35P" .!7 . .F. .ReportssubmittedbyStatespartiesunder̀article40....................................... .36P" .!8 .4III. .SUBMISSIONOFREPORTSBYSTATESPARTIESUNDER̀ARTICLE40OFTHECOVENANT........................... .3743P" .!9 . .A. .ReportssubmittedbyStatespartiesunder̀article40....................................... .40P" .!9@ .CONTENTS(continued) 88tChaptert .tParagraphsPage   , )8 8 P")&   . .B. .ObservationsofStatespartiesontheCommittee's̀concludingcomments.............................. .41P" .!10 . .C. .SpecialdecisionsoftheCommitteeconcerning̀reportsofparticularStates..................... .4243P" .!10'   .IV. .STATESTHATHAVENOTCOMPLIEDWITHTHEIROBLIGATIONS̀UNDERARTICLE40OFTHECOVENANT..................... .4445P" .!11 .V. .CONSIDERATIONOFREPORTSSUBMITTEDBYSTATESPARTIES̀UNDERARTICLE40OFTHECOVENANT..................... .46364P" .!13 . .A. .UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNortherǹIreland(HongKong).............................. .4772P" .!13 . .B. .Sweden........................................... . .7398P" .!17 . .C. .Estonia.......................................... . .99135P" .!19 . .D. .Mauritius........................................ . .t136166P" .!24 . .E. .Spain............................................ . .t167186P" .!27 . .F. .Zambia........................................... . .t187216P" .!29 . .G. .Guatemala........................................ . .t217253P" .!33 . .H. .Nigeria(discussionatthefiftysixthsession).. . .t254266P" .!37 . .I. .Nigeria(continuedatthefiftyseventhsession). . .t267305P" .!39 . .J. .Brazil........................................... . .t306338P" .!44 . .K. .Peru............................................. . .t339364P" .!48 .VI. .GENERALCOMMENTSOFTHECOMMITTEE.................... .t365367P" .!53 .4VII. .CONSIDERATIONOFCOMMUNICATIONSUNDERTHEOPTIONAL̀PROTOCOL............................................. .t368423P" .!54 . .A. .Progressofwork................................. . .t370376P" .!54 . .B. .GrowthoftheCommittee'scaseloadunderthèOptionalProtocol................................377P" .!55 . .C. .ApproachestoexaminingcommunicationsunderthèOptionalProtocol................................ .t378382P" .!56 . .D. .Individualopinions.............................. . .t383384P" .!57 . .E. .IssuesconsideredbytheCommittee............... . .t385418P" .!57@ .CONTENTS(continued) 88tChaptert .tParagraphsPage   , )8 8 P"))8 8,  P"), ., .F. .EffectiveremedyprovidedbyaStatepartyduring, ., . .examinationofacommunication.................. .t419421P" .!63, ., .G. .RemediescalledforundertheCommittee'sviews.422P" .!64, ., .H. .NoncooperationbyStatespartiesinrespectof̀pendingcases...................................423P" .!64, .8VIII. .FOLLOWUPACTIVITIESUNDERTHEOPTIONALPROTOCOL.... .t424466P" .!65@ .Annexes, .dI. .STATESPARTIESTOTHEINTERNATIONALCOVENANTONCIVILAND, ., .POLITICALRIGHTSANDTOTHEOPTIONALPROTOCOLSANDSTATESTHAT, ., .HAVEMADETHEDECLARATIONUNDERARTICLE41OFTHECOVENANTASAT, ., .28JULY1996....................................................P" .!79P" .P", ., .A. .StatespartiestotheInternationalCovenantonCiviland̀PoliticalRights............................................P" .!79, ., .B. .StatespartiestotheOptionalProtocol.....................P" .!82, ., .C. .StatusoftheSecondOptionalProtocol,aimingatthèabolitionofthedeathpenalty..............................P" .!84, ., .D. .Stateswhichhavemadethedeclarationunderarticle41of̀theCovenant................................................P" .!85, ., .E. .ImplementationoftheCovenantinthenewStatesthat, ., . .constitutedpartsofformerStatespartiestotheCovenant..P" .!86, .II. .MEMBERSANDOFFICERSOFTHEHUMANRIGHTSCOMMITTEE,19951996...P" .!87, .III. .SUBMISSIONOFREPORTSANDADDITIONALINFORMATIONBYSTATES̀PARTIESUNDERARTICLE40OFTHECOVENANTDURINGTHEPERIOD̀UNDERREVIEW....................................................P" .!88, .IV. .STATUSOFREPORTSCONSIDEREDDURINGTHEPERIODUNDERREVIEWAND̀OFREPORTSSTILLPENDINGBEFORETHECOMMITTEE...................P" .!96, .dV. .GENERALCOMMENTSUNDERARTICLE40,PARAGRAPH4,OFTHECOVENANT.P" .!98, ., .GeneralcommentNo.25(57).....................................P" .!98, .VI. .OBSERVATIONSOFSTATESPARTIESUNDERARTICLE40,PARAGRAPH5,̀OFTHECOVENANT.................................................P" .$!104, ., .France..........................................................P" .$!104, .VII. .STATESPARTIES'DELEGATIONSTHATPARTICIPATEDINTHÈCONSIDERATIONOFTHEIRRESPECTIVEREPORTSBYTHECOMMITTEEATITS̀FIFTYFIFTH,FIFTYSIXTHANDFIFTYSEVENTHSESSIONS.............P" .$!107@ .CONTENTS(continued) 88t   , t .tPage   , )8 8,  P"))8 8,  P"), .8VIII. .VIEWSOFTHEHUMANRIGHTSCOMMITTEEUNDERARTICLE5,PARAGRAPH4,, ., .OFTHEOPTIONALPROTOCOLTOTHEINTERNATIONALCOVENANTONCIVILAND, ., .POLITICALRIGHTS* d   , ., .A. .CommunicationNo.373/1989,LennonStephensv.Jamaica, ., . .(viewsadoptedon18October1995,fiftyfifthsession), ., .B. .CommunicationNo.390/1990,BernardLubutov.Zambia, ., . .(viewsadoptedon31October1995,fiftyfifthsession), ., . .Appendix, ., .C. .CommunicationsNos.422424/1990,Aduayometal.v.Togo, ., . .(viewsadoptedon12July1996,fiftyseventhsession), ., . .Appendix, ., .D. .CommunicationNo.434/1990,LalSeerattanv.Trinidadand, ., . .Tobago(viewsadoptedon26October1995,fiftyfifthsession), ., .E. .CommunicationNo.454/1991,EnriqueGarcaPonsv.Spain, ., . .(viewsadoptedon30October1995,fiftyfifthsession)̀, ., .F. .CommunicationNo.459/1991,OsbourneWrightandEricHarveyv., ., . .Jamaica(viewsadoptedon27October1995,fiftyfifthsession), ., .G. .CommunicationNo.461/1991,GeorgeGrahamandArthurMorrisonv., ., . .Jamaica(viewsadoptedon25March1996,fiftysixthsession), ., .H. .CommunicationNo.480/1991,JosLuisGarcaFuenzalidav., ., . .Ecuador(viewsadoptedon12July1996,fiftyseventhsession), ., .I. .CommunicationNo.505/1992,KtngurAcklav.Togo(views, ., . .adoptedon25March1996,fiftysixthsession), ., .J. .CommunicationNo.512/1992,DanielPintov.TrinidadandTobago, ., . .(viewsadoptedon16July1996,fiftyseventhsession), ., .K. .CommunicationNo.519/1992,LyndonMarriottv.Jamaica, ., . .(viewsadoptedon27October1995,fiftyfifthsession), ., .L. .CommunicationNo.521/1992,VladimirKulominv.Hungary, ., . .(viewsadoptedon22March1996,fiftysixthsession), ., . .Appendix, ., .M. .CommunicationNo.523/1992,ClydeNeptunev.TrinidadandTobago, ., . .(viewsadoptedon16July1996,fiftyseventhsession), ., .N. .CommunicationNo.527/1993,UtonLewisv.Jamaica(views, ., . .adoptedon18July1996,fiftyseventhsession)̀Appendix@ .CONTENTS(continued) 88t   , t .tPage   , )8 8,  P"))8 8,  P"), ., .O. .CommunicationNo.537/1993,PaulAnthonyKellyv.Jamaica, ., . .(viewsadoptedon17July1996,fiftyseventhsession), ., .P. .CommunicationNo.540/1993,CelisLaureanov.Peru(views, ., . .adoptedon25March1996,fiftysixthsession), ., .Q. .CommunicationNo.542/1993,KatombeL.Tshishimbiv.Zaire, ., . .(viewsadoptedon25March1996,fiftysixthsession), ., .R. .CommunicationNo.546/1993,RicklyBurrellv.Jamaica(views, ., . .adoptedon18July1996,fiftyseventhsession), ., .S. .CommunicationNo.563/1993,NydiaBautistadeArellanav., ., . .Colombia(viewsadoptedon27October1995,fiftyfifth, ., . .session), ., .T. .CommunicationNo.566/1993,IvanSomersv.Hungary(views, ., . .adoptedon23July1996,fiftyseventhsession), ., .U. .CommunicationNo.571/1994,EustaceHenryandEveraldDouglasv., ., . .Jamaica(viewsadoptedon25July1996,fiftyseventhsession), ., .V. .CommunicationNo.586/1994,JosefFrankAdamv.theCzech, ., . .Republic(viewsadoptedon23July1996,fiftyseventhsession)̀Appendix, ., .W. .CommunicationNo.588/1994,ErrolJohnsonv.Jamaica(views, ., . .adoptedon22March1996,fiftysixthsession)̀Appendix, ., .X. .CommunicationNo.589/1994,CraftonTomlinv.Jamaica(views, ., . .adoptedon16July1996,fiftyseventhsession), ., .Y. .CommunicationNo.596/1994,DennieChaplinv.Jamaica(views, ., . .adoptedon2November1995,fiftyfifthsession)̀Appendix, ., .Z. .CommunicationNo.597/1994,PeterGrantv.Jamaica(views, ., . .adoptedon22March1996,fiftysixthsession), ., .AA. .CommunicationNo.598/1994,CarlSterlingv.Jamaica, ., . .(viewsadoptedon22July1996,fiftyseventhsession), ., .BB. .CommunicationNo.599/1994,WayneSpencev.Jamaica(views, ., . .adoptedon18July1996,fiftyseventhsession)̀Appendix, ., .CC. .CommunicationNo.600/1994,DwayneHyltonv.Jamaica(views, ., . .adoptedon16July1996,fiftyseventhsession)̀Appendix@ .CONTENTS(continued) 88t   , t .tPage   , )8 8,  P"))8 8,  |#), .IX. .DECISIONSOFTHEHUMANRIGHTSCOMMITTEEDECLARINGCOMMUNICATIONS̀INADMISSIBLEUNDERTHEOPTIONALPROTOCOLTOTHEINTERNATIONAL, ., .COVENANTONCIVILANDPOLITICALRIGHTS*, ., .A. .CommunicationNo.472/1991,J.P.L.v.France(decision, ., . .adoptedon26October1995,fiftyfifthsession), ., .B. .CommunicationNo.557/1993,X.v.Australia(decisionadopted, ., . .on16July1996,fiftyseventhsession), ., .C. .CommunicationNo.573/1994,HarryAtkinsonetal.v.Canadà(decisionadoptedon31October1995,fiftyfifthsession), ., .D. .CommunicationNo.584/1994,AntoniusValentijnv.Francè(decisionadoptedon22July1996,fiftyseventhsession), ., .E. .CommunicationNo.608/1995,FranzNahlikv.Austrià(decisionadoptedon22July1996,fiftyseventhsession)̀Appendix, ., .F. .CommunicationNo.638/1995,EdwardLacikav.Canadà(decisionadoptedon3November1995,fiftyfifthsession), ., .G. .CommunicationNo.645/1995,VaihereBordesetal.v.Francè(decisionadoptedon22July1996,fiftyseventhsession), ., .H. .CommunicationNo.656/1995,V.E.M.v.Spaiǹ(decisionadoptedon30October1995,fiftyfifthsession), ., .I. .CommunicationNo.657/1995,GerritvanderEntv.thèNetherlands(decisionadoptedon3November1995,fiftyfifth, ., . .session), ., .J. .CommunicationNo.660/1995,CornelisJ.Koningv.thèNetherlands(decisionadoptedon3November1995,fiftyfifth, ., . .session), ., .K. .CommunicationNo.664/1995,GesinaKruytAmeszetal.v.thèNetherlands(decisionadoptedon25March1996,fiftysixth, ., . .session), .dX. .LISTOFDOCUMENTSISSUEDDURINGTHEREPORTINGPERIOD..............|# .P"112 8,   ? UK     \R3'\ X      +C<6X9`(CourierC  S @ $ 1.(a)(i) a.(1)(a) i) a)Sf882     @ . I.ORGANIZATIONALANDOTHERMATTERS̀A.StatespartiestotheInternationalCovenant̀onCivilandPoliticalRights1.2 .2Asat26July1996,theclosingdateofthefiftyseventhsessionoftheHumanRightsCommittee,134StateshadratifiedoraccededorsucceededtotheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRightsand88StateshadratifiedoraccededtotheOptionalProtocoltotheCovenant.BothinstrumentswereadoptedbytheGeneralAssemblyinresolution2200A(XXI)of16December1966andopenedforsignatureandratificationinNewYorkon19December1966.Theyenteredintoforceon23March1976,inaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheirarticles49and9,respectively.Also,asat26July1996,45Stateshadmadethedeclarationenvisagedunderarticle41,paragraph1,oftheCovenant,whichcameintoforceon28March1979.2.2 .2TheSecondOptionalProtocol,aimingattheabolitionofthedeathpenalty,whichwasadoptedandopenedforsignature,ratificationoraccessionbytheGeneralAssemblyinresolution44/128of15December1989,enteredintoforceon11July1991,inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofitsarticle8.Asat26July1996,therewere29StatespartiestotheSecondOptionalProtocol.3.2 .2TheStatespartiestotheCovenantandtotheOptionalProtocolsandthosethathavemadethedeclarationunderarticle41,paragraph1,oftheCovenantarelistedinannexItothepresentreport.4.2 .2ReservationsandotherdeclarationsmadebyanumberofStatespartiesinrespectoftheCovenantand/ortheOptionalProtocolsaresetoutindocumentCCPR/C/2/Rev.4andinthenotificationsdepositedwiththeSecretaryGeneral.Inanotedated16October1995,theSwissGovernmentnotifiedtheSecretaryGeneralofthewithdrawalofitsreservationconcerningarticle20,paragraph2,oftheCovenant.@ . B.SessionsoftheHumanRightsCommittee5.2 .2TheHumanRightsCommitteeheldthreesessionsaftertheadoptionofitspreviousannualreportinJuly1995.Thefiftyfifthsession(1445thto1473rdmeetings)washeldattheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom16Octoberto3November1995,thefiftysixthsession(1474thto1501stmeetings)atUnitedNationsHeadquartersfrom18Marchto4April1996,andthefiftyseventhsession(1502ndto1530thmeetings)attheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom8to26July1996.@ .N C.Election,membershipandattendance6.2 .2Inaletterdated28July1995,theChairmaninformedtheSecretaryGeneraloftheresignationofMrs.RosalynHigginswitheffectfrom29July1996.Mrs.Higgins'mandatewasduetoexpireon31December1996.Atits1444thmeeting(fiftyfourthsession),heldon28July1995,theCommitteeexpresseditswarmestgratitudetoMrs.HigginsforheroutstandingcontributiontotheCommittee'sworkunderarticle40oftheCovenantandalsoundertheOptionalProtocol.7.2 .2AttheFifteenthMeetingoftheStatesPartiestotheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights,heldatUnitedNationsHeadquarterson16January1996,LordColville(UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland)waselectedtotheseatleftvacantfollowingtheresignationofMrs.Higgins.AlistofthemembersoftheCommitteeanditsofficersappearsinannexIItothepresentreport.8.2 .2AllthemembersoftheCommitteeparticipatedinthefiftyfifthsession.Mr.NisukeAndoandMr.DavidKretzmerattendedonlypartofthefiftysixthsession.@ .D.Solemndeclaration9.2 .2Atthe1474thmeetingoftheCommittee(fiftysixthsession),LordColville,whohadbeenelectedattheFifteenthMeetingoftheStatesPartiestotheCovenant,madeasolemndeclarationinaccordancewitharticle38oftheCovenantbeforeassuminghisfunctions.@ .hE.Workinggroups10.2 .2Inaccordancewithrules62and89ofitsrulesofprocedure,theCommitteeestablishedworkinggroupswhichweretomeetbeforeitsfiftyfifth,fifty-sixthandfiftyseventhsessions.11.2 .2Theworkinggroupestablishedunderrule89wasentrustedwiththetaskofmakingrecommendationstotheCommitteeregardingcommunicationsreceivedundertheOptionalProtocol.Atthefiftyfifthsession,theWorkingGroupwascomposedofMr.TamsBn,Mr.PrafullachandraNatwarlalBhagwati,Mr.ThomasBuergenthal,Mrs.ElizabethEvattandMr.AndreasMavrommatis.ItmetattheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom9to13October1995andelectedMrs.EvattasitsChairperson/Rapporteur.Atthefiftysixthsession,theWorkingGroupwascomposedofMr.DavidKretzmer,Mr.RajsoomerLallah,Mrs.CeciliaMedinaQuiroga,Mr.MavrommatisandMr.JulioPradoVallejo.ItmetatUnitedNationsHeadquartersfrom11to15March1996andelectedMr.MavrommatisasitsChairperson/Rapporteur.Atthefiftyseventhsession,theWorkingGroupwascomposedofMr.Bn,Mr.Bhagwati,Mr.MarcoTulioBruniCelli,Mr.FaustoPocarandMr.PradoVallejo.ItmetattheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom1to5July1996andelectedMr.PocarasitsChairperson/Rapporteur.12.2 .2Theworkinggroupestablishedunderrule62wasmandatedtoprepareconciselistsofissuesconcerningtheinitialandsecond,thirdandfourthperiodicreportstobeconsideredbytheCommittee.ItwasalsomandatedtostudytheCommittee'sworkingmethods,anditsystematicallyhelddiscussionswithrepresentativesofthespecializedagenciesandsubsidiarybodies,particularlytheInternationalLabourOffice,theOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugees,theWorldHealthOrganizationandtheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization,inordertoobtainadvanceinformationonthereportstobeconsideredbytheCommittee.Tothatsameend,theWorkingGroup,whichmetbeforethefiftyseventhsession,metrepresentativesofnon-governmentalorganizations(AmnestyInternational,InternationalAssociationagainstTorture,InternationalCommissionofJurists,InternationalFederationofHumanRightsLeagues,WorldOrganizationagainstTortureandInternationalServiceforHumanRights)toconsidervariousmethodsofcooperation.Atthefiftyfifthsession,theWorkingGroupwascomposedofMr.FranciscoJosAguilarUrbina,Mr.Bn,Mrs.EvattandMr.LaurelFrancis;itmetattheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom9to13October1995andelectedMr.AguilarUrbinaasitsChairperson/Rapporteur.Atthefiftysixthsession,itwascomposedofMr.NisukeAndo,Mr.BruniCelli,Mrs.ChristineChanetandMr.OmranElShafei;itmetatUnitedNationsHeadquartersfrom11to15March1996andelectedMr.AndoasitsChairperson/Rapporteur.Atthefiftyseventhsession,theWorkingGroupwascomposedofMr.AguilarUrbina,Mrs.Evatt,Mr.KretzmerandMr.Francis;itmetattheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom1to5July1996andelectedMrs.EvattasitsChairperson/Rapporteur.@ .F.Othermatters@ .n1.Fiftyfifthsession13.2 .2TheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRightsinformedtheCommitteeofthefinancialdifficultieswithwhichtheUnitedNationswasfacedandtherepercussionsthattheywouldinevitablyhaveontheCommittee'swork,particularlyinregardtothetranslation,reproductionanddistributionofdocuments.HereferredtotheFourthWorldConferenceonWomen,heldatBeijingfrom4to15September1995,andreaffirmedtheprioritythatheaccordedtothefullandcompleterealization,withoutdiscrimination,ofthefundamentalrightsofwomenandtotheirintegrationintheprincipalactivitiesoftheUnitedNationssystem.Hethenpresentedtheresultsofthesixthmeetingofpersonschairinghumanrightstreatybodies,whichwasheldinSeptember1995,andalsothoseoftherecentsessionsoftheCommitteeontheRightsoftheChildandtheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscrimination.@ .n2.Fiftysixthsession14.2 .2TheCommitteewasinformedbytherepresentativeoftheSecretaryGeneraloftherecentactivitiesoftheGeneralAssemblyinregardtohumanrights,particularlyitsresolutions50/170and50/171of22December1995,concerningtheInternationalCovenantsonHumanRightsandtheeffectiveimplementationofinternationalinstrumentsonhumanrights.ThememberswerealsoinformedoftheactivitiesoftheCommitteeonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRights,theCommitteeagainstTorture,theCommitteeontheRightsoftheChildandtheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen.TherepresentativeoftheSecretaryGeneralemphasizedthefinancialdifficultiesthattheOrganizationwasstillencounteringandtheirimpactontheCommittee'swork.@ . 3.Fiftyseventhsession15.2 .2TheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRightsgavesomegeneralinformationonplansforthereorganizationoftheCentreforHumanRights.HeemphasizedtheconsequencesofthefinancialcrisisoftheOrganizationfortheworkoftheCommittee.HealsoreportedontheactivitiesoftheCommissiononHumanRightsatitsfiftysecondsessionandmentionedtheinvitationextendedtotheCommitteeinresolution1996/22,adoptedbytheCommissionon19April1996,toconsiderwhethersinglecomprehensivereportsshouldbesubmitted.16.2 .2TheCommitteeauthorizeditsrepresentativeattheseventhmeetingofpersonschairinghumanrightstreatybodies,scheduledtobeheldinSeptember1996,topointoutthatitsownguidelinesrelatingtotheconsiderationofreportshadbeenpreparedinconformitywiththerequirementsofarticle40,paragraph1,oftheCovenantandthat,inconsequence,itwasneitherlegallyjustifiablenoradvisabletorevisetheprocedureforsubmittingreportstotheCommittee.17.2 .2TheCommitteeextendeditssincerethankstoMr.JakobMller,ChiefoftheCommunicationsBranch,uponhisretirement,fortheactivitieshehadundertakenthroughouthiscareertoassisttheCommittee.@ .6G.Staffresources18.2 .2ThegreatercomplexityandmoreintensivepaceoftheCommittee'soperationsresultingfromtheincreasednumberofStatespartiestotheCovenantandthechangesintheCommittee'smethodsofworkhaveaddedsignificantlytotheworkloadoftheSecretariatinprovidingsubstantiveservicingtotheCommitteeinrelationtothemonitoringofStatepartyreports.ThenumberofcommunicationssubmittedtotheCommitteeundertheOptionalProtocolhasalsogrown.TheCommitteeexpressedthehopethat,withintheframeworkoftheforthcomingrestructuring,thespecializedstaffassignedtoservicetheCommitteeinrelationbothtothemonitoringofStatepartyreportsandtotheconsiderationofcommunicationssubmittedundertheOptionalProtocolwouldbeincreased.@ . H.PublicityfortheworkoftheCommittee19.2 .2TheChairman,accompaniedbyseveraloftheCommittee'sofficersandtheSpecialRapporteuronthefollowupofcommunications,gavepressconferencesateachoftheCommittee'sthreesessions.TheCommitteeexpressedthehopethattheinformationserviceswouldbemorecloselyassociatedwithitsworksoastogiveitgreaterpublicity.TheCommitteenotedwithsatisfactionthegreatinterestinitsworktakenbythenon-governmentalorganizationsandthankedthemfortheinformationprovided.̀I.Documentsandpublicationsrelatingtothework̀oftheCommittee20.2 .2Atthe1513thmeeting(fiftyseventhsession)oftheCommittee,theChiefofConferenceServicesinformedtheCommitteeofthedifficultiesencounteredinthetranslationandreproductionofdocuments,particularlyreportssubmittedbyStatesparties.Hedrewattentiontotherelevantguidelinesandresolutionsonthequestionandstressedthespecificdifficultiesencounteredinconnectionwithvoluminousreports.Healsomentionedthehighcostofsummaryrecords.21.2 .2TheCommitteeexpresseditswillingnesstoconsideranymeasureintendedtoreducecostsprovidedthatthequalityofitsworkandStatepartyobligationsunderarticle40oftheCovenantwerenotjeopardized.22.2 .2TheCommitteenotedthat20volumesoftheOfficialRecordsoftheHumanRightsCommittee(formerlyissuedasYearbookoftheHumanRightsCommittee)hadbeenpublishedinEnglish,coveringtheperiod1977/78-1992/93,andthatthedonationfromtheSasakawaFoundationhadmadeitpossibletoreducethebacklog.Itexpressedthehopethatthatprocesswouldcontinueuntilthebackloghadbeeneliminatedandthattherecordswouldinfuturebepublishedregularlyandwithoutdelay.ItalsostressedthatthedelayinpublishingtheFrenchversionshouldbeeliminatedassoonaspossible.23.2 .2Bearinginmindexistingresources,theCommitteestatedthatpriorityshouldbegiventothetranslationofitssummaryrecords.24.2 .2TheCommitteeagainurgedthattheworkofpublishingvolumeIIIoftheselectionofdecisionsadoptedundertheOptionalProtocolshouldbespeededupsoastoeliminatethebacklogassoonaspossible.Infuture,theselecteddecisionsshouldbepublishedregularlyandingoodtime.@ .J.Adoptionofthereport25.2 .2Atits1529thand1530thmeetings,heldon25and26July1996,theCommitteeconsideredthedraftofitstwentiethannualreport,coveringitsactivitiesatthefiftyfifth,fiftysixthandfiftyseventhsessions,heldin1995and1996.Thereport,asamendedinthecourseofthediscussion,wasadoptedunanimously.ǀII.METHODSOFWORKOFTHECOMMITTEEUNDERARTICLE40OF̀THECOVENANT:OVERVIEWOFPRESENTWORKINGMETHODS26.2 .2Thepresentchapterisintendedtoprovideaconciseandup-to-dateoverviewofthemodificationsrecentlyintroducedbytheCommitteeinitsworkingmethodsunderarticle40oftheCovenantandisparticularlydesignedtomakethecurrentproceduremoretransparentandreadilyaccessible,soastoassistStatespartiesandothersinterestedintheimplementationoftheCovenant.Discussionswereheldonthesequestionsatthe1450thand1458thmeetings(fiftyfifthsession),aswellasatthe1496th,1500thand1501stmeetings(fiftysixthsession).AnaccountofthemethodsofworkusuallyappliedbytheHumanRightsCommitteefortheconsiderationofreportssubmittedbyStatespartiesappearsintheCommittee's1995report.127.2 .2TheCommitteegenerallystressedthatmethodsofworkunderarticle40oftheCovenantshouldbeasflexibleaspossibletopromoteaconstructiveandeffectivedialoguewithdelegationswithaviewtoensuringequalityinthetreatmentofStates.@ .A.Considerationofinitialreportsandperiodicreports28.2 .2TheCommitteefeltthattheonlywaytoestablishafruitfuldialoguewithStatespartieswastoharmonizetheproceduresfollowedintheconsiderationofinitialreportsandperiodicreports.Tothatend,theCommitteebegan,asofitsfiftysixthsession,topreparelistsofissuesfortheconsiderationofinitialreports.Subsequently,theCommitteealsodecidedtochangethewaymeetingsareallocatedfortheconsiderationofreportsbystipulatingthatthreemeetingsshouldhenceforthbereservedfortheconsiderationofinitialreportsandtwomeetingsfortheconsiderationofperiodicreports.29.2 .2Generallyspeaking,thequestionsraisedorallyduringtheconsiderationofreportsshouldberegardedasthedirectcontinuationofthereplies(orlackofreplies)tothewrittenquestionsandnotasadditionalquestions.Themembersare,however,freetoaskquestionswhichdonotappearonthelistofissuesbutwhichtheyconsiderparticularlyimportant.30.2 .2TheCommitteealsodecidedthat,totheextentpossible,thecountryrapporteursshouldbeappointedtwosessionspriortothesessionatwhichthereportforwhichtheyareresponsibleistobeconsidered.AsitisdifficultforsomememberstoparticipateinmeetingsoftheWorkingGroup,alternatecountryrapporteursmaybeappointedfromamongthemembersoftheWorkingGroup.Startingwithitsfiftysixthsession,theCommitteeidentifiedthereportstobeconsideredatthenexttwosessions,itbeingunderstoodthatparticularcircumstances,relatingtoemergencyprocedures,mightnecessitatechangesintheschedule.@ .6B.Overduereports31.2 .2TheCommitteeagaingaveindepthconsiderationtotheproblemsraisedbylongdelaysinthesubmissionofcertainreports.ItstressedthatStatespartiesshouldnotbetreateddifferently,nomatterwhatthesituation.Itnonethelessnotedthat14Stateswerelateinsubmittingatleasttworeportsandthat,ofthose,fivewerelateinsubmittingatleastthreereports.Itrecalledthat,insuchcases,Stateswereinvitedtosubmitanexhaustivereportcoveringtheentireperiodsincetheconsiderationoftheprecedingreport,withanewdatebeingsetforpreparingthefollowingreport,aftertheconsiderationofthereport.32.2 .2TheCommitteealsodecidedthat,underveryexceptionalcircumstances,whenaState'sreportwasoverduebecauseofmaterialdifficulties,theCommitteecouldinviteittosendadelegationtodiscussthosedifficultiesoraskittosubmitaprovisionalreportdealingonlywithcertainprovisionsoftheCovenant.TheCommitteereservedtherighttomakepublicalistofStateswhosereportswereoverdueduringthepressconferencesheldattheendofeachsessionoftheCommittee.@ .4C.Follow-uptotheCommittee'sactivitiesunderarticle4033.2 .2Atitsfiftysixthsession,theCommitteedecidedthat,henceforth,duringeachsession,themembersoftheBureauwouldobservehowthesituationwithregardtoseriousviolationsofhumanrightshadchangedinordertodeterminewhetherthepossibilityofadoptingaspecialdecisioninplenarycouldbeconsidered.TheBureauwasalsogivenparticularresponsibilityfortheimplementationofthedecisiontakenbytheCommitteeatitsfiftysecondsessionthat,"wheretheconsiderationofareportrevealedagravehumanrightssituation,theCommitteecouldrequesttheStatepartyconcernedtoreceiveamissioncomposedofoneormoreofitsmembersinordertoreestablishdialoguewithit,explainthesituationbetterandformulateappropriatesuggestionsorrecommendations".2̀D.ObservationsofStatespartiesontheCommittee's̀concludingcomments34.2 .2SeveralcommunicationswerereceivedatearliersessionscontainingobservationsbyStatespartiesontheCommittee'sconcludingcomments.TheCommitteedecidedthat,henceforth,receiptofthoseobservationswouldbeacknowledgedunderadifferentheadinginthepartoftheannualreportrelatingtothesubmissionofreportsbyStatesparties,andthatthoseStateswouldbeinformedthattheirobservationswouldbegivendueconsiderationbytheCommittee.TheWorkingGrouponarticle40wouldbeaskedtoconsidertheobservationsbyStatesandtosuggestanypossiblemeasurestheCommitteemightwishtotakeinthatregard.&  @ . E.Cooperationwithothertreatymonitoringbodies35.2 .2Atitsfiftysixthandfiftyseventhsessions,theCommitteeconsideredvariousstepsintendedtointensifycooperationbetweentheCommitteeandtheothertreatymonitoringbodieswithintheUnitedNationssystem.It'  ԀdecidedthatmembersoftheCommitteewouldberequestedtofollowdevelopmentsineachofthosebodiesandtoreportthereontotheCommitteeateachsession.FocalpointswerethereforedesignatedfortheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen(Mrs.ElizabethEvattatthefiftysixthsession)andfortheCommitteeagainstTorture(Mr.PrafullachandraNatwarlalBhagwatiatthefiftyseventhsession).Mrs.EvattreportedatthefiftyseventhsessionontheworkoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen.&  @ .F.ReportssubmittedbyStatespartiesunderarticle4036.2 .2TheCommitteenotedthat,increasingly,thereportssubmittedbyStatespartiesunderarticle40oftheCovenantmerelyreproducedthetextsofthe'  laws.TheStateshadtheimpressionthattheyweretherebycomplyingwiththeCommittee'sguidelinescallingforadescriptionofthelegislative,administrativeorothermeasuresinforceinregardtoeachrightguaranteedbytheCovenant.TheCommitteepointedoutthat,insteadofsimplyparaphrasingthelaw,Statesshouldfocusonitspracticalapplication.@ . III.SUBMISSIONOFREPORTSBYSTATESPARTIESUNDER@ . ARTICLE40OFTHECOVENANT37.2 .2Underarticle2,paragraph1,oftheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights,eachStatepartyundertakestorespectandtoensuretoallindividualswithinitsterritoryandsubjecttoitsjurisdictiontherightsrecognizedandenumeratedinpartIIIoftheCovenant.Inconnectionwiththatprovision,article40,paragraph1,oftheCovenantrequiresStatespartiestosubmitreportsonthemeasuresadoptedforandtheprogressachievedintheenjoymentofthevariousrightsandonanyfactorsanddifficultiesthatmightaffecttheimplementationoftheCovenant.StatespartiesundertaketosubmitreportswithinoneyearoftheentryintoforceoftheCovenantfortheStatepartyconcernedandthereafterwhenevertheCommitteesorequests.InordertoassistStatespartiesinsubmittingreports,theHumanRightsCommittee,atitssecondsession,in1977,approvedgeneralguidelinesregardingtheformandcontentsofinitialreports(seeCCPR/C/5/Rev.2).38.2 .2Atitsthirteenthsession,in1981,inaccordancewitharticle40,paragraph1(b),oftheCovenant,theCommitteeadoptedadecisiononperiodicity,requiringStatespartiestosubmitsubsequentreportstotheCommitteeeveryfiveyears.3Atthesamesession,theCommitteeadoptedguidelinesregardingtheformandcontentsofperiodicreportsfromStatespartiesunderarticle40,paragraph1(b),oftheCovenant(seeCCPR/C/20/Rev.2).39.2 .2Atitsthirtyninthsession,in1990,theCommitteeadoptedanamendmenttoitsguidelinesforthesubmissionofinitialandperiodicreportsrelatingtoreportingbyStatespartiesonactiontakeninresponsetotheissuancebytheCommitteeofviewsundertheOptionalProtocol.4Atitsfortysecondsession,in1991,theCommitteereviseditsgeneralguidelinesforthesubmissionofinitialandperiodicreportstotakeintoaccounttheconsolidatedguidelinesfortheinitialpartofthereportsofStatespartiestobesubmittedunderthevariousinternationalhumanrightsinstruments,includingtheCovenant.5Atitsfiftythirdsession,in1995,theCommitteefurtheramendeditsguidelineswitharequesttoStatestoincludeintheirreportsinformationonanyfactorsaffectingtheequalenjoymentbywomenoftherightsprotectedundertheCovenant.@ .A.ReportssubmittedbyStatespartiesunderarticle4040.2 .2Duringtheperiodcoveredbythepresentreport,theCommitteereceived18initialorperiodicreports.InitialreportsweresubmittedbyGabon,Georgia,Lithuania,NigeriaandSlovakia;Bolivia,theCongoandLebanonsubmittedtheirsecondperiodicreports;FranceandPortugalsubmittedtheirthirdperiodicreports;andColombia,Finland,Germany,Iraq,Poland,RomaniaandSenegalsubmittedtheirfourthperiodicreports.TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandsubmittedaspecialreportinresponsetoadecisiontakenbytheCommitteefollowingitsconsiderationofthepartofthefourthperiodicreportoftheUnitedKingdomrelatingtoHongKong(seeparas.4772).&  ԀB.ObservationsofStatespartiesontheCommittee's̀concludingcomments41.2 .2TheCommitteereceivedacommunicationfromtheGovernmentofSriLanka,dated9August1995,regardingtheconsiderationofitsthirdperiodicreportby'  theCommitteeinJuly1995(fiftyfourthsession).ThecommunicationincludedobservationsonthecommentsoftheCommitteecontainedindocumentCCPR/C/79/Add.56.TheGovernment'scommunicationisreproducedindocumentCCPR/C/116.̀C.SpecialdecisionsoftheCommitteeconcerning̀reportsofparticularStates42.2 .2InviewoftheparticulardifficultiesencounteredbyNigeriainimplementingtheCovenant,theChairmanoftheCommitteedecidedon29November1995onthebasisofrule66,paragraph2,ofitsrulesofprocedure,aftertheclosureofthefiftyfifthsession,totransmitthefollowingspecialdecisiontotheGovernmentofNigeriaonbehalfoftheCommittee:@ .Nigeria02 .2 .TheHumanRightsCommittee,throughitsChairmanactingunderrule66,paragraph2,oftheCommittee'srulesofprocedureonbehalfandafterconsultationwiththemembersoftheCommittee,02 .2 .DeeplyconcernedbyrecentexecutionsaftertrialsthatwerenotinconformitywithprovisionsoftheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights,02 .2 .NotingthattheinitialreportofNigeriawasdueforsubmissiontotheCommitteeon28October1994,02 .2 .Actingunderarticle40,paragraph1(b),oftheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights:02 .2 .1. . RequeststheGovernmentofNigeriatosubmititsinitialreportwithoutdelayfordiscussionbytheCommitteeatitsfiftysixthsessioninMarch/April1996and,inanyevent,tosubmitby31January1996areport,insummaryformifnecessary,relatinginparticulartotheapplicationatthepresenttimeofarticles6,7,9and14oftheCovenant;02 .2 .2. . RequeststheSecretaryGeneraltobringthisdecisiontotheattentionoftheGovernmentofNigeria.43.2 .2TheinitialreportofNigeria,submittedon7February1996followingtheabovedecision,wasconsideredatthefiftysixthandfiftyseventhsessions(seeparas.254305below).ǀIV.STATESTHATHAVENOTCOMPLIEDWITHTHEIROBLIGATIONS̀UNDERARTICLE40OFTHECOVENANT44.2 .2StatespartiestotheCovenantmustsubmitthereportsreferredtoinarticle40oftheCovenantontimesothattheCommitteecandulyperformitsfunctionsunderthatarticle.ThosereportsarethebasisofthedialoguebetweentheCommitteeandStatesparties,andanydelayintheirsubmissionmeansaninterruptionofthatprocess.However,seriousdelayshavebeennotedsincetheestablishmentoftheCommittee.Remindersweresenton1March1996toStatespartieswhosereportshadnotbeensubmittedasscheduled.Inaddition,atthesessionofMarch/April1996,themembersoftheBureaumetinNewYorkwiththepermanentrepresentativesofallStatespartieswhoseinitialreport,periodicreportorreportunderaspecialdecisionoftheCommitteehadbeenoverdueformorethanthreeyears.ContactsweremadewiththepermanentrepresentativesofalltheStatesconcerned.Inaddition,duringtheperiodcoveredbythepresentreport,theCommitteetookothermeasurestoinduceStatespartieseffectivelytocarryouttheirreportingobligationunderarticle40oftheCovenant(seeparas.31and32above).45.2 .2Afterreviewingthesituationwithrespecttothelatesubmissionbothofinitialandperiodicreports,theCommitteenotedwithregretthat86StatespartiestotheCovenant,ormorethantwothirdsofallStatesparties,wereinarrearswiththeirreports.TheCommitteeagainconsidereditselfdutyboundtoexpressitsseriousconcernthatsomanyStatespartiesareindefaultoftheirobligationsundertheCovenant.ThatstateofaffairsseriouslyimpedestheCommittee'sabilitytomonitortheimplementationoftheCovenant,anditthereforedecidedtolistinthecoreofitsannualreporttotheGeneralAssembly,asithaddoneinitspreviousannualreports,theStatespartiesthathavemorethanonereportoverdue,aswellasthosethathavenotsubmittedreportsrequestedbyaspecialdecisionoftheCommittee.TheCommitteewishestoreiteratethattheseStatesareinseriousdefaultoftheirobligationsunderarticle40oftheCovenant.@ .Statespartiesthathaveatleasttworeportsoverdueor@ .thathavenotsubmittedareportrequestedbyaspecial@ . decisionoftheCommittee*hi d,dd ,dd",dd ,dd ,Hdd"+  "x"Stateparty6>(' H!d6  Typeofreport6>(' <  "d6  Datedue6>(' H!Hd6  Yearsoverdue6>('  "d6  Numberofreminderssent6>('  "d6 "x"SyrianArabRepublic  SecondThirdFourth  18August1