WPCH ^ ~MYi[[?wY#;z`ڐ H!n|['_/J1$d!kTχqV" ?VO+kRrygK& -kͼ*e=맩\H% ^\ǫ*]q 9ߺ[2@wirSiu^rڮX yˎ~L'yBkKYH<+DtBN]AI0G67lǐn~j3RCO}j tF oGt`NJf3/߀ߪ:&"T%z',{ ßw_cO0m2;᫛7wP5tFii<^wd{cR+_8;L 'UA0 %" 0z" 0" I# 0=Z# 0F# 0P# 1-$ 0$ 1n% 0s&*' 0+E, 0, 0- 0T. 0&. 0& / 0&F/ 0&l/ 0&/ 0&/ 0&/ 0&0 0&*0 0(P0 0(x0 00 B22 D3O22 0H3 0C*4 A Mm4 B'4 0 4U+:m8 1 o89 0 : 0;Z> 0U@7A 0UB7C 07EF^3GH 0ZI^LcM 0#NYP@R^R6T 0: UYFWXM7Y 0ZY^S>_` 0}a 0"b 0vb 0%c 0c 0d 0Ee 0f 0f 0g 0zfh 0h 0i 0lj 0=k 0 l 0l 0m nno>Yn@U 0o>YC@!w!4! 0=!! 0K#$&,1'](:)"<*o^*t+"A-c-..92."k/4/"0"0,1122kf34"s55",6"N6:p67R8t9:P;<8/=g>"D?;f?"@ 0Q@ 1BBnB 0FG 1mGH mHV1 P8Document[8]Document Style0..8` ..`   V$8Document[4]Document Style.. .   V ]8Document[6]Document Style8..  V 8Document[5]Document Style0..  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I '(  @:88o[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXo X A/56/789 X  Fran ais Page  1    J'  @:88o[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXoA/56/789 X Fran aisPage  1  p4Heading 2Underlined Heading Flush Leftb* 8Bullet ListIndented Bullet List0..0` ..` T4Heading 1Centred Heading@a..a  h:Default ParaDefault Paragraph Font        88K ,toc 1toc 1   !        5+ ` hp x (#5  88K ,toc 2toc 2   ` !        5+ ` hp x (#5  8;K ,toc 3toc 3  ` !        5+ ` hp x (#5  8;K ,toc 4toc 4   !        5+ ` hp x (#5  8;K ,toc 5toc 5  h!        5+ ` hp x (#5  88K ,toc 6toc 6   !        5+ ` hp x (#5  8! ,toc 7toc 7            88K ,toc 8toc 8   !        5+ ` hp x (#5  88K ,toc 9toc 9   !        5+ ` hp x (#5  @;K 0index 1index 1  ` !        5+ ` hp x (#5  @8K 0index 2index 2   ` !        5+ ` hp x (#5  P5K 8toa headingtoa heading   !        5+ ` hp x (#5  @-" 0captioncaption       FR  US       ^:_Equation Ca_Equation Caption         <>N9711977E<><>A/51/40(Vol.II)(Suppl)<><><>pWPC  9513 ,, XF}G"?!   ?  ? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?? ? ? ? ? >? ?0 0 0  ??? ?        ?  ? ?   ? ??      ?8 ? ~   ??? ? ??? ? ? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ? ? ?? ??? ?0? x??????~??<???????????? ? ???8x???? ??????x  ?x ?   ?@ #? # #??>???????????? ?????`?`?  ?~??????????????????B8<BpC???C???C??B?B?`B??B??B???B??B???C???B???C??C??C*?C?G?C?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? p?>? <~p??>>x??>?8??<>8??<~??8?8???? ??? ?? ?? > <?   |? ??  x? ?? p?? ??? ?? `?? ?????????????????        ?   ?   ?   ? ?   ?       ?   ? p?#@x?#/?#??>?>?~?????????@ ????? ????????????????? ??? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??   ? ?  ? ?? 8? >???   ? ?  ? `?  `?  p?  p? 0? p?? x? p? ? 0?.??? 0? 0?? 0x  x ? x ?8 ?8 ?<  <   '  -  -?  -?=  ?0?  ?0?? -?`x?? #p? #` ? ? -?-?!? !?? ?! ??? ??  ?    ?~? ?~????? 0? ?  ? ?? >?? <? 8? ? ? ?@ `   ?x   ~  8  ? ??????????????? ?? ? ???? p?? ??`?< >? ?0~ 0?  ? ? ??? ???????????????? ?  ?? ?????`??? ?? ? ? ?? ?? ???? ?   ??   ?   ?  ?  ? ?   ??  ? ?   ~        ? ??  >   ?   ??       8  `  ?? ???   ?  ?    ?p    ?   ?     ?  ?   ?   ??    ?   ?? ?   ?    8 ?  _   ?               ?  ? @  ? ?  8 ~  ?  ?  ?    ?   ? ?  ??  ?   ?       ???? ?       ?? ? ?       ?? 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(GuUNLOGO1.WPG\^)indows7($      {=$USUS.,'F` X'  +@:88Ҁ  *  ڀ  '882 F^' .ThetextofanindividualopinionofoneCommitteememberisappended.(2=$ 3!USUS.,'F` X'   +@:88Ҁ  0  ڀ  {=$USUS.,'F` X'  +@:88Ҁ  *  ڀ  '882 F^' .ThetextofanindividualopinionofoneCommitteememberisappended. C)  @ 8  8 882   @ .$    ڄ " !  @ 8  8 882 H  +  Ӏ    ڀPursuanttorule85oftherulesofprocedure,CommitteememberLaurelFrancisdidnottakepartintheadoptionoftheviews. C)  @ 8  8 88, H  @ .$    ڄ 0 !  @ 8  8 882   +  Ӏ    ڀPursuanttorule85oftherulesofprocedure,CommitteememberJulioPradoVallejodidnottakepartintheapprovaloftheCommittee'sviews.      e !  @ 8  8 882 H  +  Ӏ    ڀPursuanttorule85oftherulesofprocedure,CommitteememberTamsBndidnottakepartintheadoptionoftheviews.ThetextofanindividualopinionofoneCommitteememberisappended. j !  @ 8  8 882 H  +  Ӏ    ڀPursuanttorule85oftherulesofprocedure,CommitteememberLaurelFrancisdidnottakepartintheadoptionoftheviews.ThetextofanindividualopinionofoneCommitteememberisappended.      C)  @ 8  8 882 H  @ .$    ڄ       / !  @ 8  8 882 H  +  Ӏ    ڀPursuanttorule85oftherulesofprocedure,CommitteememberLaurelFrancisdidnotparticipateintheexaminationofthecommunication.      * !  @ 8  8 882 H  +  Ӏ    ڀPursuanttorule85oftherulesofprocedure,CommitteememberTamsBndidnotparticipateintheexaminationofthecommunication.           " !  @ 8  8 882 H  +  Ӏ    ڀPursuanttorule85oftherulesofprocedure,CommitteememberLaurelFrancisdidnottakepartintheadoptionoftheviews. C)  @ 8  8 882 H  @ .$    ڄ {$  882   ThetextofanindividualopinionofoneCommitteememberisappended. a !  @ 8  8 882   +  Ӏ    ڀPursuanttorule85oftherulesofprocedure,CommitteememberLaurelFrancisdidnottakepartintheadoptionoftheviews.ThreeindividualopinionsofsixCommitteemembersareappended. C)  @ 8  8 882   @ .$    ڄ      {$   882 H  ThetextofanindividualopinionoftwoCommitteemembersisappended.           0 !  @ 8  8  882 H  +    Ӏ    ڀPursuanttorule85oftherulesofprocedure,CommitteememberLaurelFrancisdidnottakepartintheadoptionoftheviews. C)  @ 8  8  882 H  @ .$    ڄ  !  @ 8  8 882   +      Ӏ    ڀPursuanttorule85oftherulesofprocedure,CommitteememberLaurelFrancisdidnottakepartintheadoptionoftheviews.ThetextofanindividualopinionbyoneCommitteememberisappended. j !  @ 8  8 882 H  +  Ӏ    ڀPursuanttorule85oftherulesofprocedure,CommitteememberLaurelFrancisdidnottakepartintheadoptionoftheviews.ThetextofanindividualopinionofoneCommitteememberisappended. 0 !  @ 8  8 882 H  +  Ӏ    ڀPursuanttorule85oftherulesofprocedure,CommitteememberElizabethEvattdidnotparticipateintheexaminationofthecommunication. C)  @ 8  8 882   @ .$    ڄ . !  @ 8  8 882   +  Ӏ    ڀPursuanttorule85oftherulesofprocedure,CommitteememberChristineChanetdidnotparticipateintheexaminationofthecommunication. !  @ 8  8 882   Ԁ    ڀThetextofanindividualopinionoffiveCommitteemembersisappended.      1 !  @ 8  8 882   +  Ӏ    ڀPursuanttorule85oftherulesofprocedure,CommitteememberChristineChanetdidnotparticipateintheexaminationofthecommunication.     ("2$ 3!USUS.,'F` X'   +@:88Ҁ  0  /  5u{13Right-Aligned Paragraph NumbersI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)3|c) `CG Timesc PE37P<6X9`("Courier NewTTd6X@`7@) `CG TimesTT PE37P* `CG TimesTTxx PE37xP* `CG TimesTT PE37P) `CG TimesTTO PE37P(3$USUS.,'F` X'  # e37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)U 3!USUS.,'F` X'   UKUS.,q( $$$$Z%A/51/40=sQA=z (  ` @@EOOO߈   ` h   m UnitedNations  `  i   #aPddxDD y mtxDD y yxDDReportofthe i HumanRightsCommitteetm  ytxDDm  tmVolumeII#dPaPGeneralAssembly   b mtbbOfficialRecordsttbtbtbbԀFiftyfirstSession   SupplementNo.40(A/51/40)  |  ttbt    MA/51/40       AMm Reportofthe    HumanRightsCommitteeVolumeIIb mtbbGeneralAssemblyM y  OfficialRecordsttbtbtbbԀFiftyfirstSession s  SupplementNo.40(A/51/40)**)gs=vQA=z (  ` @@Ev*FFv*F--++)UnitedNationsttbtbtbbԀNewYork,1997 -+    ., ttbt'RlF^'44  @  1NOTE   SymbolsofUnitedNationsdocumentsarecomposedofcapitalletterscombinedwithfigures.MentionofsuchasymbolindicatesareferencetoaUnitedNationsdocument. ThepresentdocumentcontainsannexesVIIIandIXofthereportoftheHumanRightsCommittee.ChaptersItoVIIIandannexesItoVIIandXarecontainedinvolumeI.#/#//-  @,ISSN0255-2353#dddP  /-   ?eaUKUK.,  TRX3'3'3' Letter3'TX  +8484@: fX fXC A $ C--B$882 R^$  8@:@dd8H#[Original:English] X H#[7May1997]@\\/CONTENTS$ 88t882$Chapter t ParagraphsPage 8  .38 8 P"88<3 I.  ORGANIZATIONALANDOTHERMATTERS  L    A.  StatespartiestotheInternationalCovenanton x       CivilandPoliticalRights  LP"P"XP" H     B.  SessionsoftheHumanRightsCommittee  LP"P"XP"     C.  Election,membershipandattendance  LP"P"XP" 0    D.  Solemndeclaration  <<KP"P"XP" (    E.  Workinggroups  LP"P"XP" p   F.  Othermatters  LP"P"XP" h   G.  Staffresources  LP"P"XP"    H.  PublicityfortheworkoftheCommittee  LP"P"XP" P   I.  Documentsandpublicationsrelatingtothework H ЀoftheCommittee  L    J.  Adoptionofthereport  LP"P"XP" `  II.  METHODSOFWORKOFTHECOMMITTEEUNDERARTICLE40OF X  ЀTHECOVENANT:OVERVIEWOFPRESENTWORKINGMETHODS  L (!   A.  Considerationofinitialreportsandperiodic p# Ѐreports  L @$   B.  Overduereports  LP"P"XP" 8!&   C.  FollowuptotheCommittee'sactivitiesunder " ( Ѐarticle40  L #P!)   D.  ObservationsofStatespartiesontheCommittee's H%"+ Ѐconcludingcomments  L &#,   E.  Cooperationwithothertreatymonitoringbodies  LP"P"XP" '`%.   F.  ReportssubmittedbyStatespartiesunder X)'0 Ѐarticle40  L (*'1 44 III.  SUBMISSIONOFREPORTSBYSTATESPARTIESUNDER +p)3 ЀARTICLE40OFTHECOVENANT  L ,@*4  h-+5   A.  ReportssubmittedbyStatespartiesunder X Ѐarticle40  L (    @)CONTENTS(continued)3 88t8 8 P"3Chapter t ParagraphsPage  38 8 P"88<3&    B.  ObservationsofStatespartiesontheCommittee's @ Ѐconcludingcomments  L h   C.  SpecialdecisionsoftheCommitteeconcerning  ЀreportsofparticularStates  L  ' IV.  STATESTHATHAVENOTCOMPLIEDWITHTHEIROBLIGATIONS x   ЀUNDERARTICLE40OFTHECOVENANT  L H    V.  CONSIDERATIONOFREPORTSSUBMITTEDBYSTATESPARTIES   ЀUNDERARTICLE40OFTHECOVENANT  L  `    A.  UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthern X  ЀIreland(HongKong)   (    B.  Sweden    p   C.  Estonia    h   D.  Mauritius  L    E.  Spain    P   F.  Zambia    H   G.  Guatemala  L    H.  Nigeria(discussionatthefiftysixthsession)  LP"P"XP" 0   I.  Nigeria(continuedatthefiftyseventhsession)  LP"P"XP" (!   J.  Brazil   L p#   K.  Peru    h %  VI.  GENERALCOMMENTSOFTHECOMMITTEE  L "' 44 VII.  CONSIDERATIONOFCOMMUNICATIONSUNDERTHEOPTIONAL #P!) ЀPROTOCOL    x$ "*   A.  Progressofwork  L &#,   B.  GrowthoftheCommittee'scaseloadunderthe '`%. ЀOptionalProtocol   (0&/   C.  Approachestoexaminingcommunicationsunderthe (*'1 ЀOptionalProtocol  L *(2   D.  Individualopinions  LP"P"XP" ,@*4  h-+5   E.  IssuesconsideredbytheCommittee  LP"P"XP" X    @)CONTENTS(continued)3 88t8 8 P"3Chapter t ParagraphsPage  38 8 P"88<3H8 8,  P"8 8 P"H,,,  F.  EffectiveremedyprovidedbyaStatepartyduring @ ,,,    examinationofacommunication  L h ,,,  G.  RemediescalledforundertheCommittee'sviewsL  ,,,  H.  NoncooperationbyStatespartiesinrespectof  P  Ѐpendingcases   x   88 ,VIII.  FOLLOWUPACTIVITIESUNDERTHEOPTIONALPROTOCOL  L   @0Annexes  `  dd ,I.  STATESPARTIESTOTHEINTERNATIONALCOVENANTONCIVILAND X  ,,,  POLITICALRIGHTSANDTOTHEOPTIONALPROTOCOLSANDSTATESTHAT,,,  HAVEMADETHEDECLARATIONUNDERARTICLE41OFTHECOVENANTASAT,,,  28JULY1996  L p ,,,  A.  StatespartiestotheInternationalCovenantonCiviland h ЀPoliticalRights   8 ,,,  B.  StatespartiestotheOptionalProtocol    ,,,  C.  StatusoftheSecondOptionalProtocol,aimingatthe x  Ѐabolitionofthedeathpenalty   H ,,,  D.  Stateswhichhavemadethedeclarationunderarticle41of  ЀtheCovenant   ` ,,,  E.  ImplementationoftheCovenantinthenewStatesthat X  ,,,    constitutedpartsofformerStatespartiestotheCovenantP"P"XP" (!  ,II.  MEMBERSANDOFFICERSOFTHEHUMANRIGHTSCOMMITTEE,19951996P"P"XP" p#  ,III.  SUBMISSIONOFREPORTSANDADDITIONALINFORMATIONBYSTATES h % ЀPARTIESUNDERARTICLE40OFTHECOVENANTDURINGTHEPERIOD̀UNDERREVIEW   "'  ,IV.  STATUSOFREPORTSCONSIDEREDDURINGTHEPERIODUNDERREVIEWAND #P!) ЀOFREPORTSSTILLPENDINGBEFORETHECOMMITTEE   x$ "* dd ,V.  GENERALCOMMENTSUNDERARTICLE40,PARAGRAPH4,OFTHECOVENANTP"P"XP" &#, ,,,  GeneralcommentNo.25(57)   '`%.  ,VI.  OBSERVATIONSOFSTATESPARTIESUNDERARTICLE40,PARAGRAPH5, X)'0 ЀOFTHECOVENANT   (*'1 ,,,  France   +p)3  ,VII.  STATESPARTIES'DELEGATIONSTHATPARTICIPATEDINTHE h-+5 ЀCONSIDERATIONOFTHEIRRESPECTIVEREPORTSBYTHECOMMITTEEATITS̀FIFTYFIFTH,FIFTYSIXTHANDFIFTYSEVENTHSESSIONS   (    @)CONTENTS(continued)0 88t88, P"0 t Page38 8,  P"88<3  E8 8,  #88, P"E88 ,VIII.  VIEWSOFTHEHUMANRIGHTSCOMMITTEEUNDERARTICLE5,PARAGRAPH4, @ ,,,  OFTHEOPTIONALPROTOCOLTOTHEINTERNATIONALCOVENANTONCIVIL,,,  ANDPOLITICALRIGHTS..............................................""Y#1 8 ,,,  A.  CommunicationNo.373/1989,LennonStephensv.Jamaica(views  ,,,    adoptedon18October1995,fiftyfifthsession)..............""Y#1  P  ,,,  B.  CommunicationNo.390/1990,BernardLubutov.Zambia(views H   ,,,    adoptedon31October1995,fiftyfifthsession)..............L"L"X#11   ,,,    Appendix......................................................L"L"X#16   ,,,  C.  CommunicationsNos.422424/1990,Aduayometal.v.Togo 0  ,,,    (viewsadoptedon12July1996,fiftyseventhsession)........L"L"X#17 X  ,,,    Appendix......................................................L"L"X#23 (  ,,,  D.  CommunicationNo.434/1990,LalSeerattanv.Trinidadand p ,,,    Tobago(viewsadoptedon26October1995,fiftyfifthsession)L"L"X#25 @ ,,,  E.  CommunicationNo.454/1991,EnriqueGarcaPonsv.Spain 8 ,,,    (viewsadoptedon30October1995,fiftyfifthsession).......L"L"X#30  ̀,,,  F.  CommunicationNo.459/1991,OsbourneWrightandEricHarveyv. P ,,,    Jamaica(viewsadoptedon27October1995,fiftyfifth,,,    session)......................................................L"L"X#35 H ,,,  G.  CommunicationNo.461/1991,GeorgeGrahamandArthurMorrison  ,,,    v.Jamaica(viewsadoptedon25March1996,fiftysixth,,,    session)......................................................L"L"X#43 0 ,,,  H.  CommunicationNo.480/1991,JosLuisGarcaFuenzalidav. (! ,,,    Ecuador(viewsadoptedon12July1996,fiftyseventhsession)L"L"X#50 " ,,,  I.  CommunicationNo.505/1992,KtngurAcklav.Togo(views @$ ,,,    adoptedon25March1996,fiftysixthsession)................L"L"X#57 h % ,,,  J.  CommunicationNo.512/1992,DanielPintov.Trinidadand "' ,,,    Tobago(viewsadoptedon16July1996,fiftyseventhsession).L"L"X#61 " ( ,,,  K.  CommunicationNo.519/1992,LyndonMarriottv.Jamaica x$ "* ,,,    (viewsadoptedon27October1995,fiftyfifthsession).......L"L"X#67 H%"+ ,,,  L.  CommunicationNo.521/1992,VladimirKulominv.Hungary &$- ,,,    (viewsadoptedon22March1996,fiftysixthsession).........L"L"X#73 '`%. ,,,    Appendix......................................................L"L"X#83 (0&/ ,,,  M.  CommunicationNo.523/1992,ClydeNeptunev.Trinidadand (*'1 ,,,    Tobago(viewsadoptedon16July1996,fiftyseventhsession).L"L"X#84 *(2 ,,,  N.  CommunicationNo.527/1993,UtonLewisv.Jamaica(views ,@*4 ,,,    adoptedon18July1996,fiftyseventhsession)...............L"L"X#89 h-+5 ЀAppendix......................................................L"L"X#97 X   ( @)CONTENTS(continued)0 88t88, #0 t Page088,  #88<0  ?88,  #88, #?,,,  O.  CommunicationNo.537/1993,PaulAnthonyKellyv.Jamaica @ ,,,    (viewsadoptedon17July1996,fiftyseventhsession)........L"L"X#98 h ,,,,,,  P.  CommunicationNo.540/1993,CelisLaureanov.Peru(views  ,,,    adoptedon25March1996,fiftysixthsession)................!!W#108  P  ,,,  Q.  CommunicationNo.542/1993,KatombeL.Tshishimbiv.Zaire H   ,,,    (viewsadoptedon25March1996,fiftysixthsession).........!!W#116   ,,,  R.  CommunicationNo.546/1993,RicklyBurrellv.Jamaica(views  `  ,,,    adoptedon18July1996,fiftyseventhsession)...............!!W#121 0  ,,,  S.  CommunicationNo.563/1993,NydiaBautistadeArellanav. (  ,,,    Colombia(viewsadoptedon27October1995,fiftyfifth,,,    session)......................................................!!W#132 p ,,,  T.  CommunicationNo.566/1993,IvanSomersv.Hungary(views h ,,,    adoptedon23July1996,fiftyseventhsession)...............!!W#144 8 ,,,  U.  CommunicationNo.571/1994,EustaceHenryandEveraldDouglas  ,,,    v.Jamaica(viewsadoptedon25July1996,fiftyseventh,,,    session)......................................................!!W#155 x  ,,,  V.  CommunicationNo.586/1994,JosefFrankAdamv.theCzech  ,,,    Republic(viewsadoptedon23July1996,fiftyseventh,,,    session)......................................................!!W#165 ` ЀAppendix......................................................!!W#173 0 ,,,  W.  CommunicationNo.588/1994,ErrolJohnsonv.Jamaica(views (! ,,,    adoptedon22March1996,fiftysixthsession)................!!W#174 " ЀAppendix......................................................!!W#183 p# ,,,  X.  CommunicationNo.589/1994,CraftonTomlinv.Jamaica(views h % ,,,    adoptedon16July1996,fiftyseventhsession)...............!!W#191 8!& ,,,  Y.  CommunicationNo.596/1994,DennieChaplinv.Jamaica(views " ( ,,,    adoptedon2November1995,fiftyfifthsession)..............!!W#197 #P!) ЀAppendix......................................................!!W#205 x$ "* ,,,  Z.  CommunicationNo.597/1994,PeterGrantv.Jamaica(views &#, ,,,    adoptedon22March1996,fiftysixthsession)................!!W#206 &$- ,,,  AA.  CommunicationNo.598/1994,CarlSterlingv.Jamaica (0&/ ,,,    (viewsadoptedon22July1996,fiftyseventhsession)........!!W#214 X)'0 ,,,  BB.  CommunicationNo.599/1994,WayneSpencev.Jamaica(views *(2 ,,,    adoptedon18July1996,fiftyseventhsession)...............!!W#219 +p)3 ЀAppendix......................................................!!W#223 ,@*4  h-+5 ,,,  CC.  CommunicationNo.600/1994,DwayneHyltonv.Jamaica(views X ,,,    adoptedon16July1996,fiftyseventhsession)...............!!W#224 ( ЀAppendix......................................................!!W#230  @)CONTENTS(continued)- 88t88, #- t Page 8 38 8,  |#88<3 ,IX.  DECISIONSOFTHEHUMANRIGHTSCOMMITTEEDECLARINGCOMMUNICATIONS  ЀINADMISSIBLEUNDERTHEOPTIONALPROTOCOLTOTHEINTERNATIONAL,,,  COVENANTONCIVILANDPOLITICALRIGHTS............................P"P"X|#231 x   ,,,  A.  CommunicationNo.472/1991,J.P.L.v.France(decision   ,,,    adoptedon26October1995,fiftyfifthsession)..............P"P"X|#231   ,,,,,,  B.  CommunicationNo.557/1993,X.v.Australia(decisionadopted X  ,,,    on16July1996,fiftyseventhsession).......................P"P"X|#235 (  ,,,,,,  C.  CommunicationNo.573/1994,HarryAtkinsonetal.v.Canada @ Ѐ(decisionadoptedon31October1995,fiftyfifthsession)....P"P"X|#243 h ,,,,,,  D.  CommunicationNo.584/1994,AntoniusValentijnv.France  Ѐ(decisionadoptedon22July1996,fiftyseventhsession).....P"P"X|#253 P ,,,  E.  CommunicationNo.608/1995,FranzNahlikv.Austria(decision H Ѐadoptedon22July1996,fiftyseventhsession)...............P"P"X|#259  ЀAppendix......................................................P"P"X|#263  ,,,  F.  CommunicationNo.638/1995,EdwardLacikav.Canada(decision 0 Ѐadoptedon3November1995,fiftyfifthsession)..............P"P"X|#265 X  ,,,  G.  CommunicationNo.645/1995,VaihereBordesetal.v.France " Ѐ(decisionadoptedon22July1996,fiftyseventhsession).....P"P"X|#267 p# ,,,,,,  H.  CommunicationNo.656/1995,V.E.M.v.Spain(decisionadopted 8!& ,,,    on30October1995,fiftyfifthsession)......................P"P"X|#274 "' ,,,  I.  CommunicationNo.657/1995,GerritvanderEntv.the #P!) ЀNetherlands(decisionadoptedon3November1995,fiftyfifth,,,    session)......................................................P"P"X|#276 H%"+ ,,,,,,  J.  CommunicationNo.660/1995,CornelisJ.Koningv.the '`%. ЀNetherlands(decisionadoptedon3November1995,fiftyfifth,,,    session)......................................................P"P"X|#278 X)'0 ,,,  K.  CommunicationNo.664/1995,GesinaKruytAmeszetal.v.the *(2 ЀNetherlands(decisionadoptedon25March1996,fiftysixth,,,    session)......................................................P"P"X|#280 ,@*4  h-+5 dd ,X.  LISTOFDOCUMENTSISSUEDDURINGTHEREPORTINGPERIOD X 3 8,  88, |#3  p @.ANNEXVIIÌViewsoftheHumanRightsCommitteeunderarticle5,paragraph4,  ЀoftheOptionalProtocoltotheInternationalCovenantonCivil p @)andPoliticalRights @ ̀A.CommunicationNo.373/1989,LennonStephensv.Jamaica  0 , (viewsadoptedon18October1995,fiftyfifthsession),#,# '882 H8,'Submittedby:   H LennonStephens[representedbycounsel] x   Victim:     H Theauthor   Stateparty:   H Jamaica  `  Dateofcommunication: H 20July1989(initialsubmission) X  Dateofdecisiononadmissibility: H 12October1994   2 TheHumanRightsCommittee,establishedunderarticle28ofthe @ InternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights, 2 Meetingon18October1995,   2 HavingconcludeditsconsiderationofcommunicationNo.373/1989,submitted P totheHumanRightsCommitteebyMr.LennonStephensundertheOptionalProtocoltotheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights, 2 Havingtakenintoaccountallwritteninformationmadeavailabletoitby  theauthorofthecommunication,hiscounselandtheStateparty, 2 Adoptsitsviewsunderarticle5,paragraph4,oftheOptionalProtocol. X  1. 2 Theauthorofthecommunication(initialsubmissiondated20July1989and " subsequentcorrespondence)isLennonStephens,aJamaicansentencedtodeathin1984,currentlyservingasentenceoflifeimprisonmentattheRehabilitationCentreinKingston.Heresubmitshiscomplaint,whichhadearlier,on26July1988,beendeclaredinadmissibleonthegroundofnon-exhaustionofdomesticremedies,sincetheauthorhadnotthensoughtleavetoappealtotheJudicialCommitteeofthePrivyCouncil.On6March1989,theJudicialCommitteedismissedtheauthor'spetitionforspecialleavetoappeal.TheauthornowclaimstobeavictimofviolationsbyJamaicaofarticle7,article9,paragraphs2to4,article10,paragraph1,andarticle14,paragraphs3(c)and5,oftheCovenant.Heisrepresentedbycounsel.Thefactsassubmittedbytheauthor '`%. 2.1 2 TheauthorisaccusedofhavingmurderedGeorgeLawrenceintheParishof X)'0 Westmoreland,atapproximately11a.m.on22February1983.Thevictim'sbodywasneverrecovered.Theprosecutionreliedontheevidenceofthreewitnesses,whohadbeenworkingtogetherwith,orinthevicinityof,theauthoronthepropertyofaMr.WillistonatCharlemont,Westmoreland.Thus,witnessLinfordRichardsontestifiedthathesawtheauthorandthedeceased"wrestling"when h-+5 thegunwasdischarged.Thesamewitnesssaidthathesawtheauthorwrapthebodyintarpaulinandcarryitaway.Asecondwitness,SylvesterStone,  ( testifiedthatheheardanexplosion,ranoutsideandsawtheauthorstanding"overaman"whowaslyingontheground.Thethirdwitness,acontractor,statedthathehadseentheauthorrunningafter"aman"(whomhedidnotidentify),thattheauthorcaughtupwiththeman,uponwhichbothstopped.Thewitnesstestifiedthattheauthorthentooksomethingfromhispocketandgesturedwithitinthedirectionoftheotherman,uponwhichtherewasanexplosionandtheothermandroppedtotheground.2.2 2 Theauthorcontended,inaswornstatementduringthetrial,thatonthe  dayinquestionhewasworkingonthepropertyofMr.WillistonwhenthedeceasedapproachedhimwithsomethingshapedlikeagununderhiswaistandaskedtoseeMr.Williston.TheauthorchallengedMr.LawrenceinthebeliefthatthelatterintendedtoharmMr.Williston,whereuponthedeceasedwentforthegun.Theauthorwrestledwiththedeceased,andduringthefight,thegunwentoffandthedeceasedfelltotheground.Theauthorwenthome,toldhismotherwhathadhappenedandthensurrenderedtothepolice.2.3 2 Aftersurrenderingtothepoliceon22February1983,theauthorwas (  detained.Itissubmittedthattheinvestigatingofficer,DetectiveInspectorBenLashley,onlycautionedhimon2March1983,thatis,eightdayslater,tellinghimthat"hewasconductinginvestigationsintoacaseofmurder"andthatitwasalleged"thatheshotoneGeorgeLawrence".2.4 2 TheauthorwassubsequentlyaccusedofmurderandtriedintheWestmoreland  CircuitCourton21and22February1984.Hewasfoundguiltyaschargedandsentencedtodeathon22February1984.HisappealwasdismissedbytheCourtofAppealon4February1987,nearlythreeyearslater.Asstatedbefore,theJudicialCommitteeofthePrivyCouncildismissedtheauthor'spetitionforspecialleavetoappealon6March1989.2.5 2 Astothecourseofthetrial,theauthorcontendsthatthetrialjudge ` failedtodirectthejuryproperlyontheissueofself-defence,althoughhehadindicatedthathewoulddoso.Hefurtherindicatesthatoneoftheprosecutionwitnesseswasthedeceased'suncle,whohadhadpreviousseriousbutunspecifieddifferenceswiththeauthor.2.6 2 Throughoutthetrialandappeal,theauthorwasrepresentedbylegalaid @$ attorneys.ALondonlawfirmrepresentedhimprobonobeforetheJudicialCommitteeofthePrivyCouncil.2.7 2 Theauthorcontendsthathehasexhausteddomesticremedies.Henotesthat " ( whilehecouldtheoreticallystillfileaconstitutionalmotion,thatremedyisnotinrealityavailabletohim,asheisdestituteandnolegalaidismadeavailablebytheStatepartyforthepurposeofconstitutionalmotions.Thecomplaint &$- 3.1 2 CounselsubmitsthatMr.Stephensisavictimofaviolationofarticles7 (0&/ and10,paragraph1,oftheCovenantbecauseofhisdetention,for7yearsand10months,ondeathrow.HenotesthatbetweenhisconvictioninFebruary1984andhisclassificationasanon-capitaloffender,atheauthorwasconfinedto *(2 deathrowunderdeplorableconditions,constantlyfacingtheprospectofimminentexecution.Counselnotesthatsuchaprolongedperiodofdetentionunderconditionsofconstantanxietyand"agonyofsuspense"amountstocruel h-+5 andinhumantreatmentwithinthemeaningofarticle7.ReferenceismadetothejudgementoftheJudicialCommitteeofthePrivyCouncilinthecaseofPratt ( andMorgan,inwhichthecomplainants'prolongeddetentionondeathrowwasheld  tobecontrarytosection17(1)oftheJamaicanConstitution.b p 3.2 2 Counselfurtherclaimsaviolationofarticle10,paragraph1,ofthe h Covenant,becauseofthebadconditionsofdetentiontheauthorwas,andremains,subjectedto.Hedoessobyreferencetotworeportsfromtwonon-governmentalorganizationsonprisonconditionsinJamaica(May1990)andondeathsandilltreatmentofprisonersatSt.CatherineDistrictPrison,wheretheauthorwasdetaineduntilDecember1992.Thereportscomplainaboutgrossovercrowding,totallackofsanitationandmedicalordentalcare,inadequatefoodintermsofnutrition,quantityandquality,andlengthyconfinementincells.3.3 2 Itissubmittedthatthecircumstancesoftheauthor'spretrialdetention 0  amounttoaviolationofarticle9,paragraphs2to4,oftheCovenant.Thus,thetrialtranscriptrevealsthattheauthorwasdetainedon22February1983butonly"cautioned"eightdayslater(2March1983).Thatsituation,itissubmitted,iscontrarytoarticle9,paragraph2,whichrequiresthatageneraldescriptionofthereasonsforthearrestmustbegivenwhenitoccursandthat,subsequently,thespecificlegalreasonsmustbeprovided.Itisclaimedthatinviewoftheeightdaydelaybetweenarrestand"cautioning",theauthorwasnot"promptlyinformedofanychargesagainsthim".3.4 2 Thesituationdescribedaboveisalsosaidtoamounttoaviolationof P article9,paragraph3:asMr.Stephenswasonlychargedeightdaysafterbeingdetained,hewasnot"promptly"broughtbeforeajudicialofficerwithinthemeaningofthatprovision.ReferenceismadetoanumberofviewsadoptedbytheCommittee.cConsequently,hisrightsunderarticle9,paragraph4,were  alsoviolated,ashewasnotaffordedinduecoursetheopportunitytoobtain,onhisowninitiative,adecisiononthelawfulnessofhisdetentionbyacourtoflaw.3.5 2 Itissubmittedthatadelayofalmostthreeyears(35andahalfmonths) " betweenconvictionandappealamountstoaviolationofarticle14,paragraphs3(c)and5,oftheCovenant.CounselconcedesthatthereasonsforthedelayremainuncleardespitemanyattemptsbyhislawfirmandtheJamaicaCouncilforHumanRightstocontacttheauthor'slawyerforthetrialandtoascertainthereasonsforthedelay.Heemphasizes,however,thatMr.Stephensdidnothingtocause,orcontributeto,thedelaybetweenhisconvictionandthehearingoftheappeal.Thesamedelayisalsosaidtoconstituteaviolationofarticle14,paragraph1,byreferencetotheCommittee'sviewsinMuozv.Peru, x$ "* inwhichitwasheldthat"theconceptofafairhearingnecessarilyentailsthatjusticeberenderedwithoutunduedelay".d &#, 3.6 2 Finally,counselsubmitsthattheauthorhasbeensubjectedtoill '`%. treatmentbyprisonwardersofSt.CatherineDistrictPrison,inviolationofarticles7and10,paragraph1,oftheCovenant.Thus,inthecourseof1991,awarderallegedlyhittheauthorovertheheaduntilhelostconsciousnessandhadtobetakentohospital.InaquestionnairefilledoutbytheauthorfortheJamaicaCouncilforHumanRights,henotesthat"hestillhasproblemswithhisrighteyeasaresult".TheOfficeoftheParliamentaryOmbudsmanwascontactedaboutthematter,andhisoffice,inaletterdated21September1993 h-+5 addressedtocounsel,repliedthattheissue"wouldreceivethemostpromptattention".However,nofurtheractionhadbeentakenbytheOmbudsmanasofthespringof1994.Counselarguesthattheauthorhasexhaustedavailabledomesticremediesinrespectofthecomplaint,asthelackofrepliesfromtheOmbudsmanandotherbodiesinJamaicahasmadeitvirtuallyimpossibletopursuethecomplaintfurther.TheStateparty'sinformationonadmissibilityandtheauthor'scommentsthereon  4.1 2 On15September1989,thecommunicationwastransmittedtotheStateparty  P  underrule86oftherulesofprocedureoftheCommittee;theStatepartywasrequestednottoexecutetheauthorwhilehiscasewaspendingbeforetheCommittee.TheStatepartywasfurtherinformedthatadditionalclarificationswerebeingsoughtfromtheauthorandhiscounsel.Somelimitedclarificationsfromtheauthorwerereceivedin1990and1991.DuringtheCommittee'sfortyfifthsession,inJuly1992,itwasdecidedtotransmitthecommunicationtotheStatepartyunderrule91oftherulesofprocedure,seekinginformationandobservationsabouttheadmissibilityofthecase.Therequestunderrule86wasreiterated.BothrequestsweretransmittedtotheStatepartyon5September1992.4.2 2 Inasubmissiondated27April1993,theStatepartyregretsthat"inthe h absenceofacommunicationsettingoutthefactsonwhichtheauthor'scomplaintsarebased,aswellasthearticlesoftheCovenantwhichareallegedtohavebeenviolated,itwillnotbepossibletopreparearesponsefortheCommittee".ThesubmissioncrossedwitharemindersenttotheStatepartybytheCommitteeon6May1993;on28July1993,theStateforwardedanadditionalsubmission.4.3 2 Inthelattersubmission,theStatepartynotesthat"itappearsthatthe  authoriscomplainingofbreachesofarticles7and10oftheCovenant".IntheStateparty'sopinion,thatcomplaintisinadmissibleonthegroundsofnon-exhaustionofdomesticremedies.Thus,theauthorretainstherighttoseekconstitutionalredressfortheallegedviolationofhisrights,bywayofconstitutionalmotion.Furthermore,theauthorwouldbeentitled"tobringacivilactionfordamagesforassaultinrelationtoanyinjuriesheallegedlysustainedasaresultofilltreatmentduringhisincarceration.ThisisanotherremedytobeexhaustedbeforethecommunicationiseligibleforconsiderationbytheCommittee."5.1 2 InhiscommentsontheStatepartysubmissions,dated17March1994, " ( counselputsforwardseveralnewclaims,whicharedetailedinparagraphs3.1and3.3to3.5above.Inparticular,hesubmitsthataconstitutionalmotionwouldnotbeanavailableandeffectiveremedyinthecircumstancesoftheauthor'scase,asMr.Stephensispennilessandnolegalaidismadeavailableforconstitutionalmotions.5.2 2 Counsel'scommentsweretransmitted,togetherwithalltheenclosures,to (0&/ theStatepartyon5May1994,withafurtherrequestforcommentsandobservationsoncounsel'ssubmission.NofurthersubmissionhadbeenreceivedfromtheStatepartyasof30September1994.TheCommittee'sadmissibilitydecision ,@*4  h-+5 6.1 2 TheCommitteeconsideredtheadmissibilityofthecommunicationduringits X fiftysecondsession.ItnotedtheStateparty'scriticismreferredtoinparagraph4.2abovebutrecalledthat,undertheOptionalProtocolprocedure,itwasnotnecessaryforanindividualwhoclaimstobeavictimofaviolationofanyoftherightssetforthintheCovenantexplicitlytoinvokethearticlesoftheCovenant.ItwasclearlyapparentfromthematerialtransmittedtotheStatepartythattheauthorcomplainedaboutissuesrelatedtohisconditionsofdetentionandhisrighttoafairtrial.6.2 2 TheCommitteenotedthatpartoftheauthor'sallegationsrelatedtothe  P  instructionsgivenbythejudgetothejurywithregardtotheevaluationofevidenceandthequestionofwhetherselfdefencearoseinthecase.ItreaffirmedthatitisinprinciplefortheappellatecourtsofStatespartiestoreviewspecificinstructionstothejurybythejudge,unlessitisclearthatsaidinstructionswerearbitraryoramountedtoadenialofjusticeorthatthejudgemanifestlyviolatedhisobligationofimpartiality.ThematerialbeforetheCommitteedidnotshowthatthejudge'sinstructionstothejuryinthecasesufferedfromsuchdefects;inparticular,theissueofselfdefencewasputtothejuryinsomedetail.Thatpartofthecommunicationwasthereforedeemedinadmissibleunderarticle3oftheOptionalProtocol.6.3 2 Concerningtheclaimsunderarticles7and10oftheCovenant,relatingto h prisonconditionsingeneral,theCommitteefirstnotedthatcounselhadaddressedtheissueofprisonconditionsmerelybyreferencetotworeportsfromnon-governmentalorganizationsonprisonconditionsinJamaica,withoutconsideringMr.Stephens'personalsituationondeathroworattheRehabilitationCentreinKingston.ItisfurthernotapparentthatthecomplaintshadeverbeenbroughttotheattentionofthecompetentJamaicanauthorities.Accordingly,thoseclaimswereinadmissibleunderarticle5,paragraph2(b),oftheProtocol.6.4 2 TheCommitteenotedcounsel'scontentionthattheeightyearsand10months 0 whichMr.Stephensspentondeathrowamountedtoaviolationofarticle7oftheCovenant.WhilethatissuehadnotbeenplacedbeforetheJamaicancourtsbywayofconstitutionalmotions,itwasuncontestedthatnolegalaidwasmadeavailableforthatpurposeandthattheauthorwasdependentonlegalaid.Inthecircumstances,theCommitteedidnotconsideraconstitutionalmotiontobeaneffectiveremedyinrespectofthatclaim.6.5 2 Withrespecttotheclaimoftheauthor'silltreatmentondeathrowduring "' 1991,theCommitteenotedtheStateparty'sclaimthatthecasewasinadmissiblebecauseoftheauthor'sfailuretofileaconstitutionalmotionundersection25oftheJamaicanConstitution.ItrecalledthattheauthorandhiscounselattemptedtohavetheallegedilltreatmentofMr.Steph