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(G`UNLOGO1.WPG _ )  Rl@..$    ڄ k )  882   @ .$    ڄ t )  #882 8#  @ .$    ڄ Q )   @ .$    ڄ Q )   @ .$    ڄ Q )   @ .$    ڄ Q )   @ .$    ڄ Q )   @ .$    ڄ Q )   @ .$    ڄ t )  #88,  ,#  @ .$    ڄ Q )   @ .$    ڄ Q )   @ .$    ڄ k )  882   @ .$    ڄ($     v!  882   +̀    ڀCERD/C/304/Add.34.Seealsoparas.409438ofthepresentreport.9725516(E)171097301097@ .130( 2 $ v2!UKUS.,  TRX3'3'3' Letter3'TX  +88   fX fXC  $#xC--$882 X$  ++Ӏ  0  ڀ( "2$ v2!UKUS.,  TRX3'3'3' Letter3'TX  +88   fX fXC  $#xC--$882 X$  ++Ӏ  0    5u{13Right-Aligned Paragraph NumbersI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)#|d<6X9`(Courierd6X@`7@) `CG Times PE37P* `CG Timesxx PE37xP* `CG Times PE37P) `CG Timesc PE37P) `CG TimesO PE37P(2$UKUS.,  TRX3'3'3' Letter3'TX  +88   fX fXC  $#xC--$882 X$# e37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)\^) oU v2!UKUS.,  TRX3'3'3' Letter3'TX  +88   fX fXC  $ C--$882 X$  [ 8hX88##Z%A/52/18']O?;z (  ` @ H@EOOO߈   F T   ^J    UnitedNations  F  O_   #aPdd^x y ^J_x y y^xReportofthe O CommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscrimination_J  y_x^J  _J#dPaPGeneralAssembly   ^% ^J_%^%OfficialRecords_2_%^2_2^%^2_%^%ԀFiftysecondSession A  SupplementNo.18(A/52/18)  e  _2_%^2_2    MA/52/18      E^) `CG TimesEReportoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscrimination#dPE_* `CG TimesEGeneralAssembly  OfficialRecordsE^) `CG TimesEE_* `CG TimesEԀFiftysecondSessionSupplementNo.18(A/52/18) * `'aO?;z (  ` @ H@` - UnitedNationsE^) `CG TimesEE_* `CG TimesEԀNewYork,1997  E^) `CG TimesERl 4  4    @.. NOTESymbolsofUnitedNationsdocumentsarecomposedofcapitalletterscombinedwithfigures.MentionofsuchasymbolindicatesareferencetoaUnitedNationsdocument. #/ @..ISSN0252-1261#dd  UK     \R3'\ X      + 8  8 C<6X9`(CourierC(  $(b882   #d#  #..[Original:English]#..[26September1997]@..\CONTENTS 88tChaptert..tParagraphsPage   , )8 8 P")Letteroftransmittal..................................................P" .$!vii .I. .ORGANIZATIONALANDRELATEDMATTERS................... .<113P" .!1 . .A. .StatespartiestotheInternationalConventionon . . .theEliminationofAllFormsofRacial . . .Discrimination.................................... .<12P" .!1 . .B. .Sessionsandagenda............................... .<34P" .!1 . .C. .Membershipandattendance......................... .<57P" .!1 . .D. .OfficersoftheCommitteeontheEliminationof . . .RacialDiscrimination.............................8P" .!3 . .E. .CooperationwiththeInternationalLabour . . .OrganizationandtheUnitedNationsEducational, . . .ScientificandCulturalOrganization.............. .<910P" .!3 . .F. .Othermatters..................................... .1112P" .!3 . .G. .Adoptionofthereport............................13P" .!3 .II. .PREVENTIONOFRACIALDISCRIMINATION,INCLUDINGEARLY . .WARNINGANDURGENTPROCEDURES......................... .1419P" .!4 . .DecisionsadoptedbytheCommitteeatitsfiftyfirst . .session..........................................................P" .!5 . .Decision1(51)onIsrael........................................P" .!5 . .Decision2(51)onBosniaandHerzegovina........................P" .!6 . .Decision3(51)ontheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo..........P" .!7 . .Decision4(51)onPapuaNewGuinea..............................P" .!8 .4III. .CONSIDERATIONOFREPORTS,COMMENTSANDINFORMATION . .SUBMITTEDBYSTATESPARTIESUNDERARTICLE9OFTHE . .CONVENTION........................................... .20637P" .!9 . .UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland. .2151P" .!9 . .Afghanistan.......................................... .5256P" .!13 . .Bahamas.............................................. .5759P" .!14 . .DominicanRepublic................................... .6062P" .!14̇@ .CONTENTS(continued) 88tChaptert .tParagraphsPage   , )8 8 P") . .Guatemala............................................ .6399P" .!14 . .Belarus.............................................. .t100125P" .!18 . .Luxembourg........................................... .t126145P" .!22 . .Jordan............................................... .t146148P" .!24 . .Nepal................................................ .t149151P" .!24 . .Germany.............................................. .t152175P" .!25 . .Pakistan............................................. .t176209P" .!28 . .Belgium.............................................. .t210234P" .!31 . .Cameroon............................................. .t235238P" .!35 . .Iceland.............................................. .t239254P" .!35 . .Iraq................................................. .t255274P" .!37 . .Bulgaria............................................. .t275295P" .!39 . .Mexico............................................... .t296327P" .!42 . .Panama............................................... .t328357P" .!46 . .Swaziland............................................ .t358369P" .!49 . .Rwanda............................................... .t370373P" .!50 . .Seychelles........................................... .t374376P" .!51 . .Mongolia............................................. .t377379P" .!51 . .Algeria.............................................. .t380405P" .!52 . .Ethiopia............................................. .t406408P" .!55 . .Philippines.......................................... .t409438P" .!55 . .Denmark.............................................. .t439461P" .!59 . .Poland............................................... .t462483P" .!62 . .Guyana............................................... .t484486P" .!64 . .Suriname............................................. .t487489P" .!65 . .Sweden............................................... .t490511P" .!65 . .TheFormerYugoslavRepublicofMacedonia............ .t512529P" .!67̇@ .CONTENTS(continued) 88tChaptert .tParagraphsPage   , )8 8 P") . .Argentina............................................ .t530561P" .!69 . .Burundi.............................................. .t562593P" .!73 . .Norway............................................... .t594618P" .!77 . .BurkinaFaso......................................... .t619637P" .!80 .IV. .CONSIDERATIONOFCOMMUNICATIONSUNDERARTICLE14OF . .THECONVENTION....................................... .t638644P" .!82 .V. .CONSIDERATIONOFCOPIESOFPETITIONS,COPIESOF . .REPORTSANDOTHERINFORMATIONRELATINGTOTRUSTAND . .NONSELFGOVERNINGTERRITORIESANDTOALLOTHER . .TERRITORIESTOWHICHGENERALASSEMBLYRESOLUTION . .1514(XV)APPLIES,INCONFORMITYWITHARTICLE15OF . .THECONVENTION....................................... .t645648P" .!84 .VI. .ACTIONBYTHEGENERALASSEMBLYATITSFIFTYFIRST . .SESSION.............................................. .t649661P" .!85 .4VII. .SUBMISSIONOFREPORTSBYSTATESPARTIESUNDER . .ARTICLE9OFTHECONVENTION.......................... .t662663P" .!88 . .A. .ReportsreceivedbytheCommittee................662P" .!88 . .B. .ReportsnotyetreceivedbytheCommittee........663P" .!90 .VIII. .THIRDDECADETOCOMBATRACISMANDRACIAL . .DISCRIMINATION....................................... .t664669P" .$!100 .IX. .OVERVIEWOFTHEMETHODSOFWORKOFTHECOMMITTEE..... .t670671P" .$!102@ .Annexes .I. .StatusoftheConvention.........................................P" .$!103 . .A. .StatespartiestotheInternationalConventiononthe . . .EliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination(148),asat . . .22August1997...............................................P" .$!103 . .B. .Statespartiesthathavemadethedeclarationunder . . .article14,paragraph1,oftheConvention(24),asat . . .22August1997...............................................P" .$!107 . .C. .Statespartiesthathaveacceptedtheamendmentstothe . . .ConventionadoptedattheFourteenthMeetingofStates . . .Parties(23)asat22August1997...........................P" .$!107P" .P" .II. .Agendasofthefiftiethandfiftyfirstsessions.................P" .$!109 . .A. .Fiftiethsession.............................................P" .$!109@ .CONTENTS(continued) 88tt .tPage   , )8 8 P") . .B. .Fiftyfirstsession..........................................P" .$!109 .4III. .DecisionoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacial . .Discriminationunderarticle14oftheInternationalConventionon . .theEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination............P" .$!111 .IV. .DocumentsreceivedbytheCommitteeatitsfiftiethandfifty . .firstsessionsinconformitywitharticle15oftheConvention...P" .$!121 .V. .GeneralRecommendation,ontherightsofindigenouspeoples, . .adoptedbytheCommitteeatits1235thmeeting,on . .18August1997...................................................P" .$!122 .VI. .CountryrapporteursforreportsconsideredbytheCommitteeat . .itsfiftiethandfiftyfirstsessions............................P" .$!124 .4VII. .Listofdocumentsissuedforthefiftiethandfiftyfirstsessions . .oftheCommittee.................................................P" .$!128 .VIII. .CommentsoftheGovernmentofthePhilippinesontheconcluding . .observationsadoptedbytheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacial . .Discriminationontheeleventhtofourteenthperiodicreportsof . .thePhilippinespresentedduringthefiftyfirstsessionofthe . .Committee........................................................P" .$!130@ .LETTEROFTRANSMITTAL# .(26August1997Sir,882 2 .2TheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationwas,in1994,amongthefirstbodieswithintheUnitedNationssystemtoexpressconcernaboutthedangeroussituationthatwasdevelopingwithintheGreatLakesregionofAfrica.AswewrotetoyourpredecessorinAugustofthatyear,itwouldhavebeenbetterhadpreventiveactionbeentakenbeforeopenhostilitiesbrokeout.Sincethen,atrocioushumanrightsabuseswithintheregionhavemultiplied.Improvedmethodsforpreventingsuchdisastersmustbeidentified.2 .2TheCommittee'sprioritiesremain:theexaminationofreportsunderarticle9oftheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination;preventionofracialdiscrimination,includingearlywarningandurgentprocedures;actiononcommunicationsunderarticle14oftheConvention;andtheimplementationoftheConventioninStateswhosereportsareseriouslyoverdue.WereportontheseinchaptersII,IIIandIV.WehavealsothisyearadoptedanimportantGeneralRecommendationtoStatespartiesaboutreportingontheprotectionoftherightsofindigenouspeoples;thisistobefoundinannexVtothepresentreport.Indigenouspeopleareoftenunabletoattractattentiontoabusesoftheirhumanrightsandtheydeservetheassistanceoftheinternationalcommunity.2 .2Encouragedbyparagraph4ofGeneralAssemblyresolution51/80,theCommittee,atitsfiftyfirstsession,startedtheprocessofreviewingimplementationoftheConventioninStateswhoseinitialreportsareoverduebyfiveyearsormore.ManyoftheseStatespartieshavediplomaticrepresentationinNewYorkbutnotinGeneva.TheabsenceofrepresentativesinGenevamakesitdifficultfortheCommitteetocommunicatewiththemandforthemtoparticipateintheprocessofmonitoringtheimplementationofhumanrightstreaties.TheCommitteethereforerequestsyou,andtheStatespartiestotheConvention,tomakeitpossiblefortheCommitteetomeetoccasionallyinNewYorkinordertoscheduletheconsiderationofreportsfromStatesinthisposition.TheCommitteealsorequestsyoutoseewhetherinotherwaysyoucanassisttheseStatestofulfiltheirreportingobligations.2 .2OnbehalfoftheCommittee,IdrawyourattentiontochapterVI,whichcontainstheresultsoftheCommittee'sreviewofitscontributiontothemoreeffectiveimplementationofinternationalinstrumentsonhumanrights.TheCommitteehasnobacklogofunconsideredStatereports.ItcontinuestoadviseStatespartiesoftheirlegalobligationstopreventdiscriminationongroundsofraceandethnicornationalorigin.ItadaptsitsworkingmethodstothechangingsituationwithintheUnitedNationsandinthewiderworld.# .(Signed)MichaelBanton# .Chairman# .CommitteeontheElimination# .xofRacialDiscriminationHisExcellencyMr.KofiAnnanSecretaryGeneralofthèUnitedNationsNewYork  UK     \R3'\ X      +C<6X9`(CourierC(  $(c882     @ . I.ORGANIZATIONALANDRELATEDMATTERS̀A.StatespartiestotheInternationalConventiononthèEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination1.2 .2Asat22August1997,theclosingdateofthefifty-firstsessionoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscrimination,therewere148StatespartiestotheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination,whichwasadoptedbytheGeneralAssemblyinresolution2106A(XX)of21December1965andopenedforsignatureandratificationinNewYorkon7March1966.TheConventionenteredintoforceon4January1969inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofitsarticle19.2.2 .2Bytheclosingdateofthefifty-firstsession,24ofthe148StatespartiestotheConventionhadmadethedeclarationenvisagedinarticle14,paragraph1,oftheConvention.Article14oftheConventionenteredintoforceon3December1982,followingthedepositwiththeSecretary-GeneralofthetenthdeclarationrecognizingthecompetenceoftheCommitteetoreceiveandconsidercommunicationsfromindividualsorgroupsofindividualswhoclaimtobevictimsofaviolationbytheStatepartyconcernedofanyoftherightssetforthintheConvention.TheStatespartiestotheConventionandthosethathavemadethedeclarationunderarticle14arelistedinannexItothepresentreport,asaretheStatesparties(23)thathaveacceptedtheamendmentstotheConventionadoptedattheFourteenthMeetingofStatesParties,asat22August1997.@ .nB.Sessionsandagenda3.2 .2TheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationheldtworegularsessionsin1997.Thefiftieth(1185th-1214thmeetings)andfifty-first(1215th-1244thmeetings)sessionswereheldattheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom3to21Marchandfrom4to22August1997,respectively.4.2 .2Theagendasofthefiftiethandfifty-firstsessions,asadoptedbytheCommittee,arereproducedinannexII.̀C.Membershipandattendance5.2 .2Inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofarticle8oftheConvention,theSixteenthMeetingoftheStatesPartiestotheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscriminationwasheldatUnitedNationsHeadquarterson16January19961andelectedninemembersoftheCommitteefromamongthecandidatesnominatedtoreplacethosewhosetermofofficewasduetoexpireon19January1996.6.2 .2ThemembersoftheCommitteefor1996-1998,includingthoseelectedorre-electedon16January1996,arethefollowing:#882 8#2 .2 . .  .8 .8TermexpiresNameofmember .  .Countryofnationality8 .8on19JanuaryMr.MamoudABOUL-NASR .Egypt8 .8 .1998Mr.HamzatAHMADU .Nigeria8 .8 .1998Mr.MichaelParkerBANTON .UnitedKingdomofGreatBritain8 .8 .19982 .2 . .  .andNorthernIrelandMr.TheodoorvanBOVEN** .Netherlands8 .8 .2000Mr.AndrewCHIGOVERA .Zimbabwe8 .8 .1998Mr.IonDIACONU** .Romania8 .8 .2000Mr.EduardoFERREROCOSTA** .Peru8 .8 .2000Mr.IvanGARVALOV** .Bulgaria8 .8 .2000Mr.RgisdeGOUTTES .France8 .8 .1998Mr.CarlosLECHUGAHEVIA .Cuba8 .8 .1998Mr.YuriA.RECHETOV** .RussianFederation8 .8 .2000Mrs.ShantiSADIQALI** .India8 .8 .2000Mr.AghaSHAHI .  .Pakistan8 .8 .1998Mr.MichaelE.SHERIFIS .Cyprus8 .8 .1998Mr.LuisVALENCIARODRIQUEZ** .Ecuador8 .8 .2000Mr.RdigerWOLFRUM .Germany8 .8 .1998Mr.MarioJorgeYUTZIS** .Argentina8 .8 .2000Ms.ZOUDeci* .  .China8 .8 .20007.2 .2AllthemembersoftheCommitteeattendedthefiftiethsession.Atthefifty-firstsession,allthemembersoftheCommitteeattendedwiththeexceptionofMr.FerreroCosta.Mr.Chigoveraattendedonlypartofthefifty-firstsession.____________________2 .2*Electedon16January1996.2 .2**Re-electedon16January1996.2 .2 .D.OfficersoftheCommitteeontheElimination2 .2 . . ofRacialDiscrimination8.2 .2Atits1128thand1136thmeetings,on26Februaryand1March1996,theCommitteeelectedthefollowingofficersforatermoftwoyears(1996-1998),inaccordancewitharticle10,paragraph2,oftheConvention:2 .2Chairman:Mr.MichaelParkerBANTOǸVice-Chairmen:Mr.EduardoFERREROCOSTÀMr.IvanGARVALOV̀Ms.ShantiSADIQALI2 .2Rapporteur:Mr.AndrewR.CHIGOVERÀE.CooperationwiththeInternationalLabourOrganizatioǹandtheUnitedNationsEducational,Scientificand̀CulturalOrganization9.2 .2InaccordancewithCommitteedecision2(VI)of21August1972concerningcooperationwiththeInternationalLabourOrganization(ILO)andtheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization(UNESCO),2bothorganizationswereinvitedtoattendthesessionsoftheCommittee.10.2 .2ReportsoftheILOCommitteeofExpertsontheApplicationofConventionsandRecommendations,submittedtotheInternationalLabourConference,weremadeavailabletothemembersoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscrimination,inaccordancewitharrangementsforcooperationbetweenthetwoCommittees.TheCommitteetooknotewithappreciationofthereportsoftheCommitteeofExperts,inparticularofthosesectionswhichdealtwiththeapplicationoftheDiscrimination(EmploymentandOccupation)Convention,1958(No.111)andtheIndigenousandTribalPeoplesConvention,1989(No.169),aswellasotherinformationinthereportsrelevanttoitsactivities.@ .F.Othermatters11.2 .2Atits1185thmeeting(fiftiethsession),heldon10March1997,theCommitteepaidtributetothememoryofMr.KarlJosefPartsch,Mr.NicolsdePirolayBalta,andMr.AndrDechezelles,allformermemberoftheCommittee,andaskedtheChairmantosendaletterofcondolencestotheirfamilies.12.2 .2TheOfficer-in-ChargeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights/CentreforHumanRightsattendedthe1214thmeeting,heldon21March1997,anddiscussedanumberofissueswiththeCommittee,particularlyhowtherestructuringoftheCentreforHumanRightscouldassisttheCommitteeindealingwithitsgrowingworkload(seeCERD/C/SR.1214).@ .G.Adoptionofthereport13.2 .2Atits1243rdmeeting,heldon22August1997,theCommitteeadopteditsannualreporttotheGeneralAssembly.ǀII.PREVENTIONOFRACIALDISCRIMINATION,INCLUDING̀EARLYWARNINGANDURGENTPROCEDURES14.2 .2TheCommitteedecidedatitsforty-firstsessiontoestablishasoneofitsregularandprincipalagendaitemstheitemonpreventionofracialdiscrimination,includingearlywarningandurgentprocedures.15.2 .2Atitsforty-secondsession(1993),theCommitteenotedtheconclusionadoptedbythefourthmeetingofpersonschairingthehumanrightstreatybodiesthat:02 .2"...thetreatybodieshaveanimportantroleinseekingtopreventas! .!wellastorespondtohumanrightsviolations.Itisthusappropriateforeachtreatybodytoundertakenanurgentexaminationofallpossiblemeasuresthatitmighttake,withinitscompetence,bothtopreventhumanrightsviolationsfromoccurringandtomonitormorecloselyemergencysituationsofallkindsarisingwithinthejurisdictionofStatesparties.Whereproceduralinnovationsarerequiredforthispurpose,theyshouldbeconsideredassoonaspossible."(A/47/628,para.44)16.2 .2Asaresultofitsdiscussionofthatconclusionofthemeetingofchairpersons,theCommittee,atits979thmeeting,heldon17March1993,adoptedaworkingpapertoguideitinitsfutureworkconcerningpossiblemeasurestoprevent,aswellasmoreeffectivelyrespondto,violationsoftheConvention.3TheCommitteenotedinitsworkingpaperthateffortstopreventseriousviolationsoftheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscriminationwouldincludethefollowing:2 .2(a) .Early-warningmeasures:thesewouldbeaimedataddressingexistingproblemssoastopreventthemfromescalatingintoconflictsandwouldalsoincludeconfidence-buildingmeasurestoidentifyandsupportstructurestostrengthenracialtoleranceandsolidifypeaceinordertopreventarelapseintoconflictinsituationswhereithasoccurred.Inthatconnection,criteriaforearlywarningcouldincludesomeofthefollowing:thelackofanadequatelegislativebasisfordefiningandcriminalizingallformsofracialdiscrimination,asprovidedforintheConvention;inadequateimplementationofenforcementmechanisms,includingthelackofrecourseprocedures;thepresenceofapatternofescalatingracialhatredandviolence,orracistpropagandaorappealstoracialintolerancebypersons,groupsororganizations,notablybyelectedorotherofficials;asignificantpatternofracialdiscriminationevidencedinsocialandeconomicindicators;andsignificantflowsofrefugeesordisplacedpersonsresultingfromapatternofracialdiscriminationorencroachmentonthelandsofminoritycommunities;2 .2(b) .Urgentprocedures:thesewouldaimatrespondingtoproblemsrequiringimmediateattentiontopreventorlimitthescaleornumberofseriousviolationsoftheConvention.Possiblecriteriaforinitiatinganurgentprocedurecouldincludeaserious,massiveorpersistentpatternofracialdiscriminationoraserioussituationinwhichthereisariskoffurtherracialdiscrimination.17.2 .2Atits1028thand1029thmeetings,heldon10March1994,theCommitteeconsideredpossibleamendmentstoitsrulesofprocedurewhichwouldtakeintoaccounttheworkingpaperithadadoptedin1993onthepreventionofracialdiscrimination,includingearlywarningandurgentprocedures.Duringthediscussionswhichfollowed,theviewwasexpressedthatitwastooearlytomakechangesintherulesofprocedureinordertotakeaccountofproceduresadoptedonlyveryrecently.TherewasariskthattheCommitteemightbelockingitselfintoruleswhichwouldsoonnolongerfititsneeds.ItwouldthereforebebetterfortheCommitteetohavemoreexperiencewiththeproceduresinquestionandtoamenditsrulesatalaterpointonthebasisofthatexperience.Atits1039thmeeting,on17March1994,theCommitteedecidedtopostponetoalatersessionfurtherconsiderationofproposalstoamenditsrulesofprocedure.18.2 .2ThefollowingsectionsdescribedecisionsadoptedandfurtheractiontakenbytheCommitteeatitsfiftiethandfifty-firstsessionswithintheframeworkofitseffortstopreventracialdiscrimination.Atearliersessions,theCommitteehadcommencedconsiderationunderthisagendaitemofAlgeria,BosniaandHerzegovina,Burundi,Croatia,Cyprus,Israel,Liberia,Mexico,PapuaNewGuinea,RussianFederation,Rwanda,theformerYugoslavRepublicofMacedoniaandYugoslavia.19.2 .2Atitsfiftiethsession,theCommitteereviewedthesituationinBurundi,BosniaandHerzegovinaandRwanda,andconductedadialoguewithrepresentativesoftheStatespartiesconcerned.TheCommittee,however,tooknoformalaction.Atitsfifty-firstsession,theCommitteereviewedthesituationinBosniaandHerzegovina,DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo,IsraelandPapuaNewGuineaandadoptedthefollowingdecisions.@ .DecisionsadoptedbytheCommitteeatitsfifty-firstsession@ . Decision1(51)onIsrael1.2 .2TheCommitteerepeatsitsfullendorsementoftheIsrael-PalestineLiberationOrganizationpeaceprocessandagainexpressestheopinionthattheprinciplesandobligationsoftheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscriminationshouldbeanessentialingredientofthepeaceprocess.TheCommitteecallsonthepartiesinthepeaceprocesstoobserveandimplementfaithfullytheDeclarationofPrinciplesonInterimSelf-GovernmentArrangementssignedbyIsraelandthePalestineLiberationOrganizationon13September1993,theIsraeli-PalestinianInterimAgreementontheWestBankandtheGazaStripof28September1995andotherIsrael-PalestineLiberationOrganizationagreements.2.2 .2TheCommitteeconfirmsitsviewthattheIsraelisettlementsintheoccupiedterritoriesarenotonlyillegalunderinternationallawbutalsoanobstacletopeaceandtheenjoymentofhumanrightsbythewholepopulationintheregion,withoutdistinctionastonationalorethnicorigin,inaccordancewiththeConvention.TheCommitteeexpressesitsseriousconcernthatthecontinuingpoliciesofexpansionofsettlementsandnotablytheestablishmentofanIsraelisettlementonJabalAbuGhenaiminEastJerusalem,allofwhichchangethephysicalcharacteranddemographiccompositionoftheoccupiedterritories,includingJerusalem,giverisetoincreasingtensionsintheregionandjeopardizethepeaceprocess.3.2 .2TheCommitteeagaincondemnsinthestrongesttermsterrorisminallitsforms.Itabhorsactswhichresultintheindiscriminatekillingofinnocentpeople,andreiteratesthatthereisnojustificationwhatsoeverforsuchacts.TheCommitteeemphasizesthenecessitythatallappropriatemeasuresbetaken,includingthoseprescribedinarticle4oftheConvention,againstextremistandterroristorganizationsthatpromoteracialhatred,incitetoviolenceandcommitterroristacts.Further,theCommitteeurgesallStatespartiestopreventsuchorganizationsfromconductinganyactivities,includingtraining,recruiting,andfund-raising,interritoriesundertheircontrol.4.2 .2TheCommitteerejectstheclosuresandblockingofreimbursementoffeesandrevenuestothePalestinianAuthority,imposedbytheIsraeliauthoritiesontheoccupiedterritoriesinthewakeofthedreadfulsuicidebombingsinJerusalemon30July1997,thatamounttocollectivepunishmentcontrarytoarticle33oftheFourthGenevaConvention.4ThoseclosuresandrelatedmeasuresseverelyrestrictthemovementofpeopleandgoodsinGazaandtheWestBankandresultindeprivinglargenumbersofPalestiniansfromtheirlegalemploymentandinblockingessentialrevenuesandcustomsdutiesowedtothePalestinianAuthority.ThemeasurestakenbyIsraelhaveadevastatingeffectonthelifeandwell-beingoftheArabpopulationoftheoccupiedterritoriesandcausegreatsuffering.5.2 .2TheCommitteeholdsthatthosemeasuresamounttocollectivepunishmentandconstituteseriousobstaclestothepeaceprocess,anditurgestheGovernmentofIsraeltoliftthosemeasuresforthwith.6.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomesthecontinuationoftheconstructivedialoguecarriedforwardwithrepresentativesofIsrael,anditisreadytocontributetoanyconfidencebuildingmeasureswhichcommendthemselvesinaccordancewiththeInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination.# .(1236thmeeting# .(18August1997@ . Decision2(51)onBosniaandHerzegovina1.2 .2TheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationdiscussedthesituationinBosniaandHerzegovinainthecontextoftheprinciplesandobjectivesoftheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination.TheCommitteereaffirmeditsdecisions1(48)and1(49),adoptedwithaviewtoofferingitscontributiontotheimplementationoftheGeneralFrameworkAgreementforPeaceinBosniaandHerzegovinadrawnupatDaytonandsignedinParison14December1995.2.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithgreatconcernthatlittleprogresshasbeenmadeintheimplementationofthePeaceAgreement.BosniaandHerzegovinaremainsadeeplydividedcountry,withboundariesnotverydifferentfromconfrontationlinesbetweentheentitiesandwithclearpatternsofdiscriminationandseparationbasedonnationalorethnicorigin,whichiscontrarytothebasicprinciplesoftheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination.3.2 .2TheCommitteeisalsodeeplyconcernedthatinspiteoftheguaranteesinthePeaceAgreement,annex7,concerningtherightofallrefugeesanddisplacedpersonstofreelyreturntotheirhomesoforigin,seriousobstaclestoreturncontinuetoexistinBosniaandHerzegovina,andthatpropertylawswhichconflictwiththePeaceAgreementremainineffectinthetwoprincipalentitiesofBosniaandHerzegovina.Inthisconnection,theCommitteedrawstheattentionofallpartiesconcernedtoitsGeneralRecommendationXXII(49),inparticularparagraphs2(a),(b)and(c).4.2 .2TheCommitteeisprofoundlydisturbedthatlittleprogressisbeingmadeintheapprehensionofpersonsindictedbytheInternationalTribunalfortheProsecutionofPersonsResponsibleforSeriousViolationsofInternationalHumanitarianLawCommittedintheTerritoryoftheFormerYugoslavia.TheCommitteeagainurgesallpartiestothePeaceAgreementtocomplywiththeirobligationtocooperatefullywiththeTribunalinfulfillingitstaskofbringingtojusticeallpersonsguiltyoftheseriouscrimesfallingwithinitsjurisdictionand,inparticular,toexecuteforthwithallwarrantsofarrestsandexpeditethetransferofthepersonsindictedbytheTribunal.5.2 .2TheCommitteedecidestoremainseizedofthesituationinBosniaandHerzegovinaunderitsagendaitemonpreventionofracialdiscrimination,includingearlywarningandurgentprocedures,andexpressesthewishthattheStatepartyconcernedwillbepresentatthenextexaminationofthatsituation.# .(1236thmeeting# .(18August1997@ .. Decision3(51)ontheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo1.2 .2Theconcludingobservations(CERD/C/304/Add.18),adoptedbytheCommitteeon21August1996,inparticularthegraveconcernexpressedtherein,arereiterated.TherecommendationsmadebytheCommitteeinthiscontextremainvalid.2.2 .2TheCommitteeisdisturbedbyreportsofmassacresandothergravehumanrightsviolations,includingviolationoftheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscriminationintheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo.Suchreports,inparticularthereportsubmittedbythejointmissionestablishedbytheCommissiononHumanRightsinitsresolution1997/58of15April1997,chargedwithinvestigatingallegationsofmassacresandotherhumanrightsviolationsoccurringintheeasternpartofZaire(nowtheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo)sinceSeptember1996(A/51/942of2July1997)werediscussed.Thefindingsinthatreport,accordingtowhichtherewere"reliableindicationsthatpersonsbelongingtooneorotherofthepartiestotheconflictineasternZaire,nowtheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo,probablycommittedseriousviolationsofinternationalhumanitarianlaw...."(para.95);that"crimesseemtobesufficientlymassiveandsystematictobecharacterizedascrimesagainsthumanity"(para.95);andthatthe"ethnicidentityofmostofthevictimsisamatterofrecord"(para.96)wereparticularlynoted.3.2 .2TheCommitteeisalarmedaboutreportsofthedisappearanceofverylargenumbersofrefugeesintheeasternpartofthecountryandongoinghumanrightsviolations.4.2 .2TheCommitteehopesthatthenewinvestigativeteamestablishedbytheSecretary-GeneralmaybeabletoacteffectivelyandthattheGovernmentoftheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongowillcooperatewiththatteam.5.2 .2TheCommitteedecidestoremainseizedofthesituationintheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongounderitsagendaitemonpreventionofracialdiscrimination,includingearlywarningandurgentprocedures.Itwilldiscussitatitsfifty-secondsession(2-20March1998)onthebasisofallrelevantinformationtobeprovidedbytheSecretariatandexpressesthehopethattheStatepartyconcernedwillbepresentatthenextexaminationofthissituation.# .(1240thmeeting# .(20August1997̇@ . Decision4(51)onPapuaNewGuinea1.2 .2Atits1242ndmeeting,heldon21August1997(CERD/C/SR.1242),theCommitteereviewedtheimplementationoftheConventionbyPapuaNewGuinea,underitsagendaitemonpreventionofracialdiscrimination.2.2 .2PapuaNewGuinea'sinitialreport(CERD/C/101/Add.4)wasconsideredbytheCommitteein1984.TheCommitteesubsequentlyconsideredthesituationintheStatepartyin1994underitsagendaitemonpreventionofracialdiscrimination.53.2 .2DespitetheCommittee'srepeatedrequests,6PapuaNewGuineahasregrettablynotsubmittedanup-to-datereportoranyinformationrequestedontheissueofBougainville.4.2 .2TheCommitteeisawarethattheGovernmentofPapuaNewGuinearequestedtheSecretary-GeneraltosendhisrepresentativetoassistwithanewroundofdiscussionsbetweentheGovernmentandthemainBougainvilleanparties.5.2 .2TheCommitteeisappreciativeoftheeffortsoftheSecretary-General'srepresentativetoassistwithanewroundofdiscussionsbetweentheGovernmentoftheStatepartyandthemainBougainvilleanparties(seeE/CN.4/1996/58),anditnotesthevisitoftheCommissiononHumanRights'SpecialRapporteuronextrajudicial,summaryandarbitraryexecutionstotheStateparty(seeE/CN.4/1996/4/Add.2).6.2 .2TheCommitteecondemnsandregretsthekillingofthepremieroftheBougainvilleTransitionalGovernment,Mr.TheodoreMiriung,on12October1996byunidentifiedassailants,whichresultedinaserioussetbackforalltheeffortstofindasolutionoftheBougainvilleproblem.7.2 .2TheCommitteewishestoencourageanyfurtherefforttoresumethediscussionsbetweenthepartiesinvolvedintheBougainvilleconflict.8.2 .2TheCommitteeonceagainrequeststheStatepartytosubmititsreportunderarticle9(1)oftheConvention,aswellastosupplyinformationspecificallyonthesituationinBougainvilleunderitspreventionofdiscriminationprocedures,sothattheCommitteecanexaminethemin1998.9.2 .2TheCommitteewishestosuggestthattheStatepartymaywishtoavailitselfofthetechnicalassistanceofferedundertheadvisoryservicesandtechnicalassistanceprogrammeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights/CentreforHumanRights,withaviewtodrawingupandsubmittingitsreport.# .(1242ndmeeting# .(21August1997  UK     \R3'\ X      +C<6X9`(CourierC(  $(d882    UK     \R3'\ X      +C<6X9`(CourierC(  $(e882   2 .2 .III.CONSIDERATIONOFREPORTS,COMMENTSANDINFORMATION2 .2 . . SUBMITTEDBYSTATESPARTIESUNDERARTICLE9OF2 .2 . . THECONVENTION20.2 .2Atitsfiftiethandfiftyfirstsessions,theCommitteeconsideredreports,commentsandinformationfrom35Statespartiesunderarticle9oftheConvention.CountryrapporteursarelistedinannexVI.@ . UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland21.2 .2TheCommitteeconsideredthefourteenthperiodicreportoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland(CERD/C/299/Add.9)atits1185thand1186thmeetings(CERD/C/SR.1185and1186),heldon3and4March1997.Atits1204thand1209thmeetings,heldon14and19March1997,itadoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.@ .A.Introduction22.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomestheopportunitytocontinueitsdialoguewiththeStateparty.ItalsowelcomesitsfourteenthperiodicreportandnoteswithappreciationthatinformationonCrownDependenciesandDependentTerritoriesiscontainedtherein.TheCommitteenoteswithgreatappreciationthatthereportprovidesanswersindetailtoconcernsexpressedandrecommendationsmadebytheCommitteeinitsconcludingobservationsfollowingtheconsiderationofthethirteenthperiodicreportoftheStateparty(seeCERD/C/263/Add.7andparas.219255oftheCommittee's1996reporttotheGeneralAssembly).7TheCommitteefurtherwelcomesthecomprehensiveanswersprovidedbythedelegationinthecourseofthedialogue.23.2 .2TheCommitteenotesthattheStatepartyhasnotmadethedeclarationprovidedforinarticle14oftheConvention,andsomeofitsmembersrequestedthatthepossibilityofmakingsuchadeclarationbeconsidered.2 .2 .B.Factorsanddifficultiesimpedingtheimplementation2 .2 . . oftheConvention24.2 .2ItisnotedthatthepositionmaintainedbytheGovernmentwithregardtothenonincorporationofthefullsubstanceoftheConventionwithinthedomesticlegalorder,aswellasitsrestrictiveinterpretationoftheprovisionsofarticle4oftheConvention,mayhamperthefullimplementationoftheprovisionsoftheConvention.25.2 .2Moreover,itisnotedthattheoccurrenceofracismandraciallymotivatedattacks,aswellasincidentsdirectedagainstmembersofethnicminorities,impedetheimplementationoftheConvention.@ .C.Positiveaspects26.2 .2ThevariousmeasurestakentoincreasetheparticipationofmembersofethnicminoritiesinpublicandgovernmentofficeandinthepolicearewelcomedbytheCommittee.TheadoptionoftheHousingActof1996tocombatracialdiscriminationinthefieldofhousing,thesettingupoflayvisitingschemeswhichencompassinspectionandsupervisionofdetentioninpolicestationsbymembersoflocalcommunitiestopreventandcombatill-treatmentincustody,thedraftingofchangesinthecodeofpracticewhichregulatespolicepowersandproceduresintheexerciseofstopandsearchexercises,thecreationofaRacialIncidentsStandingCommitteetoimplementthereportoftheRacialAttacksGrouptocombatraciallymotivatedincidents,andtheadoptionofa10-pointactionplantoraisetheachievementofethnicminoritypupilsfollowingthepublicationofareportbytheOfficeforStandardsinEducationarenotedwithappreciationbytheCommittee.27.2 .2Withrespecttoarticle7oftheConvention,theholdingofseminarsandthesettingupoftrainingprogrammesforjudges,magistratesandlawenforcementofficials,providedinparticularbytheEthnicMinoritiesAdvisoryCommitteeandthePoliceTrainingCentres,whichareaimedattheeliminationofracialdiscriminationfromtherelationshipsbetweenmembersofthoseprofessionsandmembersofethnicminorities,arewelcomedbytheCommittee.Thelaunchingofanumberofinformationcampaignsagainstracialdiscriminationaddressedtothepublicatlargeortospecificsectorsofthepublic(suchasthe"Letskickracismoutoffootball"campaign)isalsowelcomedbytheCommittee.28.2 .2TheadoptionoftheRaceRelations(NorthernIreland)Orderof1997isnoted,allthemoresosinceitcontainsspecialprovisionsrelatingtotheIrishTravellercommunities.ThefactthatdirectaccesstothecourtsandindustrialtribunalsisgrantedforviolationsoftheprovisionsoftheOrderoutlawingracialdiscriminationinthefieldsofemployment,training,educationandhousingandintheprovisionofgoodsandservicesisalsowelcomedbytheCommittee.29.2 .2Itisnotedwithsatisfactionthat,inaccordancewiththeCommittee'srecommendations,theUnitedKingdomGovernmentrequestedtheauthoritiesoftheCrownDependenciesandtheDependentTerritoriestoconsidertheintroductionofspecificlegislationagainstracialdiscriminationwithintheirrespectivelegalordersandthat,tothiseffect,itprovidedthemwithdraftmodellegislationinlinewithitsRaceRelationsActof1976.Itisfurthernotedwithsatisfactionthatsomeofthoseauthoritieshaveaccededtothatrequest"thoseofAnguilla,Bermuda,theBritishVirginIslands,theFalklandIslandsandSaintHelena.30.2 .2TheadoptionoftheBritishNationality(HongKong)Bill,whichgrantstherighttomembersofethnicminoritiesinHongKongwhohavenoothernationalitythantheirpresentBritishnationalitytoberegisteredasfullBritishcitizensandthustoenjoytherightofabodeintheUnitedKingdom,isnotedwithappreciationbytheCommittee.31.2 .2Itisalsonotedwithsatisfactionthat,after140years,equalstatushasbeenaccordedtoChinesewithEnglishintheHongKongcourtsatalllevelsandthattheHongKonggovernmentisundertakingthetranslationintoChineseofallthelawsadoptedinHongKongbefore1989.32.2 .2ItisnotedwithsatisfactionthattheHongKonggovernmentisnowprovidingeducationuptothesecondaryleveltoVietnamesemigrantsinHongKongandthateducationservicesareprovidedtoallVietnamesechildreninthedetentioncentresfreeofcharge.ThefactthatthesyllabustakesintoaccountthefuturereintegrationofthosechildrenintotheVietnameseeducationsystemontheirreturntoVietNamisviewedasapositivemeasurebytheCommittee.@ .z D.Principalsubjectsofconcern33.2 .2ConcernisexpressedthatfulleffecthasnotbeengiventotheprovisionsoftheConventionwithinthedomesticlegalorderandthatindividualscannotbeprotectedfromanydiscriminatorypracticesthathavenotbeenprohibitedbyParliament.34.2 .2SpecialconcernisagainexpressedattherestrictiveinterpretationbytheGovernmentoftheprovisionsofarticle4oftheConvention.Inthisregard,itisnotedthatsuchaninterpretationisinconflictwiththeStateparty'sobligationsunderarticle4(b)oftheConventiontoprohibitorganizationswhichpromoteandinciteracialdiscriminationandtodeclaretheparticipationthereinanoffenceandisnotinaccordwiththeCommittee'sGeneralRecommendationXV(42).35.2 .2ConcernisexpressedthattheracerelationslegislationconcerningNorthernIrelandtabledinParliamentcontainstwogroundsforexemption,namely,publicorderandpublicsafety,whichareadditionaltotheonesalreadyenshrinedintheRaceRelationsActof1976,andthatbodiesworkinginthefieldofhealth,education,socialservices,planningandhousingdonothavethesamepositivelegaldutytoeliminatediscriminationasthatwhichappliestolocalauthoritiesinBritain.36.2 .2ConcernisexpressedbytheCommitteewithrespecttothecontinuingfailuretoincorporatequestionsrelatingtotheracialorethnicoriginofpersonsintheNorthernIrelandpopulationcensusquestionnaires.TheCommitteeisoftheviewthattheidentificationofminoritygroupsandtheanalysisoftheircivil,political,economicandsocialstatusareapreconditionforidentifyingthedifficultiesthattheymaybefacingandforassessingwhetherandhowsuchdifficultiesmaybeduetoracialdiscrimination,andthusforevaluatingtheneedtoadoptspecificmeasures,lawsandregulationstoovercomethosedifficulties.37.2 .2Withrespecttotheeffectiveenjoymentoftherightsprovidedforinarticle5oftheConventionbyallpartsofthepopulationwithoutdiscrimination,concernisexpressedatremaininginstancesofracialdiscriminationinthefieldofemployment,notablytheopportunitiesforprofessionalpromotions,intheprivateaswellasinthepublicsectors,inthefieldsofhousingandeducation,intheexerciseofstopandsearchpowersbythepolice,andwithrespecttooccurrencesofill-treatmentbythepolice.38.2 .2ItisnotedwithconcernthattheimplementationofsomeoftheprovisionsoftheAsylumandImmigrationActof1996maybedetrimentaltotheprotectionofasylumseekersagainstanyracialdiscrimination.Inthisregard,particularconcernisexpressedatthefactthatasylumclaimsmayaprioribeconsideredtobeunfounded,andthusbedealtwithmoreswiftly,whentheclaimantscomefromcertaincountriesconsideredbytheUnitedKingdomnotto"generallygiverisetoaseriousriskofpersecution",andatthefactthatnorightofin-countryappealisgrantedtoasylumseekerssentbacktocertainsafethirdcountries.Moreover,whilenotingtheassurancesprovidedinthereportthattheAsylumandImmigrationActof1996initselfwillnotaffecttheUnitedKingdom'sobligationsundertheConvention,itisunderlinedthatthedefinitionofracialdiscriminationunderarticle1,paragraph1,oftheConventionincludestheeffectaswellasthepurposeofanact,anditisthusnotedthattheAsylumandImmigrationActof1996,initseffects,maybecontrarytotheConvention.39.2 .2ConcernisalsoexpressedthatspecificlegislationagainstracialdiscriminationisnotyetavailableinalltheDependentTerritoriesandCrownDependenciesandthatinsomecasessuchlegislationshouldbedeemedunnecessarybytherelevantauthoritiesonthegroundoftheallegednon-existenceofracialdiscriminationintheterritories.40.2 .2TheabsenceofaprovisionintheHongKongBillofRightsOrdinanceprotectingpersonsfromracialdiscriminationtowhichtheymaybesubjectedbyprivatepersons,groupsororganizationsisamatterofconcerntotheCommittee.Inthisregard,itisstressedthatarticle2,paragraph1(d),oftheConventionmakesitanobligationforStatespartiestoprohibit,includingbytheadoptionoflegislation,racialdiscrimination"byanypersons,groupororganization".41.2 .2Withrespecttothe"twoweekrule"applyingtoforeignworkersinHongKong,whichprohibitsthemfromseekingemploymentorremaininginHongKongmorethantwoweeksaftertheexpirationoftheiremploymentcontracts,concernisexpressedthatsucharulemayhavediscriminatoryeffects,sinceitappliesmostlytodomesticworkersofFilipinoorigin,andthatitmayleavetheworkersconcernedextremelyvulnerableandinprecariousconditions.@ . E.Suggestionsandrecommendations42.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyconsidergivingfulleffecttotheprovisionsoftheConventioninitsdomesticlegalorder.43.2 .2TheCommitteereaffirmsthattheprovisionsofarticle4oftheConventionaremandatory,asnotedinitsGeneralRecommendationVII(32).TheCommitteestressesthattheUnitedKingdomshouldagainconsiderthepossibilityofadoptingthenecessarylegislationasrequestedbytheprovisionsofarticle4.Indoingso,theGovernmentshouldtakeintoaccounttheCommittee'sGeneralRecommendationXV(42).44.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatquestionsrelatingtotheracialorethnicoriginofpersonsbeincorporatedinthequestionnairesestablishedwithintheframeworkofthepopulationcensusinalltheterritoriesunderthejurisdictionoftheUnitedKingdom.Inthisregard,theCommitteestressesthatsuchinformationisusefulfortheeffectiveassessmentofprogressachievedtowardsthefullimplementationoftheprovisionsoftheConventionforthebenefitofallgroupsofthepopulation.45.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheUnitedKingdomcontinueandstrengthenitseffortstowardsthefullenjoymentbyallethnicgroupsofalltherightsprovidedforinarticle5oftheConvention.TheCommitteerecommendsinparticularthatcloseattentionbegiventotheissueofthedeathsinpolicecustodyandtothemonitoringoftheconditionsandthetreatmentofpersonsdetainedinpolicestations.46.2 .2TheCommitteesuggeststhatinitsnextreporttheStatepartyinclude,forarecentyear,(a)areviewofthenumberofcasescommencedundertheRaceRelationsActof1976andtheiroutcomes;and(b)informationonthenumberofprosecutionsforoffencesofaracistcharacter,withanindicationofsentencesimposedinrepresentativecases.47.2 .2TheCommitteefurtherrecommendsthattheimplementationoftheAsylumandImmigrationActof1996becloselymonitoredsoastoavoidanypossiblediscriminationagainstcertaincategoriesofasylumseekersandtoascertainthatitseffectsmayinnowaynullifyorimpair"therecognition,enjoymentorexercise,onanequalfooting,ofhumanrightsandfundamentalfreedoms"ofthepersonsaffectedbythatAct,inaccordancewitharticle1,paragraph1,oftheConvention.48.2 .2TheCommitteealsorecommendsthatfurtherconsiderationbygivenbytheauthoritiesofGuernsey,Jersey,theIsleofMan,theCaymanIslands,MontserratandtheTurksandCaicosIslandstotheadoptionofspecificlegislationprohibitingracialdiscrimination,inlinewiththeprovisionsoftheConvention.Notingthatracialdiscriminationisdeemednottoexistinsometerritories,theCommitteesuggeststhatthepreventivefunctionoftheprincipleslaiddownintheConventionbegivenpriorityinthedraftingofanyfuturelegislation.49.2 .2TheCommitteealsorecommendsthatspecialattentionbegivenbythegovernmentofHongKongtothesituationoftheforeignworkerssubjecttothe"twoweekrule"andthatallthenecessarymeasures,includingthemodificationorrepealofthatspecificrule,beundertakentoensuretheprotectionofalltheirrightsundertheConvention.50.2 .2TheCommitteefurtherrecommendsthatthefourteenthperiodicreportoftheStateparty,aswellasthepresentconcludingobservations,begivenpublicityandbewidelydisseminatedamongthepublicatlarge.51.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty'snextperiodicreport,dueon7March1998,beacomprehensivereportandthatitaddressallthepointsraisedduringtheconsiderationofthereport.@ .Afghanistan52.2 .2Atits1189thmeeting,heldon5March1997(seeCERD/C/SR.1189),theCommitteereviewedtheimplementationoftheConventionbyAfghanistanbaseduponitspreviousreport(CERD/C/111/Add.3)anditsconsiderationbytheCommittee(seeCERD/C/SR.718719).TheCommitteenotedwithregretthatnoreporthadbeensubmittedtotheCommitteesince1984.53.2 .2TheCommitteeregrettedthatAfghanistanhadnotrespondedtoitsinvitationtoparticipateinthemeetingandtofurnishrelevantinformation.54.2 .2TheCommitteeexpressedconcernthatthelackofaneffectivecentralauthorityimpedestheimplementationoftheConvention.55.2 .2TheCommitteedecidedthatacommunicationshouldbesenttotheGovernmentofAfghanistansettingoutitsreportingobligationsundertheConventionandurgingthatthedialoguewiththeCommitteeshouldberesumedassoonaspossible.56.2 .2TheCommitteesuggestedthattheGovernmentofAfghanistanavailitselfofthetechnicalassistanceofferedundertheadvisoryservicesandtechnicalassistanceprogrammeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights/CentreforHumanRights,withtheaimofdrawingupandsubmittingassoonaspossibleanupdatedreportdraftedinaccordancewiththereportingguidelines.&  @ .Bahamas57.2 .2Atits1189thmeeting,heldon5March1997(seeCERD/C/SR.1189),the'  CommitteereviewedtheimplementationoftheConventionbytheBahamasbaseduponitspreviousreport(CERD/C/88/Add.2)anditsconsiderationbytheCommittee(seeCERD/C/SR.610and926).TheCommitteenotedwithregretthatnoreporthadbeensubmittedtotheCommitteesince1982,andthatthereportoftheBahamaswasnotcompletelysatisfactorytotheCommitteeatthattime.58.2 .2TheCommitteeregrettedthattheBahamashadnotrespondedinatimelyfashiontoitsinvitationtoparticipateinthemeetingandtofurnishrelevantinformation.TheCommitteedecidedthatacommunicationshouldbesenttotheGovernmentoftheBahamassettingoutitsreportingobligationsundertheConventionandurgingthatthedialoguewiththeCommitteeshouldberesumedassoonaspossible.59.2 .2TheCommitteesuggestedthattheGovernmentoftheBahamasavailitselfofthetechnicalassistanceofferedundertheadvisoryservicesandtechnicalassistanceprogrammeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights/CentreforHumanRights,withtheaimofdrawingupandsubmittingassoonaspossibleanupdatedreportdraftedinaccordancewiththereportingguidelines.@ .hDominicanRepublic60.2 .2Atits1189thmeeting,heldon5March1997(seeCERD/C/SR.1189),theCommitteereviewedtheimplementationoftheConventionbytheDominicanRepublicbaseduponitspreviousreport(CERD/C/165/Add.1)anditsconsiderationbytheCommittee(seeCERD/C/SR.876).TheCommitteenotedwithregretthatnoreporthadbeensubmittedtotheCommitteesince1988.61.2 .2TheCommitteeregrettedthattheDominicanRepublichadnotrespondedtoitsinvitationtoparticipateinthemeetingandtofurnishrelevantinformation.TheCommitteedecidedthatacommunicationshouldbesenttotheGovernmentoftheDominicanRepublicsettingoutitsreportingobligationsundertheConventionandurgingthatthedialoguewiththeCommitteeshouldberesumedassoonaspossible.62.2 .2TheCommitteesuggestedthattheGovernmentoftheDominicanRepublicavailitselfofthetechnicalassistanceofferedundertheadvisoryservicesandtechnicalassistanceprogrammeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights/CentreforHumanRights,withtheaimofdrawingupandsubmittingassoonaspossibleanupdatedreportdraftedinaccordancewiththereportingguidelines.@ .*Guatemala63.2 .2TheCommitteeconsideredtheseventhperiodicreportofGuatemala(CERD/C/292/Add.1)atits1190thand1191stmeetings(CERD/C/SR.1190and1191),heldon5and6March1997.Atits1210meeting,heldon19March1997,itadoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.&  @ .A.Introduction64.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomestheopportunitytoengageinafrankandfruitful'  dialoguewiththeGovernmentofGuatemala.TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationofthecontinuousdialoguewithGuatemaladuringthistimeofimportantchangesanddevelopmentsintheStateparty.65.2 .2TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationfortheimportantinformationprovidedinthereportandbythedelegationintheoralpresentation.Thatinformation,includingrecentdevelopmentsintheStateparty,enabledtheCommitteetoobtainabetterandmoreuptodatepictureofthesituation.Nevertheless,theCommitteeregretsthatthereportdidnotcontainsufficientinformationontheactualpracticeintheStatepartywithrespecttotheimplementationoftheConventionanddidnottakesufficientaccountoftheconcludingobservationsoftheCommitteewithrespecttothepreviousreport.866.2 .2TheCommitteenotedthattheStatepartyhasnotmadethedeclarationprovidedforinarticle14oftheConvention,andsomeofitsmembersrequestedthatthepossibilityofmakingsuchdeclarationbeconsidered.̀B.Factorsordifficultiesimpedingtheimplementation2 .2 . . oftheConvention67.2 .2ItisrecognizedthatmuchneedstobedonetoovercometheeffectsofthelonglastingconflictintheStateparty.EffortstowardsthefullenforcementoftheprinciplesandprovisionsenshrinedintheConventionhavebeenhamperedbythedifficultcircumstancesinthecountryafterdecadesofunrestandcivilwar.Itisacknowledgedthatthechangesneedtogobeyonddisarmamentandthatattitudesandvaluesrelatedtothecultureofviolencehavetobechangedinordertoachievepeace.Itisnotedthattheexerciseofracialdiscrimination,especiallyagainstindigenouspopulations,isstillprevalentinsomepartsofthesociety.@ .C.Positiveaspects68.2 .2Itisnotedwithsatisfactionthatdespitesevereeconomicandsocialdifficulties,considerableeffortsarebeingmadetoimplementtheprovisionsoftheConvention.69.2 .2Itisappreciated,inparticular,thattherehavebeenimportantlegaldevelopmentsrecently.AmajorachievementhasbeentheAgreementonIdentityandRightsofIndigenousPeoplesandtheAgreementfortheResettlementofUprootedPopulations,whichweresignedintheprocessofconcludingthepeaceagreements.ItisfurthernotedwithsatisfactionthatfollowingtheCommittee'srecommendation,ILOConventionNo.169,concerningindigenousandtribalpopulationsinindependentcountries,wasratifiedbytheStatepartyin1996.Itisalsonotedwithappreciationthat,undertheConstitutionoftheStateparty,internationalobligations,includingtheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination,prevailovernationallaw.Inaddition,stepstakentorevisethePenalCodetoincludetheprohibitionofracialdiscriminationandtointroducelegislationonlandrightsandtheprotectionofindigenousidentityarewelcomed.70.2 .2Itisnotedwithappreciationthatthemilitarycommissionsandthecivildefencevolunteercommitteeshavebeendissolved.̇71.2 .2Itisnotedwithsatisfactionthatvariousbodiesarebeingestablishedinordertofacilitateracialreconciliationandtopromotedemocraticsocietybasedontheprincipleofequality.Itiswelcomedinparticularthatajointcommissionhasbeenestablishedandthatitconsistsofmembersofboththeindigenousandnonindigenouspopulations.TheestablishmentoftheCommissiononHistoricClarification(TruthCommission)toinvestigatekillingsanddisappearancesduringthearmedconflictisalsowelcomed.Inthiscontext,itisnotedwithappreciationthatthedelegationofGuatemalaassuredtheCommitteethatmilitaryfileswouldbemadeavailabletotheTruthCommission.Itisalsonotedwithsatisfactionthatasecretariatofindigenouspeoplesinthepublicprosecutor'sofficeandacommissiononhomelesschildrenhavebeensetup.72.2 .2Itisnotedwithsatisfactionthatthenumberofcomplaintsonthegroundsofhumanrightsviolationshasdecreased.73.2 .2Itisnotedwithappreciationthatalargenumberofpeople,mainlyindigenous,whohadfledtheirlandsandthecountryduringthetimeofarmedconflicthavereturnedtotheterritoryoftheStatepartyandthattheStatepartyhasestablishedafundtoassistthereturneesintheprocessofresettlement.74.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomesthestatedintentofthedelegationoftheGovernmentofGuatemalatoincludeamemberoftheindigenouspopulationinitsdelegationduringthepresentationofitsnextperiodicreport.@ .z D.Principalsubjectsofconcern75.2 .2ConcernisexpressedthataclimateofviolenceandintimidationstillexistsintheStatepartyandthatthedetrimentaleffectsofthatclimatearemostlybornebytheindigenouspopulation.Thisseriouslyjeopardizestheconditionsofsecurityofpersonsasreferredtoarticle5(b)oftheConvention.76.2 .2ConcernisexpressthattherecommendationsoftheCommitteeconcerningtheimplementationofarticle5oftheConventionhavenotyetbeenfulfilledbytheStatepartyandthattheCommittee'srecommendationthattheStatepartyprovidedetailedinformationontheimplementationoftheprovisionsoftheConventionhasnotbeenfullycompliedwith.77.2 .2Concernisexpressedatthelackoflegislationaimedateliminatingracialdiscrimination,asrequiredbyarticle2oftheConvention.78.2 .2Concernisequallyexpressedatthelackoflegislationprohibitingincitementtoracialdiscrimination,asrequiredbyarticle4oftheConvention.79.2 .2Concernisexpressedthattheindigenouspopulationdoesnotenjoyeffectiveprotectionandremediesinthenationalcourtsfromviolationsofhumanrightsandfundamentalfreedomsowingtothelackofinterpretersandtheinsufficientavailabilityofpubliclegaldefenders.80.2 .2ConcernisexpressedthatofficialsoftheStatepartycontinuetoenjoyimpunityfromcriminalprosecutionforabusingandviolatingthehumanrightsofpoorpeople,especiallyindigenouspeopleandwomen.Thishasledpeopletotakethelawintotheirownhandsandhasresultedinasignificantnumberoflynchings,asituationwhichreflectsthedespairandlackofconfidenceofthepopulationintheeffectiveexerciseofjustice.81.2 .2ConcernisexpressedatthesituationoflandrightsintheStateparty.DespitetheGovernment'seffortstheproblemsofallocationoflandand/orcompensationcontinues,especiallywithrespecttothereturnoflandstotheindigenouspeoplesaftertheendofthearmedconflict.Ofspecialconcernareconfrontationsarisingovertheownershipofproperty,inthecourseofwhichindigenouspeopleshavebeendetainedandthreatened.82.2 .2ItisnotedwithconcernthatthepreviousrecommendationoftheCommitteeconcerningthetrainingoflawenforcementofficialsinthelightoftheCommittee'sGeneralRecommendationXIIIhasnotbeenimplemented.83.2 .2ItisnotedwithconcernthatadequateandproportionateparticipationoftheindigenouspopulationinParliament,inthepublicserviceandinpubliclifeatthenationallevelhasnotbeenachieved;inparticular,membersofindigenouscommunitiesareunderrepresentedamongjudgesandintheadministrationofjustice.84.2 .2ConcernisexpressedthatthewidespreaddisseminationoftheperiodicreportoftheStateparty,aswellastheconcludingobservationsoftheCommitteeintherespectivelanguagesofthepopulation,hasnotbeenfullyachieved.85.2 .2Althougheffortshavebeenmadetopromoteaffirmativemeasuresinthefieldsofeducationandtrainingandtoprovidebilingualeducationfortheentirepopulation,thesituationisnotyetsatisfactory.@ . E.Suggestionsandrecommendations86.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartycontinueandstrengtheneffortstochangetheclimateofviolenceandtosupportrapiddisarmament.87.2 .2TheCommitteereiteratesitsrecommendationthattheStatepartyfullyimplementtheConvention,particularlyitsarticles4,5and6,andprovideinformationonitsapplication.ItisfurthersuggestedthattheStatepartyfurnishdetailedinformationontheeffectivenessofnewlyadoptedlawsandnewlycreatedbodiesonethnicrelations.ItisalsorequestedthattheStatepartyincludeinitsnextreportinformationoncomplaintsreceivedandjudgmentsissuedconcerningracialdiscrimination.88.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartycontinuetheprocessofincorporatingtheprohibitionofracialdiscriminationinnationallegislation,andtheadoptionoflawstoimplementtheagreementontheidentityandrightsofindigenouspeoples.89.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytakestepstoensuretheeffectiveimplementationofnewlawsandprovideforaccesstothejudiciarybyallmembersofthepopulation,inparticularbyfurnishingadequateinterpretationservicesforindigenouspeopleatalllevelsofjudicialproceedings.TheCommitteereiteratesitspreviousrecommendationthatthetrainingoflawenforcementofficialsshouldbeimprovedinthelightoftheCommittee'sGeneralRecommendationXIII.90.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheauthoritiesofGuatemalatakeeffectivemeasurestoendtheimpunityofStateofficialswhoactillegallyandtoguaranteetheavailabilityofremediesanddueprocessforallmembersofthepopulation.91.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthateffortsshouldbecontinuedtoensurethefullparticipationofallcitizensinpubliclife,inparticularinelections,aftertheyhavebeenadequatelyinformedintherespectivelanguagesspokenintheStateparty.92.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytakemeasurestoensureafairandequitabledistributionofland,takingintoaccounttheneedsoftheindigenouspopulation,includingthosepersonsreturningtotheterritoryaftertheendofthearmedconflict.93.2 .2TheCommitteestressestheimportancethatlandholdsforindigenouspeoplesandtheirspiritualandculturalidentity,includingthefactthattheyhaveadifferentconceptoflanduseandownership.ItissuggestedthattheStatepartyusetheprovisionsofILOConventionNo.169asaguidelineforresolvinglanddistributionissuesandtoconsider,inthelightofthatConvention,thequestionofcompensationforpropertiesthatcannotberestituted.94.2 .2TheCommitteesuggeststhateffortsbeincreasedtopromoteaffirmativemeasuresinthefieldsofeducationandtrainingandtointroducebilingualeducationforallpartsofthepopulation.95.2 .2TheCommitteesuggeststhattheStatepartyconsidertheestablishmentofanationalcommissiontoundertakespecificactivitiesinresponsetorecommendationsandsuggestionsmadebytheCommittee.96.2 .2TheCommitteesuggeststhatwidespreadpublicitybegiventotheConvention,theperiodicreportssubmittedbytheStatepartyandtheconcludingobservationsoftheCommittee,inmajorlanguagesofthepopulation.97.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyratifytheamendmentstoarticle8,paragraph6,oftheConventionadoptedon15January1992attheFourteenthMeetingofStatesPartiestotheConvention.98.2 .2TheCommitteerecallswithappreciationtheStateparty'sinvitationtohaveoneofitsmemberscometoGuatemalatoassisttheStatepartyintheimplementationoftheConvention.99.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty'snextperiodicreportbeacomprehensivereportandthatitproviderepliestothequestionsraisedduringtheconsiderationofthereport.@ .Belarus100.2 .2TheCommitteeconsideredthefourteenthperiodicreportofBelarus(CERD/C/299/Add.8)atits1192ndand1193rdmeetings(CERD/C/SR.1192and1193),heldon6and7March1997.Atits1210thmeeting,heldon19March1997,itadoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.&  @ .A.Introduction101.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomesthetimelysubmissionoftheStateparty's'  fourteenthperiodicreportandexpressesitssatisfactiontothehighleveldelegationfortheadditionalinformationprovidedinanswertothequestionsraisedbymembersoftheCommitteeduringthediscussion.TheCommitteenoteswithappreciationthatthereportfollowstherecommendationscontainedinitspreviousconcludingobservation,9althoughitregretsthatthereportfailstoprovideinformationontheimplementationoftheprovisionsoftheConventioninpractice,includingjudicialpractice.2 .2 .B.Factorsanddifficultiesimpedingtheimplementation2 .2 . . oftheConvention102.2 .2Thepresentsituationinthecountry,withtheprofoundeconomicandsocialchangesinducedbythedissolutionoftheformerSovietUnionandthemassiveinflowofimmigrantsandasylumseekers,arenotconducivetothefullimplementationoftheConvention.@ .C.Positiveaspects103.2 .2ThewithdrawalbytheStatepartyofitsreservationtoarticle22oftheConventioniswelcomed.ThenotificationthattheGovernmentisconsideringmakingthedeclarationunderarticle14andratifyingtheamendmentstoarticle8,paragraph6,oftheConventionisnotedwithappreciationbytheCommittee.104.2 .2TheestablishmentofacoordinatingcouncilfornationalminoritieswithintheCouncilofMinisters,thesettingupofaStatecommitteeonreligiousandnationalquestionsandtheforthcomingestablishmentofanombudsman'sofficearewelcomedbytheCommittee.105.2 .2ThesignaturebytheStatepartyoftheCommonwealthofIndependentStates(CIS)ConventionconcerningtheRightsofPersonsBelongingtoNationalMinoritiesin1994andoftheCISConventiononHumanRightsandFundamentalFreedomsin1995isnotedwithinterest.ThefactthatthelatercontainsprovisionsprohibitingracialdiscriminationandincorporatesamonitoringprocedurewhichwillbecompetenttoreceivecomplaintsfromindividualsisviewedbytheCommitteeasapositivemeasure,althoughfurtherexaminationmaybeneededastotherelationshipofthoseconventionstotheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination.106.2 .2Thedetailedinformationprovidedinthereportontheethniccompositionofthepopulation,involvingnational,ethnic,cultural,linguisticandreligiousminoritiesinBelarus,iswelcomed.107.2 .2TheadoptionofanActonRefugeesin1995,whichtakesintoaccounttheprovisionsofthe1951ConventionrelatingtotheStatusofRefugees,iswelcomed.Inthisregard,itisnotedthatbilateralagreementshavebeenconcludedbetweenBelarusandneighbouringcountriestoregulatemigratorymovements,andthatagreementshavealsobeenconcludedwiththeCommonwealthofIndependentStatesintheframeworkofassistancetorefugeesanddisplacedpersons.108.2 .2Itisnotedwithappreciationthatvariouslegislativeactshavebeenadoptedtocomplywiththeprovisionsofarticle4oftheConvention,suchastheActonthePressandOtherMassMedia,whichprohibitstheuseofmassmediatoincitenational,social,racialorreligiousintoleranceordiscord;theActonPoliticalParties,whichprohibitstheestablishmentandactivitiesofpartieswhoseaimistocarryoutpropagandafornational,religiousorracialenmity;andtheActonPublicAssociations,whichprohibitstheestablishmentofpublicassociationswhichincitenational,religiousorracialenmity.109.2 .2Withrespecttoarticle7oftheConvention,itisnotedwithsatisfactionthattheteachingofthepurposesandprinciplesoftheCharteroftheUnitedNations,oftheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsandoftheprincipalinternationalhumanrightsinstruments,includingtheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination,ispartofschoolcurriculainBelarus.Moreover,thedevelopment,incooperationwiththeUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme,ofthe"democracy,publicadministrationandparticipation"project,intheframeworkofwhichtraininginthefieldofhumanrightsofjurists,lawenforcementofficials,teachersandeducatorsisenvisaged,iswelcomedbytheCommittee.@ .z D.Principalsubjectsofconcern110.2 .2Thelackofconcreteinformationconcerningtheimplementationofvariouslawsrelatingtoprotectionagainstracialdiscrimination,inparticulartheActonRefugees,theActonNationalMinorities,theActonPublicAssociation,ortheActonthePressandOtherMassMedia,isnotedwithregret,giventhatithamperstheeffectiveassessmentoftheimplementationoftheprovisionsoftheConvention.111.2 .2Concernisexpressedatthelackofspecificlegislativeprovisionsprohibitingracialdiscriminationbyprivategroupsorassociations.Inthisregard,itisstressedthatarticle2,paragraph1(d),oftheConventionmakesitanobligationforStatespartiestoprohibit,includingbymeansoflegislation,racialdiscrimination"byanypersons,groupororganization".112.2 .2Withrespecttoarticle5oftheConvention,thelackofinformationontheparticipationinpubliclifeofethnicminoritiesandontheireconomicandsocialsituation,especiallywithregardtoaccesstoemployment,health,educationandhousing,isregretted,especiallysincethismakesitdifficulttoevaluatetheeffectiveenjoymentbyallsuchgroupsoftherightsmentionedinarticle5.113.2 .2ItisregrettedthatithasnotbeenmakeclearwhethertheActontheJudicialSystemandtheStatusofJudgesintheRepublicofBelarus(1995),underwhichthecourtsarerequiredtoprotectsocial,economicandpoliticalrightsandfreedomsofindividuals,regardlessoftheirorigin,race,nationalityorlanguage,providesfortherighttoseekjustandadequatereparationorsatisfactionforanydamagesufferedasaresultofracialdiscrimination,asprovidedforbyarticle6oftheConvention.114.2 .2Inconnectionwitharticle6,itisnotedthatnocasesofcriminalproceedingsforracialdiscriminationingeneral,andforoffencesunderarticle71oftheCriminalCodeinparticular,havebeenrecordedsofar.115.2 .2Withrespecttoarticle7oftheConvention,thelackofinformationonprogrammesforthetrainingofmagistrates,lawenforcementofficials,teachersandsocialworkers,aimedatraisingtheirawarenessofproblemsrelatedtoracialdiscrimination,isregretted.@ . E.Suggestionsandrecommendations116.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatinformationontheimplementationinpracticeofthelawsrelatingtothepreventionandeliminationofracialdiscriminationbeincludedinthenextperiodicreport.Inparticular,thementionofanyrelevantcourtcaseswillbeappreciated.117.2 .2InconnectionwiththeactivitiesoftherecentlyestablishedStateCommitteeonReligiousandNationalQuestions,theCommitteedrawstheattentionoftheStatepartytoitsGeneralRecommendationXVII(42)ontheestablishmentofnationalinstitutionstofacilitatetheimplementationoftheConvention.118.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatspecificlegislationbeadoptedtoprohibitracialdiscriminationbyprivategroupsororganizations,inaccordancewitharticle2,paragraph1(d),oftheConvention.119.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatcomprehensiveinformationbeprovidedbytheStatepartyinitsnextperiodicreportontheeffectiveenjoymentbyallgroupsoftherightsunderarticle5oftheConvention,inparticularconcerningparticipationinpubliclifeunderarticle5(c)andenjoymentofeconomic,socialandculturalrightsunderarticle5(e).Forthispurpose,theCommitteerecommendsthatnationalorethnicminorityassociationsintheStatepartybeconsultedontheirexperiencesregardingthesematters.120.2 .2Inconnectionwitharticle6oftheConvention,theCommitteerequeststhatinformationbeprovidedontheavailabilityoftherighttoseekfromthecourtsjustandadequatereparationorsatisfactionforanydamagesufferedasaresultofracialdiscrimination.TheCommitteerecommendsthatinstancesofcaseswherereparationwassoughtfromthecourts,togetherwiththecourts'decisionsthereon,beprovidedinthenextreport.121.2 .2TheCommitteefurtherrecommendsthattheStatepartyfurnishareplytothequestionaboutthereasonfortheabsenceofprosecutionsrelatingtoracialdiscriminationoffences,soastoassesswhetherthisisduetotheactualnon-existenceofsuchoffences,ortoalackofawarenessofthepopulationoftheirrightsortoalackofeffectiveenforcementoftherelevantlawsbythecompetentauthorities.122.2 .2TheCommitteealsorecommendsthatdueattentionbepaidtotheavailabilityofeducationintheBelarusianlanguageforallstudentswhodesiretostudyinthatlanguage.123.2 .2Intheframeworkofarticle7oftheConvention,theCommitteerecommendsthattrainingconcerningtheprinciplesandrightsenshrinedintheConventionbeprovidedtolawenforcementofficials,judicialpersonnel,teachersandsocialworkers.Similarly,theCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartycontinueitseffortstoincorporatetheprinciplesoftheConventioninschoolcurriculaatalllevels.124.2 .2Whileitwelcomesthepublicationofthereport,theCommitteerecommendsthatthefourteenthperiodicreportoftheStateparty,aswellasthepresentconcludingobservationsbewidelydisseminatedamongthepublicatlarge.125.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyratifytheamendmentstoarticle8,paragraph6,oftheConvention,adoptedon15January1992,attheFourteenthMeetingoftheStatesPartiestotheConvention.@ .Luxembourg126.2 .2TheCommitteeconsideredtheninthperiodicreportofLuxembourg(CERD/C/277/Add.2),atits1193rdand1194thmeetings(CERD/C/SR.1193and1194),heldon7March1997.Atits1210thmeeting,heldon19March1997,itadoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.@ .A.Introduction127.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomesthedetailedreportsubmittedbytheGovernmentofLuxembourg,whichcontainsrelevantinformationaboutchangesanddevelopmentsthathaveoccurredsincetheconsiderationofthepreviousperiodicreport,althoughtheCommitteenotesthattheformofthereportdoesnotfollowtherevisedguidelines.TheCommitteenoteswithappreciationthattheStateparty,inthepreparationoftheninthperiodicreport,hastakenintoaccounttheCommittee'sconcludingobservationswithrespecttothepreviousreport.10󀀀TheCommitteealsoexpressesitsappreciationoftheconstructivedialoguewiththedelegationandthecomprehensiveandthoroughanswersgiventotherangeofquestionsaskedbyitsmembers.̀B.FactorsanddifficultiesimpedingtheimplementatioǹoftheConvention128.2 .2ItisnotedthattherearenosignificantfactorsordifficultiesthatpreventtheeffectiveimplementationoftheConventioninLuxembourg.@ .C.Positiveaspects129.2 .2ThehighstandardsofLuxembourgregardingthepromotionandprotectionofhumanrightsanditscommitmenttoimplementingtheprovisionsoftheConventionarenotedwithappreciation,especiallytakingintoaccounttheveryhighproportionofforeignresidents(over35percent)inthecountry.ThefactthatLuxembourghasmadeadeclarationunderarticle14oftheConventionandisthefirstStatepartytoimplementparagraph2ofarticle14byestablishingastandingcommitteeagainstdiscriminationinMay1996isalsowelcomed.130.2 .2TheadditionalstepsrecentlyundertakenbytheauthoritiesofLuxembourgtobringitslegislationandpracticeintolinewiththeConvention'srequirementsarewelcomed.InadditiontotheAliensActpromulgatedon27July1993,thecurrenteffortsbeingundertakenbytheGovernmenttoamendthePenalCodearewelcomed.131.2 .2TheCommitteenotedwithsatisfactionthattheGovernmentcollaborateswithnongovernmentalorganizationstofacilitatetheintegrationofaliensandtopreventandcombatalltypesofracialdiscrimination.Inthisregard,noteistakenofthe1993workingagreementbetweentheGovernmentandtheliaisonCommitteeforAliens'Associations.132.2 .2SatisfactionisexpressedinrelationtoeffortsundertakenbyLuxembourgtoraiseawarenessandtopromoteactionagainstallformsofracialdiscrimination.Trainingofthepoliceonhumanrightsissuesisalsowelcomed.SchoolandadulteducationpoliciesimplementedbytheStatepartytoreflectaplurinationalandmultilingualpopulationareasourceofsatisfaction.Theradiobroadcastingofprogrammesinvariousforeignlanguagesisalsowelcomedasapositivetrend.133.2 .2TheActof27July1993,which,interalia,providesspecialmeasurestopromoteandprotecttherighttohousingofforeignworkers,iswelcomedinthelightofarticle5oftheConvention.134.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomestheactivitiesundertakenandplannedinLuxembourgontheoccasionoftheEuropeanYearagainstRacism(1997).@ .z D.Principalsubjectsofconcern135.2 .2ItisnotedwithregretthatracistandxenophobicactsandincidentsoccurredinLuxembourgduring1994.136.2 .2AlthoughnoteworthystepshavebeentakenintheperiodunderreviewtowardstheeliminationofracialdiscriminationinLuxembourgandtostrengthentheimplementationofarticle4oftheConvention,itisnotedthatracistorganizationsarenotyetprohibitedbylaw.137.2 .2AlthoughtheCommitteeisawareofthepositiveeffortsundertakenbytheStatepartyinthefieldofeducationagainstracialdiscrimination,concernisexpressedabouttheabsenceorinsufficiencyofsucheducationalmeasuresforsomeprofessionalgroups,suchasjudges,magistrates,lawyersandcivilservants.@ . E.Suggestionsandrecommendations138.2 .2Inthelightofarticle4,paragraph(b),oftheConventionandofthecurrentprocessofamendingthePenalCodeofLuxembourg,theCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmentamendarticle455ofthePenalCodetobringitfullyintolinewiththerequirementsoftheConvention.139.2 .2Withrespecttoarticles4and6oftheConvention,theCommitteewouldappreciatereceivingfurtherinformationonthenumberofcomplaintsofracialdiscrimination,theoutcomeoftheprosecutionofcasesofracialdiscriminationandtheredress,ifany,providedtopersonssufferingfromsuchdiscrimination.140.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendstheamendmentofarticle444ofthePenalCodewithaviewtointroducingstrongerpenaltiesforactsofslanderand/ordefamationofaracialcharacter.141.2 .2ItisfurthersuggestedthattheStatepartyconsiderprovidingeducationandtrainingonracialtoleranceandhumanrightsissuestoprofessionalgroupssuchasjudges,magistrates,lawyersandcivilservants.142.2 .2DuringthecurrentreviewbytheauthoritiesofLuxembourgofnationallegislationrelatingtofreedomofthepressandinformation,theCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytakeappropriatemeasurestoensurethatalloftheprovisionsoftheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscriminationaretakenintoaccount.143.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartygivepublicityinthecountrytoitsninthperiodicreport,aswellastotheCommittee'sconcludingobservationsthereon.144.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyratifytheamendmentstoarticle8,paragraph6,oftheConvention,adoptedon15January1992attheFourteenthMeetingofStatesPartiestotheConvention.145.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty'snextperiodicreport,dueon1June1997,beanupdatingreportandthatitaddressallthepointsraisedduringtheconsiderationoftheninthreport.&  @ .Jordan146.2 .2Atits1196thmeeting,heldon10March1997(seeCERD/C/SR.1196),the'  CommitteereviewedtheimplementationoftheConventionbyJordanbaseduponitspreviousreports(CERD/C/130/Add.3andCERD/C/183/Add.1)andtheirconsiderationbytheCommittee(seeCERD/C/SR.864).TheCommitteenotedwithregretthatnoreporthadbeensubmittedtotheCommitteesince1989.147.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomed,however,thepresenceofadelegationoftheStatepartyatitsmeetingandtheoralinformationprovidedonlegaldevelopmentsrelevanttotheimplementationoftheConventionintheStateparty.TheCommitteewelcomed,inparticular,theinformationthatJordanwillresumeitsreportingobligationsundertheConventionshortly.148.2 .2TheCommitteethereforeinvitestheStatepartytosubmititsnextreportintimeforthefiftyfirstsessionoftheCommitteeandtoincludeinthatreportinformationonthelegislative,judicial,administrativeorothermeasuresgivingeffecttotheConvention,inaccordancewiththeCommittee'sgeneralguidelinesregardingtheformandcontentsofreportstobesubmittedbyaStatepartyunderarticle9,paragraph1,oftheConvention.@ .Nepal149.2 .2Atits1196thmeeting,heldon10March1997(seeCERD/C/SR.1196),theCommitteereviewedtheimplementationoftheConventionbyNepalbaseduponitspreviousreport(CERD/C/148/Add.1)anditsconsiderationbytheCommittee(seeCERD/C/SR.787).TheCommitteenotedwithregretthatnoreporthadbeensubmittedtotheCommitteesince1986.150.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomed,however,thepresenceofadelegationoftheStatepartyatitsmeetingandtheoralinformationprovidedonlegaldevelopmentsrelevanttotheimplementationoftheConventionintheStateparty.TheCommitteewelcomed,inparticular,theinformationthatNepalwillresumeitsreportingobligationsundertheConventionshortly.151.2 .2TheCommitteethereforeinvitestheStatepartytosubmititsnextreportintimeforthefiftyfirstsessionoftheCommitteeandtoincludeinthatreportinformationonthelegislative,judicial,administrativeorothermeasuresgivingeffecttotheConvention,inaccordancewiththeCommittee'sgeneralguidelinesregardingtheformandcontentsofreportstobesubmittedbyaStatepartyunderarticle9,paragraph1,oftheConvention.@ .Germany152.2 .2TheCommitteeconsideredthethirteenthandfourteenthperiodicreportsofGermany,submittedinasingledocument(CERD/C/299/Add.5),atits1196thand1197thmeetings(CERD/C/SR.1196and1197),on10and11March1997.Atits1211thmeeting,heldon20March1997,itadoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.@ .A.Introduction153.2 .2TheCommitteecommendstheStatepartyonthehighqualityofitsreport,drawnupinaccordancewiththeCommittee'sguidelines,althoughitisnotedthatthereportdidnotdealsystematicallywiththeCommittee'sconcludingobservationsrelatingtothepreviousreportoftheStateparty.Thecomprehensiveinformationprovidedinthereportanditsannexes,thefrankandconstructiveapproachtakenbythehighleveldelegationinthedialoguewiththeCommitteeandtheadditionalinformationprovidedinresponsetoquestionsposedbyCommitteemembersmanifesttheseriouscommitmentoftheGovernmentofGermanytotheprinciplesandpurposeoftheConvention.154.2 .2TheCommitteenotesthattheStatepartyhasnotmadethedeclarationprovidedforinarticle14oftheConvention,andsomeofitsmembersrequestedthatthepossibilityofsuchdeclarationbeconsidered.̀B.FactorsanddifficultiesimpedingtheimplementatioǹoftheConvention155.2 .2TheCommitteenotesthatthereisnonationalhumanrightsinstitutionorombudsmaninGermanyauthorizedtomonitorandcoordinatetheGovernment'seffortstoeliminateracialdiscrimination,andthatnocomprehensiveanti-discriminationlawhasbeenadopted,notwithstandingthefactthattheGermanConstitution(Grundgesetz)andmanyfederalandprovincial(Lnder)lawsdoprohibitandenvisagecriminalsanctionsforvariousmanifestationsofracialdiscriminationandxenophobia.@ .C.Positivefactors156.2 .2TheCommitteeexpressessatisfactionatthesignificantdecreaseincriminaloffencesagainstforeignersandasylumseekersandofotherexpressionsofracialdiscriminationandviolenceintheperiodsinceGermany'slastreport.Thisdecreaseappearstobeattributabletothemanifoldlegislative,administrativeandjudicialmeasurestakenbyGermanfederalandprovincialauthorities,includingamendmentstothecriminallawandenactmentofadditionallegislationaimedatrenderingtheprohibitionofracialdiscriminationandtheprotectionofvictimsmoreeffective.157.2 .2Theprohibitionoftheproductionanddistributionofneo-NaziliteratureandtheseverepunishmentofpersonsfoundguiltyofincitementtoracialhatredhavenodoubtcontributedtotheimprovementinthesituationsinceGermany'slastreport.Therehasalsobeenanoticeabledeclineinthenumberofpersonsbelongingtoextremistorganizations,severalofwhichhavebeenbanned.Inthiscontext,theCommitteeispleasedthatGermanyhasadoptedlegislativemeasurestofulfiltherequirementsofarticle4oftheConvention.158.2 .2TheCommitteeisawarethatattitudesofxenophobiaandracialdiscriminationarerejectedbyabroadsectionoftheGermanpublic,asshowninmanyspontaneousantidiscriminationdemonstrationsinGermancities,expressionsofcompassionforthevictimsofviolence,andfrequentcondemnationofxenophobiaandracialdiscriminationinthedailypressandothermedia.159.2 .2TheCommitteereiteratesthatgenocidehasrightlybeencondemnedasacrimeagainsthumanity,andtruststhatallgenocidalactswillbecondemnedwithoutanydistinctionastotime,placeorgroupofvictims;itfurtherhopesthatschemesforcompensationofthevictimsofgenocideandforpreventionofanyfuturediscriminationwillcoverallgroupsthathavebeenormaybecomevictims.160.2 .2InformationprovidedinthereportandorallybythedelegationindicatesthatsomevictimsofdiscriminationhavebeensuccessfulinvindicatingtheirrightsintheGermancourts,includinginthecontextofemployment.161.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomestheinformationgivenbythedelegationconcerningtheguidelinesoneducationissuedbytheConferenceofMinistersofCulture,whichprovideforthesystematicteachingofhumanrightsandtheprinciplesoftoleranceandcoexistenceinamulticulturalsociety.Inparticular,theCommitteecommendstheGermanauthoritiesfortheimprovedcurriculaatvariouslevelsofschooling,encompassinginstruction,startinginearlyyearsofschooling,aboutotherculturesandreligions,aimingtoinstilintheyoungafeelingofrespectforallhumanbeingsregardlessofethnicoriginorreligiousaffiliation.162.2 .2ThefrankacknowledgementbytheGermandelegationthattherearestillseriousproblemstosolve,andthecommitmentoftheGermanauthoritiestotakepreventivemeasuresandtocontinuemonitoringdevelopments,reflectarealisticapproachlikelytoproducegoodresults.163.2 .2TheCommitteealsowelcomesongoingregionalcooperationintheeradicationofxenophobiaandracialdiscrimination,particularlyinthecontextoftheEuropeanUnion,suchastheactivitieslaunchedinconnectionwiththeEuropeanYearagainstRacism.@ .z D.Principalsubjectsofconcern164.2 .2Concernisexpressedovermanifestationsofxenophobiaandracialdiscrimination,includingactsofantiSemitismandhostilityagainstcertainethnicgroups,andracialviolencethatstilloccuronasubstantialscaleinGermany.InspiteoftheGovernment'seffortstopreventthemandtopunishtheperpetrators,itappearsthatsuchmanifestationsreflectdeepseatedprejudicesandlatentfearsstillprevailingincertainsectionsofthepopulation,particularlyamongthelesseducatedandtheunemployed.Thissituationcallsforcontinuedeffortsonthepartofthefederalandprovincialgovernmentstoeradicatethecausesofdiscriminationandtointensifyinformationandeducationalprogrammes.165.2 .2ConcernisexpressedatthefactthatwhiletheStatepartyhasaccordedthestatusofethnicminorityandprovidedspecialprotectiontofoursmallethnicgroupstraditionallyresidentinGermany,ithasleftnumericallymuchlargerethnicgroupswithoutanyspecificprotection,inparticular,membersofthoseethnicgroupswhohavelongtermresidencestatusorwhohavebecomeGermancitizens.166.2 .2Concernisexpressedatinstancesofpolicebrutalityagainstforeigners,particularlyAfricansandTurks,whichhavebeenreportedinthepress.Bettertrainingandstricterdisciplinaryactionagainsttheperpetratorsappeartobenecessary.167.2 .2Itisnotedwithconcernthatprivateinsurancecarrierssometimesdiscriminateagainstethnicgroupsandthattheonusofcomplainingisplacedonthevictim.TheCommitteeconsidersthatfederallegislationregulatingtheinsuranceindustryshouldprohibitsuchabuses.168.2 .2Concernisalsoexpressedattheabsenceofcomprehensivelegislationtoprohibitracialdiscriminationintheprivatesectorinaccordancewitharticles2(1)(d)and5(e)(i)oftheConvention.169.2 .2Itisnotedwithconcerninconnectionwitharticle6oftheConventionthatcertaincategoriesofforeigners,includingthosewithoutlegalstatusandtemporaryresidents,arenotentitledtoredressforactsofracialdiscriminationcommittedagainstthem.170.2 .2ItisnotedwithconcernthatnoinformationwasmadeavailablebytheStatepartyconcerningmeasurestakentoeradicatedefactoracialsegregationinaccordancewitharticle3oftheConventionandasfurtherelaboratedintheCommittee'sGeneralRecommendationXIX(47).@ . E.Suggestionsandrecommendations171.2 .2TheCommitteeagainrecommendsthattheGermanauthoritiesgiveseriousconsiderationtotheenactmentofacomprehensiveantidiscriminationlawandsuggeststhatconsiderationalsobegiventotheestablishmentofanationalinstitutiontofacilitatetheimplementationoftheConvention,bearinginmindtheCommittee'sGeneralRecommendationXVII(42).172.2 .2TheCommitteeencouragestheStatepartytocontinueexploringwaysofprovidingspecificprotectiontoallethnicgroupslivinginGermany.173.2 .2Initsforthcomingreport,theStatepartyshouldaddress,interalia,issuesofracialdiscriminationintheprivatesector,accesstoemploymentbyforeigners,postemploymentcontractequality,defactoracialsegregation(bearinginmindtheCommittee'sGeneralRecommendationXIX(47)onarticle3oftheConvention),promptinvestigationandprosecutionofxenophobicoffences,inparticularthosecommittedbymembersofthepoliceforces,legislationonforeignersanditsimplementation(inaccordancewiththeCommittee'sGeneralRecommendationXI),currentasylumpractices,inparticularinrelationtothelistofsocalled"safecountries",compensationtoallvictimsofactsofracialdiscriminationinGermany,andtherespectivecompetencesofthefederalandprovincial(Lnder)authorities.174.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty'snextperiodicreportbeanupdatingreportinaccordancewiththereportingguidelines,takingaccountoftheCommittee'sconcludingobservations.175.2 .2TheCommitteeinvitestheStatepartytomakeitsreportandtheCommittee'sconcludingobservationswidelyavailableinGermanywithaviewtogeneratingdiscussionontheproblemsstillexisting.@ .\Pakistan176.2 .2TheCommitteeconsideredthetenth,eleventh,twelfth,thirteenthandfourteenthperiodicreportsofPakistan,submittedinonedocument(CERD/C/299/Add.6),atits1198thand1199thmeetings(CERD/C/SR.1198and1199),heldon11and12March1997.Atits1210thmeeting,on19March1997,itadoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.&  @ .A.Introduction177.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomestheopportunitytoresumethedialoguewithPakistan'  afteralapseof10years.TheCommitteenoteswithappreciationthatthereportsubmittedbytheStatepartycomplieswiththeCommittee'sgeneralguidelinesandthatitaddressestherecommendationsmadeduringthediscussionofthepreviousreport.Atthesametime,theCommitteeisoftheopinionthatmorespecificinformationisneededontheimplementationoftheConventionandnationallawsinpractice.TheCommitteewelcomestheanswersprovidedbythedelegationinresponsetocommentsmadebyitsmembers.178.2 .2TheCommitteenotesthattheStatepartyhasnotmadethedeclarationprovidedforinarticle14oftheConvention;someofitsmembersrequestedthatthepossibilityofsuchdeclarationbeconsidered.̀B.FactorsanddifficultiesimpedingtheimplementatioǹoftheConvention179.2 .2ItisnotedthatPakistanhasalargemultiethnicandmulticulturalsociety.Itisalsonotedthattheextremepovertyofcertaingroupsinthepopulation,thepresenceof1.2millionAfghanrefugeesandtheclimateofviolenceincertainpartsofthecountrymayaffectthefullimplementationoftheConventionbytheStateparty.@ .C.Positiveaspects180.2 .2Thecompletionofthedemocraticprocess,withtheregularholdingofelections,isobviouslyapositivesteptowardsbetterprotectionofhumanrightsingeneralandfullcompliancewiththeConvention.181.2 .2TheinformationprovidedbytheStatepartyonminoritieslivinginPakistan,inresponsetoquestionsaskedduringtheconsiderationofthepreviousreport,iswelcomedbytheCommittee,whichnotesthattheStateparty'sdefinitionofminoritiesisbasedonthereligiousaffiliationofthepersonsconcernedandnotonethnic,racialorlinguisticgrounds.AlthoughtheCommitteeisawarethatreligiousminoritiesassuchdonotfallunderthescopeoftheConvention,itnotesthatreligiousdifferencesmaycoincidewithethnicdifferences,anditthereforewelcomestheinstitutionsandmeasuresthathavebeenestablishedtopromoteandprotectminorityrights,suchastheMinoritiesAffairsDivision,theNationalCommissionforMinorities,theFederalAdvisoryCouncilforMinoritiesAffairs,theDistrictMinorityCommittees,theNationalCommitteeontheKalashPeopleandthemonthlyholdingofmeetingswithminoritymembersoftheNationalAssembly.182.2 .2TheestablishmentofaMinistryofHumanRightsiswelcomed.TheactiveroleplayedbytheCommissiononHumanRightsinidentifyingandcriticizinghumanrightsviolations,includingthosecommittedbythepoliceandarmedforces,isalsowelcomedbytheCommittee.183.2 .2Therepealoftheseparateelectoralsystem,whichallowedmembersofminoritiestovoteonlyforcertainreservedseatsinelections,iswelcomed.Thefactthatmembersofminoritiesarenowentitledtoparticipatedirectlyinthegeneralelectionprocess,inadditiontoelectingtheirownrepresentatives,isapositivedevelopment.184.2 .2Thedirectparticipationinnationalelections,forthefirsttimesincePakistan'sindependence,oftheinhabitantsoftheTribalAreasisalsowelcomed.185.2 .2TheextensiveinformationinthereportonthedifferentlanguagesspokeninPakistaniswelcomedbytheCommittee,allthemoresosinceitmayhelpinthegatheringoffutureinformationontheethniccompositionofthepopulationduringtheFifthPopulationandHousingCensus.186.2 .2ThedetailedinformationonvariousmeasurestakenandcampaignslaunchedbyPakistanwithaviewtopromotinghumanrightseducationandtoraisingpeople'sawarenessoftheirrightsandobligations,includingthoseundertheConvention,aswellastheenvisagedincorporationofhumanrightseducationintheschoolcurricula,arewelcomed.@ .z D.Principalsubjectsofconcern187.2 .2ConcernisexpressedthatthepolicyoftheStatepartytorecognizeonlyreligiousminoritiesexcludesethnic,linguisticorracialgroupslivinginthecountryfromanyspecificprotectionundertheConventionthatwouldderivefromtheirofficialrecognitionasminorities.188.2 .2Thefactthatthefundamentalrightsofcitizens,irrespectiveoftheirrace,religion,caste,sex,residenceorplaceofbirth,areguaranteedbytheConstitutioniswelcomed,althoughitisstressedthatarticle1,paragraph1,oftheConventionisbroaderinthatitprohibitsdiscrimination"basedonrace,colour,descent,ornationalorethnicorigin".189.2 .2Itisnotedwithregretthatthereportdoesnotrespondtoparagraph8oftheCommittee'sgeneralguidelinesaboutthesupplyofinformationonethnicorracialorigin.ThelackofsuchinformationmakesitdifficulttoassessthesituationofthevariousethnicgroupsinPakistanandtoevaluatethepracticalimpactandtheeffectivenessofthelegislativeandothermeasuresadoptedbytheauthoritiestoimplementtheprovisionsoftheConvention.190.2 .2ItisnotedwithregretthatnospecificinformationisprovidedonthelawsandregulationsconcerningtheFederallyAdministeredTribalAreasandtheNorthWestFrontierProvince,aswellasontheeconomicandsocialsituationprevailingthere.191.2 .2Thelackofinformationontheimplementationofarticle4oftheConventionisregretted.Moreover,itisnotedthattheStateparty'slegislationdoesnotfullycomplywitharticle4(b)oftheConvention,whichrequiresthat"organizations,andalsoorganizedandallotherpropagandaactivities,whichpromoteandinciteracialdiscrimination"bedeclaredillegalandthat"theparticipationinsuchorganizations"bedeclaredanoffencepunishablebylaw.192.2 .2Thereisinsufficientinformationonarticle5(a)and(b)oftheConvention,andinparticularwhethereveryoneenjoystherightto"equaltreatmentbeforethetribunalsandallotherorgansadministeringjustice"andto"securityofpersonandprotectionbytheStateagainstviolenceorbodilyharm,whetherinflictedbygovernmentofficialsorbyanyindividualgrouporinstitution".193.2 .2Itisregrettedthatthereisnotsufficientdisaggregatedinformationonparticipationinpubliclife,aswellaseconomicandsocialindicators,especiallyinconnectionwithaccesstoemployment,housing,educationandhealth,ofthevariousethnic,racialorlinguisticgroupslivinginthecountry,includingnon-citizens;thishamperstheassessmentoftheprogressmadeintheimplementationofarticle5oftheConvention.194.2 .2Itisunclearwhetherthevariouslanguagesspokeninthecountrycanbeusedinthecourts.195.2 .2Asthereisnoinformationonthelegislativemeasuresadoptedtoimplementarticle6oftheConvention,theabsenceofinstancesofjudicialcasesconcerningactsofracialdiscriminationcannotbeacceptedasproofoftheabsenceofsuchdiscrimination.@ . E.Suggestionsandrecommendations196.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthat,inthefuture,attentionbepaidtoarticle9,paragraph1,oftheConventionrelatingtotheundertakingbyStatespartiestosubmitperiodicreportsregularly.197.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty'sprohibitionofdiscriminationbebroughtintolinewitharticle1,paragraph1,oftheConvention.198.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatmoreinformationonthefunctionsandpowersoftheMinistryofHumanRightsandtheCommissiononHumanRightsbeprovidedintheStateparty'snextperiodicreport.199.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatspecificinformationbeprovidedontheFederallyAdministeredTribalAreasandtheNorthWestFrontierProvince.200.2 .2TheCommittee,whileappreciatingtheconcernnottopromoteethnicorgroupdistinctions,suggeststhattheStatepartyexplorethepossibilityofgrantingthesamestatusasthatofthereligiousminoritiestootherethnicandlinguisticgroups,toensuretheirfullprotectionunderthenationallawsandinstitutionsrelatingtominoritiesaswellasrelevantinternationalhumanrightsinstruments.201.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyincludeinitsnextreportinformationasavailableontheethnicandracialoriginofthepopulationinconformitywithparagraph8oftheCommittee'sgeneralguidelines.202.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatinformationontheimplementationofarticle4oftheConventionbeprovidedinthenextperiodicreport.Italsorecommendsthatthenecessarystepsbeundertakentogiveeffecttoarticle4(b)oftheConventioninnationallegislation.203.2 .2TheCommitteefurtherrecommendsthatcomprehensiveinformationbeprovidedinthenextperiodicreportontheimplementationofarticle5oftheConvention,withparticularreferencetoparagraphs(a),(b),(c)and(e).204.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatthenextperiodicreportcontaininformationonwhichofthemainlanguagesspokeninPakistanmaybeusedinthecourtsandinrelationswiththeadministration.205.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatcomprehensiveinformationbeprovidedonlegislativeandothermeasuresadoptedbytheStatepartytocomplywithprovisionsofarticle6oftheConventionandontheavailabilityoftherighttoseekfromthecourtsjustandadequatereparationorsatisfactionforanydamagesufferedasaresultofracialdiscrimination.TheCommitteealsorecommendsthatinstancesofcaseswherereparationwassoughtfromthecourts,togetherwiththecourts'decisionsthereon,beprovided.206.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty,initscontinuingeffortsinthefieldofhumanrightseducationandawareness,continuetopayattentiontotheestablishmentoftrainingprogrammesaimedatfamiliarizinglawenforcementofficials,judges,magistrates,teachersandsocialworkerswiththestandardsoftheConvention.Inthisrespect,theCommitteedrawstheattentionoftheStatepartytoitsGeneralRecommendationsV(15),onreportingobligationsinrelationtoarticle7oftheConvention,andXIII(42),onthetrainingoflawenforcementofficialsintheprotectionofhumanrights.207.2 .2TheCommitteefurtherrecommendsthatthetenthtofourteenthperiodicreportsoftheStateparty,aswellasthepresentconcludingobservations,bepublicizedandwidelydisseminatedamongthepublicatlarge.208.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyratifytheamendmentstoarticle8,paragraph6,oftheConvention,adoptedon15January1992attheFourteenthMeetingofStatesPartiestotheConvention.209.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty'snextperiodicreportbeanupdatingreporttakingintoaccountallrequestsforspecificinformationlistedaboveandallpointsraisedinconsiderationofthereport.@ .Belgium210.2 .2TheCommitteeconsideredtheninthandtenthperiodicreportsofBelgium,submittedinonedocument(CERD/C/260/Add.2),andadoptedthefollowingconcludingobservationsatits1211thand1212thmeetings(seeCERD/C/SR.1211and1212)on20March1997.@ .A.Introduction211.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomestheninthandtenthperiodicreportssubmittedbytheGovernmentofBelgiuminonedocumentandtheopportunitythusofferedtocontinueitsdialoguewiththeStateparty.ItexpressestotheBelgianGovernmentitssatisfactionregardingthequalityofthereport,althoughitregretsthatitwasnotsubmittedwithinthetimelimit.ItalsothanksthehighleveldelegationfortheadditionalinformationsubmittedorallyinreplytothenumerousquestionsaskedbymembersoftheCommitteeandconsidersitsdialoguewiththedelegationtohavebeenfruitfulandconstructive.TheCommitteenotedthedesireoftheStateparty,asevidencedbytheongoingreviewoftheoperationofthepoliceservicesandjudicialinstitutions,toimplementamoreactivepolicyforprosecutingracialoffences.@ .B.Positiveaspects212.2 .2TheCommitteenotedwithinterestthestatementbytheStatepartytotheeffectthatwithaviewtotheaccessionofBelgiumtoarticle14oftheConventionstepshavebeentakenatthefederallevelandclarificationhasbeenrequestedfromtheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights/CentreforHumanRightsconcerningtheprocedureforimplementingarticle14,paragraph2.213.2 .2TheCommitteetooknotewithsatisfactionoftheinstitutionalandstatutorymeasuresrecentlyadoptedbytheBelgianauthoritiestocombatracismandxenophobia.ItnotedtheamendmentstotheActof30July1981designedtocurbcertainactsmotivatedbyracismorxenophobia.Thosemeasuresledtotheestablishmentin1993oftheCentreforEqualOpportunityandActiontoCombatRacism,theprimaryfunctionofwhichistoreceivecomplaintsofracialdiscriminationand,ifnecessary,institutecourtproceedings.Inaddition,theActof12April1994introducedchangestoincreasepenaltiesandextendthescopeofpenaltiesforpublicexpressionsofintenttopracticeracialdiscrimination,fordiscriminationintheprovisionofgoodsorservicesandfordiscriminationinemployment,withregardtowhichtherighttoinstituteproceedingswasgrantedtoworkers'andemployers'organizations.214.2 .2TheCommitteenotedwithsatisfactionthevariousmeasurestakenregionallytoensuretheintegrationandparticipationofforeigners,inparticularthepromulgationofthedecreeof4July1996,thepurposeofwhichistoapproveandsubsidizecentresintheWalloonRegionfortheintegrationofforeignersorpersonsofforeignorigin.215.2 .2TheCommitteetooknoteofthepenaltiesintroducedbytheActof15December1980asreprisalsagainsttheorganizersofillegalimmigrationnetworksandtrafficinpersons,particularlyforeigners.216.2 .2TheCommitteealsonotedwithgreatinterestandappreciationtheroleoftheCentreforEqualOpportunityandActiontoCombatRacisminpreventingdiscriminationbyconsideringcomplaintsofactsofracialdiscrimination,bysettinguptrainingcoursesforthepoliceandgendarmerieandthejudicialpoliceandbyorganizinginformationcampaignsforforeignersandcampaignstoenhancepublicawarenessofactiontocombatracism.TheCommitteeisalsopleasedtowelcometheinitiativestakeninthespheresofeducationandinformationtoovercometheprejudiceswhichgiverisetoracialdiscrimination.@ .z C.Principalsubjectsofconcern217.2 .2TheCommitteenotedtheentryintoforceoftheActof23March1995prohibitingthedenial,minimization,justificationorapprovalofthegenocidecommittedbytheGermannationalsocialistregimeduringtheSecondWorldWar,thusfillingagapinthelaw.Concernsare,however,expressedthatthescopeofthatAct,whichdoesnotrefertoalltypesofgenocide,istoorestricted.218.2 .2TheCommitteeexpressedseriousconcernsaboutcaselawinBelgiumwhichinterpretsasapressoffenceanywrittenmaterialcontainingacriminalexpressionwhichisprinted,reproducedanddistributed.ItisamatterforconcernthattheActof1981,amendedin1994,andtheActof1995,bothofwhichtendtoapplyseverersanctionstoactsinspiredbyracismandxenophobia,arenotimplementedinthisconnection.219.2 .2ParticularconcernisagainexpressedregardingtheBelgianGovernment'sdeclarationontheprovisionsofarticle4oftheConvention.TheCommitteealsonotedwithconcernthattheStatepartyhasnottakenanylegislativemeasurestodeclareillegalandprohibitorganizationswhichincitetoracialdiscrimination,asarticle4(b)oftheConventionprovides.StrongconcernwasalsoexpressedattheexistenceintheFlemishCommunityofapoliticalpartywithanextremistandxenophobicideology.220.2 .2AlthoughBelgium'slegislativesystemtendstoeliminatemostprovisionswhichrestricttherightsofforeignersandrefugees,theCommitteeregrettedthat,withregardtoarticle5oftheConvention,thereportcontainednoinformationconcerningtheeconomic,socialandculturalsituationofBelgiancitizensofforeignoriginMoroccans,Turks,ItaliansorothersorthatofpersonsestablishedinBelgiumbutnotBelgiancitizens.221.2 .2ConcernwasexpressedattheallegationthatthePublicProsecutor'sDepartmentandthepolicearelesszealousintheprosecutingofoffencesincaseswherethevictimisnotofEuropeanorigin.222.2 .2Concernwasalsoexpressedaboutarticle18bisoftheActof15December1980,permittingthelimitationofthetemporaryorpermanentresidenceofforeignersincertaincommunes.223.2 .2TheCommitteeexpressedregretatthelackofdetailedinformationoncomplaintsofracistandxenophobicactsreceivedbytheCentreforEqualOpportunityandActiontoCombatRacism.Furtherinformationwasalsorequestedonthenumberofcomplaintsofracialdiscriminationtakentocourt,thenatureofsuchcomplaintsandhowtheywerehandled.224.2 .2TheCommitteenotedwithregretthatthereportsubmittedbytheStatepartymadenoexplicitreferencetotheCommittee'sconclusionsandrecommendationsfollowingitsconsiderationofthepreviousreportandthatithadnotbeenwidelypublicized.@ . D.Suggestionsandrecommendations225.2 .2TheCommitteesuggeststhatallnecessaryeffortsshouldbemadetoensurethefullimplementationoftheConventioninBelgianlawandthepossibilityofinvokingitbeforethecourts.226.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheBelgianlegislativesystemensuregreaterconsistencyinformulatingnewlawsand,inparticular,thatadjustmentsbemadetotheConstitutionandthelawstopermitmoreeffectivecriminalprosecutionofracist,negatoryordiscriminatorywritingsassuch.TheCommitteesuggeststhattheActof23March1995,whichprohibitsthedenial,minimization,justificationorapprovalofthegenocidecommittedbytheGermannationalsocialistregimeduringtheSecondWorldWar,shouldbebroadenedtocoverthedifferenttypesofgenocide.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyincludeinitsnextperiodicreportinformationontheresultsofputtingintoeffectrecentlyadoptedlegislation,asmentionedabove,andtheobstaclesencounteredinsodoing.TheCommitteeisnotsatisfiedwiththereplacementintheActof12April1994oftheconceptof"nationalorethnicorigin"bytheconceptsof"origin"or"nationality"andsuggestsanamendmentinkeepingwiththetermsusedinarticle1,paragraph1,oftheConvention.227.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheBelgianGovernmenttakethenecessarylegalstepstoimplementarticle4(b)oftheConvention,accordingtowhichStatespartiesshalldeclareillegalandprohibitorganizations"whichpromoteandinciteracialdiscrimination".TheCommitteealsorecommendsthattheStatepartyincludeinitsnextreportinformationoncomplaintsofdiscriminationunderarticle4oftheConventionandonhowthecourtshandledthem.228.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyincludeinitsnextreportstatisticaldataontheethniccompositionoftheBelgianpopulation,andespeciallythepercentageofBelgiancitizensofforeignorigininthecountryandinthevariouscommunities,andthenumberofpersonsestablishedinBelgiumwhoarenotBelgiancitizens.Detailedinformationontheirsocioeconomicsituation,particularlytheunemploymentrateinthevariousethniccommunities,wouldbemuchappreciated.229.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheBelgianGovernmentensure,bymeansofappropriateinformationandtraining,thatthejudicialauthoritiesandthepolicetreatpersonsofEuropeanandnon-Europeanorigininthesameway.230.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyreconsiderarticle18bisoftheActof15December1980,whichappearstobeinbreachofarticle5(d)(i)oftheConvention.231.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatadditionalinformationbeprovidedontheactivitiesoftheCentreforEqualOpportunityandActiontoCombatRacism,alongwithdetailedinformationonthenumberofcomplaintsofracialdiscriminationfiledwiththecourts,theresultsofproceedingsinstitutedincasesofracialdiscriminationandthecompensationgranted,whereappropriate,tothevictimsofthatdiscrimination.232.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheBelgianGovernmenttakeaccount,inpreparingitsnextreport,oftheseconclusionsandrecommendationsoftheCommittee.ItsuggeststhattheStatepartyensurethatthereportandtheseconclusionsarewidelydistributedtothepublicinthevariouslanguagesusedinBelgium.233.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyratifytheamendmenttoarticle8,paragraph6,oftheConvention,adoptedon15January1992attheFourteenthMeetingofStatesPartiestotheConvention.234.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty'snextperiodicreportshouldbeanupdateofthelastreportandthatitshouldaddressallthepointsraisedduringtheconsiderationofthereport.&  @ .\Cameroon235.2 .2Atits1201stmeeting,heldon13March1997(seeCERD/C/SR.1201),the'  CommitteereviewedtheimplementationoftheConventionbyCameroonbaseduponitspreviousreport(CERD/C/171/Add.1)anditsconsiderationbytheCommittee(seeCERD/C/SR.880881).TheCommitteenotedwithregretthatnoreporthadbeensubmittedtotheCommitteesince1989.236.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomed,however,thepresenceofadelegationoftheStatepartyatitsmeetingandtheoralinformationprovidedondevelopmentsrelevanttotheimplementationoftheConventionintheStateparty.TheCommitteewelcomed,inparticular,theinformationthatCameroonwillresumeitsreportingobligationsundertheConventionshortly.237.2 .2TheCommitteethereforeinvitestheStatepartytosubmititsnextreportintimeforthefiftyfirstsessionoftheCommitteeandtoincludeinthatreportinformationonthelegislative,judicial,administrativeorothermeasuresgivingeffecttotheConvention,inaccordancewiththeCommittee'sgeneralguidelinesregardingtheformandcontentsofreportstobesubmittedbyaStatepartyunderarticle9,paragraph1,oftheConvention.238.2 .2TheCommitteesuggeststhattheGovernmentofCameroonmaywishtoavailitselfofthetechnicalassistanceofferedundertheadvisoryservicesoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights/CentreforHumanRights,withtheaimofdrawingupandsubmittingassoonaspossibleanupdatedreport.@ .Iceland239.2 .2TheCommitteeconsideredthefourteenthperiodicreportofIceland(CERD/C/299/Add.4)atits1202ndmeeting(CERD/C/SR.1202),on13March1997,andatits1212thmeeting,on20March1997,adoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.@ .A.Introduction240.2 .2TheCommitteecommendstheStatepartyonthequalityofitsreport,submittedinduetimeanddrawnupinaccordancewiththeCommittee'sguidelines.TheCommitteeissatisfiedwiththefrankandconstructiveapproachtakenbytherepresentativesofthereportingStateintheirdialoguewiththeCommitteeandfortheadditionalinformationtheyprovidedwithregardtorecentdevelopmentsrelatingtotheimplementationoftheConventioninIceland.̀B.FactorsanddifficultiesimpedingtheimplementatioǹoftheConvention241.2 .2TheCommitteenotesthatwhereasIcelandhasincorporatedtheEuropeanConventiononHumanRightsinIcelandiclaw,byActNo.62/1994,ithasnotdonesowithregardtotheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination.ConferringconstitutionalstatusontheConventionwouldenhanceitseffectivenessbyprovidingfordirectdomesticapplication.&  @ .C.Positivefactors242.2 .2TheCommitteeexpressessatisfactionthatinFebruary1995theAlthing,'  Iceland'slegislature,amendeditsConstitutiontoreflectprovisionsofhumanrightstreatiestowhichIcelandisaparty.Theamendmentprovidesforextensivechangesandadditionstohumanrightsprovisionspreviouslyineffect.WhereastheprincipleofequalityhadbeenunwrittenlawandpracticeinIceland,thenewconstitutionalprovisionsnowrenderitwrittenlaw.OfparticularrelevancetotheCommitteeissection65,subsection1,whichstipulatesequalitywithoutregardtonationalorigin,raceorcolour.TheCommitteealsowelcomesthe1996amendmenttothePersonalNamesAct,abolishingtherequirementthatanaturalizedforeignerassumeanIcelandicsoundingfamilyname.Henceforth,boththenaturalizedpersonandhischildrencanretaintheirfamilynames.243.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomesthefactthattheAlthingadoptedchangestothePenalCodeinDecember1996makingracialdiscriminationpunishablebylaw.Thatgoesbeyondthepreviouslyexistingpenalprovisionsofsection233(a)ofthePenalCode,concerningpublicattacksonagroupofpersonsonthegroundsoftheirnationality,colour,raceorreligion,andofsection125,concerningridiculeofthereligionorworshipofalawfulreligiouscommunityinIceland.244.2 .2Iceland'sinformationontheimplementationofarticle7oftheConventionisappreciated.Inparticular,theCommitteeispleasedthatIcelandhasissuedandwidelydistributedabrochurecontainingtheConvention,andthatIceland'sHumanRightsOfficeundertakesspeciallecturesonhumanrightsandtoleranceforpersonsworkingwithandteachingimmigrants.Humanrightseducationisprovidedbothintheschoolsandfortheadultpopulation.IntheIcelandicSchoolforPolicemenageneralcourseonhumanrightsiscompulsory,andallmajorinternationalconventionsonhumanrightsareintroducedtothestudents.245.2 .2TheCommitteecommendstheStatepartyforhavingdistributedtheCommittee'sconcludingobservationsconcerningIceland'spreviousreportstothemedia,mostofwhichcommentedonthem,therebyprovidinganoccasionforpublicdebateinIceland.246.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomestheestablishmentofaspecialInformationandCulturalCentreforForeignersinReykjavikin1994,which,interalia,providespracticalinformationconcerningresidents'permits,healthcare,socialservices,insuranceandtheschoolsystem.247.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthatIcelandhasmadethedeclarationunderarticle14oftheConvention,thusenablingitsresidentstoavailthemselvesoftheindividualcommunicationsprocedure.@ .z D.Principalsubjectsofconcern248.2 .2TheCommitteenotesthatitspreviousconcludingobservations,dated17August1994,containedfourrecommendationsconcerningtheConvention'sstatusinthedomesticlegalorderofIceland,measurestoimplementfullytheprovisionsofarticle4oftheConvention,measurestocombatracialdiscriminationinthefieldsofteaching,education,cultureorinformation,andacceptanceoftheamendmenttoarticle8,paragraph6,oftheConvention.Icelandhaspartiallyimplementedonlyoneofthoserecommendations,concerningarticle4oftheConvention,andhasnotprovidedtheCommitteewithanyexplanationofwhyithasnotbeenabletoimplementtheotherthree.̇&  @ . E.Suggestionsandrecommendations249.2 .2TheCommitteesuggeststhatfurtherpublicitybegiventotheStateparty's'  declarationunderarticle14,soastomakethatrecoursemorewidelyavailabletotheresidentsofIceland.250.2 .2TheCommitteereiteratesitspreviousrecommendationstofullyimplementarticle4oftheConventionandtoadoptmeasuresaccordingtoarticle7inthefieldsofteaching,education,cultureandinformation.251.2 .2IntheStateparty'snextreport,theCommitteewouldwelcomefurtherinformationonthenaturalizationlawanditsmechanisms.252.2 .2TheCommitteeinvitestheStatepartytomakeitsreportandtheCommittee'sconcludingobservationswidelyavailableinIcelandwithaviewtoenhancingpublicawarenessoftheproblemsanddangersofracialdiscrimination.TheCommitteewouldwelcome,inthenextreport,informationonrelevantpublicdebate.253.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyratifytheamendmentstoarticle8,paragraph6,oftheConvention,adoptedon15January1992attheFourteenthMeetingofStatesPartiestotheConvention.254.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty'snextperiodicreportbeanupdatingreportandthatitaddressallthepointsraisedduringtheconsiderationofthereport.  UK     \R3'\ X      +C<6X9`(CourierC(  $(f882   @ .$Iraq255.2 .2Atits1203rdand1204thmeetings,heldon14March1997,theCommitteeconsideredtheeleventh,twelfthandthirteenthperiodicreportsofIraq(CERD/C/240/Add.3)andatits1230thand1231stmeetings,heldon13and14August1997,adoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.@ .A.Introduction256.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomesthepresentationoftheStateparty'seleventh,twelfthandthirteenthperiodicreports,whichhadbeenoverduebecauseofthedifficultsituationinthecountrysince1991,andappreciatestheopportunitytocontinuethedialoguewiththeStateparty.ThereportdidnotfullyfollowtheguidelinesforthepresentationofreportsandlackedconcreteinformationonthepracticalimplementationoftheConventionandlawsbearingonissuesconcerningtheConvention.257.2 .2TheCommitteenotesthattheStatepartyhasnotmadethedeclarationprovidedforinarticle14oftheConvention,andsomeofitsmembersrequestedthatthepossibilityofmakingthedeclarationbeconsidered.̀B.FactorsanddifficultiesimpedingtheimplementatioǹoftheConvention258.2 .2ItisrecognizedthattheeconomicandsocialhardshipsinIraqfollowingtheinternationalembargosincetheGulfwarandthecontinuingsituationintheNorthernGovernorates,whichprecludesIraqfromexercisingitsjurisdiction,makesthefullimplementationoftheConventionmoredifficult.Inparticular,itisnotedthat,accordingtoreportsoftheWorldHealthOrganizationinMarch1996andtheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsin1995,theeconomicsanctionsappliedagainstIraqhaveresultedinasignificantlackofbasicfoodsandmedicine,andthepopulation,especiallychildrenandelderlypeople,havesufferedgravelyfrommalnutritionandlackofmedicalcare,withfatalconsequences.Inthiscontext,itisnotedwithgraveconcernthat,accordingtothereportoftheSecretaryGeneralof10March1997(S/1997/206),SecurityCouncilresolution986(1995)andthememorandumofunderstanding,whicharemeanttoprovideforthedeliveryofhumanitariangoodsinexchangeforoil,havestillnotbeenfullyimplemented.TheCommitteeisoftheopinionthatthewithholdingofbasicsuppliesoffoodandmedicineinitselfconstitutesagraveviolationofhumanrights.This,however,doesnotabsolvetheGovernmentofIraqfromitsresponsibilitytoimplementtheConvention.@ .C.Positiveaspects259.2 .2Itisnotedwithappreciationthat,accordingtothelegalsystemofIraq,theConventionformsanintegralpartofthenationallegislationandmaybedirectlyinvokedbeforethecourts.260.2 .2ThelawsandregulationsprovidingfortheautonomyoftheKurdishminorityinthenorthernpartsofIraqandtheregulationsconcerningtheprotectionoftheculturalidentityofseveralminoritygroupsinIraq,includingtheprotectionoflanguagesspokenbythem,arenotedwithappreciation.@ .z D.Principalsubjectsofconcern261.2 .2ThehumanrightssituationinIraqwithrespecttotheimplementationoftheConvention,accordingtocertainreports,inparticularthereportoftheSpecialRapporteuroftheCommissiononHumanRights(E/CN.4/1997/57),isamatterofgraveconcern,asaretheassessmentsmadebytheCommissionofHumanRightsinitsresolution1997/60.Iraqisapartytomostofthemajorhumanrightsagreements;however,theimplementationoftheobligationsIraqhasacceptedunderthoseinstruments,includingtheConvention,isopentoimprovement.262.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedthatSecurityCouncilresolutionsdealingwithmattersrelatingtotheeliminationofallformsofracialdiscriminationhavenotbeenfullyimplemented.263.2 .2ItisnotedwithregretthatbecauseoftheprevailingsituationandrestraintsimposedontheexerciseofthejurisdictionofIraq,theKurdishpopulationlivingintheNorthernGovernorateswasunabletoparticipateinthepopularreferenduminaccordancewithRevolutionCommandCouncilDecreeNo.85of1995.264.2 .2Concernisexpressedaboutthesituationoftheinhabitantsofthesouthernmarshes,andfurtherinformationisrequestedaboutthestatusoftheinhabitantsofthatareaandtheirwayofliving.265.2 .2Itisnotedwithconcernthattheprovisionsofarticles200,203,204and208ofthePenalCodedonotreflecttherequirementsofarticle4oftheConvention.̇@ . E.Suggestionsandrecommendations266.2 .2TheCommitteerequeststheStatepartytoprovideinitsnextreportdetailedinformationaddressingtheconcernsexpressedbytheCommittee.267.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatIraqreviewitspolicyconcerningrespectforandimplementationofinternationalhumanrightsinstruments,inparticulartheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination.268.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatIraqcomplywiththerelevantSecurityCouncilresolutionscallingforthereleaseofallKuwaitinationalsandnationalsofotherStateswhomightstillbeheldindetention,andtoprovideallavailableinformationonmissingindividualsofsuchStates.269.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyreviewitslegislationinordertomakeitcomplywiththerequirementsofarticle4oftheConvention.270.2 .2TheCommitteerequeststheStatepartytoprovideeconomicandsocialdataonthesituationofethnicminorities.271.2 .2TheCommitteerequeststheStatepartytosubstantiateitsstatementthattheprovisionsoftheConventionmaybedirectlyinvokedinthecourts.272.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyprovideinformationaboutthepolitical,economicandgeographicalstructureofthecountryinaseparatecoredocumentandthatthenextreportofIraqfollowmorecloselytheguidelinesforreporting.273.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyratifytheamendmentstoarticle8,paragraph6,oftheConvention,adoptedon15January1992attheFourteenthMeetingofStatesPartiestotheConvention.274.2 .2TheConventionrecommendsthattheStateparty'snextperiodicreportbeacomprehensivereport,submittedsoastobedealtwithbytheCommitteeatitssummersessionof1998,andthatitaddressallthepointsraisedinthepresentconcludingobservationsaswellasinCommissiononHumanRightsresolution1997/60.@ .\Bulgaria275.2 .2TheCommitteeconsideredthetwelfth,thirteenthandfourteenthperiodicreportsofBulgaria,whichweresubmittedinasingledocument(CERD/C/299/Add.7),atits1205thand1207thmeetings(CERD/C/SR.1205and1207),heldon17and18March1997,andatits1210thmeeting,on19March1997,adoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.@ .A.Introduction276.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithappreciationtheStateparty'sreadinesstocontinuethedialoguewiththeCommitteebysendingahighleveldelegationtopresentthetwelfth,thirteenthandfourteenthconsolidatedperiodicreports,whichservesasanindicationoftheimportanceattachedbytheGovernmentofBulgariatoitsobligationsundertheConvention.TheCommitteeappreciatesthefranknessandcomprehensivenessofthereport,whichfullycomplieswiththereportingguidelinesandwhichcontainsdetailedsupplementaryinformationinresponsetosomeofthesuggestionsandrecommendationsadoptedbytheCommitteeduringitsconsiderationofthepreviousperiodicreport.TheCommitteewelcomestheadditionalinformationprovidedbytheStatepartyinthecourseofthedialoguewiththeCommittee,duringwhichtherepresentativesofBulgariaindicatedinaveryfrankandselfcriticalmannerthedifficultiesencounteredinimplementingtheConvention.̀B.FactorsanddifficultiesimpedingtheimplementatioǹoftheConvention277.2 .2ItisrecognizedthatBulgariahashadtofaceeconomic,socialandpoliticalchallengesduringthepastyears,asaresult,interalia,ofthetransitiontodemocracyandtoamarketorientedeconomy.Inthisconnection,itisnotedthattheStatepartyisundergoingsevereeconomicandsocialproblems,includingahighlevelofexternaldebt,whichhashadanegativeimpactonthesituationofthepopulation,especiallyminoritiessuchasRoma,andwhichimpedethefullenjoymentofeconomicandsocialrights.ThehighrateofunemploymentandpovertycontributestothemarginalizationofabroadstrataofthepopulationandisnotconducivetothefullimplementationoftheConvention.&  @ .C.Positiveaspects278.2 .2ItisnotedwithgreatappreciationthattheStatepartyhasmadethe'  Declarationunderarticle14oftheConvention,recognizingthecompetenceoftheCommitteetoreceivecommunications,andthewithdrawalofitsreservationinrelationtoarticle22oftheConventioniswelcomed.279.2 .2Thefactthat,accordingtoarticle5(4)oftheConstitution,internationalinstrumentssuchastheConventionthatareratified,promulgatedandmadeeffectivebyBulgariaarepartoftheStateparty'sdomesticlawandenjoysuperiorityovernormsofdomesticlawthatcontradictthem,iswelcomed.280.2 .2ItisnotedthattheGovernmentofBulgariahastakenseveralpositivemeasuresinthefieldoflawreform,especiallysincetheadoptionofthenewConstitutionof12July1991,tocombatvariousformsofracialdiscriminationandwhichfallwithinthescopeoftheConvention,includingtheLawonNamesofBulgarianCitizens,whichensuresthepossibilityoftheuseofnon-Slavicnames;theLawonAmnestyandRestitutionofSequesteredProperties;andtheLawonRestorationofPropertyRightsandRealEstatetoBulgarianCitizensofTurkishOrigin.@ .z D.Principalsubjectsofconcern281.2 .2Althoughtheperiodicreportcontainscomprehensiveinformationonthelegalframework,theabsenceofinformationontheeffectiveimplementationofnewlawsisregretted.282.2 .2Concernisexpressedthattheeconomiccrisishasaffectedpeoplefromethnicminoritiesdisproportionately.Inthisrespect,thepersistentmarginalizationofthelargeRomapopulation,inspiteofcontinuingeffortsbytheGovernment,isamatterofconcern.ItisnotedthattheRomafacedefactodiscriminationintheenjoymentoftheireconomic,socialandculturalrights,whichincreasestheirvulnerabilityinacontextofeconomiccrisis.Concernisexpressedaboutdiscriminationagainstminoritiesintheworkplace,especiallyforRoma,mostofwhomhaverelativelylittletrainingandeducation.ConcernisalsoexpressedthatRomaencounterdifficultiesinapplyingforsocialbenefitsandthatruralRomaarediscouragedfromclaiminglandtowhichtheyareentitledunderthelawdisbandingagriculturalcollectives.283.2 .2ConcernisexpressedattheinsufficiencyofthemeasurestakentoguaranteetherightsandfreedomsofBulgariancitizensandtheirintegrationintosocietyregardlessofrace,nationalityorethnicorigin.Inthisconnection,concernisexpressedatthepersistenceofexpressionsofracialhatredandactsofviolence,particularlybyneo-Naziskinheadsandothers,towardspersonsbelongingtominorities,especiallyBulgariancitizensofRomaorigin.AlarmisexpressedthattheStatepartyhasnotbeensufficientlyactiveineffectivelycounteringincidentsofracialviolenceagainstmembersofminoritygroupsandthatBulgarianpoliceandprosecutorsseemtohavefailedtoinvestigateactsofviolencepromptlyandeffectively,Inaddition,concernisexpressedatinformationfromvarioussourcesindicatingthatthenumberofchargesandconvictionsislowrelativetothenumberofabusesreported.Concernisalsoexpressedthatactsofpropagatingandinstigatingracialandnationalistichatred,andtheperpetratorsofsuchcrimesagainstethnicminorities,arenotconsideredtoposeasignificantdangertothepublicorder.284.2 .2Takingintoaccountreportsofcasesofharassmentanduseofexcessiveforcebymembersofsecurityforcesagainstminorities,especiallyagainstmembersoftheRomacommunity,theCommitteeisconcernedthattheremaybeinsufficienttrainingprovidedtolawenforcementofficialsontheConvention.285.2 .2AlthoughtherighttoassociateandtofoundpoliticalpartiesisstatedasageneralprincipleintheConstitution,itisnotedwithconcernthattheStatepartyprohibitsthefoundationandregistrationofpoliticalpartiesformedonethnic,racialorreligiousbasesaccordingtotheprovisionofarticle11,paragraph4,oftheConstitutionofBulgaria.@ . E.Suggestionsandrecommendations286.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyprovidedetailedinformationontheeffectiveimplementationofthenewlegislation,includingonthelawonrestitutionofconfiscatedimmovablepropertyorcompensatingaffectedpersons.287.2 .2Althoughanumberofinstitutionshavebeenestablishedtopromoteandprotecthumanrights,theCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartystrengthencoordinationbetweenthevariousgovernmentalmechanismsatboththenationalandlocallevels,withaviewtodevelopingacomprehensivepolicyontheeliminationofracialdiscriminationandensuringeffectiveevaluationoftheimplementationoftheConvention.Inaddition,theCommitteesuggeststhattheStatepartypursueitseffortstoestablishanindependentmechanismsuchasanombudsmanoranationalcommissionforhumanrightstomonitorobservanceofhumanrights.288.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsincreasedattentiontotheprotectionoftheRoma'scivil,political,economic,socialandculturalrights.Theefforttoimplementmeasuresofaffirmativeactioninthatrespectshouldbestrengthened.Adequateindicatorsandothermeansofmonitoringtheeconomicandsociallivingconditionsofthatgroupshouldbedeveloped.TheCommitteerequeststheStatepartytoprovidedetailedinformationonsuchmeasuresinitsnextreport.TheCommitteealsorecommendsthattheStatepartyprovide,inthenextreport,suchstatisticaldataandinformationasareavailableonthesituationofallminoritiesonthematterscoveredunderarticle5oftheConvention.289.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytakemoreactivestepstopreventandcounterattitudesandactsofracialviolenceagainstindividualsandtoinvestigatesuchactspromptly.TheCommitteerecommendsthatthenextreportcontaindetailedinformationontheeffectiveimplementationoftheprovisionsofthePenalCode,allegationsandprosecutionsofcasesofactsofracialdiscrimination,andcomplaintsandpenaltiesrelatingtoactsofracialandethnicdiscrimination.290.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytakeimmediatestepstopreventandcombatcasesofexcessiveuseofforcebymembersofthesecurityforces.ThosestepsshouldincludetheeducationandsensitizationoflawenforcementofficialsabouttheprovisionsoftheConvention.DueaccountshouldbetakenoftheCommittee'sGeneralRecommendationXIII,accordingtowhichlawenforcementofficialsshouldreceivetrainingtoensurethatintheperformanceoftheirdutiestheyrespectaswellasprotecthumanrightsandupholdthehumanrightsofallpersonswithoutdistinctionastorace,colourornationalorethnicorigin.291.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartypreventanydefactosegregationofminorities;inthiscontext,theCommitteedrawstheattentionoftheStatepartytoGeneralRecommendationXIX,onarticle3oftheConvention.292.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyclarifyitspracticeconcerningtheimplementationofarticle11,paragraph4,oftheConstitutionandtheenjoymentoftherightofallBulgariancitizenstoparticipateinpoliticallife.293.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartylaunchasystematicinformationcampaigntoinformandeducateallpartsofsocietyontheprovisionsoftheConvention.Additionally,theCommitteerecommendsthathumanrightseducationbeprovidedatalllevelsineducationalestablishmentsandthatcomprehensivehumanrightstrainingbeprovidedtoallsegmentsofthepopulationwithaviewtocombatingnegativeattitudesandprejudicestowardsminoritiesandtopromotingunderstanding,toleranceandfriendship.294.2 .2TheCommitteeisoftheviewthatthepublicshouldbebetterinformedoftheprocedureavailableunderarticle14oftheConvention.ItsuggeststotheStatepartythatthedeclarationconcerningarticle14bemademorewidelyavailabletothepublicinthevariouslanguagesspokeninthecountry.Additionally,itisrecommendedthattheStatepartyensurewidedisseminationofitsreportandoftheconcludingobservationsoftheCommittee.295.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty'snextperiodicreportbeanupdatingreportandaddressalltheconcernsexpressedbytheCommittee.@ .Mexico296.2 .2TheCommitteeconsideredtheeleventhperiodicreportofMexico(CERD/C/263/Add.10)atits1206thand1207thmeetings(CERD/C/SR.1206and1207)on17and18March1997.Atits1231st,1234thand1235thmeetingson14,15and18August1997,respectively,itadoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations:@ .A.Introduction297.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomesthecontinuationofthedialoguewiththeGovernmentofMexico.ItexpressesitssatisfactiontotheStatepartyforthediligencewithwhichtheGovernmentsubmitteditsreport,whichfollowsthenewguidelinesestablishedbytheCommittee.TheCommitteealsoexpressesitssatisfactionfortheoralrepliesprovidedbythedelegationduringtheconsiderationofitsreport.298.2 .2TheCommitteenotesthattheStatepartyhasnotmadethedeclarationprovidedforinarticle14oftheConvention;somemembersoftheCommitteerequestedtheMexicanGovernmenttoconsiderthepossibilityofdoingso.̀B.FactorsanddifficultiesimpedingtheimplementatioǹoftheConvention299.2 .2TheCommitteerecognizesthatMexicoisacountryinwhichalargenumber(56)ofethnicandindigenousgroupswithextremelyvariedculturalandlinguistictraditionslivesidebyside.Mexicoisalsocharacterizedbyextremepovertythataffectslargeandmainlyindigenoussegmentsofthepopulation,particularlyintheprovinceofChiapas,whereaconflictbetweenanationalliberationmovementandthelocalandfederalauthoritieshasbeencontinuingsince1994.Despitenumerousinstitutional,political,economicandsocialinitiatives,theMexicanauthoritieshavenotfullysucceededineliminatingendemicpoverty,whichhasaggravatedthesocialinequalitiesthataffectindigenouspopulationsinparticular,norinrestoringsocialpeaceintheStateofChiapas.@ .C.Positiveaspects300.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthenumerousinitiativestakenbytheNationalHumanRightsCommissionduringtheperiodunderconsideration,andinparticulartheworkdoneonbehalfofimprisonedindigenousinhabitants,aswellastheradioandtelevisionprogrammesintendedtoincreaseawarenessof,disseminateinformationaboutandprovideeducationinhumanrights.301.2 .2TheeffortsmadebytheStatepartysince1994torestorepeaceinthestateofChiapasarenoteworthy.Theestablishment,in1995,oftheConcordandPeaceCommissionandthecreationinDecember1996oftheCommissionforMonitoringandVerificationofthePeaceAgreementswereparticularlywelcome.TheinvestigationbytheNationalHumanRightsCommissionofcomplaintssubmittedbythecivilianpopulationconcerninghumanrightsviolationsandtheconclusionoftheagreementof16February1996onindigenousrightsandcultureconstitutesignificantprogressinthepacificationprocess.302.2 .2TheCommitteealsotakesnoteofthemanyprogrammesandmeasuresrecentlyintroducedbytheMexicanauthoritiestocombatextremepovertyandtopromotetheeconomic,socialandculturaldevelopmentoftheindigenouspopulations.&  @ .z D.Principalsubjectsofconcern303.2 .2TheCommitteeregretstheexistenceofdifferenceswiththeStateparty'  overtheinterpretationsoftheConvention.Thesedifferenceswerealreadynotedduringtheconsiderationofpreviousreports,particularlywithregardtothepersistenceofracialorethnicdiscriminationagainstcertainsocialgroupsandthefailurefullytoimplementtheprovisionsofarticle4oftheConvention.TheCommitteealsoregretstheinaccuracyofthedataonthecompositionofthepopulationoftheStateparty.304.2 .2Concernwasexpressedoverthepersistenceofdiscriminatorypracticessomeinvolvingtheauthoritiesdirectedagainstmembersofindigenousgroups.305.2 .2Atthepresenttime,nationallegislationisnotinconformitywiththeprovisionsofarticle4oftheConvention;thisisasourceofseriousconcern,sincetheStatepartyhasnotyettakenallthenecessarystepstoeffectivelypreventandcombatthedifferentformsofracialandethnicdiscrimination.306.2 .2Withregardtoarticle5oftheConvention,incertainsituations,anindividual'srighttoenjoyequaltreatmentinthecourtsisnoteffectivelyguaranteedformembersofindigenousgroups.Specifically,theyarenotguaranteedtherighttoexpressthemselvesintheirownlanguagesduringlegalproceedings.307.2 .2Concernwasexpressedovertherighttosecurityofperson,particularlyforindigenousinhabitantsandillegalimmigrants.Thisrighttosecurityofpersonhasincertaincasesbeenviolatedbyrepresentativesoftheforcesoflawandorder,paramilitarygroupsandlandowners.Alltoooften,thoseresponsibleforthesecrimeshavegoneunpunished.308.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedabouttheprotectionofthepoliticalrightsofmembersofindigenousgroupsandwouldappreciateadditionalinformationconcerningtheirparticipationinthenationalparliamentandinpoliticalorgans.309.2 .2Withrespecttotheenjoymentofeconomic,socialandculturalrights,theCommitteenoteswithconcernthatthemembersofindigenousgroupsliveinextremepoverty.ThefactthatthereportoftheStatepartycontainsnosocialandeconomicindicatorsofthemarginalizationandnonintegrationofcertainpopulationgroupsisregrettableinthisconnection.Lastly,anothersourceofconcernisthelanddelimitationanddistributionprocess,whichdoesnotseemtohavefullyrespectedthelandrightsoftheindigenouspopulations.310.2 .2Asfortheimplementationofarticle6oftheConvention,theCommitteenoteswithconcernthatthereportoftheStatepartycontainsnoinformationonthenumberofcomplaints,judgmentsandcompensationawardsarisingfromallkindsofracistacts.311.2 .2Withregardtoarticle7,anddespitetheobviouseffortsmaderecentlybytheGovernmentofMexico,theCommitteenoteswithconcernthecontinuinginadequacyofthemeasuresadoptedtoprovideappropriatehumanrightstrainingforStatelawenforcementofficialswhoareinregularcontactwith"vulnerable"populations,andparticularlymembersoftheforcesoflawandorderandprisonpersonnel.312.2 .2Theabsenceoflocalandfederallegislationguaranteeingindigenouspopulationsthepossibilityofabilingualandbiculturaleducationremainsasourceofconcern.313.2 .2ThefactthatthereportoftheStatepartycontainsnoaccuratestatisticsontheindigenouspopulationmakesitdifficulttoanalysetheextenttowhichthislargesegmentofthepopulationenjoystherightsrecognizedbytheConvention.314.2 .2Lastly,thesituationintheStateofChiapasremainsunstableandofconsiderableconcern,sincepoliticalnegotiationshavebeensuspended,despitetheeffortsannouncedbytheGovernmentauthoritiesaswellasbytheZapatistNationalLiberationArmy.Thistensesituationisaggravatingtheprecariousnessoftheindigenouspopulationslivinginthatregion.@ . E.Suggestionsandrecommendations315.2 .2TheStatepartyisrequestedtofurnish,initsnextreport,detailedstatisticsonthevariousindigenousgroupslivinginMexico.316.2 .2TheCommitteehopesthattheStatepartywillcontinueitseffortstoimprovetheeffectivenessofmeasuresandprogrammesdesignedtoensurethatmembersofallpopulationgroups,especiallythe56indigenousgroups,fullyenjoytheirpolitical,economic,socialandculturalrights.TheCommitteealsorecommendsthattheStatepartyshoulddevotedueattentiontothelegislativechangesrequiredaswellastothedevelopmentofprogrammestofosterawarenessofhumanrights,particularlyamongrepresentativesoftheState.317.2 .2TheCommitteerequeststheGovernmenttoMexicotoprovide,initsnextperiodicreport,preciseinformationand"indicators"onthesocialandeconomicdifficultiesencounteredbyindigenouspopulations.TheCommitteealsodrawstheStateparty'sattentiontotheneedtodevise"indicators'toevaluatepoliciesandprogrammesforprotectingandpromotingtherightsofvulnerablepopulations.318.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyshoulddoeverythingpossibletospeedupcurrentlegislativereformsand,morespecifically,tobringnationallegislationfullyintolinewiththeprovisionsofarticle4oftheConvention.319.2 .2TheStatepartyshouldalsotakethenecessarystepstoallowcitizensfromindigenouspopulationstobeelectedinpoliticalelectionsandtohaveaccesstothecivilservice.320.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyshouldtakeallappropriatemeasurestoensureequalandimpartialtreatmentbeforethelawforallpersons,andparticularlythosefromindigenousgroups.Inparticular,itinvitestheMexicanauthoritiestoofferindigenousinhabitantsthepossibilityofexpressingthemselvesintheirmothertongueinalljudicialproceedings.321.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmentofMexicoshouldexercisegreatervigilanceintheprotectionofthefundamentalrightsofindigenousinhabitantsandothervulnerablegroupsofsociety,whoareregularlythevictimsofintimidation,violenceandserioushumanrightsviolations.Ithopesthatthecompetentauthoritieswillsystematicallyprosecutethoseresponsibleforsuchcrimes,regardlessofwhethertheyaremembersofprivatemilitiasorStateofficials,andthateffectivepreventivemeasureswillbetaken,includingthetrainingofmembersofthepoliceforceandthearmy.TheStatepartyshouldalsoensurethatthevictimsofsuchactsarecompensated.322.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyshouldfindjustandequitablesolutionstolanddelimitation,distributionandrestitutionproblems.Everythingpossibleshouldbedonetoprotectindigenousinhabitantsfromallformsofdiscriminationinsuchmatters.323.2 .2Inordertobeabletoevaluatetheimplementationofarticle6oftheConvention,theCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyshouldpresent,initsnextreport,informationonthenumberofcomplaints,judgmentsandcompensationawardsarisingfromracistacts,regardlessoftheirnature.324.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyshouldmakeeveryefforttoprovidemulticulturaleducationforeveryone.325.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyshouldgivenationwidepublicitytoitseleventhperiodicreportandtotheCommittee'sconcludingobservationsthereon.326.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyshouldratifyassoonaspossibletheamendmentstoarticle8,paragraph6,oftheConvention,whichwereadoptedattheFourteenthMeetingofStatesParties.327.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty'snextperiodicreportshouldbeamoredetailedoneandshouldaddressallthequestionsraisedintheseconcludingobservations.  UK     \R3'\ X      +C<6X9`(CourierC(  $(g882   @ .Panama328.2 .2TheCommitteeconsideredthetenth,twelfth,thirteenthandfourteenthperiodicreportsofPanama,submittedinasingledocument(CERD/C/299/Add.1),atits1208thmeeting(CERD/C/SR.1208),heldon18March1997,andatits1213thmeeting,on21March1997,adoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.@ .A.Introduction329.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithappreciationtheStateparty'swillingnesstore-establishadialoguewiththeCommitteebysendingahighleveldelegationtopresentthereport,whichindicatestheimportanceattachedbytheGovernmentofPanamatoitsobligationsundertheConvention.TheCommitteeregrets,however,thatnoreportwassubmittedbetween1986and1996andthatthereportsubmitteddoesnotcoveradequatelyalltherightsrecognizedunderarticles2to7oftheConvention.TheCommitteeneverthelessexpressesitsappreciationforthefrankdialoguewithacompetentdelegationandfortheanswersgivenorallytothewiderangeofquestionsaskedbyCommitteemembers.̀B.FactorsanddifficultiesimpedingtheimplementatioǹoftheConvention330.2 .2TheCommitteeisawarethatPanamaisemergingfromaperiodofseriouspolitical,socialandeconomicdifficulties.TheCommitteenotesthatsubstantialdisparitiesinwealthbetweendifferentethnicgroupsofthepopulationtendtoaffecttheimplementationoftheConventionintheStateparty.@ .C.Positiveaspects331.2 .2TherecentinitiativestakenbytheStatepartytopromoteandprotecthumanrights,includingthoseenumeratedbytheConvention,arewelcomed.TheworkundertakenbytheNationalCommissiononAdministrativeBoundaries,whichresultedinimportantnegotiationsandlawreforms,suchastheenactmentofthelawsestablishingtheindigenouscomarcas(territorialdistrictsoftheindigenouspeoples)ofMadugandiandNgobeBugle,isencouraging.Theprogrammesandinitiativesundertakentoprotectimmigrantsandrefugeesduringtheperiodunderreviewarealsonotedwithinterest.332.2 .2TheadoptioninDecember1996ofalawestablishinganombudsmanforhumanrights(DefensordelPueblo)iswelcomed.333.2 .2Therecentadoptionandimplementationoftwotrainingprogrammesonhumanrightsforlawenforcementpersonnelarewelcomed.ItisalsonotedthatthePoliceAcademyhasforseveralyearsincludedhumanrightsinitscurricula.334.2 .2Itisfurthernotedthatin1995theStatepartyreformeditsemploymentlegislationto,interalia,combatdifferentformsofracialdiscrimination.@ .z D.Principalsubjectsofconcern335.2 .2Itisnotedwithconcernthatnocomplaintshavebeenfiledwiththeappropriategovernmentalbodiesbyindividualsorgroupsduringthelast10years,despitereportsthatrightscoveredbytheConventionwerenotfullyrespected.336.2 .2ConcernisexpressedthatsomegroupslivinginPanama,suchasindigenouspeopleandmembersoftheblackandAsianminorities,donotfullybenefitfromtherightsrecognizedundertheConvention.337.2 .2ConcernisalsoexpressedthatPanamahasnotfullycompliedwiththeobligationsderivedfromarticle4oftheConvention.338.2 .2Inthelightofarticle5oftheConvention,itisnotedwithconcernthattheissueoflandrightsofindigenouspeoplehasremainedunsolvedinagreatmajorityofcases.Thoselandrightsseemalsotobethreatenedbytheminingactivitiesthathavebeenundertaken,withtheapprovalofthecentralauthorities,byforeigncompanies,andalsobythedevelopmentoftourisminthoseregions.339.2 .2Itisnotedwithconcernthatthelegalstatusofthecomarcasinrelationtotheprovincesremainsunclear.340.2 .2ItisalsonotedwithconcernthattheStatepartyhaspresentedinformation,underarticle5oftheConvention,onlyontherighttowork.Itisremindedthatarticle5alsocoversseveralotherrights.Furthermore,noinformationontheimplementationofarticle6oftheConventionhasbeenprovidedbytheStatepartyinitsreport.341.2 .2WhileitisnotedthattheCanalZonehasaspeciallegalstatus,itisviewedwithconcernthatworkersfromPanamaarenotaccordedthesamerightsasforeignworkersemployedinthatspecialzone.342.2 .2Itisnotedwithregretthatindigenouspeoplehavealowrateofparticipationinelectionsandareunderrepresentedinthepublicservice.343.2 .2Thelackofdetailedanddisaggregatedstatisticalinformationonindigenousgroupsremainsaconcern,especiallyasithamperstheCommittee'sabilitytomonitortheimplementationoftherightsenumeratedintheConvention.@ . E.Suggestionsandrecommendations344.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartydesignateanappropriatebodytocoordinateandmonitorprogrammesandpoliciesdesignedtoimplementtheConvention,asenvisagedinitsGeneralRecommendationXVII.345.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytakethenecessarymeasurestocomplyfullywiththeobligationsofarticle4oftheConvention.346.2 .2TheCommitteesuggeststhattheStatepartyincludeinitsnextreportinformationoncomplaintsreceivedandjudgmentsissuedincasesofracialdiscrimination.347.2 .2TheCommitteesuggeststhattheStatepartytakeallappropriatemeasurestodisseminatetheConventionwidelyandtotranslateitintoappropriatelanguagesforindigenousgroups.348.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartycontinuetheimprovementoftrainingoflawenforcementofficialsinlightoftheCommittee'sGeneralRecommendationXIII.349.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytakeappropriatemeasurestoallowfullenjoymentbydifferentgroupsofsociety,suchasindigenouspeopleormembersoftheblackandAsianminorities,oftherightsenumeratedintheConvention.Specialattentionisdrawntotheimplementationoftherightsenumeratedinarticle5(e)(iii),(iv)and(v)forthosespecificgroups.350.2 .2TheCommitteestronglyrecommendsthattheStatepartyactivelypursueitscurrenteffortstoimplementfullytherightofindigenouspeopletoownpropertyandland.ItespeciallyrecommendsthattheStatepartyinvestigateandmonitortheimpactoftheworkofminingcompanies,includingforeigncompanies,aswellastheimpactofthecurrentdevelopmentoftourism,ontheenjoymentofbasicrightsbyindigenouspeoples.351.2 .2Inrelationtothelegalstatusofthecomarcas,theCommitteesuggeststhattheStatepartyexplainmorepreciselyinitsnextreportthestatusofthecomarcasincomparisontothestatusoftheprovinces.352.2 .2TheCommitteesuggeststhattheStatepartytakeappropriatemeasurestoenableindigenouspersonstoparticipateinelectionsandtoprovidethemwithequalaccesstoemploymentinthepublicservice.353.2 .2TheCommitteealsorecommendsthattheStatepartyincludeinitsnextreportdisaggregateddata,includinginformationandsocioeconomicindicators,onthedemographiccompositionofitspopulation.354.2 .2WithregardtothespecialstatusoftheCanalZone,theCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmentofPanamatakeappropriatemeasurestoensurethattherightsenumeratedintheConvention,especiallyarticle5,areenjoyedequallybyallresidentsandworkersinthatspecificarea.355.2 .2Furthermore,theCommitteeencouragestheStatepartytoconsiderratifyingILOConventionNo.169.356.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyratifytheamendmentstoarticle8,paragraph6,oftheConventionadoptedattheFourteenthMeetingofStatesPartiestotheConventioninJanuary1992.357.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty'snextperiodicreportbeacomprehensivereportandthatitaddressallthepointsraisedintheconsiderationofthepresentreport.@ .*Swaziland358.2 .2TheCommitteeconsideredthefourthtofourteenthperiodicreportsofSwaziland,submittedinonedocument(CERD/C/299/Add.2),atits1209thmeeting,heldon19March1997(seeCERD/C/SR.1209),andatits1213rdmeeting,on21March1997,adoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.&  @ .A.Introduction359.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthesubmissionofthereportbytheStatepartyandthereadinessoftheGovernmentofSwazilandtoresumea'  dialoguewiththeCommitteeafterabreakof20years.ItregretsthatthereporthasnotbeenpreparedinaccordancewiththeCommittee'sgeneralguidelinesandcontainsinsufficientinformationontheactualimplementationoftheConventionbytheStateparty.However,theinformationprovidedbythedelegationoftheStatepartyinthecourseoftheoralpresentationofthereportallowedtheCommitteetoobtainamorecomprehensiveviewoftheoverallsituationinthecountryandoftheimplementationoftheConvention.TheCommittee,havingnotedthatacoredocumenthasnotbeensubmittedbytheGovernmentofSwaziland,drawstheattentionoftheStatepartytotheguidelinesforthepreparationofthatdocument(HRI/CORE/1).360.2 .2TheCommitteenotesthattheStatepartyhasnotmadethedeclarationprovidedforinarticle14oftheConvention;someofitsmembersrequestedthatthepossibilityofsuchdeclarationbeconsidered.@ .B.Positiveaspects361.2 .2AppreciationisexpressedwithregardtothecommitmentoftheGovernmentofSwazilandtocombatracialdiscriminationandhatredandtheeffortsmadebytheStatepartytocomplywiththeprovisionsoftheConvention,particularlythroughtheadoptionofappropriatelegislation,suchastheRaceRelationsAct6/1962,theEmploymentActof1980(sect.29)andtheCitizenshipActof1992amendingthe1982CitizenshipActwhich,ashadbeenalleged,haddiscriminatoryaspects.ItisalsonotedwithinterestthattheStatepartyisconsideringthemodificationoftheRaceRelationsAct6/1962inordertoaddressrelevantissuesraisedbytheConvention.@ .z C.Principalsubjectsofconcern362.2 .2ThereportoftheStatepartydoesnotprovidesufficientinformationonthepracticalimplementationofarticles2,3and6oftheConvention.363.2 .2Concernisexpressedatthefailuretoadoptlegislative,administrativeandothermeasuresimplementingfullytheprovisionsoftheConventioncontainedinarticle4,article5,inparticularparagraphs(d)(i)and(e),andarticle7.Inthatconnection,itisnotedthattheRaceRelationsActadoptedin1962,priortotheConvention'scomingintoforce,adoptedanarrowerapproachtothedefinitionoftheterm"racialdiscrimination",asitspeaksonlyofdiscriminationbasedonraceandcolour.@ . D.Suggestionsandrecommendations364.2 .2TheCommittee,havingrecalledthatthereportunderconsiderationdidnotfollowtheCommittee'sguidelinesforthepreparationofreportsandwassubmittedafteradelayof20years,requeststheStatepartytocomplyfullywiththereportingobligationsunderarticle9oftheConventionandtoensurethatthenextreportispreparedinaccordancewiththegeneralguidelinesandsubmittedintime.Italsorecommendsthatthecoredocumentbesubmittedwithoutfurtherdelay.365.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatthereporttobesubmittedcontaindetailedinformationonsuchspecificissuesidentifiedbytheCommitteeasmeasurestakentoimplementarticle4,measureswhichhavebeentakenunderarticles5and7andthedifficultiesencounteredinimplementingtheprovisionscontainedintheConvention.366.2 .2TheCommitteesuggeststhattheGovernmentofSwazilandmaywishtoavailitselfoftechnicalassistanceprovidedundertheadvisoryservicesandtechnicalassistanceprogrammeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights/CentreforHumanRights.367.2 .2TheCommitteesuggeststhataccountbetakenoftheConvention'sprovisionsintheenvisagedelaborationofadraftnewConstitutionofSwaziland.368.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyratifytheamendmentstoarticle8,paragraph6,oftheConvention,adoptedon15January1992attheFourteenthMeetingofStatesPartiestotheConvention.369.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty'snextperiodicreportbeacomprehensivereportandthatitaddressallthepointsraisedduringtheconsiderationofthepresentreport.@ .Rwanda370.2 .2Atits1212thmeeting,heldon20March1997(seeCERD/C/SR.1212),theCommitteereviewedtheimplementationoftheConventionbyRwandabaseduponitspreviousreport(CERD/C/169/Add.1)anditsconsiderationbytheCommittee(seeCERD/C/SR.839).TheCommitteenotedwithregretthatnoreporthadbeensubmittedtotheCommitteesince1988.371.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomedthepresenceofadelegationoftheStatepartyatitsmeetingandtheoralinformationprovidedondevelopmentsrelevanttotheimplementationoftheConventionintheStateparty.TheCommitteewelcomed,inparticular,theassurancethatRwandawillresumeitsreportingobligationsundertheConventionshortly.372.2 .2TheCommitteethereforeinvitestheStatepartytopresentitsnextreportintimeforthefiftyfirstsessionoftheCommitteeandtoincludeinitinformationonthelegislative,judicial,administrativeorothermeasuresgivingeffecttotheConvention,inaccordancewiththeCommittee'sgeneralguidelinesregardingtheformandcontentsofreportstobesubmittedbyaStatepartyunderarticle9,paragraph1,oftheConvention.373.2 .2TheCommitteesuggeststhattheGovernmentofRwandamaywishtoavailitselfofthetechnicalassistanceofferedundertheadvisoryservicesoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights/CentreforHumanRights,withtheaimofdrawingupandsubmittingassoonaspossibleanupdatedreport.@ .Seychelles374.2 .2Atits1213thmeeting,heldon21March1997(seeCERD/C/SR.1213),theCommitteereviewedtheimplementationoftheConventionbySeychellesbaseduponitspreviousreports(CERD/C/128/Add.3)andtheirconsiderationbytheCommittee(seeCERD/C/SR.816).TheCommitteenotedwithregretthatnoreporthadbeensubmittedtotheCommitteesince1986.375.2 .2TheCommitteeregrettedthatSeychelleshadnotrespondedtoitsinvitationtoparticipateinthemeetingandtofurnishrelevantinformation.TheCommitteedecidedthatacommunicationshouldbesenttotheGovernmentofSeychellessettingoutitsreportingobligationsundertheConventionandurgingthatthedialoguewiththeCommitteeberesumedassoonaspossible.376.2 .2TheCommitteesuggeststhattheGovernmentofSeychellesmaywishtoavailitselfofthetechnicalassistanceofferedundertheadvisoryservicesandtechnicalassistanceprogrammeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights/CentreforHumanRights,withtheaimofdrawingupandsubmittingassoonaspossibleanupdatedreportdraftedinaccordancewiththereportingguidelines.@ .\Mongolia377.2 .2Atits1213thmeeting,heldon21March1997(seeCERD/C/SR.1213),theCommitteereviewedtheimplementationoftheConventionbyMongoliabaseduponitspreviousreports(CERD/C/149/Add.23andCERD/C/172/Add.10)anditsconsiderationbytheCommittee(seeCERD/C/SR.383340).TheCommitteenotedwithregretthatnoreporthadbeensubmittedtotheCommitteesince1988.378.2 .2TheCommitteeregrettedthatMongoliahadnotrespondedtoitsinvitationtoparticipateinthemeetingandtofurnishrelevantinformation.TheCommitteedecidedthatacommunicationshouldbesenttotheGovernmentofMongoliasettingoutitsreportingobligationsundertheConventionandurgingthatthedialoguewiththeCommitteeshouldberesumedassoonaspossible.̇379.2 .2TheCommitteesuggeststhattheGovernmentofMongoliamaywishtoavailitselfofthetechnicalassistanceofferedundertheadvisoryservicesandtechnicalassistanceprogrammeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights/CentreforHumanRights,withtheaimofdrawingupandsubmittingassoonaspossibleanupdatedreportdraftedinaccordancewiththereportingguidelines.̀Algeria380.2 .2Atits1216thand1217thmeetings,heldon4and5August1997,theCommitteeconsideredtheeleventhandtwelfth(consolidated)periodicreportsofAlgeria(CERD/C/280/Add.3)andatits1235thmeeting,heldon18August1997,adoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.̀A.Introduction381.2 .2TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationfortheopportunitytoresumeitsdialoguewiththeStatepartyandfortheadditionalinformationthattheStateparty'sdelegationprovidedduringitsoralpresentation.However,theCommitteeregretsthatthereportdoesnotfullycomplywiththereportingguidelinesandthatitfailstoprovideconcreteinformationontheimplementationoftheConventioninAlgeriaandontheactualenjoymentbythepopulationofitsrights.&  ԀB.FactorsanddifficultiesimpedingtheimplementatioǹoftheConvention382.2 .2ItisrecognizedthatAlgeriahastofaceeconomic,socialandpoliticalchallengesandisexperiencingeconomicandsocialproblemsthatmighthavea'  negativeimpactonthesituationofthepopulationandimpedethefullenjoymentofeconomicandsocialrights.383.2 .2TheCommitteealsonotesthattheclimateofviolencewhichhasbeeninexistenceinAlgeriasince1989,andseverelyaffectsthecivilianpopulation,isanadditionalandseriousobstacletothefullimplementationoftheConvention.&  @ .C.Positiveaspects384.2 .2TheCommitteewarmlyappreciatestheeffortsoftheStatepartyto'  implementtheConventionunderadversecircumstances.385.2 .2ItisnotedwithgreatappreciationthattheStatepartyhasmadeadeclarationunderarticle14oftheConvention,recognizingthecompetenceoftheCommitteetoreceiveandconsidercommunicationsfromindividualsorgroupsofindividuals.386.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomesthefactthat,inaccordancewitharticle123oftheConstitution,internationalinstruments,suchastheConvention,thathavebeenratified,promulgatedandimplementedbyAlgeriaarepartoftheStateparty'sdomesticlawandtakepriorityovernormsofdomesticlawthatcontradictthem.387.2 .2ThesettingupoftheNationalCulturalCouncilin1990,theestablishmentoftheNationalHumanRightsObservatoryin1992andtheestablishmentoftheOfficeoftheHighCommissioneronAmazigheStatusin1995,aswellastherestructuringoftheAmazighelanguagetomakeinstructioninthatlanguageinschoolsanduniversitiespossible,arenotedwithappreciation.388.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithappreciationthateducationatalllevelsisfree,asispublichealthcare.@ .z D.Principalsubjectsofconcern389.2 .2ConcernisexpressedovertheinsufficiencyofinformationontheethniccompositionofthepopulationofAlgeria,whichmakesitdifficulttoidentifyvulnerablegroupsandtoevaluateactivitiesintendedfortheirbenefit.390.2 .2Althoughthereportcontainsinformationonlegislativemeasures,theCommitteeregretsthelackofinformationonjudicial,administrativeorothermeasuresadoptedbytheStatepartytogiveeffecttotheprovisionsoftheConvention.391.2 .2Althougharticle28oftheAlgerianConstitutionprovidesfornon-discrimination,togetherwithequalitybeforethelawandequalprotectionofthelawwithoutdiscrimination,theCommitteeisconcernedaboutthefailureoftheGovernmenttoincorporatetheprohibitionofracialdiscriminationinitsdomesticlaw,inaccordancewiththeConvention.392.2 .2ConcernisexpressedthattheStatepartyhasnotfulfilledalltherequirementsofarticle4(a)and(b)oftheConvention.393.2 .2Itisalsonotedwithconcernthatthelackofinformationinthereportontheimplementationofarticle5oftheConventionmakesitdifficultfortheCommitteetoevaluatethesituationwithregardtotheenjoymentofcivil,political,economic,socialandculturalrightsbythepopulationinAlgeria,andinparticularbymembersofthevariousethnicgroups.394.2 .2Thelackofcomprehensiveinformationoninstancesinwhichcomplaintsarelodgedbyindividualsallegingactsofracialdiscriminationandoncompensationpaidtovictimsofsuchactsmakesitdifficulttoassesswhethertheprovisionsofarticle6oftheConventionareimplementedeffectivelyinAlgeria.395.2 .2WhilethestatementmadebythedelegationoftheStatepartyregardinghumanrightstrainingofjudgesandlawenforcementofficials,aswellashumanrightseducationattheuniversitylevel,iswelcomed,theinformationinthewrittenreportdoesnotenabletheCommitteetoevaluatetheextentandimpactofsuchprogrammes.&  @ . E.Suggestionsandrecommendations396.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartydescribeinitsnextperiodicreportallthelegislative,judicial,administrativeorothermeasureswhich'  giveeffecttotheprovisionsoftheConvention,inaccordancewitharticle9.397.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyconsiderincorporatinginitsdomesticlegislationaprohibitionofracialdiscriminationinaccordancewiththeConvention.̇398.2 .2TheCommitteereiteratesitsrecommendation,madeduringtheconsiderationofthetenthperiodicreport,thattheStatepartyprovidetheinformationonthecompositionofthepopulationrequestedinparagraph8ofthereportingguidelinesand,inparticular,informationonsocialindicatorsreflectingthesituationoftheethnicgroups,includingtheBerbers.SuchinformationisessentialfortheGovernmentitselftodetectpossiblepatternsofdiscriminationandfortheCommitteetomonitoreffectivelytheimplementationoftheConvention.Inthisconnection,theCommitteedrawstheattentionoftheGovernmentofAlgeriatoitsGeneralRecommendationIVandsuggeststhattheStatepartytakeintoconsiderationGeneralRecommendationVIII,concerningtheidentificationofmembersofparticularracialorethnicgroups.399.2 .2TheCommitteestressesthattheprovisionsofarticle4oftheConventionaremandatoryandshouldbefullyimplemented,asstatedinitsGeneralRecommendationVII.Inordertopreventthedisseminationofracistideasandincitementtoracialhatred,theCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartycomplyfullywithitsobligationsunderarticle4oftheConventionand,inparticular,declareillegalandprohibitanyorganizationwhichpromotesorincitesracialdiscrimination.DueaccountshouldbetakenoftheCommittee'sGeneralRecommendationXV.400.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheenjoymentbyeveryonewithoutdiscriminationoftherightslistedinarticle5oftheConventionbeensured,inparticulartherighttosecurityofpersonandprotectionagainstviolenceorbodilyharm(art.5(b)).Inconnection,witharticle5(e)oftheConvention,adequateindicatorsandothermeansofmonitoringtheeconomicandsocialconditionsoftheethnicgroupsshouldbedeveloped.Inthatregard,theCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyprovide,inthenextperiodicreport,fullerinformationontheprotectionoftherightstowork,housing,andeducationfromdiscriminationongroundsofethnicorigin,containedinarticle5.401.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatthenextperiodicreportoftheStatepartycontainallavailableinformationoncomplaintsandcourtcasesrelatingtoactsofracialdiscriminationandalsoinformationontherightofindividualstoseekadequatereparationforanydamagesufferedasaresultofsuchdiscrimination,asprovidedforinarticle6oftheConvention.402.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmentofAlgeriacontinueandstrengthenitseffortsinhumanrightstrainingactivitiesforjudges,lawyersandmagistratesandputspecialemphasisoneducationandsensitizationprogrammesabouttheprovisionsoftheConvention,inaccordancewitharticle7oftheConvention.Thattypeoftrainingshouldalsobeprovidedtolawenforcementofficialsandmembersofthearmedforces.DueaccountshouldbetakenoftheCommittee'sGeneralRecommendationXIII.403.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartylaunchaneffectiveinformationcampaigninordertoinformandeducateallsectorsofsocietyontheprovisionsoftheConvention,andinformthemoftheremedyavailableunderarticle14oftheConvention.Additionally,theStatepartyshouldensurethewidedisseminationofitsreportandoftheconcludingobservationsoftheCommittee.404.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyratifytheamendmentstoarticle8,paragraph6,oftheConvention,adoptedon15January1992attheFourteenthMeetingofStatesPartiestotheConvention.405.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty'snextperiodicreportbeacomprehensivereportandaddressalltheconcernsexpressedbytheCommittee.@ .\Ethiopia406.2 .2Atits1217thmeeting,heldon5August1997(seeCERD/C/SR.1217),theCommitteereviewedtheimplementationoftheConventionbyEthiopiabaseduponitspreviousreport(CERD/C/156/Add.3)anditsconsiderationbytheCommittee(seeCERD/C/SR.871-872).TheCommitteenotedwithregretthatnoreporthadbeensubmittedtotheCommitteesince1989.407.2 .2TheCommitteeregrettedthatEthiopiahadnotrespondedtoitsinvitationtoparticipateinthemeetingandtofurnishrelevantinformation.TheCommitteedecidedthatacommunicationshouldbesenttotheGovernmentofEthiopiasettingoutitsreportingobligationsundertheConventionandurgingthatthedialoguewiththeCommitteeshouldberesumedassoonaspossible.408.2 .2TheCommitteesuggestedthattheGovernmentofEthiopiamaywishtoavailitselfofthetechnicalassistanceofferedundertheadvisoryservicesandtechnicalassistanceprogrammeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights/CentreforHumanRights,withtheaimofdrawingupandsubmittingbythefiftysecondsessionareportpreparedinaccordancewiththereportingguidelines.@ .Philippines409.2 .2Atits1218thand1219thmeetings,heldon5and6August1997,theCommitteeconsideredtheeleventhtofourteenthperiodicreportsofthePhilippines(CERD/C/299/Add.12)andatits1231stmeeting,heldon14August1997,adoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.@ .A.Introduction410.2 .2Afteralapseofeightyears,theCommitteewelcomestheopportunitytoresumethedialoguewiththeStateparty,onthebasisofitseleventhtofourteenthperiodicreports.WhileanumberofimportantquestionsraisedandrecommendationsmadeduringtheconsiderationofthetenthreportoftheStatepartyhavenotbeenaddressedinthepresentreport,theCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationfortheanswersprovidedbythedelegationtothemanyquestionsaskedinthecourseofthediscussion,whichenabledittoobtainaclearerpictureoftheactualsituationinthecountrywithrespecttotheimplementationoftheConvention.&  ԀB.FactorsanddifficultiesimpedingtheimplementatioǹoftheConvention411.2 .2Itisnotedthat,althoughtheStatepartyhasrecentlyundergoneimportant'  reformsatthepolitical,economicandsociallevels,theauthoritieshavenotyetbeenabletocontrolendemicpoverty,whichexacerbatessocialinequalitiesanddisparitiesindevelopment,affectinginparticularvulnerablegroups,includingtheindigenousculturalcommunitiesandMuslimFilipinos.@ .C.Positiveaspects412.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomestheproclamationoftheNationalDecadeforFilipinoIndigenousPeople(1995-2005)andthepresentationtothePresident,incompliancewithMemorandumOrderNo.335of26January1996,ofthePhilippinesHumanRightsPlan,comprisingthesectoralactionplansforhumanrightsprotectionofindigenousculturalcommunitiesandMuslimcommunities.413.2 .2TheCommitteeexpressesitssatisfactionattheadoptionofvariousmeasuresaimed,directlyorindirectly,atpreventingandcombatingdisparitiesbetweenvariousethnicgroups,inparticular,theadoptionoftheSocialReformAgendaundertheMedium-TermDevelopmentPlan,aimedatfightingpovertyandattainingsocialjustice;thepromulgationoftheRulesandRegulationsonChildrenofIndigenousCulturalCommunities,seekingtoprovidethosechildrenwithbasichealth,nutritionandothersocialservices;theadoptionofmeasuresbytheDepartmentofLabourandEmploymentforthepreventionofdiscriminationagainstworkersfromminoritygroups;andthegrantingofscholarshipstochildrenandyouthsfromtheindigenousculturalcommunitiesthroughtheNationalIntegrationStudyGrantProgrammeandtheSpecialEthnicGroupsEducationalAssistanceProgramme.414.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithappreciationthatanumberofstepshavebeentakentowardsthepeacefulsettlementoftheconflictbetweentheGovernmentandtheMuslimFilipinocommunityinthesouthernpartofthecountry,suchasthenegotiationofaceasefirein1990andthesigningofapeaceagreementin1996betweentheGovernmentandtheMoroNationalLiberationFront;theissuanceofExecutiveOrderNo.371of2October1996establishingtheSpecialZoneofPeaceandDevelopment,theSouthernCouncilforPeaceandDevelopment,andtheConsultativeAssembly;andtheadoptionon15October1996ofAdministrativeOrderNo.297,ontheimplementationoftheprovisioninthepeaceagreementformembersoftheMoroNationalLiberationFronttojointheNationalPolice.415.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfaction,withrespecttoarticle5(d)(v)oftheConvention,thelaunchingoftheComprehensiveAgrarianReformProgrammetoimprovethetenureofindigenousculturalcommunitiesintheirancestrallands,andtheissuanceofAdministrativeOrderNo.02,Seriesof1993,providingfortheissuanceofcertificatesofancestrallandanddomainclaimstoindividuals,familiesorclans,andindigenouscommunities,eventhoughthosecertificatesdonotconstitutetitlesofpropertyinland.416.2 .2Withrespecttoarticle7oftheConvention,theCommitteewelcomestheadoptionofmeasures,suchastheissuanceofExecutiveOrderNo.27of1986,instructingtheDepartmentofEducation,CultureandSportstoincludethestudyofhumanrightsinthecurriculaatalllevelsofeducation;thecreationbytheDepartmentofEducation,CultureandSportsof"writeshops"onpeaceeducationinwhichmembersofindigenousculturalcommunitiesparticipated;andthesettingupbytheDepartmentofEducation,CultureandSportsandtheCommissiononHumanRightsoftrainingprogrammesonhumanrightsforsupervisors,whowillinturntrainteachersonwaystointroducehumanrightseducationinschools.417.2 .2TheCommitteeisencouragedbytheseveralbillspendingbeforeCongressspecificallydealingwiththesolutionofthefundamentalissueoftherestorationoftheindigenousculturalcommunities'rightstotheirancestraldomains/lands(HouseBillNo.33andSenateBillNo.1728),withequalemploymentopportunitiesformembersoftheindigenousculturalcommunitiesandMuslimFilipinos(SenateBillsNos.153,212and1057)andwithimprovementoftheeconomicandsocialsituationoftheculturalcommunities(SenateBillNo.1476).TheCommitteeisfurtherencouragedbytheactionofPresidentRamosinrequestingCongresstoenactthosebillsintolawbyNovember1997.418.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomestheestablishmentoftheCommissiononHumanRightsandoftheTanodbayan(ombudsman).@ .z D.Principalsubjectsofconcern419.2 .2Inconnectionwiththestatementinparagraph4ofthereport,that"racialdiscrimination,asdefinedunderarticle1,paragraph1,oftheConvention,isalientotheprevailingmoresandcultureoftheFilipinopeople.Thetypeofracialdiscrimination,similartowhatwaspracticedinSouthAfricawhenthepolicyofapartheidwasnotyetdismantled,hasneverofficiallyorfactuallyexistedinthePhilippines,neitherinasystemicnorformalnorintermittentnorisolatedmanner.Hence,therehaveneverbeenanyreferencestotheexistenceofadiscriminatorypolicyonracialgroundsnorhavetherebeenanyallegationsofinstancesofracialdiscriminationasaspecifickindofhumanrightsviolationinthePhilippines,evenbeforeorimmediatelyafterthePhilippinesadoptedandratifiedtheConventionon21December1965and15September1967,respectively"(CERD/C/299/Add.12).TheCommitteeemphasizesthatthescopeofarticle1,paragraph1,oftheConventionisbroader.Itcoversanydistinction,exclusion,restrictionorpreferencethathaseitherthepurposeortheeffectofnullifyingorimpairingtherecognition,enjoymentorexerciseofhumanrightsandfundamentalfreedomsonanequalbasisinthepolitical,social,culturaloranyotherfieldofpubliclife.Moreover,thereportandtheinformationreceivedshowthatimportantpartsofthepopulationarelivinginconditionswhichdonotguaranteetheexerciseofhumanrightsonequalterms.420.2 .2Itisnotedwithconcernthatthereisnospecificlegislationprohibitingracialdiscrimination.TheConstitutionincorporatesacomprehensivecatalogueofhumanrights,butlegislative,judicialandadministrativemeasurestoimplementthoseprovisionsarestilllacking.Inthisrespect,referenceismadeinparticulartoarticles2,4and7oftheConvention,whichexplicitlyrequireStatespartiestoadoptspecificmeasurestogivefulleffecttotherightsinquestion.421.2 .2TherehasbeennoclarificationofwhetherPresidentialDecree1350-Aof1978,declaringviolationsoftheConventionunlawfulandprovidingpenaltiesforsuchviolations,isinfullconformitywiththeprovisionsofarticle4oftheConvention,whichrequirethatlegislativeprovisionsbeadoptedtoclassifyasanoffencethedisseminationofideasbasedonracialsuperiorityorhatred,actsofviolenceorincitementtoviolenceagainstanyraceorgroupofpersonsofanothercolourorethnicoriginandtheprovisionofassistancetoracistactivities.422.2 .2ThelackofspecificdisaggregateddataconcerningtheeconomicandsocialsituationofandexistingdisparitiesbetweenvariousindigenouscommunitiesandethnictribeslivinginthecountrymakesitdifficulttoassesstheextenttowhichtheyenjoytherightslistedintheConvention.423.2 .2Thereisnoinformationinthereportonthespecificlawsandpracticewithrespecttotheimplementationofarticle5oftheConvention,especiallywithrespecttotheenjoymentofthoserightsbymembersoftheindigenousculturalcommunitiesandtheMuslimFilipinos.424.2 .2Withrespecttoarticle5,paragraphs(a)and(b),oftheConvention,thereisconcernthatmanyreportedcasesofdisappearances,includingmembersofindigenouspeoplesandMuslimFilipinos,havenotyetbeenfullyinvestigatedandbroughtbeforethecourts.425.2 .2Inconnectionwitharticle5(d)(i)and(v)oftheConvention,concernisexpressedatreportsofforcedevictionsanddisplacementsofindigenouspopulationsindevelopmentzones,aswellasatreportsthatspecificgroupsofindigenouspeopleshavebeendeniedbyforcetherighttoreturntosomeoftheirancestrallands.426.2 .2Withrespecttoarticle6oftheConvention,thereisconcernatthelackoflegislativeprovisionstoimplementtherighttojustandadequatereparationorsatisfactionforanydamagesufferedasaresultofactsofracialdiscrimination.Moreover,theabsenceofreportedviolationsofPresidentialDecree1350-Aandofcomplaintsagainstactsofracialdiscriminationtothecourts,raisesdoubtsastotheextentofthepublicitygiventoandtheeffectivenessofavailableremediesforvictimsofracialdiscrimination.427.2 .2Theinformationconcerningthe1990populationcensusdoesnotclarifysufficientlythequestionsandcommentsraisedandmadeduringtheconsiderationofthetenthreport,particularlyinrespectofindigenousculturalcommunitiesandethnictribes.&  @ . E.Suggestionsandrecommendations428.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatpriorityattentionbegiventotheenactmentofthebillsrelatedtoindigenousculturalcommunitiesandMuslimFilipinos'  pendingbeforeCongress,thatenablinglawsbeadoptedtogivefulleffecttoconstitutionalprovisionsdealingwiththepromotionandprotectionofhumanrightsingeneralandtotherightsprotectedbytheConventioninparticular,andthatdomesticlegislationbeamendedsothatitprohibits,asappropriate,racialdiscriminationasdefinedinarticle1,paragraph1,oftheConvention.429.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatinitsnextperiodicreporttheStatepartydealwithmeasurespromotingtheinterestsandwelfareoftheindigenousculturalcommunitiesandMuslimFilipinosasanintegralpartofitsimplementationoftheprovisionsoftheConventionratherthanasaseparatechapter.430.2 .2TheCommitteealsorecommendsthatthenextperiodicreportcontaincomprehensiveinformationonthepowers,functionsandactivitiesoftheCommissiononHumanRightsandtheOmbudsman,especiallyonthenumberandthesubstanceofcomplaintsreceived,andtheactiontakenasaresult.431.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatinformationontheethniccompositionofthepopulationandthestandardoflivingofeachgroup,aswellasothereducationalandsocialindicators,analyzedandsummarizedonthebasisofthe1990populationcensus,beprovidedinthenextperiodicreport,withparticularemphasisonindigenousethniccommunitiesandtribes.432.2 .2TheCommitteereaffirmsthattheprovisionsofarticle4oftheConventionaremandatory,asstatedinitsGeneralRecommendationVII(32),andrecommendsthatPresidentialDecree1350-Aof1978bereviewedinthelightofthatrecommendation.TheCommitteestressesinthisregardthattheStatepartyshouldfulfilallitsobligationsunderthisarticleandthat,indoingso,ittakefullyintoaccountGeneralRecommendationXV(42).433.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatactionbetakenatthelegislative,administrativeandjudiciallevelstoprotecttherightofeveryone,withoutdiscrimination,toenjoytheirrightsunderarticle5oftheConvention,especiallytherightstoequaltreatmentbeforethecourtsandallotherorgansadministeringjustice,tosecurityofpersonandprotectionbytheStateagainstviolenceorbodilyharm,andtofreedomofmovementandresidence.434.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyensureprotectionagainstanyactsofracialdiscriminationthroughthecompetentcourts,inaccordancewitharticle6oftheConvention,by,interalia,strengtheningthecourtsystem,theindependenceofthejudiciaryandtheconfidenceofthepopulationtherein.Itfurtherrecommendsthattherighttoseekjustandadequatereparationforvictimsofactsofracialdiscriminationbefullyguaranteedunderthelawandinpractice.435.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatfurtheractionbetakentoensurethattheprovisionsoftheConventionaremorewidelydisseminated,particularlyamongmembersofminoritygroupsandamongthejudiciary,thepoliceandgovernmentofficials.Inthisrespect,theCommitteerecommendsthatspecialemphasisbeputonthedisseminationofinformationaboutremediesavailableincaseofracialdiscrimination.436.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyratifytheamendmentstoarticle8,paragraph6,oftheConvention,adoptedon15January1992attheFourteenthMeetingofStatesPartiestotheConvention.437.2 .2ItisnotedthattheStatepartyhasnotmadethedeclarationprovidedinarticle14oftheConvention,andsomemembersoftheCommitteerequestedthatthepossibilityofmakingthedeclarationbeconsidered.438.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty'snextperiodicreport,dueon4January1998,beacomprehensivereportandthatitaddressallthepointsraisedinthepresentobservations.  UK     \R3'\ X      +C<6X9`(CourierC(  $(h882   @ .Denmark439.2 .2Atits1220thand1221stmeetings,heldon6and7August1997,theCommitteeconsideredthethirteenthperiodicreportofDenmark(CERD/C/319/Add.1)andatits1230thmeeting,heldon13August1997,adoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.@ .A.Introduction440.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithappreciationtheStateparty'sreadinesstocontinuethedialoguewithitbysendingahighlyspecializeddelegationtopresentthethirteenthperiodicreport,whichisanindicationoftheimportanceattachedbytheGovernmentofDenmarktoitsobligationsundertheConvention.TheCommitteeappreciatesthefranknessandcomprehensivenessoftheupdatedreport,whichingeneralcomplieswiththereportingguidelinesandcontainsdetailedsupplementaryinformationinresponsetomostofthesuggestionsandrecommendationsadoptedbytheCommitteeduringitsconsiderationofthepreviousperiodicreport.TheCommitteealsowelcomestheadditionalwrittenandoralinformationprovidedbytheStateparty'sdelegation,whichenabledittoestablishaveryconstructiveandfruitfuldialoguewiththeCommittee.̀B.FactorsanddifficultiesimpedingtheimplementatioǹoftheConvention441.2 .2ItisnotedthattherearenosignificantfactorsordifficultiesthatpreventtheeffectiveimplementationoftheConventioninDenmark.@ .C.Positiveaspects442.2 .2ItisnotedwithappreciationthattheStatepartyhasensuredawidedisseminationofitsreportsundertheConvention,inthenationallanguage,tomembersoftheParliament,non-governmentalorganizationsandthepublicatlarge,andontheInternet,togetherwiththeconcludingobservationsoftheCommittee.443.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomestheseveralpositivelegislativemeasurestakentocombatethnicdiscrimination,inparticularinthelabourmarket.TheActonProhibitionagainstDifferentialTreatmentintheLabourMarket,whichcameintoeffecton1July1996,isnotedwithinterest,aswellasthe"Icebreakerarrangement",whichaimsatprovidingfinancialassistance,undercertainconditions,toenterprisesofupto250employeeswhichhirehighlyeducatedimmigrantsorrefugees.Furthermore,programmesinitiatedinthefieldofplacementservicesandvocationaltrainingcoursesforimmigrantsandrefugees,toimprovetheirentryintothelabourmarket,arenotedwithinterest.444.2 .2EffortsmadebytheStatepartytofacilitatetheintegrationofrefugeesandimmigrants,includingthedraftbillonintegrationofrefugeesandimmigrantspreparedbytheIntegrationCommittee,arenotedwithsatisfaction.445.2 .2EffortsmadebytheStatepartytoensurethatthecompositionofthepoliceservicereflectsthatofthepopulationbyincludingpersonsofnon-Danishethnicoriginarenotedwithsatisfaction.Improvementsinthehumanrightstrainingofthepolice,designedtocombatnegativeattitudestowardsminoritiesandtopromotegoodrelationshipswithethnicminorities,arewelcomed.446.2 .2Theallocationofspecialfundsforassistanceintheoperationofethnicassociationsandinculturalandinformationactivitiesforandaboutimmigrantsandrefugees,aswellasinthedevelopmentofintegrationprojects,iswelcomedasastepforwardintheimplementationofintegrationpolicy.447.2 .2ItisnotedwithappreciationthatDenmarkhasratifiedtheamendmentstoarticle8,paragraph6,oftheConvention.448.2 .2TheactiveparticipationoftheStatepartyininternationaleffortstocombatracismiswelcomed.@ .z D.Principalsubjectsofconcern449.2 .2TheCommitteeregretsthatthepresentperiodicreportdoesnotprovidesufficientinformationpreviouslyrequestedontheimplementationofarticle3oftheConvention,withparticularreferencetotheallocationofhousingandrequirementstoattendspecialschools.450.2 .2Althoughtheamendmentofsection266bofthePenalCodeassiststhemoreeffectiveimplementationofobligationsderivingfromarticle4oftheConvention,twoconcernsremain.First,thatprosecutingpracticeisfocusingtoomuchonpropagandaactivitieswhileothermeansofdisseminatingracistideasaretreatedasminoroffences;thisgivesarestrictiveinterpretationtotheprovisionsofthisarticle.Secondly,theCommitteeexpressesparticularconcernatthelenientattitudetowardsthedisseminationofracistideasovertheradio.Itisalsonotedthatorganizationsusingracistpropagandatoinciteracialdiscriminationarenotdeclaredillegalandarenotprohibited.451.2 .2Concernisexpressedoverreportsofdiscriminatorypracticesaffectingresidentsofnon-Danishethnicornationalorigin,especiallyinrespectofemployment,housingandbankloans.452.2 .2Concernisexpressedthatarigidimplementationofthelawof1981onnameshasadiscriminatoryeffectonresidentsofnon-Danishethnicornationalorigin.453.2 .2TheCommitteenotedwithconcernthattheStatepartydidnotprovideinformationontheimplementationofarticle6oftheConvention,oneffectiveprotectionandremediesandontherighttoseekjustandadequatereparationorsatisfaction.454.2 .2Concernisalsoexpressedovertheinsufficiencyoftheinformationontherelocationofsealhunters'villagesinThulein1953and,inparticular,aboutthepersistentlongdelayinresolvingthecompensationclaimofthepopulationofThule,displacedfromtheirtraditionalhuntinggroundsandplacesofsettlement.@ . E.Suggestionsandrecommendations455.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyprovidedetailedinformationinitsnextperiodicreportontheimplementationofarticle3oftheConvention,inthelightoftheCommittee'sGeneralRecommendationXIX.456.2 .2TheCommitteereaffirmsthattheprovisionsofarticle4oftheConventionareofamandatorycharacterandrecommendsthattheStatepartyintroducemeasuresthatfullyimplementthatprovision.Itisrecommendedthattheprocedureandpracticeoflicensingradiotransmissionsbereconsidered.457.2 .2TheCommitteeencouragestheStatepartytotransmitinitsnextperiodicreportup-to-dateinformationconcerningjudgmentsoncasesfallingunderarticle4oftheConventionandundersection266boftheDanishPenalCode.458.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyreviewitsmeasuresforguaranteeing,inaccordancewitharticle5oftheConvention,theeconomicandsocialrightsofresidentsofnon-Danishethnicornationalorigin,withparticularreferencetotherighttoworkandtohousing.TheattentionoftheStatepartyisdrawntotheCommittee'sGeneralRecommendationXI.459.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyincludeinformationinitsnextperiodicreportontheimplementationofarticle6oftheConvention.ThisinformationshouldalsopertaintoGreenlandandtheFaroeIslands.̇460.2 .2TheCommitteereiteratesitspreviousrecommendationregardinginformationoncompensationforthepopulationofThule,Greenland,whohavebeendisplacedfromtheirtraditionalhuntinggroundsandplacesofsettlement.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyinformitofthelatestdevelopmentsconcerningtheagreementconcerningassistancebetweentheDanishauthoritiesandtheGreenlandHomeRuleGovernment.461.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty'snextperiodicreportcontainspecificinformationregardingthestatusandimplementationoftheConventioninGreenlandandtheFaroeIslands,andthatitaddressalltheconcernsexpressedbytheCommittee.@ .Poland462.2 .2Atits1222ndand1223rdmeetings,heldon7and8August1997,theCommitteeconsideredthethirteenthandfourteenthperiodicreportsofPoland(CERD/C/299/Add.10),andatits1235thand1236thmeetings,heldon18August1997,adoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.@ .A.Introduction463.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomesthereportsubmittedbytheGovernmentofPoland,whichgenerallyfollowstheguidelinesandcontainsinformationaboutchangesanddevelopmentsthathaveoccurredsincetheconsiderationofthepreviousperiodicreport.TheCommitteealsowelcomesthesupplementaryinformationgiventoitduringtheconsiderationofthereport.Itexpressesitsappreciationforthedialoguewiththehigh-leveldelegationandforthedetailedanswersgivenorallytothequestionsraisedbymembers.464.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthecommitmentoftheStatepartytomakeshortlythedeclarationunderarticle14oftheConventionrecognizingtheCommittee'scompetencetoexaminecomplaintsofpersonswhoclaimtobevictimsofviolationbytheStatepartyoftherightssetforthintheConvention.&  ԀB.FactorsanddifficultiesimpedingtheimplementatioǹoftheConvention465.2 .2TheeconomicchangesthatarestilltakingplaceinPolandmayaffectthe'  fullenjoymentofeconomic,socialandculturalrights,especiallyofthosebelongingtominoritygroups.&  @ .C.Positiveaspects466.2 .2TherecentadoptionbytheNationalAssemblyoftheStatepartyofa'  newConstitution,whichwillenterintoforceon17October1997andunderwhichtheConventionwillbedirectlyapplicablebythecourts,isnotedwithinterest.ItisalsonotedthatanewPenalCode,aCodeofCriminalProcedureandaCodeofExecutionofPenaltieshavebeenadoptedandallwillenterintoforceon1January1998.467.2 .2ThemeasurestakenbythecompetentauthoritiesoftheStatepartyinrecentcasesofincitementtoracialhatredarewelcomed.TheworkoftheOmbudsmaninrelationtothepromotionandprotectionofhumanrightsisalsoapositivedevelopment.468.2 .2TheeffortsundertakenbytheStatepartytoprotectminoritiesarewelcomed.Inthisregard,thebilateraltreaties,whichincludespecificprovisionsofprotectionagainstracialdiscriminationandguaranteesofequalrightswithregardtominorities,thathavebeensignedwithneighbouringcountriesareanencouragingdevelopment.ItisalsonotedwithsatisfactionthattheActontheElectionstotheSejmof28May1993providesmeasuresforpromotingminorityrightsintheelectoralprocess.469.2 .2TheagreementontherelationbetweentheStateandthreemainChurchesadoptedon20February1997iswelcomed,asistheagreementbetweentheStateandtheJewishcommunitiesofPolandinwhich,interalia,theStaterecognizestheirownershiprightsofthepropertywhichbelongedtothosecommunitieson1September1939andwastakenoverbytheStateafterWorldWarII.@ .z D.Principalsubjectsofconcern470.2 .2DespitethewrittenandoralinformationprovidedbythePolishrepresentativeregardingtheself-executingcharacteroftheConventionindomesticlaw,concernisexpressedattheabsenceofspecificlegislativemeasurestoenforcesomeofitsprovisions.471.2 .2ItisnotedwithconcernthatseveralcasesofseriousactsofviolencerelatingtoracialdiscriminationhavetakenplaceintheStatepartyduringtheperiodunderreview,targetingespeciallyJewsandRomaminorities.472.2 .2Concernisexpressedattheinsufficientlegalframeworktodeclareillegalandtoprohibitnon-politicalgroupsandassociationswhichdisseminateideasbasedonracialsuperiorityorhatredandincitementtoracialdiscrimination,aswellasactsofviolenceorincitementtosuchactsagainstanyraceorgroupofpersons.473.2 .2Withregardtotheimplementationofarticle5oftheConvention,concernisexpressedthattherighttoworkandtohousingofpersonsbelongingtominoritiesmaynotbesufficientlyprotectedfromracialdiscriminationinthecurrentperiodofeconomictransition.474.2 .2Itisnotedwithconcernthat,despiteevidenteffortsmadebytheauthorities,childrenbelongingtominoritygroupsdonotalwayshaveaccesstoeducationintheirownlanguage.&  @ . E.Suggestionsandrecommendations475.2 .2TheCommitteesuggeststhattheStatepartyfullyclarifyinitsnext'  periodicreportthestatusoftheConventioninrelationtodomesticlaw,anditwouldwelcomeinthenextreportexamplesofcourtdecisionsrelatedtothismatterifanyareavailable.476.2 .2Withregardtonon-politicalgroupsandassociationswhichdisseminateideasbasedonracialsuperiorityorhatredorincitementtoracialdiscrimination,aswellasactsofviolenceorincitementtosuchactsagainstanyraceorgroupofpersons,theCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytakeallmeasuresrequiredundertheConventiontoprohibittheirexistence.̇477.2 .2Withregardtostatisticalinformationonminorities,theCommitteesuggeststhattheStatepartytakeallappropriatemeasurestocompilemorepreciseinformation,anditrecommendsthatsuchdatabeincludedinthenextperiodicreportoftheStateparty.478.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyalsotakemeasurestomorefullyguaranteeeconomic,socialandculturalrights,asdefinedinarticle5(e),forminoritygroups,includingtherighttoworkandtohousing,andthatitincludemorecomprehensiveinformationinitsnextperiodicreportontheimplementationoftheprovisionsofarticle5(e).TheCommitteealsorecommendsthattheStatepartyadoptacomprehensiveprogrammeofactiontopromoteandprotecttherightsoftheRomapopulation.479.2 .2WhileacknowledgingtherecenteffortsmadebytheStatepartyinthisregard,theCommitteerecommendsthattheauthoritiesincreasetheireffortstogivechildrenbelongingtominoritiesfulleraccesstoeducationintheirownlanguage.ItalsorecommendsthattheauthoritiestakeappropriatemeasurestomeetthespecificeducationalneedsofRomachildren.480.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatthenextreportcontaindetailedinformationregardingprosecutionsforactsofracialdiscrimination.481.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyensurethewidedisseminationofitsreportandoftheCommittee'sconcludingobservations.482.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyratifytheamendmentstoarticle8,paragraph6,oftheConvention,adoptedon15January1992attheFourteenthMeetingofStatesPartiestotheConvention.483.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty'snextperiodicreportbeanupdatingreportandaddresstheconcernsexpressedbytheCommittee.&  @ .Guyana484.2 .2Atits1242ndmeeting,heldon21August1997(seeCERD/C/SR.1242),the'  CommitteereviewedtheimplementationoftheConventionbyGuyana.TheCommitteenotedwithregretthatnoinitialreporthasbeensubmittedtoitsince1978.485.2 .2TheCommitteeregrettedthatGuyanahadnotrespondedtoitsinvitationtoparticipateinthemeetingandtofurnishrelevantinformation.Themulti-ethniccompositionofthepopulationandtheexistenceofindigenouscommunitiesinGuyanamaketheimplementationoftheConventionparticularlyimportant.TheCommitteedecidedthatacommunicationshouldbesenttotheGovernmentofGuyanasettingoutitsreportingobligationsundertheConventionandurgingthatthedialoguewiththeCommitteebestartedassoonaspossible.486.2 .2TheCommitteesuggestedthattheGovernmentofGuyanamaywishtoavailitselfofthetechnicalassistanceofferedundertheadvisoryservicesandtechnicalassistanceprogrammeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights/CentreforHumanRights,withtheaimofdrawingupandsubmittingitsinitialreport,inaccordancewiththereportingguidelines,bytheCommittee'sfiftysecondsession.&  @ .\Suriname487.2 .2Atits1237thmeeting,heldon19August1997(seeCERD/C/SR.1237),the'  CommitteereviewedtheimplementationoftheConventionbySuriname.TheCommitteenotedwithregretthatnoinitialreporthasbeensubmittedtoitsince1984.488.2 .2WhileunderstandingtheinternaldifficultiesfacedbytheStateparty,theCommitteeregrettedthatSurinamehadnotrespondedtoitsinvitationtoparticipateinthemeetingandtofurnishrelevantinformation.Themulti-ethniccompositionofthepopulationandtheexistenceofindigenouscommunitiesinSurinamemakeimplementationoftheConventionparticularlyimportant.TheCommitteedecidedthatacommunicationshouldbesenttotheGovernmentofSurinamesettingoutitsreportingobligationsundertheConventionandurgingthatthedialoguewiththeCommitteeberesumedassoonaspossible.489.2 .2TheCommitteesuggestedthattheGovernmentofSurinamemaywishtoavailitselfofthetechnicalassistanceofferedundertheadvisoryservicesandtechnicalassistanceprogrammeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights/CentreforHumanRights,withtheaimofdrawingupandsubmittingitsinitialreport,inaccordancewiththereportingguidelines,bytheCommittee'sfifty-secondsession.@ .Sweden490.2 .2Atits1224thand1225thmeetings,heldon8and11August1997,theCommitteeconsideredthetwelfthperiodicreportofSweden(CERD/C/280/Add.4),andatits1240thmeeting,heldon20August1997,adoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.&  @ .A.Introduction491.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomesthedetailedreportsubmittedbytheStateparty,'  whichcontainsrelevantinformationaboutmeasurestakenwithrespecttotheimplementationoftheConventionsincetheconsiderationoftheeleventhperiodicreport.TheCommitteealsowelcomesthedetailedanswerstoquestionsraisedandconcernsexpressedduringtheconsiderationofthereport.Itexpressesitsappreciationforthefrankandconstructivedialoguewiththedelegationandforthecomprehensiveandthoroughanswersgivenorallytothewiderangeofquestionsaskedbymembers.&  ԀB.FactorsanddifficultiesimpedingtheimplementatioǹoftheConvention492.2 .2ItisnotedthattherecessionhashadseriousconsequencesfortheState'  partyingeneralandhasledtoseveresetbacksforrefugeesandimmigrants,inparticular.Theconsequencesoftherecessionhavebeenmostfeltinthelabourmarketsituationofrefugeesandimmigrants,whohavebeenfoundworseoffthanSwedesinmostareasofsociety,andthegaphasbeenwidening.&  @ .C.Positiveaspects493.2 .2ThehighstandardsoftheStatepartyregardingtheprotectionofhuman'  rightsanditsaffirmedcommitmenttoimplementingtheprovisionsoftheConventionarenotedwithappreciation.SwedenisamongthelimitednumberofStatespartiesthathasmadethedeclarationunderarticle14oftheConventionandhasacceptedtheamendmenttoarticle8,paragraph6,oftheConvention.494.2 .2ThestatementtotheeffectthattheStatepartyhasinjustafewdecadesdevelopedfromarelativelyethnicallyhomogenoussocietyintoamulticulturalsociety(para.2ofthereport)hasbeennotedwithgreatinterestandappreciation.495.2 .2TheStatepartyintendstoreviewtheActagainstEthnicDiscriminationof1994becauseitisnothavingthedesiredeffect.496.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomestheadoptionofnewlegislationwhichexpandsthedefinitionofrefugee.497.2 .2Theactivitiesofvariousgovernmentalinstitutionsconcernedwithintegrationpoliciesandwithcombatingracismandxenophobia,suchastheOmbudsmanagainstEthnicDiscrimination,theSwedishImmigrationBoard,theParliamentaryCommissionentrustedwiththetaskofreviewingSwedishimmigrationandrefugeepolicies,andtheParliamentaryCommissionreviewingpolicieswithrespecttothelongtermintegrationofimmigrantsandrefugeesinSweden,aswellastheactiveparticipationoftheStatepartyininternationaleffortstocombatracism,arewelcomed.498.2 .2TheCommitteealsowelcomestheestablishmentoftheSamiParliamentandwillfollowitsworkwithinterest.499.2 .2NoteistakenwithappreciationofthefactthatinSwedennonnationalshavetherighttovoteandstandforelectionatmunicipalelections.500.2 .2ItisalsonotedwithappreciationthattheStatepartyhasestablishedasystemofeducationforrefugeesandimmigrants.@ .z D.Principalsubjectsofconcern501.2 .2TheCommitteeexpressesconcernthatcrimeswithracialmotiveshaveincreasedsince1980,asfoundbyaresearchprojectconductedbytheNationalCouncilforCrimePrevention.502.2 .2ThesocialpositionofRoma,particularlyinsuchdomainsaseducationandemployment,hasbeenfoundlessfavourablethanthatoftherestofthepopulation.Asaresult,manyofthemdependonsocialwelfarebenefits.503.2 .2Concernisexpressedthatexistinglegislationdoesnotfullyimplementarticle4oftheConvention.504.2 .2Concernisexpressedaboutthelowanddecliningparticipationbynon-nationalsinlocalelections.505.2 .2ConcernisalsoexpressedattheactivitiesbasedonideasortheoriesofracialsuperiorityofvariousorganizationsandindividualsintheStateparty,andattheincreasingdisseminationofrecordedmusic,thelyricsofwhichpromotehatredagainstethnicminorities.@ . E.Suggestionsandrecommendations506.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty,whilereviewingitslegislation,payparticularattentiontothefullimplementationoftheprovisionsoftheConvention,inparticulararticle4,andcallsattentiontoitsGeneralRecommendationXV.507.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyprovideinitsnextperiodicreportinformationonthenumberofcomplaintsandjudicialdecisionsconcerningandthecompensationawardedforactsofracisminalltheirforms.508.2 .2ItistheviewoftheCommitteethatfurthermeasuresshouldbetakentoensuretheusebySamioftheirownlanguage.509.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatthepolicyofpromotingequalopportunityineconomicandsociallifeforimmigrants,refugeesandethnicminoritiesbereinforcedbyappropriatelegislative,administrativeandothermeasures.510.2 .2TheCommitteesuggeststhatfurtheractionbetakentoensurethattheprovisionsoftheConventionaremorewidelydisseminatedamongtheRoma,theSamiand"TornedalFinns",immigrantassociationsandotherethnicgroups,aswellasamonggovernmentofficials,employersandtradeunions.Thepublicshouldalsobebetterinformedaboutavailablerecourseunderarticle14oftheConvention.Itisrecommendedthatthetwelfthperiodicreportbewidelydisseminated,aswellasthepresentconcludingobservationsadoptedbytheCommittee.511.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty'snextperiodicreport,dueon5January1998,beanupdatingreportandthatitaddressallthepointsraisedinthepresentobservations.@ . TheformerYugoslavRepublicofMacedonia512.2 .2TheCommitteeconsideredtheinitial,secondandthirdperiodicreports,consolidatedintoonereport,oftheformerYugoslavRepublicofMacedonia(CERD/290/Add.2)atits1226thand1227thmeetings(CERD/C/SR.1226and1227),heldon11and12August1997,and,atits1241stmeeting,heldon21August1997,adoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.@ .A.Introduction513.2 .2TheCommitteecommendstheStatepartyonthequalityofitsreportpreparedinaccordancewiththeCommittee'sguidelines.Itnoteswithappreciationthehighleveldelegationwhichpresentedthereport,indicatingtheimportanceattachedbytheStatepartytotheConvention.ItfurthernotestheopenandconstructivedialoguewithrepresentativesoftheStateparty.TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtothedelegationoftheStatepartyfortheadditionalinformationthatitprovidedtotheCommitteeorallyandinwriting.̀B.FactorsanddifficultiesimpedingtheimplementatioǹoftheConvention514.2 .2ItisrecognizedthattheStatepartyhasexperiencedconsiderableeconomicdifficulties,partlyresultingfromhostilitiesintheBalkanregion,whichhavehadanegativeimpactontheenjoymentofhumanrights,includingthoseprotectedbytheConvention.@ .C.Positiveaspects515.2 .2TheStatepartyiscommendedforthemanylegislativeactsthathavebeenadoptedinordertocomplywiththeprovisionsoftheConvention,includingtheActonPublicInformation;theActonTelecommunications,whichprohibitstheuseofmassmediatoincitenational,racialorreligioushatredorintolerance;theActonPoliticalParties,whichprohibitstheestablishmentofthosepartieswhoseaimistheincitementofnational,racialandreligioushatredandintolerance;andtheActonSocialOrganizationsandCitizens'Associations,whichprohibitsactivitieswhichviolatehumanfreedomsandrightsorencouragenational,racialorreligioushatredorintolerance.516.2 .2ThewillingnessaffirmedbyrepresentativesoftheStatepartyduringtheoraldialoguetomakethedeclarationunderarticle14oftheConventionandtoconsidertheratificationoftheamendmentstoarticle8,paragraph6,oftheConvention,adoptedon15January1992attheFourteenthMeetingofStatesPartiestotheConvention,iswelcomed.@ .z D.Principalsubjectsofconcern517.2 .2Thelackofstatisticalinformationontheinvocationofthevariousprotectionsagainstracialdiscrimination,inparticularthosereferredtoinparagraph515,isnotedwithconcern.518.2 .2Itisnotedthattherepresentationofvariousethnicgroupsinthejudiciary,Parliamentandotherpublicbodiesandagenciesofgovernmentcontinuestobebelowtheirrespectivepercentagesinthepopulation.519.2 .2Withrespecttoarticle5oftheConvention,thelackofsufficientinformationontheparticipationofethnicminoritiesinpubliclifeandontheireconomicandsocialsituation,especiallywithregardtoaccesstoemployment,health,educationandhousing,isregretted.520.2 .2ConcernisexpressedattheimpossibilityofconductingthecensusinthewholeterritoryoftheStateparty.521.2 .2Concernisalsoexpressedoverthelowlevelsofparticipation,inparticularinsecondaryandhighereducation,ofcertainminorities,notablyRomachildrenandAlbaniangirlsinruralareas.522.2 .2Withregardtoarticle7oftheConvention,concernisexpressedthatthereislittleornoreferencetotheConventioninhumanrightseducationalprogrammes.&  @ . E.Suggestionsandrecommendations523.2 .2Moreinformationisrequestedinthenextperiodicreportconcerningthe'  participationofthevariousminoritiesinpubliclifeandtheimplementationandenjoymentbythemonanondiscriminatorybasisofthehumanrightscontainedinthevariouslaws.524.2 .2TheCommitteeencouragestheStatepartytocontinueitsprogrammesofaffirmativeactioninordertoincreasetherepresentationoftheethnicminoritiesinpubliclife;includingthecivilservice,armyandpolice.525.2 .2Emphasizingtheroleofthejusticesystemineliminatingracialdiscrimination,theCommitteeaskstobeprovidedwithadditionalinformationonwhethertheConventionisdirectlyapplicablebeforethedomesticcourts,ontheeffectivenessofremediesincasesofracialdiscrimination,onthenumberofcomplaintsofracialorraciallymotivatedoffencesandonthejudicialactiontakenonthosecomplaintsandtheredressorcompensationawardedtovictims.526.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartycontinueitseffortstofacilitatetheparticipationofdifferentethnicminoritiesintheeducationalsystem,inparticularatthesecondaryandhighereducationallevel,andtoprovideforthetrainingofteachersforminoritylanguagesinpublicestablishments.527.2 .2TheCommitteesuggeststhattheStatepartyconsiderincorporatingtheConventionintoitshumanrightsprogrammesinschoolcurriculawithaviewtopromotingthepreventionofracialdiscrimination.528.2 .2WhilerecommendingthattheStatepartyprovidegreatereducationalandculturalopportunitiestotheAlbanianminority,itwasalsofeltthatthatminorityshouldtrulyseeitsfutureaslyingwithintheStateparty.529.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatthatStateparty'snextperiodicreport,dueon17September1998,beanupdatingreportandthatitaddressallthepointsraisedinthepresentobservations.@ .*Argentina530.2 .2Atits1228thand1229thmeetings,heldon12and13August1997,theCommitteeconsideredtheeleventhtofourteenthperiodicreportsofArgentina(CERD/C/299/Add.11)and,atits1240thand1241stmeetings,heldon20and21August1997,itadoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.@ .A.Introduction531.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomestheopportunitytocontinuethedialoguewiththeStatepartybasedontheeleventhtofourteenthperiodicreportsandonthecoredocument.TheinformationprovidedorallybythedelegationandtherepliestothemanyquestionsaskedbythemembersoftheCommitteefilledthegapsthatresultedfromthelimitedinformationwhichthereportcontainedonsomearticlesoftheConventionandgavetheCommitteeaclearerideaofthesituationwithregardtotheimplementationoftheConventioninArgentina.ǀB.FactorsanddifficultiesimpedingtheimplementatioǹoftheConvention&  532.2 .2TheCommitteenotedthatArgentinaisgoingthroughadifficulteconomic'  periodwhichmakestheimplementationoftheConventionmoredifficult,sincesomeofthemainvictimsofunemploymentandpovertyaremembersofindigenouspopulationsandethnicminorities.@ .C.Positiveaspects533.2 .2Itnoteswithsatisfactionthatinternationalhumanrightstreaties,includingtheConvention,rankhigherthandomesticlaw,inaccordancewitharticle75,paragraph22,ofthe1994Constitution,andthatindividualshavethepossibilityofdirectlyinvokingtheprovisionsoftheConventioninthecourts.534.2 .2Theestablishment,byAct.No.24284of1December1993,ofthepostofOmbudsmanasanindependentbodyresponsibleforprotectingtherightsandinterestsofindividualsandcommunitiesagainstactsoromissionsbythenationalpublicadministrationandwiththepowertolaunchinvestigationsonitsowninitiativeorattherequestofanindividualiswelcomedasapositivemeasure.535.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthat,underarticle43ofthe1994Constitution,anapplicationforamparomaybefiledintheeventofdiscriminationofanykind.536.2 .2Theconstitutionalprovisionsconcerningindigenouspeoples,whichwereintroducedduringthereformofthe1994Constitution,areadefinitestepforward.Thisistrue,forexample,ofthegrantingoflegalpersonalitytoindigenouscommunities;guaranteesofrespectfortheculturalidentityofsuchcommunities;communitypossessionandownershipofland;andtheparticipationofindigenouspersonsinthemanagementofnaturalresourcesandinotheractivitiesofconcerntothem.537.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomestheestablishmentintheMinistryoftheInterioroftheNationalInstitutetoCombatDiscrimination,XenophobiaandRacism,whichwasgiventheresponsibilitybyActNo.242.515of28July1995ofdevelopingnationalpoliciesandpracticalmeasurestocombatdiscrimination,xenophobiaandracism.538.2 .2ItalsonotesthattheNationalInstitutetoCombatDiscrimination,XenophobiaandRacismhasadoptedimportantmeasuresrelatingtobilingualandcrossculturaleducation,theintegrationofindigenousscholarshipstudentsinthetraditionalschoolsystemandfinancialassistanceforprojectstoraisethestandardoflivingofcertaincommunities.Itwelcomes,inparticular,theprojectsbeingimplementedfortheWichiethnicgroupintheChacoregion.539.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomesthestepstakenbytheNationalInstituteofIndigenousAffairstotransferancestrallandsandpropertytotheindigenouscommunitieswhichhavealwaysoccupiedthem,includingcooperationwithprovincialauthoritiesinregularizinglandtitles.540.2 .2Inconnectionwitharticle5oftheConvention,itwelcomestheconclusionofabilateralagreementwithBoliviatoregularizethesituationofsome500,000BolivianslivingillegallyinArgentina,aswellasthelegalizationofthesituationof250,000foreignersinArgentinaunderDecreeNo.1033/92.541.2 .2TheestablishmentoftheRefugeeEligibilityCommitteeanditsclosecooperationwiththeOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugeesarepositivedevelopments.542.2 .2ItviewspositivelytheadoptionofDecreeNo.232/92,providingthatdocumentsonNazicriminalsarenolongerconfidentialforreasonsofState,asameansofspeedingupinvestigationsofNazicriminalswhomighthavefoundrefugeinArgentineterritory,andtheestablishmentin1992oftheCommissiontoShedLightonNaziActivitiesinArgentina.543.2 .2ItnoteswithsatisfactiontheorganizationofseminarsandtrainingprogrammesonhumanrightsandthepreventionofracialdiscriminationforjudgesandthestaffoftheFederalPrisonService.544.2 .2ItalsonoteswithgreatinteresttheimplementationbytheMinistryoftheInterioroftheNationalAntiDiscriminationProgramme,whichisdesignedtosupportpopulareducationprogrammesconductedbynongovernmentalorganizationsandwhichprovideforthepossibilityofemergencyactiontodealimmediatelywithactsofdiscrimination.@ .z D.Principalsubjectsofconcern545.2 .2Itregretsthelackofinformationonthesubjectoftherepresentationofindigenouspopulationsandotherethnicminoritiesinthecivilservice,police,judicialsystem,Congressandmoregenerally,inthesocioeconomiclifeofthecountry,sinceithampersafullevaluationbytheCommitteeoftheimplementationoftheprovisionsoftheConventionrelatingtosuchpopulations.546.2 .2WhilenotingwithsatisfactionthatracialmotivationisdeemedbyActNo.23592of1988asanaggravatingcircumstanceinthecaseofvariousoffencespunishableundercriminallaw,theCommitteeregretsthattheprovisionsofarticle4oftheConventionhavenotbeenfullyimplementedthroughthespecificcriminalizationofthevariousactsreferredtointhatarticle,suchasdisseminationofandpropagandainracistideas,incitementtoracialdiscrimination,racialviolenceandtheestablishmentofracistorganizations.547.2 .2Itregretsthescantinformationprovidedontheimplementationoftheprovisionsofarticle5oftheConvention,eventhoughreferencewasmadetodiscriminationagainstmembersofindigenouspopulationsandminoritiesintheenjoymentofcertainrights,includingthoseprovidedforinarticle5(e)(i),(iv)and(v)oftheConvention.548.2 .2Withregardtothetransferofancestrallandsandpropertytoindigenouscommunities,itnoteswithconcernthatproblemscontinuetoexistinpracticeandthat,insomecases,enormousdifficulties,whichareoftencausedbylandowners,aredelayingthesetransfers.Italsonoteswithconcernthatsomecommunitiesarereportedtohavebeensubjectedtointimidationandpressurestorenouncetheirclaimstosuchland.Italsoregretsthatinformationhasnotbeenprovidedabouttheproceduresforconsultingindigenouscommunitiesduringthelandtransferprocess.549.2 .2TheCommitteeregretsthatthereisstillalackofinformationonremediesfiled,rulingshandeddownandcompensationawardedforactsofracism,aswellasonamparoproceedingsinstitutedasaresultofdiscrimination.Inviewofthislackofinformation,theCommitteehasbeenunabletodeterminetowhatextentarticle6oftheConventioniseffectivelyimplementedinArgentinaortoassesstheroleandshortcomingsofthejudicialauthoritiesinthisregard.@ . E.Suggestionsandrecommendations550.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatadditionalinformationshouldbeprovidedinthenextreportonthestatutes,membershipandactivitiesoftheNationalInstitutetoCombatDiscrimination,XenophobiaandRacism,ontheNationalInstituteofIndigenousAffairsandontheimplementationoftheNationalAnti-DiscriminationProgramme.551.2 .2TheCommitteerequeststheStatepartytoincludeinitsnextreportanyavailableinformationonthesocioeconomicsituationofmembersofindigenouscommunitiesandethnicminorities,particularlytheirparticipationinthepoliticalandeconomiclifeofthecountryandtheirrepresentationinfederalandprovincialgovernments.ItalsoinvitestheStatepartytoprovideinitsnextreportspecificinformationonthepracticalimplementationofalltherightswhicharticle5oftheConventionprovidesforallinhabitantsofArgentina.Inthisconnection,theCommitteedrawstheattentionoftheStatepartytotheneedtodevelopindicatorstoevaluatepoliciesandprogrammesfortheprotectionandpromotionoftherightsofvulnerablepopulationgroups.552.2 .2TheCommitteeurgestheStatepartytofulfilitsobligationunderarticle4oftheConventiontodeclareasanoffencepunishablebylawanyformofracialdiscrimination,includingdisseminationofandpropagandaforracistideas,incitementtoracialdiscrimination,racialviolenceandtheestablishmentofracistorganizations.553.2 .2Withregardtothetransferoflandtoindigenouscommunities,theCommitteerecommendsthattheimplementationofprovisionsadoptedforthatpurposeshouldbecloselymonitoredbylocalandfederalauthorities,includingthejudicialauthorities,inordertopreventandclarifyanymisunderstandingofsuchprovisions.ItinvitestheStatepartytoreporttoitfullyonthisquestioninitsnextreportbyspecifyingtowhatextentindigenouspeopleshavebeenconsultedduringthisprocess.Inthisconnection,theattentionoftheStatepartyisdrawntotheCommittee'sGeneralRecommendationXXIIIonindigenouspeoples.554.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty'sfifteenthreportshouldincludeinformationonthenumberandsituationofrefugeesandimmigrantsinArgentinaandonthelegalregimeapplicabletothem.555.2 .2RecallingitsdecisionNo.3(45)of16August1994,theCommitteeinvitestheStatepartytotakeallmeasureswithinitspowertoexpeditetheongoingproceedingsinconnectionwiththe1992and1994antiSemiticattacksanddrawsitsattentiontoarticles5(a)and6oftheConventioninthisregard.556.2 .2Withregardtoarticle6oftheConvention,theCommitteerecommendsthatthenextperiodicreportofArgentinashouldcontaindetailedinformationonremediesfiled,rulingshandeddownandcompensationawardedforactsofracism.557.2 .2Inconnectionwiththeimplementationofarticle7oftheConvention,theCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyshouldtakeallnecessarymeasurestoguaranteethetrainingandeducationoflawenforcementofficials,teachersandstudentsinhumanrightsandinthepreventionofracialdiscrimination.558.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheeleventhtofourteenthreportsoftheStatepartyandthepresentconcludingobservationsshouldbemadepublicandbewidelydisseminatedtothepopulation.559.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyshould,assoonaspossible,ratifytheamendmentstoarticle8,paragraph6,oftheConvention,whichwereadoptedattheFourteenthMeetingofStatesParties.560.2 .2ItnotesthattheStatepartyhasnotmadethedeclarationprovidedforinarticle14oftheConventionandthatsomemembersoftheCommitteehaverequestedthatArgentinaconsiderthepossibilityofmakingthatdeclaration.561.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty'snextreport,dueon5January1998,shouldbeanupdatedealingwithalltheissuesraisedinthepresentobservations.  UK     \R3'\ X      +C<6X9`(CourierC(  $(i882   @ .Burundi562.Atits1238thand1239thmeetings,heldon19and20August1997,theCommitteeconsideredtheseventhtotenthperiodicreportsofBurundi(CERD/C/295/Add.1),andatits1242ndmeeting,heldon21August1997,adoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.@ .A.Introduction563.TheCommitteewelcomestheresumptionofthedialoguewiththeStatepartyandthepresenceofadelegationfromthecapitaltopresentthereport.WhilenotingthatthereportfailstoprovideconcreteinformationontheimplementationoftheConventioninBurundi,theCommitteeexpressesitssatisfactiontothedelegationforansweringthemanyquestionsraisedbymembersoftheCommitteeduringthecourseofthedialogue.̀B.FactorsanddifficultiesimpedingtheimplementatioǹoftheConvention564.TheCommitteerecognizesthatBurundiisfacingmanydifficultiesthathaveanimpactontheimplementationoftheConvention.Inthisregard,theCommitteerefersinparticulartotheviolentethnicconflictintheStatesoftheGreatLakesregion,includingBurundi;thecivilconflictplaguingthecountry;themassivedisplacementsofpopulationsandflowsofrefugeeswithintheregion,aswellasthenumerousinternallydisplacedpersons;thepoliticalinstability;andtheverydifficulteconomicandsocialsituation,aggravatedbytheimpositionofaneconomicembargoagainsttheStatepartysince31July1996.@ .C.Positiveaspects565.TheCommitteewarmlyappreciatestheeffortsoftheStatepartytosubmitandpresentitsreportunderadversecircumstances.TheCommitteewelcomesthedeclaredwillingnessoftheStatepartytorestorepeaceandsecurityinBurundithroughpoliticaldialogue,tobeheldinSeptember1997intheUnitedRepublicofTanzania,whichcould,hopeful,produceagovernmentsatisfactorytoallparties.ThedeclaredpolicyoftheGovernmenttoendimpunityforperpetratorsofhumanrightsviolationsisalsowelcomedbytheCommittee.566.Theestablishmentofaministryresponsibleforhumanrightsandofanationalcentreforhumanrightsiswelcomed.ThefactthattheGovernmentencouragestheestablishmentofindependentleaguesandassociationsforthepromotionandprotectionofhumanrightsisviewedasapositivefactor.567.ThefactthatthePenalCode,initsarticle180,penalizesracialorethnicdiscriminationandhatred,andthatthePoliticalPartiesActprohibitsdiscriminationbasedonethnicgroundsandmakesitanoffenceunderitsarticles5and63,respectively,isnotedwithsatisfaction.568.NoteistakenwithappreciationoftheoralinvitationtosendmembersoftheCommitteeintoBurunditoassessthesituationwithrespectoftheimplementationoftheConventioninpractice.ThisisviewedasaconstructivemeansofpursuingthedialoguewiththeStatepartyandshowsthelatter'swillingnesstoimproveimplementationofprovisionsoftheConvention.&  @ .z D.Principalsubjectsofconcern'  569.ThemainconcernoftheCommitteeiswiththecontinuationofactsofviolenceandkillingsbetweenpeopleofdifferentethnicbackgroundinBurundi.570.Theunderstandingofthenotionsof"race"and"ethnicorigin"bytheStateparty,asexpressedinparagraphs5,6and23ofthereport,andreiteratedbythedelegationinitsoralstatement,isamatterofconcern.TheCommitteeemphasizesthatarticle1,paragraph1,oftheConventiondefinesasracialdiscriminationanydistinction,exclusion,restrictionorpreferencebasedonrace,colour,descent,ornationalorethnicoriginwhichhaseitherthepurposeortheeffectofnullifyingorimpairingtherecognition,enjoymentorexerciseofhumanrightsandfundamentalfreedomsonanequalbasisinthepolitical,social,culturaloranyotherfieldofpubliclife.Moreover,theattentionoftheStatepartyiscalledtotheCommittee'sGeneralRecommendationVIII,whichprovidesthattheidentificationofindividualsasmembersofaparticularracialorethnicgroupshallbebaseduponself-identificationbytheindividualhimself.Inthepresentcase,itisbelievedthatanimportantpartofthepopulationoftheStatepartyidentifiesitselfasbeingmemberofoneofthethreeethnicgroupslivinginthecountry,eithertheTutsis,theHutusortheTwas,andthatimportantpartsofthepopulationarelivinginconditionswhichdonotguaranteetheexerciseofhumanrightsunderequalterms.571.ItisregrettedthatconcernsexpressedandrecommendationsmadebytheCommitteeinitsconcludingobservationsof17March1994,andinitsdecision1(47)of1995andresolution1(49)of1996onthesituationinBurundi,adoptedundertheCommittee'sagendaitemonpreventionofracialdiscrimination,includingearlywarningandurgentprocedures,havenotbeenaddressedinthepresentreport.572.ItisregrettedthatthestatusofDecree-LawNo.1/001of13September1996,whichregulatesthetransitionalinstitutionalsystemandthecurrentpowersandactivitiesoftheNationalAssembly,aswellasthefunctionsandpowersoftheNationalCentreforHumanRightsandtheAbashingantaheCouncil,hasnotbeenfullyclarified.̇573.Theinsufficiencyofinformationinthereportinconnectionwitharticle3oftheConventionisregretted.Inthisrespect,theCommitteecallstheattentionoftheStatepartytoitsGeneralRecommendationXIX.574.TheCommitteeexpressesconcernoverreportsofdelaysintheprocessofprosecutingthoseresponsiblefortheassassinationofPresidentNdadaye.Itisequallyconcernedovertheslowprocessofprosecutingandpunishingperpetratorsofmasskillingsanddisappearances.ThedelayscastdoubtsontheeffectiveimplementationoftheGovernment'spolicyofendingthepatternofimpunity.575.Itisnotedwithconcernthatnospecificlegislationhasbeenadoptedtofullyimplementtheprovisionsofarticle4oftheConventionandthatnoinformationwasprovidedinthereportontheimplementationofthatarticleinpractice.576.Thelackofinformationontheenjoymentbythevariousgroupswithinthepopulationofalltherightslaiddowninarticle5oftheConventionisregretted,allthemoresosincenumerousreportsmakereferencetodiscriminationagainsttheHutusandtheTwasintheenjoymentofcertainrights,suchastherightsincorporatedinarticle5(a),(b),(d)(i),(e)(i),(iv),(v),and(f)oftheConvention.577.Theinsufficiencyofinformationreceivedonregroupmentcampsingeneraland,inparticular,ontheethniccompositionofthepeopleinthecampsandthesituationandconditionsoflifeprevailingtherein,isregretted.Concernisexpressedoverreportsthatpeople,mostlyofHutuorigin,areforcedbythepolicetoleavetheirhomesandsettleinregroupmentcamps,whicharekeptunderthecontrolofthearmy,inviolationofarticle5(d)(i)oftheConvention.578.WhilethestatementmadebythedelegationthatanappealwassenttoBurundirefugeesinneighbouringcountriestoreturntoBurundiiswelcomed,thelackofinformationonmeasurestakentoensuretheirrepatriationandtheirsafereturnisregretted.Similarly,thelackofinformationonthesituationofrefugeeslivinginBurundiisregretted,allthemoresosincereportsstatethattheirrighttosecurityofpersonandprotectionbytheStateagainstviolenceorbodilyharm,whetherinflictedbygovernmentofficialsorbyanyindividualorgrouporinstitution,underarticle5(b)oftheConvention,isnotalwaysguaranteed.579.Withrespecttoarticle6oftheConvention,concernisexpressedoverthelackoflegislativeprovisionstoimplementtherighttojustandadequatereparationorsatisfactionforanydamagesufferedasaresultofactsofracialdiscrimination.Moreover,theabsenceofcomplaintsagainstactsofracialdiscriminationraisesdoubtsastotheextentofthepublicitygivento,andtheeffectivenessof,availableremediesforvictimsofracialdiscrimination.580.Inconnectionwitharticle7oftheConvention,whilethestatementsofpolicyandtheprogrammeslaunchedbyministerialdepartmentscitedinthereportarewelcomed,thelackofinformationonconcretestepsundertakentocomplywithitsprovisionsisregretted.&  @ . E.Suggestionsandrecommendations581.TheCommitteerecommendsthatthenextperiodicreportprovideinformation'  ontherepresentationofmembersoftheTutsi,HutuandTwaethnicgroupsinthegovernment,theadministration,thejudiciary,thepoliceandthearmy.ItfurtherrecommendsthattheGovernment,whilerestructuringthecountry,takeintoconsiderationtheCommittee'sconcludingobservationsof17March1994,itsdecision1(47)of1995anditsresolution1(49)of1996.582.TheCommitteealsorecommendsthatinformationbeprovidedbytheStatepartyinitsnextperiodicreportontheplaceofDecree-LawNo.1/001/96withinthedomesticlegalorderandonthesituationwithrespecttothecurrentpowersandactivitiesoftheNationalAssembly,aswellasontherespectivepowersandfunctionsoftheNationalCentreforHumanRightsandtheAbashingantaheCouncil.583.Inconnectionwiththeimplementationofarticle3oftheConvention,theCommitteerecommendsthat,inthelightofitsGeneralRecommendationXIX,comprehensiveinformationbeprovidedbytheStatepartyinitsnextperiodicreportonmeasurestakentoprevent,prohibitanderadicateallpracticesofracialsegregationinBurundi.584.TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttofurtheritseffortstobringtoanendtheimpunityoftheperpetratorsofhumanrightsviolationsandtoacceleratetheprocedurescurrentlyunderway.Inthisrespect,theCommitteeemphasizestheneedfortheinvestigation,prosecutionandpunishmentofthosefoundguiltyofsuchcrimes,inordertorestoreconfidenceintheruleoflawandasanindicationthattheirrecurrencewillnotbetoleratedbytheauthorities.585.TheCommitteereaffirmsthattheprovisionsofarticle4oftheConventionaremandatory,asstatedinitsGeneralRecommendationVII(32).TheCommitteestressesinthisregardthattheStatepartyshouldfulfilallitsobligationsunderthisarticleandthat,indoingso,ittakefullyintoaccountitsGeneralRecommendationXV(42).586.TheCommitteerecommendsthatactionbetakenatthelegislative,administrativeandjudiciallevelstoprotecttherightofeveryone,withoutdiscrimination,toenjoytheirrightunderarticle5oftheConvention,especiallytherighttoequaltreatmentbeforethecourtsandallotherorgansadministeringjustice;tosecurityofpersonandprotectionbytheStateagainstviolenceorbodilyharm;tofreedomofmovementandresidencewithinthebordersoftheState;towork;topublichealthandmedicalcare;andtoeducationandtraining;andtherightofaccesstoanyplaceorserviceintendedforusebythegeneralpublic.ItfurtherrecommendsthatcomprehensiveinformationontheimplementationofarticlesbeprovidedintheStateparty'snextperiodicreport.587.Furtherinformationonthesituationprevailingintheregroupmentcamps,aswellasontheethniccompositionofpeoplesettledthereinandthepossibilityforthelattertofreelyleaveorsettleinthecamps,isrequested.588.TheCommitteealsorequestsinformationinthenextperiodicreportonmeasurestakentoensurethesaferepatriationofrefugeestoBurundiandtoprotectfromviolencerefugeeslivingwithinBurundi.589.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyensureprotectionagainstanyactsofracialdiscriminationthroughthecompetentcourts,inaccordancewitharticle6oftheConvention,by,interalia,strengtheningthecourtsystem,theindependenceofthejudiciaryandtheconfidenceofthepopulationtherein.Itfurtherrecommendsthattherighttoseekjustandadequatereparationforvictimsofactsofracialdiscriminationbeguaranteedinlawandpractice.590.Inconnectionwiththeimplementationofarticle7oftheConvention,theCommitteerecommendsthatallnecessarymeasuresbetakentoprovidetrainingandeducationoflawenforcementofficers,civilservants,magistratesandlawyers,aswellasteachersandstudents,atalllevelsofeducation,inthefieldofhumanrightsandpreventionofracialdiscrimination.591.TheCommittee,beingawarethattheresolutionoftheethnicconflictinBurundicannotbeachievedwithoutaresolutionoftheconflictintheGreatLakesregion,urgestheBurundiauthoritiestotakeallnecessarymeasures,incooperationwithneighbouringcountries,tofindwaysandmeanstorestorepeaceandsecurityinBurundi.592.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyratifytheamendmentstoarticle8,paragraph6,oftheConventionadoptedon15January1992attheFourteenthMeetingofStatesPartiestotheConvention.593.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty'snextperiodicreport,dueon26November1998,beacomprehensivereportandthatitaddressallthepointsraisedinthepresentobservations.@ .Norway594.Atits1232ndand1233rdmeetings,heldon13and14August1997,theCommitteeconsideredthetwelfthandthirteenthperiodicreportssubmittedinonedocument(CERD/C/281/Add.2)andthefourteenthperiodicreport(CERD/C/320/Add.1)ofNorwayandatits1242ndmeeting,heldon21August1997,adoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations:@ .A.Introduction595.TheCommitteewelcomesthereportspresentedbytheGovernmentofNorway,whichfollowtheguidelinesandcontaincomprehensive,frankandself-criticalinformationaboutchangesanddevelopmentsthathaveoccurredsincetheconsiderationofthepreviousperiodicreport.TheCommitteealsowelcomesthedetailedanswerstoquestionsraisedandconcernsexpressedduringtheconsiderationofthereports.Itexpressesitsappreciationfortheconstructivedialoguewiththedelegationandfortheanswersgiventothequestionsraisedbymembers.TheCommitteenotesalsowithappreciationthattheStatepartyhasmadethedeclarationunderarticle14oftheConventionandhasratifiedtheamendmentconcerningarticle8,paragraph6.@ .B.Positiveaspects596.TheoveralleffortsundertakenandinnovativemeasuresadoptedbytheStatepartytopreventandcombatallformsofracialdiscriminationarewelcomed.Inthisregard,therecentestablishmentofaworkinggroupwhichhasamandatetoimprovelegalaidavailabletovictimsofracialdiscriminationisnoted.Thepossibilityofincludingresidentforeignersinajuryisalsonoted.597.TheadoptionbytheStatepartyofthePlanofActiontoTackleAcuteSituationsofRacialViolenceandHarassmentinaLocalCommunityisalsowelcomed.598.TheeffortsundertakenbytheStatepartytoprotecttheculture,languageandwayoflifeofminoritiesarewelcomed.Inthisregard,theestablishmentandworkoftheSamiAssemblyisperceivedasapositivedevelopment.599.TheWhitePaperonImmigrationandaMulticulturalNorway,issuedbytheStatepartyinFebruary1997,iswelcomedasapolicyframeworkfortheStatepartydevelopingintoamulticulturalsociety.Therightofforeignerstoparticipateinlocalandregionalelectionsisalsowelcomed.Further,theworkundertakenduringtheperiodunderreviewbytheInterdisciplinaryAdvisoryGrouponCommunityrelationsisfavourablynoted.600.Theamendmentofsection292ofthePenalCodebytheActof7April1995,addingracialmotivationasanaggravatingcircumstancewhenanactofvandalismhasbeencommitted,iswelcomed.601.Theteachingprogramme"Norwayasamulticulturalsociety"launchedbytheStatepartyin1992isnoted.Thefactthatthistraininghastargetedthepolice,journalists,teachers,customsofficersandhealthandsocialworkersisregardedpositively.602.ThelongstandingeffortundertakenbytheStatepartytogiveaccesstoeducationtoimmigrantandminoritygroupsinappropriatelanguagesisregardedasapositivefactor.Further,theeffortsundertakenbytheauthoritiestotranslate,whennecessary,publicinformationintothediverselanguagesspokenbyminoritymembersandimmigrantsarealsowelcomed.603.CooperationbetweentheStatepartyandnon-governmentalorganizationsisnoted,aswellasthefactthattheStatepartyhasconsultedsomenon-governmentalorganizationduringthedraftingoftheStateparty'sreport.@ .z C.Principalsubjectsofconcern604.2 .2WhileacknowledgingtheConstitutionalamendmentof15July1994,anddespiteadditionalinformationprovidedbytheStatepartybothinoralandwrittenform,concernisexpressedregardingtheextenttowhichtheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationisself-executingindomesticlaw.605.Whilenotingthatthenumberofcomplaintsconcerningraciallymotivatedoffenceshasfallen,concernisexpressedthatthereasonsforthistrendarenotyetknown.Concernisalsoexpressedoverallegationsthatthepolicearereluctanttoinstitutecriminalproceedingsinsomecasesinvolvingracialdiscrimination.TheabsenceofasufficientlycompleteofficialrecordofincidentsofaracialcharacterinNorwayisalsoasourceofconcern.606.ConcernisexpressedthattheStatepartyhasnottakenallappropriatemeasurestoprohibitorganizationswhichpromoteandinciteracialdiscrimination,inaccordancewitharticle4(b)oftheConvention.ThefactthataNorwegianpoliticalpartypromotesracialdiscriminationisasourceofseriousconcern.607.Concernisexpressedoverthepublicationsofanti-immigrantracistorganizationsandoverthefactthataradiostationissystematicallydisseminatingideasofracialsuperiority.TheviewexpressedopenlybytheleaderoftheabovementionedpoliticalpartythattheSamiparliamentshouldbedissolvedisalsoamatterofconcern.608.Concernisexpressedthatforeignersandpersonsbelongingtominoritygroupsmaynotbesufficientlyprotected,especiallyinthefieldoflabourandhousing.609.TheCommitteeexpressesconcernthattheStateparty'shealthservicesallegethatimmigrantsofAfricandescentdisproportionatelytestpositiveforHIVandthatAfricanshavebeenobligedtoundergotestsforHIVsimplybecausetheyareAfricans.610.Reportsoftheunjustifieddeportationofforeignnationals,includinginsomecasesasylumseekersandunaccompaniedchildren,areamatterofconcern.&  @ . D.Suggestionsandrecommendations'  611.TheCommitteerequeststheStatepartytoclarifyinitsnextperiodicreportthestatusoftheConventionindomesticlaw.Itwouldwelcomeinnextreportexamples,ifanyexist,ofcourtdecisionsillustratinghowtheConventionisappliedindomesticlaw.612.TheCommitteesuggeststhatthecompetentNorwegianauthoritiesmaintainacomprehensiverecordofallracistactsorincidents,anditrecommendsthattheytakethenecessarymeasurestofacilitateandensurecriminalproceedingswheneverappropriate.613.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytakeallappropriatemeasurestoprohibitallracistorganizations,inconformitywitharticle4(b)oftheConvention.614.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytakethenecessarymeasurestoprohibitalldisseminationofracistpropaganda.615.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartycontinuetostrengthenitseffortstopromoteunderstandingandtolerancewithregardtoimmigrantsinNorway.616.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytakeallappropriatemeasurestoensureaccesstoworkandhousingonanon-discriminatorybasis,inconformitywiththeConvention.617.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyensurethewidedisseminationofitsreportandoftheconcludingobservationsoftheCommittee.618.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty'snextperiodicreport,dueon5September1999,beanupdatingreportandaddressalltheconcernsexpressedbytheCommittee.@ .BurkinaFaso619.Atits1236thand1237thmeetings,heldon18and19August1997,theCommitteeconsideredthesixthtoeleventhperiodicreportsofBurkinaFaso,submittedasonedocument(CERD/C/279/Add.2),andatits1242ndmeeting,heldon21August1997,adoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.@ .A.Introduction620.TheCommitteewelcomesthepresentationoftheStateparty'sreportandthepresenceofitsdelegationandappreciatestheopportunitytoresumethedialoguewiththeStateparty.TheCommitteeregrets,however,thatthereportdidnotfollowtheguidelinesestablishedbytheCommitteeforthepresentationofreportsandthatitlackedconcreteinformationonthepracticalimplementationoftheConventionoronlawsbearingonissuesconcerningtheConvention.TheCommitteeappreciatesthedelegation'soralpresentation,whichsubstantiallysupplementedthewrittenreport.&  ԀB.FactorsanddifficultiesimpedingtheimplementatioǹoftheConvention'  621.Itisnotedthatthecountry'sdifficulteconomicsituationmayaffectthefullimplementationoftheConventioninBurkinaFaso.@ .C.Positiveaspects622.ThespiritoftoleranceinBurkinaFaso,theStateparty'sactivepolicyofequalityandnon-discriminationandtheprocessofdemocratizationembarkeduponsincethelastreportarecommended.623.ItisnotedwithsatisfactionthattheConventionhassuperiorauthorityovernationallegislationandcanbedirectlyinvokedbeforethecourts.624.Itisnotedwithappreciationthattheprohibitionofdiscriminationonanyground,inparticularrace,ethnicorigin,colour,religionandcaste,iscontainedintheConstitution,whichmakesitanexcellentbasisfortheimplementationoftheConventioninBurkinaFaso.625.TherecentenactmentofprovisionsintheCriminalCodetomakeracialdiscriminationacriminaloffenceiswelcomed.626.ThemeasurestakenbytheStatepartytofavourtheuseofandinstructioninnationallanguagesineducation,aswellasinthemedia,arealsowelcomed.627.TheestablishmentoftheofficeofMediator,toconsidercomplaintsbyanyindividualagainstarbitraryactsoftheadministration,isappreciated.@ .z D.Principalsubjectsofconcern628.ConcernisexpressedoverthelackoflegalprovisionsrequiredinordertofullyimplementtheStateparty'sobligationsunderarticle4oftheConvention.629.Thelackofdataonthedemographiccompositionofthepopulationandontherepresentationofethnicgroupsatvariouslevelsofpubliclifeisregretted.630.Concernisexpressedovertheabsenceofdataontheenjoymentofeconomic,socialandculturalrightsbydifferentsectionsofthepopulationandtheiraccesstoprojectsandprogrammesofdevelopmentindifferentfields.@ . E.Suggestionsandrecommendations631.TheCommitteewishestoreceivemorepreciseinformationabouttheprovisionsofarticle132oftheCriminalCodeandofLaw10/92/ADPof15December1992concerningfreedomofassociation,andinparticularwhetherandhowthelawprovidesfortheprohibitionofallactsofracialdiscriminationandoforganizationswhichpromoteracialdiscrimination.632.TheCommitteerequeststheStatepartytoprovideinitsnextreportinformationinaccordancewithparagraph8ofthereportingguidelinesonthecompositionofthepopulationandontherepresentationofethnicgroupsatvariouslevelsofpubliclife,aswellasontheirenjoymentofeconomic,socialandculturalrights.633.Moreinformationisalsorequestedwithregardtotheprogressmadeinthepromotionofnationallanguagesandtheeducationofallthepopulation.634.TheCommitteealsorequestsinformationonthepowersandfunctioningoftheinstitutionofMediatorandotherinstitutionspromotingrespectforhumanrightsandmulticulturalandmulti-ethnicunderstanding.635.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyratifytheamendmentstoarticle8,paragraph6,oftheConvention,adoptedon15January1992attheFourteenthMeetingofStatesPartiestotheConvention.636.ItisnotedthattheStatepartyhasnotmadethedeclarationprovidedforinarticle14oftheConvention,andsomemembersoftheCommitteerequestedthatthepossibilityofsuchadeclarationbeconsidered.637.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty'snextperiodicreport,dueon17August1999,beacomprehensivereportandthatitaddressallthepointsraisedinthepresentobservations.ǀIV.CONSIDERATIONOFCOMMUNICATIONSUNDERARTICLE14̀OFTHECONVENTION638.Underarticle14oftheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination,individualsorgroupsofindividualswhoclaimthatanyoftheirrightsenumeratedintheConventionhavebeenviolatedbyaStatepartyandwhohaveexhaustedallavailabledomesticremediesmaysubmitwrittencommunicationstotheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationforconsideration.AlistofStatespartieswhichhaverecognizedthecompetenceoftheCommitteetoconsidersuchcommunicationscanbefoundinannexI.B.639.2 .2Considerationofcommunicationsunderarticle14oftheConventiontakesplaceinclosedmeetings(rule88oftheCommittee'srulesofprocedure).AlldocumentspertainingtotheworkoftheCommitteeunderarticle14(submissionsfromthepartiesandotherworkingdocumentsoftheCommittee)areconfidential.640.TheCommitteebeganitsworkunderarticle14oftheConventionatitsthirtiethsession,in1984.Atitsthirtysixthsession(August1988),theCommitteeadopteditsOpiniononcommunicationNo.1/1984(YilmazDoganv.theNetherlands).11Atitsthirtyninthsession,on18March1991,theCommitteeadopteditsOpiniononcommunicationNo.2/1989(DembaTalibeDiopv.France).12Atitsfortysecondsession,on16March1993,theCommittee,actingunderrule94,paragraph7,ofitsrulesofprocedure,declaredadmissibleandadopteditsOpiniononcommunicationNo.4/1991(L.K.v.theNetherlands).13Atitsfortyfourthsession,on15March1994,theCommitteeadopteditsOpiniononcommunicationNo.3/1991(MichelL.N.Narrainenv.Norway).14Duringitsfortysixthsession(March1995),theCommitteedeclaredinadmissiblecommunicationNo.5/1994(C.P.v.Denmark).15Atitsfiftyfirstsession(August1997),theCommitteedeclaredinadmissiblecommunicationNo.7/1995(Barbarov.Australia)(seeannexIII).AsummaryoftheCommittee'sdecisioninthiscaseisreproducedbelow.CommunicationsNos.6/1995and8/1996weredeclaredadmissibleduringthefiftyfirstsessionandweretransmittedtotheStatepartyconcernedforcommentsonthemerits.641.2 .2Underarticle14,paragraph8,oftheConvention,theCommitteeshallincludeinitsannualreportasummaryofthecommunicationsconsideredbyitandoftheexplanationsandstatementsoftheStatespartiesconcerned,togetherwiththeCommittee'sownsuggestionsandrecommendationsthereon.ThisreportingstagehadnotbeenreachedinrespectofcommunicationsNos.9/1997and10/1997,whichwereplacedbeforetheCommitteeatitsfiftiethandfiftyfirstsessions,respectively,andtransmittedtotheStatespartiesconcernedunderrule92oftheCommittee'srulesofprocedure.642.2 .2On14August1997,theCommitteedeclaredinadmissiblecommunicationNo.7/1995(PaulBarbarov.Australia).ThecaseconcernedanAustraliancitizenofItalianoriginwhoseemploymentattheCasinoofAdelaide,SouthAustralia,hadbeenterminatedbecausetheCasino'ssupervisoryauthoritieshadconcluded,aftervettingtheauthor'sbackgroundandfindingthatsomeofhisrelativeshadcriminalrecords,thattheauthor'scontinuedemploymentintheCasinoconstitutedathreattotheinstitution'soperations.Theauthorcontendedthatsincehewasunawareofthecriminalactivitiesofhisrelatives,theCasino'sdecisionamountedtodiscriminatorytreatmentofItalianswhoarenotthemselvescriminalsbutwhomayhaverelativeswhoare.643.2 .2TheStatepartyarguedthattheauthor'sallegationswereinadmissiblebothonthegroundofincompatibilitywiththeprovisionsoftheConvention,astheHumanRightsandEqualOpportunityCommissionhadfullyreviewedtheauthorities'decisiontoterminatetheauthor'semployment,andbecauseofnon-exhaustionofdomesticremedies,astheauthorcouldhavefiledafurtherappealagainsttheCommission'sdecisionundertheAdministrativeDecisions(JudicialReview)Act,andthedecisionofthecasinoauthoritiespursuanttotheRulesoftheSupremeCourtofSouthAustralia.644.2 .2TheCommitteenotedthattheauthorhadbeenlegallyrepresentedduringthehearingbeforetheCasinoauthoritieson30April1987.Itwouldhavebeenincumbentuponhisrepresentativetoinformhimofpossibleavenuesofappealaftertheauthorities'decisiontoterminatehisemployment.ThatMr.BarbarowasnotinformedofpotentialjudicialremediesbythejudicialauthoritiesofSouthAustraliadidnotabsolvehimfromseekingtopursueavenuesofjudicialredress.TheCommitteefurtherdidnotconsiderthatajudgmentoftheSupremeCourtofSouthAustraliainasimilar,previous,casewasnecessarilydispositiveoftheauthor'sownclaims:theexistenceofasinglejudgment,whiledeliveredonissuessimilartothoseintheauthor'sowncase,didnotabsolveMr.BarbarofromattemptingtoavailhimselfoftheremedyavailableundertheRulesoftheSupremeCourtofSouthAustralia.TheCommitteeaccordinglyconcludedthattheauthorhadfailedtomeettherequirementsofarticle14,paragraph7(a),oftheConvention.ǀV.CONSIDERATIONOFCOPIESOFPETITIONS,COPIESOFREPORTS̀ANDOTHERINFORMATIONRELATINGTOTRUSTANDNONSELF̀GOVERNINGTERRITORIESANDTOALLOTHERTERRITORIES̀WHICHGENERALASSEMBLYRESOLUTION1514(XV)APPLIES,̀INCONFORMITYWITHARTICLE15OFTHECONVENTION645.2 .2Underarticle15oftheConvention,theCommitteeisempoweredtoconsidercopiesofpetitions,copiesofreportsandotherinformationrelatingtoTrustandNonSelfGoverningTerritoriesandtoallotherterritoriestowhichGeneralAssemblyresolution1514(XV)applies,transmittedtoitbythecompetentbodiesoftheUnitedNations,andtosubmittothemandtotheGeneralAssemblyitsexpressionsofopinionandrecommendationsrelatingtotheprinciplesandobjectivesoftheConventioninthoseterritories.646.2 .2Atits1996session,theSpecialCommitteeontheSituationwithregardtotheImplementationoftheDeclarationontheGrantingofIndependencetoColonialCountriesandPeoplescontinuedtofollowtheworkoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscrimination.TheSpecialCommitteealsocontinuedtomonitorrelateddevelopmentsintheTerritories,havingregardtotherelevantprovisionsofarticle15oftheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination.16647.2 .2AsaresultofearlierdecisionsoftheTrusteeshipCouncilandtheSpecialCommittee,theSecretaryGeneraltransmittedtotheCommitteeatitsfiftiethsessionthedocumentslistedinannexIVtothepresentreport.648.2 .2Atits1242ndmeeting,on21August1997,theCommitteedecidedtotakenoteoftherelevantdocumentationandinformationsubmittedtoitunderarticle15oftheConventionandtomakethefollowingobservations:02 .2 ."TheCommitteeonceagainfindsitimpossibletofulfilitsfunctionsunderarticle15,paragraph2(a),oftheConvention,owingtothetotalabsenceofanycopiesofpetitionsasprovidedtherein.TheCommitteereiteratesitsrequestthatitbefurnishedwiththematerialexpresslyreferredtoinarticle15oftheConventionsothatitwillbeabletofulfilitsfunctions."@ .VI.ACTIONBYTHEGENERALASSEMBLYATITSFIFTYFIRSTSESSION649.TheCommitteeconsideredatbothitsfiftiethandfifty-firstsessionsitsagendaitemonactionbytheGeneralAssemblyatitsfiftyfirstsession.Atitsfiftiethsession,theCommitteeconsideredthenotebytheSecretary-GeneraltransmittingtotheGeneralAssemblythereportoftheseventhmeetingofpersonschairingthehumanrightstreatybodies(A/51/482),withrespecttoeffectiveimplementationofinternationalinstrumentsonhumanrights,includingreportingobligationsunderinternationalinstrumentsonhumanrights.650.Atitsfifty-firstsession,theCommitteeconsideredthefollowingsubjectsunderthisitem:(a)theannualreportoftheCommitteesubmittedtotheGeneralAssemblyatitsfifty-firstsession;and(b)theeffectiveimplementationofinternationalinstrumentsonhumanrights,includingreportingobligationsunderinternationalinstrumentsonhumanrights.Foritsconsiderationoftheitem,theCommitteehadbeforeitthefollowingdocuments:(a)GeneralAssemblyresolution51/80of12December1996,ontheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination;(b)summaryrecordsoftheThirdCommitteeoftheGeneralAssembly(seeA/C.3/51/SR.35);and(c)notebytheSecretary-GeneraltransmittingtotheCommissiononHumanRightsthereportbytheindependentexpert,Mr.PhilipAlston,ontheeffectivefunctioningofbodiesestablishedpursuanttoUnitedNationshumanrightsinstruments(E/CN.4/1997/74).̀A.AnnualreportsubmittedbytheCommitteeontheEliminatioǹofRacialDiscriminationunderarticle9,paragraph2,of̀theConvention651.TheCommitteenotedthattheGeneralAssemblyhadcommendeditsworkingmethods,includingitsprocedureforreviewingtheimplementationoftheConventioninStateswhoseinitialandperiodicreportsareoverdueandtheformulatingofconcludingobservationsonreportsofStatespartiestotheConvention.ItwasaparticularsourceofsatisfactionthattheGeneralAssemblyhadobservedthattheCommittee'seffortstocontinuetoimproveitsworkingmethodshadenabledittoreducethedelayintheconsiderationofreportssubmitted.TheCommitteewelcomedthefactthatitscontributiontothepreventionofracialdiscrimination,includingearlywarningmeasuresandurgentprocedures,hadalsobeencommendedbytheGeneralAssemblyinresolution51/80.652.TheCommitteewelcomedtheGeneralAssembly'sencouragementtoStateswhichhadnotyetdonesotoratifytheConvention,aswellasitsrequesttoStatespartiestoacceleratetheirdomesticratificationprocedureswithregardtotheamendmentstoarticle8,paragraph6,oftheConvention,concerningthefinancingoftheCommittee.̀B.Effectiveimplementationofinternationalinstruments̀onhumanrights,includingreportingobligations̀underinternationalinstrumentsonhumanrights@ .Actionatthefiftiethsession653.Atitsfiftiethsession,theCommitteeconsideredthenotebytheSecretaryGeneraltransmittingtotheGeneralAssemblythereportoftheseventhmeetingofpersonschairinghumanrightstreatybodies(A/51/482),withrespecttoeffectiveimplementationofinternationalinstrumentsonhumanrights,includingreportingobligationsunderinternationalinstrumentsonhumanrights.654.TheCommitteetooknoteoftherecommendationsofthereportoftheseventhmeetingofpersonschairinghumanrightstreatybodies.ItindicatedthatitwouldfollowwithinterestSecretariatactionwithrespecttothetheserecommendations.Withrespecttorecommendationswhichrequestedactionbyindividualtreatybodies,theCommitteeadoptedthefollowingmeasures:2 .2(a) .TheCommitteesubmittedalettertotheChairmanoftheSubcommissiononPreventionofDiscriminationandProtectionofMinorities(E/CN.4/Sub.2/1997/31)whichindicatedrecommendedtopicsforstudybytheSubcommission(seeA/51/482,para.53),suchasreservationstotreaties,theconceptofrace,affirmativeaction,andtherightsofnon-citizens;2 .2(b) .Committeemembersindicatedindividuallywhethertheydesiredtohavetheiraddressesmadeavailabletothepublictofacilitatecommunicationwithnon-governmentalorganizations(ibid.,para.39);2 .2(c) .TheChairmanbeganapracticeofhavingaseparatebriefingwithnon-governmentalorganizationstowardstheendofeachsession;briefingswereheldatboththefiftiethandthefifty-firstsession.@ .z Actionatthefifty-firstsession655.Atits1234thmeeting,theCommitteenotedthatitscompetenceandfunctionshavebeenestablishedbytheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination,towhich148States(80percentofUnitedNationsMemberStates)areparties.Itisdistinctiveamongtreatybodiesinexercisingfourfunctions(examinationofreports,preventiveprocedures,reviewswhenreportsareoverdue,andtheissuanceofopinionsonindividualcommunications).Itisalsodistinctiveinthatitsreportingcycle(oftwoyears)isspecifiedintheConventionandcouldbealteredonlybyamendingtheConvention.656.TheCommitteealsonotedthatreportsunderarticle9werenormallyconsideredwithinsixmonthsofreceiptunlesstheStatepartyrequesteddeferment.ThisistheonlyreliablecriterionforassessingtheefficiencywithwhichtheCommitteefulfilsitsroleinthereportingprocess.TheCommitteefurthernotedthatduringtheprevioussixyearsithadmodifieditsmethodsofworktoenableittoconsideragreaternumberofreportswithinasessionwhileexercisingitsotherthreefunctions.657.TheCommitteeidentifiedfurtherchangesthatwouldenableittocopewiththeincreasingpressureofwork,butwarnedthatacorrespondingincreaseinSecretariatsupportwouldbeneeded.TheCommitteediscussedchangestotheformatandcontentofitsconcludingobservationswhichwouldreducethereportingburdenonStatesandimproveitsdialoguewiththem.ItwouldencourageStatestosubmitcommentsonitsconcludingobservationsforinclusioninitsannualreporttotheGeneralAssembly,aswasdoneinthecaseofIndia(seetheCommittee's1996report,4annexIX);thisisprovidedforinarticle9.2oftheConvention.658.IfStatespartieswishtosubmittheirarticle9.1reportsasseparatesectionsofaconsolidatedreportcoveringalltheirhumanrightstreatyreportingobligations,thiswouldnotcauseanyconcernintheCommitteeifitinvolvednodeclineinthestandardofreportingandthetwo-yearreportingobligationwasnotcalledintoquestion.However,iftheCommittee,asestablishedunderarticle8.1oftheConvention,weretobecombinedwithsomeothermonitoringbody,thatmightwellresultinadeclineinthequalityoftheexaminationofreportsandintheprocessesforensuringimplementationoftheConvention.659.Inaccordancewitharticle9oftheConvention,theCommitteesubmitsitsannualreporttotheGeneralAssembly,whichhasconsistentlysupportedtheCommitteeandencourageditindevelopingitsmethodsofwork.660.TheCommitteerecalledthecomplaintsvoicedatthe1993WorldConferenceonHumanRightsthattheUnitedNationswasstirredintoactiononlyaftermassivehumanrightsabuseshadtakenplace.Thetreatybodiesareuniqueinbeingabletoexerciseapreventivefunction,soundingearlywarningsandrecommendingurgentaction.Sincesomanyoftheconflictsthathadoccasionedgrosslossesofhumanlifehadanethnicdimension,theCommittee'sdutiesinthisconnectionwereparamount.Heretoo,improvedSecretariatsupportandfollow-upmeasureswerevital.661.Inthecourseofthediscussion,itwasnotedthattheCommittee'sworkandthatoftheSubcommissiononPreventionofDiscriminationandProtectionofMinoritiesandoftheSpecialRapporteuroftheCommissiononHumanRightsoncontemporaryformsofracism,racialdiscrimination,xenophobiaandrelatedintoleranceessentiallyservethesamepurposeinmanyways.TheCommitteenotedwithconcernthattheSpecialRapporteurappearscompletelytooverlooktherelevanceoftheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscriminationandtheworkoftheCommittee.Also,theCommitteehadrecommendedinearlieryearsthatitsChairmanshouldbeinvitedtoaddresstheThirdCommitteewhenthatbodyconsiderstheCommittee'sreport.SomebettermethodbywhichtheCommitteecouldcommunicateitsconcernsandproblemstotheGeneralAssemblyandtothemeetingsofStatespartieswasneeded.TheCommitteeexpressedregretthatlittlewasdonebyStatespartiestosecurebettercompliancewithtreatyobligations,inparticularthetimelysubmissionofreports.  UK     \R3'\ X      +C<6X9`(CourierC(  $(j882   2 .2 . . VII.SUBMISSIONOFREPORTSBYSTATESPARTIESUNDER2 .2 . . ARTICLE9OFTHECONVENTION@ . A.ReportsreceivedbytheCommittee662.2 .2Atitsthirtyeighthsessionin1988,theCommitteedecidedtoaccepttheproposaloftheStatespartiesthatStatespartiessubmitacomprehensivereporteveryfouryearsandabriefupdatingreportinthetwoyearinterim.Table1listsreportsreceivedfrom26August1996to22August1997.2 .2 .Table1.Reportsreceivedduringtheperiodunderreview2 .2 .(26August1996to22August1997)882 2 .2 . . DateonwhichtheStateparty . Typeofreport󀀀reportwasdue󀀀Documentnumber88 pArgentina0 . Eleventhreport0 .4January19900p .pCERD/C/299/Add.11 . Twelfthreport0 .4January19920p .p . Thirteenthreport0 .4January1994 . Fourteenthreport0 .4January1996Armenia . Initialreport .23July1994p .pCERD/C/289/Add.2 . Secondreport .23July1996BurkinaFaso0 . Sixthreport .17August19850p .pCERD/C/279/Add.2 . Seventhreport0 .17August1987 . Eighthreport0 .17August1989 . Ninthreport0 .17August1991 . Tenthreport0 .17August1993 . Eleventhreport0 .17August1995Burundi . Seventhreport0 .26November19900p .pCERD/C/295/Add.1 . Eighthreport0 .26November1992 . Ninthreport0 .26November1994 . Tenthreport0 .26November1996Cambodia . Secondreport0 .28December19860p .pCERD/C/292/Add.2 . Thirdreport0 .28December1988 . Fourthreport0 .28December1990 . Fifthreport0 .28December1992 . Sixthreport0 .28December1994 . Seventhreport0 .28December1996Cameroon . Tenthreport .24July1990p .pCERD/C/298/Add.3 . Eleventhreport .24July1992 . Twelfthreport .24July1994 . Thirteenthreport .24July1996Cuba . Tenthreport .16March1991p .pCERD/C/319/Add.4 . Eleventhreport .16March1993 . Twelfthreport .16March1995 . Thirteenthreport .16March1997CzechRepublic0 . Initialreport0 .1January19940p .pCERD/C/289/Add.1 . Secondreport0 .1January1996̇882 2 .2 . . DateonwhichtheStateparty . Typeofreport󀀀reportwasdue󀀀Documentnumber88 pDenmark . Thirteenthreport0 .8January19970p .pCERD/C/319/Add.1Israel . Seventhreport .2February1992p .pCERD/C/294/Add.1 . Eighthreport .2February1994 . Ninthreport .2February1996Kuwait . Thirteenthreport .4January1994p .pCERD/C/299/Add.16 . Fourteenthreport .4January1996Lebanon . Sixthreport .12December19820p .pCERD/C/298/Add.2 . Seventhreport0 .12December1984 . Eighthreport0 .12December1986 . Ninthreport0 .12December1988 . Tenthreport0 .12December1990 . Eleventhreport0 .12December1992 . Twelfthreport .12December1994 . Thirteenthreport .12December1996LibyanArab . Eleventhreport .4January1990p .pCERD/C/299/Add.3Jamahiriya . Twelfthreport .4January1992 . Thirteenthreport .4January1994 . Fourteenthreport .4January1996Nepal . Ninthreport .1March1988p .pCERD/C/298/Add.1 . Tenthreport .1March1990 . Eleventhreport .1March1992 . Twelfthreport .1March1994 . Thirteenthreport .1March1996Netherlands . Tenthreport .9January1991p .pCERD/C/319/Add.2 . Eleventhreport .9January1993 . Twelfthreport .9January1995 . Thirteenthreport .9January1997Niger . Eleventhreport .4January1990p .pCERD/C/299/Add.18 . Twelfthreport .4January1992 . Thirteenthreport .4January1994 . Fourteenthreport .4January1996Norway . Twelfthreport .5September1993p .pCERD/C/281/Add.2 . Thirteenthreport .5September1995 . Fourteenthreport .5September1997p .pCERD/C/320/Add.1Philippines . Eleventhreport .4January1990p .pCERD/C/299/Add.2 . Twelfthreport .4January1992 . Thirteenthreport .4January1994 . Fourteenthreport .4January1996Poland . Thirteenthreport .4January1994p .pCERD/C/299/Add.10 . Fourteenthreport .4January1996Russian . Fourteenthreport .6March1996p .pCERD/C/299/Add.15Federatioṅ882 2 .2 . . DateonwhichtheStateparty . Typeofreport󀀀reportwasdue󀀀Documentnumber88 pSweden . Twelfthreport .5January1995p .pCERD/C/280/Add.4Switzerland . Initialreport .29December1995p .pCERD/C/270/Add.1Theformer . Initialreport .17September1992p .pCERD/C/270/Add.2Yugoslav . Secondreport .17September1994Republicof . Thirdreport .17September1996MacedoniaTonga . Eleventhreport .17March1993p .pCERD/C/319/Add.3 . Twelfthreport .17March1995 . Thirteenthreport .17March1997Ukraine . Thirteenthreport .6April1994p .pCERD/C/299/Add.14 . Fourteenthreport .6April1996Yugoslavia . Eleventhreport .4January1990 . Twelfthreport .4January1992 . Thirteenthreport .4January1994 . Fourteenthreport .4January1996@ . B.ReportsnotyetreceivedbytheCommittee663.Table2listsreportswhichwereduebeforetheendofthefiftyfirstsessionbutwhichhavenotyetbeenreceived. 88,  p , .,  . Table2.Reportsduebeforetheclosingdateofthe, .,  . fiftyfirstsession(22August1997)but, .,  . whichhavenotyetbeenreceived882 ӀDateonwhichthe󀀀NumberofStateparty . Typeofreport󀀀reportwasdue󀀀reminderssent88 ,Afghanistan . Secondreport .5August1986, .,7 . Thirdreport .5August1988, .,5 . Fourthreport .5August1990, .,5 . Fifthreport .5August1992, .,2 . Sixthreport .5August1994, .,1 . Seventhreport .5August1996, .,1Albania . Initialreport .10June1995, .,1 . Secondreport .10June1997, .,Algeria . Thirteenthreport .15March1997, .,Antiguaand . Initialreport .24November1989, .,2Barbuda . Secondreport .24November1991, .,2 . Thirdreport .24November1993, .,1 . Fourthreport .24November1995, .,1Australia . Tenthreport .30October1994, .,1 . Eleventhreport .30October1996, .,1̇882 ӀDateonwhichthe󀀀NumberofStateparty . Typeofreport󀀀reportwasdue󀀀reminderssent88 ,Austria . Eleventhreport .8June1993, .,1 . Twelfthreport .8June1995, .,1 . Thirteenthreport .8June1997, .,Bahamas . Fifthreport .4September1984, .,9 . Sixthreport .4September1986, .,5 . Seventhreport .4September1988, .,3 . Eighthreport .4September1990, .,3 . Ninthreport .4September1992, .,, .,2 . Tenthreport .4September1994, .,, .,1 . Eleventhreport .4September1996, .,1Bahrain . Initialreport .26April1991, .,, .,1 . Secondreport .26April1993, .,, .,1 . Thirdreport .26April1995, .,1 . Fourthreport .26April1997, .,Bangladesh . Seventhreport .11July1992, .,1 . Eighthreport .11July1994, .,, .,1 . Ninthreport .11July1996, .,1Barbados . Eighthreport .8December1987, .,5 . Ninthreport .8December1989, .,5 . Tenthreport .8December1991, .,2 . Eleventhreport .8December1993, .,1 . Twelfthreport .8December1995, .,1Belgium . Eleventhreport .6September1996, .,Bosniaand . Initialreport .16July1994, .,1Herzegovinaa . Secondreport .16July1996, .,1Botswana . Sixthreport .22March1985, ., .9 . Seventhreport .22March1987, ., .6 . Eighthreport .22March1989, ., .4 . Ninthreport .22March1991, ., .3 . Tenthreport .22March1993, ., .1 . Eleventhreport .22March1995, ., .1 . Twelfthreport .22March1997, ., .Brazil . Fourteenthreport .4January1996, .,1Canada . Thirteenthreport .13November1995, .,, .,1CapeVerde . Thirdreport .2November1984, .,9 . Fourthreport .2November1986, .,6 . Fifthreport .2November1988, .,4 . Sixthreport .2November1990, .,3 . Seventhreport .2November1992, .,1 . Eighthreport .2November1994, .,1 . Ninthreport .2November1996, .,1882 ӀDateonwhichthe󀀀NumberofStateparty . Typeofreport󀀀reportwasdue󀀀reminderssent88 ,CentralAfrican . Eighthreport .15April1986, .,7Republic . Ninthreport .15April1988, .,5 . Tenthreport .15April1990, .,5 . Eleventhreport .15April1992, .,2 . Twelfthreport .15April1994, .,1 . Thirteenthreport .15April1996, .,1Chad . Tenthreport .16September1996, .,1Chile . Eleventhreport .19November1992, .,1 . Twelfthreport .19November1994, .,1 . Thirteenthreport .19November1996, .,China . Eighthreport .28January1997, ., .Colombia . Eighthreport .2October1996, .,1Congo . Initialreport .10August1989, .,2 . Secondreport .10August1991, .,2 . Thirdreport .10August1993, .,1 . Fourthreport .10August1995, .,1 . Fifthreport .10August1997, .,C<6X9`(CourierCCostaRica . Twelfthreport .4January1992, .,1 . Thirteenthreport .4January1994, .,1 . Fourteenthreport .4January1996, .,1C=ted'Ivoire . Fifthreport .3February1982, .,14 . Sixthreport .3February1984, .,10 . Seventhreport .3February1986, .,6 . Eighthreport .3February1988, .,3 . Ninthreport .3February1990, .,3 . Tenthreport .3February1992, .,2 . Eleventhreport .3February1994, .,1 . Twelfthreport .3February1996, .,1Croatiab . Initialreport .8October1992, .,1 . Secondreport .8October1994, .,1 . Thirdreport .8October1996, .,1Cyprus . Fourteenthreport .4January1996, .,1Democratic . Eleventhreport .21May1997, .,C<6X9`(CourierCRepublicoftheCongoDominican . Fourthreport .24June1990, .,2Republic . Fifthreport .24June1992, .,2 . Sixthreport .24June1994, .,1 . Seventhreport .24June1996, .,1Ecuador . Thirteenthreport .4January1994, .,1 . Fourteenthreport .4January1996, .,1882 ӀDateonwhichthe󀀀NumberofStateparty . Typeofreport󀀀reportwasdue󀀀reminderssent88 ,Egypt . Thirteenthreport .4January1994, .,1 . Fourteenthreport .4January1996, .,1ElSalvador . Ninthreport .30December1996, .,Estonia . Initialreport .20November1992, .,1 . Secondreport .20November1994, .,1 . Thirdreport .20November1996, .,Ethiopia . Seventhreport .23July1989, .,2 . Eighthreport .23July1991, .,2 . Ninthreport .23July1993, .,1 . Tenthreport .23July1995, .,1 . Eleventhreport .23July1997, .,C<6X9`(CourierCFiji . Sixthreport .11January1984, .,9 . Seventhreport .11January1986, .,5 . Eighthreport .11January1988, .,3 . Ninthreport .11January1990, .,3 . Tenthreport .11January1992, .,2 . Eleventhreport .11January1994, .,1 . Twelfthreport .11January1996, .,1Finland . Thirteenthreport .13August1995, .,1 . Fourteenthreport .13August1997, .,France . Twelfthreport .27August1994, .,1 . Thirteenthreport .27August1996, .,1Gabon . Secondreport .30March1983, .,11 . Thirdreport .30March1985, .,7 . Fourthreport .30March1987, .,4 . Fifthreport .30March1989, .,3 . Sixthreport .30March1991, .,2 . Seventhreport .30March1993, .,1 . Eighthreport .30March1995, .,1 . Ninthreport .30March1997, ., .Gambia . Secondreport .28January1982, .,14 . Thirdreport .28January1984, .,10 . Fourthreport .28January1986, .,6 . Fifthreport .28January1988, .,3 . Sixthreport .28January1990, .,3 . Seventhreport .28January1992, .,2 . Eighthreport .28January1994, .,1 . Ninthreport .28January1996, .,1Ghana . Twelfthreport .4January1992, .,1 . Thirteenthreport .4January1994, .,1 . Fourteenthreport .4January1996, .,1Greece . Twelfthreport .18July1993, .,1 . Thirteenthreport .18July1995, .,1 . Fourteenthreport .18July1997, .,̇882 ӀDateonwhichthe󀀀NumberofStateparty . Typeofreport󀀀reportwasdue󀀀reminderssent88 ,Guinea . Secondreport .13April1980, .,17 . Thirdreport .13April1982, .,13 . Fourthreport .13April1984, .,9 . Fifthreport .13April1986, .,4 . Sixthreport .13April1988, .,3 . Seventhreport .13April1990, .,3 . Eighthreport .13April1992, .,2 . Ninthreport .13April1994, .,1 . Tenthreport .13April1996, .,1Guyana . Initialreport .17March1978, .,21 . Secondreport .17March1980, .,17 . Thirdreport .17March1982, .,13 . Fourthreport .17March1984, .,10 . Fifthreport .17March1986, .,6 . Sixthreport .17March1988, .,3 . Seventhreport .17March1990, .,3 . Eighthreport .17March1992, .,2 . Ninthreport .17March1994, .,1 . Tenthreport .17March1996, .,1Haiti . Tenthreport .18January1992, .,1 . Eleventhreport .18January1994, .,1 . Twelfthreport .18January1996, .,1HolySee . Thirteenthreport .31May1994, .,1 . Fourteenthreport .31May1996, .,1Hungary . Fourteenthreport .4January1996, .,1Iraq . Fourteenthreport .13February1997, .,Iran(Islamic . Thirteenthreport .4January1994, .,1Republicof) . Fourteenthreport .4January1996, .,1C<6X9`(CourierCJamaica . Eighthreport .4July1986, .,7 . Ninthreport .4July1988, .,5 . Tenthreport .4July1990, .,5 . Eleventhreport .4July1992, .,2 . Twelfthreport .4July1994, .,1 . Thirteenthreport .4July1996, .,1Japan . Initialreport .14January1997, .,Jordan . Ninthreport .29June1991, .,1 . Tenthreport .29June1993, .,1 . Eleventhreport .30June1995, .,1 . Twelfthreport .30June1997, .,̇882 ӀDateonwhichthe󀀀NumberofStateparty . Typeofreport󀀀reportwasdue󀀀reminderssent88 ,LaoPeople's . Sixthreport .24March1985, .,8Democratic . Seventhreport .24March1987, .,5Republic . Eighthreport .24March1989, .,4 . Ninthreport .24March1991, .,2 . Tenthreport .24March1993, .,1 . Eleventhreport .24March1995, .,1 . Twelfthreport .24March1997, .,C<6X9`(CourierCLatvia . Initialreport .14May1993, .,1 . Secondreport .14May1995, .,1 . Thirdreport .14May1997, .,Lesotho . Seventhreport .4December1984, .,9 . Eighthreport .4December1986, .,6 . Ninthreport .4December1988, .,4 . Tenthreport .4December1990, .,3 . Eleventhreport .4December1992, .,1 . Twelfthreport .4December1994, .,1 . Thirteenthreport .4December1996, .,Liberia . Initialreport .5December1977, .,21 . Secondreport .5December1979, .,17 . Thirdreport .5December1981, .,13 . Fourthreport .5December1983, .,10 . Fifthreport .5December1985, .,6 . Sixthreport .5December1987, .,3 . Seventhreport .5December1989, .,3 . Eighthreport .5December1991, .,2 . Ninthreport .5December1993, .,1 . Tenthreport .5December1995, .,1Luxembourg . Tenthreport .31May1997, .,Madagascar . Tenthreport .9March1988, .,5 . Eleventhreport .9March1990, .,5 . Twelfthreport .9March1992, .,2 . Thirteenthreport .9March1994, .,1 . Fourteenthreport .9March1996, .,1Maldives . Fifthreport .24May1993, .,1 . Sixthreport .24May1995, .,1 . Seventhreport .24May1997, .,Mali . Seventhreport .15August1987, .,5 . Eighthreport .15August1989, .,5 . Ninthreport .15August1991, .,3 . Tenthreport .15August1993, .,1 . Eleventhreport .15August1995, .,1 . Twelfthreport .15August1997, .,Malta . Thirteenthreport .26June1996, .,1̇882 ӀDateonwhichthe󀀀NumberofStateparty . Typeofreport󀀀reportwasdue󀀀reminderssent88 ,Mauritania . Initialreport .12January1990, .,2 . Secondreport .12January1992, .,2 . Thirdreport .12January1994, .,1 . Fourthreport .12January1996, .,1Mauritius . Thirteenthreport .29June1997, .,Monaco . Initialreport .27October1996, .,1C<6X9`(CourierCMongolia . Eleventhreport .5September1990, .,, .,1 . Twelfthreport .5September1992, .,, .,1 . Thirteenthreport .5September1994, ., .1 . Fourteenthreport .5September1996, ., .1C<6X9`(CourierCMorocco . Twelfthreport .17January1994, .,1 . Thirteenthreport .17January1996, .,1Mozambique . Secondreport .18May1986, .,7 . Thirdreport .18May1988, .,5 . Fourthreport .18May1990, .,5 . Fifthreport .18May1992, .,2 . Sixthreport .18May1994, .,1 . Seventhreport .18May1996, .,1NewZealand . Twelfthreport .22December1995, .,1Nicaragua . Tenthreport .17March1997, .,Nigeria . Fourteenthreport .4January1996, .,1PapuaNewGuinea . Secondreport .26February1985, .,9 . Thirdreport .26February1987, .,6 . Fourthreport .26February1989, .,4 . Fifthreport .26February1991, .,3 . Sixthreport .26February1993, .,1 . Seventhreport .26February1995, .,1 . Eighthreport .26February1997, .,Peru . Twelfthreport .29October1994, .,1 . Thirteenthreport .29October1996, .,1Portugal . Fifthreport .23September1991, .,1 . Sixthreport .23September1993, .,1 . Seventhreport .23September1995, .,1C<6X9`(CourierCQatar . Ninthreport .21August1993, .,1 . Tenthreport .21August1995, .,1 . Eleventhreport .21August1997, .,Republicof . Ninthreport .4January1996, .,1Korea882 ӀDateonwhichthe󀀀NumberofStateparty . Typeofreport󀀀reportwasdue󀀀reminderssent88 ,Republicof . Initialreport .25February1994, .,1Moldova . Secondreport .25February1996, .,1Romania . Twelfthreport .15October1993, .,1 . Thirteenthreport .15October1995, .,1Rwanda . Eighthreport .16May1990, .,2 . Ninthreport .16May1992, .,2 . Tenthreport .16May1994, .,1 . Eleventhreport .16May1996, .,1SaintLucia . Initialreport .16March1991, .,1 . Secondreport .16March1993, .,1 . Thirdreport .16March1995, .,1 . Fourthreport .16March1997, .,C<6X9`(CourierCSaintVincent . Secondreport .9December1984, .,9andC<6X9`(CourierCԀthe . Thirdreport .9December1986, .,6GrenadinesC<6X9`(CourierC . Fourthreport .9December1988, .,4 . Fifthreport .9December1990, .,3 . Sixthreport .9December1992, .,1 . Seventhreport .9December1994, .,1 . Eighthreport .9December1996, .,Senegal . Eleventhreport .19May1993, .,1 . Twelfthreport .19May1995, .,1 . Thirteenthreport .19May1997, .,Seychelles . Sixthreport .6April1989, .,2 . Seventhreport .6April1991, .,2 . Eighthreport .6April1993, .,1 . Ninthreport .6April1995, .,1 . Tenthreport .6April1997, .,SierraLeone . Fourthreport .4January1976, .,24 . Fifthreport .4January1978, .,20 . Sixthreport .4January1980, .,18 . Seventhreport .4January1982, .,14 . Eighthreport .4January1984, .,10 . Ninthreport .4January1986, .,, .,6 . Tenthreport .4January1988, .,, .,3 . Eleventhreport .4January1990, .,3 . Twelfthreport .4January1992, .,2 . Thirteenthreport .4January1994, .,1 . Fourteenthreport .4January1996, .,, .,1 . Supplementary .31March1975, .,1Slovakia . Initialreport .28May1994, .,1 . Secondreport .28May1996, .,1C<6X9`(CourierCSlovenia . Initialreport .6July1993, .,1 . Secondreport .6July1995, .,1 . Thirdreport .6July1997, .,̇882 ӀDateonwhichthe󀀀NumberofStateparty . Typeofreport󀀀reportwasdue󀀀reminderssent88 ,SolomonIslands . Secondreport .16April1985, .,9 . Thirdreport .16April1987, .,6 . Fourthreport .16April1989, .,4 . Fifthreport .16April1991, .,3 . Sixthreport .16April1993, .,1 . Seventhreport .16April1995, .,1 . Eighthreport .16April1997, .,Somalia . Fifthreport .25September1984, .,9 . Sixthreport .25September1986, .,6 . Seventhreport .25September1988, .,4 . Eighthreport .25September1990, .,3 . Ninthreport .25September1992, .,1 . Tenthreport .25September1994, .,1 . Eleventhreport .25September1996, .,1Spain . Fourteenthreport .4January1996, .,1SriLanka . Seventhreport .20March1995, .,1 . Eighthreport .20March1997, .,Sudan . Ninthreport .20April1994, .,1 . Tenthreport .20April1996, .,1Suriname . Initialreport .14April1985, .,9 . Secondreport .14April1987, .,6 . Thirdreport .14April1989, .,4 . Fourthreport .14April1991, .,3 . Fifthreport .14April1993, .,1 . Sixthreport .14April1995, .,1 . Seventhreport .14April1997, .,SyrianArab . Twelfthreport .21May1992, .,1Republic . Thirteenthreport .21May1994, .,1 . Fourteenthreport .21May1996, .,1Tajikistan . Initialreport .10February1996, .,1Togo . Sixthreport .1October1983, .,10 . Seventhreport .1October1985, .,6 . Eighthreport .1October1987, .,3 . Ninthreport .1October1989, .,3 . Tenthreport .1October1991, .,2 . Eleventhreport .1October1993, .,1 . Twelfthreport .1October1995, .,1Trinidadand . Eleventhreport .3November1994, .,, .,1Tobago . Twelfthreport .3November1996, .,1Tunisia . Thirteenthreport .4January1994, .,1 . Fourteenthreport .4January1996, .,1Turkmenistan . Initialreport .29October1995, .,1̇882 ӀDateonwhichthe󀀀NumberofStateparty . Typeofreport󀀀reportwasdue󀀀reminderssent88 ,Uganda . Secondreport .21December1983, .,10 . Thirdreport .21December1985, .,6 . Fourthreport .21December1987, .,3 . Fifthreport .21December1989, .,3 . Sixthreport .21December1991, .,2 . Seventhreport .21December1993, ., .1 . Eighthreport .21December1995, .,1UnitedArab . Twelfthreport .20July1997, .,EmiratesC<6X9`(CourierCUnitedRepublic . Eighthreport .26November1987, .,5ofTanzania . Ninthreport .26November1989, .,5 . Tenthreport .26November1991, .,2 . Eleventhreport .26November1993, .,1 . Twelfthreport .26November1995, .,1UnitedStates . Initialreport .20November1995, .,1ofAmericaUruguay . Twelfthreport .4January1992, .,1 . Thirteenthreport .4January1994, .,1 . Fourteenthreport .4January1996, .,1C<6X9`(CourierCUzbekistan . Initialreport .28October1996, .,1C<6X9`(CourierCVenezuela . Fourteenthreport .4January1996, .,1C<6X9`(CourierCC<6X9`(CourierCVietNam . Sixthreport .9July1993, .,1 . Seventhreport .9July1995, .,1 . Eighthreport .9July1997, .,Yemen . Eleventhreport .17November1993, .,1 . Twelfthreport .17November1995, .,1C<6X9`(CourierCZambia . Twelfthreport .5March1995, .,1 . Thirteenthreport .5March1997, .,C<6X9`(CourierCZimbabwe . Secondreport .12June1994, .,1 . Thirdreport .12June1996, .,1#88,  ,#________________________, .,aForareportsubmittedincompliancewithaspecialdecisionoftheCommitteetakenatitsforty-secondsession(1993),seeCERD/C/247., .,bForareportsubmittedincompliancewithaspecialdecisionoftheCommitteetakenatitsforty-secondsession(1993),seeCERD/C/249.  UK     \R3'\ X      +C<6X9`(CourierC(  $(k882   @ .VIII.THIRDDECADETOCOMBATRACISMANDRACIALDISCRIMINATION664.2 .2Atits1242ndand1244thmeetings(fiftyfirstsession),theCommitteediscussedtheThirdDecadetoCombatRacismandRacialDiscrimination.665.2 .2Fortheconsiderationofthisitem,theCommitteehadbeforeitthefollowingdocuments:2 .2(a) .Measurestocombatcontemporaryformsofracism,racialdiscrimination,xenophobiaandrelatedintolerance,notebytheSecretaryGeneraltransmittingthereportoftheSpecialRapporteuroftheCommissiononHumanRights,Mr.MauriceGllAhanhanzo,A/51/301;2 .2(b) .ImplementationoftheProgrammeofActionfortheThirdDecadetoCombatRacismandRacialDiscrimination,reportoftheSecretaryGeneral,A/51/541;2 .2(c) .GeneralAssemblyresolution51/81of12December1996,ontheThirdDecadetoCombatRacismandRacialDiscrimination;2 .2(d) .GeneralAssemblyresolution51/79of12December1996,onmeasurestocombatcontemporaryformsofracism,racialdiscrimination,xenophobiaandrelatedintolerance;2 .2(e) .Social,humanitarianandhumanrightsquestions:implementationoftheProgrammeofActionfortheThirdDecadetoCombatRacismandRacialDiscrimination,reportoftheSecretaryGeneral,E/1996/83;2 .2(f) .ReportbyMr.MauriceGllAhanhanzo,SpecialRapporteuroftheCommissiononHumanRightsoncontemporaryformsofracism,racialdiscrimination,xenophobiaandrelatedintolerance,submittedpursuanttoCommissiononHumanRightsresolution1996/21,E/CN.4/1997/71;2 .2(g) .ImplementationoftheProgrammeofActionfortheThirdDecadetoCombatRacismandRacialDiscrimination,reportoftheSecretaryGeneral,E/CN.4/1997/68;2 .2(h) .CommissiononHumanRightsresolution1997/73,onmeasurestocombatcontemporaryformsofracism,racialdiscrimination,xenophobiaandrelatedintolerance;2 .2(i) .CommissiononHumanRightsresolution1997/74,onracism,racialdiscrimination,xenophobiaandrelatedintolerance;2 .2(j) .Comprehensiveexaminationofthematicissuesrelatingtotheeliminationofracialdiscrimination,notebytheSecretariat[letterfromtheChairmanoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationtotheChairmanoftheSubcommissiononPreventionofDiscriminationandProtectionofMinoritiescontainingproposalsforthepreparationofstudies],E/CN.4/Sub.2/1997/31;2 .2(k) .Comprehensiveexaminationofthematicissuesrelatingtotheeliminationofracialdiscrimination,notebytheSecretariat[statusreportontheworkingpaperonarticle7beingpreparedjointlybyexpertsfromtheCommitteeandtheSubcommission],E/CN.4/Sub.2/1997/6;#2 .2(l) .Jointworkingpaperonarticle7oftheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination,decision1996/120oftheSubcommission;2 .2(m) .ImplementationoftheprogrammeofactionfortheThirdDecadetoCombatRacismandRacialDiscrimination,Seminaronimmigration,racismandracialdiscrimination,57May1997(Briefingnotedraft);and2 .2(n) .UnitedNationsseminartoassesstheimplementationoftheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscriminationwithparticularreferencetoarticle4and6,Conclusionsandrecommendationsmadeduringtheseminar.666.2 .2TheCommitteeexpressedparticularconcernaboutcooperationwiththeSpecialRapporteuroncontemporaryformsofracism,racialdiscrimination,xenophobiaandrelatedintolerance.ItrecalleditsinvitationtotheSpecialRapporteurtoajointmeetingwhichtookplaceatits1095thmeeting,on22March1995,attheCommittee'sfortyeighthsession.Sincethencooperationhadfaltered.TheSpecialRapporteur'sreportsonmissionshaveneglectedrelevantdatasubmittedbytheStatesconcernedintheirperiodicreportsundertheConvention.TheSpecialRapporteur'sconclusionsaboutthesituationsinparticularcountrieshavetheadvantagesthatcanbeobtainedfrompersonalvisits,buttheyremaintheconclusionsofasingleperson,whereastheCommittee'sconclusionsderivefromthecollectivejudgmentofeighteenexperts.667.2 .2TheCommitteetooknoteofCommissiononHumanRightsresolution1997/74,whichrecommendedtotheGeneralAssembly,throughtheEconomicandSocialCouncil,theconveningofaworldconferenceonracismandracialdiscrimination,xenophobiaandrelatedintolerancenolaterthantheyear2001.TheCommitteewelcomedtheresolution'srequestthatitassistthepreparatorycommittee;thatitundertakereviewsandsubmitrecommendationsconcerningtheconferenceandthepreparationsthereforetothepreparatorycommitteethroughtheSecretaryGeneral,andthatitparticipateactivelyintheconference.TheCommitteeexpresseditswillingnesstodoso.Itwasalsooftheviewthatitshouldparticipateintheworkofanypreparatorycommittee.TheCommitteegaveprovisionalconsiderationtoalistof14subjectsonwhichspecialistreviewsmightbepreparedasthebasisoftheconference'swork.Otherpossiblesubjectswerementioned,andtheCommitteedecidedtoreturntothematteratalaterstage.668.2 .2TheCommitteetooknoteofotherdevelopmentswithrespecttotheThirdDecadetoCombatRacismandRacialDiscrimination.Itnotedwithsatisfactionthattwoofitsmembers,Mr.YuriRechetovandMr.LuisValenciaRodrquez,hadparticipatedinaseminartoassesstheimplementationoftheConventionwithparticularreferencetoarticles4and6,heldatGenevafrom9to13September1996,andthatitsChairman,Mr.MichaelBanton,hadparticipatedintheseminaronimmigration,racismandracialdiscriminationheldfrom5to7May1997intheframeworkoftheactivitiesoftheThirdDecade.669.2 .2TheCommitteealsotooknoteoftheprogressthathadbeenmadeonthejointworkingpaperonarticle7oftheConvention.ThatpaperwasbeingpreparedjointlybytwomembersoftheCommittee,Mr.IvanGarvalovandMrs.ShantiSadiqAli,andtwomembersoftheSubcommissiononPreventionofDiscriminationandProtectionofMinorities,Mr.JosBengoaandMr.MustafaMehedi.TheCommitteeexpresseditsappreciationparticularlytoMr.GarvalovandMrs.SadiqAli,whohadpreparedpreliminarycontributionsforconsiderationbythefourexperts.ThoseeffortshadsignificantlyadvancedtheworkofthefourexpertsandlaidthebasisforthejointpapertobecompletedandsubmittedinAugust1998toboththeCommitteeandtheSubcommission.+@ . IX.OVERVIEWOFTHEMETHODSOFWORKOFTHECOMMITTEE670.2 .2AnoverviewofthemethodsofworkoftheCommitteeappearedinparagraphs587to627ofitsreporttothefiftyfirstsessionoftheGeneralAssembly.4ThatsummaryhighlightedchangesintroducedinrecentyearsandwasdesignedtomaketheCommittee'sproceduresmoretransparentandaccessibletobothStatespartiesandthepublic.NomaterialchangeshaveoccurredintheCommittee'smethodsofworksincethatreport.671.2 .2ItwasagreedthatitwouldbeappropriatetodiscusstheCommittee'smethodsofwork,includingtheconcludingobservations,atthenextsession.@ .Notes2 .21SeeOfficialRecordsoftheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination,SixteenthMeetingofStatesParties,Decisions(CERD/SP/55to57).2 .22OfficialRecordsoftheGeneralAssembly,TwentyseventhSession,SupplementNo.18(A/8718),chap.IX,sect.B.2 .23Ibid.,FortyeighthSession,SupplementNo.18(A/48/18),annexIII.2 .24UnitedNations,TreatySeries,vol.75,No.973.2 .25OfficialRecordsoftheGeneralAssembly,FortyninthSession,SupplementNo.18(A/49/18),paras.92105.2 .26Ibid.,FortyseventhSession,SupplementNo.18(A/47/18),paras.261-266;FortyeighthSession,SupplementNo.18(A/48/18),paras.566-573;andFortyninthSession,SupplementNo.18(A/49/18),paras.98-105.2 .27Ibid.,FiftyfirstSession,SupplementNo.18(A/51/18).2 .28Ibid.,FiftiethSession,SupplementNo.18(A/50/18),paras.298319.2 .29Ibid.,paras.339352.2 .210Ibid.,FortyninthSession,SupplementNo.18(A/49/18),paras.429443.2 .211Ibid.,FortythirdSession,SupplementNo.18(A/43/18),annexIV.2 .212Ibid.,FortysixthSession,SupplementNo.18(A/46/18),annexVIII.2 .213Ibid.,FortyeighthSession,SupplementNo.18(A/46/18),annexIV.2 .214Ibid.,FortyninthSession,SupplementNo.18(A/49/18),annexIV.2 .215Ibid.,FiftiethSession,SupplementNo.18(A/50/18),annexVIII.2 .216Ibid.,FiftyfirstSession,SupplementNo.23(A/51/23),paras.73,81and82.  UK     \R3'\ X      +C<6X9`(CourierC(  $(l882   @ .ANNEXI@ .<StatusoftheConventioǹA.StatespartiestotheInternationalConventiononthèEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination(148),̀asat22August1997̀Dateofreceipt̀oftheinstrument̀ofratificationStateparty󀀀oraccession# .Entryintoforce 88Afghanistan .6July1983a .5August1983Albania .11May1994a .10June1994Algeria .14February1972 .15March1972AntiguaandBarbuda .25October1988a .24November1988Argentina .2October1968 .4January1969Armenia .23June1993a .23July1993Australia .30September1975 .30October1975Austria .9May1972 .8June1972Azerbaijan .16August1996a .15September1996Bahamas .5August1975b .4September1975Bahrain .27March1990a .26April1990Bangladesh .11June1979a .11July1979Barbados .8November1972a .8December1972Belarus .8April1969 .8May1969Belgium .7August1975 .6September1975Bolivia .22September1970 .22October1970BosniaandHerzegovina .16July1993b .16July1993Botswana .20February1974a .22March1974Brazil .27March1968 .4January1969Bulgaria .8August1966 .4January1969BurkinaFaso .18July1974a .17August1974Burundi .27October1977 .26November1977Cambodia .28November1983 .28December1983Cameroon .24June1971 .24July1971Canada .14October1970 .13November1970CapeVerde .3October1979a .2November1979CentralAfricanRepublic .16March1971 .15April1971Chad .17August1977a .16September1977Chile .20October1971 .19November1971China .29December1981a .28January1982Colombia .2September1981 .2October1981Congo .11July1988a .10August1988CostaRica .16January1967 .4January1969C=ted'Ivoire .4January1973a .3February1973Croatia .12October1992b .8October1991ǀDateofreceipt̀oftheinstrument̀ofratificationStateparty󀀀oraccession# .Entryintoforce 88Cuba .15February1972 .16March1972Cyprus .21April1967 .4January1969CzechRepublic .22February1993b .1January1993DemocraticRepublicof̀theCongo .21April1976a .21May1976Denmark .9December1971 .8January1972DominicanRepublic .25May1983a .24June1983Ecuador .22September1966a .4January1969Egypt .1May1967 .4January1969ElSalvador .30November1979a .30December1979Estonia .21October1991a .20November1991Ethiopia .23June1976a .23July1976Fiji .11January1973b .10February1973Finland .14July1970 .13August1970France .28July1971a .27August1971Gabon .29February1980 .30March1980Gambia .29December1978a .28January1979Germany .16May1969 .15June1969Ghana .8September1966 .4January1969Greece .18June1970 .18July1970Guatemala .18January1983 .17February1983Guinea .14March1977 .13April1977Guyana .15February1977 .17March1977Haiti .19December1972 .18January1973HolySee .1May1969 .31May1969Hungary .1May1967 .4January1969Iceland .13March1967 .4January1969India .3December1968 .4January1969Iran(IslamicRepublicof) .29August1968 .4January1969Iraq .14January1970 .13February1970Israel .3January1979 .2February1979Italy .5January1976 .4February1976Jamaica .4June1971 .4July1971Japan .15December1995 .14January1996Jordan .30May1974a .29June1974Kuwait .15October1968a .4January1969LaoPeople'sDemocratic̀Republic .22February1974a .24March1974Latvia .14April1992a .14May1992Lebanon .12November1971a .12December1971Lesotho .4November1971a .4December1971Liberia .5November1976a .5December1976ǀDateofreceipt̀oftheinstrument̀ofratificationStateparty󀀀oraccession# .Entryintoforce 88LibyanArabJamahiriya .3July1968a .4January1969Luxembourg .1May1978 .31May1978Madagascar .7February1969 .9March1969Malawi .11June1996a .11July1996Maldives .24April1984a .24May1984Mali .16July1974a .15August1974Malta .27May1971 .26June1971Mauritania .13December1988 .12January1989Mauritius .30May1972a .29June1972Mexico .20February1975 .22March1975Monaco .27September1995 .27October1995Mongolia .6August1969 .5September1969Morocco .18December1970 .17January1971Mozambique .18April1983a .18May1983Namibia .11November1982a .11December1982Nepal .30January1971a .1March1971Netherlands .10December1971 .9January1972NewZealand .22November1972 .22December1972Nicaragua .15February1978a .17March1978Niger .27April1967 .4January1969Nigeria .16October1967a .4January1969Norway .6August1970 .5September1970Pakistan .21September1966 .4January1969Panama .16August1967 .4January1969PapuaNewGuinea .27January1982a .26February1982Peru .29September1971 .29October1971Philippines .15September1967 .4January1969Poland .5December1968 .4January1969Portugal .24August1982a .23September1982Qatar .22July1976a .21August1976RepublicofKorea .5December1978a .4January1979RepublicofMoldova .26January1993a .25February1993Romania .15September1970a .15October1970RussianFederation .4February1969 .6March1969Rwanda .16April1975a .16May1975SaintLucia .14February1990b .16March1990SaintVincentandthèGrenadines .9November1981a .9December1981Senegal .19April1972 .19May1972Seychelles .7March1978a .6April1978SierraLeone .2August1967 .4January1969ǀDateofreceipt̀oftheinstrument̀ofratificationStateparty󀀀oraccession# .Entryintoforce 88Slovakia .28May1993b .28May1993Slovenia .6July1992b .6July1992SolomonIslands .17March1982b .16April1982Somalia .26August1975 .25September1975Spain .13September1968a .4January1969SriLanka .18February1982a .20March1982Sudan .21March1977a .20April1977Suriname .15March1984b .14April1984Swaziland .7April1969a .7May1969Sweden .6December1971 .5January1972Switzerland .29November1994a .29December1994SyrianArabRepublic .21April1969a .21May1969Tajikistan .11January1995a .10February1995TheformerYugoslavRepublic̀ofMacedonia .18January1994b .17September1991Togo .1September1972a .1October1972Tonga .16February1972a .17March1972TrinidadandTobago .4October1973 .3November1973Tunisia .13January1967 .4January1969Turkmenistan .29September1994a .29October1994Uganda .21November1980a .21December1980Ukraine .7March1969 .6April1969UnitedArabEmirates .20June1974a .20July1974UnitedKingdomofGreat̀BritainandNorthernIreland .7March1969 .6April1969UnitedRepublicofTanzania .27October1972a .26November1972UnitedStatesofAmerica .21October1994 .20November1994Uruguay .30August1968 .4January1969Uzbekistan .28September1995a .28October1995Venezuela .10October1967 .4January1969VietNam .9June1982a .9July1982Yemen .18October1972a .17November1972Yugoslavia .2October1967 .4January1969Zambia .4February1972 .5March1972Zimbabwe .13May1991a .12June1991ǀB.Statespartiesthathavemadethedeclarationunder̀article14,paragraph1,oftheConvention(24),as̀at22August1997̀DateofdepositofStateparty󀀀thedeclaration# .Effectivedate󀀀 88TAlgeriaT .T12September1989 .12September1989AustraliaT .T28January1993 .28January1993BulgariaT .T12May1993 .12May1993ChileT .T18May1994 .18May1994CostaRicaT .T8January1974 .8January1974CyprusT .T30December1993 .30December1993DenmarkT .T11October1985 .11October1985EcuadorT .T18March1977 .18March1977FinlandT .T16November1994 .16November1994FranceT .T16August1982 .16August1982HungaryT .T13September1990 .13September1990IcelandT .T10August1981 .10August1981ItalyT .T5May1978 .5May1978LuxembourgT .T22July1996 .22July1996NetherlandsT .T10December1971 .9January1972NorwayT .T23January1976 .23January1976PeruT .T27November1984 .27November1984RepublicofKoreaT .T5March1997 .5March1997RussianFederationT .T1October1991 .1October1991SenegalT .T3December1982 .3December1982SlovakiaT .T17March1995 .17March1995SwedenT .T6December1971 .5January1972UkraineT .T28July1992 .28July1992UruguayT .T11September1972 .11September1972̀C.StatespartiesthathaveacceptedtheamendmentstòtheConventionadoptedattheFourteenthMeetingofStates̀Partiesc(23),asat22August1997Stateparty# .Dateacceptancereceived󀀀 88Australia .15October1993Bahamas .31March1994Bulgaria .2March1995BurkinaFaso .9August1993Canada .8February1995Cuba .21November1996Cyprus .29July1997Denmark .3September1993Finland .9February1994France .1September1994Germany .15January1996Mexico .16September1996Netherlands(fortheKingdominEuropèandtheNetherlandsAntillesandAruba) .24January1995Stateparty# .Dateacceptancereceived󀀀 88NewZealand .8October1993Norway .6October1993RepublicofKorea .30November1993Seychelles .23July1993Sweden .14May1993Switzerland .16December1996TrinidadandTobago .23August1993Ukraine .17June1994UnitedKingdomofGreatBritaiǹandNorthernIreland .7February1994Zimbabwe .10April1997882 ________________________2 .2aAccession.2 .2bDateofreceiptofnotificationofsuccession.2 .2cFortheamendmentstoenterintoforce,acceptancemustbereceivedfromtwothirdsoftheStatespartiestotheConvention.  UK     \R3'\ X      +C<6X9`(CourierC(  $(m882   @ .\ANNEXII@ . Agendasofthefiftiethandfiftyfirstsessions@ .A.Fiftiethsession1.2 .2Adoptionoftheagenda.2.2 .2ReportoftheChairman.3.2 .2Organizationalandothermatters.4.02 .2Preventionofracialdiscrimination,includingearlywarningandurgentprocedures.5.02 .2Considerationofreports,commentsandinformationsubmittedbyStatespartiesunderarticle9oftheConvention.6.2 .2Considerationofcommunicationsunderarticle14oftheConvention.7.02 .2SubmissionofreportsbyStatespartiesunderarticle9,paragraph1oftheConvention.8.02 .2ActionbytheGeneralAssemblyatitsfiftyfirstsession:2 .2(a)0 .AnnualreportsubmittedbytheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationunderarticle9,paragraph2,oftheConvention;2 .2(b)0 .Effectiveimplementationofinternationalinstrumentsonhumanrights.9.02 .2Considerationofcopiesofpetitions,copiesofreportsandotherinformationrelatingtoTrustandNonSelfGoverningTerritoriesandtoallotherterritoriestowhichGeneralAssemblyresolution1514(XV)applies,inconformitywitharticle15oftheConvention.10.02 .2ThirdDecadetoCombatRacismandRacialDiscrimination.@ .nB.Fiftyfirstsession1.2 .2Adoptionoftheagenda.2.2 .2ReportoftheChairman.3.2 .2Organizationalandothermatters.4.02 .2Preventionofracialdiscrimination,includingearlywarningandurgentprocedures.5.02 .2Considerationofreports,commentsandinformationsubmittedbyStatespartiesunderarticle9oftheConvention.6.02 .2Considerationofcommunicationsunderarticle14oftheConvention.7.02 .2SubmissionofreportsbyStatespartiesunderarticle9,paragraph1oftheConvention.̇8.02 .2ActionbytheGeneralAssemblyatitsfiftyfirstsession:2 .2(a)0 .AnnualreportsubmittedbytheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationunderarticle9,paragraph2,oftheConvention;2 .2(b)0 .Effectiveimplementationofinternationalinstrumentsonhumanrights.9.02 .2Considerationofcopiesofpetitions,copiesofreportsandotherinformationrelatingtoTrustandNonSelfGoverningTerritoriesandtoallotherterritoriestowhichGeneralAssemblyresolution1514(XV)applies,inconformitywitharticle15oftheConvention.10.02 .2ThirdDecadetoCombatRacismandRacialDiscrimination.ǀANNEXIII  DecisionoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationunderarticle14oftheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination  @ .6Fifty-firstsession@ .concerning@ .<CommunicationNo.7/1995882 Submittedby: .  .  . PaulBarbaroAllegedvictim: .  . TheauthorStateparty: .  . AustraliaDateofcommunication: . 31March1995(initialsubmission)2 .2TheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscrimination,establishedunderarticle8oftheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination,2 .2Meetingon14August1997,2 .2Adoptsthefollowing:@ . Decisiononadmissibility1.2 .2TheauthorofthecommunicationisPaulBarbaro,whoisofItalianoriginandcurrentlyresidesinGoldenGrove,SouthAustralia.HecontendsthathehasbeenavictimofracialdiscriminationbyAustralia,althoughhedoesnotinvoketheprovisionsoftheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination.Australiamadethedeclarationunderarticle14,paragraph1,oftheConventionon28January1993.Thefactsaspresentedbytheauthor2.12 .2On25June1986,theauthorobtainedtemporaryemploymentattheCasinoofAdelaide,SouthAustralia;heinitiallyworkedasabarporter,andsubsequentlyasanattendant.On16April1987,theLiquorLicensingCommissioner(LLC)oftheSouthAustralianLiquorLicensingCommission,whichisresponsibleforsupervisingtheobservanceoftherulesgoverningthemanagementoftheAdelaideCasino,andmustensurethatitsoperationsaresubjecttocontinuedscrutiny,withdrewtheauthor'stemporaryemploymentlicenceandrefusedtoapprovehispermanentemploymentwiththeCasino.Ahearing,duringwhichtheLLCquestionedtheauthoronanumberofpointsanddiscussedhisconcerns,washeldon30April1987.2.22 .2InSeptember1993,welloversixyearslater,theauthorcomplainedtotheAustralianHumanRightsandEqualOpportunitiesCommission(HREOC),claimingthattheLiquorLicensingCommissioner'sdecisionhadbeenunlawfulundersections9and15ofAustralia'sRaceDiscriminationActof1975.Heargued,interalia,thattheLiquorLicensingCommissionerhaddecidedagainsthisobtainingapermanentcontractbecauseofhisandhisfamily'sItalian(Calabrian)origin,becausesomeofhisrelativeswereallegedlyinvolvedincriminalactivities,notablytraffickingofillegaldrugs,ofwhichhedidnotknowanything.Mr.BarbarocontendsthatthisattitudeeffectivelyrestrictsthepossibilitiesforemploymentforItalianswhoarenotthemselvescriminalsbutwhomayhaverelativesthatare.Insupportofhisargument,theauthorreferstolettersofsupportfromPeterDuncan,M.P.,whoseriouslyquestionedanddenouncedthisperceivedpracticeof"guiltbyassociation".2.32 .2Theauthorreferstosimilarcasesinwhichtheethnicbackgroundofapplicantsforemploymentinlicensedcasinoswasadducedasareasonfornotapprovingemployment.Inparticular,hereferstothecaseofCarmineAlvaro,decidedbytheSupremeCourtofSouthAustraliainDecember1986,whowasrefusedpermanentemploymentbecauseofhisfamily'sinvolvementinthecultivationandsaleofillegaldrugs.Inthiscase,theLLChadstatedthathehadbeenadvisedbythepolicethattheyhadreceivedinformationthatoneofthedrugfamiliesoftheareawouldattempttoplacea"plant"attheCasino.2.42 .2TheHREOCforwardedtheauthor'scomplainttotheSouthAustralianAttorney-General'sDepartmentforcomments.ThelatterinformedtheHREOCthatthe"solereasonforrefusing[theauthor's]employmentwastoensuretheintegrityoftheAdelaideCasinoandpublicconfidenceinthatinstitution".ReferencewasmadeinthiscontexttoareportfromtheCommissionerofPolice,whichstated:02 .2 ."PaulBarbarohasnoconvictionsinthisstate.Heisamemberofabroadfamilygroupwhich,inmyopinion,canonlybedescribedasamajororganizedcrimegroup...Eighteenmembersofthisgrouphavebeenconvictedofmajordrugoffences...TheoffencesarespreadacrossfourStatesofAustralia.AllareofItalianextraction.Allarerelatedbymarriageordirectbloodlines."2.52 .2Thereweresomediscrepanciesbetweentheauthor'sandtheLLC'sassertionsinrespectofthedegreeofsomeoftherelationships,inparticulartherelationshipsestablishedbythemarriagesoftheauthor'ssiblings.TheauthoremphasizedthathehadmaintainedacertainautonomyfromhisrelativesandthathedidnotknowpersonallymanyofthepeoplelistedinthePoliceCommissioner'sreport.Healsoinsistedthatheknewnothingofhisrelatives'previousdrug-relatedoffences.2.62 .2On30November1994,theRacialDiscriminationCommissioneroftheHREOCrejectedtheauthor'sclaimsconcerninghisunlawfuldismissal,havingdeterminedthatitwastheauthor'sperceivedoractualrelationshipswithindividualswhohavecriminalrecords,andnothisItalianethnicorigin,whichwasthebasisfortheLLC'sdecision.TheRaceDiscriminationCommissionerstatedthat"[T]hefactthat[he]and[his]familymembersareofItalianoriginordescentisnotgermane"tothesolutionofthecase.2.72 .2On7December1994,theauthorappealedforreviewoftheRacialDiscriminationCommissioner'sdecision.Bydecisionof21March1995,thePresidentoftheHREOCconfirmedthedecisionoftheRacialDiscriminationCommissioner,holdingthattherewasnoevidencethattheauthor'sethnicbackgroundhadbeenafactorintheLLC'sdecision.&  Thecomplaint3.2 .2AlthoughtheauthordoesnotinvokeanyprovisionoftheConvention,ittranspiresfromhiscommunicationthatheclaimsaviolationbytheStatepartyofarticles1,paragraph1,and5(a)and(e)(i)oftheConvention.'  Stateparty'ssubmissionontheadmissibilityofthecommunicationandauthor'scommentsthereon4.12 .2BysubmissionofMarch1996,theStatepartychallengestheadmissibilityofthecommunicationonseveralgrounds.Itfirstsupplementsthefactsaspresentedbytheauthor.Thus,theStatepartynotesthatwhenobtainingtemporaryemploymentin1986,theauthorgavethePoliceCommissionerforSouthAustraliawrittenauthorizationtoreleasetotheLLCparticularsofallconvictionsandotherinformationthatthePoliceDepartmentmayhavehadonhim.On25June1986,Mr.BarbaroacknowledgedinwritingthatthegrantingoftemporaryemploymentwassubjecttoallenquiriesmadeconcerninghisapplicationforapprovalasaCasinoemployeebeingconcludedtothesatisfactionoftheLLC,andthattemporaryapprovalcouldbewithdrawnatanytime.4.22 .2On30April1987,theauthor,accompaniedbyhislawyerandtwocharacterwitnesses,attendedahearingbeforetheLLC,duringwhichtheLLCexplainedhisconcernthattheauthorhadanassociationwithanorganizedcrimegroup.TheauthorwasgivenanopportunitytocommentontheevidencewhichhadbeenprovidedtotheLLCbythePoliceCommissioner.4.32 .2Inrelationtotheauthor'scomplaintbeforetheHREOC,theStatepartynotesthatafterthedismissalofMr.Barbaro'scomplaintbytheRaceDiscriminationCommissioner,theauthorgavenoticeofappealtohavethedecisionreviewedundersection24AA9(1)oftheRaceDiscriminationAct(RDA),thePresidentoftheHREOC,SirRonaldWilson,aformerHighCourtjudge,confirmedthedecisioninaccordancewithsection24AA2(b)(i)oftheRDA,holdingthattherewasnoevidencethattheauthor'sethnicoriginconstitutedagroundfortheallegeddiscrimination.4.42 .2TheStatepartycontendsthatthecaseisinadmissibleasincompatiblewiththeprovisionsoftheConvention,onthebasisofrule91(c)oftheCommittee'srulesofprocedure,astheCommitteeissaidtolackthecompetencetodealwiththecommunication.Inthiscontext,theStatepartyaffirmsthatAustralianlawandtheRDAconformwiththeprovisionsoftheConvention.TheRDAwasenactedbytheFederalGovernmentandimplementsarticles2and5oftheConventionbymakingracialdiscriminationunlawfulandensuringequalitybeforethelaw(sections9and10).Thewordingofsection9closelyfollowsthewordingofthedefinitionofracialdiscriminationinarticle1oftheConvention.Section15oftheRDAimplementstheprovisionsofarticle5oftheConventioninrelationtoemployment.Moreover,theHREOCisanationalauthorityestablishedin1986forthepurposeofreceivingandinvestigatingallegedbreachesoftheRDA.MembersoftheHREOCarestatutoryappointeesandassuchenjoyahighdegreeofindependence.HREOCinvestigatedtheauthor'scasethoroughlyandfoundnoevidenceofracialdiscrimination.4.52 .2Inthelightoftheabove,theStatepartyarguesthatitwouldbeinappropriatefortheCommitteetoeffectivelyreviewthedecisionoftheHREOC.WhileitconcedesthattheissueofwhetherthedecisionoftheHREOCwasarbitrary,amountedtoadenialofjusticeorviolateditsobligationofimpartialityandindependence,wouldfallwithintheCommittee'sjurisdiction,itcontendsthattheauthordidnotsubmitanyevidencetothiseffect.Rather,theevidencecontainedinthetranscriptofthehearingbeforetheLLCandthecorrespondencewiththeHREOCindicatethattheauthor'sclaimwasconsideredwithinthetermsbothoftheRDAandtheConvention.4.62 .2TheStatepartyfurthersubmitsthatthecomplaintisinadmissibleonthebasisoflackofsubstantiation,arguingthattheauthordidnotprovideanyevidencethathistreatmentamountedtoa"distinction,exclusion,restriction,orpreferencebasedonrace,colour,descent,ornationalorethnicoriginwhich[had]thepurposeoreffectofnullifyingorimpairingtherecognition,enjoyment,orexercise,onanequalfooting,ofhumanrights..."(article1,paragraph1,oftheConvention).Thereissaidtobenoevidencethattheauthor'sethnicornationaloriginwasafactorinthedecisionoftheLLCtorefuseapermanentappointmenttotheauthor;rather,hewasconcernedtofulfilhisdutytoensurethattheoperationsofthecasinoweresubjecttoconstantscrutinyandtoguaranteepublicconfidenceinthecasino'slawfuloperationandmanagement.4.72 .2Finally,theStatepartyclaimsthattheauthorfailedtoexhaustavailabledomesticremedies,asrequiredbyarticle14,paragraph7(a),oftheConvention,andthathehadtwoavailableandeffectiveremedieswhichheshouldhavepursuedinrelationtohisallegationofunfairdismissal.Firstly,itwouldhavebeenopentotheauthortochallengethedecisionofthePresidentoftheHREOCintheFederalCourtofAustralia,pursuanttotheAdministrativeDecisions(JudicialReview)Actof1977(ADJRAct).TheStatepartyemphasizesthatthedecisionoftheHREOCPresidentwasreviewableundertheADJRAct:groundsforreviewarelistedinsection5oftheAct;theyincludegroundsthatthereisnoevidenceorothermaterialtojustifythetakingofthedecision,andthattheadoptionofthedecisionwasanimproperexerciseofpower.TheStatepartyarguesthatthisreviewmechanismisbothavailableandeffectivewithinthemeaningoftheCommittee'sadmissibilityrequirements:thus,pursuanttoanyapplicationundertheADJRAct,theCourtmaysetasidetheimpugneddecision,referitbacktothefirstinstanceforfurtherconsiderationsubjecttodirections,ordeclaretherightsoftheparties.4.82 .2AccordingtotheStateparty,theauthorcouldalsohavechallengedtheLLC'sdecisionintheSupremeCourtofSouthAustralia,byseekingjudicialreviewunderRule98.01oftheSouthAustralianSupremeCourtRules.UnderRule98.01,theSupremeCourtmaygrantadeclarationinthenatureofcertiorariormandamus.UnderRule98.09,theSupremeCourtmayawarddamagesonasummonsforjudicialreview.ItissubmittedthatanactionforjudicialreviewpursuanttoRule98wasanavailableremedyintheinstantcase.4.92 .2TheStatepartyconcedesthattheauthorwasnotobligedtoexhaustlocalremedieswhichareineffectiveorobjectivelyhavenoprospectofsuccess.ItrefersinthiscontexttothedecisionoftheFullCourtoftheSupremeCourtofSouthAustraliainthecaseofR.v.SecklerexparteAlvaro("Alvaro'scase"),decidedon23December1986.Thematerialfactsofthatcaseweresimilartotheauthor's:therespondentwastheLLCofSouthAustralia,thesamepersonasintheauthor'scase,andthematteratissuewastherespondent'srefusaltoapprovetheplaintiff'semployment.Bymajority,theSupremeCourtofSouthAustraliaheldthattheplaintiffwasnotentitledtorelief.IntheStateparty'sopinion,thejudicialprecedentprovidedbythedecisioninAlvaro'scasedidnotexcusetheauthorfromexhaustingtheremedyavailablebywayofjudicialreview;itaddsthat"unlikeanestablishedlegaldoctrine,asinglemajorityjudgmentinarelativelynewareaoflawdoesnotmeetthetestofobviousfutilityrequiredinordertocountenancenon-exhaustionofanavailableremedy".4.102 .2Stillinthesamecontext,theStatepartyrejectsastoobroadaninterpretationtheargumentthatexhaustionofdomesticremediescannotberequirediftheremediesavailableprobablywouldnotresultinafavourableoutcome.Therefore,judicialreviewunderRule98oftheSupremeCourtRulesissaidtobebothanavailableandaneffectiveremedy,towhichtheauthordidnotresort.TheStatepartynotesthattheauthordidnotfilehisclaimwithinthesixmonthsofthegroundsforreviewfirstarising(7November1987),asisrequiredunderRule98.06oftheSupremeCourtRules.Thus,whilebarredfrompursuingthisremedynowbecauseoftheexpirationofstatutorydeadlines,theStatepartyobservesthatfailuretopursuetheremedyinatimelymannermustbeattributedtotheauthor.ReferencetothejurisprudenceoftheHumanRightsCommitteeismade.5.12 .2Incommentsdated28April1996,theauthorrebutstheStateparty'sargumentsanddismissesthemasirrelevanttothesolutionofhiscase.HequestionsthecredibilityoftheStateparty'sargumentsinthelightofthelettersofsupporthereceivedfromaMemberofParliament,Mr.PeterDuncan.5.22 .2Intheauthor'sopinion,theCommitteedoeshavecompetencetodealwiththemeritsofhisclaims.HecontendsthattheHREOCdidnotexaminehiscomplaintwiththerequisiteproceduralfairness.Inthiscontext,henotes,withoutgivingfurtherexplanations,thattheRDAallowscomplainantstoattendahearingatsomedesignatedlocationtopresentargumentsinsupportofthecomplaint,andthatthisdidnotoccurinhiscase.Theresult,hesurmises,ledtoanuninformeddecisionoftheHREOCwhichwasnotcompatiblewiththeprovisionsoftheConvention.5.32 .2TheauthornotesthatthePresidentoftheHREOC,SirRonaldWilson,whodismissedhisclaimon21March1995,hadbeenajudgeintheSupremeCourtofSouthAustraliawhenthedecisioninAlvaro'scasewashandeddowninDecember1986.HenowarguesthattherewasaconflictofinterestonthepartofthePresidentoftheHREOC,whohaddeterminedthemeritsofafactuallycomparablecaseintheSupremeCourtofSouthAustraliabeforedealingwiththeauthor'sowncase.Inthecircumstances,theauthorarguesthatthedecisionoftheHREOCwastaintedbybiasandarbitrarinessandthattheCommitteehascompetencetodealwithhiscase.5.42 .2Theauthorreiteratesthatthereissufficientevidencetoshowthathiscasefallsprimafaciewithinthescopeofapplicationofarticle1,paragraph1,oftheConvention.Hearguesthat"[a]swithnormalpracticesofinstitutionalizedracismaclearandprecisereason[forterminationofemployment]wasnotgivennorrequiredtobegiven".HefurthercontendsthatitisdifficulttoseehowtheactsofStateagentsinhiscasedidnotamounttoa"distinction"withinthemeaningoftheConvention,giventhetermsofthePoliceCommissioner'sreporttotheLLCfrom1987,whereitwasexplicitlystatedthattheauthorwas"amemberofabroadfamilygroup...AllareofItalianextraction".Fromthisreasoning,theauthorasserts,itisclearthatindividualswithhisbackgroundareprecludedfromenjoyingorexercisingtheirrightsonanequalfootingwithothermembersofthecommunity.HealsoreferstoajudgmentinthecaseofMandalaandAnorv.DowellLee,((1983)AllER,1062),whereitwasheldthatblatantandobviouslydiscriminatorystatementsaregenerallynotrequiredwheninvestigatinginstancesofracedistinctions,sincedirectevidenceofracialbiasisoftendisguised.5.52 .2Astotherequirementofexhaustionofdomesticremedies,theauthorobservesthatthedecisionhandeddownbythePresidentoftheHREOCon21March1995andtransmittedtohimon24March1995failedtomentionanypossiblefurtherremedies.HenotesthattheRDAitselfissilentonthepossibilityofjudicialreviewofdecisionsadoptedbythePresidentoftheHREOCbytheFederalCourtofAustralia.5.62 .2Finally,theauthorcontendsthatthepossibilityofjudicialreviewofthedecisionoftheLLCtorefusehimpermanentemploymentundertherulesoftheSupremeCourtofSouthAustraliaisnotrealisticallyopentohim.HearguesthatthejudgmentoftheSupremeCourtofSouthAustraliainAlvaro'scasedoesconstitutearelevantprecedentforthedeterminationofhisowncase,allthemoresosincetheStatepartyitselfacknowledgesthatAlvaro'scasepresentedmanysimilaritiestotheauthor's.IfaddingthefactthatthePresidentoftheHREOCwhodismissedtheauthor'sappealhadpreviouslybeeninvolvedinthedeterminationofAlvaro'scase,theauthoradds,thenthepossibilityofchallenginghisdecisionbeforetheSupremeCourtsuccessfullywasremote.6.12 .2Byfurthersubmissionof22July1996,theStatepartyinturndismissesaspartialorincorrectseveraloftheauthor'scomments.ItnotesthattheauthorwaspartialinchoosingquotesfromthePoliceCommissioner'sreportandthatthecompletequotesindicatethattheoperativefactorintheLLC'sdecisionconcerningMr.Barbaro'ssuitabilityforcasinoemploymentwashisassociationwith18membersofhisfamilywhohadbeenconvictedofmajordrug-relatedoffences.EthnicitywasonlyraisedbythePoliceCommissionerasonefactor,combinedwithotherssuchasfamilyassociationandthetypeofoffences;theauthor'sethnicbackgroundwasrelevantonlyinsofarasitassistedindefiningthisclusterofassociations.6.22 .2TheStatepartyconcedesthatinAustralianemploymentpractice,associatesofapplicantsforemploymentaregenerallynotconsideredarelevantfactorinthedeterminationofsuitabilityforemployment.Intheinstantcase,itwasrelevantbecausetheLLCwasnotanemployerbutastatutoryofficer.Hisstatutoryrolewastoensuretheconstantscrutinyofcasinooperations,arolerecognizedbytheSupremeCourtofSouthAustraliainAlvaro'scase.Inshort,theLLCwasentrustedwithmaintenanceoftheinternalandexternalintegrityofthecasino.Likeanemployer,however,hewassubjecttotheprovisionsoftheRDAof1975;intheinstantcase,theStatepartyreiteratesthatthefactthatthereweredrugoffendersintheauthor'sextendedfamilywasaproperjustificationfortheLLC'sdecision.6.32 .2TheStatepartyagreesinprinciplewiththeauthor'sassertionthatobviousandblatantexpressionsofracialdiscriminationarenotrequiredwheninvestigatinginstancesofracedistinctions.ItnotesinthiscontextthatprohibitionofindirectlydiscriminatoryactsorunintentionallydiscriminatoryactsisanestablishedprincipleofAustralianlaw.However,theStatepartyre-emphasizesthatdecisionsinMr.Barbaro'scaserestedongroundsotherthanrace,colour,descentornationalorethnicorigin.6.42 .2TheStatepartycontendsthattheauthor'scommentsraisenewallegationsaboutthefairnessoftheproceduresbeforetheHREOC,especiallyasregardshisclaimthathewasdenieddueprocesssincehewasnotaffordedanopportunitytoattendahearingtopresenthiscomplaint.TheStatepartyarguesthattheauthordidnotexhaustdomesticremediesinthisrespectandthathecouldhavefiledanapplicationforjudicialreviewofthisallegationundertheADJR.Inanyevent,theStatepartycontinues,proceduralfairnessdidnotrequirethepersonalattendanceofMr.Barbarotopresenthiscomplaint.InthecaseoftheHREOC,thegroundsfordismissingcomplaintspriortoconciliationaresetoutinsection24(2)oftheRDA.Theyare:2 .2(a) .iftheRaceDiscriminationCommissionerissatisfiedthatthediscriminatoryactisnotunlawfulbyreasonofaprovisionoftheRDA;2 .2(b) .iftheCommissionerisoftheopinionthattheaggrievedpersondoesnotdesirethattheinquirybemadeorcontinued;2 .2(c) .ifthecomplainthasbeenmadetotheCommissioninrelationtoanactwhichoccurredmorethan12monthspriortothefilingoftheclaim;2 .2(d) .iftheCommissionerisoftheopinionthatthecomplaintunderconsiderationisfrivolous,vexatious,misconceivedorlackinginsubstance.2 .2Intheauthor'scase,thePresidentoftheHREOCdismissedthecomplaintonthebasisofsection24(2)(d)oftheRDA.6.52 .2TheStatepartydismissesastotallyunfoundedtheauthor'sargumentthatthedecisionoftheHREOCwasbiasedbecauseofanallegedconflictofinterestonthepartofthePresidentoftheHREOC.TheStatepartypointstothelong-standinginvolvementofthePresidentoftheHREOCinthelegalprofessionandaddsthatforsomeonewiththeprofileandthebackgroundofthePresidentoftheHREOC,itisindeedlikelythathewillconsideratdifferenttimesissueswhicharerelatedinlaworinfact.TheStatepartyemphasizesthatapreviousencounterwithasimilar(factualorlegal)issuedoesnotresultinaconflictofinterest.Furtherevidenceofbiasisrequired,whichtheauthorhaspatentlyfailedtoprovide.6.62 .2AstoMr.Barbaro'scontentionthathewasnotinformedoftheavailabilityofdomesticremediesaftertheHREOC'sdecisionof21March1995,theStatepartynotesthatneithertheConventionnortheAustralianRDAof1975imposeanobligationtoindicateallavailableappellatemechanismstoacomplainant.6.72 .2Finally,concerningthelettersofsupportsenttotheHREOContheauthor'sbehalfbyaMemberofParliament,Mr.PeterDuncan,formerlyaparliamentarysecretarytotheAttorney-General,theStatepartyrecallsthatFederalParliamentariansfrequentlywritetotheHREOConbehalfoftheirconstituents,advocatingtherightsoftheirconstituentsintheirroleasdemocraticallyelectedrepresentatives.TheStatepartycontendsthatthisrolemustbedistinguishedfromboththeinvestigativeroleoftheindependentHREOCandtheexecutiveroleoftheparliamentarysecretarytotheAttorney-General.Intheinstantcase,itwasclearthattheM.P.actedontheauthor'sbehalfinhisrepresentativerole.Moreimportantly,thepurposeoftheletterswastourgeathoroughinvestigationoftheauthor'scomplaintsbytheHREOC.Onceafinaldecisioninthecasehadbeentaken,Mr.Duncandidnotwriteagain.7.2 .2Duringitsfortyninthsession,inAugust1996,theCommitteeconsideredthecommunicationbutconcludedthatfurtherinformationfromtheStatepartywasrequiredbeforeaninformeddecisiononadmissibilitycouldbeadopted.Accordingly,theStatepartywasrequestedtoclarify:2 .2(a) .whethertheauthorwouldhavehadtheopportunity,intheeventthatcomplaintsundertheAdministrativeDecisions(JudicialReview)ActandpursuanttoRule98.01oftheRulesoftheSupremeCourtofSouthAustraliahadbeendismissed,toappealfurthertotheFederalCourtofAustralia,orwhetherhecouldhavecomplaineddirectlytotheFederalCourtofAustralia;̇2 .2(b) .whethertheStatepartyconsistentlydoes,ordoesnot,informindividualsintheauthor'ssituationoftheavailabilityofjudicialremediesintheircases.8.12 .2Inreply,theStatepartynotesthatMr.BarbarowouldhavehadtheopportunitytoappealtotheFederalCourtofAustraliaandsubsequentlytheHighCourtofAustraliaintheeventthatacomplaintundertheADJRActhadbeendismissed.Undersection8,theFederalCourtofAustraliahasjurisdictiontohearapplicationsundertheADJRAct;applicationsmaybefiledinrespectofdecisionstowhichtheActapplies,anddecisionsofthePresidentoftheHREOCfallwithinthedefinitionof"decision(s)towhichthisActapplies"(section3(1)).TheauthorthushadtherighttoseekjudicialreviewofthePresident'sdecisionbeforeasinglejudgeoftheFederalCourtofAustraliaonanyofthegroundslistedinsection5oftheADJRActrelevanttohiscase,within28daysofthedecisionoftheHREOCPresident.IfanapplicationbeforeasingleFederalCourtjudgehadbeenunsuccessful,theauthorwouldhavehadtherighttoseekleavetoappealtothefullFederalCourt.8.22 .2IfunsuccessfulinthefullFederalCourtofAustraliaapplication,theauthorwouldhavebeenfurtherentitledtoseekspecialleavetoappealtotheHighCourtofAustraliaunderOrder69AoftheHighCourtRules;criteriaforgrantingspecialleavetoappealarelistedinsection35AofthefederalJudiciaryAct1903.Ifspecialleavetoappealweregranted,athreeweekperiodfromthegrantingofspecialleavetoappealwouldapplyforthefilingofthenoticeofappeal.8.32 .2TheStatepartyfurthernotesthattheauthorwouldhavehadanopportunitytoappealtothefullcourtoftheSupremeCourtofSouthAustraliaandthereaftertheHighCourtofAustraliaifacomplaintunderRule98.01oftheRulesoftheSupremeCourtofSouthAustraliahadbeendismissedbyasinglejudge(section50oftheSupremeCourtAct,1935(SouthAustralia)).Mr.Barbarowouldhavehadtolodgeanappealwithin14daysofthesinglejudge'sdecision.IfanappealtothefullcourtofSouthAustraliahadbeenunsuccessful,Mr.BarbarocouldhavesoughtspecialleavefromtheHighCourtofAustraliatoappealagainstthedecisionofthefullcourtoftheSupremeCourtofSouthAustraliapursuanttosection35oftheFederalJudiciaryAct,1903.8.42 .2TheStatepartyreiteratesthattheConventiondoesnotimposeanobligationtoindicateallavailableappealmechanismstoacomplainant.ThereisnostatutoryobligationtoprovideindividualswithinformationaboutpossiblejudicialremediesunderfederalorSouthAustralianlaw;norisitthepracticeofthefederalGovernmentortheGovernmentofSouthAustraliatoadviseindividualsaboutpossibleappealrights.Thereare,however,someobligationstoinformindividualsoftheirappealrights:thus,underthefederalRaceDiscriminationAct,1975,wheretheRaceDiscriminationCommissionerdecidesnottoenquireintoanactioninrespectofwhichacomplaintwasfiled,heorshemustinformthecomplainantforthatdecision,oftheratiodecidendiandofthecomplainant'srightstohavethisdecisionreviewedbytheHREOCPresident(section24(3)).InMr.Barbaro'scase,thisobligationwasmet.Itis,moreover,thepracticeoftheHREOCtoadviseverballyanycomplainantwhohasmanifestedadesiretochallengeadecisionoftheCommission'spresidentofotheravenuesofappeal.ThereisnoevidencethattheHREOCdeviatedfromthispracticeintheauthor'scase.8.52 .2TheStatepartynotesthatMr.Barbarodoesnotappeartohavesoughtlegaladviceonappealsandremediesavailabletohim;itaddsthatitiscommonknowledgethatasystemofpubliclyfundedlegalaidexistsinAustralia,aswellasanationalnetworkofCommunityLegalCentres,includinginSouthAustralia.BothLegalAidandCommunityLegalCentreswouldhaveprovidedfreelegaladviceaboutpossibleappealmechanismstoindividualsintheauthor'ssituation.Mr.Barbaro'sfailuretoavailhimselfofsuchfreelegaladvicecannotbeattributedtotheStateparty;referenceismadetotheCommittee'sjurisprudencethatitistheauthor'sownresponsibilitytoexhaustdomesticremedies.a9.12 .2Inhiscomments,theauthorconcedesthattheRaceDiscriminationCommissionerinformedhimofhisrightofreviewofherdecisionundersection24AA(1)oftheRaceDiscriminationAct.Hesubmits,however,thatthePresidentoftheHREOCdidnotinformhimofthepossibilitiesofanyavenuesofappealagainsthisdecisioncommunicatedtotheauthoron24March1995;hecontendsthattheHREOCPresident,aformerHighCourtjudge,shouldhaveinformedhimofpossibleremedies.Mr.Barbaroaddsthat,asalayman,hecouldnothavebeenawareofanyotherpossiblejudicialremediesagainstthedecisionoftheHREOCPresident.9.22 .2TheauthorreaffirmsthatanapplicationtotheSupremeCourtofSouthAustraliaunderRule98.01oftheCourt'sRuleswouldhavebeenfutile,giventheSupremeCourt'searlierjudgmentinAlvaro'scase.9.32 .2Finally,withregardtotheStateparty'sreferencetotheavailabilityoflegaladvicefromCommunityLegalCentres,Mr.Barbarosubmitsthat"suchassistanceisonlyavailableinextremesituationsand...onlyofthematterinvolvesanindictableoffence".IssuesandproceedingsbeforetheCommittee10.12 .2Beforeconsideringanyclaimscontainedinacommunication,theCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationmustdecide,pursuanttoarticle14,paragraph7(a),oftheConvention,whetherornotthecaseisadmissible.10.22 .2TheStatepartycontendsthattheauthor'sclaimsareinadmissibleonthebasisoffailuretosubstantiatetheraciallydiscriminatorynatureoftheLLC'sdecisionofMay1987.TheCommitteenotesthattheauthorhasmadespecificallegations,notablyinsofarastheyrelatetopassagesinthereportofthePoliceCommissionerofSouthAustraliawhichhadbeenmadeavailabletotheLLC,tosupporthiscontentionthathisnationaland/orethnicbackgroundinfluencedthedecisionoftheLLC.IntheCommittee'sopinion,theauthorhassufficientlysubstantiated,forpurposesofadmissibility,hisclaimsunderarticle5(a)and(e)(i),readtogetherwitharticle1,paragraph1,oftheConvention.10.32 .2TheStatepartyhasalsoclaimedthattheauthorhasfailedtoexhaustdomesticremedieswhichwerebothavailableandeffective,sincehecouldhavechallengedthedecisionofthePresidentoftheHREOCundertheAdministrativeDecisions(JudicialReview)Act,andthedecisionoftheLLCpursuanttoRule98.01oftheRulesoftheSupremeCourtofSouthAustralia.Theauthorhasrepliedthat(a)hewasnotinformedoftheavailabilityofthoseremedies,and(b)thattheprecedentestablishedbythejudgmentinAlvaro'scasewouldhavemadeanappealtotheSupremeCourtofSouthAustraliafutile.10.42 .2TheCommitteebeginsbynotingthattheauthorwaslegallyrepresentedduringthehearingbeforetheLLCon30April1987.ItwouldhavebeenincumbentuponhislegalrepresentativetoinformhimofpossibleavenuesofappealaftertheLLC'sdecisiontoterminatetheauthor'semployment.ThattheauthorwasnotinformedofpotentialjudicialremediesbythejudicialauthoritiesofSouthAustraliadidnotabsolvehimfromseekingtopursueavenuesofjudicialredress;norcantheimpossibilitytodosonow,afterexpirationofstatutorydeadlinesforthefilingofappeals,beattributedtotheStateparty.10.52 .2TheCommitteefurtherdoesnotconsiderthatthejudgmentoftheSupremeCourtofSouthAustraliainAlvaro'scasewasnecessarilydispositiveoftheauthor'sowncase.Firstly,thejudgmentinAlvaro'scasewasamajorityandnotaunanimousjudgment.Secondly,thejudgmentwasdeliveredinrespectoflegalissueswhichwere,astheStatepartypointsout,largelyuncharted.Inthecircumstances,theexistenceofonejudgment,albeitonissuessimilartothoseintheauthor'scase,didnotabsolveMr.BarbarofromattemptingtoavailhimselfoftheremedyunderRule98.01oftheSupremeCourtRules.Finally,evenifthatrecoursehadfailed,itwouldhavebeenopentotheauthortoappealtoFederalcourtinstances.Inthecircumstances,theCommitteeconcludesthattheauthorhasfailedtomeettherequirementsofarticle14,paragraph7(a),oftheConvention.11.2 .2TheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationthereforedecides:2 .2(a) .thatthecommunicationisinadmissible;2 .2(b) .thatthisdecisionshallbecommunicatedtotheStatepartyandtotheauthor.@ .Notes2 .2aSeedecisiononcommunicationNo.5/1994(C.P.andhissonv.Denmark),para.6.2,inOfficialRecordsoftheGeneralAssembly,FiftiethSession,SupplementNo.18(A/50/18),annexVIII.  UK     \R3'\ X      +C<6X9`(CourierC(  $(n882   @ .\ANNEXIV@ .DocumentsreceivedbytheCommitteeatitsfiftiethandfifty-first@ .sessionsinconformitywitharticle15oftheConvention2 .2ThefollowingisalistofworkingpaperssubmittedbytheSpecialCommitteeontheSituationwithregardtotheImplementationoftheDeclarationontheGrantingofIndependencetoColonialCountriesandPeoples:882 f2 .2Bermuda .  . . . .A/AC.109/2041andCorr.12 .2SaintHelena . . . .A/AC.109/20432 .2AmericanSamoa . . . .A/AC.109/2044andAdd.12 .2Anguilla .  . . . .A/AC.109/10452 .2NewCaledonia . . . .A/AC.109/20462 .2Guam .  . . . . .A/AC.109/2047andAdd.12 .2FalklandIslands(Malvinas) . .A/AC.109/20482 .2EastTimor . . . . .A/AC.109/2049andCorr.1and22 .2Tokelau .  . . . .A/AC.109/20502 .2TurksandCaicosIslands . .A/AC.109/20512 .2Montserrat . . . . .A/AC.109/20522 .2CaymanIslands . . . .A/AC.109/20532 .2UnitedStatesVirginIslands .A/AC.109/2054andAdd.12 .2BritishVirginIslands . .A/AC.109/20552 .2Pitcairn .  . . . .A/AC.109/20562 .2Gibraltar . . . . .A/AC.109/20572 .2WesternSahara . . . .A/AC.109/2059+@ .ANNEXV̀GeneralRecommendationontherightsofindigenouspeoples,̀adoptedbytheCommittee,atits1235thmeeting,on@ .018August19971.2 .2InthepracticeoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscrimination,inparticularintheexaminationofreportsofStatespartiesunderarticle9oftheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination,thesituationofindigenouspeopleshasalwaysbeenamatterofcloseattentionandconcern.Inthisrespect,theCommitteehasconsistentlyaffirmedthatdiscriminationagainstindigenouspeoplesfallsunderthescopeoftheConventionandthatallappropriatemeansmustbetakentocombatandeliminatesuchdiscrimination.2.2 .2TheCommittee,notingthattheGeneralAssemblyproclaimedtheInternationalDecadeoftheWorld'sIndigenousPeoplescommencingon10December1994,reaffirmsthattheprovisionsoftheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscriminationapplytoindigenouspeoples.3.2 .2TheCommitteeisconsciousofthefactthatinmanyregionsoftheworldindigenouspeopleshavebeen,andarestillbeing,discriminatedagainstanddeprivedoftheirhumanrightsandfundamentalfreedomsandinparticularthattheyhavelosttheirlandandresourcestocolonists,commercialcompaniesandStateenterprises.Consequently,thepreservationoftheircultureandtheirhistoricalidentityhasbeenandstillisjeopardized.4.2 .2TheCommitteecallsinparticularuponStatespartiesto:2 .2a.0 .recognizeandrespectindigenousdistinctculture,history,languageandwayoflifeasanenrichmentoftheState'sculturalidentityandtopromoteitspreservation;2 .2b.0 .ensurethatmembersofindigenouspeoplesarefreeandequalindignityandrightsandfreefromanydiscrimination,inparticularthatbasedonindigenousoriginoridentity;2 .2c.0 .provideindigenouspeopleswithconditionsallowingforasustainableeconomicandsocialdevelopmentcompatiblewiththeirculturalcharacteristics;2 .2d.0 .ensurethatmembersofindigenouspeopleshaveequalrightsinrespectofeffectiveparticipationinpubliclifeandthatnodecisionsdirectlyrelatingtotheirrightsandinterestsaretakenwithouttheirinformedconsent;2 .2e.0 .ensurethatindigenouscommunitiescanexercisetheirrightstopractiseandrevitalizetheirculturaltraditionsandcustomsandtopreserveandtopractisetheirlanguages.5.2 .2TheCommitteeespeciallycallsuponStatespartiestorecognizeandprotecttherightsofindigenouspeoplestoown,develop,controlandusetheircommunallands,territoriesandresourcesand,wheretheyhavebeendeprivedoftheirlandsandterritoriestraditionallyownedorotherwiseinhabitedorusedwithouttheirfreeandinformedconsent,totakestepstoreturnthoselandsandterritories.Onlywhenthisisforfactualreasonsnotpossible,therighttorestitutionshouldbesubstitutedbytherighttojust,fairandpromptcompensation.Suchcompensationshouldasfaraspossibletaketheformoflandsandterritories.6.2 .2TheCommitteefurthercallsuponStatespartieswithindigenouspeoplesintheirterritoriestoincludeintheirperiodicreportsfullinformationonthesituationofsuchpeoples,takingintoaccountallrelevantprovisionsoftheConvention.@ .\ANNEXVI@ .fCountryrapporteursforreportsconsideredbytheCommittee@ . atitsfiftiethandfifty-firstsessionsReportsconsideredbytheCommittee . .CountryrapporteurAFGHANISTAN .  . . . . .Mr.RdigerWolfrumReviewbasedonpreviousreportandreviewundertakenin1985(CERD/C/111/Add.3andA/40/18,paras.349-370)ALGERIA . .  . . . . .Mrs.ShantiSadiqAliEleventhandtwelfthperiodicreports(CERD/C/280/Add.3)ARGENTINA .  . . . . . .Mr.RgisdeGouttesEleventh,twelfth,thirteenthandfourteenthperiodicreports(CERD/C/299/Add.11)BAHAMAS . .  . . . . .Mr.CarlosLechugaHeviaReviewbasedonpreviousreportandreviewundertakenin1991(CERD/C/88/Add.2andA/46/18,paras.344-346)BELARUS . .  . . . . .Mr.TheodoorvanBovenFourteenthperiodicreport(CERD/C/299/Add.8)BELGIUM . .  . . . . .Mr.IonDiaconuNinthandtenthperiodicreports(CERD/C/260/Add.2)BULGARIA . .  . . . . .Mr.RdigerWolfrumTwelfth,thirteenthandfourteenthperiodicreports(CERD/C/299/Add.7)BURKINAFASO .  . . . . .Mr.IonDiaconu .Sixth,seventh,eighth,ninth,tenthandeleventhreports(CERD/C/279/Add.2)BURUNDI . .  . . . . .Mr.RdigerWolfrumSeventh,eighth,ninthandtenthperiodicreports(CERD/C/295/Add.1)̇CAMEROON . .  . . . . .Mr.RgisdeGouttesReviewbasedonpreviousreportandreviewundertakenin1990(CERD/C/171/Add.1andA/45/18,paras.299-309)DENMARK . .  . . . . .Mr.RdigerWolfrumThirteenthperiodicreport(CERD/C/319/Add.1)DOMINICANREPUBLIC . . . . .Mr.LuisValenciaRodrguezReviewbasedonpreviousreportandonreviewundertakenin1990(CERD/C/165/Add.1andA/45/18,paras.230-235)ETHIOPIA . .  . . . . .Mr.AndrewR.ChigoveraReviewbasedonpreviousreportandreviewundertakenin1990(CERD/C/156/Add.3andA/45/18,paras.152-165)GERMANY . .  . . . . .Mr.AndrewR.ChigoveraThirteenthandfourteenthperiodicreports(CERD/C/299/Add.5)GUATEMALA .  . . . . . .Mr.MarioJorgeYutzisSeventhperiodicreport(CERD/C/292/Add.1)ICELAND . .  . . . . .Mr.LuisValenciaRodrguezFourteenthperiodicreport(CERD/C/299/Add.4)IRAQ2 .2 . .  . . . . .Mr.RdigerWolfrumEleventh,twelfthandthirteenthperiodicreports(CERD/C/240/Add.3)ISRAEL . .  . . . . .Mr.TheodoorvanBovenReviewbasedonpreviousreportandreviewundertakenin1991(CERD/C/192/Add.2andA/46/18,paras.364-388)&  JORDAN . .  . . . . .Mr.TheodoorvanBovenReviewbasedonpreviousreportandreviewundertakenin1990(CERD/C/183/Add.1andA/45/18,paras.36-48)'  LUXEMBOURG .  . . . . . .Mrs.ShantiSadiqAliNinthperiodicreport(CERD/C/277/Add.2)MEXICO . .  . . . . .Mr.RgisdeGouttesEleventhperiodicreport(CERD/C/296/Add.1)MONGOLIA . .  . . . . .Mr.AghaShahiReviewbasedonpreviousreportandreviewundertakenin1989(CERD/C/172/Add.10andA/44/18,paras.213-229)NEPAL . .  . . . . .Mrs.ShantiSadiqAliReviewbasedonpreviousreportandreviewundertakenin1987(CERD/C/148/Add.1andA/42/18,paras.516-529)NORWAY . .  . . . . .Mr.YuriA.RechetovTwelfthandthirteenthperiodicreports(CERD/C/281/Add.2);andfourteenthperiodicreport(CERD/C/320/Add.1)PAKISTAN . .  . . . . .Mr.IvanGarvalovTenth,eleventh,thirteenthandfourteenthperiodicreports(CERD/C/299/Add.6)PANAMA . .  . . . . .Mr.EduardoFerreroCostaTenth,eleventh,twelfth,thirteenthandfourteenthperiodicreports(CERD/C/299/Add.1)PHILIPPINES .  . . . . .Mr.IvanGarvalovEleventh,twelfth,thirteenthandfourteenthperiodicreports(CERD/C/299/Add.12)POLAND . .  . . . . .Mr.AghaShahiThirteenthandfourteenthperiodicreports(CERD/C/299/Add.10)RWANDA . .  . . . . .Mrs.ShantiSadiqAliReviewbasedonpreviousreportandreviewundertakenin1989(CERD/C/169/Add.1andA/44/18,paras.196-212)SEYCHELLES .  . . . . . .Mr.LuisValenciaRodrquezReviewbasedonpreviousreportandreviewundertakenin1988(CERD/C/128/Add.3andA/43/18,paras.70-74)SWAZILAND .  . . . . . .Mrs.ShantiSadiqAliFourth,fifth,sixth,seventh,eighth,ninth,tenth,eleventh,twelfthandthirteenthperiodicreports(CERD/C/299/Add.2)SWEDEN . .  . . . . .Mr.MarioJorgeYutzisTwelfthperiodicreport(CERD/C/280/Add.4)THEFORMERYUGOSLAVREPUBLICOFMACEDONIA .Mr.YuriA.RechetovInitial,secondandthirdperiodicreports(CERD/C/270/Add.2)̀CountryrapporteursforStatespartieswhichhavenotyetfiled̀aninitialreportandwhichwereconsideredbytheCommitteeat@ .nitsfifty-firstsessionStatespartiesconsideredbytheCommittee . .CountryrapporteurGUYANA . .  . . . . . .Mrs.ShantiSadiqAliSURINAME . .  . . . . . .Mr.RgisdeGouttes@ .*ANNEXVII@ .Listofdocumentsissuedforthefiftiethandfifty-first@ . sessionsoftheCommittee882 CERD/C/240/Add.30 .Eleventh,twelfthandthirteenthperiodicreportsofIraq,submittedinonedocumentCERD/C/260/Add.20 .NinthandtenthperiodicreportsofBelgium,submittedinonedocumentCERD/C/270/Add.20 .Initial,secondandthirdperiodicreportsoftheformerYugoslavRepublicofMacedonia,submittedinonedocumentCERD/C/277/Add.20 .NinthperiodicreportofLuxembourgCERD/C/279/Add.20 .Sixth,seventh,eighth,ninth,tenthandeleventhreportsofBurkinaFaso,submittedinonedocumentCERD/C/280/Add.30 .EleventhandtwelfthperiodicreportsofAlgeria,submittedinonedocumentCERD/C/280/Add.40 .TwelfthperiodicreportofSwedenCERD/C/281/Add.20 .TwelfthandthirteenthperiodicreportsofNorway,submittedinonedocumentCERD/C/292/Add.10 .SeventhperiodicreportofGuatemalaCERD/C/292/Add.20 .Second,third,fourth,fifth,sixthandseventhperiodicreportsofCambodia,submittedinonedocumentCERD/C/295/Add.10 .Seventh,eighth,ninthandtenthperiodicreportsofBurundi,submittedinonedocumentCERD/C/296/Add.10 .EleventhperiodicreportofMexicoCERD/C/299/Add.10 .Tenth,eleventh,twelfth,thirteenthandfourteenthperiodicreportsofPanama,submittedinonedocumentCERD/C/299/Add.20 .Fourth,fifth,sixth,seventh,eighth,ninth,tenth,eleventh,twelfthandthirteenthperiodicreportsofSwaziland,submittedinonedocumentCERD/C/299/Add.40 .FourteenthperiodicreportofIcelandCERD/C/299/Add.50 .ThirteenthandfourteenthperiodicreportsofGermany,submittedinonedocumentCERD/C/299/Add.60 .Tenth,eleventh,twelfth,thirteenthandfourteenthperiodicreportsofPakistan,submittedinonedocumentCERD/C/299/Add.70 .Twelfth,thirteenthandfourteenthperiodicreportsofBulgaria,submittedinonedocumentCERD/C/299/Add.80 .FourteenthperiodicreportofBelarusCERD/C/299/Add.100 .ThirteenthandfourteenthperiodicreportsofPoland,submittedinonedocumentCERD/C/299/Add.110 .Eleventh,twelfth,thirteenthandfourteenthperiodicreportsofArgentina,submittedinonedocumentCERD/C/299/Add.120 .Eleventh,twelfth,thirteenthandfourteenthperiodicreportsofthePhilippines,submittedinonedocumentCERD/C/319/Add.10 .ThirteenthperiodicreportofDenmarkCERD/C/320/Add.10 .FourteenthperiodicreportofNorwayCERD/C/3210 . 0 .ProvisionalagendaandannotationsofthefiftiethsessionoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationCERD/C/3220 . 0 .SubmissionofreportsbyStatespartiesinaccordancewitharticle9oftheConventionforthefiftiethsessionoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationCERD/C/3230 . 0 .Considerationofcopiesofpetitions,copiesofreportsandotherinformationrelatingtotrustandNon-Self-GoverningterritoriesandtoallotherterritoriestowhichGeneralAssemblyresolution1514(XV)applies,inconformitywitharticle15oftheConventionCERD/C/3240 . 0 .Provisionalagendaandannotationsofthefifty-firstsessionoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationCERD/C/3250 . 0 .SubmissionofreportsbyStatespartiesinaccordancewitharticle9oftheConventionforthefifty-firstsessionoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationCERD/C/SR.1185-12440 .Summaryrecordsofthefiftiethandfifty-firstsessionsoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscrimination 1 @ .ANNEXVIIÌCommentsoftheGovernmentofthePhilippinesontheconcluding̀observationsadoptedbytheCommitteeontheEliminationof̀RacialDiscrimination* p   ׀ontheeleventhtofourteenthperiodic̀reportsofthePhilippinespresentedduringthefifty-first@ .<sessionoftheCommittee2 .2Inconnectionwithparagraphs12and13ofyourobservations,wewouldliketocallyourattentiontoourPresidentialDecree1350-Aof1978whichweforwardedtoyouon12August1997andwhichclearlyprovidesthat:2 .2"...02 .2"SECTION1.Allorganizations,andalsoorganizedandallotherpropagandaactivities,whichpromoteandinciteracialdiscrimination,areherebyillegalandprohibited.02 .2"SECTION2.Allpublicauthoritiesorpublicinstitutions,nationalorlocal,areherebyprohibitedtopromoteorinciteracialdiscrimination.02 .2"SECTION3.AnyviolationofthisDecree,aswellasofarticle4,paragraphs5(a),(b)and(c),oftheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination,isherebydeclaredcontrarytolawandtheviolatorshall,uponconvictionsuffer..."2 .2InviewofPresidentialDecree1350-Aof1978,webelievethatastatementthatthereisnospecificlegislationprohibitingracialdiscriminationisnotaccurate.Aswehaveexplained,PresidentialDecreesenactedduringMartialLawdeclaredin1972are,ineffect,legislationbecauseduringthattimethePresidenthadbothexecutiveandlegislativepowers.2 .2Withrespecttoarticle7oftheConvention,theExecutiveOrderregardingeducationonhumanrightsincludestheConvention.Withrespecttoarticle2oftheConvention,thereisnodiscriminationlawthatneedstoberepealed.Moreover,atreatywhichisclearenoughispartofthelawofthelandperopinionoftheSecretaryofJustice.