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(G_UNLOGO1.WPG C)  @ 8  8 Rl@..$    ڄ($     d$  )8 8 P")  SeeOfficialRecordsoftheGeneralAssembly,FiftysecondSession,SupplementNo.40(A/52/40),vol.II.(2c$ x3!USUS.,'F` X'   +@̱88Ҁ  0  ڀ d$  )8 8 P")  SeeOfficialRecordsoftheGeneralAssembly,FiftysecondSession,SupplementNo.40(A/52/40),vol.II. C)  @ 8  8  8,    @ .$    ڄ dTable_A C)  @ 8  8 882   @ .$    ڄ C)  @ 8  8 882   @ .$    ڄ C)  @ 8  8 882^   @ .$    ڄTable_B C)  @ 8  8 88  @ .$    ڄTable_C C)  @ 8  8 882   @ .$    ڄ C)  @ 8  8 882l   @ .$    ڄ("2$ x3!USUS.,'F` X'   +@̱88Ҁ  0    5u{13Right-Aligned Paragraph NumbersI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)3|d) `CG Timesc PE37P<6X9`(Courierd6X@`7@) `CG Times PE37P* `CG Timesxx PE37xP* `CG Times PE37P) `CG TimesO PE37P<6X9`(CourierwZ6X@`7@<6X9`(CourierMP6X@`7@(3$USUS.,'F` X'  # e37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)\^)~dU x3!USUS.,'F` X'   UKUS.,[( $$$$Z%A/52/40=]QA=z (  ` @@EOOO߈   ` h   m UnitedNations  `  i   #aPddxDD y m^xDD y yxDDReportofthe i HumanRightsCommittee^m  y^xDDm  ^mVolumeI   #dPaPGeneralAssembly   b m^bbOfficialRecords^^b^b^bbԀFiftysecondSession   SupplementNo.40(A/52/40)  |  E) `CG TimesE    M A/52/40    E) `CG TimesEReportoftheHumanRightsCommitteeVolumeI#dPE^* `CG TimesEGeneralAssembly  OfficialRecordsE) `CG TimesEE^* `CG TimesEԀFiftysecondSessionSupplementNo.40(A/52/40) * b=`QA=z (  ` @@b - UnitedNationsE) `CG TimesEE^* `CG TimesEԀNewYork,1997  E) `CG TimesERl 4  4    @.. NOTESymbolsofUnitedNationsdocumentsarecomposedofcapitalletterscombinedwithfigures.MentionofsuchasymbolindicatesareferencetoaUnitedNationsdocument. #/ @..ISSN0255-2353#ddԈ ? UK     \R3'\ X      + 8  8 C@<6X9`(CourierC( A $(a882   (  #..[Original:English]#..[21September1997]@..\CONTENTS 88tChaptert..tParagraphsPage   , )8 8 P") .I. .ORGANIZATIONALANDOTHERMATTERS..................... .<130P" .!1 . .A. .StatespartiestotheInternationalCovenanton . .CivilandPoliticalRights....................... .<14P" .!1 . .B. .Sessions.........................................5P" .!1 . .C. .Elections,membershipandattendance............. . .<68P" .!1 . .D. .Solemndeclaration...............................9P" .!2 . .E. .Electionofofficers............................. . .1011P" .!2 . .F. .SpecialRapporteurs..............................12P" .!2 . .G. .Workinggroups................................... . .1316P" .!3 . .H. .Othermatters.................................... . .1718P" .!3 . .I. .Staffresources..................................19P" .!4 . .J. .PublicityfortheworkoftheCommittee..........20P" .!4 . .K. .Documentsandpublicationsrelatingtotheworkof . . .theCommittee.................................... . .2127P" .!4 . .L. .FuturemeetingsoftheCommittee................. . .2829P" .!5 . .M. .Adoptionofthereport...........................30P" .!5 .II. .METHODSOFWORKOFTHECOMMITTEEUNDERARTICLE40OF . .THECOVENANT:OVERVIEWOFPRESENTWORKINGMETHODS... .3144P" .!6 . .A. .Informalmeetingonproceduresandlater . . .developments.....................................32P" .!6 . .B. .Recentdecisionsonprocedures................... . .3342P" .!6 . .C. .Otherissuesrelatingtomethodsofworkunder . . .article40....................................... . .4344P" .!8 .4III. .SUBMISSIONOFREPORTSBYSTATESPARTIESUNDER . .ARTICLE40OFTHECOVENANT........................... .4550P" .!9 . .A. .ReportssubmittedbyStatespartiesunder . . .article40oftheCovenant.......................48P" .!9 . .B. .ObservationsofStatespartiesontheCommittee's . . .concludingcomments.............................. . .4950P" .!10@ .CONTENTS(continued) 88tChaptert .tParagraphsPage   , )8 8 P") .IV. .STATESTHATHAVENOTCOMPLIEDWITHTHEIROBLIGATIONS . .UNDERARTICLE40..................................... .5153P" .!11 .V. .CONSIDERATIONOFREPORTSSUBMITTEDBYSTATESPARTIES . .UNDERARTICLE40OFTHECOVENANT..................... .54450P" .!13 . .A. .Denmark.......................................... . .5577P" .!14 . .B. .UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthern . . .Ireland(HongKong).............................. . .7885P" .!17 . .C. .Switzerland...................................... . .86116P" .!19 . .D. .Gabon............................................ . .t117145P" .!24 . .E. .Peru............................................. . .t146170P" .!28 . .F. .Germany.......................................... . .t171190P" .!32 . .G. .Bolivia.......................................... . .t191227P" .!35 . .H. .Georgia.......................................... . .t228263P" .!40 . .I. .Colombia......................................... . .t264308P" .!44 . .J. .Portugal(Macau)................................. . .t309330P" .!50 . .K. .Lebanon.......................................... . .t331361P" .!53 . .L. .Slovakia......................................... . .t362387P" .!58 . .M. .France........................................... . .t388415P" .!62 . .N. .India............................................ . .t416450P" .!67 .VI. .GENERALCOMMENTSOFTHECOMMITTEE.................... .t451452P" .!73 .4VII. .CONSIDERATIONOFCOMMUNICATIONSUNDERTHEOPTIONAL . .PROTOCOL............................................. .t453517P" .!74 . .A. .Progressofwork................................. . .t455461P" .!74 . .B. .GrowthoftheCommittee'scaseloadunderthe . . .OptionalProtocol................................ . .t462465P" .!75 . .C. .Approachestoexaminingcommunicationsunderthe . . .OptionalProtocol................................ . .t466471P" .!76 . .D. .Individualopinions.............................. . .t472473P" .!77 . .E. .IssuesconsideredbytheCommittee............... . .t474516P" .!78 . .F. .RemediescalledforundertheCommittee'sViews..517P" .!87@ .CONTENTS(continued) 88tChaptert .tParagraphsPage   , )8 8 P") .VIII. .FOLLOWUPACTIVITIESUNDERTHEOPTIONALPROTOCOL..... .t518557P" .!88@ .Annexes .I. .STATESPARTIESTOTHEINTERNATIONALCOVENANTONCIVILAND . .POLITICALRIGHTSANDTOTHEOPTIONALPROTOCOLSANDSTATESWHICH . .HAVEMADETHEDECLARATIONUNDERARTICLE41OFTHECOVENANTAS . .AT1AUGUST1997.................................................P" .$!102 . .A. .StatespartiestotheInternationalCovenantonCiviland . . .PoliticalRights.............................................P" .$!102 . .B. .StatespartiestotheOptionalProtocol......................P" .$!105 . .C. .StatusoftheSecondOptionalProtocolaimingattheabolition . . .ofthedeathpenalty.........................................P" .$!108 . .D. .Stateswhichhavemadethedeclarationunderarticle41of . . .theCovenant.................................................P" .$!108 .II. .MEMBERSHIPANDOFFICERSOFTHEHUMANRIGHTSCOMMITTEE,19961997.P" .$!111 . .A. .Membership...................................................P" .$!111 . .B. .Officers.....................................................P" .$!111 .4III. .SUBMISSIONOFREPORTSANDADDITIONALINFORMATIONBYSTATESPARTIES . .UNDERARTICLE40OFTHECOVENANTDURINGTHEPERIODUNDERREVIEW..P" .$!112 .IV. .STATUSOFREPORTSCONSIDEREDDURINGTHEPERIODUNDERREVIEWAND . .OFREPORTSSTILLPENDINGBEFORETHECOMMITTEE....................P" .$!119 .V. .LISTOFSTATESPARTIES'DELEGATIONSTHATPARTICIPATEDINTHE . .CONSIDERATIONOFTHEIRRESPECTIVEREPORTSBYTHEHUMANRIGHTS . .COMMITTEEATITSFIFTYEIGHTH,FIFTYNINTHANDSIXTIETHSESSIONS.P" .$!121 .VI. .VIEWSOFTHEHUMANRIGHTSCOMMITTEEUNDERARTICLE5,PARAGRAPH4, . .OFTHEOPTIONALPROTOCOL* c   ׀ . . .A. .CommunicationNo.481/1991;JorgeVillacrsOrtegav.Ecuador0 .0 .0 .(Viewsadoptedon8April1997,fiftyninthsession) .P" .P" . .B.0 .CommunicationNo.526/1993;MichaelandBrianHillv.Spain0 .0 .0 .(Viewsadoptedon2April1997,fiftyninthsession) . . .Appendix . .C. .CommunicationNo.528/1993;MichaelSteadmanv.Jamaica . . .(Viewsadoptedon2April1997,fiftyninthsession)+@ .CONTENTS(continued) 88tChaptert .tPage   , )8 8 P") . .D. .CommunicationNo.529/1993;HervinEdwardsv.Jamaica . . .(Viewsadoptedon28July1997,sixtiethsession) . .E. .CommunicationNo.533/1993;HaroldElahiev.TrinidadandTobago . . .(Viewsadoptedon28July1997,sixtiethsession) . .F. .CommunicationNo.535/1993;LloydellRichardsv.Jamaica . . .(Viewsadoptedon31March1997,fiftyninthsession) . . .Appendix . .G. .CommunicationNo.538/1993;CharlesE.Stewartv.Canada . . .(Viewsadoptedon1November1996,fiftyeighthsession) . . .Appendix . .H. .CommunicationNo.549/1993;FrancisHopuandTepoaituBessert . . .v.France . . .(Viewsadoptedon29July1997,sixtiethsession) . .I. .CommunicationNo.550/1993;RobertFaurissonv.France . . .(Viewsadoptedon8November1996,fiftyeighthsession) . . .Appendix . .J. .CommunicationNo.552/1993;WieslawKallv.Poland . . .(Viewsadoptedon14July1997,sixtiethsession) . .K. .CommunicationNo.558/1993;GiosueCanepav.Canada . . .(Viewsadoptedon3April1997,fiftyninthsession) . . .Appendix . .L. .CommunicationNo.560/1993;Av.Australia . . .(Viewsadoptedon3April1997,fiftyninthsession) . . .Appendix . .M. .CommunicationNo.561/1993;DesmondWilliamsv.Jamaica . . .(Viewsadoptedon8April1997,fiftyninthsession) . .N. .CommunicationNo.572/1994;HezekiahPricev.Jamaica . . .(Viewsadoptedon6November1996,fiftyeighthsession) . .O. .CommunicationNo.587/1994;IrvineReynoldsv.Jamaica . . .(Viewsadoptedon3April1997,fiftyninthsession) . .P. .CommunicationNo.607/1994;MichaelAdamsv.Jamaica . . .(Viewsadoptedon30October1996,fiftyeighthsession) . .Q. .CommunicationNo.612/1995;Arhuacosv.Colombia . . .(Viewsadoptedon29July1997,sixtiethsession) . .R. .CommunicationNo.639/1995;LawsonRichardsandTrevorWalker . . .v.Jamaica . . .(Viewsadoptedon28July1997,sixtiethsession)@ .CONTENTS(continued) 88tChaptert .tPage   , )8 8 P") . .S. .CommunicationNo.671/1995;JouniE.Lnsmanetal.v.Finland . . .(Viewsadoptedon30October1996,fiftyeighthsession) . .T. .CommunicationNo.692/1996;A.R.J.v.Australia . . .(Viewsadoptedon28July1997,sixtiethsession) . .U. .CommunicationNo.696/1996;PeterBlainev.Jamaica . . .(Viewsadoptedon17July1997,sixtiethsession) . . .Appendix . .V. .CommunicationNo.702/1996;CliffordMcLawrencev.Jamaica . . .(Viewsadoptedon18July1997,sixtiethsession) . . .Appendix . .W. .CommunicationNo.707/1996;PatrickTaylorv.Jamaica . . .(Viewsadoptedon14July1997,sixtiethsession) . .X. .CommunicationNo.708/1996;NevilleLewisv.Jamaica . . .(Viewsadoptedon17July1997,sixtiethsession) . . .Appendix .4VII. .DECISIONSOFTHEHUMANRIGHTSCOMMITTEEDECLARINGCOMMUNICATIONS . .INADMISSIBLEUNDERTHEOPTIONALPROTOCOL e    . .A. .CommunicationNo.557/1994;KlausWerenbeckv.Australia . . .(Decisionof27March1997,fiftyninthsession) . .B. .CommunicationNo.593/1994;PatrickHollandv.Ireland . . .(Decisionof25October1996,fiftyeighthsession) . .C. .CommunicationNo.601/1994;E.J.andC.M.Drakev.NewZealand . . .(Decisionof3April1997,fiftyninthsession) . .D. .CommunicationNo.603/1994;AndresBaduv.Canada . . .(Decisionof18July1997,sixtiethsession) . .E. .CommunicationNo.604/1994;JosephNarteyv.Canada . . .(Decisionof18July1997,sixtiethsession) . .F. .CommunicationNo.632/1995;HerbertThomasPotterv.NewZealand . . .(Decisionof28July1997,sixtiethsession) . .G. .CommunicationNo.643/1995;PeterDrobekv.Slovakia . . .(Decisionof14July1997,sixtiethsession) . . .Appendix . .H. .CommunicationNo.654/1995;KwameWilliamsAduv.Canada . . .(Decisionof18July1997,sixtiethsession)@ .CONTENTS(continued) 88tChaptert .tPage   , )8 8 P") . .I. .CommunicationNo.658/1995;JacobandJantinaHendrikavanOord . . .v.theNetherlands . . .(Decisionof23July1997,sixtiethsession) . .J. .CommunicationNo.659/1995;BrigitteLangv.Australia . . .(Decisionof8November1996,fiftyeighthsession) . .K. .CommunicationNo.661/1995;PaulTribouletv.France . . .(Decisionof29July1997,sixtiethsession) . .L. .CommunicationNo.674/1995;LdvikEmilKaaberv.Iceland . . .(Decisionof5November1996,fiftyeighthsession) . .M. .CommunicationNo.679/1996;Darwishv.Austria . . .(Decisionof28July1997,sixtiethsession) . .N. .CommunicationNo.698/1996;GonzaloBoneloSnchezv.Spain . . .(Decisionof29July1997,sixtiethsession) . .O. .CommunicationNo.700/1996;TrevorL.Jarmanv.Australia . . .(Decisionof8November1996,fiftyeighthsession) . .P. .CommunicationNo.755/1997;ClarenceT.Maloneyv.Germany . . .(Decisionof29July1997,sixtiethsession) . .Q. .CommunicationNo.758/1997;JosMaraG;mezNavarrov.Spain . . .(Decisionof29July1997,sixtiethsession) . .R. .CommunicationNo.761/1997;RanjitSinghv.Canada . . .(Decisionof29July1997,sixtiethsession) .VIII. .LISTOFDOCUMENTSISSUEDDURINGTHEREPORTINGPERIOD..............P" .$!130 8,   ? UK     \R3'\ X      +C@<6X9`(CourierC  ( A $(f882     f&@ . I.ORGANIZATIONALANDOTHERMATTERS̀A.StatespartiestotheInternationalCovenantoǹCivilandPoliticalRights1.2 .2Asat1August1997,theclosingdateofthesixtiethsessionoftheHumanRightsCommittee,138StateshadratifiedoraccededorsucceededtotheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRightsand92StateshadratifiedoraccededtotheOptionalProtocoltotheCovenant.BothinstrumentswereadoptedbytheGeneralAssemblyinresolution2200A(XXI)of16December1966andopenedforsignatureandratificationinNewYorkon19December1966.Theyenteredintoforceon23March1976,inaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheirarticles49and9,respectively.Also,asat1August1997,45Stateshadmadethedeclarationenvisagedunderarticle41,paragraph1,oftheCovenant,whichcameintoforceon28March1979.2.2 .2TheSecondOptionalProtocol,aimingattheabolitionofthedeathpenalty,whichwasadoptedandopenedforsignature,ratificationoraccessionbytheGeneralAssemblyinresolution44/128of15December1989,enteredintoforceon11July1991,inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofitsarticle8.Asat1August1997,therewere30StatespartiestotheSecondOptionalProtocol.3.2 .2AlistofStatespartiestotheCovenantandtotheOptionalProtocols,indicatingthosewhichhavemadethedeclarationunderarticle41,paragraph1,oftheCovenant,iscontainedinannexItothepresentreport.4.2 .2ReservationsandotherdeclarationsmadebyanumberofStatespartiesinrespectoftheCovenantand/ortheOptionalProtocolsaresetoutindocumentCCPR/C/2/Rev.4andinthenotificationsdepositedwiththeSecretaryGeneral.@ .B.Sessions5.2 .2TheHumanRightsCommitteeheldthreesessionssincetheadoptionofitspreviousannualreport.Thefifty-eighthsession(1531stto1559thmeetings)washeldattheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom21Octoberto8November1996,thefifty-ninthsession(1560thto1586thmeetings),atUnitedNationsHeadquartersfrom24Marchto11April1997,andthesixtiethsession(1587thto1615thmeetings),attheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom14Julyto1August1997.@ . C.Elections,membershipandattendance6.2 .2AttheSixteenthMeetingofStatesPartiestotheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights,heldatUnitedNationsHeadquarterson12September1996,ninemembersoftheCommitteewereelected,inaccordancewitharticles28to32oftheCovenant,tofillvacanciescreatedbytheexpirationoftermsofofficeon31December1996.Thefollowingmemberswereelectedforthefirsttime:Ms.PilarGaitandePombo,Ms.LaureMoghaizel,Mr.MartinScheinin,Mr.DaniloTrkandMr.MaxwellYalden.LordColville,Ms.ElizabethEvatt,Mr.RajsoomerLallahandMr.FaustoPocarwerere-elected.Atits1554thmeeting(fiftyeighthsession),heldon5November1996,theCommitteeexpresseditswarmestgratitudetotheoutgoingmembersoftheCommitteeandpaidparticulartributetoMr.A.Mavrommatis,whoservedasChairmanoftheCommitteeduringitsfirsttenyears,forhisoutstandingcontributiontotheCommittee'sworkunderarticle40oftheCovenantandalsoundertheOptionalProtocol.7.2 .2Atthe1587thmeeting(sixtiethsession),heldon14July1997,theChairmaninformedtheCommitteeofthedeathofoneofitsmembers,Ms.LaureMoghaizel(Lebanon).MembersoftheCommitteeexpressedtheirsorrowatheruntimelydeathandpaidtributetohercontributiontotheworkoftheCommittee.8.2 .2AllthemembersoftheCommitteeparticipatedinthefiftyeighthandfiftyninthsessions.Mr.OmranElShafeididnotattendthesixtiethsession.@ .D.Solemndeclaration9.2 .2Atthe1560thmeetingoftheCommittee(fiftyninthsession),heldon24March1997,LordColville,Ms.ElizabethEvatt,Ms.PilarGaitandePombo,Mr.RajsoomerLallah,Ms.LaureMoghaizel,Mr.FaustoPocar,Mr.MartinScheinin,Mr.DaniloTrkandMr.MaxwellYalden,whohadbeenelectedattheSixteenthMeetingofStatesPartiestotheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights,madeasolemndeclarationinaccordancewitharticle38oftheCovenantbeforeassumingtheirfunctions.@ .<E.Electionofofficers10.2 .2Atits1560thmeeting(fiftyninthsession),theCommitteeelectedthefollowingofficersforatermoftwoyears,inaccordancewitharticle39,paragraph1,oftheCovenant:2 .2Chairperson:Ms.ChristineChanet2 .2ViceChairpersons:Mr.PrafullachandraNatwarlalBhagwati2 .2 . . Mr.OmranElShafei2 .2 . . Ms.CeciliaMedinaQuiroga2 .2Rapporteur:Ms.ElizabethEvatt11.2 .2Atits1559thmeeting(fiftyeighthsession),heldon8November1996,theCommitteeexpresseditsdeepappreciationtoMr.FranciscoAguilarUrbina,theoutgoingChairman,forhisleadershipandoutstandingcontributiontothesuccessoftheCommittee'swork.@ .nF.SpecialRapporteurs12.2 .2InaccordancewiththeCommittee'sdecision,madeatthethirtyfifthsession,todesignateaSpecialRapporteurtoprocessnewcommunications,Mr.FaustoPocarwasdesignatedatthefiftyninthsessiontocontinueasSpecialRapporteurforNewCommunications.InaccordancewiththeCommittee'sdecision,madeatitsthirtyninthsession,Mr.PrafullachandraNatwarlalBhagwatiwasdesignatedatthefiftyninthsessionasSpecialRapporteurfortheFollow-uponViews.&  @ .hG.Workinggroups13.2 .2Inaccordancewithrule62andrule89ofitsrulesofprocedure,the'  Committeeestablishedworkinggroupswhichweretomeetbeforeitsfiftyeighth,fiftyninthandsixtiethsessions.Theworkinggroupestablishedunderrule89(WorkingGrouponCommunications)wasentrustedwiththetaskofmakingrecommendationstotheCommitteeregardingcommunicationsreceivedundertheOptionalProtocol.Theworkinggroupestablishedunderrule62(WorkingGrouponarticle40)wasmandatedtoprepareconciselistsofissuesconcerningtheinitialandsecond,thirdandfourthperiodicreportstobeconsideredbytheCommittee.ItwasalsomandatedtostudytheCommittee'sworkingmethods,anditsystematicallyhelddiscussionswithrepresentativesofthespecializedagenciesandsubsidiarybodies,particularlytheInternationalLabourOffice,theOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugees,theWorldHealthOrganizationandtheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization,inordertoobtainadvanceinformationonthereportstobeconsideredbytheCommittee.Tothatsameend,theWorkingGroupmetrepresentativesofnon-governmentalorganizationsAmnestyInternational,HumanRightsWatch,theInternationalFederationofHumanRightsLeagues,theInternationalServiceforHumanRights,theLawyersCommitteeforHumanRightsandseverallocalorganizations.14.2 .2Fiftyeighthsession(1418October1996):theWorkingGrouponCommunicationswascomposedofMr.TamsBn,Mr.OmranElShafei,Ms.ElizabethEvatt,Mr.A.MavrommatisandMs.CeciliaMedinaQuiroga;Ms.EvattwaselectedChairperson/Rapporteur.TheWorkingGrouponarticle40wascomposedofMr.FranciscoAguilarUrbina,Mr.PrafullachandraNatwarlalBhagwati,LordColvilleandMr.LaurelFrancis;Mr.BhagwatiwaselectedChairman/Rapporteur.15.2 .2Fiftyninthsession(1721March1997):theWorkingGrouponCommunicationsandtheWorkingGrouponarticle40werecomposedofMr.NisukeAndo,Mr.Bhagwati,Mr.ThomasBuergenthal,Ms.ChristineChanet,Mr.ElShafei,Ms.EvattandMr.JulioPradoVallejo.Mr.AndowaselectedChairman/Rapporteur.16.2 .2Sixtiethsession(711July1997):theWorkingGrouponCommunicationsandtheWorkingGrouponarticle40werecomposedofMr.Bhagwati,LordColville,Mr.EckartKlein,Mr.DavidKretzmer,Mr.FaustoPocarandMr.PradoVallejo;Mr.KretzmerwaselectedChairman/Rapporteur.@ .H.Othermatters17.2 .2AteachoftheCommittee'ssessions,theRepresentativeoftheSecretaryGeneralinformedtheCommitteeaboutactivitiescarriedonbyUnitedNationsbodiesdealingwithhumanrightsissues.Inparticular,resultsoftheseventhmeetingofpersonschairingthetreatybodies,whichwasheldinSeptember1996,andthoseofsessionsoftheCommitteeontheRightsoftheChild,theCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscrimination,theCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen,theCommitteeonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRightsandtheCommitteeagainstTorturewerepresentedtotheCommittee.RecentactivitiesoftheGeneralAssemblyandtheCommissiononHumanRightsrelevanttotheworkoftheCommitteewerealsodescribed.18.2 .2Atthesixtiethsession,theOfficer-in-ChargeoftheOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights/CentreforHumanRightsinformedtheCommitteeabouttherecentdesignationofMrs.MaryRobinsonasthenewUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights.HealsoprovidedampleinformationonactivitiescarriedonbyotherUnitedNationshumanrightsbodies.Atthesamesession,membersalsodiscussedvariousmattersthattheywouldliketheChairmantoputbeforethenextmeetingofpersonschairinghumanrightstreatybodies.@ .6I.Staffresources19.2 .2ThegreatercomplexityandmoreintensivepaceoftheCommittee'soperationsresultingfromtheincreasednumberofStatespartiestotheCovenantandthechangesintheCommittee'smethodsofworkhaveaddedsignificantlytotheworkloadoftheSecretariatinprovidingsubstantiveservicingtotheCommitteeinrelationtothemonitoringofStatepartyreports.ThenumberofcommunicationssubmittedtotheCommitteeundertheOptionalProtocolhadalsogrown.TheCommitteeexpressedthehopethat,withintheframeworkoftherestructuring,thespecializedstaffassignedtoservicetheCommitteeinrelationbothtothemonitoringofStatepartyreportsandtotheconsiderationofcommunicationssubmittedundertheOptionalProtocolwouldbeincreasedtothelevelrequiredfortheeffectiveperformanceofthefunctionsoftheCommitteeundertheCovenant.@ . J.PublicityfortheworkoftheCommittee20.2 .2TheChairman,accompaniedbyseveraloftheCommittee'sofficersandtheSpecialRapporteuronthefollow-upofcommunications,metwiththepressateachoftheCommittee'sthreesessions.TheCommitteenotedwithsatisfactionthegreatinterestinitsworktakenbythenongovernmentalorganizationsandthankedthemfortheinformationprovided.̀K.Documentsandpublicationsrelatingtothework̀oftheCommittee21.2 .2TheCommitteenotedwithseriousconcernthedifficultiesfacedinissuingCommitteedocuments,particularlyreportsbyStatesparties,asaconsequenceofthestrictapplicationoftherulerelatingtothesimultaneousdistributionofdocumentsinalllanguages.SomeofthereportsscheduledbytheCommitteefordiscussionatthefiftyninthandsixtiethsessionswerenottranslatedintimetobedistributedtoallmembersbeforethebeginningofthosesessions,afactorwhichseriouslyinhibitedtheworkoftheCommittee.22.2 .2InaletteraddressedtotheChairmanon23April1997,theChiefofConferenceServicesinformedtheCommitteeofthedifficultiesencounteredinthetranslationandreproductionofdocuments,andinparticularreportssubmittedbyStatesparties.Hedrewattentiontothespecificdifficultiesencounteredinconnectionwithvoluminousreports.23.2 .2Inthediscussionthatfollowed,theCommitteeexpressedonceagainitswillingnesstoconsideranymeasureintendedtoreducecosts,providedthatthequalityofitsworkandtheeffectiveperformanceofitsfunctionsinconsideringStatereportsunderarticle40oftheCovenantwerenotjeopardized.Tothateffect,itdecidedthatStatesreportstransmittedtotheCommitteeunderarticle40oftheCovenantshouldhenceforthbetranslatedandprocessedinthreelanguagesonly.ThechoiceofthelanguagesconcernedwouldbemadeonacasebycasebasisinconsultationwiththeChairmanandtheRapporteuroftheCommittee.24.2 .2TheCommitteeemphasizedthattocarryoutitsmandateeffectively,membersmusthavecopiesofStatereportsintheWorkingGroupatwhichtheyaretobeconsidered.̇25.2 .2TheCommitteenotedthat20volumesoftheOfficialRecordsoftheHumanRightsCommittee(formerlyissuedasYearbookoftheHumanRightsCommittee)hadbeenpublishedinEnglish,coveringtheperiod1977/781992/93,andthatthedonationfromtheSasakawaFoundationhadmadeitpossibletoreducethebacklog.ItexpressedconcernthatfurtherworkonthereductionofthebackloghadbeensuspendedandexpressedthehopethatresourcescouldbefoundwithinoroutsidetheUnitedNationstocontinuethework,sincetheyearbookisimportantastheonlysinglesourceofinformationoftheentireworkoftheCommitteeanditscontinuingandtimelypublicationmustbeensured.Bearinginmindexistingresources,theCommitteestatedthatpriorityshouldbegiventothetranslationofitssummaryrecords.26.2 .2TheCommitteeagainurgedthattheworkofpublishingthethirdvolumeoftheselectionofdecisionsadoptedundertheOptionalProtocolbespeededupsoastoeliminatethebacklogassoonaspossible.Infuture,theselecteddecisionsshouldbepublishedregularlyandingoodtime.27.2 .2Atits1593rdmeeting(sixtiethsession),heldon17July1997,theCommitteeattendedademonstrationoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRightsWebSite(http://www.unhchr.ch)andwelcomedtheopportunitythatitcreatestodisseminateinformationabouttheCommittee'sactivities.AdemonstrationwasalsoorganizedinthepremisesoftheOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugeesabouttheCD-RomDatabase(RefWorld).@ . L.FuturemeetingsoftheCommittee28.2 .2Atitsfiftyninthsession,theCommitteeconfirmedthefollowingscheduleofmeetingsfor1998:thesixtysecondsessiontobeheldatUnitedNationsHeadquartersfrom23Marchto9April1998;thesixty-thirdsession,attheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom13to31July1998,andthesixtyfourthsessionattheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom19Octoberto6November1998.TheCommitteedecidedtopostponeadecisionregardingitscalendarofmeetingsfor1999pendinganin-depthanalysisofallissuesinvolvedinthechoiceofthevenuebyitsWorkingGroup,scheduledtomeetpriortotheCommittee'ssixtiethsession.InthatregardtheSecretariatwasrequestedtoprepareanoteonfinancialandadministrativeimplicationsrelatingtotheholdingoftheCommitteesessionsinGenevaandNewYork.29.2 .2Atitssixtiethsession,theCommitteenooknoteoftherequestedSecretariatreportcomparingcostsofasessionatUnitedNationsHeadquarters,andattheUnitedNationsOfficeatGeneva.ItdecidedthatactiononthemattershouldbedelayeduntilitcouldbediscussedwiththenewUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights.@ .M.Adoptionofthereport30.2 .2Atits1614thand1615thmeetings,heldon31Julyand1August1997,theCommitteeconsideredthedraftofitstwentyfirstannualreport,coveringitsactivitiesatthefiftyeighth,fiftyninthandsixtiethsessions,heldin1996and1997.Thereport,asamendedinthecourseofthediscussion,wasadoptedunanimously.+ӀII.METHODSOFWORKOFTHECOMMITTEEUNDERARTICLE40OF̀THECOVENANT:OVERVIEWOFPRESENTWORKINGMETHODS31.2 .2ThepresentchapterisaimedatprovidingaconciseanduptodateoverviewofthemodificationsrecentlyintroducedbytheCommitteeinitsworkingmethodsunderarticle40oftheCovenantandisparticularlydesignedtomakethecurrentproceduremoretransparentandreadilyaccessible,soastoassistStatespartiesandothersinterestedintheimplementationoftheCovenant.AdetailedaccountofthemethodsofworkappliedbytheHumanRightsCommitteefortheconsiderationofreportssubmittedbyStatespartiesappearsintheCommittee'spreviousannualreport.@ .A.Informalmeetingonproceduresandlaterdevelopments@ . (Geneva,2728July1996)32.2 .2ThemembersoftheCommitteemetoutsideformalCommitteesessionon27and28July1996(attheHenriDunantInstitute,Geneva)todiscusspossiblechangesinCommitteeprocedures.ThemeetingbaseditsagendaontheJuly1996reportoftheinformalworkinggrouponprocedureswhichmetinFebruary1996.However,thediscussiondidnotcoverallthetopicsintheinformalworkinggroup'sreport,norwasitlimitedtothosetopics.DecisionsrecommendedattheJulymeetingwereincludedinafinalreportformallyendorsedbytheCommitteeatits1557thmeeting(fiftyeighthsession)on7November1996.(DevelopmentsrelatingtotheprocessingofcommunicationsundertheOptionalProtocolaresetoutinchapterV.)Workingmethodswouldbebasedonthosedecisionsandmightbesubjecttochangeonthebasisofexperience.Someofthepracticalmethodsdecideduponaredescribedbelow.Moregenerally,theCommitteewishestoreiteratethatmethodsofworkunderarticle40oftheCovenantshouldbeasflexibleaspossibletopromoteaconstructiveandeffectivedialoguewitheachdelegationandtoensureequalityinthetreatmentofStates.@ .H B.Recentdecisionsonprocedures33.2 .2MatterswhichhavebeenthesubjectofdiscussionanddecisionbytheCommitteeinthepastyear,includingthosewhicharoseatthemeetingreferredtoabove,aresummarizedinthefollowingparagraphs.34.2 .2Themaintopicsonwhichrecentdecisionshavebeenmadeincludetheformatandfocusofperiodicreports,includingadecisionthatnotesverbalesinvitingStatespartiestosubmitreportsshouldbesentoneyearinadvanceoftheduedatefortheperiodicreport,andtheCommittee'sconcludingobservationsmadeinrelationtotheState'spreviousreportshouldsystematicallybeattached.Theprocedureforpreparingthequestionlistandthecontentofthatlist,theorganizationofquestionsandthedraftingoftheConcludingObservationswerealsothesubjectofdecisions.35.2 .2TheCommitteealsodecidedtoadoptamoreflexibleapproachtosettingthedateforthenextperiodicreportinthecaseofStatespartieswhichwerelateinthepresentationoftheirreportstotheCommittee.Atits1614thmeeting(sixtiethsession),theCommitteedecidedtoaskStatespartiestosubmittheirinitialreportsintimeforconsiderationataparticularsessionwhenthosereportsweremorethanfouryearslate.36.2 .2Atitsfiftyninthsession,theCommitteereferredtotheWorkingGrouponarticle40thequestionofdevelopingamechanismtofollowuponitsConcludingObservationsonStatereports.Atitssixtiethsession,theCommitteeagreedthatallproceduresinrelationtoarticle40shouldbefurtherstudiedbyanadhocinter-sessionalworkinggroupwhichwouldmakeitsnextreportavailabletotheCommitteeatitssixtyfirstsession.37.2 .2OthermattersconsideredwerewaystoextendtheuseofinternstoassistintheCommittee'sworkandgreaterpublicityforitswork,includingthepossibilityofpublishingitsGeneralCommentsseparately.38.2 .2TheCommitteediscusseditsworkindevelopingGeneralCommentsandagreedthatitshouldexercisecautionindevelopingcommentswherethejurisprudenceinanareawasnotsufficientlydeveloped.39.2 .2TheCommitteealsodiscussedtheinputofnon-governmentalorganizationsandhowtoensurethatmaterialfromsuchorganizationsreachedtheCommitteeingoodtimeandthattheyhaveadequateinformationabouttheCommittee'swork.TheCommitteerecommendsthatStatesmaketheirreportsfullypublicandavailabletolocalnon-governmentalorganizationswellinadvanceoftheCommittee'sexamination.ThisismorefeasiblesincetheCommitteedecidedthatStatereportstobeexaminedarelistedtwosessionsahead.@ .` Linkstootherhumanrightstreatiesandtreatybodies40.2 .2TheCommitteeisaffectedbytheworkofthemorespecializedhumanrightstreatybodiesbutshouldbemindfulthatithasauthorityonlytointerpretandapplytheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights.ThestandardsofhumanrightsprotectionunderthevarioustreatiesarenotidenticalandwhileitmayberegrettablethatStateshavenotrationalizedtheirobligations,theCommitteecannotdothisontheirbehalf.Consequently,theCommitteetakescarenottosowconfusionbyreferencetothedecisionsofothertreatybodies.Nevertheless,ifanothertreatybodydevelopsanappropriatejurisprudence,theCommitteemaydrawuponitinappropriatecircumstances,althoughpreferablywithoutcitingit.41.2 .2TheCommitteekeepsitselfinformedoftheworkoftheothertreatybodies.ForthesakeofthemanyStatespartiestoseveralcovenants,theCommitteeavoidsconflictwiththeworkofothertreatybodieswhenpossible.TheCommitteeonceagainattemptedtoestablishrapporteurstosetupcommunicationswitheachoftheothertreatybodies(Ms.ElizabethEvattfortheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomenandMr.PrafullachandraNatwarlalBhagwatifortheCommitteeagainstTorture).42.2 .2Otherhumanrightstreatiesarerelevantinthecontextofreservations.ThereisparticularconcernaboutStatesthathavemadereservationstotheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomenwithregardtoobligationsthattheyhadacceptedwithoutreservationundertheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights.TheCommitteeundertakestopresssuchStatestoclarifytheirpositionwithregardtotherightsatissue,reaffirmingthatareservationtoanotherhumanrightstreatycannotinanywaydiminishtheobligationsofaStateundertheCovenant.&  @ .C.Otherissuesrelatingtomethodsofworkunderarticle4043.2 .2Atits1574thmeeting(fiftyninthsession),heldon3April1997,'  Ms.AngelaKing,AssistantSecretaryGeneral,SpecialAdviseronGenderIssuesandAdvancementofWomen,appearedbeforetheCommitteetodiscussvariousissuesrelatingtoafurtheringofthecooperationbetweentheSecretariat'sDivisionfortheAdvancementofWomenandtheCommittee.Afteraveryfruitfuldiscussion,itwasagreedthatrepresentativesoftheDivisionwouldhenceforthbeinvitedtoattendthemeetingofthepre-sessionalWorkingGrouponarticle40referredtoinparagraph13andwouldprovideCommitteememberswithappropriateinformationstemmingfromactivitiesoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen.44.2 .2RulesofProcedureincorporatingamendmentsmadesincethelastpublicationoftheRuleswereadoptedon1August1997andwilloperateasfromthatdate.ǀIII.SUBMISSIONOFREPORTSBYSTATESPARTIESUNDER̀ARTICLE40OFTHECOVENANT45.2 .2Underarticle2,paragraph1,oftheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights,eachStatepartyundertakestorespectandtoensuretoallindividualswithinitsterritoryandsubjecttoitsjurisdictiontherightsrecognizedintheCovenant.Inconnectionwiththisprovision,article40,paragraph1,oftheCovenantrequiresStatespartiestosubmitreportsonthemeasuresadoptedandtheprogressachievedintheenjoymentofthevariousrightsandonanyfactorsanddifficultiesthatmayaffecttheimplementationoftheCovenant.StatespartiesundertaketosubmitreportswithinoneyearoftheentryintoforceoftheCovenantfortheStatepartyconcernedandthereafterwhenevertheCommitteesorequests.InordertoassistStatespartiesinsubmittingreports,theHumanRightsCommitteeapproved,atitssecondsession,generalguidelinesregardingtheformandcontentsofinitialreports(seeCCPR/C/5/Rev.2)stemmingfromtheworkoftheCommittee.46.2 .2Atitsthirteenthsession(July1981),theCommitteeadoptedadecisionrequiringStatespartiestosubmitperiodicreportstotheCommitteeeveryfiveyearsfromtheduedateoftheinitialreport.Atthesamesession,theCommitteeadoptedguidelinesregardingtheformandcontentsofperiodicreportsfromStatespartiesunderarticle40,paragraph1(b),oftheCovenant(seeCCPR/C/20/Rev.2).47.2 .2Atitsthirtyninthsession(July1990),theCommitteeadoptedanamendmenttoitsguidelinesforthesubmissionofinitialandperiodicreports,requestingStatespartiestoreportonactiontakeninresponsetotheissuancebytheCommitteeofviewsundertheOptionalProtocol.Atitsfortysecondsession(July1991),theCommitteereviseditsgeneralguidelinesforthesubmissionofinitialandperiodicreportstotakeintoaccounttheconsolidatedguidelinesfortheinitialpartofthereportsofStatespartiestobesubmittedunderthevariousinternationalhumanrightsinstruments,includingtheCovenant(the"Coredocument")(HRI/CORE/1).Atitsfiftythirdsession(March1995),theCommitteefurtheramendeditsguidelinestorequestStatestoincludeintheirreportsinformationonanyfactorsaffectingtheequalenjoymentbywomenoftherightsprotectedundertheCovenant.̀A.ReportssubmittedbyStatespartiesunder󀀀article40oftheCovenant48.2 .2Duringtheperiodcoveredbythepresentreport,theCommitteereceived17initialorperiodicreports.InitialorperiodicreportsweresubmittedbyArmenia,Austria,Belgium,Cameroon,Canada,Ecuador,Italy,Jamaica,Japan,Mexico,Morocco,Norway,Sudan,UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland(relatingtoJersey,GuernseyandtheIsleofMan),UnitedRepublicofTanzania,UruguayandZimbabwe.TheCommitteealsoreceivedinformationsupplementingthefourthperiodicreportofBelarus,aswellasareportfromtheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandrelatingtoHongKongsubmittedincompliancewithadecisionoftheCommittee.&  ԀB.ObservationsofStatespartiesontheCommittee's̀concludingcomments49.2 .2TheCommitteetooknoteofinformationtransmittedbytheGovernmentof'  ColombiaanddecidedtoreferittotheWorkingGroupthatwasscheduledtomeetpriortothesixtyfirstsession.50.2 .2AletterwasreceivedfromthePermanentMissionofGeorgiaannexingaNotedated6May1997bytheDeputySecretaryoftheNationalSecurityCouncilonHumanRightsIssuesoftheRepublicofGeorgiacommentingontheCommittee'sconcludingobservationsandinformingtheCommitteeaboutstepstakentoputthoseobservationsintoeffectandtodisseminatetheminGeorgia.TheletterwasreferredtotheWorkingGroupthatwasscheduledtomeetpriortothesixty-firstsession.ǀIV.STATESTHATHAVENOTCOMPLIEDWITHTHEIROBLIGATIONS̀UNDERARTICLE4051.2 .2StatespartiestotheCovenantmustsubmitthereportsreferredtoinarticle40oftheCovenantontimesothattheCommitteecandulyperformitsfunctionsunderthatarticle.ThosereportsarethebasisofthedialoguebetweentheCommitteeandStatesparties,andanydelayintheirsubmissionmeansaninterruptionofthatprocess.However,seriousdelayshavebeennotedsincetheestablishmentoftheCommittee.Remindersweresenton1July1997toStatespartieswhosereportshadnotbeensubmittedasscheduled.Inaddition,atthefiftyninthsession(March/April1997),themembersoftheBureaumetinNewYorkwiththepermanentrepresentativesofStatespartieswhoseinitialreport,periodicreportorreportunderaspecialdecisionoftheCommitteehadbeenoverdueformorethanthreeyears.SuchcontactsweremadewiththepermanentrepresentativesofalltheStatesconcerned.Inaddition,duringtheperiodcoveredbythepresentreport,theCommitteetookothermeasurestoinduceStatespartieseffectivelytocarryouttheirreportingobligationunderarticle40oftheCovenant.52.2 .2