WPC LAjM5CoOevv'5'!7PGAq<ؙ90LKx5:C($"@ 4QL׈E uYp*r~ThGpl=G-gŒ T3?OÉɕx$ѳ=Vl B\`b9(sJX!CAh{P[ns{.H^ĺ%S3/`*aw=_7&٦1DAN?i V!u׵cII8gO P)DDQS|*oU .~:ԘUWt̔$뤴7 9(D|$Grc7n^vnD$8q+^Lgau-܆˻0r(bǡ89`eyi3ʁ G{PEJ6c ~ 0 0{ 0v 0vt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0) 0< 0N 0a^ 0 0 0H 0 0 0 0R 06 0U80 % 0z 0  0= 0F! 0Pa! 1! 0D" 1" 0#$ 0q)ES* 0U* 0+ 0+ 0&~, 0&, 0&, 0&, 0&- 0&<- 0&b- 0&- 0&- 0(- 0(- 0$. B/ D3/0 00 0C1 A M1 BQ>2 0 [2U.5 1 o66 0 +8 0 9; 0=> 0?@ 0BC^DF 0Z"G^|IJ 0KY^NO^OPQ 0:RYTVMVWXo>YX@U0o>Y3@q   0=% b  0K* u= Cfa Sfafah 0Q  1^nZ 0 q8 1m8w4 mV1 P8Document[8]Document Style0..8` ..`   V$8Document[4]Document Style.. .   V ]8Document[6]Document Style8..  V 8Document[5]Document Style0..  V:8Document[2]Document Style   2A.3  Ԁ   V1 8Document[7]Document Style0..0` ..`   z` :Right Par[1]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers..  2I.3  Ԁ..0..zs B:Right Par[2]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers..` ..  2A.3  Ԁ..0` ..` VJ8Document[3]Document Style..   21.3  Ԁ   z :Right Par[3]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers..` ..`  ..P   21.3  Ԁ` ..` 0 .. z &:Right Par[4]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers..` ..`  .. ..   2a.3  Ԁ .. 0..z {j:Right Par[5]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers..` ..`  .. ..h..  2(1)3  Ԁ..0h..hz Ĵ:Right Par[6]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers..` ..`  .. ..h..h..  2(a)3  Ԁh..h0..z :Right Par[7]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers..` ..`  .. ..h..h....  2i)3  Ԁ..0..z :Right Par[8]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers..` ..`  .. ..h..h....p..  2a)3  Ԁ..0p..pVc08Document[1]Document Style  @..^    2I.3  Ԁ     Ԉ l= g:Technical[5]Technical Document Style..   2(1)3  Ԁ. l= :Technical[6]Technical Document Style..   2(a)3  Ԁ. l:%:Technical[2]Technical Document Style   2A.3  Ԁ   .. l7!:Technical[3]Technical Document Style   21.3  Ԁ   .. l6! ):Technical[4]Technical Document Style   2a.3  Ԁ   .. lE0 D:Technical[1]Technical Document Style    2I.3  Ԁ     .. l<a~:Technical[7]Technical Document Style..   2i)3  Ԁ. l<a:Technical[8]Technical Document Style..   2a)3  Ԁ. ) `CG Times'   9724764E 2 0ck (F).A/52/40(140 FINAL PAGES  R& 8BibliogrphyBibliography0....fE2Doc InitInitialize Document Style( "   ( !($0 ($0 0 (($0 0 0   A_ekqwDocumentDocument StyleI.1.A.a.(1)(a)i)a)jD4Tech InitInitialize Technical Style( $ ( CuyTechnicalTechnical Document Style11.11.1.11.1.1.11.1.1.1.11.1.1.1.1.11.1.1.1.1.1.11.1.1.1.1.1.1.1x?t2PleadingHeader for numbered pleading paper &  'ѧ(USUS.,'F` X'   $Xr[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AF^rXX?>('*dE*??>('*dE*?\\1\\2\\3\\4\\5\\6\\7\\8\\910111213141516171819202122232425262728  .+(2ѧ$ x3!USUS.,'F` X'   PM0HeadingChapter Heading@..    2I.3  Ԁ   Ԉ tZ 4Right ParRight-Aligned Paragraph Numbers..   2I.3  Ԁ  0..LH6SubheadingSubheading   2A.3  ..    &$1&$2&$3&$4&$5&$6&$7&$8&$9(&10(&11j(.BorderPlaces border around the page X  X X  X G=8($Z L`".@@@G       Q=>>>>:*&Z Lp!(- @@Q       K Kd8888'dxd Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(2ѧ$ x3!USUS.,'F` X'   ($     :;<9A<< c d_0ukstyleFormat standard with headers and footers definitionUKUS.,  TRX3'3'3' Letter3'TX  +88@̱ fX fXC A $#zC--B$882 X$<6X9`(Courier$57=EMS[ci121.(a)(i)a.(1)(a)i)a)  Cѧ)USUS.,'F` X'   @̱88r[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AF^r@VV2  1  ڄ(2ѧ$ x3!USUS.,'F` X'   (4landscapecodes for tables in landscape with headers/footers   TRO'33''3 Letter Landscape3'T  +EIL(  Fѧ*USUS.,'F` X'   $X(r[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AF^r=G>>>>L<8z \ X p  @@EX8z(2ѧ$ x3!USUS.,'F` X'     Hѧ"USUS.,'F` X'   r[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AF^r/...(2ѧ$ x3!USUS.,'F` X'     Jѧ'USUS.,'F` X'   $X(r[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AF^r=K>>>>QA=z|P.p p  @@EP.pP-Hz(2ѧ$ x3!USUS.,'F` X'     Hѧ"USUS.,'F` X'   r[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AF^r T '(  $X(o[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXo=M>>>>QA=z|P.$# p  @@EP.  -8   Hѧ"USUS.,'F` X'   r[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AF^r4landsuppllandscape with bottom centered pagination  TRO'33''3 Letter Landscape3'TXH(XO T J'  $X(Xo[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXo=P>>>>QA=z|\ p  @@E\z@ H"  o[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXo@H  1  ڄ(A0landtoplandscape with header including top center pagination  TRO'33''3 Letter Landscape3'T  +RT$ O C)  $X$o[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXo=S>>>>L<8z \ X p  @@EX8z H"  o[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXo/... T J'  $X$o[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXo=U>>>>QA=z| 0\ p  @@E 0\~^D/\@ H"  o[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXo@H  1  ڄ@HHHh@2landbondlandscape with bond header  TRO'33''3 Letter Landscape3'TWY$ O C)  $X$o[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXo=X>>>>L<8z \ X p  @@EX8z H"  o[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXo/... C J'  $X$o[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXo~=>>>>B2.Z|P. @@EP.P-HD~ <>N9724764E<><>A/52/40(Vol.I)(Suppl)<><><>ZWPC  9513 ,, XF}G"?!   ?  ? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?? ? ? ? ? >? ?0 0 0  ??? ?        ?  ? ?   ? ??      ?8 ? ~   ??? ? ??? ? ? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ? ? ?? ??? ?0? x??????~??<???????????? ? ???8x???? ??????x  ?x ?   ?@ #? # #??>???????????? ?????`?`?  ?~??????????????????B8<BpC???C???C??B?B?`B??B??B???B??B???C???B???C??C??C*?C?G?C?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? p?>? <~p??>>x??>?8??<>8??<~??8?8???? ??? ?? ?? > <?   |? ??  x? ?? p?? ??? ?? `?? ?????????????????        ?   ?   ?   ? ?   ?       ?   ? p?#@x?#/?#??>?>?~?????????@ ????? ????????????????? ??? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??   ? ?  ? ?? 8? >???   ? ?  ? `?  `?  p?  p? 0? p?? x? p? ? 0?.??? 0? 0?? 0x  x ? x ?8 ?8 ?<  <   '  -  -?  -?=  ?0?  ?0?? -?`x?? #p? #` ? ? -?-?!? !?? ?! ??? ??  ?    ?~? ?~????? 0? ?  ? ?? >?? <? 8? ? ? ?@ `   ?x   ~  8  ? ??????????????? ?? ? ???? p?? ??`?< >? ?0~ 0?  ? ? ??? ???????????????? ?  ?? ?????`??? ?? ? ? ?? ?? ???? ?   ??   ?   ?  ?  ? ?   ??  ? ?   ~        ? ??  >   ?   ??       8  `  ?? ???   ?  ?    ?p    ?   ?     ?  ?   ?   ??    ?   ?? ?   ?    8 ?  _   ?               ?  ? @  ? ?  8 ~  ?  ?  ?    ?   ? ?  ??  ?   ?       ???? ?       ?? ? ?       ?? (G\UNLOGO1.WPG* `CG TimesWPC  9513 ,, XF}G"?!   ?  ? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?? ? ? ? ? >? ?0 0 0  ??? ?        ?  ? ?   ? ??      ?8 ? ~   ??? ? ??? ? ? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ? ? ?? ??? ?0? x??????~??<???????????? ? ???8x???? ??????x  ?x ?   ?@ #? # #??>???????????? ?????`?`?  ?~??????????????????B8<BpC???C???C??B?B?`B??B??B???B??B???C???B???C??C??C*?C?G?C?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? p?>? <~p??>>x??>?8??<>8??<~??8?8???? ??? ?? ?? > <?   |? ??  x? ?? p?? ??? ?? `?? ?????????????????        ?   ?   ?   ? ?   ?       ?   ? p?#@x?#/?#??>?>?~?????????@ ????? ????????????????? ??? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??   ? ?  ? ?? 8? >???   ? ?  ? `?  `?  p?  p? 0? p?? x? p? ? 0?.??? 0? 0?? 0x  x ? x ?8 ?8 ?<  <   '  -  -?  -?=  ?0?  ?0?? -?`x?? #p? #` ? ? -?-?!? !?? ?! ??? ??  ?    ?~? ?~????? 0? ?  ? ?? >?? <? 8? ? ? ?@ `   ?x   ~  8  ? ??????????????? ?? ? ???? p?? ??`?< >? ?0~ 0?  ? ? ??? ???????????????? ?  ?? ?????`??? ?? ? ? ?? ?? ???? ?   ??   ?   ?  ?  ? ?   ??  ? ?   ~        ? ??  >   ?   ??       8  `  ?? ???   ?  ?    ?p    ?   ?     ?  ?   ?   ??    ?   ?? ?   ?    8 ?  _   ?               ?  ? @  ? ?  8 ~  ?  ?  ?    ?   ? ?  ??  ?   ?       ???? ?       ?? ? ?       ?? (G_UNLOGO1.WPG C)  @ 8  8 Rl@..$    ڄ($     d$  )8 8 P")  SeeOfficialRecordsoftheGeneralAssembly,FiftysecondSession,SupplementNo.40(A/52/40),vol.II.(2c$ x3!USUS.,'F` X'   +@̱88Ҁ  0  ڀ d$  )8 8 P")  SeeOfficialRecordsoftheGeneralAssembly,FiftysecondSession,SupplementNo.40(A/52/40),vol.II. C)  @ 8  8  8,    @ .$    ڄ dTable_A C)  @ 8  8 882   @ .$    ڄ C)  @ 8  8 882   @ .$    ڄ C)  @ 8  8 882^   @ .$    ڄTable_B C)  @ 8  8 88  @ .$    ڄTable_C C)  @ 8  8 882   @ .$    ڄ C)  @ 8  8 882l   @ .$    ڄ("2$ x3!USUS.,'F` X'   +@̱88Ҁ  0    5u{13Right-Aligned Paragraph NumbersI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)3|d) `CG Timesc PE37P<6X9`(Courierd6X@`7@) `CG Times PE37P* `CG Timesxx PE37xP* `CG Times PE37P) `CG TimesO PE37P<6X9`(CourierwZ6X@`7@<6X9`(CourierMP6X@`7@(3$USUS.,'F` X'  # e37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)\^)~dU x3!USUS.,'F` X'   UKUS.,[( $$$$Z%A/52/40=]QA=z (  ` @@EOOO߈   ` h   m UnitedNations  `  i   #aPddxDD y m^xDD y yxDDReportofthe i HumanRightsCommittee^m  y^xDDm  ^mVolumeI   #dPaPGeneralAssembly   b m^bbOfficialRecords^^b^b^bbԀFiftysecondSession   SupplementNo.40(A/52/40)  |  E) `CG TimesE    M A/52/40    E) `CG TimesEReportoftheHumanRightsCommitteeVolumeI#dPE^* `CG TimesEGeneralAssembly  OfficialRecordsE) `CG TimesEE^* `CG TimesEԀFiftysecondSessionSupplementNo.40(A/52/40) * b=`QA=z (  ` @@b - UnitedNationsE) `CG TimesEE^* `CG TimesEԀNewYork,1997  E) `CG TimesERl 4  4    @.. NOTESymbolsofUnitedNationsdocumentsarecomposedofcapitalletterscombinedwithfigures.MentionofsuchasymbolindicatesareferencetoaUnitedNationsdocument. #/ @..ISSN0255-2353#ddԈ ? UK     \R3'\ X      + 8  8 C@<6X9`(CourierC( A $(a882   (  #..[Original:English]#..[21September1997]@..\CONTENTS 88tChaptert..tParagraphsPage   , )8 8 P") .I. .ORGANIZATIONALANDOTHERMATTERS..................... .<130P" .!1 . .A. .StatespartiestotheInternationalCovenanton . .CivilandPoliticalRights....................... .<14P" .!1 . .B. .Sessions.........................................5P" .!1 . .C. .Elections,membershipandattendance............. . .<68P" .!1 . .D. .Solemndeclaration...............................9P" .!2 . .E. .Electionofofficers............................. . .1011P" .!2 . .F. .SpecialRapporteurs..............................12P" .!2 . .G. .Workinggroups................................... . .1316P" .!3 . .H. .Othermatters.................................... . .1718P" .!3 . .I. .Staffresources..................................19P" .!4 . .J. .PublicityfortheworkoftheCommittee..........20P" .!4 . .K. .Documentsandpublicationsrelatingtotheworkof . . .theCommittee.................................... . .2127P" .!4 . .L. .FuturemeetingsoftheCommittee................. . .2829P" .!5 . .M. .Adoptionofthereport...........................30P" .!5 .II. .METHODSOFWORKOFTHECOMMITTEEUNDERARTICLE40OF . .THECOVENANT:OVERVIEWOFPRESENTWORKINGMETHODS... .3144P" .!6 . .A. .Informalmeetingonproceduresandlater . . .developments.....................................32P" .!6 . .B. .Recentdecisionsonprocedures................... . .3342P" .!6 . .C. .Otherissuesrelatingtomethodsofworkunder . . .article40....................................... . .4344P" .!8 .4III. .SUBMISSIONOFREPORTSBYSTATESPARTIESUNDER . .ARTICLE40OFTHECOVENANT........................... .4550P" .!9 . .A. .ReportssubmittedbyStatespartiesunder . . .article40oftheCovenant.......................48P" .!9 . .B. .ObservationsofStatespartiesontheCommittee's . . .concludingcomments.............................. . .4950P" .!10@ .CONTENTS(continued) 88tChaptert .tParagraphsPage   , )8 8 P") .IV. .STATESTHATHAVENOTCOMPLIEDWITHTHEIROBLIGATIONS . .UNDERARTICLE40..................................... .5153P" .!11 .V. .CONSIDERATIONOFREPORTSSUBMITTEDBYSTATESPARTIES . .UNDERARTICLE40OFTHECOVENANT..................... .54450P" .!13 . .A. .Denmark.......................................... . .5577P" .!14 . .B. .UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthern . . .Ireland(HongKong).............................. . .7885P" .!17 . .C. .Switzerland...................................... . .86116P" .!19 . .D. .Gabon............................................ . .t117145P" .!24 . .E. .Peru............................................. . .t146170P" .!28 . .F. .Germany.......................................... . .t171190P" .!32 . .G. .Bolivia.......................................... . .t191227P" .!35 . .H. .Georgia.......................................... . .t228263P" .!40 . .I. .Colombia......................................... . .t264308P" .!44 . .J. .Portugal(Macau)................................. . .t309330P" .!50 . .K. .Lebanon.......................................... . .t331361P" .!53 . .L. .Slovakia......................................... . .t362387P" .!58 . .M. .France........................................... . .t388415P" .!62 . .N. .India............................................ . .t416450P" .!67 .VI. .GENERALCOMMENTSOFTHECOMMITTEE.................... .t451452P" .!73 .4VII. .CONSIDERATIONOFCOMMUNICATIONSUNDERTHEOPTIONAL . .PROTOCOL............................................. .t453517P" .!74 . .A. .Progressofwork................................. . .t455461P" .!74 . .B. .GrowthoftheCommittee'scaseloadunderthe . . .OptionalProtocol................................ . .t462465P" .!75 . .C. .Approachestoexaminingcommunicationsunderthe . . .OptionalProtocol................................ . .t466471P" .!76 . .D. .Individualopinions.............................. . .t472473P" .!77 . .E. .IssuesconsideredbytheCommittee............... . .t474516P" .!78 . .F. .RemediescalledforundertheCommittee'sViews..517P" .!87@ .CONTENTS(continued) 88tChaptert .tParagraphsPage   , )8 8 P") .VIII. .FOLLOWUPACTIVITIESUNDERTHEOPTIONALPROTOCOL..... .t518557P" .!88@ .Annexes .I. .STATESPARTIESTOTHEINTERNATIONALCOVENANTONCIVILAND . .POLITICALRIGHTSANDTOTHEOPTIONALPROTOCOLSANDSTATESWHICH . .HAVEMADETHEDECLARATIONUNDERARTICLE41OFTHECOVENANTAS . .AT1AUGUST1997.................................................P" .$!102 . .A. .StatespartiestotheInternationalCovenantonCiviland . . .PoliticalRights.............................................P" .$!102 . .B. .StatespartiestotheOptionalProtocol......................P" .$!105 . .C. .StatusoftheSecondOptionalProtocolaimingattheabolition . . .ofthedeathpenalty.........................................P" .$!108 . .D. .Stateswhichhavemadethedeclarationunderarticle41of . . .theCovenant.................................................P" .$!108 .II. .MEMBERSHIPANDOFFICERSOFTHEHUMANRIGHTSCOMMITTEE,19961997.P" .$!111 . .A. .Membership...................................................P" .$!111 . .B. .Officers.....................................................P" .$!111 .4III. .SUBMISSIONOFREPORTSANDADDITIONALINFORMATIONBYSTATESPARTIES . .UNDERARTICLE40OFTHECOVENANTDURINGTHEPERIODUNDERREVIEW..P" .$!112 .IV. .STATUSOFREPORTSCONSIDEREDDURINGTHEPERIODUNDERREVIEWAND . .OFREPORTSSTILLPENDINGBEFORETHECOMMITTEE....................P" .$!119 .V. .LISTOFSTATESPARTIES'DELEGATIONSTHATPARTICIPATEDINTHE . .CONSIDERATIONOFTHEIRRESPECTIVEREPORTSBYTHEHUMANRIGHTS . .COMMITTEEATITSFIFTYEIGHTH,FIFTYNINTHANDSIXTIETHSESSIONS.P" .$!121 .VI. .VIEWSOFTHEHUMANRIGHTSCOMMITTEEUNDERARTICLE5,PARAGRAPH4, . .OFTHEOPTIONALPROTOCOL* c   ׀ . . .A. .CommunicationNo.481/1991;JorgeVillacrsOrtegav.Ecuador0 .0 .0 .(Viewsadoptedon8April1997,fiftyninthsession) .P" .P" . .B.0 .CommunicationNo.526/1993;MichaelandBrianHillv.Spain0 .0 .0 .(Viewsadoptedon2April1997,fiftyninthsession) . . .Appendix . .C. .CommunicationNo.528/1993;MichaelSteadmanv.Jamaica . . .(Viewsadoptedon2April1997,fiftyninthsession)+@ .CONTENTS(continued) 88tChaptert .tPage   , )8 8 P") . .D. .CommunicationNo.529/1993;HervinEdwardsv.Jamaica . . .(Viewsadoptedon28July1997,sixtiethsession) . .E. .CommunicationNo.533/1993;HaroldElahiev.TrinidadandTobago . . .(Viewsadoptedon28July1997,sixtiethsession) . .F. .CommunicationNo.535/1993;LloydellRichardsv.Jamaica . . .(Viewsadoptedon31March1997,fiftyninthsession) . . .Appendix . .G. .CommunicationNo.538/1993;CharlesE.Stewartv.Canada . . .(Viewsadoptedon1November1996,fiftyeighthsession) . . .Appendix . .H. .CommunicationNo.549/1993;FrancisHopuandTepoaituBessert . . .v.France . . .(Viewsadoptedon29July1997,sixtiethsession) . .I. .CommunicationNo.550/1993;RobertFaurissonv.France . . .(Viewsadoptedon8November1996,fiftyeighthsession) . . .Appendix . .J. .CommunicationNo.552/1993;WieslawKallv.Poland . . .(Viewsadoptedon14July1997,sixtiethsession) . .K. .CommunicationNo.558/1993;GiosueCanepav.Canada . . .(Viewsadoptedon3April1997,fiftyninthsession) . . .Appendix . .L. .CommunicationNo.560/1993;Av.Australia . . .(Viewsadoptedon3April1997,fiftyninthsession) . . .Appendix . .M. .CommunicationNo.561/1993;DesmondWilliamsv.Jamaica . . .(Viewsadoptedon8April1997,fiftyninthsession) . .N. .CommunicationNo.572/1994;HezekiahPricev.Jamaica . . .(Viewsadoptedon6November1996,fiftyeighthsession) . .O. .CommunicationNo.587/1994;IrvineReynoldsv.Jamaica . . .(Viewsadoptedon3April1997,fiftyninthsession) . .P. .CommunicationNo.607/1994;MichaelAdamsv.Jamaica . . .(Viewsadoptedon30October1996,fiftyeighthsession) . .Q. .CommunicationNo.612/1995;Arhuacosv.Colombia . . .(Viewsadoptedon29July1997,sixtiethsession) . .R. .CommunicationNo.639/1995;LawsonRichardsandTrevorWalker . . .v.Jamaica . . .(Viewsadoptedon28July1997,sixtiethsession)@ .CONTENTS(continued) 88tChaptert .tPage   , )8 8 P") . .S. .CommunicationNo.671/1995;JouniE.Lnsmanetal.v.Finland . . .(Viewsadoptedon30October1996,fiftyeighthsession) . .T. .CommunicationNo.692/1996;A.R.J.v.Australia . . .(Viewsadoptedon28July1997,sixtiethsession) . .U. .CommunicationNo.696/1996;PeterBlainev.Jamaica . . .(Viewsadoptedon17July1997,sixtiethsession) . . .Appendix . .V. .CommunicationNo.702/1996;CliffordMcLawrencev.Jamaica . . .(Viewsadoptedon18July1997,sixtiethsession) . . .Appendix . .W. .CommunicationNo.707/1996;PatrickTaylorv.Jamaica . . .(Viewsadoptedon14July1997,sixtiethsession) . .X. .CommunicationNo.708/1996;NevilleLewisv.Jamaica . . .(Viewsadoptedon17July1997,sixtiethsession) . . .Appendix .4VII. .DECISIONSOFTHEHUMANRIGHTSCOMMITTEEDECLARINGCOMMUNICATIONS . .INADMISSIBLEUNDERTHEOPTIONALPROTOCOL e    . .A. .CommunicationNo.557/1994;KlausWerenbeckv.Australia . . .(Decisionof27March1997,fiftyninthsession) . .B. .CommunicationNo.593/1994;PatrickHollandv.Ireland . . .(Decisionof25October1996,fiftyeighthsession) . .C. .CommunicationNo.601/1994;E.J.andC.M.Drakev.NewZealand . . .(Decisionof3April1997,fiftyninthsession) . .D. .CommunicationNo.603/1994;AndresBaduv.Canada . . .(Decisionof18July1997,sixtiethsession) . .E. .CommunicationNo.604/1994;JosephNarteyv.Canada . . .(Decisionof18July1997,sixtiethsession) . .F. .CommunicationNo.632/1995;HerbertThomasPotterv.NewZealand . . .(Decisionof28July1997,sixtiethsession) . .G. .CommunicationNo.643/1995;PeterDrobekv.Slovakia . . .(Decisionof14July1997,sixtiethsession) . . .Appendix . .H. .CommunicationNo.654/1995;KwameWilliamsAduv.Canada . . .(Decisionof18July1997,sixtiethsession)@ .CONTENTS(continued) 88tChaptert .tPage   , )8 8 P") . .I. .CommunicationNo.658/1995;JacobandJantinaHendrikavanOord . . .v.theNetherlands . . .(Decisionof23July1997,sixtiethsession) . .J. .CommunicationNo.659/1995;BrigitteLangv.Australia . . .(Decisionof8November1996,fiftyeighthsession) . .K. .CommunicationNo.661/1995;PaulTribouletv.France . . .(Decisionof29July1997,sixtiethsession) . .L. .CommunicationNo.674/1995;LdvikEmilKaaberv.Iceland . . .(Decisionof5November1996,fiftyeighthsession) . .M. .CommunicationNo.679/1996;Darwishv.Austria . . .(Decisionof28July1997,sixtiethsession) . .N. .CommunicationNo.698/1996;GonzaloBoneloSnchezv.Spain . . .(Decisionof29July1997,sixtiethsession) . .O. .CommunicationNo.700/1996;TrevorL.Jarmanv.Australia . . .(Decisionof8November1996,fiftyeighthsession) . .P. .CommunicationNo.755/1997;ClarenceT.Maloneyv.Germany . . .(Decisionof29July1997,sixtiethsession) . .Q. .CommunicationNo.758/1997;JosMaraG;mezNavarrov.Spain . . .(Decisionof29July1997,sixtiethsession) . .R. .CommunicationNo.761/1997;RanjitSinghv.Canada . . .(Decisionof29July1997,sixtiethsession) .VIII. .LISTOFDOCUMENTSISSUEDDURINGTHEREPORTINGPERIOD..............P" .$!130 8,   ? UK     \R3'\ X      +C@<6X9`(CourierC  ( A $(f882     f&@ . I.ORGANIZATIONALANDOTHERMATTERS̀A.StatespartiestotheInternationalCovenantoǹCivilandPoliticalRights1.2 .2Asat1August1997,theclosingdateofthesixtiethsessionoftheHumanRightsCommittee,138StateshadratifiedoraccededorsucceededtotheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRightsand92StateshadratifiedoraccededtotheOptionalProtocoltotheCovenant.BothinstrumentswereadoptedbytheGeneralAssemblyinresolution2200A(XXI)of16December1966andopenedforsignatureandratificationinNewYorkon19December1966.Theyenteredintoforceon23March1976,inaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheirarticles49and9,respectively.Also,asat1August1997,45Stateshadmadethedeclarationenvisagedunderarticle41,paragraph1,oftheCovenant,whichcameintoforceon28March1979.2.2 .2TheSecondOptionalProtocol,aimingattheabolitionofthedeathpenalty,whichwasadoptedandopenedforsignature,ratificationoraccessionbytheGeneralAssemblyinresolution44/128of15December1989,enteredintoforceon11July1991,inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofitsarticle8.Asat1August1997,therewere30StatespartiestotheSecondOptionalProtocol.3.2 .2AlistofStatespartiestotheCovenantandtotheOptionalProtocols,indicatingthosewhichhavemadethedeclarationunderarticle41,paragraph1,oftheCovenant,iscontainedinannexItothepresentreport.4.2 .2ReservationsandotherdeclarationsmadebyanumberofStatespartiesinrespectoftheCovenantand/ortheOptionalProtocolsaresetoutindocumentCCPR/C/2/Rev.4andinthenotificationsdepositedwiththeSecretaryGeneral.@ .B.Sessions5.2 .2TheHumanRightsCommitteeheldthreesessionssincetheadoptionofitspreviousannualreport.Thefifty-eighthsession(1531stto1559thmeetings)washeldattheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom21Octoberto8November1996,thefifty-ninthsession(1560thto1586thmeetings),atUnitedNationsHeadquartersfrom24Marchto11April1997,andthesixtiethsession(1587thto1615thmeetings),attheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom14Julyto1August1997.@ . C.Elections,membershipandattendance6.2 .2AttheSixteenthMeetingofStatesPartiestotheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights,heldatUnitedNationsHeadquarterson12September1996,ninemembersoftheCommitteewereelected,inaccordancewitharticles28to32oftheCovenant,tofillvacanciescreatedbytheexpirationoftermsofofficeon31December1996.Thefollowingmemberswereelectedforthefirsttime:Ms.PilarGaitandePombo,Ms.LaureMoghaizel,Mr.MartinScheinin,Mr.DaniloTrkandMr.MaxwellYalden.LordColville,Ms.ElizabethEvatt,Mr.RajsoomerLallahandMr.FaustoPocarwerere-elected.Atits1554thmeeting(fiftyeighthsession),heldon5November1996,theCommitteeexpresseditswarmestgratitudetotheoutgoingmembersoftheCommitteeandpaidparticulartributetoMr.A.Mavrommatis,whoservedasChairmanoftheCommitteeduringitsfirsttenyears,forhisoutstandingcontributiontotheCommittee'sworkunderarticle40oftheCovenantandalsoundertheOptionalProtocol.7.2 .2Atthe1587thmeeting(sixtiethsession),heldon14July1997,theChairmaninformedtheCommitteeofthedeathofoneofitsmembers,Ms.LaureMoghaizel(Lebanon).MembersoftheCommitteeexpressedtheirsorrowatheruntimelydeathandpaidtributetohercontributiontotheworkoftheCommittee.8.2 .2AllthemembersoftheCommitteeparticipatedinthefiftyeighthandfiftyninthsessions.Mr.OmranElShafeididnotattendthesixtiethsession.@ .D.Solemndeclaration9.2 .2Atthe1560thmeetingoftheCommittee(fiftyninthsession),heldon24March1997,LordColville,Ms.ElizabethEvatt,Ms.PilarGaitandePombo,Mr.RajsoomerLallah,Ms.LaureMoghaizel,Mr.FaustoPocar,Mr.MartinScheinin,Mr.DaniloTrkandMr.MaxwellYalden,whohadbeenelectedattheSixteenthMeetingofStatesPartiestotheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights,madeasolemndeclarationinaccordancewitharticle38oftheCovenantbeforeassumingtheirfunctions.@ .<E.Electionofofficers10.2 .2Atits1560thmeeting(fiftyninthsession),theCommitteeelectedthefollowingofficersforatermoftwoyears,inaccordancewitharticle39,paragraph1,oftheCovenant:2 .2Chairperson:Ms.ChristineChanet2 .2ViceChairpersons:Mr.PrafullachandraNatwarlalBhagwati2 .2 . . Mr.OmranElShafei2 .2 . . Ms.CeciliaMedinaQuiroga2 .2Rapporteur:Ms.ElizabethEvatt11.2 .2Atits1559thmeeting(fiftyeighthsession),heldon8November1996,theCommitteeexpresseditsdeepappreciationtoMr.FranciscoAguilarUrbina,theoutgoingChairman,forhisleadershipandoutstandingcontributiontothesuccessoftheCommittee'swork.@ .nF.SpecialRapporteurs12.2 .2InaccordancewiththeCommittee'sdecision,madeatthethirtyfifthsession,todesignateaSpecialRapporteurtoprocessnewcommunications,Mr.FaustoPocarwasdesignatedatthefiftyninthsessiontocontinueasSpecialRapporteurforNewCommunications.InaccordancewiththeCommittee'sdecision,madeatitsthirtyninthsession,Mr.PrafullachandraNatwarlalBhagwatiwasdesignatedatthefiftyninthsessionasSpecialRapporteurfortheFollow-uponViews.&  @ .hG.Workinggroups13.2 .2Inaccordancewithrule62andrule89ofitsrulesofprocedure,the'  Committeeestablishedworkinggroupswhichweretomeetbeforeitsfiftyeighth,fiftyninthandsixtiethsessions.Theworkinggroupestablishedunderrule89(WorkingGrouponCommunications)wasentrustedwiththetaskofmakingrecommendationstotheCommitteeregardingcommunicationsreceivedundertheOptionalProtocol.Theworkinggroupestablishedunderrule62(WorkingGrouponarticle40)wasmandatedtoprepareconciselistsofissuesconcerningtheinitialandsecond,thirdandfourthperiodicreportstobeconsideredbytheCommittee.ItwasalsomandatedtostudytheCommittee'sworkingmethods,anditsystematicallyhelddiscussionswithrepresentativesofthespecializedagenciesandsubsidiarybodies,particularlytheInternationalLabourOffice,theOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugees,theWorldHealthOrganizationandtheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization,inordertoobtainadvanceinformationonthereportstobeconsideredbytheCommittee.Tothatsameend,theWorkingGroupmetrepresentativesofnon-governmentalorganizationsAmnestyInternational,HumanRightsWatch,theInternationalFederationofHumanRightsLeagues,theInternationalServiceforHumanRights,theLawyersCommitteeforHumanRightsandseverallocalorganizations.14.2 .2Fiftyeighthsession(1418October1996):theWorkingGrouponCommunicationswascomposedofMr.TamsBn,Mr.OmranElShafei,Ms.ElizabethEvatt,Mr.A.MavrommatisandMs.CeciliaMedinaQuiroga;Ms.EvattwaselectedChairperson/Rapporteur.TheWorkingGrouponarticle40wascomposedofMr.FranciscoAguilarUrbina,Mr.PrafullachandraNatwarlalBhagwati,LordColvilleandMr.LaurelFrancis;Mr.BhagwatiwaselectedChairman/Rapporteur.15.2 .2Fiftyninthsession(1721March1997):theWorkingGrouponCommunicationsandtheWorkingGrouponarticle40werecomposedofMr.NisukeAndo,Mr.Bhagwati,Mr.ThomasBuergenthal,Ms.ChristineChanet,Mr.ElShafei,Ms.EvattandMr.JulioPradoVallejo.Mr.AndowaselectedChairman/Rapporteur.16.2 .2Sixtiethsession(711July1997):theWorkingGrouponCommunicationsandtheWorkingGrouponarticle40werecomposedofMr.Bhagwati,LordColville,Mr.EckartKlein,Mr.DavidKretzmer,Mr.FaustoPocarandMr.PradoVallejo;Mr.KretzmerwaselectedChairman/Rapporteur.@ .H.Othermatters17.2 .2AteachoftheCommittee'ssessions,theRepresentativeoftheSecretaryGeneralinformedtheCommitteeaboutactivitiescarriedonbyUnitedNationsbodiesdealingwithhumanrightsissues.Inparticular,resultsoftheseventhmeetingofpersonschairingthetreatybodies,whichwasheldinSeptember1996,andthoseofsessionsoftheCommitteeontheRightsoftheChild,theCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscrimination,theCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen,theCommitteeonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRightsandtheCommitteeagainstTorturewerepresentedtotheCommittee.RecentactivitiesoftheGeneralAssemblyandtheCommissiononHumanRightsrelevanttotheworkoftheCommitteewerealsodescribed.18.2 .2Atthesixtiethsession,theOfficer-in-ChargeoftheOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights/CentreforHumanRightsinformedtheCommitteeabouttherecentdesignationofMrs.MaryRobinsonasthenewUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights.HealsoprovidedampleinformationonactivitiescarriedonbyotherUnitedNationshumanrightsbodies.Atthesamesession,membersalsodiscussedvariousmattersthattheywouldliketheChairmantoputbeforethenextmeetingofpersonschairinghumanrightstreatybodies.@ .6I.Staffresources19.2 .2ThegreatercomplexityandmoreintensivepaceoftheCommittee'soperationsresultingfromtheincreasednumberofStatespartiestotheCovenantandthechangesintheCommittee'smethodsofworkhaveaddedsignificantlytotheworkloadoftheSecretariatinprovidingsubstantiveservicingtotheCommitteeinrelationtothemonitoringofStatepartyreports.ThenumberofcommunicationssubmittedtotheCommitteeundertheOptionalProtocolhadalsogrown.TheCommitteeexpressedthehopethat,withintheframeworkoftherestructuring,thespecializedstaffassignedtoservicetheCommitteeinrelationbothtothemonitoringofStatepartyreportsandtotheconsiderationofcommunicationssubmittedundertheOptionalProtocolwouldbeincreasedtothelevelrequiredfortheeffectiveperformanceofthefunctionsoftheCommitteeundertheCovenant.@ . J.PublicityfortheworkoftheCommittee20.2 .2TheChairman,accompaniedbyseveraloftheCommittee'sofficersandtheSpecialRapporteuronthefollow-upofcommunications,metwiththepressateachoftheCommittee'sthreesessions.TheCommitteenotedwithsatisfactionthegreatinterestinitsworktakenbythenongovernmentalorganizationsandthankedthemfortheinformationprovided.̀K.Documentsandpublicationsrelatingtothework̀oftheCommittee21.2 .2TheCommitteenotedwithseriousconcernthedifficultiesfacedinissuingCommitteedocuments,particularlyreportsbyStatesparties,asaconsequenceofthestrictapplicationoftherulerelatingtothesimultaneousdistributionofdocumentsinalllanguages.SomeofthereportsscheduledbytheCommitteefordiscussionatthefiftyninthandsixtiethsessionswerenottranslatedintimetobedistributedtoallmembersbeforethebeginningofthosesessions,afactorwhichseriouslyinhibitedtheworkoftheCommittee.22.2 .2InaletteraddressedtotheChairmanon23April1997,theChiefofConferenceServicesinformedtheCommitteeofthedifficultiesencounteredinthetranslationandreproductionofdocuments,andinparticularreportssubmittedbyStatesparties.Hedrewattentiontothespecificdifficultiesencounteredinconnectionwithvoluminousreports.23.2 .2Inthediscussionthatfollowed,theCommitteeexpressedonceagainitswillingnesstoconsideranymeasureintendedtoreducecosts,providedthatthequalityofitsworkandtheeffectiveperformanceofitsfunctionsinconsideringStatereportsunderarticle40oftheCovenantwerenotjeopardized.Tothateffect,itdecidedthatStatesreportstransmittedtotheCommitteeunderarticle40oftheCovenantshouldhenceforthbetranslatedandprocessedinthreelanguagesonly.ThechoiceofthelanguagesconcernedwouldbemadeonacasebycasebasisinconsultationwiththeChairmanandtheRapporteuroftheCommittee.24.2 .2TheCommitteeemphasizedthattocarryoutitsmandateeffectively,membersmusthavecopiesofStatereportsintheWorkingGroupatwhichtheyaretobeconsidered.̇25.2 .2TheCommitteenotedthat20volumesoftheOfficialRecordsoftheHumanRightsCommittee(formerlyissuedasYearbookoftheHumanRightsCommittee)hadbeenpublishedinEnglish,coveringtheperiod1977/781992/93,andthatthedonationfromtheSasakawaFoundationhadmadeitpossibletoreducethebacklog.ItexpressedconcernthatfurtherworkonthereductionofthebackloghadbeensuspendedandexpressedthehopethatresourcescouldbefoundwithinoroutsidetheUnitedNationstocontinuethework,sincetheyearbookisimportantastheonlysinglesourceofinformationoftheentireworkoftheCommitteeanditscontinuingandtimelypublicationmustbeensured.Bearinginmindexistingresources,theCommitteestatedthatpriorityshouldbegiventothetranslationofitssummaryrecords.26.2 .2TheCommitteeagainurgedthattheworkofpublishingthethirdvolumeoftheselectionofdecisionsadoptedundertheOptionalProtocolbespeededupsoastoeliminatethebacklogassoonaspossible.Infuture,theselecteddecisionsshouldbepublishedregularlyandingoodtime.27.2 .2Atits1593rdmeeting(sixtiethsession),heldon17July1997,theCommitteeattendedademonstrationoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRightsWebSite(http://www.unhchr.ch)andwelcomedtheopportunitythatitcreatestodisseminateinformationabouttheCommittee'sactivities.AdemonstrationwasalsoorganizedinthepremisesoftheOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugeesabouttheCD-RomDatabase(RefWorld).@ . L.FuturemeetingsoftheCommittee28.2 .2Atitsfiftyninthsession,theCommitteeconfirmedthefollowingscheduleofmeetingsfor1998:thesixtysecondsessiontobeheldatUnitedNationsHeadquartersfrom23Marchto9April1998;thesixty-thirdsession,attheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom13to31July1998,andthesixtyfourthsessionattheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom19Octoberto6November1998.TheCommitteedecidedtopostponeadecisionregardingitscalendarofmeetingsfor1999pendinganin-depthanalysisofallissuesinvolvedinthechoiceofthevenuebyitsWorkingGroup,scheduledtomeetpriortotheCommittee'ssixtiethsession.InthatregardtheSecretariatwasrequestedtoprepareanoteonfinancialandadministrativeimplicationsrelatingtotheholdingoftheCommitteesessionsinGenevaandNewYork.29.2 .2Atitssixtiethsession,theCommitteenooknoteoftherequestedSecretariatreportcomparingcostsofasessionatUnitedNationsHeadquarters,andattheUnitedNationsOfficeatGeneva.ItdecidedthatactiononthemattershouldbedelayeduntilitcouldbediscussedwiththenewUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights.@ .M.Adoptionofthereport30.2 .2Atits1614thand1615thmeetings,heldon31Julyand1August1997,theCommitteeconsideredthedraftofitstwentyfirstannualreport,coveringitsactivitiesatthefiftyeighth,fiftyninthandsixtiethsessions,heldin1996and1997.Thereport,asamendedinthecourseofthediscussion,wasadoptedunanimously.+ӀII.METHODSOFWORKOFTHECOMMITTEEUNDERARTICLE40OF̀THECOVENANT:OVERVIEWOFPRESENTWORKINGMETHODS31.2 .2ThepresentchapterisaimedatprovidingaconciseanduptodateoverviewofthemodificationsrecentlyintroducedbytheCommitteeinitsworkingmethodsunderarticle40oftheCovenantandisparticularlydesignedtomakethecurrentproceduremoretransparentandreadilyaccessible,soastoassistStatespartiesandothersinterestedintheimplementationoftheCovenant.AdetailedaccountofthemethodsofworkappliedbytheHumanRightsCommitteefortheconsiderationofreportssubmittedbyStatespartiesappearsintheCommittee'spreviousannualreport.@ .A.Informalmeetingonproceduresandlaterdevelopments@ . (Geneva,2728July1996)32.2 .2ThemembersoftheCommitteemetoutsideformalCommitteesessionon27and28July1996(attheHenriDunantInstitute,Geneva)todiscusspossiblechangesinCommitteeprocedures.ThemeetingbaseditsagendaontheJuly1996reportoftheinformalworkinggrouponprocedureswhichmetinFebruary1996.However,thediscussiondidnotcoverallthetopicsintheinformalworkinggroup'sreport,norwasitlimitedtothosetopics.DecisionsrecommendedattheJulymeetingwereincludedinafinalreportformallyendorsedbytheCommitteeatits1557thmeeting(fiftyeighthsession)on7November1996.(DevelopmentsrelatingtotheprocessingofcommunicationsundertheOptionalProtocolaresetoutinchapterV.)Workingmethodswouldbebasedonthosedecisionsandmightbesubjecttochangeonthebasisofexperience.Someofthepracticalmethodsdecideduponaredescribedbelow.Moregenerally,theCommitteewishestoreiteratethatmethodsofworkunderarticle40oftheCovenantshouldbeasflexibleaspossibletopromoteaconstructiveandeffectivedialoguewitheachdelegationandtoensureequalityinthetreatmentofStates.@ .H B.Recentdecisionsonprocedures33.2 .2MatterswhichhavebeenthesubjectofdiscussionanddecisionbytheCommitteeinthepastyear,includingthosewhicharoseatthemeetingreferredtoabove,aresummarizedinthefollowingparagraphs.34.2 .2Themaintopicsonwhichrecentdecisionshavebeenmadeincludetheformatandfocusofperiodicreports,includingadecisionthatnotesverbalesinvitingStatespartiestosubmitreportsshouldbesentoneyearinadvanceoftheduedatefortheperiodicreport,andtheCommittee'sconcludingobservationsmadeinrelationtotheState'spreviousreportshouldsystematicallybeattached.Theprocedureforpreparingthequestionlistandthecontentofthatlist,theorganizationofquestionsandthedraftingoftheConcludingObservationswerealsothesubjectofdecisions.35.2 .2TheCommitteealsodecidedtoadoptamoreflexibleapproachtosettingthedateforthenextperiodicreportinthecaseofStatespartieswhichwerelateinthepresentationoftheirreportstotheCommittee.Atits1614thmeeting(sixtiethsession),theCommitteedecidedtoaskStatespartiestosubmittheirinitialreportsintimeforconsiderationataparticularsessionwhenthosereportsweremorethanfouryearslate.36.2 .2Atitsfiftyninthsession,theCommitteereferredtotheWorkingGrouponarticle40thequestionofdevelopingamechanismtofollowuponitsConcludingObservationsonStatereports.Atitssixtiethsession,theCommitteeagreedthatallproceduresinrelationtoarticle40shouldbefurtherstudiedbyanadhocinter-sessionalworkinggroupwhichwouldmakeitsnextreportavailabletotheCommitteeatitssixtyfirstsession.37.2 .2OthermattersconsideredwerewaystoextendtheuseofinternstoassistintheCommittee'sworkandgreaterpublicityforitswork,includingthepossibilityofpublishingitsGeneralCommentsseparately.38.2 .2TheCommitteediscusseditsworkindevelopingGeneralCommentsandagreedthatitshouldexercisecautionindevelopingcommentswherethejurisprudenceinanareawasnotsufficientlydeveloped.39.2 .2TheCommitteealsodiscussedtheinputofnon-governmentalorganizationsandhowtoensurethatmaterialfromsuchorganizationsreachedtheCommitteeingoodtimeandthattheyhaveadequateinformationabouttheCommittee'swork.TheCommitteerecommendsthatStatesmaketheirreportsfullypublicandavailabletolocalnon-governmentalorganizationswellinadvanceoftheCommittee'sexamination.ThisismorefeasiblesincetheCommitteedecidedthatStatereportstobeexaminedarelistedtwosessionsahead.@ .` Linkstootherhumanrightstreatiesandtreatybodies40.2 .2TheCommitteeisaffectedbytheworkofthemorespecializedhumanrightstreatybodiesbutshouldbemindfulthatithasauthorityonlytointerpretandapplytheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights.ThestandardsofhumanrightsprotectionunderthevarioustreatiesarenotidenticalandwhileitmayberegrettablethatStateshavenotrationalizedtheirobligations,theCommitteecannotdothisontheirbehalf.Consequently,theCommitteetakescarenottosowconfusionbyreferencetothedecisionsofothertreatybodies.Nevertheless,ifanothertreatybodydevelopsanappropriatejurisprudence,theCommitteemaydrawuponitinappropriatecircumstances,althoughpreferablywithoutcitingit.41.2 .2TheCommitteekeepsitselfinformedoftheworkoftheothertreatybodies.ForthesakeofthemanyStatespartiestoseveralcovenants,theCommitteeavoidsconflictwiththeworkofothertreatybodieswhenpossible.TheCommitteeonceagainattemptedtoestablishrapporteurstosetupcommunicationswitheachoftheothertreatybodies(Ms.ElizabethEvattfortheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomenandMr.PrafullachandraNatwarlalBhagwatifortheCommitteeagainstTorture).42.2 .2Otherhumanrightstreatiesarerelevantinthecontextofreservations.ThereisparticularconcernaboutStatesthathavemadereservationstotheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomenwithregardtoobligationsthattheyhadacceptedwithoutreservationundertheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights.TheCommitteeundertakestopresssuchStatestoclarifytheirpositionwithregardtotherightsatissue,reaffirmingthatareservationtoanotherhumanrightstreatycannotinanywaydiminishtheobligationsofaStateundertheCovenant.&  @ .C.Otherissuesrelatingtomethodsofworkunderarticle4043.2 .2Atits1574thmeeting(fiftyninthsession),heldon3April1997,'  Ms.AngelaKing,AssistantSecretaryGeneral,SpecialAdviseronGenderIssuesandAdvancementofWomen,appearedbeforetheCommitteetodiscussvariousissuesrelatingtoafurtheringofthecooperationbetweentheSecretariat'sDivisionfortheAdvancementofWomenandtheCommittee.Afteraveryfruitfuldiscussion,itwasagreedthatrepresentativesoftheDivisionwouldhenceforthbeinvitedtoattendthemeetingofthepre-sessionalWorkingGrouponarticle40referredtoinparagraph13andwouldprovideCommitteememberswithappropriateinformationstemmingfromactivitiesoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen.44.2 .2RulesofProcedureincorporatingamendmentsmadesincethelastpublicationoftheRuleswereadoptedon1August1997andwilloperateasfromthatdate.ǀIII.SUBMISSIONOFREPORTSBYSTATESPARTIESUNDER̀ARTICLE40OFTHECOVENANT45.2 .2Underarticle2,paragraph1,oftheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights,eachStatepartyundertakestorespectandtoensuretoallindividualswithinitsterritoryandsubjecttoitsjurisdictiontherightsrecognizedintheCovenant.Inconnectionwiththisprovision,article40,paragraph1,oftheCovenantrequiresStatespartiestosubmitreportsonthemeasuresadoptedandtheprogressachievedintheenjoymentofthevariousrightsandonanyfactorsanddifficultiesthatmayaffecttheimplementationoftheCovenant.StatespartiesundertaketosubmitreportswithinoneyearoftheentryintoforceoftheCovenantfortheStatepartyconcernedandthereafterwhenevertheCommitteesorequests.InordertoassistStatespartiesinsubmittingreports,theHumanRightsCommitteeapproved,atitssecondsession,generalguidelinesregardingtheformandcontentsofinitialreports(seeCCPR/C/5/Rev.2)stemmingfromtheworkoftheCommittee.46.2 .2Atitsthirteenthsession(July1981),theCommitteeadoptedadecisionrequiringStatespartiestosubmitperiodicreportstotheCommitteeeveryfiveyearsfromtheduedateoftheinitialreport.Atthesamesession,theCommitteeadoptedguidelinesregardingtheformandcontentsofperiodicreportsfromStatespartiesunderarticle40,paragraph1(b),oftheCovenant(seeCCPR/C/20/Rev.2).47.2 .2Atitsthirtyninthsession(July1990),theCommitteeadoptedanamendmenttoitsguidelinesforthesubmissionofinitialandperiodicreports,requestingStatespartiestoreportonactiontakeninresponsetotheissuancebytheCommitteeofviewsundertheOptionalProtocol.Atitsfortysecondsession(July1991),theCommitteereviseditsgeneralguidelinesforthesubmissionofinitialandperiodicreportstotakeintoaccounttheconsolidatedguidelinesfortheinitialpartofthereportsofStatespartiestobesubmittedunderthevariousinternationalhumanrightsinstruments,includingtheCovenant(the"Coredocument")(HRI/CORE/1).Atitsfiftythirdsession(March1995),theCommitteefurtheramendeditsguidelinestorequestStatestoincludeintheirreportsinformationonanyfactorsaffectingtheequalenjoymentbywomenoftherightsprotectedundertheCovenant.̀A.ReportssubmittedbyStatespartiesunder󀀀article40oftheCovenant48.2 .2Duringtheperiodcoveredbythepresentreport,theCommitteereceived17initialorperiodicreports.InitialorperiodicreportsweresubmittedbyArmenia,Austria,Belgium,Cameroon,Canada,Ecuador,Italy,Jamaica,Japan,Mexico,Morocco,Norway,Sudan,UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland(relatingtoJersey,GuernseyandtheIsleofMan),UnitedRepublicofTanzania,UruguayandZimbabwe.TheCommitteealsoreceivedinformationsupplementingthefourthperiodicreportofBelarus,aswellasareportfromtheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandrelatingtoHongKongsubmittedincompliancewithadecisionoftheCommittee.&  ԀB.ObservationsofStatespartiesontheCommittee's̀concludingcomments49.2 .2TheCommitteetooknoteofinformationtransmittedbytheGovernmentof'  ColombiaanddecidedtoreferittotheWorkingGroupthatwasscheduledtomeetpriortothesixtyfirstsession.50.2 .2AletterwasreceivedfromthePermanentMissionofGeorgiaannexingaNotedated6May1997bytheDeputySecretaryoftheNationalSecurityCouncilonHumanRightsIssuesoftheRepublicofGeorgiacommentingontheCommittee'sconcludingobservationsandinformingtheCommitteeaboutstepstakentoputthoseobservationsintoeffectandtodisseminatetheminGeorgia.TheletterwasreferredtotheWorkingGroupthatwasscheduledtomeetpriortothesixty-firstsession.ǀIV.STATESTHATHAVENOTCOMPLIEDWITHTHEIROBLIGATIONS̀UNDERARTICLE4051.2 .2StatespartiestotheCovenantmustsubmitthereportsreferredtoinarticle40oftheCovenantontimesothattheCommitteecandulyperformitsfunctionsunderthatarticle.ThosereportsarethebasisofthedialoguebetweentheCommitteeandStatesparties,andanydelayintheirsubmissionmeansaninterruptionofthatprocess.However,seriousdelayshavebeennotedsincetheestablishmentoftheCommittee.Remindersweresenton1July1997toStatespartieswhosereportshadnotbeensubmittedasscheduled.Inaddition,atthefiftyninthsession(March/April1997),themembersoftheBureaumetinNewYorkwiththepermanentrepresentativesofStatespartieswhoseinitialreport,periodicreportorreportunderaspecialdecisionoftheCommitteehadbeenoverdueformorethanthreeyears.SuchcontactsweremadewiththepermanentrepresentativesofalltheStatesconcerned.Inaddition,duringtheperiodcoveredbythepresentreport,theCommitteetookothermeasurestoinduceStatespartieseffectivelytocarryouttheirreportingobligationunderarticle40oftheCovenant.52.2 .2Afterreviewingthesituationwithrespecttothelatesubmissionofbothinitialandperiodicreports,theCommitteenotedwithregretthat81StatespartiestotheCovenant,ormorethantwothirdsofallStatesparties,wereinarrearswiththeirreports.TheCommitteeagainconsidereditselfdutyboundtoexpressitsseriousconcernaboutthefactthatsomanyStatespartiesareindefaultoftheirobligationsundertheCovenant.ThisstateofaffairsseriouslyimpedestheCommittee'sabilitytomonitortheimplementationoftheCovenant,anditthereforedecidedtolistinthecoreofitsannualreporttotheGeneralAssembly,asithadalreadydoneinitspreviousannualreports,theStatespartiesthathavemorethanonereportoverdue,aswellasthosethathavenotsubmittedreportsrequestedbyaspecialdecisionoftheCommittee.TheCommitteewishestoreiteratethattheseStatesareinseriousdefaultoftheirobligationsunderarticle40oftheCovenant.C@<6X9`(CourierC@ . 882 Statespartiesthathaveatleasttworeportsoverdueor@ . thathavenotsubmittedareportrequestedbyaspecial@ .decisionoftheCommittee*hi d, dd ,dd",dd ,dd",dd"+  )>>)Stateparty >> Typeofreport >> Datedue >> Yearsoverdue >> Numberofreminderssent "x"SyrianArabRepublic  SecondThirdFourth  18August198418August198918August1994  13years  25 "x"Gambia  SecondThirdFourth  21June198521June199021June1995  12years  23 "x"Suriname  SecondThirdFourth  2August19852August19902August1995  12years  22 "x"Kenya  SecondThirdFourth  11April198611April199111April1996  11years  21 "x"Mali  SecondThirdFourth  11April198611April199111April1996  11years  21 "x"Guyana  SecondThirdFourth  10April198710April199210April1997  10years  19 "x"DemocraticPeople'sRepublicofKorea  SecondThird  13December198713December1992  10years  17 "x"EquatorialGuinea  InitialSecond  24December198824December1993  9years  15 "x"CentralAfricanRepublic  SecondThirdFourth  9April19897August19927August1997  8years  14 "x"TrinidadandTobago  ThirdFourth  20March199020March1995  7years  13 "x"Somalia  InitialSecond  23April199123April1996  6years  10 "x"VietNam  SecondThird  31July199123December1993  6years  9 "x"DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo  ThirdFourth  31July199130January1993  6years  9 "x"Nicaragua  ThirdFourth  11June199111June1996  6years  10 "x"Portugal  ThirdFourth  1August19911August1996  6years  9 "x"Australia  ThirdFourth  12November199112November1996  6years  9 "x"SaintVincentandtheGrenadines  SecondThird  31October19918February1993  6years  10 "x"SanMarino  SecondThird  17January199217January1997  5years  9 "x"Panama  ThirdFourth  31March19926June1993  5years  9 "x"Madagascar  ThirdFourth  31July19923August1993  5years  8 "'x"Angola  Special  31January1994  3years  4 )>7x)Rwanda > Special > 31January1995 > 2years > 3C@<6X9`(CourierCԿC@<6X9`(CourierC882 53.2 .2TheCommitteenotesthatintheperiodunderreview,threeStatesparties(Belarus,CongoandIndia)whosereportshadbeenlistedforconsiderationatasessionhadfailedtoattendorhadnotifiedtheCommitteeashorttimebeforethesessionthattheycouldnottakepartinit.TheCommitteeexpresseditsconcernthatthefailureofStatestocooperateinthereportingprocessandtheirwithdrawalatalaterstage,togetherwiththeincreasingaccumulationofreportstoconsider,washamperingtheCommitteeintheeffectivedischargeofitsfunctions. ? UK     \R3'\ X      +C@<6X9`(CourierC( A $(j882   ݀V.CONSIDERATIONOFREPORTSSUBMITTEDBYSTATESPARTIES̀UNDERARTICLE40OFTHECOVENANT54.2 .2Atits1314thmeeting(fiftiethsession),heldon6April1994,theCommitteedecidedtodiscontinueitspracticeofincludinginitsannualreportsummariesoftheconsiderationofthereportssubmittedbyStatespartiesunderarticle40oftheCovenant.Inaccordancewiththatdecision,theannualreportwillcontain,interalia,thefinalcommentsadoptedbytheCommitteeattheendoftheconsiderationofStatesparties'reports.Accordingly,thefollowingsections,arrangedonacountry-by-countrybasisinthesequencefollowedbytheCommitteeinitsconsiderationofthereports,containthefinalcommentsadoptedbytheCommitteewithrespecttotheStatesparties'reportsconsideredatitsfifty-eighth,fifty-ninthandsixtiethsessions.@ .A.DENMARK55.2 .2TheCommitteeconsideredthethirdperiodicreportofDenmark(CCPR/C/64/Add.11)atits1533rdand1534thmeetings(fiftyeighthsession),heldon22October1996,andatits1556thmeeting,on6November1996,adoptedthefollowingcomments.@ .1.Introduction56.2 .2TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtotheStatepartyforitsdetailedandcomprehensivereport,whichhasbeenpreparedinaccordancewiththeCommittee'sguidelines,andforengaging,throughadelegationwithfirsthandknowledgeofthedifferentsubjectsunderdiscussion,inanextremelyconstructivedialoguewiththeCommittee.57.2 .2Itnoteswithsatisfactionthattheinformationsubmittedinthereport,andthatprovidedbythedelegationinreplytobothwrittenandoralquestions,enabledtheCommitteetoobtainathoroughviewofDenmark'sactualcompliancewiththeobligationsundertakenundertheCovenantandtheimprovementsimplementedsincetheconsiderationofthesecondperiodicreport,in1987.TheCommitteeregrets,howeverthatsubmissionofthethirdperiodicreport,whichwasduein1990,wasconsiderablydelayed.@ .2.Positiveaspects58.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithappreciationthehighlevelofachievementinrespectforhumanrightsinDenmark.Amongthepositivedevelopmentsthathavebeenrealizedsincetheconsiderationofthesecondperiodicreport,theCommitteenotestheratificationoftheSecondOptionalProtocoltotheCovenant,ontheabolitionofthedeathpenalty,therevisionofvariouslegislativetexts,theincreasedjurisdictionrecentlygrantedtotheOmbudsmanandtheestablishmentatanationallevelofanumberofhumanrightsinstitutionsnamely,theDanishCentreforHumanRights,theEqualStatusCouncilandtheRacialEqualityBoardwithaviewtoreinforcingprotectionofcivilandpoliticalrightsandpromotinggreaterpublicawarenessoftheprovisionsoftheCovenantandtheOptionalProtocols.59.2 .2ThepublicationbytheMinistryofJusticeofanewperiodicalonEuropeanUnionlawandhumanrightswithaviewtoensuringawiderknowledgeoftheinterpretationandapplicationofhumanrightsprovisionsofinternationaltreatiesintheDanishcourtsiswelcomed.Theorganization,onastandingbasis,ofhumanrightstrainingcoursesformembersofthepoliceandotherlawenforcementofficialsisalsoapositivedevelopment.60.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthemeasuresadoptedbytheDanishGovernmenttoensurethatethnicandlinguisticminoritiesenjoytherightssetforthintheCovenantwithoutdiscrimination.61.2 .2TheCommitteecommendstheintroductionofanewsystemtoinvestigatecomplaintsagainstthepoliceandtheincreasedfundingforitsoperation.Itlooksforwardtoreceivingtheresultsofthenewjurisdiction.62.2 .2TheCommitteetakesnoteofthedeclarationbythedelegationtotheeffectthatthetextoftheCovenantwouldshortlybetranslatedintoGreenlandic.63.2 .2TheCommitteecommendsthelegalandadministrativemeasuretakentopromoteequalenjoymentofwomen'srights.̀3.FactorsanddifficultiesimpedingtheapplicatioǹoftheCovenant64.2 .2TheCommitteefindsthattherearenoparticularfactorsordifficultieswhichmayimpedetheeffectiveimplementationoftheCovenant'sprovisionsbytheKingdomofDenmark,exceptforthecontinuedmaintenanceofDenmark'sreservationstocertainprovisionsoftheCovenant.@ .z 4.Principalsubjectsofconcern65.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedthattheCovenant,unliketheEuropeanConventiononHumanRights,hasnotyetbeengiventhestatusofdomesticlegislation,consideringinparticularthattheCovenantguaranteesanumberofhumanrightswhicharenotprotectedundertheEuropeanConventionandthatpermissiblerestrictionsarelessbroadlybased.66.2 .2TheCommitteenotesthatthereservationsenteredbyDenmarkuponratificationoftheCovenantwithrespecttoanumberofprovisionshaveanadverseeffectonthefullimplementationoftheCovenant.Considerationoughttobegiventothewithdrawalofsome,orall,ofthosereservations.67.2 .2TheCommitteefurthernotesthattherequirementsreferredtoinarticle9,paragraph3,oftheCovenant,arenotfullymet.68.2 .2TheCommitteealsoexpressesitsconcernatthemethodsofcrowdcontrol,includingtheuseofdogs,employedbythepoliceforcesagainstparticipantsinvariousdemonstrationsorgatheringswhich,oncertainoccasions,haveresultedinseriousinjuriestopersonsinthecrowds,includingbystanders.69.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedatthelongdelayinresolvingthedisputearisingfromtheclaimforcompensationbymembersoftheindigenousminorityofGreenlandinrespectoftheirdisplacementfromtheirlandsandlossoftraditionalhuntingrightsasaresultoftheconstructionofthemilitarybaseatThule.ItisalsoconcernedthatthepeopleofGreenlandarenotabletoenjoyfullycertainCovenantrightsandfreedoms,includingthoseprovidedforinarticle12.70.2 .2TheCommitteeregretsthepaucityofinformationabouttheCovenantanditsimplementationintheFaroeIslands.@ . 5.Suggestionsandrecommendations71.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytakeappropriatemeasurestoensurethedirectapplicationoftheprovisionsoftheCovenantintodomesticlaw.72.2 .2TheCommitteealsorecommendsthattheGovernmentreviewthecontinuingneedforanyreservation,withaviewtowithdrawingthem.73.2 .2TheCommitteesuggeststhatfurtherconsiderationandamendmentsbemadetotheregulations,lastreviewedin1992,concerningresidenceandotherconditionsforreunificationoffamiliesbothofalienimmigrantsandrefugeessoastogiveeffectmorefullytoarticles23and24oftheCovenant.74.2 .2TheCommitteefurtherrecommendsthatconsiderationbegiventotherevisionoftheexistingregulationsconcerningthelengthofpre-trialdetentionandofsolitaryconfinementinaccordancewiththeCommittee'sGeneralCommentNo.8(16)anditsjurisprudence.75.2 .2TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttofurtherthetrainingofthepoliceforcesinmethodsofcrowdcontrolandofhandlingoffenders,includingthosesufferingfrommentaldisorders,andtokeepthoseissuesconstantlyunderreview.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheauthoritiesreconsidertheuseofdogsincrowdcontrol.76.2 .2TheCommitteeemphasizesthatfurthermeasuresshouldbetakentoensurethattheprovisionsoftheCovenantaremorewidelydisseminated,particularlytomembersofthelegalprofessionandthejudiciary.77.2 .2TheCommitteestronglyrecommendsthatthereportingobligationsoftheStatepartyunderarticle40oftheCovenantbestrictlyobservedandthatthefourthperiodicreportbesubmittedwithinthetimelimittobedeterminedbytheCommittee.ǀB.UNITEDKINGDOMOFGREATBRITAINANDNORTHERNIRELAND̀(HONGKONG)78.2 .2Atits1535thand1536thmeetings(fifty-eighthsession),heldon23October1996,theHumanRightsCommitteeconsideredareportsubmittedbytheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandrelatingtoHongKong(CCPR/C/117)incompliancewithaspecialdecisionoftheCommittee(CCPR/C/79/Add.57).TheCommitteesubsequentlyadopted,atits1556thmeeting,on6November1996,thefollowingobservations.@ .1.79.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomesthepresenceofahigh-leveldelegationwhichincludedasignificantnumberofofficialsoftheHongKongGovernment.ItexpressesitsappreciationtotherepresentativesoftheStatepartyforthehighqualityofthereportandthedetailedandfrankanswersprovidedbythedelegationinresponsetothewrittenandoralquestions.TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthatthatinformationenabledittoengageinahighlyconstructivedialoguewiththeStateparty.80.2 .2TheCommitteealsowelcomesthepresenceofasignificantnumberofnon-governmentalorganizationsfromHongKong.TheinformationprovidedbythoseorganizationsgreatlyassistedtheCommitteeinitsunderstandingofthehumanrightssituationinHongKong.@ .2.81.2 .2Atits1453rdmeeting,on20October1995,theCommittee1envisagedissuesinconnectionwithreportingobligationsonthepartofHongKongafterthetransferofsovereigntytothePeople'sRepublicofChinaon1July1997.Itrecalledthat,indealingwithcasesofdismembermentofStatespartiestotheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights,ithadtakentheviewthathumanrightstreatiesdevolvewithterritoryandthatStatescontinuetobeboundbytheobligationsundertheCovenantenteredintobythepredecessorState.OncethepeoplelivinginaterritoryenjoytheprotectionoftherightsundertheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights,suchprotectioncannotbedeniedtothemmerelybyvirtueofdismembermentofthatterritoryoritscomingunderthesovereigntyofanotherStateorofmorethanoneState.282.2 .2TheCommitteereiteratesthattheexistenceandcontentsoftheJointDeclarationoftheGovernmentoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandandtheGovernmentofthePeople'sRepublicofChinamakeitunnecessaryfortheCommitteetorelysolelyontheforegoingjurisprudenceasfarasHongKongisconcerned.Inthatregard,theCommitteepointedoutthatthepartiestotheJointDeclarationhaveagreedthatallprovisionsoftheCovenantasappliedtoHongKongshallremaininforceafter1July1997.Thoseprovisionsincludereportingproceduresunderarticle40.Sincethereportingrequirementsunderarticle40willthuscontinuetoapply,theHumanRightsCommitteeexpectsthatitwillcontinuetoreceiveandreviewreportssubmittedinrelationtoHongKong.83.2 .2Accordingly,theCommitteeisreadytogiveeffecttotheintentionofthepartiestotheJointDeclarationasfarasHongKongisconcernedandtocooperatefullywiththepartiestotheJointDeclarationtoworkoutthenecessarymodalitiestoachievethoseobjectives.@ . 3.Suggestionsandrecommendations84.2 .2TheCommitteeurgestheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland(HongKong)GovernmenttotakeallnecessarystepstoensureeffectiveandcontinuedapplicationoftheprovisionsoftheCovenantintheterritoryofHongKonginaccordancewiththeJointDeclarationandtheBasicLaw.85.2 .2TheCommitteeremindstheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandGovernmentofitscontinuingresponsibilitytoensuretothepeopleofHongKongtherightsprotectedbytheCovenantandtocarryoutitsobligationsundertheCovenant,including,inparticular,article40.Inthatregard,itrequeststheGovernmentoftheUnitedKingdomtoreportonthehumanrightssituationintheterritoryofHongKongupto30June1997.@ .C.SWITZERLAND86.2 .2TheHumanRightsCommitteeconsideredtheinitialreportofSwitzerland(CCPR/C/81/Add.8)atits1537th,1538thand1539thmeetings(fiftyeighthsession)on24and25October1996,andatits1557thmeeting,on7November1996,adoptedthefollowingobservations.@ .1.Introduction87.2 .2TheCommitteeexpressesitssatisfactiontotheStatepartyforitsdetailedandcomprehensiveinitialreportandwishestoemphasizethequalityofthatreport.Itthanksthedelegationforhavinggivenparticularlyclear,detailedandfrankrepliestoitswrittenandoralquestions,whichmadepossibleafruitfulandconstructivedialoguebetweentheCommitteeandthedelegation.TheCommitteethankstheStatepartyforhavingtransmittedtoit,followingtheconsiderationofthereport,writtenrepliestothequestionswhichthedelegationwasunabletoanswerorally.̀2.FactorsanddifficultiesaffectingtheimplementatioǹoftheCovenant88.2 .2TheCommitteenotesthattherearenoparticularfactorsordifficultiesthatmightpreventtheeffectiveimplementationoftheprovisionsoftheCovenantinSwitzerland,withtheexceptionofthemaintenancebySwitzerlandofitsreservationstocertainarticles.@ .3.Positiveaspects89.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthattheCovenantformsanintegralpartoftheSwisslegalsystem,withastatushigherthandomesticlegislation,thatitsprovisionsmaybedirectlyinvokedbyprivateindividualsbeforethecourtsandthatjudgesmayrefertoitdirectly.ItnotesthattheSwisscourts,andnotablytheFederalTribunal,havealreadyonnumerousoccasionsreferredtotheprovisionsoftheCovenantandtotheCommittee'sgeneralcomments.90.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomesthewithdrawalofthereservationmadebySwitzerlandtoarticle20,paragraph2,oftheCovenantandnotesthatthewithdrawalofSwitzerland'sreservationstoarticle14,paragraphs1,3(d)and(f),and5,iscurrentlyunderconsiderationbytheFederalCouncil.TheCommitteealsonoteswithsatisfactionthattheproposalforaccessiontotheOptionalProtocolisontheagendaoftheFederalAssembly.91.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthatthedecisionsoftheFederalTribunalseemtohaveremediedtheshortcomingofarticle4oftheFederalConstitution,whosenon-discriminationclausesdonotexpresslycoverallthegroundsreferredtoinarticles2and26oftheCovenant.92.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomestheintroductionintotheFederalPenalCode,inJanuary1995,ofaprovisionforthepunishmentofincitementtoracial,ethnicorreligiousdiscriminationorhatredortoactsofracial,ethnicorreligiousdiscrimination,andalsothestatementofnegationistviews.Italsowelcomestheestablishment,inSeptember1995,ofaFederalCommissiononRacism,whosework,however,startedtoorecentlyforitseffectivenesstobeassessed.93.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomesthemeasurestakenbythefederalauthoritiestoencourageandpromoteequalitybetweenmenandwomeninallsectorsofprofessionalactivity,inparticularthroughtheFederalOfficeforEqualitybetweenMenandWomenandtheentryintoforce,inJuly1996,oftheFederalActrelatingtoequalitybetweenwomenandmen.TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthatthatAct,inparticular,permitstheshiftingoftheburdenofproof,facilitateslegalactionbyavictimofdiscriminationorharassmentbymakingtheprocedurefreeofchargeandprovidesforthepossibilityofrescindingadismissaleffectedbywayofvictimizationforthemakingofacomplaintofdiscriminationorharassment.94.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthat,althoughtheFederalConstitutiondoesnotcontainaprovisionconcerningtheguaranteeofafairtrial,theFederalTribunalhasinitsdecisionsruledthatallnecessaryguaranteesfollowfromarticle4oftheConstitution.95.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomestheentryintoforceoftheCivilianServiceAct,whichhasintroducedacivilprocedurefordeterminingcasesofconscientiousobjection.@ .z 4.Principalsubjectsofconcern96.2 .2TheCommitteeregretsthemaintenanceofSwitzerland'sreservationtoarticle26oftheCovenant,whichlimitstheapplicabilityoftheprincipleoftheequalityofallpersonsbeforethelawandoftheprohibitionofdiscriminationtoonlythoserightswhicharecontainedintheCovenant,whereasarticle26oftheCovenant,asinterpretedbytheCommittee,extendsittoeveryarearegulatedandprotectedbythepublicauthorities.97.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatinmanyareas,suchasaccesstohighereducationandtopostsofresponsibility,equalremunerationforworkofequalvalue,andparticipationinhouseholdtasksandintheupbringingofchildren,equalitybetweenmenandwomenhasnotyetbeenachievedinpractice,particularlyintheprivatesector.98.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedatthenumerousallegationsofill-treatmentinthecourseofarrestsorpolicecustody,particularlyinrespectofforeignnationalsorSwisscitizensofforeignoriginand,inconjunctionwiththoseallegations,reportsonthefailureoftheauthoritiestofollowupcomplaintsofilltreatmentbythepoliceandthedisproportionatenature,ifnotabsence,ofpenalties.Inthisconnection,theCommitteenoteswithconcernthatinthevariouscantons,independentmachineryforrecordingandfollowingupcomplaintsofilltreatmentbythepolicedoesnotseemtoexistandthat,onthecontrary,complaintsmustinthefirstinstancebeaddressedtothesuperioradministrativeauthority.Itregretsthatinvariouscantons,detaineesmaybeheldincommunicadoforperiodsrangingfrom8to30daysoreven,insomecases,forindefiniteperiods.Italsoregretsthenon-existenceinmostcantonsoflegalguarantees,suchasthepossibilityforadetaineetocontactalawyerimmediatelyafterhisarrestandtobeexaminedbyanindependentdoctoratthecommencementofpolicecustodyandbeforeheappearsbeforetheexaminingmagistrate.TheCommitteealsonotesthatitseemsverydifficultinpracticeformostpersonswhohavebeenarrestedtoinformtheirfamilyorfriendsassoonastheyarearrested.99.2 .2Onthequestionofpre-trialdetention,theCommitteenoteswithconcernthatitoftenhappensthatwhenremandprisonsarefull,detaineesarekept,insomecasesforseveraldays,inpolicecells,whereconditionsofdetentionaremanifestlyinadequateforperiodsinexcessof24hours.100.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthattheFederalActrelatingtocoercivemeasures,whichenteredintoforceinJanuary1995,insomecasespermitstheadministrativedetentionofforeignnationalswithoutatemporaryorpermanentresidencepermit,includingasylumseekersandminorsovertheageof15,forthreemonthswhilethedecisionontherightoftemporaryresidenceisbeingprepared,andforafurthersixmonths,andevenoneyearwiththeagreementofthejudicialauthority,pendingexpulsion.TheCommitteenotesthatthesetimelimitsareconsiderablyinexcessofwhatisnecessary,particularlyinthecaseofdetentionpendingexpulsion,andthatthetimelimitof96hoursforthejudicialreviewofthedetentiondecisionorthedecisiontoextenddetentionisalsoexcessiveanddiscriminatory,particularlyinthelightofthefactthatinpenalmattersthisreviewisguaranteedafter24or48hours,dependingonthecantonconcerned.101.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthattheobligationestablishedinarticle14,paragraph3(f),oftheCovenanttoprovideaninterpreterforeveryonechargedwithacriminaloffenceifhecannotunderstandorspeakthelanguageusedincourtisnotreflectedinthecriminallegislationofallthecantons.102.2 .2Whiletakingnoteofthedelegation'sstatementthattheprovisionisnolongerenforced,theCommitteeemphasizesthatthe1948DecreeoftheFederalCouncilconcerningpoliticalspeechesbyforeignersrestrictsthefreedomofexpressionofforeignerswhodonothaveapermanentresidencepermitinamannercontrarytoarticle19oftheCovenant.103.2 .2TheCommitteealsonotesthatfamilyreunificationisnotauthorizedimmediatelyforforeignworkerswhosettleinSwitzerland,butonlyafter18months,which,intheCommittee'sview,istoolongaperiodfortheforeignworkertobeseparatedfromhisfamily.104.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedattherequirementforpersonswhoadoptachildabroadundertheregimeofsimpleadoptiontosubmitanapplicationforfulladoptioninSwitzerlandiftheywishtheadoptiontoberecognizedinSwitzerland.Thatproceduremakespermanentadoptionsubjecttoatwo-yeartrialperiod,duringwhichtheadoptiveparentsmaydecidenottogoaheadwiththeadoptionandthechildisentitledonlytoatemporaryandrenewableforeigner'sresidencepermit.TheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernbecausethosetwofactorsmakethechild'spositionveryprecariousfromboththelegalandemotionalstandpoints.105.2 .2TheCommitteenotesthattheFederalConstitutioncontainsnoprovisionsreflectingarticle27oftheCovenant.TheCommitteeconsidersthatarticle27isnotlimitedtotheprotectionofthevariousnationalminoritiesbutconcernsallethnic,religiousorlinguisticminoritiespresentintheterritoryofaState.@ . 5.Suggestionsandrecommendations106.2 .2TheCommitteesuggeststhattheauthoritiesshouldseriouslyconsiderwithdrawingthereservationmadebySwitzerlandtoarticle26oftheCovenant,sothatthearticlemaybeimplemented,inthespiritoftheCovenant,asanautonomousrightguaranteeingnon-discriminationinallspheresregulatedandprotectedbytheState.Theauthorities'attentionisdrawntoGeneralCommentNo.18(37)onnon-discriminationandtoGeneralCommentNo.24(52)onissuesrelatingtoreservationsmadeuponratificationoraccessiontotheCovenantortheOptionalProtocolsthereto,orinrelationtodeclarationsunderarticle41oftheCovenant.107.2 .2TheCommitteehopesthatfavourableconsiderationwillbegiventothepossibilityofaccedingtotheOptionalProtocoltotheCovenant.108.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatmeasuresbetakenbytheauthoritiestocombatdiscriminationagainstwomeninpractice.Inthisconnection,theCommitteeemphasizestheimportanceofeducationalcampaignstodevelopawarenessoftheproblemofdiscriminationandrecommendsthatallpossiblemeasuresbetaken,inparticularatthesocialinfrastructurelevel,tomakeiteasierforwomenwhowishtoworkoutsidethehometodoso.TheCommitteealsorecommendsthattheauthoritiesmakegreatereffortsstrictlytoimplementtheconstitutionalandlegislativeprovisionsrelatingtoequalpayformenandwomenforworkofequalvalue,particularlyintheprivatesector.109.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatthediscussionsaimedatharmonizingthevariouscantonallawsoncriminalprocedurebeintensified,withduerespectfortheprovisionsoftheCovenant,particularlywithregardtofundamentalguaranteesduringpolicecustodyorincommunicadodetention.TheCommitteeemphasizesinparticulartheneedtoallowsuspectstocontactalawyerandtheirfamilyorfriendsandtohavesuspectsexaminedbyanindependentdoctorassoonastheyarearrested,aftereachperiodofquestioningandbeforetheyarebroughtbeforetheexaminingmagistrateorreleased.TheCommitteefurtherrecommendsthatindependentmachinery,subjecttopublicsupervision,beintroducedinallcantonstoreceivecomplaintsagainstpoliceofficersconcerningill-treatmentduringcustody.110.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatallnecessarymeasuresbetakentoensurethataccusedpersonsarenotdetainedforseveraldaysinpolicepremises.111.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheActrelatingtocoercivemeasuresbeimplementedinarestrictivemannerandinthespiritoftheCovenant,soastoensurethatthelengthofdetentionapplicableundertheActisasshortaspossibleandthatthejudicialreviewofthedetentiondecisionorthedecisiontoextenddetentioniscarriedoutinlessthan96hours.TheCommitteealsorecommendsthatallpossiblemeasuresbetakentoensurethatforeignerswhoarecoveredbythatActareinformedinalanguagetheyunderstandoftheremediesavailabletothemandareassistedbycounsel.112.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatmeasuresbetakentobringthecriminallegislationofallthecantonsintoconformitywitharticle14,paragraph3(f),oftheCovenant.113.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheFederalDecreeof24February1948concerningpoliticalspeechesbyforeignersbeabrogated,oramended,soastobringitintoconformitywitharticle19oftheCovenantrelatingtofreedomofexpression.114.2 .2TheCommitteealsorecommendsthatmeasuresbetakentopermitthefamilyreunificationofforeignworkersresidentinSwitzerlandshortlyaftertheyobtainatemporaryresidencepermit.115.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatthenecessarylegislativemeasuresbetakentoensurethatchildrenwhohavebeenadoptedabroadaregranted,assoonastheyarriveinSwitzerland,eitherSwissnationalityiftheparentsareSwiss,oratemporaryorpermanentresidencepermitiftheparentshavesuchapermit,andthatthetwo-yeartrialperiodpriortothegrantingofadoptionshouldnotapplytothem.116.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomesthepublicationofSwitzerland'sreportintheofficiallanguagesandrecommendsthattheseconcludingobservationsshouldbedisseminated.@ .*D.GABON117.2 .2TheCommitteeconsideredtheinitialreportofGabon(CCPR/C/31/Add.4)atits1541stto1543rdmeetings(fiftyeighthsession),heldon28and29October1996,andatits1556thmeetingon6November1996,adoptedthefollowingobservations.@ .1.Introduction118.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomestheopportunitytoinitiateitsdialoguewiththeGovernmentofGabonwhileregrettingthatthisfollowsalapseofover12yearsinthesubmissionofthereportbytheStateparty.WhiletheCommitteeregretsthescarcityofinformationcontainedinthewrittenreport,itexpressesitsappreciationforthehighleveldelegation,aswellasforthedetailedandupdatedadditionalinformationprovidedbythedelegationinresponsetotheCommittee'squestions.̀2.Factorsanddifficultiesaffectingtheapplicationof̀theCovenant119.2 .2TheCommitteenotestheexistenceintheStatepartyofcustomsandtraditions,particularlyintheareaofequalitybetweenmenandwomen,whichmayimpedethefullobservanceofrelevantprovisionsoftheCovenant.@ .3.Positiveaspects120.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomesthepositivepoliticalevolutionofGabontowardsamulti-partyandpluralistdemocracysincetheentryintoforceofthe1991Constitutionanditsamendmentof18March1994.Itnoteswithsatisfactiontheestablishmentin1987ofaMinistryofCommunication,Culture,ArtandHumanRights,whichincludeshumanrightsamongthesubjectsforwhichithasresponsibility.TheCommitteeappreciatesthestatementmadebythedelegationtotheeffectthattheGovernmentintendstoestablish,asastatutory,autonomousbody,anationalhumanrightscommissionforthepromotionandprotectionofhumanrights.121.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomesGabon'saccessionwithoutanyreservationtovariousinternationalhumanrightsinstruments.122.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthatpursuanttotheintroductionofthemulti-partysystem,20politicalpartieshavebeencreatedandthat,furthertothepromulgationofthe1994LabourCodeandthe1993Actontradeunionorganizationsofpublicservants,theprevioustradeunionmonopolysystemhasbeenremoved.123.2 .2TheCommitteeappreciatesthestatementbythedelegationthatinformationoninternationalhumanrightsinstrumentsand,inparticular,ontheprovisionsoftheCovenantwouldbedisseminatedtothepublic.@ .z 4.Principalsubjectsofconcern124.2 .2TheCommitteeregretsthattheopportunitywasnottakenbythedraftersoftheConstitutiontoincludeinthe1994Constitution,whichreferstootherinternationalhumanrightsinstruments,aspecificreferencetotheCovenantanditslegalrelationshipwiththedomesticlegalorder.ItalsoregretsthatallrightsprovidedforintheCovenantarenotincorporatedintodomesticlawandthateffectiveremediesarenotprovidedinallcasesofviolationofrightsprotectedundertheCovenant.125.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedthatthenon-discriminationclausesintheCovenant,aslaiddowninitsarticles2,3and26,arenotfullyreflectedintheConstitution.Particularconcernisexpressedattheprevailingdiscriminatoryattitudesinsocietytowardswomenandattheinsufficiencyandlackofeffectivenessofmeasuresadoptedtopreventthoseattitudes.126.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutthelackofsafeguardsandeffectiveremediesavailabletoindividualsduringastateofemergencyandparticularlyregretsthelackofinformationonthesituationofnon-derogablerightsinsuchcircumstances.127.2 .2TheCommitteeregretsthatdespitetheGovernment'sdeclaredpolicyofnotapplyingthedeathpenalty,nolegalstepshaveyetbeentakentoabolishit.128.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedthattheguaranteescontainedinarticles7,9and10oftheCovenantarenotfullycompliedwitheitherinlaworinpractice.Inparticular,itisseriouslyconcernedaboutthelengthoftimethatindividualsmayhavetospendinpolicecustodyandpre-trialdetention.129.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutthepracticeofimprisonmentforcivildebt,incontraventionofarticle11oftheCovenant.130.2 .2TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedaboutthe"dilapidatedstateofjailcells"andnotesthatinsufficientmeasureshavebeentakentoprovidelawenforcementofficialswithappropriatetraininginthefieldofhumanrightsandtoinformarrestedpersonsanddetaineesoftheirrights.TheCommitteefurtherdeploresthefactthatthepoliceforceisacomponentofthecountry'smilitaryforcesand,assuch,issubjecttothemilitarycommandoftheMinistryofDefence.131.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutthelackofinformationonmeasurestoensuretheindependenceandimpartialityofthejudiciary,inconformitywitharticle14oftheCovenant.132.2 .2Withregardtotherightsofnon-GabonesecitizensandrefugeeslivinginGabon,theCommitteeisconcernedaboutlegalimpedimentstotheirfreedomofmovementwithinthecountry,aswellasbytherequirementofanexitvisaforforeignworkers,whichruncountertotheprovisionsinarticle12oftheCovenant.Itisparticularlyworriedbytheappallingconditionsprevailinginrefugeecentres,includingtheLibrevilleDetentionCamp,whichledtothedeathofanumberofpersonsthroughsuffocationanddehydration.133.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutthelackofmeasurestakentoimplementtherightsofpersonsbelongingtominorities,assetforthinarticle27oftheCovenant.@ . 5.Suggestionsandrecommendations134.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheCovenantbeincorporatedintothedomesticlegalorderandthatitsprovisionsbemadedirectlyapplicablebeforethecourts.Inthisconnection,theCommitteeemphasizestheimportanceofestablishinganationalcommissiononhumanrightsasapermanentandindependentmechanismtomonitortheeffectiveimplementationoftheCovenantandtoprovidetrainingtolawenforcementofficialsandappropriateinformationtothepublic.135.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatallgroundsonwhichdiscriminationisprohibited,asprovidedforinarticles2and26oftheCovenant,beincorporatedintherelevantprovisionsoftheConstitution.Itfurtherrecommendsthatarticle2oftheConstitutionbeamendedtoensureitscompatibilitywitharticles2(1),3and26oftheCovenantandthataffirmativemeasuresbetakentostrengthentheparticipationofwomeninthepolitical,economicandsociallifeofthecountryandtoovercomethediscriminatoryeffectsofcustomarylaws.136.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyurgentlyadoptandincorporateallrelevantprovisionsofarticle4oftheCovenantintotheConstitution.137.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyconsidertheabolitionofthedeathpenaltyandaccessiontotheSecondOptionalProtocoltotheCovenant.138.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatalllegalprovisionsorexecutiveordersbereviewedtoensuretheircompatibilitywitharticles7,9and10oftheCovenantandtheireffectiveimplementationinpractice.Urgentstepsshouldbetakentoreviewthedurationofpolicecustodyandpreventivedetentionandtoensuretheindependentinvestigationofallallegationsofill-treatmentbypoliceandprisonofficers.139.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatprisonconditionsbebroughtintocompliancewitharticle10oftheCovenantandwiththeUnitedNationsStandardMinimumRulesfortheTreatmentofPrisonersandthatthosestandardsbemadeaccessibletothepolice,armedforces,prisonpersonnelandotherpersonsresponsibleforholdinginterrogations,aswellastopersonsdeprivedoftheirliberty.140.2 .2TheCommitteeurgentlyrecommendstheabolitionofimprisonmentforcivildebt,incompliancewitharticle11oftheCovenant.141.2 .2TheCommitteestronglyrecommendsthattheStatepartytakethenecessarymeasurestoensurethatthepoliceistransformedintoacivilianforcenotsubjecttothemilitarycommandoftheMinistryofDefence.ItalsorecommendsthattheStatepartyincludeinitssecondperiodicreportinformationonmeasurestoensuretheindependenceandimpartialityofthejudiciary.142.2 .2Existingprovisions,suchasarticle1,paragraph3,oftheConstitutionlimitingorrestrictingtheexerciseoftherighttofreedomofmovementfornon-Gabonesecitizens,includingtherequirementofexistvisas,shouldbereviewedtobringthelegislationfullyintoconformitywitharticle12oftheCovenant.TheCommitteefurtherrecommendsthattheStatepartyconsideradoptingmeasurestoimprovethestatusandlivingconditionsofrefugeesinrefugeecentres.143.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmentofGabondevelopinformationandawarenessprogrammesontheprinciplesandprovisionsoftheCovenantinthevariouslanguagesspokeninGabon.Italsorecommendsthathumanrightseducationbeprovidedatalllevelsinschoolsandthatcomprehensivehumanrightstrainingbeprovidedtoallsegmentsofthepopulation,includinglawenforcementofficersandallpersonsinvolvedintheadministrationofjustice.Inthisregard,theCommitteesuggeststhattheStatepartyavailitselfofthetechnicalcooperationservicesoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRightsCentreforHumanRights.144.2 .2TheCommitteeencouragestheStatepartytodisseminatewidelytheStateparty'sreportandtheconcludingobservationsadoptedbytheCommitteefollowingitsconsiderationofthereport.145.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatfullandcomprehensiveinformationontheimplementationoftheprovisionsoftheCovenant,inlawandinpractice,beincorporatedintheStateparty'snextperiodicreport.@ .\E.PERU146.2 .2TheCommitteecontinueditsconsiderationofPeru'sthirdperiodicreport(CCPR/C/83/Add.1andHRI/CORE/1/Add.43/Rev.1)atits1547thand1548thmeetings(fifty-eighthsession),heldon31October1996,andaddressedquestionsleftpendingaftertheinitialconsiderationofthereportatitsfifty-seventhsession,atwhichurgentissueshadbeenexamined.3󀀀Inthelightofitsfurtherconsiderationofthereport,itadoptedthefollowingobservationsandrecommendationsatits1555thmeeting,on6November1996.@ .1.Introduction147.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomestheStateparty'sthirdperiodicreportandisgratifiedbythecontinuationofthedialogueinitiatedwiththedelegation.However,theCommitteeregretsthatthereportdoesnotcontainsufficientreliableinformationoncurrentlegalprovisionsinPerurelatingtoanumberoftherightscoveredintheCovenantorontheactualobservanceofhumanrights.̀2.FactorsanddifficultiesaffectingthèimplementationoftheCovenant148.2 .2TheCommitteeisawarethatPeruhasbeenaffectedbyterroristactivities,internaldisturbancesandviolence.IntheCommittee'sview,althoughtheStatehasboththerightandthedutytoadoptvigorousmeasurestoprotectitspopulationagainstterrorism,suchmeasuresmustnotviolatetherightsprotectedbytheCovenant.@ .3.Positiveaspects149.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthattheConstitutionalCourtandtheOmbudsman'sOfficehavecommencedactivitiesandthatunitsspecializinginconstitutionalmattersandtherightsofwomenhavebeensetupwithintheOmbudsman'sOffice.ItalsotakesapositiveviewoftheestablishmentoftheNationalRegisterofDetaineesandPersonsSentencedtoCustodialSentencesandtheorganizationoftrainingcoursesforlawyersandadministrativepersonnelwiththeaimofimprovingtheadministrationofjustice.150.2 .2TheCommitteealsowelcomestheestablishmentoftheStandingCommissionontheRightsofWomenandofotherorgansdesignedtofosterequalityamongmenandwomeninPeru.ItfurthernotestheannouncementoftheestablishmentoftheMinistryofWomenandHumanDevelopmentandexpressesthehopethattheMinistrywillmakeavaluablecontributiontoensuringthatwomeninPerufullyenjoythehumanrightsenshrinedintheCovenant.Inthesameconnection,itappreciatesPeru'sratificationoftheInter-AmericanConventiononthePrevention,PunishmentandEradicationofViolenceagainstWomen.151.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomeswithsatisfactiontheStateparty'sreportontheestablishmentofofficestoprovideadviceandcareincasesofviolenceagainstandabuseofchildrenandadolescentsandtheprogrammesintroducedtoassistchildrenaspartofthemeasurestosolvetheproblemofdisplacedpersons.Inthisconnection,theCommitteecommendstheestablishmentoftheNationalTechnicalCommissiononDisplacedPopulationsandtheothermeasuresbeingtakentosolvetheproblemsofdisplacedpersons,andwelcomesthefactthat,accordingtotheGovernment,56percentofthepeasantpopulationhavereturnedtotheirplacesoforigin.@ .z 4.Principalsubjectsofconcern152.2 .2TheCommitteeregretsthattheconstitutionalstatusextendedtotheCovenantbyPeru's1979Constitutionhasbeensubstantiallydiminished,therebyreducingtheprotectionpreviouslyenjoyedbyindividualsinPeruasregardstherightsenshrinedintheCovenant.153.2 .2TheCommitteeonceagaindeploresthefactthatPeruhasignoredboththeconcernsexpressedbytheCommitteeintheobservationsadoptedwhenitconcludeditsconsiderationofthefirstpartofPeru'sthirdperiodicreportandthesuggestionsandrecommendationsmadeinthosesameobservations,arguingthatPeruisentitledtogiveprecedencetoconsiderationsofsecurityordomesticpolicyoveritsobligationsundertheCovenant.TheCommitteeconsidersthat,inconformitywithinternationallaw,article1oftheCovenantdoesnotauthorizetheStatetoadoptanewConstitutionthatmaybeincompatiblewithitsotherobligationsundertheCovenant.TheConstitutionispartofthelegalorderoftheStateandassuchmaynotbeinvokedasgroundsforexemptionfromcompliancewithaninternationalobligationfreelyenteredintobytheState.154.2 .2TheCommitteeinparticulardeploresthefactthatitsrecommendationsrelatingtotheamnestylaws,madeinparagraph358ofits1996report,havenotbeenfollowedandthatnoeffectiveremedyisavailabletoallowthevictimsofhumanrightsviolationsbyStateagentstoclaimcompensation.Italsoregretsthelackofinformationonthefateoftherecommendationsmadeinparagraphs360,361and364andthefailuretorespondtotherecommendationmadeinparagraph362ofits1996report.155.2 .2TheCommitteetakesnoteofthemeasuresadoptedbyPerutopardonpersonsconvictedofterrorism.Notwithstandingitssatisfactionatthereleaseof69persons,theCommitteeconsidersthatthepardondoesnotprovidefullredresstothevictimsoftrialsconductedwithoutregardfordueprocessoflaw,anditrepeatstherecommendationmadeinparagraph359ofits1996report,whichincludestheneedtoestablishaneffectivemechanism,attheinitiativeoftheState,torevisealltheconvictionshandeddownbythemilitarytribunalsintreasonandterrorismcases.156.2 .2TheCommitteeregretsthefactthatPeruhasnotonlyfailedtotakemeasuresinresponsetotherecommendationmadeinparagraph363ofits1996report,buthasonthecontraryextended,onlyafewdaysbeforethesecondpartofthereportwasconsidered,thesystemof"facelessjudges".TheCommitteeexpressesitsprofoundconcernatthissituation,whichunderminesthejudicialsystemandwillagainleadtotheconvictionofinnocentpersonswithoutapropertrial.157.2 .2TheCommitteeappreciatestheinformationprovidedbytheStateoncommunicationsNos.202/1986,203/1986,263/1987and309/1988,whicharestillpending,butregretsthattheState'seffortshavenotledtoproperredressforthevictims.Atthesametime,theCommitteedeploresthelackofinformationontheobservanceofActNo.23.506,orderingimmediatecompliancewiththeCommittee'sobservationsthroughtheprocedureemployedtoenforcejudgementshandeddownbynationalcourtsagainsttheState.158.2 .2TheCommitteeregretsthelackoffullandpreciseinformationonthelegalstatusofwomenandontheirenjoymentoftherightsenshrinedintheCovenant,particularlyasregardstheirlegalcapacity,thefrequencyofviolenceagainstandsexualabuseoffemaledetaineesorprisoners,legalandpracticalrestrictionsinthelaboursphereandtheimpactofrecentlawsandprogrammesdesignedtosolvetheproblemofviolenceagainstwomen.159.2 .2TheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernabouttheexistenceofanumberofprovisionsoftheCivilCodethatdiscriminateagainstwomen,suchasthedifferenceintheminimumagerequiredformatrimonyandthefactthatsinglemothersunder16yearsofagelacklegalcapacitytorecognizetheirchildren.ThisgivesrisetoproblemsofcompatibilitybetweenPeruvianlegislationandarticles3,23,24and26oftheCovenant.160.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatthelawstillcontainsaprovisionexemptingarapistfrompunishmentifhemarrieshisvictimandanotherwhichclassifiesrapeasanoffenceprosecutableprivately.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedthatabortiongivesrisetoacriminalpenaltyevenifawomanispregnantasaresultofrape,andthatclandestineabortionsarethemaincauseofmaternalmortality.Thoseprovisionsnotonlymeanthatwomenaresubjecttoinhumanetreatmentbutarepossiblyincompatiblewitharticles3,6and7oftheCovenant.161.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatwhencasesthatmightleadtoadivorceareheard(physicalormentalill-treatment,seriousinjuryanddishonourableconduct),thelawinstructsjudgestotakeintoconsiderationtheeducation,habitsandconductofbothspouses,arequirementthatmighteasilyleadtodiscriminationagainstwomenfromthelowersocio-economicstrata.162.2 .2Inthesameconnection,theCommitteeisconcernedthatinPerusocio-economiccriteriaareusedtogroupconvictedandunconvictedprisoners,anditdeploresthelackofinformationontheexactsignificanceofthispolicy,aswellasthelack,ingeneral,ofdetailedinformationonconditionsofdetentiontoenableittoassesstheircompatibilitywitharticle10oftheCovenant.163.2 .2TheCommitteeremainsdeeplyconcernedaboutthepowerofthepolicetodecidetoholdapersonincommunicadoforuptotwoweeks.@ . 5.Suggestionsandrecommendations164.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatthenecessarylegalmeasuresbetakentoensurecompliancewiththeobligationstorespectandguaranteetherightsrecognizedintheCovenant,inconformitywithitsarticle2,paragraph1.165.2 .2TheCommitteereiteratestheneedforPerutoconsideradoptingeffectivemeasuresinthefieldsreferredtobytherecommendationsoftheCommitteeintheobservationsitadoptedoncompletionofitsconsiderationofthefirstpartoftheStateparty'sthirdperiodicreport.(Seeparas.358-364oftheCommittee's1996report.)166.2 .2RegardingcommunicationsNo.202/1986,203/1986,263/1987and309/1988,theCommitteeagaindrawsPeru'sattentiontothefactthat,byaccedingtotheOptionalProtocol,theStatepartyhasrecognizedthecompetenceoftheCommitteetodeterminewhethertherehasbeenaviolationoftheCovenantandthat,inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofarticle2oftheCovenant,theStatepartyundertakestoensuretoallindividualswithinitsterritoryandsubjecttoitsjurisdictiontherightsrecognizedintheCovenantandtoprovideaneffectiveandapplicableremedyifaviolationisfoundtohaveoccurred;accordingly,theCommitteerequeststheStatetosubmittoitwithin90daysinformationonthemeasuresadoptedtoimplementtheCommittee'sdecisions.167.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheprovisionsoftheCivilandPenalCodesshouldberevisedinthelightoftheobligationslaiddownintheCovenant,andinparticularinitsarticles3and26.Perumustensurethatlawsrelatingtorape,sexualabuseandviolenceagainstwomenprovidewomenwitheffectiveprotectionandmusttakethenecessarymeasurestoensurethatwomendonotrisktheirlifebecauseoftheexistenceofrestrictivelegalprovisionsonabortion.168.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmentshouldadoptthelegislationnecessarytoallowpoliticalpartiestooperateeffectivelyanddemocraticallyandfullytoimplementtherightsprotectedbyarticles22and25oftheCovenant.169.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthateducationprogrammesbeestablishedforchildrenandforthecommunityinordertodevelopathoroughunderstandingoftheprinciplesofrespectforhumanrightsandoftoleranceandoftherolethoseprinciplesplayinthedevelopmentofasoundandstabledemocracy.170.2 .2TheCommitteehopesthat,initsnextperiodicreport,PeruwillincludeinformationontheprogressmadetoextendtowomeninPerufullenjoymentoftherightsenshrinedintheCovenant,particularlyinthesphereswithwhichtheCommitteeisconcerned(seeparas.158-161above)togetherwithdetailedinformationonhowitiscomplyingwiththeprovisionsofarticle10oftheCovenant.@ .F.GERMANY171.2 .2TheCommitteeconsideredthefourthperiodicreportofGermany(CCPR/C/84/Add.5)atits1551stto1553rdmeetings(fiftyeighthsession),heldon4and5November1996,andatits1558thmeeting,on7November1996,adoptedthefollowingobservations.@ .1.Introduction172.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomesthepresenceofahighleveldelegation.Itexpressesitsappreciationforthequalityofthereportandthedetailed,frankandcompetentmannerinwhichthedelegationansweredwrittenandoralquestions.TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthatthatinformationenabledittoengageinahighlyconstructiveandfruitfuldialoguewiththeStateparty.2 .2 .2.Factorsanddifficultiesimpedingtheimplementation2 .2 . . oftheCovenant173.2 .2TheCommitteenotesthattheprocessofreunificationofGermanyhasposedparticularproblemsfortheuniformapplicationoftheCovenantthroughouttheterritoryofGermany.Theextensionofthepolitical,economic,andsocialsystemofthewesternpartoftheStatetotheterritoryoftheformerGermanDemocraticRepublichasposednovel,difficultandsensitivequestions.@ .3.Positiveaspects174.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomesthefactthatthereunificationofGermanyhasenabledpeopleoftheformerGermanDemocraticRepublictoenjoymanyoftherightsandfreedomsprotectedbytheCovenantwhichwereformerlydeniedtothem.175.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthatGermanyhasaccededtobothOptionalProtocolstotheCovenant.176.2 .2TheCommitteegreatlyappreciatestheroleoftheFederalConstitutionalCourtinprotectingindividualsagainsttheviolationoftheirrightsasestablishedbytheBasicLawandinensuringconformityoflegislationwiththeBasicLaw.177.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomestheadoptionoftheSecondEqualTreatmentActtoadvancetheinterestsofwomeninthefederalpublicadministration,andthemodificationoftheEuropeanCommunity'sadaptationlawtoensurethatthebanondiscriminationismoreeffectivelyapplied.178.2 .2TheCommitteeappreciatesthemeasuresadoptedforgrantingcompensationandprovidingrehabilitationtothosewhosufferedinjusticeatthehandsoftheSocialistUnityPartyregimeintheformerGermanDemocraticRepublic.179.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomestheeffortsmadebytheStatepartytocounterracism,anti-Semitismandxenophobia,althoughitregretsthatthatphenomenonpersists.180.2 .2TheCommitteeappreciatesthatGermanyhasprovidedtemporaryresidencetoaverylargenumberofrefugeesfromBosniaandHerzegovina.Itwelcomestheassurancegivenbythedelegationthatthereturnofthoserefugeeswillbeprimarilythroughvoluntaryrepatriationandthat,ifanyinvoluntaryrepatriationismade,itwillbeonlyincoordinationwiththeGovernmentofBosniaandHerzegovinaandtheOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugeesandwillbesubjecttochallengebyjudicialreview.TheCommitteeappreciatestheassurancethatnorepatriationwilltakeplacetominorityareasinBosniaandHerzegovinaortomajorityareaswhicharenotconsideredsafe.2 .2 .4.Principalsubjectsofconcern,andsuggestionsand2 .2 . . recommendations181.2 .2TheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernthatthereexistinstancesofill-treatmentofpersonsbythepolice,includingforeignersandparticularlymembersofethnicminoritiesandasylumseekers.Inthisregard,itisconcernedthatthereisnotrulyindependentmechanismforinvestigatingcomplaintsofill-treatmentbythepolice.TheCommitteethereforerecommendstheestablishmentofindependentbodiesthroughouttheterritoryoftheStatepartyfortheinvestigationofcomplaintsofill-treatmentbythepolice.182.2 .2AlthoughtheCommitteefindsthatprogrammesofeducationofyoungpeopleandtrainingofpoliceofficersconcerningracism,anti-Semitismandxenophobicattitudeshavebeenstarted,itregretsthatbroadereducationalandtrainingprogrammesinhumanrightsvaluesdonotappeartohavereceivedthesamelevelofsupport.TheCommitteealsoexpressesitsconcernthatdespitesignificanteffortsbytheGovernment,racism,xenophobiaandanti-Semitismstillpersistamongcertainsegmentsofthepopulation.TheCommitteethusrecommendsthateffortstoeducatetheyouthandtrainthepolicethatracismandxenophobiaareviolativeofbasichumandignity,contrarytofundamentalvaluesandconstitutionallyandlegallyimpermissibleshouldbeintensified,anditurgesthatsucheducationandtrainingbeplacedinthewidercontextofhumanrightseducationandtraining.TheCommitteeurgestheFederalandLndergovernmentstointroducecoursesinhumanrightsinschools,collegesanduniversitiesandalsoinpoliceanddefenceacademieswithaviewtostrengtheningacultureofrespectforhumanrights.183.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedthatthedefinitionofminoritiesas"ethnicorlinguisticgroupswhohaveatraditionalareaofsettlementinparticularregions",asstatedinparagraph244ofthereport,ismuchtoorestrictiveintermsofarticle27oftheCovenant.TheCommitteeisoftheviewthatarticle27appliestoallpersonsbelongingtominorities,whetherlinguistic,religious,ethnicorotherwise,includingthosewhoarenotconcentratedorsettledinaparticularareaorregion,thosewhoareimmigrantsorthosewhohavebeengivenasyluminGermany.184.2 .2TheCommitteeregretsthatGermanyhasmadeareservationexcludingthecompetenceoftheCommitteeundertheOptionalProtocolwithregardtoviolationofrightsasprotectedbyarticle26oftheCovenant.185.2 .2TheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernthatsolitaryconfinementcanbeimposedforaperiodofuptothreemonthsandcanbefurtherextendedbycourtorder.186.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedthatmembershipincertainreligioussectsassuchmay,insomeLnderoftheStateparty,disqualifyindividualsfromobtainingemploymentinthepublicservice,whichmay,incertaincircumstances,violatetherightsguaranteedinarticles18and25oftheCovenant.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartydiscontinuetheholdingof"sensitizing"sessionsforjudgesagainstthepracticesofcertaindesignatedsects.187.2 .2TheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernthatthecriteriausedtoevaluateforretainingordismissingformerGermanDemocraticRepublicpublicservants,includingjudgesandteachers,arevagueandleaveopenthepossibilityfordeprivationofemploymentonthebasisofpoliticalopinionsheldorexpressed.TheCommitteethereforesuggeststhatthecriteriafordismissingpublicservantsoftheformerGermanDemocraticRepublicbemademoreprecisesothatnopublicservantwillbedismissedonthegroundsofpoliticalopinionsheldorexpressedbyhimorher.188.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedthatthereisanabsolutebanonstrikesbypublicservantswhoarenotexercisingauthorityinthenameoftheStateandarenotengagedinessentialservices,whichmayviolatearticle22oftheCovenant.189.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedthattheStatepartyhasnotprovidedinformationinrespectoftherighttoformandjointradeunions(art.22oftheCovenant)oronaspectsoftherightsofchildren(art.24oftheCovenant)onthegroundthatinformationhadbeenprovidedtoanothertreatybody.Inthisregard,theCommitteeremindstheStatepartythatreportsunderarticle40oftheCovenantshouldprovideinformationinrespectofallCovenantrights.190.2 .2Followingtheadoptionofthepresentconcludingobservations,theGovernmentsubmittedtotheCommitteetheSurveyofthePolicyandLawconcerningForeignersintheFederalRepublicofGermanywhichhadbeenrequestedbymembers.@ .G.BOLIVIA191.2 .2TheCommitteeconsideredthesecondperiodicreportofBolivia(CCPR/C/63/Add.4)atits1562ndand1563rdmeetings(fiftyninthsession),heldon25March1997,atits1582ndmeeting,on9April1997,adoptedthefollowingcomments.@ .1.Introduction192.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomesthesecondperiodicreportsubmittedbytheStatepartyandthedelegation'swillingnesstoengageinafrankdialoguewiththeCommittee.TheCommitteeregrets,however,thatalthoughthereportprovidesinformationongenerallegislativereformsinBolivia,thosereformsremainlargelyunadoptedbyParliament.Thedelegationcandidlyadmittedthattherehavebeendifficultiesintheimplementationofallthereformswhichwould,whenapproved,createalegalsystemmorecompliantwiththeCovenant.TheCommitteeappreciatedthepresenceofahighlycompetentdelegationwhichprovidedin-depthhelpfulinformationtotheCommitteeinresponsetoitsquestionsandthusallowedittoobtainaclearerviewoftheoverallhumanrightssituationinBolivia.193.2 .2TheCommitteecommendstheStatepartyforthecoredocument(HRI/CORE/1/Add.54),whichsetoutmanyoftheproblemsexistinginthecountry.2 .2 .2.Factorsanddifficultiesaffectingtheimplementation2 .2 . . oftheCovenant194.2 .2TheCommitteerecognizesthattheStateparty,whichisemergingfromachangeofgovernmentthatendedalongperiodofdictatorialrule,isundergoingatransitiontowardsdemocracyinwhichtheinfrastructurenecessaryfortheimplementationoftheCovenanthasnotbeenfullydeveloped.TheCommitteenotesthatmanyencouraginglegislativeinitiativeswithrespecttohumanrightsaremeetingwithdifficultiesandthatafullassessmentoftheirimplementationisnotyetpossible.195.2 .2TheCommitteenotesthatsocialandeconomicdisparitiesareall-pervasiveinthecountryandresultinhighlevelsofpovertyandilliteracy,aswellaslackofopportunity,especiallyfortheindigenouspopulation,womenandthepoor.@ .3.Positiveaspects196.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactiontheeffortsoftheGovernmenttointroducedemocracyandtomatchthecountry'slevelofhumanrightsprotectionwithinternationalstandards.197.2 .2TheCommitteeparticularlywelcomesthepromulgationofthe1994Constitution,whichincorporatesprovisionsfortheprotectionofcivilandpoliticalrights.ItalsowelcomestheGovernment'sdeclaredintentiontoputanendtoseriousviolationsofhumanrightsandtocreateabetterpolitical,constitutionalandlegalframeworktoallowthefullimplementationoftherightsenshrinedintheCovenant.198.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthereformofthePenalCodewhichabolishesthedeathpenalty.199.2 .2TheCommitteealsowelcomesthelegalreformsundertaken,notablyconstitutionalamendmentstobringBolivianlawintoconformitywithinternationalhumanrightsstandards,theadoptionoflegislationtoabolishimprisonmentandphysicalconstraintfortheenforcementofeconomicobligations(LeydeAbolici;ndePrisi;nyApremioCorporalporObligacionesPatrimoniales),thenewBailAct(LeydeFianzaJuratoriacontralaRetardaci;ndeJusticiaPenal),thelawagainstdomesticviolence(LeycontralaVilenciaIntrafamiliaroDomstica)andthereformsinthelegislationgoverningtheelectoralsystem(LeydeReformasyComplementacionalRgimenElectoral),thelegalaidprogramme(ProgramadeDefensaPblica)andhabeascorpusandamparo.200.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomesthereinstitution,after100years,oftheMinistryofJustice,aswellastheestablishmentoftheHumanRightsDepartmentwithintheMinistryofJusticeandtheestablishmentoftheGenderDepartment.Italsowelcomesthecreationofthenecessarylegalmachinerytoreceivecomplaintsandmanagevariousaspectsofhumanrightsissues,includingthroughtheMinistryofJustice,theParliamentaryCommissionforHumanRights,LegalAidandthePublicProsecutor'sOffice,andthecreationofahumanrightsofficeintheChaparearea.201.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomestheinformationthattorture,forceddisappearancesandextrajudicialexecutionsarepunishableoffencesinBolivia.Italsowelcomestheinformationthatmilitarytribunalshavenojurisdictionexceptwithinthemilitaryinstitutionandthatcasesofhumanrightsviolationsbymemberofthearmyandthesecurityforcesfallunderthejurisdictionofcivilcourts.202.2 .2TheCommitteefurtherwelcomesthefactthatthenumberofpersonsbeingheldinpre-trialdetentionhassignificantlydecreased.203.2 .2TheCommitteenotesthepenalreformsthathaveabolisheddiscriminationagainsttheAmazonIndianswhereitwasconsideredthattheywerenotcriminallyresponsiblebymerereasonoftheirIndianorigin.Italsowelcomesthereformsthathaveintroducedlegislationwhichallowstheindigenouspopulationstoreceiveeducationintheirmothertongues,andtheenactmentofmeasureswhichpermittheIndiancommunitiestomaintaintheirtraditionalmeansoflivelihood.@ .z 4.Principalsubjectsofconcern204.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedthattheStateparty'slegislationinrespectofthestateofsiegedoesnotcomplywiththeprovisionsoftheCovenant.Thereisnoconstitutionalprovisionwhichprohibitsthederogationoftherelevantrightsofthecovenantandtheexpression"conmoconinterior"("internaldisturbance")ismuchtoowidetofallwithinthescopeofarticle4oftheCovenant.Furthermore,theCommitteeisconcernedthatminimumguaranteeswerenotcompliedwithduringthestateofsiegedeclaredin1995.205.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedthatthecurrentlegislationforcombatingimpunityhasproventobeineffectiveintheidentification,trialandpunishmentofthoseresponsibleforhumanrightsviolationsandinthepaymentofcompensationtothevictims.Italsonotesthatmembersofthearmedforcesandothergovernmentofficialswhowereinvolvedinthemostserioushumanrightsviolationshavenotalwaysbeendismissedandcontinuetotakeadvantageoftheirpositions,thusreinforcingimpunitywithintheStateparty.Itisalsoconcernedatthedelaysandfailuresoftheprocessoflawandatthenon-compliancebythepolicewithUnitedNationsminimumstandards.206.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatmembersofvarioussocialsectors,particularlyhumanrightsactivistsandmembersoftradeunions,aresubjecttointimidationandthusfaceseriousobstaclesinthelegitimateexerciseoftheirrights.207.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedthatnationallawsinconflictwiththeCovenantremainonthebooks,inparticulartheCocaandControlledSubstancesLaw(LawNo.1008).TheCommitteeisparticularlyconcernedthatarticles86and116ofthatlawremovetheinvestigatingprocessfromjudicialcontrol,thattherighttobailisseverelyrestricted,thatarticles74and125denytherightofdetaineeswhoareilltobetreatedwithhumanity,andthatotherprovisionsunderminethepresumptionofinnocence(arts.82and117),therighttoanimpartialtribunal(arts.82and127),therightofdefence(art.117),therighttobepresentatone'sowntrial(art.113)andtherighttochallengeanyaspectoftheprocess(art.128).208.2 .2TheCommitteeisparticularlyconcernedthatreleaseonbailisneverpossibleforthosechargedwithoffencesthatcarryapenaltyoftwoormoreyearsofimprisonmentandthatthepresumptionofinnocenceisnotrespectedundercurrentBolivianlegislation.209.2 .2TheCommitteeexpressesconcernaboutthelackofindependenceandefficiencyofthejudiciaryandthelongdelaysintheadministrationofjustice,whichdonotconformwiththerequirementsofarticles9and14oftheCovenant.210.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithconcerntheconditionsinplacesofdetention.211.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedthat,despiteconstitutionalguaranteesoftherightsofwomenandlawsattemptingtoputanendtodiscrimination,womencontinuetoreceiveunequaltreatmentinBoliviaowinginparttothecontinuationoftraditionalattitudesandoutdatedlawsthatclearlycontradicttheprovisionsoftheCovenant.Itfurthernotesthatlabourlawsdonotprotecttherightsofwomenadequately,particularlythoseengagedindomesticwork.212.2 .2TheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernabouttheveryhighlevelofmaternalmortalityreferredtointhereport,muchofwhicharisesasaresultofillegalabortion.ItregretsthattheStatepartycouldnotprovideinformationabouttheeffectoflawsthatcriminalizeabortiononthishighlevelofdeaths.213.2 .2TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedabouttheexploitationofchildreninemployment,includingthepracticeofthe"criadito"andthegrowingnumberofstreetchildren.214.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedatthecurtailmentoftherightsofmembersoftradeunionstofreedomofassociation,ofassemblyandofexpression,atthehighlevelofviolenceagainsttradeunionmembers,attheintimidationbypoliceagentsofpersonstakingpartinpeacefuldemonstrations,andatthelargenumberofstrikesthataredeemedillegal.ItisparticularlyconcernedabouttheincidentsthatoccurredinPotosandChapare.215.2 .2TheCommitteeexpressesconcernattheimpactofviolenceonthepartofthesecurityforces,whichcurtailstheenjoymentbymembersofindigenousgroupsoftheirrightsunderarticle27oftheCovenant.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedthatdespitethelegislationenactedtoallowtheindigenouscommunitiestoenjoytheuseoftheirtraditionallandsinacommunalway,discriminationandotherobstaclestothefullenjoymentoftherightsprotectedunderarticle27oftheCovenantcontinuetoexist.@ . 5.Suggestionsandrecommendations216.2 .2TheCommitteestronglyencouragestheGovernmenttoenactthenewdraftlegalframeworkfortheprotectionofhumanrightsinBoliviasoastoensurefullconformitywiththeCovenant,inparticularthenewCodeofCriminalProcedure,aimedatthemodernizationoftheBolivianlegalandjudicialstructuresandallowingtheinvestigationandpunishmentofhumanrightsviolations.217.2 .2TheCommitteeurgestheStatepartytoputintoplacethenecessarymechanismstoavoidarecurrenceoftheeventssurroundingthe1995stateofsiege,inwhichthepoliceusedexcessiveviolenceagainstthemembersofteachers'unions.218.2 .2TheCommitteeurgestheStatepartytoinvestigateallegationsofhumanrightsviolationsinordertobringtojusticeperpetratorsofpastandpresenthumanrightsabuses.Itrecommendsthatanindependentmechanismbeinstitutedfordealingwithcomplaintsofpoliceviolenceandthattheexistenceofthatmechanismbepublicized.ItfurtherurgestheStatepartytoactonthefindingsofitsinvestigations,tobringtojusticetheperpetratorsandtoprovidepropercompensationtothevictims,particularlywithrespecttocontinuingoccurrencesoftortureandill-treatmentbythepoliceandsecurityforces.219.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyamendLawNo.1008inordertomakeitcompatiblewiththeStateparty'sobligationsundertheCovenant.220.2 .2TheCommitteeurgestheStatepartytocomplywitharticle10,paragraph2,oftheCovenantbyseparatingaccusedpersonsfromconvictedpersonsinprison,andjuvenileoffendersfromadults.221.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheOfficeofOmbudsmanandtheConstitutionalCourtbeputintoplaceassoonaspossibleandthatbothbegivenbroadjurisdictionandsufficientresourcestoguaranteetheenjoymentofhumanrights.222.2 .2TheCommitteeurgestheStatepartytotakeeffectivemeasurestoabolishthepracticeofthe"criadito".223.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthataneducationalprogrammebedevisedsothatallsegmentsofthepopulation,inparticularmembersofthearmy,thesecurityforces,thepoliceandthejudiciaryandlawyers,arebetteracquaintedwithinternationalstandardsfortheprotectionandobservanceofhumanrightsandhumandignity.224.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheindependenceofthejudiciarybeensuredandalawregulatingitbeenacted.Itfurtherrecommendsthatthenominationofjudgesbebasedontheircompetenceandnottheirpoliticalaffiliation.TheCommitteealsorecommendsthatresponsibilityforthejudicialpolicebetransferredfromtheexecutivetothejudiciary.̇225.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatfurthermeasures,suchasthoseofthe"JusticiaCommunal",betakentoensurethatmembersofindigenousgroupsareprotectedagainstviolencewithinthecountryandenjoyfullytheirrightsunderarticle27oftheCovenant,particularlywithregardtopreservationoftheirculture,languageandreligion.Legislationonindigenouscommunitiesshouldbeenactedwithoutdelay.226.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyincludeinitsnextreportcomprehensiveinformationontheissuesraisedduringtheconsiderationofthepresentreport,particularlyontheeffectivenessofthelawsunderrevieworinexistence,theevolvingrolesoftheinstitutionsestablishedfortheprotectionofhumanrights,andthesystemofcoordinationofthevariousinstitutions.Inthisregard,theCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmentdrawontheassistanceavailablethroughtheprogrammeoftechnicalcooperationoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights/CentreforHumanRights.227.2 .2TheCommitteeurgesthatrespectforhumanrightsbeinstitutionalizedatalllevelsofgovernment,andrecommendsthathumanrightseducationbeprovidedinschoolsatalllevelsandthatthepresentconcludingobservationsbewidelydisseminated.@ .H.GEORGIA228.2 .2TheHumanRightsCommitteeconsideredtheinitialreportofGeorgia(CCPR/C/100/Add.1)atits1564thto1566thmeetings(fiftyninthsession),heldon26and27March1997,andatits1583rdmeeting,on9April1997,adoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.@ .1.Introduction229.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithinteresttheinitialreportsubmittedbyGeorgiaandwelcomesthedialogueithashadwithahighleveldelegation.ItnoteswithsatisfactionthatthedelegationofGeorgiawasabletosupplementthereportandprovideclarificationsconcerningthelegalprovisionsinforceandtheirscope,andonthereformthatisunderway,whichhasenabledtheCommitteetohaveasomewhatclearerpictureofthehumanrightssituationinGeorgia.̀2.FactorsanddifficultiesaffectingtheimplementatioǹoftheCovenant230.2 .2TheCommitteenotesthatGeorgiaisstillexperiencingtheinfluenceofthetotalitarianpast,whichhascreatedfeelingsofmistrustandinsecurityamongthecitizens.Inaddition,theStatepartyisstillsufferingfromtheeffectsofconflictsinSouthOssetia(1992)andAbkhazia(19931994),whichgaverisetoseriousviolationsofhumanrights,includingmassivepopulationdisplacements,andtheGovernmentishavingdifficultyexercisingitsjurisdictioninthoseareasinrespectoftheprotectionofhumanrights.@ .3.Positiveaspects231.2 .2TheCommitteenotestheassurancesgivenbytheheadofStatethattheenjoymentofhumanrightswouldbecomeapriorityinGeorgia.232.2 .2Theentryintoforceofthe1995ConstitutioneventhoughitdoesnotfullyreproducetherightsguaranteedundertheCovenantandtheestablishmentoftheConstitutionalCourt,towhichanycitizenallegingaviolationofhisconstitutionalrightscanhaverecourse,areviewedbytheCommitteeasencouragingsigns.233.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactiontheabolitionoftheinternalpassport(propiska),whichwasanimpedimenttofreedomofmovementasprovidedforunderarticle12oftheCovenant.234.2 .2ThereformoftheCriminalCodeandtheCriminalProcedureCode,coupledwiththerestructuringoftheProkuraturawiththeaimoflimitingitsroletothatofaprosecutingbodystrippedoftheprerogativeswhichitformerlyenjoyedandwhichenabledittointerfereinjudicialdecisions,areviewedbytheCommitteeassignsofprogress.235.2 .2Whileregrettingtheunderrepresentationofwomenintheorgansofgovernmentandtheinequalitieswhichpersistintheeconomicandsocialspheres,theCommitteeispleasedthatdiscriminationagainstwomenbeforethelawandineducationhaslessened.236.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomestheStateparty'seffortstoaffordmoreactiveprotectionforthehumanrightsofminoritieswithaviewtoguaranteeingthemthefreeexpressionoftheirculturesanduseoftheirlanguages.@ .z 4.Principalsubjectsofconcern237.2 .2TheCommitteedeploresthefactthatnoremedieswereavailabletovictimsofeventsoccurringin1992,1993and1994,enablingthemtoseekredressforviolationsoftheirrightsasprovidedunderarticle2oftheCovenant.Inthatconnection,theCommitteenotesthattheStatepartywasboundbytheprovisionsoftheCovenantfromthedateonwhichthecountrybecameindependent,andhencealsoduringtheperiodprecedingitsdeclarationofaccession,sinceitmustbeconsideredtohavesucceededtotheobligationsundertakenbytheformerSovietUnion,ofwhichitwasanintegralpartuntilitproclaimeditsindependence.238.2 .2TheCommitteeregretsthattheCovenant,althoughdirectlyapplicableunderdomesticlaw,isnotinvokedbeforethecourts.Inaddition,itconsidersthatthefailuretonominateanyonetothepostofOmbudsman,whichwasestablishedinMay1996,deniesaneffectiveremedytopersonsallegingaviolationoftheirfundamentalrights.239.2 .2TheCommitteeregretsthat,inspiteoftheeliminationofinequalitiesbeforethelaw,womencontinuetobethevictimsofunequaltreatmentanddiscriminationinthepolitical,economicandsocialspheres.Itfurthernoteswithconcernthatmethodsofcontraceptionotherthanabortionareverydifficulttoobtain.240.2 .2TheCommitteefearsthatthemoratoriumthathasbeeninstitutedonthecarryingoutofdeathsentencesisaweakpalliative.Inspiteofthereductioninthenumberofoffencescarryingthedeathpenalty,thoseoffencesarestilltoonumerousandsomeofthemdonotcomewithinthecategoryofthemostseriouscrimesenvisagedinarticle6oftheCovenant.TheCommitteealsodeploresthefactthatsomecapitalsentencesappeartohavebeenimposedincasesinwhichconfessionswereobtainedundertortureorduressorfollowingtrialsinwhichtheguaranteesprovidedunderarticle14oftheCovenantwerenotrespected,particularlytherighttohaveacasereviewedbyahighercourt(art.14,para.5,oftheCovenant).241.2 .2TheCommitteeisdeeplyconcernedaboutcasesoftortureinflictedonindividualsdeprivedoftheirliberty,includingtortureusedtoextractconfessions.Itdeploresthefactthatthosecasesandotheractsoftortureusuallygounpunishedandthatinmanycaseslackofconfidenceintheauthoritieskeepsthevictimsfromlodgingcomplaints.242.2 .2TheCommitteedeplorestheabuseofpre-trialdetentionandpolicecustody.ThelimitsplacedonthosemeasuresbytheConstitutionareoftennotobservedinpractice,indisregardalsooftheprovisionsofarticle9oftheCovenant.243.2 .2TheCommitteeisdeeplyconcernedaboutthedisastrousprisonsituation;crowding,poorsanitaryconditionsandlackofmedicalcarehaveresultedinahighrateofinfectiousdiseaseandaveryalarmingmortalityrate,inparticularamongjuveniledetainees.TheCommitteestressesthattheStatepartydoesnotcomplywiththeprovisionsofarticle10oftheCovenant,accordingtowhichallpersonsdeprivedoftheirlibertyshallbetreatedwithhumanityandwithrespectfortheinherentdignityofthehumanperson.244.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedatthecontinuingcloserelationshipbetweentheprocuratorandthejudges;itfearsthat,intheabsenceofanystatuteenforcingtheindependenceofthejudiciary,theimpartialityofdecisionscannotbeguaranteedandthattheexecutivemayexertpressureonthejudiciary.245.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithdisquietthatcourtproceedingsdonotmeettheconditionsrequiredbyarticle14oftheCovenant;forexample,althoughthelawprovidesforaccesstotheassistanceofcounsel,inpracticethisismadedifficultbecauseofexcessivebureaucracy.246.2 .2TheCommitteeregretsthat,despitetheeliminationofthepropiska,obstaclestofreedomofmovementremainwithinthecountry.Itnoteswithconcernthattherecontinuestobeagreatdealofcorruptioninthisarea.247.2 .2TheCommitteeemphasizesthatthevagueandoverlygeneralcharacterizationsofcrimesandthedifficultyofdeterminingtheirconstituentelements(insubordination,sabotage,etc.)haveallowedpoliticalopponentsoftheGovernmenttobeprosecuted.248.2 .2TheCommitteeregretsthatbecauseoftheabsenceoflegislationconcerningtheexerciseoffreedomofassociation,ithasnotbeenpossibletoestablishfreetradeunionssothatworkersmayexercisetheirrightsunderarticle22oftheCovenant.249.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedattheincreaseinthenumberofchildrenaffectedbypovertyandsocialdislocationandtheconcomitantincreaseinthenumberofstreetchildren,delinquentsanddrugaddicts.@ . 5.Suggestionsandrecommendations250.2 .2TheCommitteeinvitestheGovernmenttoprovideallindividualsunderitsjurisdictionwithaneffectiveremedyandcompensationforviolationsoftheirhumanrightsfoundtohaveoccurredsinceindependencein1991.251.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyappointanombudsmanassoonaspossibleandthatproceduresbeestablishedtogiveeffecttotheCommittee'sfindingsundertheOptionalProtocol.TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoensurethelegitimacyandauthorityoftheCommitteeforHumanRightsandEthnicRelationsandtodefinetherelationshipbetweenthatCommitteeandtheOmbudsman.252.2 .2TheCommitteeurgestheauthoritiestocontinuethemoratoriumonexecutionsandtocontinuetheseriouseffortsthathavebeenmadetowardsabolishingthedeathpenalty.253.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyundertakesystematicandimpartialinvestigationsintoallcomplaintsofill-treatmentandtorture,bringtotrialpersonschargedwithviolationsasaresultofthoseinvestigations,andcompensatethevictims.Confessionsobtainedunderduressshouldbesystematicallyexcludedfromjudicialproceedingsand,giventheadmissionoftheStatepartythattorturehadbeenwidespreadinthepast,allconvictionsbasedonconfessionsallegedlymadeundertortureshouldbereviewed.254.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatdetentionandpre-trialdetentionshouldbecarriedoutinaccordancewiththerequirementsoftheConstitutionandtheCovenant.Itstresses,interalia,thatallpersonswhoarearrestedmustimmediatelyhaveaccesstocounsel,beexaminedbyadoctorwithoutdelayandbeabletosubmitpromptlyanapplicationtoajudgetoruleonthelegalityofthedetention.255.2 .2TheCommitteeurgestheStatepartytotakeurgentstepstoimprovethesituationinprisons,inparticular,sanitaryconditions.ItinvitestheStatepartytoreducetheuseofimprisonmentasapunishmentforminorviolationsandofpre-trialdetentionforexcessiveperiods.256.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheauthoritiesputanend,onceandforall,totherestrictionsonfreedomofmovementwithinthecountryandontherighttoleavethecountry.257.2 .2TheCommitteeurgestheStatepartytoenactalawguaranteeingtheindependenceofthejudiciaryandprovidingforitstotalautonomyvisvistheprocuratorandtheexecutive.258.2 .2TheCommitteeurgestheStatepartytoguaranteetherightssetforthinarticle14oftheCovenant,inparticularbyremedyingthedeficiencieswithregardtotheexerciseoftherighttodefenceandtherighttoappeal.Thecreationofanindependentlegalprofessionis,intheCommittee'sview,anecessarypreconditionfortheeffectiveenjoymentofsuchrights.259.2 .2TheCommitteeearnestlyrecommendsthattheStateparty,inconnectionwiththerevisionofthePenalCode,repealthoseprovisionswhichmakeitpossibletoprosecutepoliticalopponentsfortheirbeliefsundercoverofupholdingthelaw.260.2 .2TheCommitteeinvitestheStatepartytoenactlawsmakingitpossiblefortradeunionstobeformedandtocarryouttheiractivitiesfreelyindefenceoftherightsofworkers.261.2 .2TheCommitteeurgestheStatepartytotakeurgentstepstoprotectchildren,inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofarticle24oftheCovenant.262.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthateducationalandtrainingprogrammesbedrawnupwithaviewtodevelopingacultureofrespectforhumanrightsinallsectorsofthepopulation,interalia,judges,thesecurityforcesandprisonpersonnel.Thoseprogrammesshouldalsoemphasizethatwomenareentitledtofullenjoymentoftheirfundamentalrights.263.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatthereportoftheStateparty,togetherwiththeseconcludingobservationsadoptedbytheCommittee,bewidelydisseminatedandthatthetextoftheCovenantbedisseminatedinalllanguagescommonlyusedinthecountry.@ .I.COLOMBIA264.2 .2TheCommitteeconsideredthefourthperiodicreportofColombia(CCPR/C/103/Add.3)atits1568thto1571stmeetings(fiftyninthsession),heldon31Marchand1April1997,andatits1583rdmeetingon9April1997,adoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.@ .1.Introduction265.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomesthefourthperiodicreportsubmittedbytheStatepartyandtheopportunitytoresumeitsdialoguewithColombia,throughadelegationcomposedofofficialsfromvarioussectorsoftheadministration.AlthoughtheCommitteenoteswithregretthatthereportsubmittedbytheStatepartylackssufficientinformationonthepracticalsituationwithrespecttotheenjoymentofhumanrightsbythepopulationandontheimplementationoftheprovisionsoftheCovenantandtherelevantnationallegislation,itexpressesitsappreciationtothedelegationforthefrankanswersitprovidedtoitsquestions,whichenabledittohaveaclearerviewoftheoverallhumanrightssituationinthecountry.ThefactthatthedelegationacknowledgedtoacertainextentthedifficultiesencounteredintheimplementationoftheCovenantinthecountryisappreciatedbytheCommittee.266.2 .2Theinformationsubmittedbyawiderangeofnon-governmentalorganizationsalsoassistedtheCommitteeinitsunderstandingofthehumanrightssituationintheStateparty.̀2.FactorsanddifficultiesimpedingthèimplementationoftheCovenant267.2 .2TheCommitteenotesthatColombiacontinuestosufferfromwidespreadarmedconflict,inthecontextofwhichgrossandmassivehumanrightsviolationshaveoccurredandcontinuetobeperpetrated.TheCommitteealsonotesthatrecenteffortstorestartpeacenegotiationshaveyettobearfruit.@ .3.Positiveaspects268.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomestherecentestablishmentinColombiaofanofficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRightsCentreforHumanRights,aswellastheratificationbyColombiaoftheProtocoladditionaltotheGenevaConventionsof12August1949,andrelatingtotheprotectionofvictimsofnon-internationalarmedconflicts(ProtocolII).269.2 .2TheCommitteefurtherwelcomesthecreationofanumberofinstitutionsandofficestoprotectandpromotehumanrights,suchastheOfficeoftheOmbudsman,theDepartmentforHumanRightswithintheOfficeofthePublicProsecutorandtheDivisionforHumanRightswithintheOfficeoftheAttorneyGeneral,andtheestablishmentbytheOfficeofthePublicProsecutorofpermanentofficesonhumanrightsinthemaincitiesofthecountry,aswellasthesettingupofprogrammesconcerningwomenandgenderequality,formulatedbytheNationalEconomicandSocialPolicyCouncil,andthecreationofinstitutionalstructuresaimingatthepromotionofwomen'srights,suchastheCommitteeforCoordinationandMonitoringofPoliciestoCombatDiscriminationandtheOfficeofthePresidentialAdviserforYouth,WomenandtheFamily.270.2 .2TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationfortherecentjurisprudenceoftheConstitutionalCourtregardingthestatusofinternationalhumanrightsinstruments,whichgivesthelatterastatusequaltothatoftheConstitution.271.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomestheadoptionofanewPoliceCode,whichincludesguidelinesandbindingprinciplesconcerningtheuseofforceandweaponsbythepolice.Therestructuringofthepolicewithaviewtoincreasingtheprofessionalismofpoliceofficialsandimprovingrelationshipsbetweenthepoliceandthepopulationisalsowelcomed,asistheadoption,intheframeworkofthisrestructuring,ofdecreeswithrespecttodisciplinarymeasuresincasesofunlawfulbehaviourofpoliceofficials.272.2 .2TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationfortheestablishmentofaCommissionofInquirytodealwithcomplaintsconcerningforceddisappearances,whichprovidesforprotectivemeasuresforcomplainantsandwitnesses.Theestablishmentofanationalregistrylistingdisappearedpersons,togetherwiththecreationofacommissionforthefollow-upofcasesofforceddisappearancescomposed,amongothers,ofthePublicProsecutor,theOmbudsmanandtherepresentativesofnon-governmentalorganizations,isviewedaspositivestepsinthestruggleagainstforceddisappearances.273.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithappreciationthecreationofremediesfortheviolationofbasicrightsofindividuals,suchasacci;ndetutela(theremedyofprotectionoffundamentalrights),establishedbyarticle86oftheConstitutionandtherelevantdecrees,andtheremediesofhabeascorpusandhabeasdata.274.2 .2TheCommitteealsowelcomestheadoptionoflegislationwhichestablishesamechanismforthecompensationofvictimsofhumanrightsviolationsinaccordancewithdecisionsadoptedbytheCommitteeundertheOptionalProtocoltotheCovenantandbytheInter-AmericanCommissiononHumanRights.275.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthatvictimsofhumanrightsabusescommittedbymembersofthearmedforcesmaynowberepresentedascivilpartiesduringproceedingsbeforemilitarycourts.276.2 .2Withrespecttotheprevailingdomesticviolence,theCommitteewelcomestheadoptionoflegislationwhichprovidesforacceleratedjudicialproceedingsandimmediateprotectivemeasuresforvictimsofsuchviolence.@ .z 4.Principalsubjectsofconcern277.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatthesuggestionsandrecommendationsitaddressedtotheGovernmentattheendoftheconsiderationofthepreviousreport(seeCCPR/C/64/Add.3andparas.390-394oftheCommittee's1992report4)havenotbeenimplemented.278.2 .2TheCommitteedeploresthefactthatgrossandmassivehumanrightsviolationscontinuetooccurinColombiaandthatthelevelofpoliticalandcriminalviolenceisstillveryhigh.Inparticular,theCommitteedeploresextrajudicialexecutions,murders,tortureandotherdegradingtreatment,forceddisappearancesandarbitraryarrestcarriedoutbymembersofthearmedforces,thepoliceandparamilitaryandguerrillagroups.Journalists,humanrightsactivists,tradeunionandpoliticalleaders,teachers,membersofindigenouspopulationsandjudgesappeartobespecificallytargeted.279.2 .2TheCommitteealsodeploresthefactthatso-called"socialcleansing"operations,targetingstreetchildren,homosexuals,prostitutesandpettydelinquents,continuetobecarriedoutandthatappropriateandeffectiveactionhasnotyetbeentakentoensurethefullprotectionoftherightsofthosegroups,especiallyoftheirrighttolife.280.2 .2TheCommitteeisdeeplyconcernedattheevidencethatparamilitarygroupsreceivesupportfrommembersofthemilitary.Therecentlyadopteddecreewhichwouldhavetheeffectoflegalizingtheconstitutionofarmedciviliangroups(theso-calledRuralSecurityCooperatives)wouldseemtoaggravatethatsituation.281.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithgreatconcernthatimpunitycontinuestobeawidespreadphenomenonandthattheconceptofservicerelatedactshasbeenbroadenedbytheHigherAdjudicationCounciltoenablethetransferfromcivilianjurisdictiontomilitarytribunalsofmanycasesinvolvinghumanrightsviolationsbymilitaryandsecurityforces.ThisreinforcestheinstitutionalizationofimpunityinColombiasincetheindependenceandimpartialityofthosetribunalsaredoubtful.TheCommitteewishestopointoutthatthemilitarypenalsystemlacksmanyoftherequirementsforafairtrialspelledoutinarticle14oftheCovenant,forexample,theamendmentstoarticle221oftheConstitutionallowingactivedutyofficerstositonmilitarytribunalsandthefactthatmembersofthemilitaryhavetherighttoinvokeasdefencetheordersofasuperior.282.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedthatthemilitaryandmembersofsecurityorotherforcesallegedlycontinuetoexercisespecialpowersoverciviliansandcivilianauthorities,includingjudicialauthorities,grantedtothemthroughtheestablishmentofSpecialPublicOrderZonesbydecreesnolongerinforce.TheCommitteeisparticularlyconcernedthatthemilitaryexercisethefunctionsofinvestigation,arrest,detentionandinterrogation.283.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatthreatsagainstmembersofthejudiciarycompromisetheindependenceandimpartialityofthejudiciary,whichareessentialtocomplywiththerightsprovidedforinarticle14oftheCovenant.Moreover,theCommitteenotesthatthelengthofjudicialproceedingscreatesanunacceptablebacklogofcases,includingcasesofhumanrightsabuses.284.2 .2AlthoughtheCommitteenotestheforthcomingdismantlementoftheregionaljudicialsystem,itneverthelessemphasizesthatthatsystem,whichprovidesforfacelessjudgesandanonymouswitnesses,doesnotcomplywitharticle14oftheCovenant,particularlyparagraph3(b)and(e),andtheCommittee'sGeneralComment13(21).285.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatthereisasignificantgapbetweenthelegalframeworkandrealityinthefieldofhumanrights.Itnotesinparticularthatalthoughalargenumberoflawsandregulationshaverecentlybeenadoptedtoprotecthumanrightsandprovideremediesincasesofabuse,therehasbeenlittlenoticeableimprovementinthesituationofhumanrightsinpractice.286.2 .2TheCommitteeexpressesitsdeepconcernattherecentproposalsforconstitutionalreformaimedatsuppressingtimelimitsonstatesofemergency,eliminatingthepowersoftheConstitutionalCourttoreviewthedeclarationofastateofemergency,concedingfunctionsofthejudicialpolicetomilitaryauthorities,addingnewcircumstancesunderwhichastateofemergencymaybedeclared,andreducingthepowersoftheAttorneyGeneral'sOfficeandthePublicProsecutor'sOfficetoinvestigatehumanrightsabusesandtheconductofmembersofthemilitary,respectively.Ifthosetextsweretobeadopted,theywouldraiseseriousdifficultieswithregardtoarticle4oftheCovenant.287.2 .2TheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernoverthesituationofwomenwho,despitesomeimprovements,continuetobesubjectofdejureanddefactodiscriminationinallspheresofeconomic,socialandpubliclife.Itnotesinthisregardthatviolenceagainstwomenremainsamajorthreattotheirrighttolifeandneedstobemoreeffectivelyaddressed.Itisalsoconcernedatthehighmortalityrateofwomenresultingfromclandestineabortions.288.2 .2TheCommitteealsoexpressesitsconcernthattheresorttodeclarationsofstatesofemergencyisstillfrequentandseldominconformitywitharticle4,paragraph1,oftheCovenant,whichprovidesthatsuchdeclarationmaybemadeonlywhenthelifeandexistenceofthenationisthreatened.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedthatdespiteconstitutionalandlegalguarantees,enjoymentoftherightsprovidedforinarticle4,paragraph2,oftheCovenantisnotfullyprotectedinsuchcircumstancesandthatunderarticle213oftheConstitutiontheGovernmentmayissuedecreessuspendinganylawsconsideredtobeincompatiblewiththestateofdisturbance.289.2 .2TheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernatappallingprisonconditions,themostseriousofwhichistheproblemofovercrowding,aswellasatthelackofmeasurestakentodatetoaddresstheproblem.290.2 .2TheCommitteeexpressesitsdeepconcernatthesituationofchildreninColombiaandthelackofadequatemeasurestoprotecttheirrightsundertheCovenant.Itnotesthatmuchremainstobedonetoprotectchildrenfromviolencewithinthefamilyandsocietyatlarge,fromforcedrecruitmentbyguerrillaandparamilitarygroupsandfromemploymentbelowthelegalminimumage,andspecificallytoprotectstreetchildrenfrombeingkilledorotherwiseabusedbyvigilantegroupsandsecurityforces.291.2 .2TheCommitteenotesthatalthoughpositivemeasureshavebeentakenbytheGovernment,membersofindigenouscommunitiesandoftheblackminoritycontinuetosufferdiscriminationanddonotfullyenjoytheirrightsprovidedforinarticle27oftheCovenant.292.2 .2Lastly,theCommitteeexpressesconcernthatthedecisionsontheadmissibilityandthemeritsofcertaincasessubmittedtotheCommitteeundertheOptionalProtocoltotheCovenanthaveagainbeenquestionedbytheGovernmentwhenitwaspresentedwiththeviewsadoptedbytheCommitteeunderthatProtocol.@ . 5.Suggestionsandrecommendations293.2 .2TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoredoubleitseffortsforthesettingupofaprocessofnationalreconciliation,withaviewtobringinglastingpeacetothecountry.294.2 .2TheCommitteeurgesthatappropriateandeffectivemeasuresbetakentoensurethathumanrightsarerespectedbymembersofthearmy,thesecurityforcesandthepolice.TheCommitteestronglyrecommendsthatsupportgivenbymilitarypersonnelorsecurityforcestoparamilitarygroupsandoperationsbeinvestigatedandpunished,thatimmediatestepsbetakentodisbandparamilitarygroupsandthatconsiderationbegiventorepealingthepresidentialdecreelegalizingtheconstitutionofRuralSecurityCooperatives.295.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatinordertocombatimpunity,stringentmeasuresbeadoptedtoensurethatallallegationsofhumanrightsviolationsarepromptlyandimpartiallyinvestigated,thattheperpetratorsareprosecuted,thatappropriatepunishmentisimposedonthoseconvictedandthatthevictimsareadequatelycompensated.Thepermanentremovalofofficialsconvictedofseriousoffencesandthesuspensionofthoseagainstwhomallegationsofsuchoffencesarebeinginvestigatedshouldbeensured.296.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatspecialmeasuresbeadopted,includingprotectivemeasures,toensurethatmembersofvarioussocialsectors,particularlyjournalists,humanrightsactivists,tradeunionandpoliticalleaders,teachers,membersofindigenouspopulationsandjudges,areabletoexercisetheirrightsandfreedoms,includingfreedomofexpression,assemblyandassociation,withoutintimidationofanysort.TheCommitteealsourgestheauthoritiestotakestringentmeasurestoensurefullprotectionoftherightsofvictimsof"socialcleansing",inparticulartheirrightsunderarticles6and7oftheCovenant.297.2 .2TheCommitteeurgesthatallnecessarystepsbetakentoensurethatmembersofthearmedforcesandthepoliceaccusedofhumanrightsabusesaretriedbyindependentciviliancourtsandsuspendedfromactivedutyduringtheperiodofinvestigation.Tothatend,theCommitteerecommendsthatthejurisdictionofthemilitarycourtswithrespecttohumanrightsviolationsbetransferredtociviliancourtsandthatinvestigationsofsuchcasesbecarriedoutbytheOfficeoftheAttorneyGeneralandthePublicProsecutor.Moregenerally,theCommitteerecommendsthatthenewdraftMilitaryPenalCode,ifitistobeadopted,complyinallrespectswiththerequirementsoftheCovenant.Thepublicforcesshouldnotbeentitledtorelyonthedefenceof"ordersofasuperior"incasesofviolationofhumanrights.298.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatallnecessarymeasuresbetakenbytheauthoritiestoensurethatthegapbetweenlawsprotectingfundamentalrightsandthesituationofhumanrightsinpracticeisreduced.Tothateffect,theCommitteerecommendsthateducationalandtrainingprogrammesbedevisedsothatallsegmentsofthepopulation,inparticularmembersofthearmy,thesecurityforces,thepolice,judges,lawyersandteachers,candevelopacultureofrespectforhumanrightsandhumandignity.299.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattherecentlyproposedconstitutionalreforms,referredtoinparagraph286,bewithdrawn.300.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyreviewitslawsandtakemeasurestoensurefulllegalanddefactoequalityforwomeninallaspectsofsocial,economicandpubliclife,includingwithrespecttotheirstatuswithinthefamily.Inthisregard,priorityshouldbegiventoprotectingwomen'srighttolifebytakingeffectivemeasuresagainstviolenceandbyensuringaccesstosafecontraception.Measuresshouldbetakentopreventandeliminatepersistingdiscriminatoryattitudesandprejudicesagainstwomen,notablythrougheducationandinformationcampaigns.301.2 .2TheCommitteereiteratesitsviewsthatastateofemergencyshouldnotbedeclaredunlesstheconditionssetoutinarticle4oftheCovenantapplyandthedeclarationrequiredunderthesaidarticleismade.Constitutionalandlegalprovisionsshouldensurethatcompliancewitharticle4oftheCovenantcanbemonitoredbythecourts.Theapplicationofdecreesadoptedunderarticle213oftheConstitutionandtheirnon-applicationattheendoftheemergencyperiodshouldbecloselymonitored.302.2 .2TheCommitteestressestheobligationoftheStatepartyunderarticle10oftheCovenanttoensurethatallpersonsdeprivedoftheirlibertyaretreatedhumanelyandwithrespectfortheinherentdignityofthehumanperson.Withparticularregardtotheproblemofovercrowdingofprisons,theCommitteesuggeststhattheadoptionofalternativesentencingmeasureswhichwouldallowsomeconvictedpersonstoservetheirsentencesinthecommunitybeconsideredandthatgreaterresourcesbecommittedtoenlargingthecapacityandimprovingtheconditionsofthepenitentiarysystem.303.2 .2TheCommitteeurgesthattheregionaljudicialsystembeabolishedandthattheGovernmentensurethatalltrialsareconductedwithfullrespectforthesafeguardsforafairtrialprovidedforinarticle14oftheCovenant.304.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmentputanendtothedefactoexercisebythemilitaryofpowersintheSpecialPublicOrderZonesestablishedbydecreeswhicharenolongerinforce.305.2 .2TheCommitteeurgesthe. ..Governmenttoadopteffectivemeasurestoensurethefullimplementationofarticle24oftheCovenant,includingpreventiveandpunitivemeasuresinrespectofallactsofchildmurderandassault,andprotective,preventiveandpunitivemeasuresinrespectofchildrencaughtupintheactivitiesofguerrillaandparamilitarygroups.TheCommitteealsospecificallyrecommendsthateffectivemeasuresbetakentoeliminateemploymentofchildrenandthatinspectionmechanismsbeestablishedtothateffect.306.2 .2TheCommitteestressesthedutyoftheStatepartytoensurethateverychildborninColombiaenjoystheright,underarticle24,paragraph3,oftheCovenant,toacquireanationality.ItthereforerecommendsthattheStatepartyconsiderconferringColombiannationalityonstatelesschildrenborninColombia.307.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatfurthermeasuresbeadoptedtoensurethattherightsofmembersofindigenouspopulationsandtheblackminoritiesundertheCovenant,inparticulararticles2,paragraph1,26and27areprotected.TheCommitteeparticularlystressestheimportanceofeducationandurgestheGovernmenttotakeappropriatemeasurestoreducetheilliteracyrateamongthosegroups.308.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatthereportoftheStateparty,togetherwiththeseconcludingobservations,bewidelydisseminated.@ .J.PORTUGAL(MACAU)309.2 .2TheHumanRightsCommitteeconsideredthethirdperiodicreportofPortugalrelatingtoMacau(CCPR/C/70/Add.9)atits1576thand1577thmeetings(fiftyninthsession),heldon4April1997,andatits1584thmeeting,on10April1997,adoptedthefollowingobservations.@ .1.Introduction310.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomesthepresenceofahighleveldelegation,whichincludedseveralofficialsoftheMacauGovernment.ItexpressesitsappreciationtotherepresentativesoftheStatepartyforthehighqualityofthereport,theabundanceofadditionalinformationandthedetailedandfrankanswersprovidedinresponsetotheoralandwrittenquestionsposedandcommentsmadebytheCommitteeduringitsconsiderationofthereport.TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthatthatinformationenabledittoengageinahighlyconstructivedialoguewiththeStateparty.@ .l2.FactorsrelatingtoreportingobligationsundertheCovenant311.2 .2TheCommitteenotesthatgiventhelateextensionoftheCovenanttoMacau,theSino-PortugueseJointDeclarationandExchangeofMemorandaof13April1987doesnotrefertoitandmerelystatesthatthelawscurrentlyinforceinMacauwillremainbasicallyunchangedandthatallrightsandfreedomsoftheinhabitantsandotherpersonsinMacau,includingtherightsoftheperson,freedomofspeech,ofthepress,ofassembly,ofassociation,oftravelandofmovement,therighttostrike,thechoiceofoccupation,toundertakeacademicresearch,freedomofreligionandbeliefandofcommunicationandtherighttoownpropertywillbeensuredbylawintheMacauSpecialAdministrativeRegion.ThatwasfollowedbyaMemorandumofUnderstandingbetweenthePeople'sRepublicofChinaandtheGovernmentofPortugal,signedbytheirrespectiveAmbassadors,forextensionoftheCovenanttoMacauwithreservations,andthereafterbyresolution41/92oftheAssemblyofthePortugueseRepublicof31December1992,stipulatingthattheprovisionsoftheCovenantwereextendedtoMacauwithcertainreservations,particularlyinregardtoarticle12,paragraphs4and13.TheCommitteenotesthatarticle40oftheBasicLawoftheMacauSpecialAdministrativeRegionofthePeople'sRepublicofChina,adoptedbythePeople'sCongresson31March1993,statesthattheprovisionsoftheCovenantshallcontinueinforceafter19December1999andshallbeimplementedthroughthelawsoftheMacauSpecialAdministrativeRegion.312.2 .2Accordingly,theSino-PortugueseJointDeclaration,readinconjunctionwiththeMemorandumofUnderstandingandtheBasicLaw,appearstoprovideasoundlegalbasisforthecontinuedprotectioninMacauafter19December1999oftherightsspecifiedintheCovenant.TheCommittee,moreover,wishestoreiterateitslongstandingpositionthathumanrightstreatiesdevolvewithterritoryandthatStatescontinuetobeboundbytheobligationsundertheCovenantenteredintobythepredecessorState.OncethepeoplelivinginaterritoryfindthemselvesundertheprotectionoftheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights,suchprotectioncannotbedeniedtothemmerelyonaccountofthedismembermentofthatterritoryoritscomingwithinthejurisdictionofanotherStateorofmorethanoneState.5󀀀Consequently,thereportingrequirementsunderarticle40oftheCovenantwillcontinuetoapplyandtheCommitteeexpectstoreceiveandreviewreportsinrelationtoMacauafter19December1999.̇@ .3.Positiveaspects313.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomesthefactthatthedeathpenaltyhasbeenabolishedinMacau,includingformilitarycrimes.ItnoteswithappreciationthatthedomesticlawasinterpretedbytheSuperiorCourtofJusticeprohibitsextraditiontoacountrywherethepersonconcernedmaybesentencedtodeath.314.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithappreciationthatstrictsafeguardsexistintheOrganicStatuteofMacauwithregardtothedeclarationofastateofsiegeorstateofemergencyandthatnon-derogablerightsunderarticle4,paragraph2,oftheCovenantmayundernocircumstancesbederogatedfrom.315.2 .2Itisalsonotedwithappreciationthatunderarticle30ofthePortugueseConstitution,personsdeprivedoftheirlibertyareentitledtocontinuetoenjoytheirfundamentalrights,saveforthoselimitationsthatareinherentintheirimprisonment.316.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomestheeffortsbeingmadebytheauthoritiestodisseminateinformationonhumanrightstomembersofthejudiciary,civilservants,teachersandthepublicingeneral.317.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithappreciationthatunderarticle22ofthePortugueseConstitution,readinconjunctionwitharticle2oftheOrganicStatuteofMacau,Stateagenciesandpublicbodiesareheldliableforactionsoromissionsresultinginviolationsofhumanrights.318.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomesthesettingupofnewinstitutionsandofficestoprotecthumanrights,suchasthePublicInformationandAssistanceCentreandtheHighCommissionagainstCorruptionandAdministrativeIllegality.@ .z 4.Principalsubjectsofconcern319.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthat,whilethemajorityofthepopulationisChinesespeaking,officialchargeformsandchargesheets,aswellascourtdocumentsanddecisions,areinPortugueseonly,althougheffortsarebeingmadetomakeChineseversionsavailabletothepeople.320.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedthat,despiteguaranteesofequalityintheConstitutionandinlabourlegislation,defactoinequalitiescontinueinregardtothesituationofwomenandtheirremuneration.Thepersistenceofcertaintraditionalattitudesandpracticescontributestothisinequalityanddiscriminationintheworkplace.321.2 .2TheCommitteeisparticularlyconcernedatreportsontheextentoftraffickinginwomeninMacauandonthelargenumberofwomenfromdifferentcountrieswhoarebeingbroughtintoMacauforthepurposeofprostitution.TheCommitteeisextremelyconcernedattheinactionbytheauthoritiesinpreventingandpenalizingexploitationofthosewomenandthat,inparticular,immigrationandpoliceofficialsarenottakingeffectivemeasurestoprotectthemandtoimposesanctionsonthosewhoareexploitingwomenthroughprostitution,inviolationofarticle8oftheCovenant.322.2 .2TheCommitteeexpressesconcernatthelowpercentageoflocallybornresidentsholdingseniorpositionsinpublicadministration,thusraisingtheissueofimplementationofarticle25oftheCovenant.323.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedthatnofirmarrangementshavebeenmadebetweentheGovernmentsofChinaandPortugalwithregardtothenationalityoftheresidentsofMacauafter19December1999.324.2 .2TheCommitteeregretsthat,despitetheeffortsthatarebeingmadebytheauthoritiestodisseminateinformationinregardtotherightsrecognizedintheCovenant,thepublicingeneral,andnon-governmentalorganizationsinparticular,werenotadequatelyinformedoftheHumanRightsCommittee'sconsiderationofthethirdperiodicreportofPortugal.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedthatnon-governmentalorganizationsinMacauarenotbeingencouragedtoparticipateinprogrammesforthepromotionandprotectionofhumanrightsandthattheircooperationisnotsoughtinregardtotheimplementationofhumanrights.@ . 5.Suggestionsandrecommendations325.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthateffortsbeacceleratedtointroduce,assoonaspossible,theuseoftheChineselanguageinthecourtsatalllevelsandparticularlyincourtdocumentsanddecisions.326.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatdeterminedeffortsbemadetoensureasubstantialriseinthepercentageoflocallybornresidentsholdingseniorpostsinpublicadministrationandthejudiciary.327.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmentinitiateorstrengthenprogrammesaimedatprovidingassistancetowomenindifficultcircumstances,particularlythosefromothercountrieswhoarebroughtintoMacauforthepurposeofprostitution.Strongmeasuresshouldbetakentopreventthatformoftraffickingandtoimposesanctionsonthosewhoexploitwomeninthatway.Protectionshouldbeextendedtowomenwhoarethevictimsofthatkindoftraffickingsothattheymayhaveaplaceofrefugeandanopportunitytostayinordertogiveevidenceagainstthepersonresponsibleincriminalorcivilproceedings.328.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheprovisionsofarticle4ofthePortugueseAssembly'sresolutionNo.41/92,wherebyarticle12,paragraph4,andarticle13oftheCovenantarenotapplicabletoMacauasfarasentryanddepartureofpersonsandtheexpulsionofforeignersfromtheTerritoryareconcerned,berepealedassoonaspossible.329.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthathumanrightseducationbeextendedtomembersofthepoliceandsecurityforces,thelegalprofessionandotherpersonsinvolvedintheadministrationofjustice,withaviewtomakingitpartoftheirregulartraining.330.2 .2TheCommitteesuggeststhatfurthereffortsbeundertakentodisseminateinformationinregardtotherightsrecognizedintheCovenantandtheactivitiescarriedoutbytheCommittee.Inparticular,itrecommendsthatthepresentobservationsbewidelydisseminatedamongthepublic.ǁ@ .K.LEBANON331.2 .2TheCommitteeexaminedthesecondperiodicreportofLebanon(CCPR/C/42/Add.14)atits1578thand1579thmeetings(fiftyninthsession),heldon7April1997,andatits1585thmeeting,on10April1997,adoptedthefollowingcomments.@ .1.Introduction332.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomesthesecondperiodicreportsubmittedbytheStateparty,althoughafteralongdelay,andappreciatesthedelegation'sreadinesstoresumeitsdialoguewiththeCommittee.TheCommitteeregrets,however,thatwhilethereportprovidedsomeusefulinformationonthegenerallegislativeframeworkofLebanon,itdidnotdealconsistentlywiththeactualstateofimplementationoftheCovenantandonlytoalimitedextentwiththedifficultiesencounteredinthecourseofitsimplementation.TheCommitteealsoconsidersthatthereportistoobrieftoprovideacomprehensiveoverviewoftheimplementationofCovenantguaranteesbytheStateparty.TheCommitteeappreciatedthepresenceofthedelegation,whichprovidedsomehelpfulclarificationsinrespondingtoseveraloftheCommittee'squestions.333.2 .2TheCommitteehopesthatthepresentcommentswillassisttheStatepartyinthepreparationofthethirdperiodicreport,whichshouldincludesubstantiveandthoroughinformationontheissuesidentifiedasbeingofconcerntotheCommitteeinthefollowingparagraphs.̀2.Factorsanddifficultiesaffecting̀theimplementationoftheCovenant334.2 .2TheCommitteenotesthattheconflictinLebanonfrom1975to1990destroyedmuchofthecountry'sinfrastructureandcausedconsiderablehumansuffering,aswellassevereeconomicdisruptionanddifficulties,whichcontinuetorestrictresourcesallocatedtohumanrights.TheCommitteeappreciatesthattheStatepartyisnotinapositiontoensurethattheprovisionsoftheCovenantareeffectivelyappliedandrespectedthroughouttheterritory,sincetheauthoritieshavenoaccesstothesouthernpartofthecountry,whichremainsunderIsraelioccupation.335.2 .2TheCommitteealsonotesthattheprocessofnationalreconstructionremainshandicappedbyanumberoffactors,interalia,bythefactthatnon-LebanesemilitaryforcescontrolpartsoftheStateparty'sterritory,whichcontributestounderminingthecontrolofthecentralGovernmentandmaypreventtheapplicationoftheStateparty'slawsandtheCovenantintheareasnotundertheGovernment'scontrol.@ .3.Positiveaspects336.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomestheStateparty'srecentadoptionoflegislationdesignedtoacertainextenttobringitslegalsystemintolinewithLebanon'sobligationsunderinternationalhumanrightsinstruments,inparticularlegislationdesignedtoensuretheequalityofrightsandobligationsbetweenmenandwomen.337.2 .2TheCommitteeappreciatestheGovernment'sreadinesstoreformthecountry'sprisonsystem,which,thedelegationconceded,hasseriousshortcomings,anditwelcomesthebudgetaryappropriationsdecideduponbytheGovernmenttothateffect.Itexpressesthehopethattheprisonreformandrenovationprogrammewillbeeffectedasexpeditiouslyaspossible,soastoenabletheStatepartytocomplywitharticles7and10oftheCovenant.338.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithappreciationtheestablishmentoftheCommissiononRulesofProcedureandHumanRights(Commissiondurglementintrieuretdesdroitsdel'homme),whichexaminescertainlegislativeproposalsinthelightoftheirhumanrightsimplicationsandfortheircompatibilitywithhumanrightsstandards.TheCommitteealsowelcomestheestablishmentofaConstitutionalCourt(art.19oftheConstitution).@ .f4.SubjectsofconcernandtheCommittee'srecommendations339.2 .2TheCommitteeconsidersthatsomeaspectsoftheStateparty'slegalsystemdonotconformwiththeprovisionsoftheCovenant.ItpointsinparticulartothefactthatdecisionspassedbytheJusticeCouncilarenotsubjecttoappeal,whichiscontrarytoarticle14,paragraph5,oftheCovenant.TheCommitteerecommendsthatacomprehensivereviewbeundertakenofthelegalframeworkfortheprotectionofhumanrightsintheStatepartytoensurecompliancewithalloftheprovisionsoftheCovenant.ItfurtherencouragestheStatepartytoconsiderthecreationofanationalombudsmanoranindependentnationalhumanrightscommission,whichwouldhaveauthoritytoinvestigatehumanrightsviolationsandmakerecommendationsonremedialactiontotheGovernment.340.2 .2InrespectofDecreeLawNo.102of16September1983andDecreeNo.7988of27February1996,theCommitteenoteswithconcernthatthecircumstancesunderwhichastateofemergencymaybeproclaimedandenforcedinLebanonareexcessivelybroadandmaybeusedtorestricttheexerciseofbasicrightsinanunjustifiablemanner.TheCommitteealsodeploresthefactthattheStatepartyhasfailedtoobserveitsdutiesunderarticle4,paragraph3,oftheCovenanttonotifytheSecretaryGeneralandthroughhimotherStatespartiestotheCovenantoftheproclamationofastateofemergency.341.2 .2TheCommitteeaccordinglyurgestheStatepartytosuspendtheapplicationofDecreeLawNo.102anditsimplementationDecree,ortoreplaceitbylegislationwhichmeetstherequirementsofarticle4oftheCovenant.TheCommitteealsorecommendsthatallfutureproclamationsofstatesofemergencybestrictlylimitedintimeandnotifiedinscrupulousaccordancewiththerequirementsofarticle4,paragraph3,oftheCovenant.342.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithconcerntheamnestygrantedtocivilianandmilitarypersonnelforhumanrightsviolationstheymayhavecommittedagainstciviliansduringthecivilwar.Suchasweepingamnestymaypreventtheappropriateinvestigationandpunishmentoftheperpetratorsofpasthumanrightsviolations,undermineeffortstoestablishrespectforhumanrightsandconstituteanimpedimenttoeffortsundertakentoconsolidatedemocracy.343.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthattheroleandrespectivecompetenciesoftheLebaneseinternalsecurityforcesandthemilitary,withrespecttoarrest,detentionandinterrogationofindividuals,werenotproperlyclarifiedbythedelegation.TheCommitteeregretsthatthedelegationdidnotprovideinformationontheroleandextentoftheexerciseofpowerregardingthearrest,detentionandinterrogation,aswellasthepossibletransfertoSyria,ofLebanesecitizens,bytheSyriansecurityserviceswhichcontinuetooperatewithintheStateparty'sterritorywiththeconsentoftheGovernment.344.2 .2TheCommitteeexpressesconcernaboutthebroadscopeofthejurisdictionofmilitarycourtsinLebanon,especiallyitsextensionbeyonddisciplinarymattersanditsapplicationtocivilians.Itisalsoconcernedabouttheproceduresfollowedbythosemilitarycourts,aswellasthelackofsupervisionofthemilitarycourts'proceduresandverdictsbytheordinarycourts.TheStatepartyshouldreviewthejurisdictionofthemilitarycourtsandtransferthecompetenceofmilitarycourts,inalltrialsconcerningciviliansandinallcasesconcerningtheviolationofhumanrightsbymembersofthemilitary,totheordinarycourts.345.2 .2Moregenerally,theCommitteeexpressesconcernabouttheindependenceandimpartialityoftheStateparty'sjudiciary,andnotesthatthedelegationitselfconcededthattheproceduresgoverningtheappointmentofjudges,andinparticularmembersoftheConseilsuprieurdelamagistrature,werefarfromsatisfactory.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedthattheStatepartydoesnot,inmanyinstances,providecitizenswitheffectiveremediesandappealproceduresfortheirgrievances.TheCommitteethereforerecommendsthattheStatepartyreview,asamatterofurgency,theproceduresgoverningtheappointmentofmembersofthejudiciary,whichaviewtoensuringtheirfullindependence.346.2 .2TheCommitteeexpressesconcernoverwellsubstantiatedallegationsofactsoftortureandcruel,inhumananddegradingtreatmentcommittedbytheStateparty'spolice,theLebanesesecurityforcesandnon-LebanesesecurityforcesoperatingwithintheStateparty'sterritory,theoccurrenceofarbitraryarrestanddetention,searchesoperatedwithoutwarrants,abusivetreatmentofindividualsdeprivedoftheirliberty,andviolationsoftherighttoafairtrial.Ithasnotedthedelegation'sstatementthatnosuchactsoftortureandill-treatmentarecommittedbytheLebanesepoliceandsecurityforces;notwithstandingthatstatement,iturgestheStatepartytoinvestigatethecredibleallegationsofinstancesofilltreatmentandtorturethathavebeenbroughttotheCommittee'sattention.347.2 .2WhilewelcomingtheStateparty'sintentiontoreformandmodernizetheprisonsystem(seepara.337),credibleandwellsubstantiatedreportsofill-treatmentofprisonersandseriousovercrowdingofprisons,aswellasthelackofclearsegregationofminorsandadultsandofconvicteddetaineesandthoseawaitingtrial,continuetobeamatterofconcerntotheCommittee.TheCommitteeregretsthatthedelegationwasunabletoprovidefurtherclarificationonthesituationoffemalejuveniledelinquentsdetainedinZahleprison.348.2 .2Whilewelcomingrecentlegislativeamendmentswhicheliminatesomeformsofdiscriminationagainstwomen,theCommitteenotesthatbothlegalanddefactodiscriminationcontinuestobeamatterofconcern.Itrefersinthiscontexttoarticles487to489oftheCriminalCode,whichimposeharshersentencesforconvictionofadulteryonwomenthanonmen,tonationalitylawsandthelawwhichmayrestricttherighttoleavethecountryforspousesintheabsenceoftheconsentofthehusband(seeCCPR/C/42/Add.14,para.9).TheCommitteeconsidersthatthoseprovisions,andothersreferredtointhereport,areincompatiblewitharticles3and23oftheCovenant.TheCommitteeisequallyconcernedaboutthecompatibilityoflawsandregulationswhichdonotallowLebanesecitizenstocontractmarriageotherthaninaccordancewiththelawsandproceduresofoneoftherecognizedreligiouscommunities,andthatthoselawsandproceduresdonotaffordequalityofrightstowomen.349.2 .2Accordingly,theCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyreviewitslaws,especiallythosegoverningthestatusofwomen,women'srightsandobligationsinmarriage,andcivilobligations,makeappropriateamendmentstothemandtakeappropriateactiontoensurefulllegalanddefactoequalityforwomeninallaspectsofsociety.Accessibleandeffectiveremediesshouldbeavailableinrespectofallformsofdiscrimination.TheCommitteerecommendsthatinadditiontotheexistinglawsandproceduresgoverningmarriage,civillawsonmarriageanddivorceavailabletoeveryoneshouldbeintroducedinLebanon.350.2 .2TheCommitteeisdeeplyconcernedattheGovernment'sextensionofthenumberofcrimescarryingthedeathpenalty,which,bearinginmindthatarticle6oftheCovenantlimitsthecircumstancesunderwhichcapitalpunishmentmaybeimposedsuggestingthattheybesubmittedtocontinuingreviewwithaviewtotheabolitionofcapitalpunishmentisnotcompatiblewiththatarticle.351.2 .2TheCommitteethereforeurgestheStatepartytoreviewitspolicyvis--viscapitalpunishmentwithaview,first,toitslimitationand,ultimately,itsabolition.ItrecommendsthattheStatepartyincludeinitsnextperiodicreportadetailedlistofallcrimesforwhichthedeathsentencemaybeimposed,aswellasalistofallcasesinwhichthedeathsentencewaspronouncedand/orcarriedout.352.2 .2TheCommitteehasnotedwithconcernthedifficultiesfacedbymanyforeignworkersinLebanonwhosepassportswereconfiscatedbytheiremployers.Thatpractice,whichtheGovernmenthasconcededmustbeaddressedmoresatisfactorily,isnotcompatiblewitharticle12oftheCovenant.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytakeeffectivemeasurestoprotecttherightsofthoseforeignworkersbypreventingsuchconfiscationandbyprovidinganaccessibleandeffectivemeansfortherecoveryofpassports.353.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthateveryLebanesecitizenmustbelongtooneofthereligiousdenominationsofficiallyrecognizedbytheGovernmentandthatthatisarequirementinordertobeeligibletorunforpublicoffice.Thatpracticedoesnot,intheCommittee'sopinion,complywiththerequirementsofarticle25oftheCovenant.354.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatanumberofprovisionsoftheMediaLawNo.382ofNovember1994andDecreeNo.7997ofFebruary1996,onthebasisofwhichthelicensingoftelevisionandradiostationshasbeenrestrictedto3and11stations,respectively,donotappeartobeconsistentwiththeguaranteesenshrinedinarticle19oftheCovenant,astherearenoreasonableandobjectivecriteriafortheawardoflicences.Thelicensingprocesshashadtheeffectofrestrictingmediapluralismandfreedomofexpression.TheCommitteealsoobservesthatthelimitationsplacedontwodifferentcategoriesofradioandtelevisionstationsthosethatcanbroadcastnewsandpoliticalprogrammesandthosethatcannotisunjustifiableunderarticle19.355.2 .2TheCommitteethereforerecommendsthattheStatepartyreviewandamendtheMediaLawofNovember1994,aswellasitsimplementingdecree,withaviewtobringingitintoconformitywitharticle19oftheCovenant.ItrecommendsthattheStatepartyestablishanindependentbroadcastinglicensingauthority,withthepowertoexaminebroadcastingapplicationsandtograntlicencesinaccordancewithreasonableandobjectivecriteria.356.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutthemaintenanceofthetotalbanonpublicdemonstrations,whichcontinuestobejustifiedbytheGovernmentongroundsofpublicsafetyandnationalsecurity.Thatwholesalebanondemonstrationsisnot,intheCommittee'sopinion,compatiblewiththerighttofreedomofassemblyunderarticle21oftheCovenantandshouldbeliftedassoonaspossible.357.2 .2TheCommitteehasnotedthatwhilelegislationgoverningtheincorporationandstatusofassociationsisonitsfacecompatiblewitharticle22oftheCovenant,defactoStatepartypracticehasrestrictedtherighttofreedomofassociationthroughaprocessofpriorlicensingandcontrol.Thedelegationitselfconcededthatthepracticeofdenyingthatregistrationtookplaceisunlawful.TheCommitteealsoregretsthatcivilservantscontinuetobedeniedtherighttoformassociationsandtobargaincollectively,inviolationofarticle22oftheCovenant.358.2 .2TheCommitteethereforerecommendsthattheStatepartyensurethatthecompetentauthoritiesadherescrupulouslytotheprovisionsoftheStatuteonIncorporationofAssociations.ItfurthersuggeststhattheGovernmentreviewandultimatelyliftitsbanontheestablishmentofassociationsbycivilservants.359.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartygiveseriousandurgentconsiderationtoratifying,oraccedingto,thefirstOptionalProtocoltotheCovenant,asameansofstrengtheningthesystemofguaranteesfortheprotectionofhumanrights.360.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatmoredetailedinformationaboutspecificlawsandmoreconcreteandfactualinformationabouttheenjoymentofcivilandpoliticalrightsbeprovidedbytheGovernmentofLebanoninitsnextperiodicreport.Inparticular,itwouldappreciateinformationonwhetherdomesticcourtshavegiveneffecttotheCovenant'sguaranteesintheirdecisionsandonhowpotentialconflictsbetweendomesticstatutesandCovenantguaranteeshavebeenresolved.ThatwouldenabletheCommitteetoassessmoreaccuratelyanyprogressmadebytheStatepartyintheimplementationoftheCovenant.361.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthatinformationabouttheCovenant,andtheCommittee'spresentobservations,bedisseminatedaswidelyaspossiblebytheLebaneseauthoritiesandthattheStateparty'snextperiodicreportbewidelypublicized.@ .L.SLOVAKIA362.2 .2TheCommitteeconsideredtheinitialreportofSlovakia(CCPR/C/81/Add.9)atits1589thto1591stmeetings(sixtiethsession),heldon15and16July1997,andatits1611thmeeting,on30July1997,adoptedthefollowingobservations.@ .1.Introduction363.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomestheinitialreportofSlovakiaandtheconstructivedialoguewiththeCommittee.Itnoteswithregretthat,althoughthereportcontainedcomprehensiveinformationonprevailingconstitutionalandlegislativenormsinthefieldofhumanrights,itdidnotprovidespecificinformationontheimplementationoftheCovenantinpractice.However,theCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationfortheanswersprovidedbythedelegationtoquestionsaskedinthecourseofthediscussion,whichenabledittoobtainasomewhatclearerpictureoftheactualhumanrightssituationinthecountry.̀2.FactorsanddifficultiesaffectingtheimplementatioǹoftheCovenant364.2 .2TheCommitteeisawarethatSlovakiaisstillinaperiodoftransitionfromanauthoritariantoademocraticsystemandthatitrecentlyacquireditsindependenceafterthedissolutionoftheCzechandSlovakFederation.TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthattheremnantsoftheformertotalitarianrulehavenotyetbeencompletelyovercomeandthatfurtherstepsremaintobetakeninconsolidatinganddevelopingdemocraticinstitutionsandstrengtheningtheimplementationoftheCovenant.TheCommitteenotesthepersistenceofpoliticalandsocialattitudesinthecountrythatareadversetothepromotionandfullprotectionofhumanrights.TheCommitteealsonoteswithconcernthatthelackofclarityinthedelimitationoftherespectivecompetencesoftheexecutive,legislativeandjudicialauthoritiesmayendangertheimplementationoftheruleoflawandaconsistenthumanrightspolicy.@ .3.Positiveaspects365.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomesmanyrecentdevelopmentsinSlovakiathatrepresentpositivestepstowardsbetterpromotionandprotectionofhumanrights.Inparticular,theCommitteewelcomesthepreferentialstatusgiventointernationaltreaties,includingtheCovenant,overdomesticlaws;theinclusionofanextensiveandelaboratecatalogueoffundamentalrights,includingminorityrights,intheConstitutionandtheadaptationafterSlovakia'sindependenceofConstitutionalStatuteNo.23/1991enactingaCharterofFundamentalRightsandFreedoms;andtheapplicationbytheConstitutionalCourtofprovisionsoftheCovenant,includingreferencetotheCommittee'sGeneralComments.366.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomesthesuccessionbySlovakiatotheratificationoftheOptionalProtocoltotheCovenantonindividualcommunications.367.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithinteresttheestablishmentofinstitutionstodealwithhumanrightsissues,suchastheCommissionforMinorities,theCoordinatingCommissionontheStatusofWomenandtheSpecialRepresentativeforpersonsinneedofparticularassistance,andlooksforwardtoinformation,infuturereports,abouttheiractivities.368.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomestheadoptionofmeasuresaimedatredressingpastinjustices,suchasthepolicyinstitutedbytheSlovakGovernment,basedonLawNo.87/1991enactedbytheCzechandSlovakFederation,allowingpropertiesconfiscatedbytheformerCommunistregimetobereclaimedbytheirformerownersortheirdescendants,andtheadoptionofActNo.282/1993Coll.,onthemitigationofcertainpropertyinjusticesdonetochurchesandreligioussocietiesbetween1945and1990,andbetween1939and1990inthecaseofpropertiespreviouslyownedbysynagoguesandJewishsocieties.369.2 .2TheCommitteecommendstheabolitionofthedeathpenaltyin1990andrecommendsthatSlovakiaratifytheSecondOptionalProtocoltotheCovenant.370.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithappreciationtheestablishmentofspecialunitscomposedofpersonnelreceivingspecifictrainingwithintheSlovakpolicetodealwithcrimesagainstwomenandchildren,andtheenactmentofnewlawstodealwithviolenceagainstwomenandthesexualexploitationofchildren.371.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomestheadoptionofanewlawoncitizenship,whichprotectsallchildrenborninSlovakiafrombeingstateless.372.2 .2TheCommitteenotesthatvariousmeasuresandstepsareenvisagedbySlovakauthoritiesfurthertopromoteandprotecthumanrights,includingthesettingupofanofficeofombudsmanforhumanrights,andurgestheirrapidimplementation.ItnotesSlovakia'sreadinesstodevelopinternationalcooperationtosecurethatallRomachildrenalreadybornacquireeitherCzechorSlovakcitizenship,andtheintentionexpressedbythedelegationtopublishanddisseminatethefulltextofthepresentobservations.@ .f4.SubjectsofconcernandtheCommittee'srecommendations373.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatinsufficientstepshavebeentakentodatetoimplementvariousprovisionsoftheConstitutiondealingwithfundamentalrightsandoftheCovenant.Inparticular,theCommitteeregretstheabsenceorinadequacyoflawsregulatingmattersrelatingtoarticle14oftheCovenant,withrespecttotheappointmentofmembersofthejudiciary;article4oftheCovenant;article18,withrespecttotherighttoconscientiousobjectiontomilitaryservicewithoutapunitiveextensionoftheperiodofservice;andarticle25.374.2 .2TheCommitteeregretsthelackofclarityregardingtheinterrelationshipofarticles11,125and132oftheConstitution,especiallyastotheConstitutionalCourt'scompetenceconclusivelytoensurethatactsandregulationsofcentralorlocalgovernmentscomplywiththeConstitutionandinternationaltreaties,includingtheCovenant.375.2 .2TheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernoversubstantiatedreportsofdiscrimination,particularlyagainstwomen,andnotesthatindependentcomplaintmechanismsforvictimsofallformsofdiscriminationdonotexist.Itrecommendsthat:(a)prioritybegiventoaddressingdiscrimination,inparticularthroughtrainingandeducationcampaigns;and(b)mechanismstomonitornon-discriminationlawsandtoreceiveandinvestigatecomplaintsfromvictimsurgentlybeestablished.376.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutreportsthatRomapeopleareoftenvictimsofracistattacks,withoutreceivingadequateprotectionfromlawenforcementofficers.Itreiteratesitsrecommendationsmadeunder(a)and(b)ofparagraph375.377.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutcasesofexcessiveuseofforcebylawenforcementofficials,aswellasmaltreatmentofdetaineesduringpolicecustody.Itnotesthatthelawenforcementsystemwillonlybeabletofunctionproperlywhensufficientattentionisgiventothetrainingoflawenforcementofficials.TheCommitteethereforerecommendsthesettingupofappropriatetrainingprogrammesintendedforlawenforcementandcustodialpersonnelinthefieldofhumanrights,especiallyonarticles7,9and10oftheCovenant.Moregenerally,theCommitteerecommendsthattrainingprogrammesbesetupforprofessionalgroupssuchasjudges,lawyersandpublicservants,andthathumanrightseducationbeprovidedinschoolsatalllevels,inordertodevelopacultureofrespectforhumanrightswithinsociety.378.2 .2TheCommitteeregretsthatinsufficientinformationwasprovidedontheactualcompliancewiththeprovisionsofarticle9oftheCovenantinrelationtoallformsofdetention,inparticularpre-trialadministrativedetentionanddetentionofasylumseekers.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmentundertakeacomprehensiveanalysisoncomplianceoflegislationandpracticerelatingtoadministrativedetentionwitharticle9oftheCovenant.379.2 .2Withrespecttoarticle14oftheCovenant,theCommitteenoteswithconcernthatthepresentrulesgoverningtheappointmentofjudgesbytheGovernmentwithapprovalofParliamentcouldhaveanegativeeffectontheindependenceofthejudiciary.TheCommitteerecommendsthatspecificmeasuresbeadoptedasamatterofpriorityguaranteeingtheindependenceofthejudiciaryandprotectingjudgesfromanyformofpoliticalinfluence,throughtheadoptionoflawsregulatingtheappointment,remuneration,tenure,dismissalanddiscipliningofmembersofthejudiciary.380.2 .2TheCommitteealsonoteswithconcernthattherighttofreelegalassistanceprovidedforbyarticle14,paragraph3(d),oftheCovenantdoesnotseemtobeguaranteedinallcases,butonlyincasesforwhichthemaximumpenaltyismorethanfiveyears'imprisonment.Itfurthernoteswithconcernthat,althoughthelawprovidesfortheassistanceofalawyerimmediatelyafterarrest,manycaseswerereportedinwhichthatrightwasnotrespectedduringpolicycustody.TheCommitteethereforerecommendsthatlegislationregulatingtheprovisionoffreelegalassistancebereviewedsoastoconformwiththeCovenantandthattheimplementationoflawsandregulationsgoverningthepresenceandassistanceoflawyersbecloselymonitored.381.2 .2TheCommitteefurthernoteswithconcernthatciviliansmaybetriedbymilitarycourtsincertaincases,includingbetrayalofStatesecrets,espionageandStatesecurity.ItrecommendsthattheCriminalCodebeamendedsoastoprohibitthetrialofciviliansbymilitarytribunalsinanycircumstances.382.2 .2TheCommitteenotesthatActNo.308/1991Coll.,onfreedomofreligionandthestatusofchurchesandreligioussocieties,andActsNo.83/1990Coll.,300/1990Coll.and62/1993Coll.,ontheassociationofcitizens,requirethatchurches,religioussocieties,associationsandnon-governmentalorganizationsberegisteredtofunctionfreelyand/ortoreceivesubsidiesfromtheState.Giventhatprerequisitesforthisregistrationareveryrestrictive,somechurchesandreligiousorotherassociationsareexcludedfrombeinglegallyrecognized.TheCommitteerecommendsthatallnecessarymeasuresbeadoptedinordertoamendtherelevantlegislationsoastobringitintoconformitywitharticles18and22oftheCovenant.383.2 .2TheCommitteehasanumberofconcernswithrespecttofreedomofexpressionunderarticle19oftheCovenant:(a)article98ofthePenalCodemakesitanoffenceto"disseminatefalseinformationabroadwhichharmstheinterest"ofSlovakia;thisterminology,inthe1996Code,issobroadlyphrasedastolackanycertaintyandcarriestheriskofrestrictingfreedomofexpressionbeyondthelimitsallowableunderarticle19,paragraph3,oftheCovenant;(b)interferencebytheGovernmentinthedirectionofitsStateownedtelevisionalsocarriesadangerofviolatingarticle19oftheCovenant;and(c)lawsuitsfordefamationresultingfromexpressedcriticismoftheGovernmentposesasimilarproblem.TheCommitteerecommendsthatallthreeaspectsbereviewedandanynecessarylegislationpassedtoeliminateanysuchinconsistencywiththeCovenant.384.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedattheabsenceofjudicialguaranteeswithrespecttotelephonetappingduringthepre-trialinvestigationofcrime.Itrecommendsthatinterceptionofconfidentialcommunicationsbealwayssubjecttocontrolbyanindependentjudicialauthority.385.2 .2Withrespecttoarticle27oftheCovenant,theCommitteenoteswithconcernthatnostepshaveyetbeentakentoadoptlegislationtoimplementarticles6(b)and34,paragraph2(b),oftheConstitution,ontheuseofminoritylanguagesaftertheannulmentofthe1990ActontheOfficialLanguage,andthat,asaconsequence,theuseofminoritylanguagesinofficialcommunicationsisnotsecured.TheCommitteerecommendsthatlegislationberapidlyadoptedtosecurelanguagerightsforminorities,withdueconsiderationbeinggiventotheprovisionsoftheCovenantandtotheCommittee'sGeneralComment23(50).TheCommitteeisconcernedthatinsufficientprovision,inparticularinrelationtoallocationofresources,ismadeinthefieldofeducationalandculturalrightsforthebenefitoftheHungarianminority.386.2 .2TheCommitteeexpressesitsregretthatcertainquestionsaskedduringthediscussionwiththedelegationhavenotbeenanswered,anditrequeststhatadditionalinformationbeprovidedtotheCommitteeontheimplementationofconstitutionalprovisionsrelatingtohumanrights,mentionedinparagraph373;theinstitutionsdesignedtoprotecthumanrights;therelationshipbetweenarticles11,125and132oftheConstitution;therighttofreelegalassistance;theimplementationofarticle9oftheCovenantinallformsofdetention,includingdetentionofasylumseekers;andactiontoensurethatschooltextbooksdonotcontainmaterialtendingtopromoteanti-Semiticandotherracistviews.387.2 .2TheCommitteedrawstotheattentionoftheGovernmentofSlovakiatheprovisionsofparagraph6(a)oftheGuidelinesregardingtheFormandContentsofPeriodicReportsfromStatespartiesandrequeststhat,accordingly,itsnextreport,dueon31December2001,containmaterialwhichrespondstoallthepresentconcludingobservations.TheCommitteefurtherrequeststhatthepresentconcludingobservationsbewidelydisseminatedamongthepublicatlargeinallpartsofSlovakia.@ .M.FRANCE388.2 .2TheCommitteeexaminedthethirdperiodicreportofFrance(CCPR/C/76/Add.7)atits1597thto1600thmeetings(sixtiethsession),heldon20and21July1997,andatits1613thmeeting,on31July1997,adoptedthefollowingobservations.@ .1.Introduction389.2 .2TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtotheStatepartyforitselaborateandthoroughreport,whichhasbeenpreparedinaccordancewiththeCommittee'sguidelines,andforengaginginaconstructivedialoguewiththeCommitteethroughahighlyqualifieddelegation.TheCommitteeregrets,however,thatthethirdperiodicreport,whichwasduein1992,wassubmittedonlyafterconsiderabledelayandthatthereforetheCommitteedidnothavetheopportunitytore-establishitsdialoguewithFrancefornearlytenyears.TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthattheinformationprovidedinthereport,andthatgivenorallybythedelegationinreplytobothwrittenandoralquestions,enabledtheCommitteetoobtainagoodunderstandingoftheactualcompliancebyFrancewiththeobligationsundertakenundertheCovenant.TheCommitteeappreciatestheconsiderableamountofwritteninformationprovidedbytheGovernment,afterthediscussion,inanswertoissuesraisedbymembersoftheCommittee.2 .2 . . 2.Factorsanddifficultiesaffecting2 .2 . . theimplementationoftheCovenant390.2 .2TheCommitteefindsthatreservationsanddeclarationsmadebyFrancewhenratifyingtheCovenantandconsequentnon-reportingonmanyissuesrelatedtosuchreservationsanddeclarations,whichmaybeardirectlyorindirectlyontheenjoymentofCovenantrights,makeitdifficulttoassessfullyandcomprehensivelythesituationinregardtohumanrightsinFrance.@ .3.Positiveaspects391.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactiontheinstitutionandfunctioningoftheConsultativeCommissiononHumanRights,whichincludesparticipationbynon-governmentalorganizationsandservesasanindependentconsultativebody.392.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomestherecentmeasurestakenbyFrancetopromoteequalityofmenandwomeninthecontextofarticle3oftheCovenant.ItnotestheadoptionoftheActof22November1992,whichaimstopreventandcombatsexualharassmentbyanemployer.TheCommitteeappreciatestherapidriseintheproportionofwomeninpublicserviceposts.393.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomestheannouncementmadebytheFrenchdelegationduringtheconsiderationofthereportthatthepracticeofdeportationofgroupsofillegalimmigrantsbycharteredflightstotheirhomecountries,bearingcharacteristicsofcollectiveexpulsion,hasbeenstoppedsince1June1997.394.2 .2TheCommitteenotesthatarticle55oftheConstitutionofFrancegivesdirectapplicabilityprimacytotheCovenantinrelationtodomesticlaw.TheCommitteewelcomestheextensionofthisprincipletoadministrativejurisdictionsbythedecisionoftheConseild'Etatdated20October1989.395.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithappreciationthatareferendum,incompliancewitharticle1oftheCovenant,isscheduledtobeheldintheOverseasTerritoryofNewCaledoniain1998forthepeopleofthatterritorytodecideontheirfuturepoliticalstatus.396.2 .2TheCommitteetakesnoteoftheestablishmentofaliaisoncommitteeintheframeworkoftheUnitedNationsDecadeforHumanRightsEducation.@ .f4.SubjectsofconcernandtheCommittee'srecommendations397.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedthatnospecificmechanismexistsinFrancetoensurethattheviewsexpressedbytheCommitteeonindividualcommunicationsundertheOptionalProtocolarecompliedwith.TheCommitteesuggeststhatamechanismbeestablishedforthatpurpose.398.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedthatinsomeoverseasterritories,suchasMayotteandNewCaledonia,personalstatusisdeterminedbyreligiousorcustomarylaw,whichmightinsomesituationsleadtodiscriminatoryattitudesanddecisions,especiallyagainstwomen.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyundertakeacomprehensivestudytoreviewthecompatibilityofthepersonalstatusofwomeninMayotte,NewCaledoniaandotheroverseasterritorieswiththeprovisionsoftheCovenant,andparticularlyarticle3,and,ifneeded,takeappropriatemeasurestoeliminateallexistinginequalities.399.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedattheprevailingmalaiseinthemagistracyandthelegalprofessionconcerningtheindependenceofthejudiciaryandoftheprosecutors.Itwelcomestheinformationprovidedbythedelegationtotheeffectthatacommissionhasrecentlyreportedandmaderecommendationsonthisissue.400.2 .2TheCommitteeisconstrainedtoobservethattheAmnestyActsofNovember1988andJanuary1990forNewCaledoniaareincompatiblewiththeobligationofFrancetoinvestigateallegedviolationsofhumanrights.401.2 .2WhileacknowledgingtheeffortsundertakenandthesuccessfulresultsobtainedbytheStatepartyduringtheperiodunderreviewincombatingdiscriminationagainstwomen,theCommitteeisconcernedatthelowproportionofappointmentsofwomenasseniorofficialsinpublicadministrationatbothlocalandcentrallevels.TheCommitteeurgestheStatepartytopursueactivemeasuresfortherealizationofwomen'srights,especiallybytakingmeasurestoachievetheirequalrepresentationatalllevelsofpublicadministrationandtopreventdiscriminationagainstworkerswithfamilyresponsibilities.402.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedatexistingproceduresofinvestigationagainstthepoliceforhumanrightsabuses.Itisalsoconcernedatthefailureorinertiaofprosecutorsinapplyingthelawtoinvestigatinghumanrightsviolationswherelawenforcementofficersareconcernedandatthedelaysandunreasonablylengthyproceedingsininvestigationandprosecutionofallegedhumanrightsviolationsinvolvinglawenforcementofficers.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytakeappropriatemeasuresfullytoguaranteethatallinvestigationsandprosecutionsareundertakeninfullcompliancewiththeprovisionsofarticle2,paragraph3,andarticles9and14oftheCovenant.403.2 .2TheCommitteeisseriouslyconcernedatthenumberandseriousnatureoftheallegationsithasreceivedofill-treatmentbylawenforcementofficialsofdetaineesandotherpersonswhocomeintoabrasivecontactwiththem,includingunnecessaryuseoffirearmsresultinginanumberofdeaths,theriskofsuchill-treatmentbeingmuchgreaterinthecaseofforeignersandimmigrants.Itisalsoconcernedatthereportedincreaseintherateofsuicidesindetentioncentres.TheCommitteeisconcernedthatinmostcases,thereislittle,ifany,investigationofcomplaintsofsuchill-treatmentbytheinternaladministrationofthepoliceandtheGendarmerienationale,resultinginvirtualimpunity.Itisconcernedthatnoindependentmechanismexiststoreceiveindividualcomplaintsfromdetainees.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytakeappropriatemeasurestoremedythisstateofaffairsand,interalia,reducethelevelofuseofsolitaryconfinement.ItalsorecommendsthattheStatepartyestablishanindependentmechanismtomonitordetentioncentresandtoreceiveanddealwithindividualcomplaintsofill-treatmentbylawenforcementofficials.TheCommitteeurgestheStatepartytointroduceinthetrainingoflawenforcementofficialsatalllevelsacomprehensivecourseinhumanrightsalongthelinescontainedintheUnitedNationsTrainingManualforLawEnforcementOfficers.404.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutthefrequentresorttoandlengthofpre-trialdetention.ItisamatterofparticularconcerntotheCommitteethatthelengthofpre-trialdetentionshouldbehighincaseofjuveniles,whichwouldconstituteviolationofarticle9,paragraph3,and14,paragraphs2and3(c),oftheCovenant.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedthattherighttolegalcounselmaynotbeavailabletoajuvenileincertainproceedings.TheCommitteerecommendsthatmeasuresbetakentoreducethelengthofpre-trialdetentionandensurelegalaidtojuvenilesinlegalproceedings.405.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedthatthepowersoftheGendarmerienationale,whichisbasicallyamilitarycorps,whenoperatinginacivilianpublicordersituation,arewiderthanthoseofthepolice.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyconsiderrepealingormodifyingtheDecreedated22July1943soastoreducethepowersoftheGendarmeriewhenitcomestotheuseoffirearmsinpublicordersituations,withaviewtoharmonizingthemwiththoseofthepolice.406.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedthatinordertoexercisetherighttoconscientiousobjectiontomilitaryservice,whichisapartoffreedomofconscienceunderarticle18oftheCovenant,theapplicationmustbemadeinadvanceoftheconscript'sincorporationintomilitaryserviceandthattherightcannotbeexercisedthereafter.Moreover,theCommitteenotesthatthelengthofalternativeserviceistwiceaslongasmilitaryservice,whichmayraiseissuesofcompatibilitywitharticle18oftheCovenant.407.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedthatthetreatmentgivenbytheStatepartytoasylumseekersdoesnotappeartocomplywiththeprovisionsoftheCovenant.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedatthereportedinstancesofasylumseekersnotbeingallowedtodisembarkfromshipsatFrenchports,withoutgivingthemanopportunitytoasserttheirindividualclaims,sincesuchpracticesraiseissuesofcompatibilitywitharticle12,paragraph2,oftheCovenant.However,theCommitteewelcomesthefactthatFranceisconsideringtheabolitionofsuchpractices.408.2 .2TheCommitteeisparticularlyconcernedabouttherestrictivedefinitiongiventotheconceptof"persecution"ofrefugeesbytheFrenchauthoritiesasitdoesnottakeintoaccountpossiblepersecutionproceedingsfromnon-Stateactors.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyadoptawiderinterpretationof"persecution"toincludenon-Stateactors.409.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedthattheOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugees(UNHCR)hasnorightofaccesstothevariousplaceswherepersonsapplyingforasylumorawaitingdeportationarekept.TheCommitteerecommendsthatUNHCRshouldbeabletovisitthoseplaceswheneveritseesfitwithoutanyobstructionorhindrance.410.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutthecontinuedapplicationoftheanti-terroristlawsof2September1986and16December1992,whichprovideforacentralizedcourtwithprosecutorshavingspecialpowersofarrest,searchandprolongeddetentioninpolicecustodyforupto4days(twicethenormallength)andwhereanaccusedpersondoesnothavethesamerightsinthedeterminationofguiltasintheordinarycourts.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedthattheaccusedhasnorighttocontactalawyerduringtheinitialperiodof72hoursofhisdetentioninpolicecustodyandthatnoappealisprovidedforagainstthedecisionsoftheSpecialCourt.TheCommitteeregretsthattheStatepartydidnotprovideinformationastowhichauthorityinpracticedecideswhetheracaseistobehandledunderordinarycriminallaworundertheanti-terroristlawsandwhatroleisplayedbythepoliceinthatdecision.TheCommitteehasnowbeengiveninformationregardingstatisticsonconcludedtrialsundertheanti-terroristlaws,butitisinformedthatmanyhundredsofpeopleareunderdetention,investigationandtrialonsuspicionofcommittingactsofterrorismorrelatedoffences.Inthecircumstances,theCommitteewouldrecommendthatanti-terroristlaws,whichappeartobenecessarytocombatterrorism,bebroughtfullyintoconformitywiththerequirementsofarticles9and14oftheCovenant.411.2 .2TheCommitteetakesnoteofthedeclarationmadebyFranceconcerningtheprohibition,underarticle27oftheCovenant,todenyethnic,religiousorlinguisticminoritiestheright,incommunitywithmembersoftheirgroup,toenjoytheirownculture,toprofessandpracticetheirownreligionortousetheirownlanguage.TheCommitteehastakennoteoftheavowedcommitmentofFrancetorespectandensuretoallindividualsequalrights,irrespectiveoftheirorigin.TheCommitteeis,however,unabletoagreethatFranceisacountryinwhichtherearenoethnic,religiousorlinguisticminorities.TheCommitteewishestorecallinthisrespectthatthemerefactthatequalrightsaregrantedtoallindividualsandallindividualsareequalbeforethelawdoesnotexcludetheexistenceinfactofminoritiesinacountryandtheirentitlementtotheenjoymentoftheirculture,thepracticeoftheirreligionortheuseoftheirlanguageincommunitywithothermembersoftheirgroup.412.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedthattheCivilCodeestablishesadifferentminimumageformarriageforgirls(15)andforboys(18)andthatitsetssuchalowageforgirls.ItisalsoconcernedthattheCivilCodespecifiesthatonlythefathercanmakethedeclarationofbirthofhischild.Furthermore,theCommitteeisconcernedthatinsomesituationschildrenbornoutofwedlockmightnothavetheirrighttosuccessionfullyrecognized.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheminimumageofmarriageforgirlsberaised.ItalsosuggeststhattheStatepartyamenditsCivilCodetoallowmotherstomakethedeclarationofbirthofherchild.Further,theCommitteerecommendsthatallchildrenbornoutofwedlockbegiventhesamesuccessionrightsaschildrenborninwedlock.413.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedattheabsenceofanindependentcomplaintmechanism,suchasanationalhumanrightscommission,fortheprotectionandenforcementofhumanrights.TheCommitteestronglyrecommendsthataninstitutionalmechanismbeestablishedbytheGovernmentforreceivingcomplaintsofviolationsofhumanrights,includingallformsofdiscrimination,withpowertoundertakeconciliationaswellasdeterminationofsuchcomplaintsandgrantingofredress.414.2 .2TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartysubmititsnextreportintimeandthatthereportincludeacomprehensiveassessmentregardingtheimplementationofprovisionsoftheCovenant,includinginparticulararticles9and14,andparticularsofthecultural,religiousandlinguisticrightsofethnicgroupsandinhabitantsoftheOverseasterritories.TheCommitteewouldwelcomereconsiderationbyFranceofthereservationsanddeclarationsmadebyit.415.2 .2TheCommitteedrawstotheattentionoftheGovernmentofFrancetheprovisionsofparagraph6(a)oftheGuidelinesRegardingtheFormandContentsofPeriodicReportsfromStatesparties,andrequeststhat,accordingly,itsnextperiodicreport,dueon31December2000,shouldcontainmaterialwhichrespondstoallthepresentConcludingObservations.TheCommitteefurtherrequeststhatthepresentconcludingobservationsbewidelydisseminatedamongthepublicatlargeinallpartsofFrance.@ .*N.INDIA416.2 .2TheCommitteeconsideredthethirdperiodicreportofIndia(CCPR/C/76/Add.6)atits1603rdto1606thmeetings(sixtiethsession),heldon24and25July1997,andatits1612thmeeting,on30July1997,adoptedthefollowingobservations.̀1.Introduction417.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomesthethirdperiodicreportofIndia,althoughitregretsthedelayinsubmittingittotheCommittee.WhilenotingthatthereportprovidescomprehensiveinformationontheconstitutionalandlegislativenormsapplicableinIndiainthefieldofhumanrightsandmakesreferencetotheCommittee'spreviouscommentsduringconsiderationoftheStateparty'ssecondperiodicreport,aswellastoanumberofcourtdecisions,theCommitteeregretsthelackofinformationondifficultiesencounteredinimplementingtheprovisionsoftheCovenantinpractice.ThedelegationacknowledgedinsomemeasurethosedifficultiesanditprovidedtheCommitteewithdetailedandcomprehensivewrittenandoralinformationinthecourseoftheconsiderationofthereport.TheCommitteeappreciatesthecooperationwhichIndiathusextendedtotheCommitteeinthedischargeofitsmandate.418.2 .2Theinformationsubmittedbyawiderangeofnon-governmentalorganizationsalsoassistedtheCommitteeinitsunderstandingofthehumanrightssituationintheStateparty.2 .2 . . 2.Factorsanddifficultiesaffecting2 .2 . . theimplementationoftheCovenant419.2 .2TheCommitteerecognizesthatterroristactivitiesintheborderStatesthathavecauseddeathandinjurytothousandsofinnocentpeopleforcetheStatepartytotakemeasurestoprotectitspopulation.Itstresses,however,thatallmeasuresadoptedmustbeinconformitywiththeStateparty'sobligationsundertheCovenant.420.2 .2Itnotes,moreover,thatthesizeofthecountry,itshugepopulation,themassivepovertyandthegreatdisparitiesinthedistributionofwealthamongvarioussocialgroupsaffecttheadvancementofrights.Thepersistenceoftraditionalpracticesandcustoms,leadingtowomenandgirlsbeingdeprivedoftheirrights,theirhumandignityandtheirlivesandtodiscriminationagainstmembersoftheunderprivilegedclassesandcastesandotherminorities,andofethnic,culturalandreligioustensionsconstituteimpedimentstotheimplementationoftheCovenant.̀3.Positiveaspects421.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactiontheexistenceofabroadrangeofdemocraticinstitutionsandacomprehensiveconstitutionalandlegalframeworkfortheprotectionofhumanrights.Itwelcomesfrequentreferencestoprovisionsofinternationalhumanrightsinstrumentsbythecourts,inparticulartheSupremeCourt.422.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomestheestablishmentoftheNationalHumanRightsCommissionin1993andtherespectwhichtheGovernmentofIndiaaccordstoitsrecommendations.TheCommitteenotesthattheCommissionhasbeengivenpowers,limitedthoughtheyare,undertheProtectionofHumanRightsAct,toinquireintocomplaintsofhumanrightsviolations,tointerveneincourtproceedingsinvolvingallegationsofhumanrightsviolationsorotherwisedealingwithhumanrightsissues,toreviewconstitutionalandlegalnormsandtheconformityoflawswithinternationalhumanrightsinstruments,tomakespecificrecommendationstotheParliamentandotherauthoritiesandtoundertakeactivitiesinthefieldofhumanrightseducation.Italsowelcomestherecentsettingupofhumanrightscommissionsinsixstates,includingPunjabandJammuandKashmir,andofhumanrightscourtsinseveralotherstatesoftheUnion.423.2 .2TheCommitteealsowelcomestheestablishmentoftheNationalCommissionforScheduledCastesandTribesandtheNationalCommissionforWomenin1992,andtheNationalCommissionforMinoritiesin1993.Thosecommissionshaveinitiatedsomeimprovements,inparticularinthelevelsofeducationandtherepresentationofthevariousgroupsconcernedinelectedbodiesandotherauthorities.424.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomesthelapse,in1995,oftheTerroristandDisruptiveActivitiesAct(TADAAct),underwhichmembersofthesecurityandarmedforcesenjoyedspecialpowersintheuseofforce,arrestanddetention.ItalsowelcomestherelatedreviewofcasesunderthatAct,followingwhichanumberofcasesweredropped,andthedirectivesgivenbytheSupremeCourttodealwithquestionsofbailundertheTADAAct,althoughanumberofcasesstillrequiretobedealtwith.425.2 .2TheCommitteehasnotedthatpositionsinelectedbodiesarereservedformembersofScheduledCastesandTribesandthataconstitutionalamendmenthasreservedonethirdoftheseatsinelectedlocalbodies(PanchayatiRaj)forwomen.TheCommitteealsonotestheintroductionofaBilltoreserveonethirdoftheseatsforwomenintheFederalParliamentandinstatelegislatures.426.2 .2TheCommitteewelcomestherestorationofelectedlegislaturesandgovernmentsinallstateswithintheUnion,includingPunjabandJammuandKashmir,aswellastheholdingoffederalparliamentaryelectionsinApril-May1996.Inaddition,theCommitteewelcomestheconstitutionalamendmentgivingastatutorybasistoPanchayatiRajvillageselfruleinstitutionsandtheenactmentofthePanchayatiRaj(ExtensiontoScheduledAreas)Actof24December1996,whicharedesignedtoincreaseparticipationintheconductofpublicaffairsatthecommunitylevel.427.2 .2TheCommitteefurtherwelcomestheintentiondeclaredbytheGovernmenttointroducelegislativemeasurestofurtherfreedomofinformation.@ .f4.SubjectsofconcernandtheCommittee'srecommendations428.2 .2TheCommittee,notingthatinternationaltreatiesarenotselfexecutinginIndia,recommendsthatstepsbetakentoincorporatefullytheprovisionsoftheCovenantintodomesticlaw,sothatindividualsmayinvokethemdirectlybeforethecourts.TheCommitteealsorecommendsthatconsiderationbegivenbytheauthoritiestoratifyingtheOptionalProtocoltotheCovenant,enablingtheCommitteetoreceiveindividualcommunicationsrelatingtoIndia.429.2 .2TheCommittee,notingthereservationsanddeclarationsmadebytheGovernmentofIndiatoarticles1,9,12,13,19,paragraph3,and21and22oftheCovenant,invitestheStatepartytoreviewthosereservationsanddeclarationswithaviewtowithdrawingthem,soastoensureprogressintheimplementationofthoserightswithinthecontextofarticle40oftheCovenant.430.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthat,despitemeasurestakenbytheGovernment,membersofScheduledCastesandTribes,aswellastheso-calledbackwardclassesandethnicandnationalminorities,continuetoendureseveresocialdiscriminationandtosufferdisproportionatelyfrommanyviolationsoftheirrightsundertheCovenant,including,interalia,inter-casteviolence,bondedlabouranddiscriminationofallkinds.Itregretsthatthedefactoperpetuationofthecastesystementrenchessocialdifferencesandcontributestotheseviolations.WhiletheCommitteenotestheeffortsmadebytheStatepartytoeradicatediscrimination,itrecommendsthatfurthermeasuresbeadopted,includingeducationprogrammesatnationalandstatelevels,tocombatallformsofdiscriminationagainstthosevulnerablegroups,inaccordancewitharticle2,paragraph1,andarticle26oftheCovenant.431.2 .2Whileacknowledgingmeasurestakentooutlawchildmarriages(ChildMarriageRestraintAct),thepracticeofdowryanddowryrelatedviolence(DowryProhibitionActandthePenalCode)andsatiselfimmolationofwidows(CommissionofSati(Prevention)Act),theCommitteeremainsgravelyconcernedthatlegislativemeasuresarenotsufficientandthatmeasuresdesignedtochangetheattitudeswhichallowsuchpracticesshouldbetaken.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedthatgivingmalechildrenpreferredtreatmentpersists,anditdeploresthefactthatpracticessuchasfoeticideandinfanticideoffemalescontinue.TheCommitteefurthernotesthatrapeinmarriageisnotanoffenceandthatrapecommittedbyahusbandseparatedfromhiswifeincursalesserpenaltythanforotherrapists.TheGovernmentmusttakefurthermeasurestoovercomethoseproblemsandtoprotectwomenfromalldiscriminatorypractices,includingviolence.AdditionalinformationshouldbeprovidedintheStateparty'snextperiodicreportonthefunctions,powersandactivitiesoftheNationalCommissionforWomen.432.2 .2TheCommitteeisconcernedthatwomeninIndiahavenotbeenaccordedequalityintheenjoymentoftheirrightsandfreedomsinaccordancewitharticle2,paragraph1,andarticles3and26oftheCovenant.Norhavetheybeenfreedfromdiscrimination.Womenremainunderrepresentedinpubliclifeandatthehigherlevelsofthepublicserviceandaresubjectedtopersonallawswhicharebasedonreligiousnormsandwhichdonotaccordequalityinrespectofmarriage,divorceandinheritancerights.TheCommitteepointsoutthattheenforcementofpersonallawsbasedonreligionviolatestherightofwomentoequalitybeforethelawandtonon-discrimination.ItthereforerecommendsthateffortsbestrengthenedtowardsensuringtheenjoymentoftheirrightsbywomenwithoutdiscriminationandthatpersonallawsbeenactedwhicharefullycompatiblewiththeCovenant.433.2 .2TheCommitteeremainsconcernedatthecontinuingrelianceonspecialpowersunderlegislationsuchastheArmedForces(SpecialPowers)Act,thePublicSafetyActandtheNationalSecurityActinareasdeclaredtobedisturbed,andatserioushumanrightsviolations,inparticularwithrespecttoarticles6,7,9and14oftheCovenant,committedbysecurityandarmedforcesactingunderthoselaws,aswellasbyparamilitaryandinsurgentgroups.TheCommittee,notingthattheexaminationoftheconstitutionalityoftheArmedForces(SpecialPowers)Act,longpendingbeforetheSupremeCourtwasduetobeheardinAugust1997,hopesthatitsprovisionswillalsobeexaminedfortheircompatibilitywiththeCovenant.Bearinginmindtheprovisionsofarticles1,19and25oftheCovenant,theCommitteeendorsestheviewsoftheNationalHumanRightsCommissiontotheeffectthattheproblemsinareasaffectedbyterrorismandarmedinsurgencyareessentiallypoliticalincharacterandthattheapproachtoresolvingsuchproblemsmustalso,essentially,bepolitical,anditemphasizesthatterrorismshouldbefoughtwithmeansthatarecompatiblewiththeCovenant.434.2 .2TheCommitteeregretsthatsomepartsofIndiahaveremainedsubjecttodeclarationasdisturbedareasovermanyyearsforexample,theArmedForces(SpecialPowers)ActhasbeenappliedthroughoutManipursince1980andinsomeareasofthatstateformuchlongerandthatinthoseareas,theStatepartyisineffectusingemergencypowerswithoutresortingtoarticle4,paragraph3,oftheCovenant.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheapplicationofthoseemergencypowersbecloselymonitoredsoastoensureitsstrictcompliancewiththeprovisionsoftheCovenant.435.2 .2TheCommitteeexpressesconcernatthelackofcomplianceofthePenalCodewitharticle6,paragraphs2and5,oftheCovenant.ItthereforerecommendsthattheStatepartyabolishbylawtheimpositionofthedeathpenaltyonminorsandreducethenumberofoffencescarryingthedeathpenaltytothemostseriouscrimes,withaviewtoitsultimateabolition.436.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatcriminalprosecutionsorcivilproceedingsagainstmembersofthesecurityandarmedforces,actingunderspecialpowers,maynotbecommencedwithoutthesanctionoftheCentralGovernment.Thatpracticecontributestoaclimateofimpunityanddeprivespeopleofremediestowhichtheymaybeentitledinaccordancewitharticle2,paragraph3,oftheCovenant.TheCommitteerecommendsthattherequirementofgovernmentalsanctionforcivilproceedingsbeabolishedandthatitbelefttothecourtstodecidewhetherproceedingsarevexatiousorabusive.Iturgesthatjudicialinquiriesbemandatoryinallcasesofdeathatthehandsofthesecurityandarmedforcesandthatthejudgesinsuchinquiries,includingthoseundertheCommissionofEnquiryActof1952,beempoweredtodirecttheprosecutionofsecurityandarmedforcespersonnel.437.2 .2TheCommitteeregretsthattheNationalHumanRightsCommissionispreventedbyClause19oftheProtectionofHumanRightsActfrominvestigatingdirectlycomplaintsofhumanrightsviolationsagainstthearmedforces,butmustrequestareportfromtheCentralGovernment.TheCommitteefurtherregretsthatcomplaintstotheCommissionaresubjecttoaone-yeartimelimit,thuspreventingtheinvestigationofmanyallegedpasthumanrightsviolations.TheCommitteerecommendsthatthoserestrictionsberemovedandthattheNationalHumanRightsCommissionbeauthorizedtoinvestigateallallegationsofviolationsbyagentsoftheState.ItfurtherrecommendsthatallstateswithintheUnionbeencouragedtoestablishhumanrightscommissions.438.2 .2TheCommitteeexpressesconcernatallegationsthatpoliceandothersecurityforcesdonotalwaysrespecttheruleoflawandthat,inparticular,courtordersforhabeascorpusarenotalwayscompliedwith,particularlyindisturbedareas.Italsoexpressesconcernabouttheincidenceofcustodialdeaths,rapeandtortureandatthefailureoftheIndianGovernmenttoreceivetheUnitedNationsSpecialRapporteuronthequestionoftortureandothercruel,inhumanordegradingtreatmentorpunishment.WhiletheCommitteewelcomestherequirementbytheNationalHumanRightsCommissionthatallsuchallegedincidentsbereportedandinvestigatedandthatallpost-mortemexaminationsbetaped,itrecommends:(a)theearlyenactmentoflegislationformandatoryjudicialinquiryintocasesofdisappearanceanddeath,ill-treatmentorrapeinpolicecustody;(b)theadoptionofspecialmeasurestopreventtheoccurrenceofrapeofwomenincustody;(c)themandatorynotificationofrelativesofdetaineeswithoutdelay;(d)theguaranteeoftherightofdetaineestolegaladviceandassistanceandtohaveamedicalexamination;and(e)thatprioritybegiventoprovidingtrainingandeducationinthefieldofhumanrightstolawenforcementandcustodialofficersandmembersofthesecurityandarmedforces,aswellasjudgesandlawyers,andthattheUnitedNationsCodeofConductforLawEnforcementOfficialsbetakenintoaccountinthisregard.439.2 .2TheCommitteeregretsthattheuseofspecialpowersofdetentionremainswidespread.WhilenotingtheStateparty'sreservationtoarticle9oftheCovenant,theCommitteeconsidersthatthatreservationdoesnotexclude,interalia,theobligationtocomplywiththerequirementtoinformpromptlythepersonconcernedofthereasonsforhisorherarrest.TheCommitteeisalsooftheviewthatpreventivedetentionisarestrictiononlibertyimposedasaresponsetotheconductoftheindividualconcerned,thatthedecisionastocontinueddetentionmustbeconsideredasadeterminationfallingwithinthemeaningofarticle14,paragraph1,oftheCovenant,andthatproceedingstodecidethecontinuationofdetentionmust,therefore,complywiththatprovision.TheCommitteerecommendsthattherequirementsofarticle9,paragraph2,oftheCovenantbecompliedwithinrespectofalldetainees.Thequestionofcontinueddetentionshouldbedeterminedbyanindependentandimpartialtribunal,constitutedandoperatinginaccordancewitharticle14,paragraph1,oftheCovenant.Itfurtherrecommends,attheveryleast,thatacentralregisterofdetaineesunderpreventivedetentionlawsbemaintainedandthattheStatepartyaccepttheadmissionoftheInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCrossandRedCrescenttoalltypesofdetentionfacilities,particularlyinareasofconflict.440.2 .2TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthat,althoughtheTerroristandDisruptiveActivities(Prevention)Acthaslapsed,1,600peopleremainindetentionunderitsprovisions.TheCommitteerecommendsthatmeasuresbetakentoensureeithertheearlytrialofthosepeopleortheirrelease.ItisalsoconcernedthattherearelegislativeproposalstoreintroducepartsoftheActandthatthiscouldleadtofurtherviolationsoftheCovenant.441.2 .2TheCommitteeexpressesconcernattheovercrowdingandpoorhealthconditionsandsanitationinmanyprisons,theinequalityoftreatmentofprisonersandthelengthyperiodsofpre-trialdetention,allofwhichareincompatiblewitharticles9and10,paragraph1,oftheCovenant.TheCommittee,whilewelcomingtheinitiativetogivetheCentralGovernmentagreaterroleintheadministrationandmanagementofprisons,recommendsthatmeasuresbetakentoreduceovercrowding,toreleasethosewhocannotbegivenaspeedytrialandtoupgradeprisonfacilitiesasquicklyaspossible.Inthisrespect,theCommitteerecommendsthatattentionbegiventotheUnitedNationsStandardMinimumRulesfortheTreatmentofPrisoners.442.2 .2TheCommitteeurgestheinstitutionofreformstotheprocedureofthecourtstoensureaspeedytrialofthosechargedwithoffences,prompthearingincivilcasesandsimilarurgencyinhearingappeals.443.2 .2TheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernatreportsthatfineshavebeenimposedoncommunitiesinareasdeclaredasdisturbed,withouthearing.Itthusrecommendsthattherelevantpenalprovisionsbecloselymonitoredandeffectivelyimplemented,sothattheimpositionofsuchfinesisprohibited.444.2 .2TheCommitteeexpressesconcernattheextentofbondedlabour,aswellasthefactthattheincidenceofthatpracticereportedtotheSupremeCourtisfarhigherthanismentionedinthereport.TheCommitteealsonoteswithconcernthateradicationmeasureswhichhavebeentakendonotappeartobeeffectiveinachievingrealprogressinthereleaseandrehabilitationofbondedlabourers.TheCommitteethereforerecommendsthatathoroughstudybeurgentlyundertakentoidentifytheextentofbondedlabourandthatmoreeffectivemeasuresbetakentoeradicatethatpractice,inaccordancewiththeBondedLabourSystem(Abolition)Actof1976andarticle8oftheCovenant.445.2 .2TheCommitteeexpressesconcernatreportsofforciblerepatriationofasylumseekers,includingthosefromMyanmar(Chins),theChittagongHillsandtheChachmas.Itrecommendsthat,intheprocessofrepatriationofasylumseekersorrefugees,dueattentionbepaidtotheprovisionsoftheCovenantandotherapplicableinternationalnorms.446.2 .2TheCommitteedeploresthehighincidenceofchildprostitutionandtraffickingofwomenandgirlsintoforcedprostitution,anditregretsthelackofeffectivemeasurestopreventsuchpracticesandtoprotectandrehabilitatethevictims.TheCommitteealsoregretsthatwomenwhohavebeenforcedintoprostitutionarecriminalizedbytheImmoralTraffickingPreventionActand,further,thatarticle20oftheActputstheburdenofproofonawomantoprovethatsheisnotaprostitute,whichisincompatiblewiththepresumptionofinnocence.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheapplicationofthatlawtowomeninthesituationdescribedberepealedandthatmeasuresbetakentoprotectandrehabilitatewomenandchildrenwhoserightshavebeenviolatedinthisway.447.2 .2TheCommitteefurtherregretsthelackofnationallegislationtooutlawthepracticeofDevadasi,whichislefttothestates.Itappearsthatthepracticecontinuesandthatnotallstateshaveeffectivelegislationagainstit.TheCommitteeemphasizesthatthispracticeisincompatiblewiththeCovenant.Itthereforerecommendsthatallnecessarymeasuresbetakenurgentlytoeradicateit.448.2 .2TheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernattheplightofstreetchildrenandatthereportedhighlevelofviolenceagainstchildren,withinsociety.Itisparticularlyconcernedatreportsofchildmutilation.Itrecommendsthaturgentmeasuresbetakentoaddresstheproblemandthatspecificmechanismsbesetupfortheprotectionofchildren.449.2 .2TheCommitteeexpressesconcernthat,despiteactionstakenbytheStateparty,therehasbeenlittleprogressinimplementingtheChildLabour(ProhibitionandRegulation)Actof1986.Itrecommendsthaturgentstepsbetakentoremoveallchildrenfromhazardousoccupations,thatimmediatestepsbetakentoimplementtherecommendationoftheNationalHumanRightsCommissiontorespecttheconstitutionalrequirementtomakeitafundamentalrightforallchildrenunder14tohavefreeandcompulsoryeducation,andthateffortsbestrengthenedtoeliminatechildlabourinboththeindustrialandruralsectors.TheCommitteealsorecommendsthatconsiderationbegiventoestablishinganindependentmechanismwitheffectivenationalpowerstomonitorandenforcetheimplementationoflawsfortheeradicationofchildlabourandbondedlabour.450.2 .2TheCommitteedrawstotheattentionoftheGovernmentofIndiatheprovisionsofparagraph6(a)oftheGuidelinesRegardingtheFormandContentsofPeriodicReportsfromStatesparties,andrequeststhat,accordingly,itsnextperiodicreport,dueon31December2001,shouldcontainmaterialwhichrespondstoallthepresentconcludingobservations.TheCommitteefurtherrequeststhattheconcludingobservationsbewidelydisseminatedamongthepublicatlargeinallpartsofIndia.@ . VI.GENERALCOMMENTSOFTHECOMMITTEE451.2 .2Atthesixtiethsession,Mr.EckartKleinpresentedtotheCommitteeaworkingdocumentsummarizingindetailtheworkoftheCommitteeinrelationtoarticle12oftheCovenant,includinginformationabouttheCommittee'sviewsunderarticle40anditscaselawunderarticle40.TheCommitteeconsideredthatthedocumentprovidedavaluablebasisforthedraftingofaGeneralCommentonarticle12.452.2 .2Aletterdated25June1997fromMr.Joinet,Chairman/RapporteuroftheSubcommissiononPreventionofDiscriminationandProtectionofMinorities'WorkingGroupontheAdministrationofJusticetotheChairman,requestingtheCommitteetoconsiderpreparinganamendmenttoitsGeneralCommentonarticle4wasreferredtotheWorkingGroupthatwasscheduledtomeetpriortotheCommittee'ssixtyfirstsession.(ӀVII.CONSIDERATIONOFCOMMUNICATIONSUNDERTHÈOPTIONALPROTOCOL453.2 .2IndividualswhoclaimthatanyoftheirrightsundertheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRightshavebeenviolatedbyaStateparty,andwhohaveexhaustedallavailabledomesticremedies,maysubmitwrittencommunicationstotheHumanRightsCommitteeforconsiderationundertheOptionalProtocol.NocommunicationcanbeconsideredunlessitconcernsaStatepartytotheCovenantthathasrecognizedthecompetenceoftheCommitteebybecomingapartytotheOptionalProtocol.Ofthe138Statesthathaveratified,accededorsucceededtotheCovenant,92haveacceptedtheCommittee'scompetencetodealwithindividualcomplaintsbybecomingpartiestotheOptionalProtocol(seeannexI,sect.B).454.2 .2ConsiderationofcommunicationsundertheOptionalProtocolisconfidentialandtakesplaceinclosedmeetings(art.5,para.3,oftheOptionalProtocol).On10April1997,theCommitteeadoptedanewruleconcerningconfidentiality.Rule96oftheCommittee'srulesofprocedurereplacesformerrules96,97and98.Underthenewrule96,theauthorofacommunicationandtheStatepartyconcernedmaynowmakepublicanysubmissionsorinformationbearingontheproceedingsunlesstheCommitteehasrequestedthepartiestorespectconfidentiality.AllworkingdocumentsissuedfortheCommitteeareconfidentialunlesstheCommitteedecidesotherwise.TheCommittee'sfinaldecisions(Views,decisionsdeclaringacommunicationinadmissible,decisionstodiscontinueacommunication)aremadepublic;thename(s)oftheauthor(s)is(are)disclosedunlesstheCommitteedecidesotherwise.@ .A.Progressofwork455.2 .2TheCommitteestarteditsworkundertheOptionalProtocolatitssecondsession,in1977.Sincethen,765communicationsconcerning54StatespartieshavebeenregisteredforconsiderationbytheCommittee,including49placedbeforeitduringtheperiodcoveredbythepresentreport(27July19961August1997).456.2 .2Thestatusofthe765communicationsregisteredforconsiderationbytheHumanRightsCommitteesofarisasfollows:2 .2(a) .ConcludedbyViewsunderarticle5,paragraph4,oftheOptionalProtocol:263,including199inwhichviolationsoftheCovenantwerefound;2 .2(b) .Declaredinadmissible:242;2 .2(c) .Discontinuedorwithdrawn:115;2 .2(d) .Declaredadmissiblebutnotyetconcluded:45;2 .2(e) .Pendingatthepreadmissibilitystage:100.457.2 .2Inaddition,thesecretariatoftheCommitteehashundredsofcommunicationsonfileinrespectofwhichtheauthorshavebeenadvisedthatfurtherinformationwouldbeneededbeforetheircommunicationscouldberegisteredforconsiderationbytheCommittee.TheauthorsofaconsiderablenumberofadditionalcommunicationshavebeeninformedthattheircaseswillnotbesubmittedtotheCommittee,astheyfallclearlyoutsidethescopeoftheCovenantorappeartobefrivolous.Othercases,notyetregistered,arementionedinsectionBbelow.458.2 .2Duringthefiftyeighthtosixtiethsessions,theCommitteeconcludedconsiderationof24casesbyadoptingViewsthereon.ThesearecasesNos.481/1991(JorgeVillacrsOrtegav.Ecuador),526/1993(MichaelandBrianHillv.Spain)528/1993(MichaelSteadmanv.Jamaica),529/1993(HervinEdwardsv.Jamaica),533/1993(HaroldElahiev.TrinidadandTobago),535/1993(LloydellRichardsv.Jamaica),538/1993(CharlesE.Stewartv.Canada),549/1993(FrancisHopuandTepoaituBessertV.France),550/1993(RobertFaurissonv.France)552/1993(WieslawKallv.Poland),558/1993(GiosueCanepav.Canada),560/1993(Av.Australia)561/1993(DesmondWilliamsv.Jamaica)572/1994(HezekiahPricev.Jamaica),587/1994(IrvineReynoldsv.Jamaica)607/1994(MichaelAdamsv.Jamaica),612/1995(Arhuacosv.Colombia),639/1995(TrevorWalkerandLawsonRichardsv.Jamaica),671/1995(JouniE.Lnsmanetal.v.Finland),692/1996(A.R.J.v.Australia),696/1996(PeterBlainev.Jamaica),702/1996(CliffordMcLawrencev.Jamaica),707/1996(PatrickTaylorv.Jamaica)and708/1996(NevilleLewisv.Jamaica).ThetextsoftheViewsinthese24casesarereproducedinannexVI.459.2 .2TheCommitteealsoconcludedconsiderationof18casesbydeclaringtheminadmissible.ThesearecasesNos.579/1994(KlausWerenbeckv.Australia),593/1994(PatrickHollandv.Ireland),601/1994(E.J.DrakeandC.M.v.NewZealand),603/1994(AndresBaduv.Canada),604/1994(JosephNarteyv.Canada),632/1995(HerbertThomasPotterv.NewZealand),643/1995(PeterDrobekv.Slovakia),654/1995(KwameWilliamsAduv.Canada),658/1995(JacobandJantinaHendrikavanOordv.theNetherlands),659/1995(BrigitteLangv.Australia),661/1995(PaulTribouletv.France),674/1995(LdvikEmilKaaberv.Iceland),679/1996(Darwishv.Austria),698/1996(GonzaloBoneloSnchezv.Spain),700/1996(TrevorL.Jarmanv.Australia),755/1997(ClarenceT.Maloneyv.Germany),758/1997(JosMaraG;mezNavarrov.Spain)and761/1997(RanjitSinghv.Canada).ThetextsofthesedecisionsarereproducedinannexVII.460.2 .2Duringtheperiodunderreview,21communicationsweredeclaredadmissibleforexaminationonthemerits.DecisionsdeclaringcommunicationsadmissiblearenotmadepublicbytheCommittee.Proceduraldecisionswereadoptedinanumberofpendingcases(underarticle4oftheOptionalProtocolorunderrules86and91oftheCommittee'srulesofprocedure).TheCommitteerequestedSecretariatactioninotherpendingcases.461.2 .2UndertheCommittee'snewrulesofprocedure,referredtoingreaterdetailinparagraphs470and471below,theCommitteewillasaruledecideonadmissibilityandmeritsofacommunicationtogetherinordertoexpeditetheconsiderationofcommunicationsundertheOptionalProtocol.Communicationsreceivedbeforethenewrulesofprocedurewereinforcewillbedealtwithundertheoldrules,accordingtowhichadmissibilityisconsideredatthefirststage.̀B.GrowthoftheCommittee'scaseloadunderthèOptionalProtocol462.2 .2AstheCommitteehasstatedinpreviousreports,theincreasingnumberofStatespartiestotheOptionalProtocolandbetterpublicawarenessoftheprocedurehaveledtoagrowthinthenumberofcommunicationssubmittedtotheCommittee.ThatincreaseisnotfullyreflectedinthenumberofcasesthathavebeenregisteredformallyundertheOptionalProtocol,whichhasremainedconstantat40-50eachyear.Thatfigurewouldbeconsiderablyhigherwereitnotforthefactthatmanycommunicationshavebeenwaitingforregistrationforaconsiderableperiod,uptoayearinsomecases.Inadditiontothedelayinregisteringnewcases,otherthanthoseconsideredurgent,thereisagrowingbacklogofcorrespondenceawaitingreplywhichrelatestomattersotherthancasesforregistration.Muchofthecorrespondencegoesbackto1996.463.2 .2Themainreasonforthosedelaysisthatwhiletheactualnumberofcommunicationshasincreased,thenumberofprofessionalstaffdealingwithcommunicationsundertheOptionalProtocolhasdecreasedinthelasttwoyears.ThecomplexityofsomecomplaintsandtheobligationofstafftoensurethatasufficientnumberofcasesispreparedfortheCommittee'sconsiderationateachsessionmeansthatithasnotbeenpossibletoallocatescarceresourcestoclearthebacklogofunregisteredcasesandcorrespondence.Theworkloadofthestaffhasalsobeenincreasedbytheneedtocarryoutfollowupactivitiesinrespectofthe199casesinwhichtheCommitteefoundviolationsundertheCovenant.464.2 .2TheCommitteehastakenmeasurestoexpediteitsworkoncommunications,suchasdealingwithissuesofadmissibilityandmeritsatthesametime.Thosemeasuresare,however,unlikelytoenabletheCommitteetoovercomeallthedelaysmentionedunlessitissupportedbyasufficientnumberofprofessionalSecretariatstaffasfarastheOptionalProtocolisconcerned.TheCommitteenotes,inthisconnection,thatanincreasingnumberofcommunicationsarebeingsubmittedinlanguagesthatarenotamongtheworkinglanguagesoftheSecretariat,andexpressesitsconcernthatthelackofSecretariatstafffluentinthoselanguageshascontributedtodelaysintheexaminationofthem.ThesituationwithrespecttocommunicationssubmittedinRussianisamatterofparticularconcern.465.2 .2TheCommittee,whilefullyawareofthefinancialcrisisbesettingtheOrganization,neverthelessemphasizesthatinaccordancewitharticle36oftheCovenant,itshouldbeguaranteedthenecessaryresourcesfortheeffectiveperformanceofallitsfunctions,includingtheconsiderationofcommunications,andthatithasaparticularneedforstaffexperiencedinthevariouslegalsystemsandwithknowledgeofthelanguagesofStatespartiestotheOptionalProtocol.̀C.ApproachestoexaminingcommunicationsunderthèOptionalProtocol@ .T 1.SpecialRapporteuronnewcommunications466.2 .2Atitsthirtyfifthsession,theCommitteedecidedtodesignateaSpecialRapporteurtoprocessnewcommunicationsastheywerereceived,i.e.betweensessionsoftheCommittee.AttheCommittee'sfiftythirdsession(1995),Mr.FaustoPocarwasdesignatedasSpecialRapporteur.Intheperiodcoveredbythepresentreport,theSpecialRapporteurtransmitted46newcommunicationstotheStatespartiesconcernedunderrule91oftheCommittee'srulesofprocedure,requestinginformationorobservationsrelevanttothequestionsofadmissibility.Regardingsomecommunications,theSpecialRapporteurshadrecommendedtotheCommitteethatthecommunicationsbedeclaredinadmissiblewithoutforwardingthemtotheStateparty.Inothercases,theSpecialRapporteurshadissuedrequestsforinterimmeasuresofprotectionpursuanttorule86oftheCommittee'srulesofprocedure.467.2 .2Atitsfiftyfifthsession,in1995,theCommitteedeclaredthatthecompetenceoftheSpecialRapporteurtoissue,andifnecessarytowithdraw,requestsforinterimmeasuresunderrule86oftherulesofprocedurewouldcontinueuntiltheWorkingGrouponCommunicationstookupthequestionofadmissibility;subsequently,whentheCommitteewasnotinsession,thatcompetencewouldbeexercisedbytheChairmanuntiltheWorkingGrouponCommunicationsconsideredthesubstanceofthecase,inconsultationwherenecessarywiththeSpecialRapporteur.@ . 2.CompetenceoftheWorkingGrouponCommunications468.2 .2Atitsthirtysixthsession,theCommitteedecidedtoauthorizetheWorkingGrouponCommunicationstoadoptdecisionsdeclaringcommunicationsadmissiblewhenallfivememberssoagreed.Failingsuchagreement,theWorkingGroupwouldreferthemattertotheCommittee.ItcouldalsodosowheneveritbelievedthattheCommitteeitselfshoulddecidethequestionofadmissibility.WhiletheWorkingGroupcouldnotadoptdecisionsdeclaringcommunicationsinadmissible,itmightmakerecommendationsinthatrespecttotheCommittee.Pursuanttothoserules,theWorkingGrouponCommunicationsthatmetpriortothefiftyeighth,fiftyninthandsixtiethsessionsoftheCommitteedeclared19communicationsadmissible.469.2 .2Atitsfiftyfifthsession,theCommitteedecidedthateachcommunicationwouldbeentrustedtoamemberoftheCommittee,whowouldactasrapporteurforitintheWorkingGroupandintheplenaryCommittee.Inperformingthattask,theRapporteurconsultsthewholeofthefile,ifnecessaryattheprevioussession.Atthefiftyseventhsession,theCommitteedecidedthattheRapporteurresponsibleforthecommunicationwouldconsidertheactiontobetakenonlastminuteinformationcommunicatedbytheauthororbytheStateparty.@ .N 3.Joinderofadmissibilityandmerits470.2 .2Atitssixtiethsession(July1997),theCommitteedecided,that,asabasicrule,itwouldjointheconsiderationofadmissibilityandmeritsofcommunicationsinallcases.471.2 .2Underthenewrule91oftheCommittee'srulesofprocedure,adoptedon1August1997,whenanewcommunicationhasbeenreceivedtheStatepartywillberequestedtosubmitwrittenexplanationsorstatementsrelatingtobothadmissibilityandmeritsofthecommunication.OnlyinexceptionalcircumstanceswilltheCommitteerequestaStatepartytoaddressadmissibilityonly.AStatepartywhichhasreceivedarequestforinformationonadmissibilityandmeritsmaywithintwomonthsapplyforthecommunicationtoberejectedasinadmissible.Sucharequest,however,willnotabsolvetheStatepartyfromtherequirementtosubmitinformationonthemeritswithinthesettimelimitunlesstheCommittee,itsWorkingGrouporitsdesignatedSpecialRapporteurdecidestoextendthetimeforsubmissionofinformationonthemeritsuntilaftertheCommitteehasruledonadmissibility.@ .nD.Individualopinions472.2 .2InitsworkundertheOptionalProtocol,theCommitteestrivestoarriveatitsdecisionsbyconsensus.However,pursuanttorule94,paragraph4,oftheCommittee'srulesofprocedure,memberscanaddtheirindividualconcurringordissentingopinionstotheCommittee'sViews.Pursuanttorule92,paragraph3,memberscanappendtheirindividualopinionstotheCommittee'sdecisionsdeclaringcommunicationsinadmissible.473.2 .2Duringthesessionscoveredbythepresentreport,individualopinionswereappendedtotheCommittee'sViewsincasesNos.526/1993(Hillv.Spain),535/1993(Richardsv.Jamaica),538/1993(Stewartv.Canada),549/1993(HopuandBessertv.France),550/1993(Faurissonv.France),552/1993(Kallv.Poland),558/1993(Canepav.Canada),560/1993(Av.Australia),696/1996(Blainev.Jamaica),702/1996(McLawrencev.Jamaica)and708/1996(Lewisv.Jamaica).AnindividualopinionwasalsoappendedtotheCommittee'sdecisiondeclaringcommunicationNo.643/1995(Drobekv.Slovakia)inadmissible.@ . E.IssuesconsideredbytheCommittee474.2 .2AreviewoftheCommittee'sworkundertheOptionalProtocolfromitssecondsessionin1977toitsfiftyseventhsessionin1995canbefoundintheCommittee'sannualreportsfor1984to1996,which,interalia,containsummariesoftheproceduralandsubstantiveissuesconsideredbytheCommitteeandofthedecisionstaken.ThefulltextsoftheViewsadoptedbytheCommitteeandofitsdecisionsdeclaringcommunicationsinadmissibleundertheOptionalProtocolhavebeenreproducedregularlyinannexestotheCommittee'sannualreportstotheGeneralAssembly.475.2 .2TwovolumescontainingselecteddecisionsoftheHumanRightsCommitteeundertheOptionalProtocol,fromthesecondtothesixteenthsessions(1977-1982)andfromtheseventeenthtothethirtysecondsessions(19821988),havebeenpublished(CCPR/C/OP/1and2).476.2 .2Thefollowingsummaryreflectsfurtherdevelopmentsonissuesconsideredduringtheperiodcoveredbythepresentreport.@ .1.Proceduralissues(a)2 .2Claimnotsubstantiated,underarticle2oftheOptionalProtocol477.2 .2Article2oftheOptionalProtocolprovidesthat"individualswhoclaimthatanyoftheirrightsenumeratedintheCovenanthavebeenviolatedandwhohaveexhaustedallavailabledomesticremediesmaysubmitawrittencommunicationtotheCommitteeforconsideration".478.2 .2Althoughanauthordoesnotneedtoprovetheallegedviolationattheadmissibilitystage,hemustsubmitsufficientevidencesubstantiatinghisallegationforpurposesofadmissibility.A"claim"is,therefore,notjustanallegation,butanallegationsupportedbyacertainamountofsubstantiatingevidence.IncaseswheretheCommitteefindsthattheauthorhasfailedtosubstantiatehisclaimforpurposesofadmissibility,theCommitteehasheldthecommunicationinadmissible,underrule90(b)ofitsrulesofprocedure,declaringthattheauthor"hasnoclaimunderarticle2oftheOptionalProtocol".479.2 .2Casesdeclaredinadmissible,interalia,forlackofsubstantiationoftheclaimorfailuretoadvanceaclaimarecommunicationsNos.579/1994(Werenbeckv.Australia),601/1994(Drakev.NewZealand),632/1995(Potterv.NewZealand),643/1995(Drobekv.Slovakia),654/1995(Aduv.Canada),658/1995(vanOordv.theNetherlands),659/1995(Langv.Australia),698/1996(BoneloSnchezv.Spain),700/1996(Jarmanv.Australia),755/1997(Maloneyv.Germany),758/1997(G;mezNavarrov.Spain)and761/197(Singhv.Canada).̇(b)02 .2ClaimsnotcompatiblewiththeprovisionsoftheCovenant(OptionalProtocol,art.3)480.2 .2CommunicationsmustraiseanissueconcerningtheapplicationoftheCovenant.InitsworkundertheOptionalProtocol,theCommitteehasonseveraloccasionshadtopointoutthatitisnotanappealinstanceintendedtorevieworreversedecisionsofdomesticcourtsandthatitcannotbeusedasaforumforpursuingacomplaintonthebasisofdomesticlaw.CommunicationsbasedonaclearlyerroneousinterpretationoftheCovenant,orwherethefactsaspresenteddonotraiseissuesunderthearticlesoftheCovenantinvokedbytheauthor,aredeclaredinadmissibleunderarticle3oftheOptionalProtocolasincompatiblewiththeprovisionsoftheCovenant.481.2 .2Casesdeclaredinadmissible,interalia,forincompatibilitywiththeprovisionsoftheCovenantarecommunicationsNos.579/1994(Werenbeckv.Australia),601/1994(Drakev.NewZealand),658/1995(vanOordv.theNetherlands),661/1995(Tribouletv.France),679/1996(Darwishv.Austria)and761/1997(Singhv.Canada).(c)02 .2Therequirementofexhaustionofdomesticremedies(OptionalProtocol,art.5,para.2(b))482.2 .2Pursuanttoarticle5,paragraph2(b),oftheOptionalProtocol,theCommitteeshallnotconsideranycommunicationunlessithasascertainedthattheauthorhasexhaustedallavailabledomesticremedies.However,theCommitteehasalreadyestablishedthattheruleofexhaustionappliesonlytotheextentthatthoseremediesareeffectiveandavailable.TheStatepartyisrequiredtogive"detailsoftheremedieswhichitsubmittedhadbeenavailabletotheauthorinthecircumstancesofhiscase,togetherwithevidencethattherewouldbeareasonableprospectthatsuchremedieswouldbeeffective"(caseNo.4/1977(TorresRamrezv.Uruguay)).TherulealsoprovidesthattheCommitteeisnotprecludedfromexaminingacommunicationifitisestablishedthattheapplicationoftheremediesinquestionisunreasonablyprolonged.Incertaincases,aStatepartymaywaivebeforetheCommitteetherequirementofexhaustionofdomesticremedies.Intheperiodcoveredbythepresentreport,communicationsNos.593/1994(Hollandv.Ireland),603/1994(Baduv.Canada),604/1994(Narteyv.Canada),632/1995(PottervNewZealand),654/1995(Aduv.Canada),661/1995(Tribouletv.France),674/1995(Kaaberv.Iceland),679/1996(Darwishv.Austria)and755/1997(Maloneyv.Germany)weredeclaredinadmissibleforfailuretopursueavailableandeffectivedomesticremedies.(d)2 .2Inadmissibilityrationetemporis483.2 .2Asatitsprevioussessions,theCommitteehashadtoconsidercommunicationsrelatingtoeventswhichoccurredbeforetheentryintoforceoftheOptionalProtocolfortheStateconcerned.Incasesofthistype,theadmissibilitycriterionappliedbytheCommitteeiswhethertheeventsinquestionhave,sincetheentryintoforceoftheOptionalProtocol,hadpersistenteffectswhichinthemselvesconstituteviolationsoftheCovenant.484.2 .2Intheperiodcoveredbythepresentreport,theCommitteeconsideredthisquestionincommunicationNos.579/1994(Werenbeckv.Australia)and601/1994(Drakev.NewZealand)andreiterateditsjurisprudencethatintheabsenceofcontinuingeffectsitisprecludedfromconsideringclaimsconcerningeventswhichhappenedaftertheentryintoforceoftheCovenantbutbeforetheentryintoforceoftheOptionalProtocolfortheStatepartyconcerned.(e)2 .2Interimmeasuresunderrule86̇485.2 .2Underrule86oftheCommittee'srulesofprocedure,theCommitteemay,afterreceiptofacommunicationandbeforeadoptingitsViews,requestaStatepartytotakeinterimmeasuresinordertoavoidirreparabledamagetothevictimoftheallegedviolations.TheCommitteehasappliedthisruleonseveraloccasions,mostlyincasessubmittedbyoronbehalfofpersonswhohavebeensentencedtodeathandareawaitingexecutionandwhoclaimthattheyweredeniedafairtrial.Inviewoftheurgencyofthecommunications,theCommitteehasrequestedtheStatespartiesconcernednottocarryoutthedeathsentenceswhilethecasesareunderconsideration.Staysofexecutionhavespecificallybeengrantedinthisconnection.Rule86hasalsobeenappliedinothercircumstances,forinstanceincasesofimminentdeportationorextradition.FortheCommittee'sreasoningwhetherornottoissuearequestunderrule86,seetheCommittee'sViewsincommunicationNo.558/1993(Canepav.Canada)(annexVI(sect.K,para.7)).@ .2.Substantiveissues(a)2 .2Righttolife(Covenant,art.6)486.2 .2Article6,paragraph1,oftheCovenant,protectstherighttolife.InGeneralComment6[16]theCommitteehasexpresseditsviewthatStatespartiesshouldtakespecificandeffectivemeasurestopreventthedisappearanceofindividualsandestablisheffectivefacilitiesandprocedurestoinvestigate,thoroughlyandbyanappropriateandimpartialbody,casesofmissingpersonsandenforceddisappearancesincircumstancesthatmayinvolveaviolationoftherighttolife.IncaseNo.612/1995(Arhuacosv.Colombia),theCommitteefoundaviolationofarticle6,paragraph1,becausetheStatepartywasheldresponsibleforthedisappearanceoftheindividualsonwhosebehalfthecommunicationshadbeensubmitted.487.2 .2Article6,paragraph2,providesthatasentenceofdeathmaybeimposedonlyforthemostseriouscrimesandifnotcontrarytotheprovisionsoftheCovenant.Thus,anexusisestablishedbetweentheimpositionofasentenceofdeathandobservancebyStateauthoritiesofguaranteesundertheCovenant.Accordingly,incaseswheretheCommitteefoundthattheStatepartyhadviolatedarticle14oftheCovenant,inthattheauthorhadbeendeniedafairtrialandappeal,theCommitteeheldthattheimpositionofthesentenceofdeathalsoentailedaviolationofarticle6.InitsViewsincaseNo.528/1993(MichaelSteadmanv.Jamaica),theCommitteeobservedthefollowing:02 .2"TheCommitteeisoftheopinionthattheimpositionofasentenceofdeathuponconclusionofatrialinwhichtheprovisionsoftheCovenanthavenotbeenrespectedconstitutes,ifnofurtherappealagainstthesentenceispossible,aviolationofarticle6oftheCovenant.AstheCommitteenotedinitsGeneralComment6(16),theprovisionthatasentenceofdeathmaybeimposedonlyinaccordancewiththelawandnotcontrarytotheprovisionsoftheCovenantimpliedthat'theproceduralguaranteesthereinprescribedmustbeobserved,includingtherighttoafairhearingbyanindependenttribunal,thepresumptionofinnocence,theminimumguaranteesforthedefence,andtherighttoreviewofconvictionandsentencebyahighertribunal'"(annexVI,sect.C,para.10.4).488.2 .2Havingconcludedthatthefinalsentenceofdeathhadbeenimposedafteratrialthatfailedtocomplyfullywiththerequirementsofarticle14,theCommitteefoundthattherightprotectedbyarticle6hadbeenviolated.TheCommitteereachedasimilarconclusionincommunicationsNos.535/1993(Richardsv.Jamaica),572/1994(Pricev.Jamaica),702/1996(McLawrencev.Jamaica)and707/1996(Taylorv.Jamaica).489.2 .2IncaseNo.692/1996(A.R.J.v.Australia),theCommitteehadtodeterminewhethertheauthor'sdeportationfromAustraliatoIran,afterhavingservedasentenceofimprisonmentinAustraliaforillegalimportationoftwokilogramsofcannabisresin,exposedhimtoarealriskofaviolationofhisrightsundertheCovenant.TheauthorhadarguedthathewouldfacethedeathpenaltyinIran,whendeportedbyAustralia.TheStatepartyhadrefutedtheauthor'sallegation.Onthebasisoftheinformationbeforeit,theCommitteefoundthattheauthor'sdeportationwouldnotentailaviolationofarticle6.(b)02 .2Therightnottobesubjectedtotortureortocruel,inhumanordegradingtreatment(Covenant,art.7)490.2 .2Article7oftheCovenantprovidesthatnooneshallbesubjectedtotortureortocruel,inhumanordegradingtreatmentorpunishment.491.2 .2IncaseNo.612/1995(Arhuacosv.Colombia),threeindigenousleadershaddisappearedandwerelaterfounddead.TheCommitteefoundaviolationofarticle7becauseoftheuseoftorturebeforethevictimswereassassinated.Inthesamecase,afurtherviolationofarticle7wasfoundbecauseoftheill-treatmentoftwoothervictims.492.2 .2IncaseNo.587/1994(Reynoldsv.Jamaica),thecomplainanthadsufferedinjuriesasaresultofill-treatmentbywardersandsoldierswhileondeathrow.IntheabsenceofanyinformationfromtheStateparty,theCommitteeconcludedthatthecomplainanthadbeentreatedinawaycontrarytoarticle7oftheCovenant.TheCommitteemadeasimilarfindingincaseNo.607/1994(Adamsv.Jamaica).493.2 .2IncaseNo.481/1991(VillacrsOrtegav.Ecuador),theauthorhadsufferedinjuriesbecauseofill-treatmentbyprisonpersonnelfollowinganescapeattemptbyhiscellmates.TheCommitteeconcludedthatthetreatmentamountedtocruelandinhumantreatment,inviolationofarticle7oftheCovenant.494.2 .2IncaseNo.529/1993(Edwardsv.Jamaica),theCommitteefoundaviolationofarticle7oftheCovenantbecauseofthelengthoftimeduringwhichtheauthorhadbeenheldinconditionsofdetention,violatingtherequirementsofarticle10,paragraph1.495.2 .2Initsjurisprudenceregardingclaimsthataprolongedstayondeathrowconstitutescruel,inhumananddegradingtreatment,theCommitteehasconsistentlyheldthatthefactsandcircumstancesofeachcasemustbeexaminedtoseewhetheranissueunderarticle7arisesandthat,intheabsenceoffurthercompellingcircumstances,prolongedjudicialproceedingsdonotperseconstitutethatkindoftreatment.InitsViewsincaseNo.588/1994(ErrolJohnsonv.Jamaica),whichwereadoptedattheCommittee'sfiftysixthsession,theCommitteeexaminedingreaterdetailtheimplicationsofholdingthelengthofdetentionondeathrow,perse,tobeinviolationofarticles7and10.6Intheperiodcoveredbythepresentreport,theCommitteeconfirmeditsjurisprudenceincasesNos.529/1993(Edwardsv.Jamaica)and607/1994(Adamsv.Jamaica).496.2 .2IncaseNo.692/1996(A.R.J.v.Australia),theCommitteefoundthattheauthor'sdeportationfromAustraliatoIranwouldnotexposehimtothenecessaryandforeseeableconsequenceoftreatmentthatwouldviolatearticle7.(c)2 .2Libertyandsecurityofperson(Covenant,art.9)̇497.2 .2Article9,paragraph1,oftheCovenantguaranteestoeveryonetherighttolibertyandsecurityofpersonandprovidesthatnooneshallbesubjectedtoarbitraryarrestordetentionorbedeprivedofhislibertyexceptonsuchgroundsandinaccordancewithsuchprocedureasestablishedbylaw.498.2 .2IncaseNo.560/1993(Av.Australia),theapplicant,arefugeeclaimantfromCambodiawhohadarrivedillegallyinAustraliainNovember1989,wasarresteduponarrivalandkeptindetentionuntilJanuary1994.InitsViews,theCommitteerecalledthatthenotionof"arbitrariness"mustnotbeequatedwith"againstthelaw"butbeinterpretedbroadlytoincludeelementslikeappropriatenessandinjustice.TheCommitteerejectedtheauthor'sclaimthatitisarbitrarypersetodetainindividualsrequestingasylum.However,theCommitteeobservedthat:02 .2"everydecisiontokeepapersonindetentionshouldbeopentoreviewperiodicallysothatthegroundsjustifyingthedetentioncanbeassessed.Inanyevent,detentionshouldnotcontinuebeyondtheperiodforwhichtheStatecanprovideappropriatejustification.Forexample,thefactofillegalentrymayindicateaneedforinvestigationandtheremaybeotherfactorsparticulartotheindividual,suchasthelikelihoodofabscondingandlackofcooperation,whichmayjustifydetentionforaperiod.Withoutsuchfactorsdetentionmaybeconsideredarbitrary,evenifentrywasillegal"(annexVI,sect.L,para.9.4).Inthecircumstances,sincetheStatepartyhadnotadvancedanygroundsparticulartotheapplicanttojustifyhiscontinueddetention,theCommitteefoundthatarticle9,paragraph1,hadbeenviolated.499.2 .2Article9,paragraph3,provides,interalia,thatanyonearrestedonacriminalchargeshallbebroughtpromptlybeforeajudgeorotherofficerauthorizedbylawtoexercisejudicialpower.TheCommitteefoundviolationsofthisprovisionincasesNos.702/1996(McLawrencev.Jamaica)and707/1996(Taylorv.Jamaica).500.2 .2Article9,paragraph3,providesalsothatitshallnotbethegeneralrulethatpersonsawaitingtrialbekeptincustody.IncaseNo.526/1993(Hillv.Spain),theapplicantswereforeignersandhadbeenrefusedbail.TheCommitteeconsideredthatthemerefactthatanaccusedisaforeignerdoesnotofitselfimplythathemaybeheldindetentionpendingtrial.Intheabsenceofanyjustificationforthelengthypre-trialdetention,theCommitteeconcludedthatarticle9,paragraph3,hadbeenviolated.TheCommitteealsofoundviolationsofthisprovisionincasesNos.533/1993(Elahiev.TrinidadandTobago),639/1995(RichardsandWalkerv.Jamaica),702/1996(McLawrencev.Jamaica),707/1996(Taylorv.Jamaica)and708/1996(Lewisv.Jamaica).501.2 .2Article9,paragraph4,provideseverypersondeprivedofhislibertywiththerighttotakeproceedingsbeforetheCourtinorderthatitmaydecideonthelawfulnessofhisdetention.IncaseNo.560/1993(Av.Australia),theauthor'sdetentionwasbasedonaprovisioninthelawwhichdefinedtheauthorandothersinasimilarsituationas"designatedpersons".Thelawstipulatedthatnocourtwastoorderthereleasefromcustodyofadesignatedperson.Althoughthecourtretainedthepowertoorderaperson'sreleaseifitfoundthedetentiontobeunlawfulunderAustralianlaw,theeffectiveroleofthecourtwaslimitedtoanassessmentwhetherornottheindividualwasa"designatedperson".TheCommitteeobservedthat:02 .2"Ifthecriteriaforsuchdeterminationweremet,thecourtshadnopowertoreviewthecontinueddetentionofanindividualandtoorderhis/herrelease.IntheCommittee'sopinion,courtreviewofthelawfulnessofdetentionunderarticle9,paragraph4,whichmustincludethepossibilityoforderingrelease,isnotlimitedtomerecomplianceofthedetentionwithdomesticlaw.Whiledomesticlegalsystemsmayinstitutedifferingmethodsforensuringcourtreviewofadministrativedetention,whatisdecisiveforthepurposesofarticle9,paragraph4,isthatsuchreviewis,initseffects,realandnotmerelyformal.Bystipulatingthatthecourtmusthavethepowertoorderrelease'ifthedetentionisnotlawful',article9,paragraph4,requiresthatthecourtbeempoweredtoorderrelease,ifthedetentionisincompatiblewiththerequirementsinarticle9,paragraph1,orinotherprovisionsoftheCovenant.Thisconclusionissupportedbyarticle9,paragraph5,whichobviouslygovernsthegrantingofcompensationfordetentionthatis'unlawful'eitherunderthetermsofdomesticlaworwithinthemeaningoftheCovenant"(annexVI,sect.L,para.9.5).TheCommitteeconcludedthatintheinstantcase,article9,paragraph4,hadbeenviolated.(d)2 .2Treatmentduringimprisonment(Covenant,art.10)502.2 .2Article10,paragraph1,prescribesthatallpersonsdeprivedoftheirlibertyshallbetreatedwithhumanityandwithrespectfortheinherentdignityofthehumanperson.TheCommitteefoundthattheconditionsunderwhichprisonerswereheldamountedtoaviolationofarticle10,paragraph1,incasesNos.526/1993(Hillv.Spain),529/1993(Edwardsv.Jamaica),533/1993(Elahiev.TrinidadandTobago),607/1994(Adamsv.Jamaica),639/1995(RichardsandWalkerv.Jamaica),696/1996(Blainev.Jamaica),707/1996(Taylorv.Jamaica)and708/1996(Lewisv.Jamaica).503.2 .2IncaseNo.708/1996(Lewisv.Jamaica),theCommitteefoundalsoaviolationofparagraph2(a)ofarticle10oftheCovenantbecauseitwasuncontestedthattheauthorhadbeenkeptinpre-trialdetentioninacellwithconvictedprisoners.(e)2 .2Righttoenterone'sowncountry(Covenant,art.12,para.4)504.2 .2Article12,paragraph4,oftheCovenantprovidesthatnooneshallbearbitrarilydeprivedoftherighttoenterhisowncountry.IncaseNo.538/1993(Stewartv.Canada),theCommitteeconsideredthescopeoftheterm"hisowncountry".TheapplicantinthecasewasaBritishcitizenwhohadimmigratedtoCanadawithhisfamilyin1967attheageofsevenandwasordereddeportedin1990becauseofhiscriminalrecord.TheCommitteenotedthatthescopeofthephrase"hisowncountry"isbroaderthantheconcept"countryofnationality".Takingintoaccountthewordingofarticle13oftheCovenant,whichappliesto"analienlawfullyintheterritoryofaStateparty",theCommitteeobservedthat"hisowncountry"asaconceptappliestoindividualswhoarenationalsandtocertaincategoriesofindividualswho,whilenotbeingnationalsinaformalsense,arealsonot"aliens"withinthemeaningofarticle13.505.2 .2TheCommitteethusconsideredthattheprotectionofarticle12,paragraph4,wasnotlimitedtonationalsbutalsoembraces"anindividualwho,becauseofhisspecialtiestoorclaimsinrelationtoagivencountrycannottherebeconsideredtobeamerealien".TheCommitteethenobservedthat:02 .2"thequestioninthepresentcaseiswhetherapersonwhoentersagivenStateunderthatState'simmigrationlaws,andsubjecttotheconditionsofthoselaws,canregardthatStateashisowncountrywhenhehasnotacquireditsnationalityandcontinuestoretainthenationalityofhiscountryoforigin.Theanswercouldpossiblybepositivewerethecountryofimmigrationtoplaceunreasonableimpedimentsontheacquiringofnationalitybynewimmigrants.Butwhen,asinthepresentcase,thecountryofimmigrationfacilitatesacquiringitsnationality,andtheimmigrantrefrainsfromdoingso,eitherbychoiceorbycommittingactsthatwilldisqualifyhimfromacquiringthatnationality,thecountryofimmigrationdoesnotbecome'hisowncountry'withinthemeaningofarticle12,paragraph4,oftheCovenant.Inthisregarditistobenotedthatwhileinthedraftingofarticle12,paragraph4,oftheCovenanttheterm'countryofnationality'wasrejected,sowasthesuggestiontorefertothecountryofone'spermanenthome"(annexVI,sect.G,para.12.5).TheCommitteeconcludedthatintheapplicant'scase,Canadacouldnotberegardedas"hisowncountry"forthepurposesofarticle12,paragraph4,oftheCovenant.SixmembersoftheCommitteeappendeddissentingopinions.506.2 .2CaseNo.558/1993(Canepav.Canada)concernedsimilarissuesandwasdecidedalongthesameline.ThreemembersoftheCommitteeappendedadissentingopinion.(f)2 .2Guaranteesofafairtrial(Covenant,art.14)507.2 .2Article14,paragraph1,providestherighttoequalitybeforethecourtsandtherighttoafairandpublichearingbyacompetent,independentandimpartialtribunalestablishedbylaw.IncaseNo.535/1993(Richardsv.Jamaica),theapplicanthadpleadedguiltytoachargeofmanslaughter,afterwhichtheprosecutionenteredanolleprosequi.Theauthorwassubsequentlychargedwithmurder,tried,convictedandsentencedtodeath.TheCommitteeobserved:02 .2"thattheProsecutorintheinstantcasewasfullyawareofthecircumstancesofMr.Richards'caseandhadagreedtoaccepthismanslaughterplea.Thenolleprosequiwasusednottodiscontinueproceedingsagainsttheauthorbuttoenableafreshprosecutionagainsttheauthortobeinitiatedimmediately,onexactlythesamechargeinrespectofwhichhehadalreadyenteredapleaofguiltytomanslaughter,apleawhichhadbeenaccepted.Thus,itspurposeandeffectweretocircumventtheconsequencesofthatplea,whichwasenteredinaccordancewiththelawandpracticeofJamaica.IntheCommittee'sopinion,theresorttoanolleprosequiinsuchcircumstances,andtheinitiationofafurtherchargeagainsttheauthorwereincompatiblewiththerequirementsofafairtrialwithinthemeaningofarticle14,paragraph1,oftheCovenant"(annexVI,sect.F,para.7.2).TwomembersoftheCommitteedisagreedwiththeCommittee'sfindingandappendedanindividualdissentingopinion.508.2 .2IncaseNo.707/1996(Taylorv.Jamaica),theCommitteerecalledthatthedeterminationofrightsintheConstitutionalCourtmustconformwiththerequirementsofafairhearinginaccordancewitharticle14,paragraph1.Intheparticularcase,theauthorhadbeensentencedtodeathandnolegalaidwasavailabletohimforthefilingofaconstitutionalmotiontoseekreviewofirregularitiesduringhistrial.Inthecircumstances,theCommitteeconsideredthattherequirementoffairhearingshouldbeconsistentwiththeprinciplesinarticle14,paragraph3(d),andconcludedthattherehadbeenaviolationofarticle14,paragraph1.̇509.2 .2Article14,paragraph3(b),providesthat,inthedeterminationofanycriminalchargeagainsthim,everyoneisentitledtohaveadequatetimeandfacilitiestopreparehisdefenceandtocommunicatewithcounselofhisownchoosing.Paragraph3(d)providesthateveryoneisentitledtodefendhimselfinpersonorthroughlegalassistance,whichshouldbeprovidedfreeofchargewheretheinterestsofjusticesorequire.IncaseNo.528/1993(Steadmanv.Jamaica),counselfortheaccusedhadconcededattheappealhearingthathisclient'scasehadnomerit.TheCommitteeconsideredthatwhilearticle14,paragraph3(d),didnotentitletheaccusedtochoosecounselprovidedtohimfreeofcharge,theCourtshouldensurethattheconductofthecasebythelawyerisnotincompatiblewiththeinterestsofjustice.Inacapitalcase,whencounselfortheaccusedconcedesthatthereisnomeritintheappeal,theCourtshouldascertainwhethercounselhasconsultedwiththeaccusedandinformedhimaccordingly.Ifnot,theCourtmustensurethattheaccusedissoinformedandgivenanopportunitytoengageothercounsel.Inthecircumstances,theCommitteefoundaviolationofarticle14,paragraph3(b)and(d)(seeannexVI,sect.C,para.10.3).510.2 .2AsimilarviolationwasfoundincaseNo.572/1994(Pricev.Jamaica).511.2 .2Article14,paragraph3(c),giveseveryaccusedpersontherighttobetriedwithoutunduedelay.ViolationsofthisprovisionwerefoundincasesNos.526/1993(Hillv.Spain)(threeyearsbetweenchargeandhearingofappeal),528/1993(Steadmanv.Jamaica)(26monthsbetweenpreliminaryenquiryandtrial),533/1993(Elahiev.TrinidadandTobago)(sevenyearsandeightmonthsbetweenarrestandconviction),561/1993(Williamsv.Jamaica)(morethantwoyearsbetweenarrestandtrial),639/1995(RichardsandWalkerv.Jamaica)(30monthsbetweenconvictionandthehearingoftheappeal),702/1996(McLawrencev.Jamaica)(31monthsbetweenconvictionandappeal)and707/1996(Taylorv.Jamaica)(28monthsbetweenarrestandtrial).512.2 .2Article14,paragraph3(d),providesthatanaccusedhastherighttodefendhimselfinpersonorthroughlegalcounselofhisownchoosing.IncaseNo.526/1993(Hillv.Spain),theCourthaddeniedtheapplicant'srequesttodefendhimselfinperson,withoutrepresentation.TheCommitteefoundthatthisviolatedarticle14,paragraph3(d).(g)02 .2Rightnottobesubjectedtoarbitraryorunlawfulinterferencewithfamily(Covenant,art.17)513.2 .2Therighttofamilyisprotectedbyarticle17,whichalsoencompassestherighttoprivacy,andbyarticle23.IncaseNo.549/1993(HopuandBessartv.France),theauthors(ethnicPolynesians)protestedagainstthebuildingofahotelcomplexontheirancestralburialgrounds,where,theyclaimed,familymemberswereburied.TheCommitteeobserved:02 .2"thattheobjectivesoftheCovenantrequirethattheterm'family'begivenabroadinterpretationsoastoincludeallthosecomprisingthefamilyasunderstoodinthesocietyinquestion.Itfollowsthatculturaltraditionsshouldbetakenintoaccountwhendefiningtheterm'family'inaspecificsituation"(annexVI,sect.H,para.10.3).Onthebasisoftheinformationbeforeit,theCommitteeconcludedthattherehadbeenarbitraryinterferencewiththeauthors'righttofamilyandprivacy.SeveralCommitteemembersappendeddissentingopinionswithregardtothatfinding.(h)02 .2Therighttofreedomofopinionandofexpression(Covenant,art.19)̇514.2 .2Article19guaranteesfreedomofopinionandexpression.IncaseNo.550/1993(Faurissonv.France),theapplicanthadbeenconvictedunderthe"GayssotAct",LawNo.90-615of13July1990,whichmakesitacriminaloffencetochallengetheexistenceofoneormorecrimesagainsthumanityasdefinedbyarticle6ofthestatuteoftheInternationalMilitaryTribunalannexedtotheLondonAgreementof8August1945andwhichhavebeencommittedeitherbymembersofanorganizationwhichwasdeclaredcriminalinapplicationofarticle9ofthatstatute,orbyapersonfoundguiltyofthosecrimesbyaFrenchorinternationaljurisdiction.TheCommitteeexpresseditsconcernthattheapplicationofthetermsoftheGayssotActmightleadtodecisionsormeasuresincompatiblewiththeCovenant,butitconcludedthatinthecaseofMr.Faurissonsuchincompatibilityhadnotoccurred.TheCommitteeobservedthat:02 .2"Toassesswhethertherestrictionsplacedontheauthor'sfreedomofexpressionbyhiscriminalconvictionwereappliedforthepurposesprovidedforbytheCovenant,theCommitteebeginsbynoting,asitdidinitsGeneralComment10thattherightsfortheprotectionofwhichrestrictionsonthefreedomofexpressionarepermittedbyarticle19,paragraph3,mayrelatetotheinterestsofotherpersonsortothoseofthecommunityasawhole.Sincethestatementsmadebytheauthor,readintheirfullcontext,wereofanatureastoraiseorstrengthenanti-Semiticfeelings,therestrictionservedtherespectoftheJewishcommunitytolivefreefromfearofanatmosphereofanti-Semitism.TheCommitteethereforeconcludesthattherestrictionoftheauthor'sfreedomofexpressionwaspermissibleunderarticle19,paragraph3(a),oftheCovenant"(annexVI,sect.I,para.9.6).SevenCommitteemembersappendedseparateconcurringopinions.(i)02 .2Righttohaveaccess,ongeneraltermsofequality,topublicservice(Covenant,art.25(c))515.2 .2Article25,paragraph2(c),providesthateverycitizenshallhavetherightandtheopportunity,withoutanyofthedistinctionsmentionedinarticle2oftheCovenantandwithoutunreasonablerestrictions,tohaveaccess,ongeneraltermsofequality,topublicserviceinhisorhercountry.IncaseNo.552/1993(Kallv.Poland),theauthorwasretroactivelyclassifiedasaSecurityPoliceofficerandthendismissedasaresultofthedissolutionoftheSecurityPolice.Afterthesubsequentialverificationproceedings,hewasfoundeligibleforapostwiththePolice.Whenheapplied,hewasrefusedbecauseofthelimitednumberofpostsavailable.TheCommitteeobservedthatarticle25(c)doesnotentitleeverycitizentoobtainemploymentwithinthecivilserviceandfoundthatthefactsbeforeitdidnotdiscloseaviolationoftheCovenant.TwomembersoftheCommitteeappendedadissentingopinion.&  (j)02 .2Therightsofpersonsbelongingtominorities(Covenant,art.27)516.2 .2Article27oftheCovenantprotectstherightsofminorities.Incase'  No.671/1995(Lnsmanetal.v.Finland),theCommitteewasrequestedtodecidewhetherlogginginanareawhichtheauthorsusedforreindeerhusbandryviolatedtheirrightsunderarticle27.TheCommitteereaffirmedthateconomicactivitiesmaycomewithintheambitofarticle27,iftheyareanessentialelementofthecultureofaminority.TheCommitteerecalledthatmeasureswhichhaveacertainlimitedimpactonthewayoflifeandlivelihoodofpersonsbelongingtoaminoritydonotnecessarilyamounttoadenialoftherightsunderarticle27.Onthebasisofalltheevidencebeforeit,theCommitteeconcludedthattheimpactoftheloggingintheinstantcasewouldnotbesuchastoamounttoadenialoftheauthors'rightsunderarticle27.Asregardsfutureloggingplans,theCommitteepointedoutthat:02 .2"theStatepartymustbearinmind,whentakingstepsaffectingtherightsunderarticle27,thatalthoughdifferentactivitiesinthemselvesmaynotconstituteaviolationofthisarticle,suchactivities,takentogether,mayerodetherightsofSamipeopletoenjoytheirownculture"(annexVI,sect.5,para.10.7).@ . F.RemediescalledforundertheCommittee'sViews517.2 .2AftertheCommitteehasmadeafindingonthemeritsits"Views"underarticle5,paragraph4,oftheOptionalProtocolofaviolationofaprovisionoftheCovenant,itproceedstoasktheStatepartytotakeappropriatestepstoremedytheviolation,suchasprovidingadequatecompensationfortheviolationssuffered.Whenrecommendingaremedy,theCommitteeobservesthat:02 .2"Bearinginmindthat,bybecomingapartytotheOptionalProtocol,theStatepartyhasrecognizedthecompetenceoftheCommitteetodeterminewhethertherehasbeenaviolationoftheCovenantornotandthat,pursuanttoarticle2oftheCovenant,theStatepartyhasundertakentoensuretoallindividualswithinitsterritoryandsubjecttoitsjurisdictiontherightsrecognizedintheCovenantandtoprovideaneffectiveandenforceableremedyincaseaviolationhasbeenestablished,theCommitteewishestoreceivefromtheStateparty,within90days,informationaboutthemeasurestakentogiveeffecttotheCommittee'sViews."(SeetheCommittee'sViewsincasesNos.481/1991(VillacrsOrtegav.Ecuador),526/1993(Hillv.Spain),528/1993(Steadmanv.Jamaica)529/1993(Edwardsv.Jamaica),533/1993(Elahiev.TrinidadandTobago),535/1993(Richardsv.Jamaica),549/1993(HopuandBessertv.France),560/1993(Av.Australia),561/1993(Williamsv.Jamaica),572/1994(Pricev.Jamaica),587/1994(Reynoldsv.Jamaica),607/1994(Adamsv.Jamaica),612/1995(Arhuacosv.Colombia),639/1995(RichardsandWalkerv.Jamaica),696/1996(Blainev.Jamaica),702/1996(McLawrencev.Jamaica),707/1996(Taylorv.Jamaica)and708/1996(Lewisv.Jamaica)inannexVI.)TheCompliancebyStateswiththeserequestsforinformationismonitoredbytheCommitteethroughitsfollow-upprocedure,(asdescribedinchapterVIIIofthepresentreport.f&@ .. VIII.FOLLOWUPACTIVITIESUNDERTHEOPTIONALPROTOCOL518.2 .2Fromitsseventhsession,in1979,toitssixtieth,inJuly1997,theHumanRightsCommitteehasadopted263ViewsoncommunicationsreceivedandconsideredundertheOptionalProtocol.TheCommitteehasfoundviolationsin199ofthem.519.2 .2Duringitsthirtyninthsession(July1990),theCommitteeestablishedaprocedurewherebyitcanmonitorthefollowuptoitsViewsunderarticle5,paragraph4,oftheOptionalProtocol,anditcreatedthemandateofaSpecialRapporteurfortheFollow-UponViews.7BeginningwiththeCommittee'sfiftyninthsession,Mr.PrafullachandraNatwarlalBhagwatiassumedthedutiesofSpecialRapporteurfortheFollow-UponViews.520.2 .2Duringitsfiftyfirstsession,theCommitteeadoptedruleofprocedure95,whichspellsoutthemandateoftheSpecialRapporteur.8521.2 .2TheSpecialRapporteurbegantorequestfollowupinformationfromStatespartiesin1991.FollowupinformationhassystematicallybeenrequestedinrespectofallViewswithafindingofaviolationoftheCovenant.AtthebeginningoftheCommittee'ssixtiethsession,followupinformationhadbeenreceivedinrespectof125Views.Noinformationhadbeenreceivedinrespectof58Views;in16cases,thedeadlineforreceiptoffollowupinformationhadnotyetexpired.Inmanyinstances,theSecretariathasalsoreceivedinformationfromauthorstotheeffectthattheCommittee'sViewshadnotbeenimplemented.Conversely,insomerareinstances,theauthorofacommunicationhasinformedtheCommitteethattheStatepartyhadgiveneffecttotheCommittee'srecommendations,althoughtheStatepartyhadnotitselfprovidedthatinformation.522.2 .2Attemptstocategorizefollowuprepliesarenecessarilyimprecise.Bythebeginningofthesixtiethsession,roughly30percentoftherepliesreceivedcouldbeconsideredsatisfactoryinthattheydisplaytheStateparty'swillingnesstoimplementtheCommittee'sViewsortooffertheapplicantanappropriateremedy.Manyrepliessimplyindicatethatthevictimhasfailedtofileaclaimforcompensationwithinstatutorydeadlinesandthat,therefore,nocompensationcanbepaidtothevictim.OtherrepliescannotbeconsideredsatisfactoryinthattheyeitherdonotaddresstheCommittee'srecommendationsatallormerelyrelatetooneaspectofthem.523.2 .2TheremainderofthereplieseitherexplicitlychallengetheCommittee'sfindings,oneitherfactualorlegalgrounds,constitutemuchbelatedsubmissionsonthemeritsofthecase,promiseaninvestigationofthematterconsideredbytheCommitteeorindicatethattheStatepartywillnot,foronereasonoranother,giveeffecttotheCommittee'srecommendations.524.2 .2Acountrybycountrybreakdownoffollowuprepliesreceivedorrequestedandoutstandingasof30June1997providesthefollowingpicture(Viewsinwhichthedeadlineforreceiptoffollowupinformationhadnotyetexpiredhavenotbeenincluded):#882 Argentina:0 . 0 .Onedecisionfindingviolations:400/1990MonacodeGallicchio(1994ReportoftheCommittee);9forfollowupreply,see1996Report,10para.455.Australia:0 . 0 .Onedecisionfindingviolations:488/1992Toonen(1994Report);9forfollowupreply,see1996Report,10para.456.Thelawsinquestionhavenowbeenrepealed.Austria:0 .0 . 0 .Onedecisionfindingviolations:415/1990Pauger(1992Report);4Statepartyfollowupreplydated11August1992,unpublished,indicatesthatnocompensationcanbepaidtoauthorforlackofspecificenablinglegislation.Bolivia:0 .0 . 0 .TwoViewsfindingviolations:176/1984Pearrietaetal.(1988Report);11336/1988BizouarnandFillastre(1992Report);4followuprepliesdated8and23April1997havebeenreceived(seebelow,paras.529531).Cameroon:0 . 0 .Onedecisionfindingviolations:458/1991Mukong(1994Report);9Statepartyfollowupreplyremainsoutstanding.FollowupconsultationswiththePermanentMissionofCameroonwereheldduringthesixtiethsession(seebelow,para.532).Canada:0 .0 . 0 .SixViewsfindingviolations:24/1978Lovelace(Selecteddecisions,vol.1);12forStatepartyfollowupreply,seeSelecteddecisions,vol.2,annexI);1327/1978Pinkney(Selecteddecisions,vol.1);noStatepartyfollowupreplyreceived;167/1984Ominayak(1990Report);14Statepartyfollowupreply,dated25November1991,unpublished;359/1989and385/1989DavidsonandMcIntyre(1993Report);15Statepartyfollowupreply,dated2December1993,unpublished;469/1991Ng(1994Report);9Statepartyfollowupreply,dated3October1994,unpublished.CentralAfricanRepublic:0 .Onedecisionfindingviolations:428/1990F.Bozize(1994Report);9forStateparty'sfollow-upreply,see1996Report,10para.457.Colombia:0 . 0 .EightViewsfindingviolations:45/1979SuarezdeGuerrero,46/1979FalsBorda,and64/1979SalgardeMontejo(inSelecteddecisions,vol.1);12161/1983HerreraRubio(1988Report);11181/1984SanJuanArvaloand195/1985DelgadoPaez(1990Report);14514/1992SandraFei(1995Report);16563/1993BautistadeArellana(1996Report);10Stateparty'sfollowupreply,dated21April1997,indicatesthatenablingLawNo.288of1996isbeingappliedtoallcases;seealso1996Report,paras.439441,andbelow,paras.533535.CzechRepublic . 0 .TwoViewsfindingviolations:516/1992Simuneketal.(1995Report);16586/1994Adam(1996Report).10ForStateparty'sfollowupreplies,see1996Report,para.458.Oneauthor(incaseNo.516/1992)hasconfirmedthatCommittee'srecommendationswereimplemented,theotherscomplainthattheirpropertywasnotrestitutedorthattheywerenotcompensated.DemocraticRepublicofthe0 .11Viewsfindingviolations:16/1977Mbengue,Congo(formerlyZaire):0 .90/1981Luyeye,124/1982Muteba,138/1983Mpandanjilaetal.,157/1983MpakaNsusu;and194/1985Miango(Selecteddecisions,vol.2);13241/1987and242/1987BirindwaandTshisekedi(1990Report);14366/1989Kanana(1994Report);9542/1993Tshishimbi(1996Report).10NoStatepartyfollowupreplyhasbeenreceivedinrespectofanyoftheabovecases,inspiteoftworemindersaddressedtotheStateparty.DominicanRepublic:0 .ThreeViewsfindingviolations:188/1984Portorreal(Selecteddecisions,vol.2);13forStateparty'sfollowupreply,see1990Report,14vol.II,annexXII;193/1985Giry(1990Report);449/1991M;jica(1994Report);9Stateparty'sfollowupreplyinthelattertwocaseshasbeenreceivedbutisincompleteinrespectofcaseNo.193/1985.Follow-upconsultationswiththePermanentMissionoftheDominicanRepublicwereconductedduringthefiftyseventhandfiftyninthsessions(seepara.538below).Ecuador:0 .0 . 0 .FourViewsfindingviolations:238/1987Bolanos(1989Report);17forStateparty'sfollowupreply,see1990Report,14vol.II,annexXIIB;277/1988TeranJijon(1992Report);4followupreply,dated11June1992,unpublished;319/1988CanonGarcia(1992Report);480/1991Fuenzalida(1996Report);10Stateparty'sfollowupreplyinthelattertwocasesremainsoutstanding.FollowupconsultationswiththePermanentMissionofEcuadorweretobeconductedduringthesixtyfirstsession.EquatorialGuinea:0 .TwoViewsfindingviolations:414/1990PrimoEssonoand468/1991Ol;Bahamonde(1994Report).9Stateparty'sfollowupreplyremainsoutstandinginbothcases,inspiteoffollowupconsultationswiththePermanentMissionofEquatorialGuineaduringthefiftysixthandfiftyninthsessions(see1996Report,10paras.442444,andbelow,para.539).Finland:0 .0 . 0 .FourViewsfindingviolations:265/1987Vuolanne(1989Report);17forStateparty'sfollowupreply,see1989Report,para.657andannexXII;291/1988Torres(1990Report);14forStateparty'sfollowupreply,see1990Report,vol.II,annexXII;387/1989Karttunen(1993Report);15nofollowupreplyreceivedinrespectofthiscase;412/1990Kivenmaa(1994Report);9Stateparty'spreliminaryfollowupreply,dated13September1994,unpublished.France:0 .0 . 0 .Onedecisionfindingviolations:196/1985Gueyeetal.(1989Report);17forStateparty'sfollowupreply,see1996Report,10para.459.Hungary:0 .0 . 0 .TwoViewsfindingviolations:410/1990Parkanyi(1992Report);4Stateparty'sfollowupreply,dated4February1993,unpublished,indicatesthatcompensationcannotbepaidtotheauthorduetolackofspecificenablinglegislation;521/1992Kulomin(1996Report);10forStateparty'sfollow-upreply,seebelow,para.540).Jamaica:0 .0 . 0 .48Viewsfindingviolations:9detailedfollow-uprepliesreceived,allindicatingthatStatepartywillnotimplementtheCommittee'srecommendations;26follow-upreplies,or"standardized"replies,indicatingmerelythatauthor'sdeathsentencehasbeencommutedonthebasisofreclassificationoftheoffenceorasaresultofthePrivyCounciljudgementof2November1993inPrattandMorgan.Nofollow-uprepliesin13cases.Follow-upconsultationswiththeStateparty'srepresentativestotheUnitedNationswereconductedduringthefiftythird,fiftyfifth,fiftysixthandsixtiethsessions.PriortotheCommittee'sfiftyfourthsession,theSpecialRapporteurfortheFollow-uponViewsconductedafollow-upfactfindingmissiontoJamaica(see1995Report,16paras.557-562).LibyanArabJamahiriya:0 .Onedecisionfindingviolations:440/1990ElMegreisi(1994Report);9Stateparty'sfollowupreplyremainsoutstanding.AuthorhasinformedtheCommitteethathisbrotherwasreleasedinMarch1995.Compensationoutstanding.Madagascar:0 . 0 .FourViewsfindingviolations:49/1979Marais,115/1982Wight,132/1982MonjaJaonaand155/1983EricHammel(inSelecteddecisions,vol.2).13Stateparty'sfollow-upreplyremainsoutstandinginallfourcases;theauthorsofthetwofirstcasesinformedtheCommitteethattheywerereleasedfromdetention.Follow-upconsultationswiththePermanentMissionofMadagascarwereheldduringthefiftyninthsession(seepara.543below).Mauritius:0 . 0 .Onedecisionfindingviolations:35/1978AumeeruddyCziffra(Selecteddecisions,vol.1);12forStateparty'sfollow-upreply,seeSelecteddecisions,vol.2,13p.237).Netherlands:0 . 0 .FourViewsfindingviolations:172/1984Broeks(1987Report);18Stateparty'sfollow-upreport,dated23February1995,unpublished;182/1984ZwaandeVries(1987Report);18Stateparty'sfollow-upreplywasnotpublished;305/1988vanAlphen(1990Report);14forStateparty'sfollow-upreplydated15May1991,see1991Report,19paras.707and708;453/1991Coeriel&Aurick(1995Report);16Stateparty'sfollow-upreplydated28March1995,unpublished.Nicaragua: . 0 .Onedecisionfindingviolations:328/1988ZelayaBlanco(1994Report);9Statepartyfollowupreplyremainsoutstanding,inspiteofreminderaddressedtoStatepartyinJune1995,andfollowupconsultationswiththePermanentMissionofNicaraguaduringthefiftyninthsession(seepara.544below).Panama: .0 . 0 .TwoViewsfindingviolations:289/1988DieterWolf(1992Report);4473/1991Barroso(1995Report).16Statepartyfollowupreplyremainsoutstanding,inspiteofreminderaddressedtoit.Followupconsultationsweretobeheldduringthesixtiethsession.Peru: . . 0 .FiveViewsfindingviolations:202/1986AtodelAvellanaland203/1986MunozHermosa(1989Report);17263/1987GonzlezdelRioand309/1988OrihuelaValenzuela(1993Report);15540/1993CelisLaureano(1996Report);10Statepartyfollowupreplyremainsoutstanding.Follow-uprepliesdated24September1996indicatethattheCommittee'srecommendationsareunderreviewbutdonotsuggestthatconcretemeasurestogiveeffecttothemhavebeentaken(seeparas.545and546below).RepublicofKorea:0 .Onedecisionfindingviolations:518/1992Sohn(1995Report);16Stateparty'sfollowupreplyremainsoutstanding(seealso1996Report,10paras.449and450).Followupconsultationswereheldduringthesixtiethsession(seeparas.547and548below).Senegal: . . 0 .Onedecisionfindingviolations:386/1989FamaraKon(1995Report);16forStateparty'sfollowupreply,see1996Report,10para.461.Byletterof29April1997,authorconfirmsthatcompensationwasofferedtohimbutrejectsitasinadequate.Spain: . . 0 .Onedecisionfindingviolations:493/1992G.J.Griffin(1995Report);16Stateparty'sfollow-upreply,dated30June1995,unpublished,infactchallengesCommittee'sfindings.Suriname: . 0 .EightViewswithfindingsofviolations:146/1983and148154/1983Baboerametal.(seeSelecteddecisions,vol.2);13Statepartyfollowupreplyremainsoutstanding,inspiteoffollowupconsultationsduringthefiftyninthsession(seealso1996Report,10paras.429and451andpara.549below).Togo: . . 0 .TwoViewswithfindingsofviolations:422-424/1990Aduayometal.and505/1992K.Ackla(1996Report).10Stateparty'sfollowuprepliesonbothViewsremainoutstanding.Follow-upconsultationswerescheduledduringthesixtysecondsession.TrinidadandTobago:0 .SixViewsfindingviolations:232/1987and512/1992DanielPinto(1990Report14and1996Report);10362/1989Soogrim(1993Report);15447/1991LeroyShalto(1995Report);16434/1990LalSeerattanand523/1992ClydeNeptune(1996Report).StatepartyfollowuprepliesreceivedinrespectofthecasesofPinto,Shalto(unpublished)andNeptune,thefollowupreplyconcerningthelattercasechallengingtheCommittee'sfindings(seepara.550below).FollowuprepliesonthecasesofSoogrimandSeerattanremainoutstanding(seealso1996Report,paras.429,452and453,andparas.551and552below).Uruguay: . . 0 .45Viewsfindingviolations:43followupreplies,dated17October1991,receivedbutunpublished.FollowuprepliesontwoViewsremainoutstanding:159/1983Cariboni(Selecteddecisions,vol.2);13322/1988Rodriquez(1994Report);9seealso1996Report,10para.454.Venezuela: . 0 .Onedecisionfindingviolations:156/1983Solorzano(Selecteddecisions,vol.2);13Stateparty'sfollow-upreply,dated21October1991,unpublished.Zambia: . . 0 .ThreeViewsfindingviolations:314/1988Bwalyaand326/1988Kalenga(1994Report);9390/1990Lubuto(1996Report);10Statepartyfollowupreplydated3April1995,unpublished,receivedinrespectofthefirsttwodecisions;followupreplyinrespectofcaseNo.390/1990remainsoutstanding.525.2 .2ForfurtherinformationonthestatusofalltheViewsinwhichfollowupinformationremainsoutstandingorinrespectofwhichfollowupconsultationshavebeenorwillbescheduled,referenceismadetothefollowupprogressreportpreparedforthesixtiethsessionoftheCommittee(CCPR/C/60/R.1,dated30June1997).AnoverviewoftheCommittee'spastexperiencewiththefollow-upprocedurecanbefoundintheCommittee's1996Report,10paras.430-433.OverviewoffollowuprepliesreceivedandoftheSpecialRapporteur'sfollow-upconsultationsduringthereportingperiod526.2 .2TheSpecialRapporteurfortheFollowUponViewsheldconsultationswiththerepresentativesof10StatespartiestotheCovenantandtheOptionalProtocolduringthereportingperiod.HemetwithrepresentativesoftheGovernmentsofBolivia,Colombia,theDominicanRepublic,Madagascar,Nicaragua,SurinameandTrinidadandTobagoduringthefiftyninthsession,andwithrepresentativesoftheGovernmentsofCameroon,JamaicaandtheRepublicofKoreaduringthesixtiethsession.CommitteememberMrs.CeciliaMedinaQuirogaalsometwitharepresentativeoftheGovernmentofEquatorialGuineaonbehalfoftheSpecialRapporteurduringthefiftyninthsession.TheCommitteeregretsthattheSpecialRapporteurwasunabletoestablishdirectcontactswiththePermanentMissionoftheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo(formerlyZaire).527.2 .2TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationfortheavailabilityofStatespartydelegationsforfollowupconsultations.ItwelcomesthefollowuprepliesthathavebeenreceivedduringthereportingperiodandexpressesitsappreciationforallthemeasurestakenorenvisagedtoprovidevictimsofviolationsoftheCovenantwithaneffectiveremedy.ItencouragesallStatespartieswhichhaveaddressedpreliminaryfollowuprepliestotheSpecialRapporteurtoconcludetheirinvestigationsinasexpeditiousamanneraspossibleandtoinformtheSpecialRapporteuroftheirresults.528.2 .2TheresultsoftheSpecialRapporteur'sconsultationsaresummarizedbelow,togetherwiththeoverviewoffollowuprepliesreceivedduringtheperiodunderreview.529.2 .2Bolivia:On25March1997,theSpecialRapporteurmetwiththedelegationofBoliviawhichpresentedthethirdperiodicreportofBoliviatotheCommittee,underarticle40oftheCovenant,todiscusstheStateparty'sfailuretoimplementtheCommittee'srecommendationsontheViewsincasesNo.176/1984(Peariettaetal.),adoptedon2November1987,andNo.336/1988(BizouarnandFillastre),adoptedon5November1991.TheSpecialRapporteurregrettedthatnoreplieshadbeenreceivedfromtheStateparty,inspiteoffollowupconsultationsheldinthesummerof1996;hepointedtogovernmentandconstitutionalchangesinrecentyears,whichshouldprompttheGovernmenttogiveeffecttotheViewsinthetwocases.TheStateparty'srepresentativepromisedthatfollowupreplieswouldbeforwardedassoonaspossible;therepliesaresummarizedbelow.530.2 .2Bysubmissionof8April1997concerningcommunicationNo.176/1984(Peariettaetal.),theStatepartyobservesthatthetreatmenttheauthorsclaimtheyweresubjectedtoarecriminaloffencesundertheCriminalCodeofBolivia,forwhichthestatuteoflimitationsisfiveyears.Civilactionsarenolongerpossibleoncethestatutesoflimitationsforthecriminaloffencesapply.TheStatepartyaddsthatithassolicitedfurtherinformationonthecasefromthemilitarytribunalandthatanyfurtherinformationwillbeforwardedtotheCommittee.531.2 .2Bysubmissionof23April1997concerningtheViewsoncaseNo.336/1988(BizouarnandFillastre),theStatepartysubmitsthattheauthorsofthecommunicationwerereleasedfromdetentionon3June1993andimmediatelyleftBolivia;theyhavenotfiledanyclaimforcompensationsubsequently.TheStatepartyalsonotesthatitsdomesticlegislationgoverningbailwaschangedsoastocomplywiththeCommittee'sfindingonarticle9,paragraph2,oftheCovenant,andthatthejudicialsystemisbeingreformedinordertoavoidfutureviolationsofarticle9,paragraph3,oftheCovenant.532.2 .2Cameroon:On16July1997theSpecialRapporteurmetwiththePermanentRepresentativeofCameroontodiscusstheStateparty'sfailure,untilmid-1997,toimplementtheCommittee'srecommendationsintheViewsoncaseNo.458/1991(Mukong),adoptedinJuly1994.HeexplainedboththeOptionalProtocolandthefollowupprocedureandinsistedthattheStatepartywasunderanobligationtoprovidetheauthorwithsomeremedy.ThePermanentRepresentativeexpressedsurpriseattheCommittee'sfindingsonarticles7and9,paragraph1,oftheCovenantintheauthor'scaseandsuggestedthattheStatepartymightnothavebeengivensufficientopportunitytorefutetheauthor'sallegations.TheSpecialRapporteurpointedoutthattheStatepartywasgivenfullopportunitytoprovideitsobservationsand,infact,didmaketwosubmissions,andthattheCommitteeadopteditsViewsafterfullconsiderationofallthematerial.TheStatepartyhad,byratifyingtheOptionalProtocol,undertakentoimplementtheCommittee'sViews;therefore,theViewsexpressedbytheCommitteewerebindingontheStateparty.ThePermanentRepresentativestatedthathewouldconveytheCommittee'sconcerntotheStatepartyauthoritiesbutfurtherindicatedthattheStatepartyshouldhavesomemarginofdiscretionindecidingnotonlyontheamountofcompensationtobegiventotheauthor,butalsoontheprincipleofcompensation.Evenifcompensationweretobepaidtotheauthoronanexgratiabasis,thatwouldnotnecessarilyimplyanadmissionofresponsibilityonthepartoftheStateparty.533.2 .2Colombia:On1April1997,theSpecialRapporteurmetwithrepresentativesofColombiatodiscussthefollowuprepliesgivenbyColombiatotheCommittee'sViewsinseveralcasesdecidedundertheOptionalProtocol.TheStatepartyrepresentativesrecalledthatColombiahadenactedenablinglegislationinthesummerof1996(LawNo.288of1996seethe1996ReportoftheCommittee,10para.433),whichgiveslegaleffecttotheCommittee'sViews,andindicatedthataministerialcommitteehadbeenestablished,whichhadexaminedtheCommittee'srecommendationsinseveralViewsandrecommendedthatcompensationbepaid.534.2 .2TheStatepartyrepresentativesnotedthatinallthosecasesinwhichtheCommitteehadrecommendedthepaymentofcompensationtovictims,theMinisterialCommitteehadissuedfavourablerecommendations.TheCommittee'sdecisionshadbeennotifiedtotheMinistryofDefence,whichadministersbudgetaryappropriationsforthecompensationofvictimsofhumanrightsviolations.UpontherequestbytheSpecialRapporteurforclarification,theStatepartyrepresentativesindicatedthatajudgecannotquestiontheentitlementofavictimtocompensation,butmustonlydeterminetheamountofcompensation.Alltheauthor(s)hadtodowastoprovideproofofidentityforcompensationtobeeffected.TheStatepartyauthoritiescouldalsoresorttonotifyingauthorspubliclyoftheircompensationentitlements.535.2 .2On21April1997,ColombiaforwardedthefollowingfollowupinformationtotheCommittee:2 .2ViewsoncommunicationNo.45/1979(SuarezdeGuerrero):AministerialCommitteesetuppursuanttoenablinglegislationNo.288/1996hasrecommendedthatcompensationbepaidtotheauthor.2 .2ViewsoncommunicationNo.46/1979(FalsBorda):GiventheabsenceofaspecificremedyrecommendedbytheCommittee,theMinisterialCommitteesetuppursuanttoenablinglegislationNo.288/1996doesnotrecommendthatcompensationbepaidtothevictim.2 .2ViewsoncommunicationNo.64/1979(SalgardeMontejo):GiventheabsenceofaspecificremedyrecommendedbytheCommittee,theMinisterialCommitteesetuppursuanttoenablinglegislationNo.288/1996doesnotrecommendthatcompensationbepaidtothevictim.2 .2ViewsoncommunicationNo.161/1983(HerreraRubio):TheMinisterialCommitteesetupunderenablinglegislationNo.288/1996hasrecommendedthatcompensationbepaidtothevictim.2 .2ViewsoncommunicationNo.181/1984(SanJuanArvalobrothers):GiventheabsenceofaspecificremedyrecommendedbytheCommittee,theMinisterialCommitteesetupunderenablinglegislationNo.288/1996doesnotrecommendthatcompensationbepaidtothefamilyofthevictims.2 .2ViewsoncommunicationNo.195/1985(DelgadoPaez):TheMinisterialCommitteesetupunderenablinglegislationNo.288/1996recommendedthatcompensationbepaidtotheauthorofthecommunication.2 .2ViewsoncommunicationNo.514/1992(SandraFei):TheMinisterialCommitteesetuppursuanttoenablinglegislationNo.288/1996doesnotmakeaspecificfinding,astheCommitteedidnotrecommendthatcompensationbepaidtotheauthor.2 .2ViewsoncommunicationNo.563/1993(BautistadeArellana):TheMinisterialCommitteesetuppursuanttoenablinglegislationNo.288/1996hasrecommendedthatcompensationbepaidtothefamilyofthevictim.536.2 .2CzechRepublic:Bysubmissionof22October1996,theCzechRepublictransmittedfollowupinformationontheCommittee'sViewsoncaseNo.586/1994(Adamv.CzechRepublic),adoptedinJuly1996.TheStatepartyindicatesthattheauthorfailedtoavailhimselfofanavailableremedyatthedomesticlevel.Itaddsthatfailuretoprovidearemedybynationalcourtsisthebasicprerequisiteforgivingeffecttoadecisionrenderedbyaninternationalbody.TheStatepartyalsonotesthatitsConstitutionalCourtistheonlybodycompetenttoruleontheconstitutionalityoftheconditionofStatecitizenshipinAct87/1991onExtrajudicialRehabilitationanditspossiblediscriminatorynature,andthatithasnot,sofar,addressedthatissue,eitherintheauthor'sorinanyothercase.537.2 .2TheStateparty'sreplyimpliesthattheCzechRepublicisnotpreparedtogiveeffecttotheCommittee'srecommendations,thatis,torestitutehispropertytotheauthor.TheSpecialRapporteurwillrequirefollowupconsultationswiththeStateparty,asitisapparentthattheStatepartyinvokesargumentsthatitshouldhaveraisedwhilethecommunicationwasunderconsiderationbytheCommittee.538.2 .2DominicanRepublic:On3April1997,theSpecialRapporteurmetwiththeActingPermanentRepresentativeoftheDominicanRepublictotheUnitedNationstodiscusstheStateparty'sfailuretoimplementtheCommittee'srecommendationsontheViewsincasesNo.193/1985(PierreGiry),adoptedon20July1990,andNo.449/1991(B.M;jica),adoptedon15July1994.TheStatepartyrepresentativesuggestedthattheAttorneyGeneral'sOfficewascurrentlypreparingafollowupreportonbothcases,whichwouldbesubmittedtotheCommitteebyAugust1997;thosereplieswouldbeforwardeddirectlyfromtheAttorneyGeneral'soffice.TheSpecialRapporteurindicatedthattheCommittee'sprioritywasthefollowupontherecommendationsincaseNo.449/1991,inwhichtheCommitteehadspecificallyrequestedtheStatepartytoinvestigatetheauthor'sdisappearanceandtograntcompensationtohisfamily;heurgedtheStatepartytosubmititsrepliesintimefortheCommittee'ssixtiethsession.TheStateparty'sreply,dated30July1997andrelatingonlytocaseNo.193/1985,givesnorelevantfollowupinformation.Inavoluminoussubmissiondated15August1997relatingtocaseNo.449/1991,theStatepartyobservesthatthevictim'sdisappearancewasinvestigated"exhaustively",butthatinspiteofautopsiesofthecorpsesofsomedisappearedindividualsorderedbytheauthorities,noproofofthevictim'sdisappearancecouldbeestablished.TheStatepartyaddsthattheinvestigationsinthecasehavenotbeenclosedandcontinue.539.2 .2EquatorialGuinea:On4April1997,CommitteememberMrs.CeciliaMedinaQuirogametwiththeChargd'affairesofthePermanentMissionofEquatorialGuineatotheUnitedNationsanddiscussedtheStateparty'sfailuretofollow-upontheCommittee'sViewsoncommunicationNo.414/1990(PrimoEssono),adoptedon8April1990,andNo.468/1991(Ol;Bahamonde),adoptedon20October1993.TheStatepartyrepresentativeindicatedthathewouldseektoobtainafollowupreplyfromthecapitalintimeforthesixtiethsessionoftheCommittee,but,noreplyhadbeenreceivedbytheendofthatsession.540.2 .2Hungary:On22March1996,theCommitteeadopteditsViewsoncommunicationNo.521/1992(VladimirKulomin),findingaviolationofarticle9,paragraph3,oftheCovenant.Inasubmissiondated23December1996,theGovernmentofHungaryobservesthatlegislativechangeseffectedin1990(thatis,aftertheauthor'sconviction)willensurethatviolationsofarticle9,paragraph3,similartothatintheauthor'scasewillnotoccuragain.ItfurtherindicatesthattheauthormaybeentitledtoearlyreleaseandthatthematterwillbedecideduponbytheHungarianjudiciaryasappropriate.TheStatepartypledgestokeeptheCommitteeinformedoffurtherdevelopmentsinthisrespect.541.2 .2Jamaica:On25July1997,theSpecialRapporteurmetwiththeMinisterCounsellorofthePermanentMissionofJamaicatotheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevatodiscusstheStateparty'sfailuretofollowupontheCommittee'srecommendationsinalargenumberofViewsadoptedinrespectofJamaica.HepointedoutthatwhileJamaicahadmadeprogressinsofarassubmissionofinformationoncasespendingundertheOptionalProtocolwasconcerned,ithadfailedtoreplytonumerousrequestsforfollowupinformationformulatedinViewsadoptedsincethefiftysixthsession(MarchApril1996).TheSpecialRapporteurexplainedthattheViewsadoptedinrespectofJamaicacouldbedividedintotwocategories:thosewithfindingsofviolationsofarticle14oftheCovenant,becauseofproceduraldeficiencies,andthosewithfindingsofaviolationofarticles7and10,onthegroundsofinhumanconditionsofdetentionorilltreatmentofdetaineesondeathrow.ItwasregrettablethattheStatepartyhadfailedtotakeanymeasurestoeffectcompensationtothevictimsinthelattercategoryofcases:itwasincumbentuponJamaicatograntsomeformofcompensationtothevictim(s)ofviolationsofarticles7and10,evenifnominal,andtosoinformtheCommittee.Atthesametime,whileitwasunderstandablethattherecommendedremedyofreleaseofthevictim(s)mightbedifficultfortheGovernmenttoimplement,theStatepartyshouldnonethelessprovidetheCommitteewithsomeinformationaboutwhichtypeofremedy,ifany,hadbeengrantedtothevictim(s).542.2 .2TheMinisterCounsellornotedthattheoverwhelmingsupportoftheJamaicanpopulationforcapitalpunishmentmadeitdifficultfortheJamaicanGovernmenttoimplementtheCommittee'srecommendation(s)askingforreleaseofthevictim(s)sentencedtodeathupontheconclusionoftrialsconsideredtohavebeenunfair.ShepromisedtoconveytheSpecialRapporteur'sconcernregardingthelackofcompensationforvictimsofviolationsofarticles7and10totheAttorneyGeneral'sOfficeinKingston;inthelatterrespect,sheconsideredsomepositiveactiononthepartoftheGovernmenttobepossible.543.2 .2Madagascar:On4April1997,theSpecialRapporteurmetwiththeCounsellorofthePermanentMissionofMadagascartotheUnitedNationsconcerningtheStateparty'sfailuretoimplementtheCommittee'srecommendationsinitsViews,adoptedon3April1987,oncommunicationNo.155/1983(EricHammel).HeexplainedthefollowupprocedureandinsistedthattheStatepartytakesomeformofremedialactiontogiveeffecttotheCommittee'sViews,eitherbyamendinglegislation,grantingcompensationtotheauthor,orprovidinganotherremedy;hefurtherurgedthatafollowupreplybemadeavailableintimefortheCommittee'ssixtiethsession.TheStatepartyrepresentativepromisedtoconveytheSpecialRapporteur'sconcernstothecapital.544.2 .2Nicaragua:On2April1997,theSpecialRapporteurheldconsultationswiththeChargd'affairesofthePermanentMissionofNicaraguatotheUnitedNationsconcerningtheStateparty'sfailuretoimplementtheCommittee'srecommendationsintheViews,adoptedon20July1994,incaseNo.328/1988(RobertoZelayaBlanco).TheChargd'affairesnotedthatthefactsatthebasisofthecomplaintwereattributabletotheformerGovernment.TheSpecialRapporteurinsistedthattheStatepartywasresponsibletoprovidetheauthorwitharemedyregardlessofwhichGovernmentwasinpower.TheChargd'affairesindicatedthatasmanyyearshadpassedsincetheeventsatissue,afullinvestigationintothemmightnotnowbepossiblebutthatitshouldbepossibletograntcompensationtotheauthor.HeagreedtoseektoobtainafollowupreplyintimefortheCommittee'ssixtiethsession;thereplyhadnotbeenreceivedbytheendofthatsession.545.2 .2Peru:InthecaseofPeru,whereenablinglegislationhadbeenenactedin1985(seethe1996ReportoftheCommittee,para.434),theCommitteeregretsthattheGovernmentofPerurescindedthatenablinglegislationinthecourseof1996.TheCommitteeexpressesregretattheStateparty'sactionandurgesittoreconsiderthemeasure.Duringthefiftyseventhsession,theSpecialRapporteurheldfollowupconsultationswiththeMinisterofJusticeofPeru.546.2 .2Bysubmissionof24September1996concerningtheCommittee'sViewsonfourPeruviancasesadoptedbetween1988and1992(No.202/1986(AtodelAvellanal),Viewsadoptedon28October1988;No.203/1986(MunozHermosa),adoptedon4November1988;No.263/1987(GonzlezdelRio),adoptedon28October1992;andNo.309/1988(OrihuelaValenzuela)adoptedon14July1993),thePeruvianGovernmentindicatesthatitisactivelyinvestigatingtheauthors'situationinthosecasesandthattheConsejoNacionaldeDerechosHumanos,anewbodycreatedwithaviewtoimprovingrespectforhumanrightsinPeru,hasbeeninvolvedinattemptstofindasolutiontothosecases.However,theStatepartydoesnotexplainwhatconcretemeasures,ifany,ithasadoptedtoimplementtheCommittee'srecommendationsinthosecases.547.2 .2RepublicofKorea:On24July1997,theSpecialRapporteurmetwiththePermanentRepresentativeoftheRepublicofKoreatotheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevatodiscusstheStateparty'sfollowuptotheCommittee'sViewsoncommunicationNo.519/1992(Sohn).ThePermanentRepresentativeexplainedthatMr.Sohnhadbeenpardonedin1993andthatnorecordofanyconvictionexisted.AftertheadoptionoftheViews,theauthorhad,in1995,filedanactionforcompensationwiththedomesticcourts.ThatpetitionhadbeenrejectedinthefirstandsecondinstanceandwascurrentlypendingbeforetheSupremeCourtoftheRepublicofKorea,whichwasexpectedtohanddownitsjudgementsoon.ThePermanentRepresentativefurthernotedthattheCommittee'sinterpretationofarticle19,paragraph2,oftheCovenantdifferedfromtheGovernment'sinterpretationandthat,accordingly,thedomesticlawinforceatthetimeoftheadoptionoftheViewsandtheCommittee'sinterpretationwereinconflict.TheKoreancourtshadrejectedtheauthor'srequestforcompensationonthegroundthathisarrestandconvictionhadbeenlawfulunderKoreanlaw.However,anewTradeUnionandLabourRelationsAdjustmentActthathadcomeintoforceinMarch1997nolongerprohibitsthirdpartyinterferenceinlabourdisputes;thatlegislativechangehadbeeneffectedinresponsetotheCommittee'srecommendations.548.2 .2TheSpecialRapporteurwelcomedthechangesinthelawbutobservedthattheStatepartyshouldconsiderpayingsomecompensationtotheauthor,inlinewiththeCommittee'srecommendationsandincompliancewiththeStateparty'sinternationalobligations.ThePermanentRepresentativerepliedthattheGovernmentwasawaitingthejudgementoftheSupremeCourtonthematterandwouldabidebyit.549.2 .2Suriname:On9April1997,theSpecialRapporteurandCommitteememberMrs.CeciliaMedinaQuirogametwiththeCounsellorofthePermanentMissionofSurinametotheUnitedNationsanddiscussedthelackoffollowupbySurinametotheCommittee'sViewsoncommunicationsNos.146and148154/1983(Baboerametal.),adoptedon4April1985.TheStatepartyrepresentativeindicatedthatafterablazewhichhaddestroyedmuchofParliamentandtheForeignMinistryinJuly1996andelectionsheldinmid1996,anewCabinethadbeenformedinSeptember1996,whichaccountedforsomedelaysinmeetinginternationalobligationsundertheCovenant.ShecouldnotindicatewhetherinvestigationsontheabovementionedcasespromisedbytheGovernmentinanoteverbaleof25July1996werebeingcontinuedorhadproducedaresult.TheSpecialRapporteurandMrs.MedinaunderlinedtheStateparty'sobligationtoimplementtheCommittee'srecommendationsandtosoinformtheCommitteeattheearliestopportunity.550.2 .2TrinidadandTobago:Bysubmissionof15January1997inrespectoftheCommittee'sViewsoncommunicationNo.523/1992(ClydeNeptune),whichhadrecommended,interalia,thatTrinidadandTobagoadoptimmediatemeasurestoimprovetheauthor'sconditionsofdetention,theStatepartyindicatesthattherequestforimprovementintheconditionsofdetentionwasdirectedtotheattentionoftheCommissionerforPrisons.Bysubmissionof6February1997,theStatepartynotesthattheCommissionerforPrisonsformedtheviewthattheauthor'scomplaintstotheCommitteewere"grosslyexaggerated"andthattheauthor'sconditionsofdetentionwerecompatiblewitharticle10oftheCovenant.TheStateparty'ssubmissionamountstoachallengeoftheCommittee'sfindingsandshouldhavebeenproperlyraisedwhilethecommunicationwasunderconsiderationbytheCommittee;thisopinionwasconveyedtotheStateparty'srepresentativeinfollowupconsultationsduringthefiftyninthsession.551.2 .2On9April1997,theSpecialRapporteurmetwiththeDeputyPermanentRepresentativeofTrinidadandTobagototheUnitedNationstodiscusstheStateparty'sfailuretogiveeffecttotherecommendationsinseveralViewsadoptedbytheCommittee.AshehadduringsimilarconsultationsinMarch1996,theDeputyPermanentRepresentativeindicatedthatanacutehumanresourcesproblemremainedintheMinistryofForeignAffairs,whichaccountedfordelaysinmeetinginternationalobligations.Asaremedialmeasure,aLondonbasedlawfirmhadrecentlybeenmandatedtoprepareStatepartyobservationsinrespectofpendingcasesundertheOptionalProtocol.552.2 .2TheDeputyPermanentRepresentativehadnodirectinformationonthefollowuptheStatepartyhadgiventotheViewsinthecasesofDanielPinto(Nos.232/1987and512(1992)),BalkissoonSoogrim(No.362/1989),LeroyShalto(No.447/1991)andLalSeerattan(No.434/1990).TheSpecialRapporteurregrettedthetenoroftheStateparty'sfollowupreplyinthecaseofClydeNeptune(seepara.550above),inwhichtheStateparty'sGovernmenthadbasicallychallengedtheCommittee'sfindings.TheDeputyPermanentRepresentativepromisedtoconveytheSpecialRapporteur'sconcernstoPortofSpainandagreedthatfollowuprepliesshouldbeforwardedintimefortheCommittee'ssixtiethsession.Publicityoffollowupactivities553.2 .2Duringthefiftiethsession,inMarch1994,theCommitteeformallyadoptedanumberofdecisionsconcerningtheeffectivenessofandpublicityforfollow-upprocedure.Thosedecisions,whicharesetoutindetailinparagraphs435-437oftheCommittee's1996Report,10provideforpublicitytobegiventofollowupactivitiesandtothecooperationornon-cooperationofStatespartieswiththeSpecialRapporteur.&  Concernoverinstancesofnoncooperationunderthefollowupmandate554.2 .2Inspiteofsomeprogressincollectingfollowupinformationsincetheadoptionofits1996Report,theCommitteeandtheSpecialRapporteurnotewith'  concernthatanumberofcountriesdidnotprovideanyfollowupinformationwithinthedeadlinesestablishedbytheCommitteeorhavenotrepliedtoremindersorrequestsforinformationfromtheSpecialRapporteur.ThoseStateswhichhavenotrepliedtorequestsforfollowupinformationarethefollowing(inalphabeticalorder):2 .2Cameroon:onecase;2 .2DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo(formerlyZaire):11cases;2 .2Ecuador:onecase;2 .2EquatorialGuinea:twocases;2 .2Jamaica:13cases;2 .2LibyanArabJamahiriya:onecase;2 .2Madagascar:fourcases;2 .2Nicaragua:onecase;2 .2Panama:twocases;2 .2Peru:onecase;2 .2Suriname:eightcases;2 .2Togo:fourcases;2 .2TrinidadandTobago:twocases;2 .2Uruguay:twocases;2 .2Zambia:onecase.555.2 .2TheCommitteeurgesthoseStatespartiestoreplytotheSpecialRapporteur'srequestsforfollowupinformationwithinthedeadlinesthathavebeenset.556.2 .2TheCommitteereconfirmsthatitwillkeepthefunctioningofthefollow-upprocedureunderregularreview.557.2 .2TheCommitteeagainexpressesitsregretthatitsrecommendations,formulatedinits1995and1996Reports,totheeffectthatatleastonefollow-upmissionperyearbebudgetedbytheCentreforHumanRights,havestillnotbeenimplementedbytheCentre.Similarly,theCommitteeconsidersthatstaffresourcestoservicethefollowupmandateareinadequate,whichpreventstheproperandtimelyconductoffollowupactivities,includingfollowupmissions.On30July1997,theCommitteedecidedtoscheduleafollowupmissiontoTrinidadandTobagointhecourseof1998.&  +@ .Notes2 .21StatementbytheChairmanonbehalfoftheHumanRightsCommittee'  (CCPR/C/79/Add.57),readoutbytheChairmanattheCommittee's1453rdmeetingon20October1995.2 .22SeeCCPR/C/SR.1178/Add.1andCCPR/C/SR.12001202.2 .23TheCommitteeinitiateditsconsiderationofthethirdperiodicreportofPeruatits1519thto1521stmeetings,on18and19July1996,atwhichitdealtwithurgentissuesrelatingtotheimplementationofarticles2,4,6,7,9,10,14and27oftheCovenant(seeOfficialRecordsoftheGeneralAssembly,FiftyfirstSession,SupplementNo.40(A/51/40),paras.339364).2 .24OfficialRecordsoftheGeneralAssembly,FortyseventhSession,SupplementNo.40(A/47/40).2 .25SeeCCPR/C/SR.1178/Add.1,CCPR/C/SR.12001202andCCPR/C/SR.1453.2 .26SeeOfficialRecordsoftheGeneralAssembly,FiftyfirstSession,SupplementNo.40(A/51/40),para.405andannexVIII,sect.23,paras.8.3and8.4.2 .27ThemandateisspelledoutintheCommittee's1990ReporttotheGeneralAssembly.SeeOfficialRecordsoftheGeneralAssembly,FortyfifthSession,SupplementNo.40(A/45/40),annexXI.2 .28Forthetextofthenewrule,seeCCPR/C/3/Rev.5.2 .29OfficialRecordsoftheGeneralAssembly,FortyninthSession,SupplementNo.40(A/49/40).2 .210Ibid.,FiftyfirstSession,SupplementNo.40(A/51/40).2 .211Ibid.,FortythirdSession,SupplementNo.40(A/43/40).2 .212InternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights.HumanRightsCommittee.SelecteddecisionsundertheOptionalProtocol(CCPR/C/OP/1)(UnitedNationspublication,SalesNo.84.XIV.2),vol.1.2 .213Ibid.(CCPR/C/OP/2)(UnitedNationspublication,SalesNo.89.XIV.1),vol.2.2 .214OfficialRecordsoftheGeneralAssembly,FortyfifthSession,SupplementNo.40(A/45/40).2 .215Ibid.,FortyeighthSession,SupplementNo.40(A/48/40).2 .216Ibid.,FiftiethSession,SupplementNo.40(A/50/40).2 .217Ibid.,FortyfourthSession,SupplementNo.40(A/44/40).2 .218Ibid.,FortysecondSession,SupplementNo.40(A/42/40).2 .219Ibid.,FortysixthSession,SupplementNo.40(A/46/40). ? UK     \R3'\ X      +C@<6X9`(CourierC( A $(k882   @ .ANNEXÌStatespartiestotheInternationalCovenantonCiviland̀PoliticalRightsandtotheOptionalProtocolsandStates̀whichhavemadethedeclarationunderarticle41ofthe@ .tCovenantasat1August1997 8 .Dateofreceiptofthe .instrumentofratification .DateofentryStateparty .oraccessionorsuccession .intoforcèA.StatespartiestotheInternationalCovenant̀onCivilandPoliticalRights(138)Afghanistan .24January1983a .24April1983Albania .4October1991a .4January1992Algeria .12September1989 .12December1989Angola .10January1992a .10April1992Argentina .8August1986 .8November1986Armeniab .23June1993 .23September1993Australia .13August1980 .13November1980Austria .10September1978 .10December1978Azerbaijanb .13August1992a .13November1992Barbados .5January1973a .23March1976Belarus,Republicof .12November1973 .23March1976Belgium .21April1983 .21July1983Belize .10June1996a .10September1996Benin .12March1992a .12June1992Bolivia .12August1982a .12November1982BosniaHerzegovina .1September1993c .6March1992Brazil .24January1992a .24April1992Bulgaria .21September1970 .23March1976Burundi .9May1990a .9August1990Cambodia .26May1992a .26August1992Cameroon .27June1984a .27September1984Canada .19May1976a .19August1976CapeVerde .6August1993a .6November1993CentralAfricanRepublic .8May1981a .8August1981Chad .9June1995a .9September1995Chile .10February1972 .23March1976Colombia .29October1969 .23March1976Congo .5October1983a .5January1984CostaRica .29November1968 .23March1976C=ted'Ivoire .26March1992a .26June1992 .Dateofreceiptofthe .instrumentofratification .DateofentryStateparty .oraccessionorsuccession .intoforceCroatia .12October1992c .8October1991Cyprus .2April1969 .23March1976CzechRepublic .22February1993c .1January1993DemocraticPeople's̀RepublicofKorea .14September1981a .14December1981DemocraticRepublic̀oftheCongo .1November1976a .1February1977Denmark .6January1972 .23March1976Dominica .17June1993a .17September1993DominicanRepublic .4January1978a .4April1978Ecuador .6March1969 .23March1976Egypt .14January1982 .14April1982ElSalvador .30November1979 .29February1980EquatorialGuinea .25September1987a .25December1987Estoniab .21October1991a .21January1992Ethiopia .11June1993a .11September1993Finland .19August1975 .23March1976France .4November1980a .4February1981Gabon .21January1983a .21April1983Gambia .22March1979a .22June1979Georgiab .3May1994a .3August1994Germany .17December1973 .23March1976Greece .5May1997a .5August1997Grenada .6September1991a .6December1991Guatemala .6May1992a .5August1992Guinea .24January1978 .24April1978Guyana .15February1977 .15May1977Haiti .6February1991a .6May1991Hungary .17January1974 .23March1976Iceland .22August1979 .22November1979India .10April1979a .10July1979Iran,IslamicRepublicof .24June1975 .23March1976Iraq .25January1971 .23March1976Ireland .8December1989 .8March1990Israel .3October1991a .3January1992Italy .15September1978 .15December1978Jamaica .3October1975 .23March1976Japan .21June1979 .21September1979Jordan .28May1975 .23March1976KazakhstandKenya .1May1972a .23March1976Kuwait .21May1996a .21August1996Kyrgyzstanb .7October1994a .7January1995 .Dateofreceiptofthe .instrumentofratification .DateofentryStateparty .oraccessionorsuccession .intoforceLatviab .14April1992a .14July1992Lebanon .3November1972a .23March1976Lesotho .9September1992a .9December1992LibyanArabJamahiriya .15May1970a .23March1976Lithuaniab .20November1991a .20February1992Luxembourg .18August1983 .18November1983Madagascar .21June1971 .23March1976Malawi .22December1993a .22March1994Mali .16July1974a .23March1976Malta .13September1990a .13December1990Mauritius .12December1973a .23March1976Mexico .23March1981a .23June1981Moldova,Republicofb .26January1993a .26April1993Mongolia .18November1974 .23March1976Morocco .3May1979 .3August1979Mozambique .21July1993a .21October1993Namibia .28November1994a .28February1995Nepal .14May1991 .14August1991Netherlands .11December1978 .11March1979NewZealand .28December1978 .28March1979Nicaragua .12March1980a .12June1980Niger .7March1986a .7June1986Nigeria .29July1993a .29October1993Norway .13September1972 .23March1976Panama .8March1977 .8June1997Paraguay .10June1992a .10September1992Peru .28April1978 .28July1978Philippines .23October1986 .23January1987Poland .18March1977 .18June1977Portugal .15June1978 .15September1978RepublicofKorea .10April1990a .10July1990Romania .9December1974 .23March1976RussianFederation .16October1973 .23March1976Rwanda .16April1975a .23March1976SaintVincentand̀theGrenadines .9November1981a .9February1982SanMarino .18October1985a .18January1986Senegal .13February1978 .13May1978Seychelles .5May1992a .5August1992SierraLeone .23August1996a .23November1996Slovakia .28May1993c .1January1993 .Dateofreceiptofthe .instrumentofratification .DateofentryStateparty .oraccessionorsuccession .intoforceSlovenia .6July1992c .25June1991Somalia .24January1990a .24April1990Spain .27April1977 .27July1977SriLanka .11June1980a .11September1980Sudan .18March1986a .18June1986Suriname .28December1976a .28March1977Sweden .6December1971 .23March1976Switzerland .18June1992a .18September1992SyrianArabRepublic .21April1969a .23March1976Tajikistand . .Thailand .29October1996a .29January1997TheformerYugoslav̀RepublicofMacedoniab .18January1994c .17September1991Togo .24May1984a .24August1984TrinidadandTobago .21December1978a .21March1979Tunisia .18March1969 .23March1976Turkmenistanb,d .1May1997a .1August1997Uganda .21June1995a .21September1995Ukraine .12November1973 .23March1976UnitedKingdomofGreat̀BritainandNortherǹIrelande .20May1976 .20August1976UnitedRepublicof̀Tanzania .11June1976a .11September1976UnitedStatesofAmerica .8June1992 .8September1992Uruguay .1April1970 .23March1976Uzbekistanb .28September1995 .28December1995Venezuela .10May1978 .10August1978VietNam .24September1982a .24December1982Yemen .9February1987a .9May1987Yugoslavia .2June1971 .23March1976Zambia .10April1984a .10July1984Zimbabwe .13May1991a .13August1991@ . B.StatespartiestotheOptionalProtocol(92)Algeria .12September1989a .12December1990Angola .10January1992a .10April1992Argentina .8August1986a .8November1986Armenia .23June1993 .23September1993Australia .25September1991a .25December1991Austria .10December1987 .10March1988Barbados .5January1973a .23March1976Belarus,Republicof .30September1992a .30December1992Belgium .17May1994a .17August1994Benin .12March1992a .12June1992 .Dateofreceiptofthe .instrumentofratification .DateofentryStateparty .oraccessionorsuccession .intoforceBolivia .12August1982a .12November1982BosniaHerzegovina .1March1995 .1June1995Bulgaria .26March1992a .26June1992Cameroon .27June1984a .27September1984Canada .19May1976a .19August1976CentralAfricanRepublic .8May1981a .8August1981Chad .9June1995 .9September1995Chile .28May1992a .28August1992Colombia .29October1969 .23March1976Congo .5October1983a .5January1984CostaRica .29November1968 .23March1976C=ted'Ivoire .5March1997 .5June1997Croatia .12October1995 .12January1996Cyprus .15April1992 .15July1992CzechRepublic .22February1993c .1January1993DemocraticRepublic̀oftheCongo .1November1976a .1February1977Denmark .6January1972 .23March1976DominicanRepublic .4January1978a .4April1978Ecuador .6March1969 .23March1976ElSalvador .6June1995 .6September1995EquatorialGuinea .25September1987a .25December1987Estonia .21October1991a .21January1992Finland .19August1975 .23March1976France .17February1984a .17May1984Gambia .9June1988a .9September1988Georgia .3May1994a .3August1994Germany .25August1993 .25November1993Greece .5May1997a .5August1997Guinea .17June1993 .17September1993Guyana .10May1993a .10August1993Hungary .7September1988a .7December1988Iceland .22August1979a .22November1979Ireland .8December1989 .8March1990Italy .15September1978 .15December1978Jamaica .3October1975 .23March1976Kyrgyzstan .7October1994a .7January1995Latvia .22June1994a .22September1994LibyanArabJamahiriya .16May1989a .16August1989Lithuania .20November1991a .20February1992Luxembourg .18August1983a .18November1983 .Dateofreceiptofthe .instrumentofratification .DateofentryStateparty .oraccessionorsuccession .intoforceMadagascar .21June1971 .23March1976Malawi .11June1996 .11September1996Malta .13September1990a .13December1990Mauritius .12December1973a .23March1976Mongolia .16April1991a .16July1991Namibia .28November1994a .28February1995Nepal .14May1991a .14August1991Netherlands .11December1978 .11March1979NewZealand .26May1989a .26August1989Nicaragua .12March1980a .12June1980Niger .7March1986a .7June1986Norway .13September1972 .23March1976Panama .8March1977 .8June1977Paraguay .10January1995a .10April1995Peru .3October1980 .3January1981Philippines .22August1989a .22November1989Poland .7November1991a .7February1992Portugal .3May1983 .3August1983RepublicofKorea .10April1990a .10July1990Romania .20July1993a .20October1993RussianFederation .1October1991a .1January1992SaintVincentand̀theGrenadines .9November1981a .9February1982SanMarino .18October1985a .18January1986Senegal .13February1978 .13May1978Seychelles .5May1992a .5August1992SierraLeone .23August1996a .23November1996Slovakia .28May1993 .1January1993Slovenia .16July1993a .16October1993Somalia .24January1990a .24April1990Spain .25January1985a .25April1985Suriname .28December1976a .28March1977Sweden .6December1971 .23March1976TheformerYugoslav̀RepublicofMacedonia .12December1994a .12March1995Togo .30March1988a .30June1988TrinidadandTobago .14November1980a .14February1981Turkmenistanb,d .1May1997a .1August1997Uganda .14November1995 .14February1996Ukraine .25July1991a .25October1991Uruguay .1April1970 .23March1976Uzbekistan .28September1995 .28December1995Venezuela .10May1978 .10August1978Zambia .10April1984a .10July1984 .Dateofreceiptofthe .instrumentofratification .DateofentryStateparty .oraccessionorsuccession .intoforcèC.StatusoftheSecondOptionalProtocolaiming̀attheabolitionofthedeathpenalty(30)Australia .2October1990a .11July1991Austria .2March1993 .2June1993Croatia .12October1995 .12January1996Denmark .24February1994 .24May1994Ecuador .23February1993a .23May1993Finland .4April1991 .11July1991Germany .18August1992 .18November1992Greece .5May1997a .5August1997Hungary .24February1994a .24May1994Iceland .2April1991 .11July1991Ireland .18June1993a .18September1993Italy .14February1995 .14May1995Luxembourg .12February1992 .12May1992Malta .29December1994 .29March1995Mozambique .21July1993a .21October1993Namibia .28November1994a .28February1995Netherlands .26March1991 .11July1991NewZealand .22February1990 .11July1991Norway .5September1991 .5December1991Panama .21January1993a .21April1993Portugal .17October1990 .11July1991Romania .27February1991 .11July1991Seychelles .15December1994a .15March1995Slovenia .10March1994 .10June1994Spain .11April1991 .11July1991Sweden .11May1990 .11July1991Switzerland .16June1994a .16September1994TheformerYugoslav̀RepublicofMacedonia .26January1995a .26April1995Uruguay .21January1993 .21April1993Venezuela .22February1993 .22May1993̀D.Stateswhichhavemadethedeclarationunder̀article41oftheCovenant(45)Stateparty .Validfrom .ValiduntilAlgeria .12September1989 .IndefinitelyArgentina .8August1986 .IndefinitelyAustralia .28January1993 .IndefinitelyAustria .10September1978 .IndefinitelyBelarus,Republicof .30September1992 .IndefinitelyStateparty .Validfrom .ValiduntilBelgium .5March1987 .IndefinitelyBosniaHerzegovina .6March1992 .IndefinitelyBulgaria .12May1993 .IndefinitelyCanada .29October1979 .IndefinitelyChile .11March1990 .IndefinitelyCongo .7July1989 .IndefinitelyCroatia .12October1995 .12October1996CzechRepublic .1January1993 .IndefinitelyDenmark .23March1976 .IndefinitelyEcuador .24August1984 .IndefinitelyFinland .19August1975 .IndefinitelyGambia .9June1988 .IndefinitelyGermany .28March1979 .27March1996Guyana .10May1993 .IndefinitelyHungary .7September1988 .IndefinitelyIceland .22August1979 .IndefinitelyIreland .8December1989 .IndefinitelyItaly .15September1978 .IndefinitelyLuxembourg .18August1983 .IndefinitelyMalta .13September1990 .IndefinitelyNetherlands .11December1978 .IndefinitelyNewZealand .28December1978 .IndefinitelyNorway .23March1976 .IndefinitelyPeru .9April1984 .IndefinitelyPhilippines .23October1986 .IndefinitelyPoland .25September1990 .IndefinitelyRepublicofKorea .10April1990 .IndefinitelyRussianFederation .1October1991 .IndefinitelySenegal .5January1981 .IndefinitelySlovakia .1January1993 .IndefinitelySlovenia .6July1992 .IndefinitelySpain .25January1985 .25January1993SriLanka .11June1980 .IndefinitelySweden .23March1976 .IndefinitelySwitzerland .18September1992 .18September1997Tunisia .24June1993 .IndefinitelyUkraine .28July1992 .IndefinitelyUnitedKingdomof̀GreatBritainand̀NorthernIreland .20May1976 .IndefinitelyUnitedStatesofAmerica .8September1992 .IndefinitelyZimbabwe .20August1991 .Indefinitely@ .Notes882^ 2 .2aAccession.2 .2bIntheopinionoftheCommittee,theentryintoforcegoesbacktothedatewhentheStatebecameindependent.2 .2cSuccession.2 .2dAlthoughadeclarationofsuccessionhasnotbeenreceived,thepeoplewithintheterritoryoftheStatewhichconstitutedpartofaformerStatepartytotheCovenantcontinuetobeentitledtotheguaranteesenunciatedintheCovenantinaccordancewiththeCommittee'sestablishedjurisprudence(seeOfficialRecordsoftheGeneralAssembly,FortyninthSession,SupplementNo.40(A/49/40),vol.I,paras.48and49).2 .2eForinformationontheapplicationoftheCovenantinHongKong,seechapterV,sectionB,ofthepresentreport.@ .\ANNEXII@ . MembershipandofficersoftheHumanRights@ .Committee,19961997@ .0A.Membership 88Mr.NisukeANDO* .JapanMr.PrafullachandraNatwarlalBHAGWATI* .IndiaMr.ThomasBUERGENTHAL* .UnitedStatesofAmericaMs.ChristineCHANET* .FranceLordCOLVILLE** .UnitedKingdomofGreatBritain .andNorthernIrelandMr.OmranELSHAFEI* .EgyptMs.ElizabethEVATT** .AustraliaMr.EckartKLEIN* .GermanyMr.DavidKRETZMER* .IsraelMs.PilarGAITANDEPOMBO** .ColombiaMr.RajsoomerLALLAH** .MauritiusMs.CeciliaMEDINAQUIROGA* .ChileMr.FaustoPOCAR** .ItalyMr.JulioPRADOVALLEJO* .EcuadorMr.MartinSCHEININ** .FinlandMr.DaniloTRK** .SloveniaMr.MaxwellYALDEN** .Canada________________________882^ Ӏ*Termexpireson31December1998.̀**Termexpireson31December2000.@ .B.Officers2 .2TheofficersoftheCommittee,electedfortwoyeartermsatthe1560thmeeting(fiftyninthsession),areasfollows:2 .2Chairperson:Ms.ChristineChanet2 .2ViceChairpersons:Mr.PrafullachandraNatwarlalBhagwatìMr.OmranElShafeìMs.CeciliaMedinaQuiroga2 .2Rapporteur:Ms.ElizabethEvatt ? UK     \R3'\ X      +C@<6X9`(CourierC( A $(l882   C@<6X9`(CourierC@ .ANNEXIII@ .SubmissionofreportsandadditionalinformationbyStatesPartiesunder@ . article40oftheCovenantduringtheperiodunderreview1*mn d,dd ,dd ,\dd ,\dd ,Hdd"+  %>>%Statesparties >> Typeofreport >> Datedue >> Dateofsubmission >> NumberofwrittenreminderssenttoStateswhosereportshavenotyetbeensubmitted "<T"         "T"Afghanistan  Second  23April1989  23March19922  Є "T"  Third  23April1994  Notyetreceived  Є "T"Albania  Initial  3January1993  Notyetreceived  (7) "T"Algeria  Second  11December1995  Notyetreceived  (1) "T"Angola  Initial3  9April1993  Notyetreceived  (4) "T"Argentina  Third  11July1997  Notyetreceived  Є "T"Armenia  Initial  22September1994  1July1997  Є "T"Australia  Third  12November1991  Notyetreceived  (9) "T"Austria  Third  9April1993  22April1997  Є "T"Azerbaijan  Second  12November1998  Notyetdue  Є "T"Barbados  Third  11April1991  Notyetreceived  (11) "T"  Fourth  11April1996  Notyetreceived  (1) "T"Belarus  Fourth  4November1993  11April1995  Є "T"Belgium  Third  20July1994  21August1996  Є "T"Belize  Initial  9September1997  Notyetdue  Є "T"Benin  Initial  11June1993  Notyetreceived  (5) "T"Bolivia  Second4  13July1990  20March1996  Є "T"  Third  31December1999  Notyetdue  Є "T"BosniaandHerzegovina  Initial  5March1993  Notyetreceived  (3) "T"Brazil  Second  23April1998  Notyetdue  Є "T"Bulgaria  Third5  31December1994  Notyetreceived  (3) "T"Burundi  Second  8August1996  Notyetreceived  (1) "T"Cambodia  Initial  25August1993  Notyetreceived  (3) "T"Cameroon  Third  26September1995  6March1997  Є "T"Canada  Fourth  4April1995  4April1997  Є "T"CapeVerde  Initial  5November1994  Notyetreceived  (2) "T"CentralAfricanRepublic  Second6  9April1989  Notyetreceived  (14) "T"  Third  7August1992  Notyetreceived  (8) "T"Chad  Initial  8June1996  Notyetreceived  (1) "T"Chile  Fourth  28April1994  Notyetreceived  (4) "T"Colombia  Fourth  2August1995  9July1996  Є "T"Congo  Second  4January1990  9July1996  Є "T"  Third  4January1995  Notyetreceived  Є "T"CostaRica  Fourth  2August1995  Notyetreceived  (2) "T"C=ted'Ivoire  Initial  25June1993  Notyetreceived  (5) "T"Croatia  Initial  7October1992  Notyetreceived  (6) "T"Cyprus  Third7  31December1994  28December1994  Є "T"  Fourth  18August1994  Notyetreceived  Є "T"CzechRepublic  Initial  31December1993  Notyetreceived  (3) "T"DemocraticPeople'sRepublicofKorea  Second  13December1987  Notyetreceived  (17) "T"DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo  Third8  31July1991  Notyetreceived  (10) "T"  Third  13December1992  Notyetreceived  (7) "T"Denmark  Third  1November1990  7April1995  Є "T"  Fourth9  31December1998  Notyetdue  Є "T"Dominica  Initial  16September1994  Notyetreceived  (4) "T"DominicanRepublic  Fourth  3April1994  Notyetreceived  (5) "T"Ecuador  Fourth  4November1993  13March1997  Є "T"Egypt  Third10  31December1994  Notyetreceived  (3) "T"ElSalvador  Third11  31December1995  Notyetreceived  (1) "T"  Fourth  28February1996  Notyetreceived  (1) "T"EquatorialGuinea  Initial  24December1988  Notyetreceived  (15) "T"  Second  24December1993  Notyetreceived  (5) "T"Estonia  Second  20January1998  Notyetdue  Є "T"Ethiopia  Initial  10September1994  Notyetreceived  (4) "T"Finland  Fourth  18August1994  10August1995  Є "T"France  Third12  3February1992  15March1996  Є "T"Gabon  Second13  31October1998  Notyetdue  Є "T"Gambia  Second  21June1985  Notyetreceived  (23) "T"  Third  21June1990  Notyetreceived  (12) "T"  Fourth  21June1995  Notyetreceived  (2) "T"Georgia  Initial  2August1995  21November1995  Є "T"Germany  Fourth  3August1993  12September1995  Є "T"  Fifth14  3August2000  Notyetdue  Є "T"Greece  Initial  4August1998  Notyetdue  Є "T"Grenada  Initial  5December1992  Notyetreceived  (7) "T"Guatemala  Second  4August1988  Notyetdue  Є "T"Guinea  Third  31December1994  Notyetreceived  (3) "T"Guyana  Second  10April1987  Notyetreceived  (19) "T"  Third  10April1992  Notyetreceived  (9) "T"Haiti  Initial15  31December1996  Notyetreceived  (1) "T"Hungary  Fourth  2August1995  Notyetreceived  (2) "T"Iceland  Third  31December1994  23March1995  Є "T"India  Third16  31March1992  29November1995  Є "T"  Fourth  9July1995  Notyetreceived  Є "T"#d_Iran(IslamicRepublicof)  #ddThird17  31December1994  Notyetreceived  (3) "T"Iraq  Fourth  4April1995  5February1996  Є "T"Ireland  Second  7March1996  Notyetreceived  (1) "T"Israel  Initial  2January1993  Notyetreceived  (7) "T"Italy  Fourth  31December1995  30October1996  Є"T"Jamaica  Second  1August1986  6January1997  Є "T"  Third  1August1991  Notyetreceived  Є "T"Japan  Fourth  31October1996  16June1997  Є "T"Jordan  Fourth  22January1997  Notyetreceived  Є "T"Kazakhstan18         "T"Kenya  Second  11April1986  Notyetreceived  (21) "T"  Third  11April1991  Notyetreceived  (11) "T"  Fourth  11April1996  Notyetreceived  (1) "T"Kuwait  Initial  20August1997  Notyetdue  Є "T"Kyrgyzstan  Initial  6January1996  Notyetreceived  (1) "T"Latvia  Second  14July1998  Notyetdue  Є "T"Lebanon  Second  21March1986  6June1996  Є "T"  Third19  21March1988  Notyetdue  Є "T"Lesotho  Initial  8December1993  Notyetreceived  (21) "T"LibyanArabJamahiriya  Third20  31December1995  29November1995  Є "T"Lithuania  Initial  19February1993  16April1996  Є "T"Luxembourg  Third  17November1994  Notyetreceived  (3) "T"Madagascar  Third21  31July1992  Notyetreceived  (8) "T"  Fourth  3August1993  Notyetreceived  (6) "T"Malawi  Initial  21March1995  Notyetreceived  (3) "T"Mali  Second  11April1986  Notyetreceived  (21) "T"  Third  11April1991  Notyetreceived  (11) "T"  Fourth  11April1996  Notyetreceived  (1) "T"Malta  Second  12December1996  Notyetreceived  (1) "T"Mauritius  Fourth22  30June1998  Notyetdue  Є "T"Mexico  Fourth  22June1997  30June1997  Є "T"Moldova  Initial  25April1994  Notyetreceived  (4) "T"Mongolia  Fourth  4April1995  Notyetreceived  (3) "T"Morocco  Fourth  31October1996  27January1997  Є "T"Mozambique  Initial  20October1994  Notyetreceived  (4) "T"Namibia  Initial  27February1996  Notyetreceived  (1) "T"Nepal  Second  13August1997  Notyetdue  Є "T"Netherlands  Third  31October1991  6February1995  Є "T"  Fourth  31October1996  Notyetreceived  Є "T"NewZealand  Fourth  31December1996  Notyetreceived  (1) "T"Nicaragua  Third  11June1991  Notyetreceived  (10) "T"  Fourth  11June1996  Notyetreceived  (1) "T"Niger  Second23  31March1994  Notyetreceived  (5) "T"Nigeria  Second  28October1999  Notyetdue  Є "T"Norway  Fourth  1April1997  4February1997  Є "T"Panama  Third24  31March1992  Notyetreceived  (9) "T"  Fourth  6June1993  Notyetreceived  (6) "T"Paraguay  Second  9September1998  Notyetdue  Є "T"Peru  Third  9April1993  24October1994  Є "T"Philippines  Second  22January1993  Notyetreceived  (7) "T"Poland  Fourth  27October1994  7May1996  Є "T"Portugal  Third  1August1991  1March199625  Є "T"RepublicofKorea  Second  9July1996  Notyetreceived  (1) "T"Romania  Fourth  31December1994  26April1996  Є "T"RussianFederation  Fifth  4November1998  Notyetdue  Є "T"Rwanda  Third26  10April1992  Notyetreceived  (3) "T"SaintVincentandtheGrenadines  Second27  31October1991  Notyetreceived  (10) "T"  Third  8February1993  Notyetreceived  (7) "T"SanMarino  Second  17January1992  Notyetreceived  (9) "T"Senegal  Fourth  4April1995  19September1995  Є "T"Seychelles  Initial  4August1993  Notyetreceived  (5) "T"SierraLeone  Initial  22November1997  Notyetdue  Є "T"Slovakia  Initial28  31December1993  9January1996  Є "T"Slovenia  Second  24June1997  Notyetreceived  Є "T"Somalia  Initial  23April1991  Notyetreceived  (10) "T"  Second  23April1996  Notyetreceived  (1) "T"Spain  Fourth  28April1994  2June1994  Є "T"SriLanka  Fourth  10September1996  Notyetreceived  (1) "T"Sudan  Second  17June1992  6December1996  Є "T"Suriname  Second  2August1985  Notyetreceived  (22) "T"  Third  2August1990  Notyetreceived  (12) "T"  Fourth  2August1995  Notyetreceived  (2) "T"Sweden  Fifth  27October1999  Notyetdue  Є "T"Switzerland  Initial  17September1993  24February1995  Є "T"SyrianArabRepublic  Second  18August1984  Notyetreceived  (25) "T"  Third  18August1989  Notyetreceived  (14) "T"  Fourth  18August1994  Notyetreceived  (4) "T"Tajikistan18         "T"TheformerYugoslavRepublicofMacedonia  Initial  6September1992  Notyetreceived  (3) "T"Togo  Third  31December1990  Notyetreceived  (1) "T"TrinidadandTobago  Third  20March1990  Notyetreceived  (13) "T"  Fourth  20March1995  Notyetreceived  (3) "T"Tunisia  Fourth  4February1998  Notyetdue  Є "T"Turkmenistan  Initial  31July1998  Notyetdue  Є "T"Uganda  Initial  20September1996  Notyetreceived  (1) "T"Ukraine  Fourth  18August1999  Notyetdue  Є "%T"UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland  Special  31May1996  3June199629  Є "T"  Fifth  18August1999  Notyetdue  Є "T"UnitedRepublicofTanzania  Third30  31December1993  6February1997  Є "T"  Fourth  11April1996  Notyetreceived  Є "T"UnitedStatesofAmerica  Second  7September1998  Notyetdue  Є "T"Uruguay  Fourth  31December1994  19December1996  Є "T"Uzbekistan  Initial  27December1996  Notyetreceived  (1) "T"Venezuela  Third31  31December1993  Notyetreceived  (5) "T"  Fourth  1November1995  Notyetreceived  (2) "T"VietNam  Second32  31July1991  Notyetreceived  (9) "T"  Third  23December1993  Notyetreceived  (4) "T"Yemen  Third  8May1998  Notyetdue  Є "T"Yugoslavia  Fourth  3August1993  Notyetreceived  (6) "T"Zambia  Second  9July1990  27January1995  Є "T"  Third33  30June1998  Notyetdue  Є )>T)Zimbabwe > Initial > 12August1992 > 20November1996 > Є88@ .$Notes .1From26July1996to1August1997(endofthesixtiethsession). .2Atitsfiftyfifthsession,theCommitteerequestedtheGovernmentofAfghanistantosubmitinformationupdatingthereportbefore31May1996forconsiderationatitsfiftyseventhsession. .3PursuanttoaCommitteedecisionof29October1993(fortyninthsession),AngolawasrequestedtosubmitareportrelatingtorecentandcurrenteventsaffectingtheimplementationoftheCovenantinthecountryforconsiderationatthefiftiethsession. .4Atitsfiftyninthsession(1580thmeeting),theCommitteedecidedtoextendthedeadlineforthesubmissionofthethirdperiodicreportofBoliviafrom11November1993to31December1999. .5Atitsfortyeighthsession(1258thmeeting),theCommitteedecidedtoextendthedeadlineforthesubmissionofthethirdperiodicreportofBulgariafrom28April1989to31December1994. .6Atitthirtysecondsession(794thmeeting),theCommitteedecidedtoextendthedeadlineforthesubmissionofthesecondperiodicreportoftheCentralAfricanRepublicfrom7August1987to9April1989. .7Atitsfiftyfirstsession(1335thmeeting),theCommitteedecidedtoextendthedeadlineforthesubmissionofthethirdperiodicreportofCyprusfrom18August1989to31December1994. .8Atitsthirtyninthsession(1003rdmeeting),theCommitteedecidedtoextendthedeadlineforthesubmissionofthethirdperiodicreportoftheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongofrom30January1988to31July1991. .9Atitsfiftyeighthsession(1559thmeeting),theCommitteedecidedtoextendthedeadlineforthesubmissionofthefourthperiodicreportofDenmarkfrom1November1995to31December1998. .10Atitsfortyeighthsession(1258thmeeting),theCommitteedecidedtoextendthedeadlineforthesubmissionofthethirdperiodicreportofEgyptfrom13April1993to31December1994. .11PursuanttoaCommitteedecisiontakenatitsfiftiethsession(1319thmeeting),thenewdateforthesubmissionofthethirdperiodreportofElSalvadoris31December1995. .12Atitssixtiethsession(1614thmeeting),theCommitteedecidedtoextendthedeadlineforthesubmissionofthefourthperiodicreportofFranceto31December2000. .13Atitsfiftyeighthsession(1559thmeeting),theCommitteedecidedtoextendthedeadlineforthesubmissionofthesecondperiodicreportofGabonfrom20April1989to31December1998. .14Atitsfiftyeighthsession(1559thmeeting),theCommitteedecidedtoextendthedeadlineforthesubmissionofthefifthperiodicreportofGermanyfrom3August1998to3August2000. .15PursuanttoaCommitteedecisiontakenatits1415thmeeting(fiftythirdsession),attheendoftheconsiderationofareportofHaitisubmittedpursuanttoaspecialdecision,thenewdateforthesubmissionoftheinitialreportofHaitiis31December1996. .16Atitsfortyfirstsession(1062ndmeeting),theCommitteedecidedtoextendthedeadlineforthesubmissionofthethirdperiodicreportofIndiafrom9July1990to31March1992.Atitssixtiethsession(1614thmeeting),theCommitteedecidedtoextendthedeadlineforthesubmissionofthefourthperiodicreportofIndiato31December2001. .17Atitsfortyeighthsession(1258thmeeting),theCommitteedecidedtoextendthedeadlineforthesubmissionofthethirdperiodicreportoftheIslamicRepublicofIranfrom21March1988to31December1994. .18Innotesverbalesdated28May1993,theCommitteerequestedtheseStatestosubmittheirreportsunderarticle40oftheCovenant.SeealsorelevantnotesinannexItothepresentreport. .19Atitsfiftyninthsession(1580thmeeting),theCommitteedecidedtoextendthedeadlineforthesubmissionofthethirdperiodicreportofLebanonfrom21March1988to31December1999. .20PursuanttoaCommitteedecisiontakenatitsfiftysecondsession(1386thmeeting),thenewdateforthesubmissionofthethirdperiodicreportoftheLibyanArabJamahiriyahasbeenextendedfrom4February1988to31December1995. .21Atitsfortythirdsession(1112thmeeting),theCommitteedecidedtoextendthedeadlineforthesubmissionofthethirdperiodicreportofMadagascarfrom3August1988to31July1992. .22Atitsfiftysixthsession(1500thmeeting),theCommitteedecidedtoextendthedeadlineforthesubmissionofthefourthperiodicreportofMauritiusfrom4November1993to30June1998. .23Atitsfortyseventhsession(1215thmeeting),theCommitteedecidedtoextendthedeadlineforthesubmissionofthesecondperiodicreportofNigerfrom6June1992to31March1994. .24Atitsfortyfirstsession(1062ndmeeting),theCommitteedecidedtoextendthedeadlineforthesubmissionofthethirdperiodicreportofPanamafrom6June1988to31March1992. .25Atitsfiftyninthsession(1580thmeeting),theCommitteedecidedtoextendthedeadlineforthesubmissionofthepartofthefourthreportofPortugalrelatingtoMacaufrom1August1996to30June1998. .26PursuanttoaCommitteedecisionof29October1994(fiftyfirstsession),RwandawasrequestedtosubmitareportrelatingtorecentandcurrenteventsaffectingtheimplementationoftheCovenantinthecountryforconsiderationatthefiftysecondsession. .27Atitsthirtyeighthsession(973rdmeeting),theCommitteedecidedtoextendthedeadlineforthesubmissionofthesecondperiodicreportofSaintVincentandtheGrenadinesfrom8February1988to31October1991. .28Atitssixtiethsession(1614thmeeting),theCommitteedecidedtoextendthedeadlineforthesubmissionofthesecondperiodicreportofSlovakiato31December2001. .29AttheendoftheconsiderationofthepartofthereportrelatingtoHongKong,aspecialreportwasrequestedfor31May1996forconsiderationatthefiftyeighthsession. .30Atitsfortysixthsession(1205thmeeting),theCommitteedecidedtoextendthedeadlineforthesubmissionofthethirdperiodicreportoftheUnitedRepublicofTanzaniafrom11April1991to31December1993. .31Atitsfortysixthsession(1205thmeeting),theCommitteedecidedtoextendthedeadlineforthesubmissionofthethirdperiodicreportofVenezuelafrom1November1991to31December1993. .32Atitsthirtyninthsession(1003rdmeeting),theCommitteedecidedtoextendthedeadlineforthesubmissionofthesecondperiodicreportofVietNamfrom23December1988to31July1991. .33Atitsfiftysixthsession(1500thmeeting),theCommitteedecidedtoextendthedeadlineforthesubmissionofthethirdperiodicreportofZambiafrom9July1995to30June1998. ? UK     \R3'\ X      +C@<6X9`(CourierC( A $(o882   C@<6X9`(CourierC@ .ANNEXIV@ . Statusofreportsconsideredduringtheperiodunderreview@ .D andofreportsstillpendingbeforetheCommittee*pq d, dd ,Jdd ,Jdd ,dd +  )>>)Statesparties >> Datedue >> Dateofsubmission >> Meetingsatwhichconsidered "x"A.Initialreport       "x"ЀArmenia  22September1994  1July1997  Notyetconsidered "x"ЀGabon  20April1984  16November1995  1541stto1543rd(fiftyeighthsession) "x"ЀGeorgia  2August1995  21November1995  1564thto1566th(fiftyninthsession) "x"ЀLithuania  19February1993  16April1996  Notyetconsidered "x"ЀSlovakia  31December1993  9January1996  1589thto1591st(sixtiethsession) "x"ЀSwitzerland  17September1993  24February1995  1537thto1539th(fiftyeighthsession) "x"ЀZimbabwe  12August1992  20November1996  Notyetconsidered "x"B.Secondperiodicreport       "x"ЀBolivia  13July1990  20March1996  1562ndand1563rd(fiftyeighthsession) "x"ЀCongo  4January1990  9July1996  Notyetconsidered "x"ЀJamaica  1August1986  6January1997  Notyetconsidered "x"ЀLebanon  21March1986  6June1996  1578thand1579th(fiftyninthsession) "x"ЀSudan  17June1992  6December1996  Notyetconsidered "x"C.Thirdperiodicreport       "x"ЀAustria  9April1993  22April1997  Notyetconsidered "x"ЀBelgium  20July1994  21August1996  Notyetconsidered "x"ЀCameroon  26September1995  6March1997  Notyetconsidered "x"ЀCyprus  31December1994  28December1994  Notyetconsidered "x"ЀDenmark  1November1990  7April1995  1533rdand1534th(fiftyeighthsession) "x"ЀFrance  3February1992  15March1996  1597thto1600th(sixtiethsession) "x"ЀIceland  31December1994  23March1995  Notyetconsidered "x"ЀIndia  31March1992  29November1995  1603rdto1607th(sixtiethsession) "x"ЀJapan  31October1996  16June1996  Notyetconsidered "x"ЀLibyanArabJamahiriya  31December1995  29November1995  Notyetconsidered "x"ЀMexico  22June1997  30June1997  Notyetconsidered "x"ЀPeru  9April1993  24October1994  1519thto1521stand1547thto1548th(fiftyseventhandfiftyeighthsessions) "x"ЀPortugal(Macau)  1August1991  1March1996  1576thand1577th(fiftyninthsession) "x"ЀUnitedRepublicof̀Tanzania  31December1993  6February1997  Notyetconsidered "x"D.Fourthperiodicreport       "x"ЀBelarus  4November1993  11April1995  Notyetconsidered "x"ЀCanada  4April1995  4April1995  Notyetconsidered "x"ЀColombia  2August1995  9July1996  1568thto1571st(fiftyninthsession) "x"ЀEcuador  4November1993  13March1997  Notyetconsidered "x"ЀFinland  18August1994  10August1995  Notyetconsidered "x"ЀGermany  3August1993  12September1995  1551stto1553rd(fiftyeighthsession) "x"ЀIraq  4April1995  5February1996  Notyetconsidered "x"ЀItaly  31December1995  30October1996  Notyetconsidered "x"ЀMorocco  31October1996  27January1997  Notyetconsidered "x"ЀNorway  1April1997  4February1997  Notyetconsidered "x"ЀPoland  27October1994  7May1996  Notyetconsidered "x"ЀRomania  31December1994  26April1996  Notyetconsidered "x"ЀSenegal  4April1995  19September1995  Notyetconsidered "x"ЀUnitedKingdomofGreat̀BritainandNortherǹIreland(Jersey,GuernseỳandIsleofMan)  31May1996  12February1997  Notyetconsidered "x"ЀUruguay  31December1994  19December1996  Notyetconsidered "Ix"E.Reportssubmittedpursuant̀toaspecialdecisioǹtakenbytheCommittee       "Ix"ЀUnitedKingdomofGreat̀BritainandNortherǹIreland(HongKong)a  31May1997  31May1997  1535thand1536th(fiftyeighthsession) "x"F.Additionalinformatioǹsubmittedsubsequenttòtheexaminationofinitial̀reportsbytheCommitteeb       "x"ЀGambia  Ѐ  5June1984  Notyetconsidered )>#x)ЀKenya > Ѐ > 4May1982 > Notyetconsidered̀aSeeparas.7885ofthepresentreport.̀bAtitstwentyfifthsession(601stmeeting),theCommitteedecidedtoconsideradditionalinformationsubmittedsubsequenttotheexaminationofinitialreportstogetherwiththeStateparty'ssecondperiodicreport. ? UK     \R3'\ X      +C@<6X9`(CourierC( A $(r882   @ .ANNEXV2 .2 .ListofStatesparties'delegationsthatparticipated2 .2 .intheconsiderationoftheirrespectivereportsby2 .2 .theHumanRightsCommitteeatitsfiftyeighth,@ .z fiftyninthandsixtiethsessions@ .4(Listedintheorderinwhichtheirreportswereconsidered)882l DENMARK .l .l Representative0 .Mr.HansHenrikBruun,Ambassador,PermanentMissionofDenmarktotheUnitedNationsOfficeatGeneva2 .2 .l .l Adviser0 .Ms.NinaHolstChristensen,HeadofDivision,MinistryofJustice2 .2 .l .l 0 .Ms.IlseCohn,PrisonGovernor,DepartmentofPrisonsandProbation,MinistryofJustice2 .2 .l .l 0 .Ms.LoneB.Christensen,HeadofDivision,MinistryoftheInterior2 .2 .l .l 0 .Ms.ToveSovndahlPetersen,Counselor,DenmarkOfficeoftheGreenlandHomeRuleGovernment2 .2 .l .l 0 .Mr.JensChristianBlow,HeadofSection,MinistryofJustice2 .2 .l .l 0 .Ms.AnetteBurko,HeadofSection,PoliceDivision,MinistryofJustice2 .2 .l .l 0 .Ms.TinaPedersen,HeadofSection,MinistryofForeignAffairsUNITEDKINGDOMOFl .l Representative .Mr.HenrySteel,ForeignandGREATBRITAINANDl .l  .CommonwealthOffice,LondonNORTHERNIRELAND(HONGKONG)l .l Adviser0 .Mr.DanielR.Fung,SolicitorGeneral,LegalDepartment,HongKongGovernment2 .2 .l .l 0 .Mr.StephenWongKaiYi,PrincipalCrownCounsel,HongKongGovernment2 .2 .l .l 0 .Mr.PeterWomg,SeniorCrownCounsel,HongKongGovernment2 .2 .l .l 0 .Mr.JeremyCroft,PrincipalAssistantSecretaryforHomeAffairs,HongKongGovernment2 .2 .l .l 0 .Mr.JackChan,PrincipalAssistantSecretaryforSecurity,HongKongGovernment2 .2 .l .l 0 .Ms.JanetRogan,HongKongDepartment,ForeignandCommonwealthOffice,London2 .2 .l .l 0 .SirJohnRamsden,PermanentMissionoftheUnitedKingdomtotheUnitedNationsOfficeatGeneva2 .2 .l .l 0 .Ms.SarahFoulds,PermanentMissionoftheUnitedKingdomtotheUnitedNationsOfficeatGeneva2 .2 .l .l 0 .Mr.ColinWells,PermanentMissionoftheUnitedKingdomtotheUnitedNationsOfficeatGeneva2 .2 .l .l 0 .Mr.MarkBooth,PermanentMissionoftheUnitedKingdomtotheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevaSWITZERLANDl .l Representative0 .M.LuciusCaflisch,Ambassadeur,JurisconsulteduDpartementfdraldesaffairestrangres2 .2 .l .l Adviser0 .M.CharlesEdouardHeld,Minstre,Vicedirecteur,Directiondudroitinternationalpublic,Dpartementfdraldesaffairestrangres2 .2 .l .l 0 .M.EdouardCrittin,Vicedirecteur,Officefdraldestrangers,Dpartementfdraldejusticeetpolice2 .2 .l .l 0 .M.GottfriedZrcher,Vicedirecteur,Officefdraldesrfugis,Dpartementfdraldejusticeetpolice2 .2 .l .l 0 .M.FrankSchrmann,Adjointscientifique,Officefdraldelajustice,Dpartementfdraldejusticeetpolice2 .2 .l .l 0 .M.JrgLindenmann,Adjointscientifique,Officefdraldelajustice,Dpartementfdraldejusticeetpolice2 .2 .l .l 0 .M.FranzBloch,Adjointscientifique,Officefdraldelajustice,Dpartementfdraldejusticeetpolice2 .2 .l .l 0 .&  Mme.MariaPeyro,Collaboratricescientifique,Officefdraldel'industrie,desartsetmtiersetdutravail,Dpartementfdraldel'conomiepublique'  2 .2 .l .l 0 .M.Fran oisVoeffray,Collaborateurscientifique,Directiondudroitinternationalpublic,Dpartementfdraldesaffairestrangres2 .2 .l .l 0 .Mme.DominiquePetter,Premiresecrtaired'Ambassade,MissionpermanentedelaSuisseauprsdel'OfficedesNationsUniesGenveGABON .l .l Representative0 .M.S.MamboundouMouyama,Ministred'Etat,Chargdelacommunication,delaculture,desarts,del'ducationpopulaireetdesdroitsdel'homme2 .2 .l .l Alternate .M.J.BissieloBoukila,Haut2 .2 .l .l representative0 .CommissaireauprsduMinistred'Etat,Ministredesaffairestrangresetdelacoopration2 .2 .l .l 0 .M.EmmanuelMbaAllo,Ambassadeur,MissionpermanentedelaRpubliquegabonaiseauprsdel'OfficedesNationsUniesGenve2 .2 .l .l Adviser0 .Mme.GisleMemiague,Secretairegnraladjoint,Ministredesaffairestrangresetdelacoopration2 .2 .0l .l 0 .M.WilfriedOtchanga,Directeurdesorganisationsinternationalesetdelacooprationmultilatrale,Ministredesaffairestrangresetdelacoopration2 .2 .l .l 0 .M.C.HervoAkendengue,Premierconseiller,Chargdesdroitsdel'homme,MissionpermanentedelaRpubliquegabonaiseauprsdel'OfficedesNationsUniesGenve2 .2 .l .l 0 .Mme.RoseOndo,Conseillerauxdroitsdel'homme,Ministredesdroitsdel'homme2 .2 .l .l 0 .M.G.RossatangaRignault,Conseillerjuridique,Ministredesdroitsdel'homme02 .20 .0l .l 0 .M.EmileAlainMabounda,Ministredesdroitsdel'homme02 .20 .0l .l 0 .M.JeanBaptisteRazingue,ConseillerduMinistre,MinistredelajusticeGardedesSceaux02 .20 .0l .l 0 .M.SambaIgambda,Conseiller,Ministredelajustice,GardedesSceaux02 .20 .0l .l 0 .M.J.M.Boukoundou,DirecteuradjointdelaPrisoncentrale,Ministredel'intrieur02 .20 .0l .l 0 .M. FR HilaireNdjoye,ConseillerspcialduPrsidentdelaRpubliqueauprsduMinistredeladfensenationale,Min UK istredeladfensenationale02 .20 .0l .l 0 .M.AugustinKoussou,Conseillerl'immigration,MinistredeladfensenationalePERU2 .2 .l .l Representative0 .Sr.CarlosHermozaMoya,MinistrodeJusticia02 .20 .0l .l Adviser0 .Sr.JosUrrutia,Embajador,Representaci;nPermanentedelPeruantelasNacionesUnidasenGinebra02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Sr.LuisReyesMorales,DirectordeDerechosHumanosdelConsejoNacionaldeDerechosHumanosdelMinisteriodeJusticia02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Sr.LuisEnriqueChavez,PrimerSecretario,Representaci;nPermanentedelPeruantelasNacionesUnidasenGinebra02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Sr.EduardoPerezdelSolar,SecundoSecretario,Representaci;nPermanentedelPeruantelasNacionesUnidasenGinebraGERMANY .l .l Representative0 .Mr.WilhelmHynck,Ambassador,PermanentMissionofGermanytotheUnitedNationsOfficeatGeneva02 .20 .0l .l Adviser0 .Mr.HelgaVoelskowThies,Director,FederalMinistryofJustice02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Mr.JurgenHaberland,FirstCounselor,FederalMinistryoftheInterior02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Mr.MichaelSchaefer,FirstCounselor,PermanentMissionofGermanytotheUnitedNationsOfficeatGeneva02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Mr.MatthiasWeckerling,Counselor,FederalMinistryofJustice02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Mrs.RenateFrey,Counselor,FederalMinistryofJustice02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Mr.ChristianHellbach,FirstSecretary,PermanentMissionofGermanytotheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevaBOLIVIA .l .l Representatives0 .Mr.EdgarCamachoOmiste,RepresentantePermanenteantelasNacionesUnidas02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Sra.KatiaSaucedoPaz,SubsecretariatdeDerechosHumanosdelMinisteriodeJusticia02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Sra.RosalyLedezma,ConsultoradelaComisi;ndeReformasLegislativasPenalesdelMinisteriodeJusticia02 .20 .0l .l Adviser0 .Sr.MarcoAntonioVidaurre,MinistroConsejero,Misi;nPermanenteantelasNacionesUnidas02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Sr.GustavoPedraza,Consejero,Misi;nPermanenteantelasNacionesUnidas02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Sra.PeggyMaldonado,PrimerSecretario,Misi;nPermanenteantelasNacionesUnidasGEORGIA0 .0l .l Representative0 .Mr.LevanAlexidze,ChiefLegalAdviserofthePresidentofGeorgia02 .20 .0l .l Adviser0 .Mr.GeorgeVolski,SeniorCounselor,DeputyPermanentRepresentative,PermanentMissiontotheUnitedNations02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Mr.LevanGogoberidze,FirstSecretary,PermanentMissiontotheUnitedNations02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Mr.ConstantineKorkelia,ThirdSecretary,DepartmentofLegalAffairs,MinistryofForeignAffairs02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Mr.AnzorBaluashvili,DeputyGeneralProsecutorCOLOMBIA .l .l Representatives0 .Sr.JulioLondonoParedes,RepresentantePermanentedeColombiaantelasNacionesUnidas02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Sr.CarlosVicentedeRoux,ConsejeroPresidencialparalosDerechosHumanos02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Sr.CarlosMalagon,ViceministrodeJusticiaydelDerecho02 .20 .0l .l Adviser0 .Sra.SoniaEljachPolo,DirectoraGeneraldeAsuntosEspeciales,MinisteriodeRelacionesExteriores02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Sra.ClaraInesVargasdeLosada,MinistraPlenipotenciariaenlaMisi;nPermanenteantelasNacionesUnidas02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Sr.AlejandroBorda,MinistroPlenipotenciarioenlaMisi;nPermanenteantelasNacionesUnidas02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Sra.KarenKufheldt,MinistroPlenipotenciarioenlaMisi;nPermanenteantelasNacionesUnidasPORTUGAL(MACAU)0l .l Representative0 .M.J.CostaOliveira,CoordonnateurduCabinetpourlesAffaireslgislatives02 .20 .0l .l Adviser0 .M.F.Teod;sioJacinto,Procureurgnraladjoint02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Mme.VirgniaSilva,AssesseurduSecrtaireadjointlacommunication,tourismeetculture02 .20 .0l .l 0 .M.PauloPereiraVidal,CoordinateuradjointduCabinetpourlesAffaireslgislatives02 .20 .0l .l 0 .M.Jo oMariaNataf,AssesseurduSecrtaireadjointlajustice02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Mme.LeonorAssun o,ProfesseurlaFacultdedroitdel'UniversitdeMacau02 .20 .0l .l 0 .M.Lib nioMartins,Directeur,Directiondesservicesdestatistiquesetrecensement02 .20 .0l .l 0 .M.HoVenOn,AssesseurduSecrtaireadjointl'Administration,ducationetjeunesse02 .20 .0l .l 0 .M.TouWaiFong,ProfesseurlaFacultdedroitdel'UniversitdeMacau02 .20 .0l .l 0 .M.AmlcarFeio,Juristel'Institutdel'HabitationLEBANON0 .0l .l Representative0 .Mr.NabilMaamari,ConseillerauCentrederecherchesetdedocumentationauMinistredesaffairesetrangresSLOVAKIA0 .0l .l Representative0 .Ms.MariaKrasnohorska,Ambassador,PermanentRepresentativeoftheSlovakRepublictotheUnitedNationsOfficeatGeneva02 .20 .0l .l Adviser0 .Ms.MartaAibekova,MemberoftheNationalCouncil02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Mr.IgorGrexa,DirectorGeneral,DivisionofInternationalLawandConsularAgenda,MinistryofForeignAffairs02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Mr.MilanJezovica,Director,DepartmentofHumanRights,MinistryofForeignAffairs02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Ms.AnnaLamperova,Director,DepartmentofForeignRelations,MinistryofJustice02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Mr.PeterProchacka,FirstSecretary,PermanentMissionoftheSlovakRepublictotheUnitedNationsOfficeatGeneva02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Ms.BarbaraTuhovcakova,DeputyDirector,DepartmentofHumanRights,MinistryofForeignAffairsFRANCE0 .0l .l Representative0 .Mr.MarcPerrindeBrichambaut,DirecteurdesAffairesjuridiques,MinistredesAffairesetrangres02 .20 .0l .l Advisers0 .Mr.DanielBernard,Ambassadeur,ReprsentantpermanentdelaFranceauprsdel'OfficedesNationsUniesGenve02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Mr.JeanPaulFaugre,DirecteurdesLibertspubliquesetdesAffairesjuridiques,Ministredel'Intrieur&  02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Mr.JeanBaptisteAvel,AdjointauChefduServicedesAffaireseuropennesetinternationales,'  MinistredelaJustice02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Mr.YvesCharpentier,SousDirecteurdesDroitsdel'hommelaDirectiondesAffairesjuridiques,MinistredesAffairesetrangres02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Mme.CatherineGiudicelli,ChefduBureaudelaRglementationlaDirectiondel'Administrationpnitentia7re,MinistredelaJustice02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Mme.FrdriqueDoublet,ChefduBureauduDroitcomparetduDroitinternationallaDirectiondesLibertspubliquesetdesAffairesjuridiques,Ministredel'Intrieur02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Mme.AnniedeCalan,DivisiondesRelationsinternationales/NationsUnies,Ministredel'EmploietdelaSolidarit02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Mr.ChristianLefeuvre,DirectiondelapopulationetdesMigrations,Ministredel'EmploietdelaSolidarit02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Mr.EricSevereJolivet,ServicedesAffaireseuropennesetinternationales,MinistredelaJustice02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Mr.PierreAndrLageze,DirectiondesAffairescriminellesetdesGr ces,MinistredelaJustice02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Mr.FrdricdeBelay,Directiondel'Administrationgnrale,SecrtariatGnralpourl'Administration,MinistredelaDfense02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Mme.BatriceMorizeRabaux,BureaudesAffairsjuridiques,DirectiondesAffairespoliques,administrativesetfinancires,Secrtariatd'Etatl'outremer02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Mr.BrunoNedelec,SousDirectiondesdroitsdel'hommelaDirectiondesAffairesjuridiques,MinistredesAffairesetrangres02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Mme,MarionParadasBouveau,MissionpermanentedelaFranceauprsdel'OfficedesNationsUniesGenveINDIA0 .0l .l Representative0 .Mr.AshokDesai,AttorneyGeneralofIndia02 .20 .0l .l Advisers0 .Mr.HemantKrishanSingh,ActingPermanentRepresentativeofIndia02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Mr.MadhukarGupta,JointSecretary,MinistryofHomeAffairs02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Mr.RajamonyVenu,PermanentMissionofIndia02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Dr.NeruChanddha,Seniorlegalofficer,MinistryofForeignAffairs02 .20 .0l .l 0 .Mr.AmnadapGill,UnderSecretary,MinistryofForeignAffairs FR ? UK     \R3'\ X      +C@<6X9`(CourierC( A $(s882   @ .ANNEXVIII@ . ListofdocumentsissuedduringthereportingperiodReportsofStatespartiesCCPR/C/31/Add.4882 l l .l InitialreportofGabonCCPR/C/42/Add.14l .l SecondperiodicreportofLebanonCCPR/C/63/Add.4l .l SecondperiodicreportofBoliviaCCPR/C/63/Add.5l .l SecondperiodicreportofCongoCCPR/C/70/Add.9l .l ThirdperiodicreportofPortugalrelatingtoMacauCCPR/C/76/Add.7l .l ThirdperiodicreportofFranceCCPR/C/81/Add.9l .l InitialreportofSlovakiaCCPR/C/83/Add.1l .l ThirdperiodicreportofPeruCCPR/C/100/Add.1l .l InitialreportofGeorgiaCCPR/C/103/Add.3l .l FourthperiodicreportofColombiaCCPR/C/1170 . 0l .l SpecialreportoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandrelatingtoHongKongConcludingobservationsoftheHumanRightsCommitteeontheStatesparties'reportsCCPR/C/79/Add.680l .l ConcludingobservationsoftheHumanrightsCommitteeonStatesparties'reportsDenmarkCCPR/C/79/Add.690l .l ConcludingobservationsoftheHumanRightsCommitteeonStatesparties'reportsUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland(HongKong)CCPR/C/79/Add.700l .l ConcludingobservationsoftheHumanRightsCommitteeonStatesparties'reportsSwitzerlandCCPR/C/79/Add.710l .l ConcludingobservationsoftheHumanRightsCommitteeonStatesparties'reportsGabonCCPR/C/79/Add.720l .l ConcludingobservationsoftheHumanRightsCommitteeonStatesparties'reportsPeruCCPR/C/79/Add.730l .l ConcludingobservationsoftheHumanRightsCommitteeonStatesparties'reportsGermanyCCPR/C/79/Add.740l .l Concludingobserva