WPCy  `4G-) PP},sȭn KPF┃ѧ5Fw$P'HΧYO{Jc 0wA?<ޖڃ,&>{)1eȪJm  u:.SKgⷆu!exܸ؛oR9<xgN{#@'A9A2{rm8SKOz5ꅔiC.ŞE|EtHS5nU?z% nJ7=0Kdc`1 fMflޕ';sfCuyJM{|R6sD ⒢evQُ;x^؀cWswC KcXt47bUO+5` .9_;Fx3>[]8&);E 댝gњ$rMQGt{mxR'5" /Zm68 0 0 0v 0v 0 0 06 0 0 0 0 0) 0< 0N. 0a| 0 0 0f! 0" 0" 0# 0p$ 0T% 0&U60& %&& 0z) 0T*  + 0=+ 0F[+ 0P+ 1+ 0, 12- 07.. 03E4 04 0H5 06 0&6 0&6 0& 7 0&07 0&V7 0&|7 0&7 0&7 0&7 0(8 0(<8 0d8 B9 D3:F: 0 ; 0C; A M1< B'~< 0<U}:1@ 1 ok@@ 0 wB 0YCF 0HH 0JJ 0LM^NTP 0ZnQ^S&U 0UYXZ^Z[ 0:\Y _b`M` 0IGb 0Ibbfco>Y}c@U0ټo>Y @Geb 0Cr]iR?3! 0UQ!y;#%>&f'a)*+V,M.oK0C234e5 6O#71r9:;{<7==a??AYB= DGE-1F^G>wHOJLLAMO/PvS`TUWV&XZt[(\1]0^`bwcBd JfjgSfh'ijqlFoY qdrFsEVtuz xPyUzG?|G}E~c<uOUe}{Y ،{u g&/Jؒ"lܕH@e-xT̟O`}2L:W\Cn?Ȯ.iX bWHݸ%YwSb?Z9']/\ mL_M0 <yyA34!4ytIH7|DJ6WN'SsmL]5'$"   p ?4&rZnD?U 0Q 1nZ 0s 1mwH 4L `  mb V1 P8Document[8]Document Style0..8` ..`   V$8Document[4]Document Style.. .   V ]8Document[6]Document Style8..  V 8Document[5]Document Style0..  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C J'   X$o[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXo~=>>>>B2.Z|P. @@EP.P-HD~4 2Quick A..0..4 2Quick I..0.. <>N9909838E<><>A/52/40(Suppl)<><><>\WPC  9513 ,, XF}G"?!   ?  ? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?? ? ? ? ? >? ?0 0 0  ??? ?        ?  ? ?   ? ??      ?8 ? ~   ??? ? ??? ? ? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ? ? ?? ??? ?0? x??????~??<???????????? ? ???8x???? ??????x  ?x ?   ?@ #? # #??>???????????? ?????`?`?  ?~??????????????????B8<BpC???C???C??B?B?`B??B??B???B??B???C???B???C??C??C*?C?G?C?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? p?>? <~p??>>x??>?8??<>8??<~??8?8???? ??? ?? ?? > <?   |? ??  x? ?? p?? ??? ?? `?? ?????????????????        ?   ?   ?   ? ?   ?       ?   ? p?#@x?#/?#??>?>?~?????????@ ????? ????????????????? ??? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??   ? ?  ? ?? 8? >???   ? ?  ? `?  `?  p?  p? 0? p?? x? p? ? 0?.??? 0? 0?? 0x  x ? x ?8 ?8 ?<  <   '  -  -?  -?=  ?0?  ?0?? -?`x?? #p? #` ? ? -?-?!? !?? ?! ??? ??  ?    ?~? ?~????? 0? ?  ? ?? >?? <? 8? ? ? ?@ `   ?x   ~  8  ? ??????????????? ?? ? ???? p?? ??`?< >? ?0~ 0?  ? ? ??? ???????????????? ?  ?? ?????`??? ?? ? ? ?? ?? ???? ?   ??   ?   ?  ?  ? ?   ??  ? ?   ~        ? ??  >   ?   ??       8  `  ?? ???   ?  ?    ?p    ?   ?     ?  ?   ?   ??    ?   ?? ?   ?    8 ?  _   ?               ?  ? @  ? ?  8 ~  ?  ?  ?    ?   ? ?  ??  ?   ?       ???? ?       ?? ? ?       ?? (G^UNLOGO1.WPG* `CG TimesWPC  9513 ,, XF}G"?!   ?  ? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?? ? ? ? ? >? ?0 0 0  ??? ?        ?  ? ?   ? ??      ?8 ? ~   ??? ? ??? ? ? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ? ? ?? ??? ?0? x??????~??<???????????? ? ???8x???? ??????x  ?x ?   ?@ #? # #??>???????????? ?????`?`?  ?~??????????????????B8<BpC???C???C??B?B?`B??B??B???B??B???C???B???C??C??C*?C?G?C?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? p?>? <~p??>>x??>?8??<>8??<~??8?8???? ??? ?? ?? > <?   |? ??  x? ?? p?? ??? ?? `?? ?????????????????        ?   ?   ?   ? ?   ?       ?   ? p?#@x?#/?#??>?>?~?????????@ ????? ????????????????? ??? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??   ? ?  ? ?? 8? >???   ? ?  ? `?  `?  p?  p? 0? p?? x? p? ? 0?.??? 0? 0?? 0x  x ? x ?8 ?8 ?<  <   '  -  -?  -?=  ?0?  ?0?? -?`x?? #p? #` ? ? -?-?!? !?? ?! ??? ??  ?    ?~? ?~????? 0? ?  ? ?? >?? <? 8? ? ? ?@ `   ?x   ~  8  ? ??????????????? ?? ? ???? p?? ??`?< >? ?0~ 0?  ? ? ??? ???????????????? ?  ?? ?????`??? ?? ? ? ?? ?? ???? ?   ??   ?   ?  ?  ? ?   ??  ? ?   ~        ? ??  >   ?   ??       8  `  ?? ???   ?  ?    ?p    ?   ?     ?  ?   ?   ??    ?   ?? ?   ?    8 ?  _   ?               ?  ? @  ? ?  8 ~  ?  ?  ?    ?   ? ?  ??  ?   ?       ???? ?       ?? ? ?       ?? (GaUNLOGO1.WPG C)  @ 8  8 Rl@..$    ڄ- - C)  @ 8  8 )8 8 P")  @ .$    ڄ($     h 1!  @ 8  8 882   2 .2+    ThefollowingmembersoftheCommitteeparticipatedintheexaminationofthepresentcommunication:Mr.NisukeAndo,Mr.PrafullachandraN.Bhagwati,Mr.ThomasBuergenthal,Ms.ChristineChanet,Mr.OmranElShafei,Ms.ElizabethEvatt,Ms.PilarGaitandePombo,Mr.EckartKlein,Mr.DavidKretzmer,Ms.CeciliaMedinaQuiroga,Ms.LaureMoghaizel,Mr.FaustoPocar,Mr.MartinScheinin,Mr.DaniloTrkandMr.MaxwellYalden. S 1!  @ 8  8 882 H  2 .2+    Pursuanttorule85oftherulesofprocedure,CommitteememberJulioPradoVallejodidnotparticipateintheexaminationofthepresentcommunication.  1!  @ 8  8 882 H  2 .2+    On12October1996,counselsubmittedamedicalreport,dated9June1990,whichhadbeentakendownbeforethejudgeoftheFirstCriminalCourtofPichincha(JuezPrimerodeloPenaldePichincha).  1!  @ 8  8 882 H  2 .2+    ThefollowingmembersoftheCommitteeparticipatedintheexaminationofthepresentcommunication:Mr.NisukeAndo,Mr.PrafullachandraN.Bhagwati,Mr.ThomasBuergenthal,Ms.ChristineChanet,LordColville,Mr.OmranElShafei,Ms.ElizabethEvatt,Ms.PilarGaitandePombo,Mr.EckartKlein,Mr.DavidKretzmer,Mr.RajsoomerLallah,Ms.CeciliaMedinaQuiroga,Ms.LaureMoghaizel,Mr.FaustoPocar,Mr.JulioPradoVallejo,Mr.MartinScheininandMr.MaxwellYalden. 5 1!  @ 8  8 882 H  2 .2+    ThetextoftwoindividualopinionsbyCommitteemembersNisukeAndoandEckartKleinisappendedtothepresentdocument. m$  882 H  ViewsinCommunicationNo.451/1991,Harwardv.Norway,adoptedon15July1994,paras.9.4and9.5.("2NO$ 13!USUS.,'F` X'   +@}q88Ҁ  0   o 1!  @ 8  8 882 H    2 .2+    ThefollowingmembersoftheCommitteeparticipatedintheexaminationofthepresentcommunication:Mr.NisukeAndo,Mr.PrafullachandraN.Bhagwati,Ms.ChristineChanet,LordColville,Mr.OmranElShafei,Ms.ElizabethEvatt,Mr.EckartKlein,Mr.DavidKretzmer,Mr.RajsoomerLallah,Ms.CeciliaMedinaQuiroga,Ms.LaureMoghaizel,Mr.JulioPradoVallejo,Mr.MartinScheinin,Mr.DaniloTrkandMr.MaxwellYalden. m$  882 H  CarltonRiedv.Jamaica,Viewsadoptedon20July1990. 1!  @ 8  8 882 H  + UK Ԁ    SeeCCPR/C/21/Rev.1,page7,paragraph7. \ 1!  @ 8  8 882 H  +򀀀    ڀ+ThefollowingmembersoftheCommitteeparticipatedintheexaminationofthepresentcommunication:Mr.NisukeAndo,Mr.PrafullachandraN.Bhagwati,Ms.ChristineChanet,LordColville,Ms.ElizabethEvatt,Ms.PilarGaitandePombo,Mr.EckartKlein,Mr.DavidKretzmer,Mr.RajsoomerLallah,Ms.CeciliaMedinaQuiroga,Mr.FaustoPocar,Mr.JulioPradoVallejo,Mr.MartinScheinin,Mr.DaniloTrkandMr.MaxwellYalden. W m$  882 H  SeeViewsonCommunicationNo.373/1989(LennonStephensv.Jamaica),adoptedon18October1995,paragraph9.4.SeealsoViewsonCommunicationNo.270/1988andCommunicationNo.271/1988,BarretandSutcliffev.Jamaica,adoptedon30March1992,paragraph8.4. m$  882 H  CommunicationNo.588/1994(ErrolJohnsonv.Jamaica),Viewsadoptedon22March1996,paras.8.2to8.5. m$  882 H  Duringtheperiodtheauthorremainedondeathrow(19841992)untiltheOffencesagainstPersons(Amendment)Act,wasenacted,theStatepartyobservedvariousmoratoriumsonexecutions. L 1!  @ 8  8 882 H  ++򀀀    ڀThefollowingmembersoftheCommitteeparticipatedintheexaminationofthepresentcommunication:Mr.NisukeAndo,Mr.PrafullachandraN.Bhagwati,Mr.ThomasBuergenthal,Ms.ChristineChanet,LordColville,Ms.ElizabethEvatt,Ms.PilarGaitandePombo,Mr.EckartKlein,Mr.DavidKretzmer,Ms.CeciliaMedinaQuiroga,Mr.JulioPradoVallejo,Mr.MartinScheinin,Mr.DaniloTrkandMr.MaxwellYalden. C 1!  @ 8  8 882 H  ++Ӏ    TheStateparty,initssubmission,observesthattheauthorwassentencedon25March1994formanslaughter,andthattheotherchargesweredropped. e 1!  @ 8  8 882 H  2 .2+    ThefollowingmembersoftheCommitteeparticipatedintheexaminationofthepresentcommunication:Mr.NisukeAndo,Mr.PrafullachandraN.Bhagwati,Ms.ChristineChanet,LordColville,Mr.OmranElShafei,Ms.ElizabethEvatt,Mr.EckartKlein,Mr.DavidKretzmer,Mr.RajsoomerLallah,Ms.CeciliaMedinaQuiroga,Ms.LaureMoghaizel,Mr.JulioPradoVallejo,Mr.MartinScheinin,Mr.DaniloTrkandMr.MaxwellYalden. 9 1!  @ 8  8 882 H  2 .2+    Twoindividualopinions(dissenting)byCommitteemembersNisukeAndoandDavidKretzmerareappendedtothepresentdocument. C)  @ 8  8 882 H  @ .$    ڄ  1!  @ 8  8 882 H  +򀀀    ڀThetextoffiveindividualopinions,signedbyeightCommitteemembers,isappendedtothepresentdocument. [ m$  882 H  Emphasismine(see9.1). m$  882 H  Seealsostatementsinparagraph4.2attributabletotheStateparty,includingthefollowing:"...furthermore,hewouldnotbebarredonceandforallfromreadmissiontoCanada". E 1!  @ 8  8 882 H  +  򀀀    ڀThefollowingmembersoftheCommitteeparticipatedintheexaminationofthepresentcommunication:Mr.NisukeAndo,Mr.PrafullachandraN.Bhagwati,Mr.ThomasBuergenthal,LordColville,Ms.ElizabethEvatt,Ms.PilarGaitandePombo,Mr.EckartKlein,Mr.DavidKretzmer,Ms.CeciliaMedinaQuiroga,Mr.FaustoPocar,Mr.JulioPradoVallejo,Mr.MartinScheinin,Mr.DaniloTrkandMr.MaxwellYalden. ' 1!  @ 8  8  8,  +  򀀀    ڀPursuanttorule85oftheCommittee'srulesofprocedure,Ms.ChristineChanetdidnotparticipateintheexaminationofthecase.  1!  @ 8  8  8,  +  򀀀    ڀThetextsoftwoindividualopinionssignedbynineCommitteemembersareappendedtothepresentdocument. m$   8,  ReferenceismadetotheCommittee'sjurisprudenceinthisrespect,especiallytotheinadmissibilitydecisionincommunicationNo.187/1985(J.H.v.Canada),adopted12April1985. q m$   8,  Articles22517and22518oftheFrenchCriminalCode. u m$   8,  TheStatepartyprovidescopiesofthetextsoftheselaws.  m$   8,  "...lesbiens,lessitesetlesmonumentsnaturelsclasssetlesparcellesdeceuxcinepeuventtredtruitsetdplacsnitrel'objetd'untravailderestoration...sansl'autorisationduchefdeterritoiresuivantlesconditionsqu'ilaurafixes..."(thisprovisionissimilartoarticle12oftheLawof2May1930applyinginmetropolitanFrance). C)  @ 8  8  8,  @ .$    ڄ  1!  @ 8  8 882H  +򀀀    ڀPursuanttorule85oftheCommittee'srulesofprocedure,CommitteemembersChristineChanetandThomasBuergenthaldidnotparticipateintheconsiderationofthecase.AstatementmadebyMr.Buergenthalisappendedtothepresentdocument.  1!  @ 8  8 882H  +򀀀    ڀThetextoffiveindividualopinions,signedbysevenCommitteemembers,isappendedtothepresentdocument. O 1!  @ 8  8 882H  +2 .2    CommunicationNo.8348/78andCommunicationNo.8406/78(GlimmerveenandHagenbeekv.TheNetherlands),declaredinadmissibleon11October1979. 3 1!  @ 8  8 882H  +2 .2    CommunicationNo.104/1981(J.R.T.andtheW.G.Partyv.Canada),declaredinadmissibleon6April1983,para.8(b). 1!  @ 8  8 882H  2 .2    No.84181D.C.of10and11October1984,Rec.p.78. # 1!  @ 8  8 882H  +2 .2    CommunicationNo.9235/81(X.v.FederalRepublicofGermany),declaredinadmissibleon16July1982.  1!  @ 8  8 882H  +2 .2    Cf.SeventeenthCriminalChamber,TribunalCorrectionneldeParis,18April1991. 4 1!  @ 8  8 882H  +򀀀    ڀThefollowingmembersoftheCommitteeparticipatedintheexaminationofthepresentcommunication:Mr.NisukeAndo,Mr.PrafullachandraN.Bhagwati,Mr.ThomasBuergenthal,Ms.ChristineChanet,LordColville,Ms.ElizabethEvatt,Ms.PilarGaitandePombo,Mr.EckartKlein,Mr.DavidKretzmer,Ms.CeciliaMedinaQuiroga,Mr.FaustoPocar,Mr.MartinScheinin,Mr.DaniloTrkandMr.MaxwellYalden. E 1!  @ 8  8 882H  +򀀀    ڀThetextofanindividualopinionbyCommitteemembersElizabethEvattandCeciliaMedinaQuiroga,cosignedbyChristineChanet,isappendedtothepresentdocument. m$  882H  AccordingtotheStateparty,10,349oftheformerSecurityPoliceofficerswhoappliedforverificationwerepositivelyassessed,while3,595receivedanegativeassessment. m$  882H  E.andA.K.v.Hungary,declaredinadmissibleon7April1994. 7 1!  @ 8  8 882H  +򀀀    ڀThefollowingmembersoftheCommitteeparticipatedintheexaminationofthepresentcommunication:Mr.NisukeAndo,Mr.PrafullachandraN.Bhagwati,Ms.ChristineChanet,LordColville,Mr.OmranElShafei,Ms.ElizabethEvatt,Mr.EckartKlein,Mr.DavidKretzmer,Mr.RajsoomerLallah,Ms.CeciliaMedinaQuiroga,Ms.LaureMoghaizel,Mr.JulioPradoVallejo,Mr.MartinScheininandMr.MaxwellYalden.  1!  @ 8  8 882H  +򀀀    ڀThetextofthreeindividualopinionssignedbyfourCommitteemembersisappendedtothepresentdocument. % m$  882H  Inthiscontext,counselreferstotheCommittee'sdecisioninLovelacev.Canada,inwhichthefactthatthecomplainantwasnotrecognizedasanIndianunderCanadianlegislationdidnotpreventtheCommitteefromconsideringthecomplainanttobelongtotheminorityconcernedandtobenefitfromtheprotectionofarticle27oftheCovenant.CounselalsoreferstothejudgementoftheEuropeanCourtofHumanRightsintheBeldjoudicase(55/1990/246,26March1992). l m$  882H  CounselreferstotheseparateopinionofJudgeDeMeyeroftheEuropeanCourtofHumanRightsintheBeldjoudicase,inwhichitwasstatedthattheremovaloftheapplicantfromhiscountryofresidenceandtheseveranceofthetieswithhiswifeandfamilywouldamounttoinhumantreatment. V m$  882H  See,interalia,theCommittee'sdecisionswithrespecttoCommunicationNo.61/1979(Hertzbergetal.v.Finland,Viewsadoptedon2April1982,para.9.3)andCommunicationNo.163/1984(C.etal.v.Italy,declaredinadmissibleon10April1984,para.6.2). m$  882H  CommunicationNo.538/19993(Stewartv.Canada),Viewsadoptedon1November1996,para.12.2to12.9. M 1!  @ 8  8 882H  +򀀀    ڀThefollowingmembersoftheCommitteeparticipatedintheexaminationofthepresentcommunication:Mr.NisukeAndo,Mr.PrafullachandraN.Bhagwati,Ms.ChristineChanet,LordColville,Mr.OmranElShafei,Ms.ElizabethEvatt,Ms.PilarGaitandePombo,Mr.EckartKlein,Mr.DavidKretzmer,Ms.CeciliaMedinaQuiroga,Ms.LaureMoghaizel,Mr.JulioPradoVallejo,Mr.MartinScheinin,Mr.DaniloTrkandMr.MaxwellYalden.  1!  @ 8  8  882 H  +򀀀    ڀAnindividualopinion(concurring)byCommitteememberPrafullachandraN.Bhagwatiisappendedtothepresentdocument. 1!  @ 8  8  882 H  Ӏ    VanAlphenv.theNetherlands:Viewsadoptedon23July1990,para.5.8. j 1!  @ 8  8  882 H  +Ӏ    TangJiaXinv.MinisterforImmigrationandEthnicAffairsNo.1(1993),116ALR329;TangJiaXinv.MinisterforImmigrationandEthnicAffairsNo.2(1993),116ALR349.  1!  @ 8  8  882 H  +Ӏ    CommunicationNo.236/1987(V.M.R.B.v.Canada),inadmissibilitydecisionof18July1988,para.6.3. ' 1!  @ 8  8  882 H  +Ӏ    SeeViewsonCommunicationNo.305/1988(HugovanAlphenv.TheNetherlands),adoptedon23July1990,para.5.8. & 1!  @ 8  8  882 H  Ӏ    SeeX,Y,ZandWv.UnitedKingdom(CommunicationNo.3325/67);andAgeev.UnitedKingdom(CommunicationNo.7729/76).  1!  @ 8  8  882 H    2 .2+    ThefollowingmembersoftheCommitteeparticipatedintheexaminationofthepresentcommunication:Mr.NisukeAndo,Mr.PrafullachandraN.Bhagwati,Mr.ThomasBuergenthal,Ms.ChristineChanet,Mr.OmranElShafei,Ms.ElizabethEvatt,Ms.PilarGaitandePombo,Mr.EckartKlein,Mr.DavidKretzmer,Ms.CeciliaMedinaQuiroga,Ms.LaureMoghaizel,Mr.FaustoPocar,Mr.JulioPradoVallejo,Mr.MartinScheinin,Mr.DaniloTrkandMr.MaxwellYalden. 1!  @ 8  8 882   2 .2    (1967)2ALLER161. 1!  @ 8  8 882   2 .2    (1982)2ALLER469.  1!  @ 8  8 882   2 .2+    Itappears,however,fromthejudgmentoftheCourtofAppeal,thatpriortotheidentificationparadetheauthorwasaskedwhetherhehadalawyerwhomhewouldhavewishedtobepresentattheparadeandthattheauthoransweredinthenegative.Ajusticeofthepeaceandtheauthor'sfatherwerepresentattheparade.  1!  @ 8  8 882   2 .2+    However,itisclearthatthecrimehadoccurredintheearlymorninghoursof29May1985. 1!  @ 8  8 882   2 .2    SeetheCommittee'sGeneralComment13[21]of12April1984,para.8. I 1!  @ 8  8  882   +2 .2    Pursuanttorule85oftherulesofprocedure,CommitteememberLaurelFrancisdidnotparticipateintheexaminationofthecommunication.  1!  @ 8  8  882   +2 .2    CommunicationNo.253/1987(Kellyv.Jamaica),Viewsadoptedon8April1991,para.5.10.  1!  @ 8  8  882   +2 .2    See,interalia,theCommittee'sViewsinrespectofCommunicationNo.459/1991(OsbourneWrightandEricHarveyv.Jamaica),adoptedon27October1995,para.10.5,andCommunicationNo.461/1991(GeorgeGrahamandArthurMorrisonv.Jamaica),adoptedon25March1996,para.10.5. g 1!  @ 8  8  882   +2 .2    ThefollowingmembersoftheCommitteeparticipatedintheexaminationofthepresentcommunication:Mr.NisukeAndo,Mr.PrafullachandraN.Bhagwati,Ms.ChristineChanet,LordColville,Mr.OmranElShafei,Ms.ElizabethEvatt,Mr.EckartKlein,Mr.DavidKretzmer,Mr.RajsoomerLallah,Ms.CeciliaMedinaQuiroga,Ms.LaureMoghaizel,Mr.JulioPradoVallejo,Mr.MartinScheinin,Mr.DaniloTrkandMr.MaxwellYalden.  1!  @ 8  8  882   +2 .2    AnearliercommunicationbyMr.Reynolds,No.229/1987,allegedseveralirregularitiesduringthetrialagainsthim.TheCommitteeadopteditsViewswithregardtocommunicationNo.229/1987on8April1991,findingnoviolation(CCPR/C/41/D/229/1987). O 1!  @ 8  8 882^   +2 .2    Mr.Johnson'scommunicationwasregisteredbeforetheCommitteeascommunicationNo.588/1994.ViewswereadoptedbytheCommitteeon22March1996. 1!  @ 8  8 882^   +2 .2    Judgmentof12December1994.  1!  @ 8  8 882^   +2 .2    CommunicationNo.229/1987,ViewsadoptedbytheCommitteeon8April1991. ; 1!  @ 8  8 882^   2 .2    See,interalia,thejudgmentoftheJudicialCommitteeofthePrivyCouncil,dated2November1993(PrattandMorganv.Jamaica). { 1!  @ 8  8 882^   +2 .2    SeetheCommittee'sViewsonCommunicationNo.210/1986andCommunicationNo.225/1987(EarlPrattandIvanMorganv.Jamaica),adoptedon6April1989,para.12.6.Seealso,interalia,theCommittee'sViewsonCommunicationNo.270/1988andCommunicationNo.271/1988(RandolphBarrettandClydeSutcliffev.Jamaica),adoptedon30March1992,andCommunicationNo.470/1991(Kindlerv.Canada),adoptedon30July1993. p 1!  @ 8  8 882^   +2 .2    Intheirsubmissionsonthemerits,bothStatepartyandcounselrefertoanincidenton8July1988,whereastheallegationsmadebytheauthorrefertoanincidenton9July1988. F 1!  @ 8  8 882   +2 .2    Pursuanttorule85oftherulesofprocedure,CommitteememberLaurelFrancisdidnotparticipateintheexaminationofthecommunication. K 1!  @ 8  8 882   +2 .2    SeeCommittee'sViewsoncommunicationNo.588/1994(ErrolJohnsonv.Jamaica),adoptedon22March1996,paras.8.2to8.5. = 1!  @ 8  8 882   +2 .2    EarlPrattandIvanMorganv.AttorneyGeneralofJamaica;PCAppealNo.10of1993,judgementdeliveredon2November1993. = 1!  @ 8  8 882   +2 .2    SeeCommittee'sViewsonCommunicationNo.588/1994(ErrolJohnsonv.Jamaica),adoptedon22March1996,paras.8.2to8.5. ; 1!  @ 8  8 882   +2 .2    ThefollowingmembersoftheCommitteeparticipatedintheexaminationofthepresentcommunication:Mr.NisukeAndo,Mr.PraffullachandraN.Bhagwati,Mr.ThomasBuergenthal,LordColville,Mrs.ElizabethEvatt,Mr.EckartKlein,Mr.DavidKretzmer,Mrs.CeciliaMedinaQuiroga,Mr.FaustoPocar,Mr.JulioPradoVallejo,Mr.MartinScheinin,Mr.DaniloTrkandMr.MaxwellYalden. Y 1!  @ 8  8 882   +2 .2    Inaccordancewithrule85oftherulesofprocedure,onememberoftheCommittee,Mrs.PilarGaitandePombo,didnottakepartintheadoptionoftheViews. 2 1!  @ 8  8 882   +2 .2    CommunicationNo.563/1993(NydiaBautistadeArellanav.Colombia),Viewsadoptedon27October1995,para.8.2. E 1!  @ 8  8 882   +2 .2    SeetheViewsadoptedinCommunicationNo.213/1986(H.C.M.A.v.theNetherlands),adopted30March1989,para.11.6;CommunicationNo.275/1988,(S.E.v.Argentina),adopted26March1990,para.5.5;CommunicationNos.343-345/1988(R.A.,V.N.etal.v.Argentina),adopted26March1990,para.5.5.-6X`(-Գ6X`( [ 1!  @ 8  8 882   +  Ӏ    ڀThefollowingmembersoftheCommitteeparticipatedintheexaminationofthepresentcommunication:Mr.NisukeAndo,Mr.PrafullachandraN.Bhagwati,Mr.ThomasBuergenthal,Ms.ChristineChanet,LordColville,Ms.ElizabethEvatt,Ms.PilarGaitandePombo,Mr.EckartKlein,Mr.DavidKretzmer,Ms.CeciliaMedinaQuiroga,Mr.FaustoPocar,Mr.JulioPradoVallejo,Mr.MartinScheinin,Mr.DaniloTrkandMr.MaxwellYalden. 1!  @ 8  8  882H  +  Ӏ    InJune1995theauthors'deathsentencehadbeencommutedtolifeimprisonment.  m$   882H  Thereissomediscrepancyastowhentheidentificationparadetookplace.Theeyewitnessattrialandthedepositionoftheofficerwhoconductedtheparadebothstatedthattheparadetookplaceon2July1980(thedepositionwasallowedinasevidencebecausetheofficerwasoutofthecountryduringthetrial).Thearrestingofficers,ontheotherhand,testifiedthatittookplaceon22July1980. m$   882H  DelroyJohnsonisalsoreferredtoasDelroyJacksonandDelroyCampbellinvariouspartsoftheproceedings. m$   882H  EarlPrattandIvanMorganv.AttorneyGeneralofJamaica,P.C.AppealNo.10of1993,judgementdeliveredon2November1993. m$  882*# _  SeeCommittee'sViewsonCommunicationNo.588/1994(ErrolJohnsonv.Jamaica)adopted22March1996. q m$  882*# _  GeneralComment23[50],adoptedinApril1994. k m$  882*# _  GeneralCommentNo.23[50],paragraph7. m$  882*# _  ViewsoncaseNo.511/1992(I.Lnsmanetal.v.Finland),adopted26October1994. ] m$  882*# _  SeeNote3,paragraph9.8.  m$  882*# _  Cf.ViewsonCommunicationNo.197/1985(Kitokv.Sweden),Viewsadopted27July1988,para.9.2;onCommunicationNo.511/1992(I.Lnsmanetal.v.Finland),adopted26October1994,para.9.1. % 1!  @ 8  8 882*# _  +2 .2    ThefollowingmembersoftheCommitteeparticipatedintheexaminationofthepresentcommunication:Mr.NisukeAndo,Mr.PrafullachandraN.Bhagwati,Mr.ThomasBuergenthal,LordColville,Ms.PilarGaitandePombo,Mr.EckartKlein,Mr.DavidKretzmer,Ms.CeciliaMedinaQuiroga,Mr.FaustoPocar,Mr.MartinScheinin,Mr.DaniloTrkandMr.MaxwellYalden. @ 1!  @ 8  8 882*# _  2 .2+    Pursuanttorule85oftheCommitteesrulesofprocedure,Ms.ElizabethEvattdidnotparticipateintheexaminationofthecase. 1!  @ 8  8 882*# _  2 .2    SeriesANo.161(1989). 1!  @ 8  8 882*# _  2 .2    FIDAN'scase[1987],RecueilDallozSirey305310. b 1!  @ 8  8 882*# _  2 .2    SeeViewsoncommunicationsNos.469/1991(Ch.Ngv.Canada),adoptedon5November1993,paragraph6.2;and470/1991(J.Kindlerv.Canada),Viewsadopted30July1993.  1!  @ 8  8 882*# _  2 .2    CommunicationNo.539/1993(KeithCoxv.Canada),Viewsadopted31October1994,paragraph16.1. 6 1!  @ 8  8 882*# _  2 .2    CommunicationNo.204/1986(A.P.v.Italy),declaredinadmissibleduringthethirtyfirstsession(2November1987),paragraph7.3.  1!  @ 8  8 882*# _  2 .2    Thatis,theequivalentofarticle14oftheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights. # 1!  @ 8  8 882*# _  2 .2    SeedecisiononcaseNo.204/1986(A.P.v.Italy),declaredinadmissible2November1987,paragraphs7.3and8.  m$  882*# _  ThefollowingmembersoftheCommitteeparticipatedintheexaminationofthepresentcommunication:Mr.NisukeAndo,Mr.PrafullachandraN.Bhagwati,Mr.ThomasBuergenthal,Ms.ChristineChanet,LordColville,Ms.ElizabethEvatt,Ms.PilarGaitandePombo,Mr.EckartKlein,Mr.DavidKretzmer,Mr.RajsoomerLallah,Ms.CeciliaMedinaQuiroga,Mr.FaustoPocar,Mr.MartinScheinin,Mr.DaniloTrkandMr.MaxwellYalden. m$  882^   ThetextofanindividualopinionbyCommitteememberMartinScheininisappendedtothepresentdocument. m$  882^   NevilleLewis'communicationtotheHumanRightsCommitteehasbeenregisteredasCommunicationNo.708/1996. n m$  882^   NottobeconfusedwithInspectorW.Grant. y m$  882^   NottobeconfusedwithSuperintendentReginaldGrant.  m$  882^   ThefollowingmembersoftheCommitteeparticipatedintheexaminationofthepresentcommunication:Mr.NisukeAndo,Mr.PrafullachandraN.Bhagwati,Mr.ThomasBuergenthal,Ms.ChristineChanet,LordColville,Ms.ElizabethEvatt,Ms.PilarGaitandePombo,Mr.EckartKlein,Mr.DavidKretzmer,Mr.RajsoomerLallah,Ms.CeciliaMedinaQuiroga,Mr.FaustoPocar,Mr.JulioPradoVallejo,Mr.MartinScheinin,Mr.DaniloTrkandMr.MaxwellYalden. m$  882^   EarlPrattandIvanMorganv.AttorneyGeneralofJamaicaandAnother,judgmentof2November1993. m$  882^   CatholicCommissionforJusticeandPeaceinZimbabwev.AttorneyGeneralforZimbabweetal.,SupremeCourtofZimbabwe,judgmentof24June1993. m$  882^   Thelatterargumentwasfiledinasupplementarysubmissionof25September1996.  m$  882^   Thisclaimsubmittedbyauthor'scounseldoesnottallywithoneoftheauthor'shandwrittenletterstotheCommittee,inwhichheconcedesthathislawyer,aQueen'sCounsel,representedhimwellontrial. s m$  882^   GeneralComment8[16]of27July1982,para.2. m$  882^   SeeViewsonCommunicationNo.373/1989(LennonStephensv.Jamaica),adopted18October1995,para.9.6. B 1!  @ 8  8 882^   +2 .2    ThefollowingmembersoftheCommitteeparticipatedintheexaminationofthepresentcommunication:Mr.NisukeAndo,Mr.PrafullachandraN.Bhagwati,Mr.ThomasBuergenthal,Ms.ChristineChanet,LordColville,Ms.ElizabethEvatt,Ms.PilarGaitandePombo,Mr.EckartKlein,Mr.DavidKretzmer,Ms.CeciliaMedinaQuiroga,Mr.FaustoPocar,Mr.MartinScheinin,Mr.DaniloTrkandMr.MaxwellYalden.  1!  @ 8  8 882^   +2 .2    ThetextofanindividualopinionbyCommitteememberNisukeAndoisappendedtothepresentdocument. m$  882^   SteveShaw'sandDesmondTaylor'sCommunicationstotheHumanRightsCommitteehavebeenregisteredasCommunicationsNos.704/1996and705/1996,respectively. R m$  882^   Thejudge,whensentencingtheauthor,stated:"Mr.Taylor,youhavebeenconvictedofnoncapitalmurder,butbecauseofthefactthatseveralmurderswerecommittedonthesameoccasion,itmeansthatyouaresentencedtosufferdeathinthemannerauthorizedbylaw". m$  882^   CommunicationNo.445/1991(LyndenChampagnie,DelroyPalmerandOswaldChisholmv.Jamaica),Viewsadoptedon18July1994. m$  882^   SeeCommunicationNo.336/1988(Filastrev.Bolivia),Viewsadopted5November1991,paragraph6.4,andGeneralCommentNo.8.  m$  882^   Thisallegationisnotcorroboratedbythetrialtranscript.  m$  882^   CommunicationNo.458/1991(AlbertWomahMukongv.Cameroon),Viewsadoptedon21July1994,paragraph9.3.Whereitwasheldthat,astotheconditionsofdetentioningeneral,theCommitteeobservesthatcertainminimumstandardsregardingtheconditionsofdetentionmustbeobservedregardlessofaStateparty'slevelofdevelopment(i.e.,theStandardMinimumRulesfortheTreatmentofPrisoners).ItshouldbenotedthattheseareminimumrequirementswhichtheCommitteeconsideredshouldalwaysbeobserved,evenifeconomicorbudgetaryconditionsmaymakecompliancewiththeseobligationsdifficult. m$  882^   SeeCommunicationNo.558/1994(ErrolJohnsonv.Jamaica),Viewsadoptedon22March1996. m$  882^   SeeViewsonCommunicationNo.606/1994(ClementFrancisv.Jamaica),adopted25July1995,paragraph7.4. m$  882^   SeeCommunicationNo.377/1989(Curriev.Jamaica),Viewsadoptedon29March1994,paragraph13.4. _ 1!  @ 8  8 882^   +2 .2    ThefollowingmembersoftheCommitteeparticipatedintheexaminationofthepresentcommunication:Mr.NisukeAndo,Mr.PrafullachandraN.Bhagwati,Mr.ThomasBuergenthal,Ms.ChristineChanet,LordColville,Ms.ElizabethEvatt,Ms.PilarGaitandePombo,Mr.EckartKlein,Mr.DavidKretzmer,Mr.RajsoomerLallah,Ms.CeciliaMedinaQuiroga,Mr.JulioPradoVallejo,Mr.MartinScheinin,Mr.DaniloTrkandMr.MaxwellYalden. N 1!  @ 8  8 882^   +2 .2    ThetextsoffourindividualopinionsbyCommitteemembersNisukeAndo,LordColville,RajsoomerLallahandMartinScheininareappendedtothepresentdocument. m$  882^   Itappearsfromthetrialtranscriptthatatthetimeofthetrialagainsttheauthorthetwoco-accusedwereindetentiononchargesofbeingaccessoryafterthefact. | m$  882^   ItappearsthatBlainewasarrestedonlyon12July1994. > m$  882^   Thisseemstocontradictthestatementthattheauthorsawhiscounselhalfanhourbeforethebeginningofthetrial.Thetrialtranscriptfurthershowsthattheauthorgaveevidenceintheafternoonof11October1994,withhiscounselleadinghim. ~ m$  882^   Nosupportforthisclaimisfoundinthetrialtranscript. m$  882^   CommunicationNo.4/1977,ViewsadoptedbytheCommitteeatitstenthsession,on23July1980. C)  @ 8  8 882^   @ .$    ڄ  1!  @ 8  8 882     +Ӏ    ThefollowingmembersoftheCommitteeparticipatedintheexaminationofthecommunication:Mr.NisukeAndo,Mr.PrafullachandraN.Bhagwati,Mr.ThomasBuergenthal,Ms.ChristineChanet,LordColville,Mr.OmranElShafei,Ms.ElizabethEvatt,Ms.PilarGaitandePombo,Mr.EckartKlein,Mr.DavidKretzmer,Mr.RajsoomerLallah,Ms.CeciliaMedinaQuiroga,Ms.LaureMoghaizel,Mr.FaustoPocar,Mr.JulioPradoVallejo,Mr.MartinScheininandMr.MaxwellYalden. 1!  @ 8  8 #882  H#  2 .2    Ecclesv.Ireland[1985]I.R.545.  1!  @ 8  8 #882  H#  +  Ӏ    Ecclese.a.v.Ireland,ApplicationNo.12839/87,decisionof9December1988. I 1!  @ 8  8 #882  H#    2 .2+    ThefollowingmembersoftheCommitteeparticipatedintheexaminationofthecommunication:Mr.NisukeAndo,Mr.PrafullachandraN.Bhagwati,LordColville,Mr.OmranElShafei,Ms.ElizabethEvatt,Ms.PilarGaitandePombo,Mr.EckartKlein,Mr.DavidKretzmer,Mr.RajsoomerLallah,Ms.CeciliaMedinaQuiroga,Mr.JulioPradoVallejo,Mr.MartinScheininandMr.DaniloTrk.  1!  @ 8  8 #882  H#  2 .2    TheStatepartyreferstothedecisionsoftheCommitteeinCommunicationsNos.268/1987(M.G.B.andS.P.v.TrinidadandTobago)and343,344and345/1988(R.A.V.N.etal.v.Argentina). 1!  @ 8  8 #882  H#  2 .2    GeneralCommentNo.18,para.6.  1!  @ 8  8 #882  H#  2 .2    Committee'sViewsinCommunicationNo.172/1984(Broeksv.TheNetherlands),para.12.4.  1!  @ 8  8 #882  H#  2 .2    TheStatepartyreferstotheCommittee'sdecisionsconcerningCommunicationsNos.343,344and345/1988(R.A.V.N.etal.v.Argentina),117/1984(M.A.v.Italy)and174/1984(J.K.v.Canada). / 1!  @ 8  8 #882  H#  2 .2    Committee'sdecisionsconcerningCommunicationsNos.196/1985(Gueyev.France)andR.6/24(Lovelacev.Canada). 1!  @ 8  8 #882  H#  2 .2    Committee'sViewsinCommunicationNo.167/1984(Ominayakv.Canada). S 1!  @ 8  8 #882  H#  2 .2    AccordingtotheStateparty NZ2,9430s2dand 53112s0dwasreceivedanddistributedamong114respectively110exprisonerofwarservicepersonnel. R 1!  @ 8  8 #882  H#  2 .2    Ofthemorethan80applicants,only24wereinfactselectedtoreceivecompensationandamountsrangingfrom$5,000to$13,000wereawardedtoeachofthese.  1!  @ 8  8 #882  H#  2 .2     15eachto214persons,nottakingintoaccountindividualcircumstances. c 1!  @ 8  8 #882  H#  2 .2    See,interalia,theCommittee'sViewsconcerningCommunicationsNos.172/1984(Broeksv.TheNetherlands),para.13;180/1984(Danningv.TheNetherlands),para.13;182/1984(ZwaandeVriesv.TheNetherlands),para.13;415/1990(Paugerv.Austria),para.7.3;and425/1990(Neefsv.TheNetherlands),para.7.2.SeealsotheCommittee'sGeneralCommentNo.18(Non-discrimination),para.13. B 1!  @ 8  8 #882  H#  2 .2+    ThefollowingmembersoftheCommitteeparticipatedintheexaminationofthepresentcommunication:Mr.NisukeAndo,Mr.PrafullachandraN.Bhagwati,Mr.ThomasBuergenthal,Ms.ChristineChanet,LordColville,Ms.ElizabethEvatt,Ms.PilarGaitandePombo,Mr.EckartKlein,Mr.DavidKretzmer,Ms.CeciliaMedinaQuiroga,Mr.FaustoPocar,Mr.MartinScheininandMr.DaniloTrk. C 1!  @ 8  8 #882  H#  2 .2+    Mr.MaxwellYaldendidnotparticipateintheadoptionofthedecision,pursuanttorule85oftheCommittee'srulesofprocedure.  m$  #882  H#  Duetoachangeinthelaw,theauthorsappealwasinfacttreatedasanapplicationforjudicialreviewbytheFederalCourtTrialDivisionanddenied.Seefurtherparagraphs4.4and4.5. & 1!  @ 8  8 #882  H#  ++Ӏ    Undersection114(2)oftheImmigrationActarefugeeclaimantmayrequestahumanitarianandcompassionatereviewtoseewhetherextraordinarycircumstanceswarrantlanding.Thereviewincludesariskassessmentandthetestisoneofdisproportionatehardship.JudicialreviewofanegativedecisionmaybesoughtbeforetheFederalCourtTrialDivision,withleave. m$  #882  H#  CommunicationNo.58/1979,Viewsadoptedon9April1981. o m$  #882  H#  Declaredinadmissibleon18July1988. o 1!  @ 8  8 #882  H#  ++Ӏ    MembersareappointedbytheGovernorinCouncilfortermsofuptosevenyearsanddrawnfromallsegmentsofCanadiansociety.Theymayonlyberemovedonlimitedgroundsbyaninquiryprocedurepresidedoverbyajudge,supernumeraryjudgeorformerjudgeoftheFederalCourtofCanada.TheImmigrationandRefugeeBoardoperatesautonomouslyandhasitsownbudget.DecisionsoftheRefugeeDivisioncanbeoverturnedinacourtoflaw. ) 1!  @ 8  8 #882  H#  +򀀀    ڀThefollowingmembersoftheCommitteeparticipatedintheexaminationofthepresentcommunication:Mr.NisukeAndo,Mr.PrafullachandraN.Bhagwati,Mr.ThomasBuergenthal,Ms.ChristineChanet,LordColville,Ms.ElizabethEvatt,Ms.PilarGaitandePombo,Mr.EckartKlein,Mr.DavidKretzmer,Ms.CeciliaMedinaQuiroga,Mr.FaustoPocar,Mr.MartinScheininandMr.DaniloTrk. * 1!  @ 8  8 #882  H#  +򀀀    ڀMr.MaxwellYaldendidnotparticipateintheadoptionofthedecision,pursuanttorule85oftheCommittee'srulesofprocedure.  m$  #882  H#  Duetoachangeinlaw,theauthor'sappealwasinfacttreatedasanapplicationforjudicialreviewbytheFederalCourtTrialDivisionanddenied.Seefurtherparagraphs4.4and4.5.  m$  #882  H#  Undersection114(2)oftheImmigrationActarefugeeclaimantmayrequestahumanitarianandcompassionatereview,toseewhetherextraordinarycircumstanceswarrantlanding.Thereviewincludesariskassessmentandthetestisoneofdisproportionatehardship.JudicialreviewofanegativedecisionmaybesoughtbeforetheFederalCourtTrialDivision,withleave. o m$  #882  H#  Declaredinadmissibleon18July1988.  m$  #882  H#  MembersareappointedbytheGovernorinCouncilfortermsofuptosevenyearsanddrawnfromallsegmentsofCanadiansociety.Theymayonlyberemovedonlimitedgroundsbyaninquiryprocedurepresidedoverbyajudge,supernumeraryjudgeorformerjudgeoftheFederalCourtofCanada.TheImmigrationandRefugeeBoardoperatesautonomouslyandhasitsownbudget.DecisionoftheRefugeeDivisioncanbeoverturnedinacourtoflaw.  m$  #882  H#  ThefollowingmembersoftheCommitteeparticipatedintheexaminationofthecommunication:Mr.NisukeAndo,Mr.PrafullachandraN.Bhagwati,Ms.ChristineChanet,LordColville,Ms.ElizabethEvatt,Ms.PilarGaitandePombo,Mr.EckartKlein,Mr.DavidKretzmer,Ms.CeciliaMedinaQuiroga,Mr.FaustoPocar,Mr.MartinScheinin,Mr.DaniloTrkandMr.MaxwellYalden.-6X`(-  m$  882   FromtheStateparty'ssubmissionitappearsthattheauthorwasconvictedandsentencedasecondtime,on27November1992,to7yearsofimprisonmentforindecentassaultonminors;athirdtime,on28January1994,to2years'imprisonmentfordrugrelatedoffencesandafourthtime,on8February1994,to4months'imprisonmentforperjury. UK  ? 1!  @ 8  8 882   +  Ӏ    ThefollowingmembersoftheCommitteeparticipatedintheexaminationofthepresentcommunication:Mr.NisukeAndo,Mr.PrafullachandraN.Bhagwati,Mr.ThomasBuergenthal,Ms.ChristineChanet,LordColville,Ms.ElizabethEvatt,Ms.PilarGaitandePombo,Mr.EckartKlein,Mr.DavidKretzmer,Ms.CeciliaMedinaQuiroga,Mr.FaustoPocar,Mr.MartinScheinin,Mr.DaniloTrkandMr.MaxwellYalden. - 1!  @ 8  8 882   +  Ӏ    ThetextofanindividualopinionbyCommitteemembersCeciliaMedinaQuirogaandEckartKleinisappendedtothepresentdocument. r 1!  @ 8  8 882   +  Ӏ    SeeCommittee'sViewsonCommunicationNo.516/1992(Simuneketal.v.CzechRepublic),adopted19July1995,andCommunicationNo.586/1994(Adamv.CzechRepublic),adopted23July1996. 1!  @ 8  8 882   +  Ӏ    TheauthorprovidesthetextofthedecisioninSlovakandanEnglishtranslation.  m$  882   ThefollowingmembersoftheCommitteeparticipatedintheexaminationofthepresentcommunication:Mr.NisukeAndo,Mr.PrafullachandraN.Bhagwati,Mr.ThomasBuergenthal,Ms.ChristineChanet,LordColville,Ms.ElizabethEvatt,Ms.PilarGaitandePombo,Mr.EckartKlein,Mr.DavidKretzmer,Ms.CeciliaMedinaQuiroga,Mr.FaustoPocar,Mr.MartinScheininandMr.DaniloTrk. , 1!  @ 8  8 882   +  Ӏ    Mr.MaxwellYaldendidnotparticipateintheadoptionofthedecision,pursuanttorule85oftheCommittee'srulesofprocedure. M 1!  @ 8  8 882   +  Ӏ    Intheimmigrationcontext,theCourt'sstatedtestforgrantingleaveisthatanapplicantshow"afairlyarguablecase"or"aseriousquestiontobedetermined".  1!  @ 8  8 882   +  Ӏ    TheStatepartyexplainsthatthisisabroaddiscretionaryreviewbyanimmigrationofficertodeterminewhetheraperson'sadmissiontoCanadashouldbefacilitatedforhumanitarianandcompassionatereasons.Awiderangeofcircumstancesmaybetakenintoaccount,includingriskofundulyharshtreatment,conditionsinthecountryconcernedandanynewdevelopments. } m$  882   CommunicationNo.469/1991,Viewsadopted5November1993. | m$  882   CommunicationNo.58/1979,Viewsadoptedon9April1981. i m$  882   Declaredinadmissibleon18July1988. c 1!  @ 8  8 882   +  Ӏ    MembersareappointedbytheGovernorinCouncilfortermsofuptosevenyearsanddrawnfromallsegmentsofCanadiansociety.Theymayonlyberemovedonlimitedgroundsbyaninquiryprocedurepresidedoverbyajudge,supernumeraryjudgeorformerjudgeoftheFederalCourtofCanada.TheImmigrationandRefugeeBoardoperatesautonomouslyandhasitsownbudget.DecisionsoftheRefugeeDivisioncanbeoverturnedinacourtoflaw.  1!  @ 8  8 882   +  Ӏ    Inparticular,theStatepartyquotesfromtheFederalCourt'sdecisioninBaduv.MinisterofEmploymentandImmigration,15February1995,wherethejudgestated:02 .2"ItisanaberrationtosuggestthatMr.Sordzi,whoarrivedinCanadain1968andbecameaCanadiancitizenin1976,cannot,byreasonofancestralwarfareandconflict,carryoutproperly,objectivelyandjudiciallythedutiesandresponsibilitieswhichParliamenthasimposeduponhim."TheCourtconcludedthattheaffidavitssubmittedinevidencewerehighlysubjectiveandprovidednoobjectivecorroborationorsupport. S 1!  @ 8  8 882   +  Ӏ    ThefollowingmembersoftheCommitteeparticipatedintheexaminationofthepresentcommunication:Mr.NisukeAndo,Mr.PrafullachandraN.Bhagwati,Mr.ThomasBuergenthal,Ms.ChristineChanet,LordColville,Ms.ElizabethEvatt,Mr.EckartKlein,Mr.DavidKretzmer,Mr.RajsoomerLallah,Ms.CeciliaMedinaQuiroga,Mr.FaustoPocar,Mr.JulioPradoVallejo,Mr.MartinScheinin,Mr.DaniloTrkandMr.MaxwellYalden. m$  882   Interalia,theCommittee'sViewswithregardtoCommunicationNo.182/1984,ZwaandeVriesv.theNetherlands,adoptedbytheCommitteeon9April1987. C)  @ 8  8 88