WPC 0J!VL.Z`n==7Cط,M $B\:9qʰz=cbet[`~] k^ս$]5V?e8+=_pby+!V.WTH\k1B*tt34rUI@V̵25eTy] sTrNTC==@.>2& :[[/){v\Wҹ$p"WpB**V3 Frq V6kb1ؘ&ߟ[Nkk+N{Qw>`@uszX1s3AYoqLj.j"%SO ~!!BJ #! UN % 0* U>#wa4eyU|.U"0 0FU>!8_ 0F 0cF@F$j!rFF 0D' 1mk 0zR 0]Z 0j B! > D+@ k 0E1! 0Dv# AM#$m% 0Ue' ' 0e(( 0@(-)A/)xp*+,F- . m.+. m-.D. mF. m].t. mv.. m.. m.. m.x.P0 mR0bi0A1@ 3,L4(x5B6789U :98985:m: AQq: 1m:/; 0F;;>UN?O? 0De? D/?o>Y?@ B4 0YQo>Y@  0eUN'UTuuuuuuuuuuuuu 1m 0w69818373final !) ' .A/53/18 (Suppl.18)0ACF .128  HP LaserJet 5MLL0(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularX($TRW 6&A4W 6&A46&A46&A4T+ }}X2XXX7X'X2  UKUS.,  <( 9Z &Courier Regular\^)O%3|x<6X9`(Courier) `CG Times  '+ XQXXXtXXQ  UKUS.,  @kkpM  3  ڀM  (3&$ !TRX6&A43'6&A43'T+ }X_XXX0<XX_  UKUS.,   < 9Z &Courier Regularg:\wpwin\template\draft.wpt(3&$ !TRX6&A43'6&A43'T+ }X_XXX0<XX_  UKUS.,   (;$2 e  0  .3    c:\office\wpwin\template\draft.wpt   $+ XQXXXtXXQ  UKUS.,    *  ڀ  CommentsofYugoslaviaweresubmittedontheconcludingobservations  oftheCommitteepursuanttoarticle9,paragraph2,oftheConventionandarereproducedinannexVIIbelow.c:\office\wpwin\template\draft.wpt     c:\office\wpwin\template\draft.wptc:\office\wpwin\template\draft.wpt($    /$35;CKQYag11.(a)(i)a.(1)(a)i)a)(52$ !TRX6&A43'6&A43'T+ }X_XXX0<XX_  UKUS.,       0  / (:$MM  *  ($2$ !TRX6&A43'6&A43'T+ }X_XXX0<XX_  UKUS.,       0  ڀ d'dxd Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(2 $ !TRX6&A43'6&A43'T+ }X_XXX0<XX_  UKUS.,   ($$   1  $%&#A<< c  %+ XQXXXtXXQ  UKUS.,    1  /  SeeOfficialRecordsoftheInternationalConventiononthe  EliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination,SeventeenthMeetingofStatesParties,Decisions(CERD/SP/59andCorr.1,CERD/SP/59/Add.1,and  CERD/SP/60). c %+ XQXXXtXXQ  UKUS.,    2  /  OfficialRecordsoftheGeneralAssembly,Twenty-seventhSession,  SupplementNo.18(A/8718),chap.IX,sect.B.>a$"Small Circle"0..1, 2, 3,Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 54#,f2Quick 1.+  .0 +2c0Quick 220  7 %+ XQXXXtXXQ  UKUS.,    3  /  Ibid.,FortyMeighthSession,SupplementNo.18(A/46/18), 4 annexIII. n %+ XQXXXtXXQ  UKUS.,    4  /  See Compilationofgeneralcommentsandgeneralrecommendations  adoptedbythehumanrightstreatybodies(HRI/GEN/1/Rev.3). %+ XQXXXtXXQ  UKUS.,    5  /  E/CN.4/1998/64. %+ XQXXXtXXQ  UKUS.,    6  /  E/CN.4/1998/65.c:\office\wpwin\template\draft.wptUUUUUUUU n %+ XQXXXtXXQ  UKUS.,    14  /  OfficialRecordsoftheGeneralAssembly,FiftyMfirstSession, ~, SupplementNo.18(A/51/18),paras.587M627.  U X %+ XQXXXtXXQ  UKUS.,    7  /  OfficialRecordsoftheGeneralAssembly,FortyMthirdSession,  SupplementNo.18(A/43/18),annexIV. 7 %+ XQXXXtXXQ  UKUS.,    8  /  Ibid.,FortyMsixthSession,SupplementNo.18(A/46/18), L annexVIII. 6 %+ XQXXXtXXQ  UKUS.,    9  /  Ibid.,FortyMeighthSession,SupplementNo.18(A/48/18), ! annexIV. " %+ XQXXXtXXQ  UKUS.,    10  /  Ibid.,FortyMninthSession,SupplementNo.18(A/49/18),annexIV.  %+ XQXXXtXXQ  UKUS.,    11  /  Ibid.,FiftiethSession,SupplementNo.18(A/50/18),annexVIII. 8 %+ XQXXXtXXQ  UKUS.,    12  /  Ibid.,FiftyMsecondSession,SupplementNo.18(A/52/18), ' annexIII.  %+ XQXXXtXXQ  UKUS.,    13  /  Forthefinalreport,seeOfficialRecordsofthe d) GeneralAssembly,FiftyMsecondSession,SupplementNo.23(A/52/23(PartI), ** paras.85and93M94).g:\wpwin\template\draft.wpt<6X9`("Courier 12cpig:\wpwin\template\draft.wptg:\wpwin\template\draft.wptUV%Z[C<< C# e37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3&$ !TRX6&A43'6&A43'T+ }X_XXX0<XX_  UKUS.,   ݁Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 59 Z6Times New Roman Regular   ($$   1  ^^' dxdWPC  9513 ,, XF}G"?!   ?  ? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?? ? ? ? ? >? ?0 0 0  ??? ?        ?  ? ?   ? ??      ?8 ? ~   ??? ? ??? ? ? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ? ? ?? ??? ?0? x??????~??<???????????? ? ???8x???? ??????x  ?x ?   ?@ #? # #??>???????????? ?????`?`?  ?~??????????????????B8<BpC???C???C??B?B?`B??B??B???B??B???C???B???C??C??C*?C?G?C?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? p?>? <~p??>>x??>?8??<>8??<~??8?8???? ??? ?? ?? > <?   |? ??  x? ?? p?? ??? ?? `?? ?????????????????        ?   ?   ?   ? ?   ?       ?   ? p?#@x?#/?#??>?>?~?????????@ ????? ????????????????? ??? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??   ? ?  ? ?? 8? >???   ? ?  ? `?  `?  p?  p? 0? p?? x? p? ? 0?.??? 0? 0?? 0x  x ? x ?8 ?8 ?<  <   '  -  -?  -?=  ?0?  ?0?? -?`x?? #p? #` ? ? -?-?!? !?? ?! ??? ??  ?    ?~? ?~????? 0? ?  ? ?? >?? <? 8? ? ? ?@ `   ?x   ~  8  ? ??????????????? ?? ? ???? p?? ??`?< >? ?0~ 0?  ? ? ??? ???????????????? ?  ?? ?????`??? ?? ? ? ?? ?? ???? ?   ??   ?   ?  ?  ? ?   ??  ? ?   ~        ? ??  >   ?   ??       8  `  ?? ???   ?  ?    ?p    ?   ?     ?  ?   ?   ??    ?   ?? ?   ?    8 ?  _   ?               ?  ? @  ? ?  8 ~  ?  ?  ?    ?   ? ?  ??  ?   ?       ???? ?       ?? ? ?       ?? (G\UNLOGO1.WPG d(1$XF F UKUK.,WPC  9513 ,, XF}G"?!   ?  ? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?? ? ? ? ? >? ?0 0 0  ??? ?        ?  ? ?   ? ??      ?8 ? ~   ??? ? ??? ? ? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ? ? ?? ??? ?0? x??????~??<???????????? ? ???8x???? ??????x  ?x ?   ?@ #? # #??>???????????? ?????`?`?  ?~??????????????????B8<BpC???C???C??B?B?`B??B??B???B??B???C???B???C??C??C*?C?G?C?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? p?>? <~p??>>x??>?8??<>8??<~??8?8???? ??? ?? ?? > <?   |? ??  x? ?? p?? ??? ?? `?? ?????????????????        ?   ?   ?   ? ?   ?       ?   ? p?#@x?#/?#??>?>?~?????????@ ????? ????????????????? ??? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??   ? ?  ? ?? 8? >???   ? ?  ? `?  `?  p?  p? 0? p?? x? p? ? 0?.??? 0? 0?? 0x  x ? x ?8 ?8 ?<  <   '  -  -?  -?=  ?0?  ?0?? -?`x?? #p? #` ? ? -?-?!? !?? ?! ??? ??  ?    ?~? ?~????? 0? ?  ? ?? >?? <? 8? ? ? ?@ `   ?x   ~  8  ? ??????????????? ?? ? ???? p?? ??`?< >? ?0~ 0?  ? ? ??? ???????????????? ?  ?? ?????`??? ?? ? ? ?? ?? ???? ?   ??   ?   ?  ?  ? ?   ??  ? ?   ~        ? ??  >   ?   ??       8  `  ?? ???   ?  ?    ?p    ?   ?     ?  ?   ?   ??    ?   ?? ?   ?    8 ?  _   ?               ?  ? @  ? ?  8 ~  ?  ?  ?    ?   ? ?  ??  ?   ?       ???? ?       ?? ? ?       ?? (G`UNLOGO1.WPGd  V"UKUS.,  .. ,{g!+n S{E!"'m)+/16389^;C@ACX{ KXXgKK  9826441201098  hXgKhXXXh*9826441*gXXXhXgKXgX _&XXnXXXUKUS.,  <>N9826441E<>  <>A/53/18(Suppl)<><><>A, B,Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 54#*&2Quick A.e  .0 e9 Z6Times New Roman Regular`#<Bar 4.62cpi Code 3 of 9 BC' e37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)(O$0  2 e  a  .3  0` (#(# !TRX6&A43'6&A43'T+ }X_XXX0<XX_  UKUS.,   b+R 0<0<}!!E#A/53/18']RB>z 8 X ` @ H@ELOOLO߈ R     3 0<#3 38# 3 UnitedNations   # fa Q##_ddd x y fa#x y y x# x y yxReportofthe j  CommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscrimination# fa y x#  fa#3 a# 3GeneralAssembly   # fa # p fa# p># pOfficialRecords# fa p##0< fa# fa0< p fa# pk# pԀFiftythirdSession  SupplementNo.18(A/53/18)   # fa p##0< fa# fa0<  MA/53/18       AM  oReportofthe    CommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscrimination# o  #  o# # GeneralAssemblyM  OfficialRecords# o # x7 o#ײ x7# x7ײ# o x7q #  o#  # ԀFiftythirdSession  SupplementNo.18(A/53/18)**)'aO?;z (  ` @ H@E*FF*F--++)UnitedNations# o  # x7 o#ײ x7; # x7ײ# o x7 #  o#  # ԀNewYork,1998 -+    .,  }# o  ##t oK # ot$RlX$#d_d  @)pNote  6+b  SymbolsofUnitedNationsdocumentsarecomposedofcapitalletterscombinedwithfigures.MentionofsuchasymbolindicatesareferencetoaUnitedNationsdocument.,,*e @#ISSN0252-1261  o-+ +6 b #t o #tt  ))1#[Original:English/French] , ))1#[10September1998]@'pCONTENTS$+M !n#R^$Chapteruu<#ParagraphsPage    M Letteroftransmittal!.& # #Jn#7  j 0+2M (n#+M !n#0jj 2I. M Organizationalandrelatedmatters(.3  115 # #Jn#9 "   222 M A. StatespartiestotheInternational    222 M  ConventionontheEliminationof t H  222 M  AllFormsofRacialDiscrimination(.??7  12 # #Jn#9 :  222 M B. Sessionsandagendas(.)  34 # #Jn#9   222 M C. Membershipandattendance(..  57 # #Jn#9 R&  222 M D. OfficersoftheCommittee(..  8""In#10  222 M E. CooperationwiththeInternationalLabour j> 222 M  OrganizationandtheUnitedNations 0 222 M  Educational,ScientificandCultural  222 M  Organization(.!  910""In#11  222 M F. Othermatters(.  "  1114""In#11 H 222 M  Decisionsregardingorganizational  222 M  mattersadoptedbytheCommitteeat n 222 M  itsfiftyMthirdsession(.,  ""In#12 `4 222 M  Decision7(53)(.$  ""In#12   222 M  Decision8(53)(.$  ""In#12 xL" 222 M G. Adoptionofthereport(.+  15""In#13  $  2II. M Preventionofracialdiscrimination,including !d& 222 M earlywarningandurgentprocedures(.4  1622""In#14 V"*' 222 M A. DecisionsadoptedbytheCommitteeatits #) 222 M  fiftysecondsession(.)  ""In#15 $| * 222 M  Decision1(52)ontheDemocraticRepublic 4&", 222 M  oftheCongo(.!  ""In#15 &"- 222 M  Decision2(52)onPapuaNewGuinea(.8  ""In#16 (Z$/ 222 M  Decision3(52)onBosniaandHerzegovina(.__?  ""In#16 *%1 222 M  Decision4(52)onRwanda(..  ""In#17 +r'3   *-(5 @!pCONTENTS(continued) , Chapteruu<#ParagraphsPage  222 M B. DecisionsadoptedbytheCommitteeatits D 222 M  fiftythirdsession(.cc(  ""In#18   222 M  Decision1(53)onAustralia(.KK2  ""In#18  j 222 M  Decision2(53)ontheCzechRepublic(.kk:  ""In#18 "   222222 M  Decision3(53)ontheFederalRepublic    222 M  ofYugoslavia(.  "  ""In#19 t H  222 M  Decision4(53)ontheDemocraticRepublic   222 M  oftheCongo(.!  ""In#20   222 M  Decision5(53)onRwanda(..  ""In#21 R&  222 M  Decision6(53)onBosniaandHerzegovina(.>  ""In#23   2III. M Considerationofreports,commentsand j> 222 M informationsubmittedbyStatesparties 0 222 M underarticle9oftheConvention(.112  23480""In#25  222 M RussianFederation(.UU#  2451""In#25 V 222 M Switzerland(.   5267""In#28 H 222 M Israel(.5 5   6893""In#30  222 M Netherlands(.   94110""In#33  222 M CzechRepublic(.   111138""In#35 n 222 M Ukraine(.   139157""In#39 `4 222 M SaintLucia(.   158160""In#42 & 222 M Lebanon(.   161189""In#42   222 M Yugoslavia(.5 5   190214""In#45 ! 222 M Armenia(.   215234""In#49 xL" 222 M LibyanArabJamahiriya(.'  235254""In#51 ># 222 M Cameroon(.m m   255280""In#53  $ 222 M Cambodia(.m m 0  281305""In#55 %## 222 M Croatia(.   306329""In#59 !d& 222 M Cyprus(.   330346""In#62 V"*' 222 M Cuba(.   347360""In#64 #( 222 M Haiti(.A A 0  361366""In#66#)## 222 M Gabon(.A A   367387""In#67 $| * 222 M Jordan(.   388399""In#69 n%B!+ 222 M Morocco(.   400420""In#70 4&", 222 M Nepal(.A A   421444""In#73 &"- 222 M Niger(.A A   445464""In#75 '#. 222 M Tonga(.A A   465480""In#78 (Z$/   *%1 @!pCONTENTS(continued) , Chapteruu<#ParagraphsPage   2IV. M Considerationofcommunicationsunder D 222 M article14oftheConvention(.==-  481485""In#80   jj 2V. M Considerationofcopiesofpetitions,  j 222 M copiesofreportsandotherinformation \ 0 222 M relatingtoTrustandNonSelfGoverning "   222 M Territoriesandtoallotherterritoriesto    222 M whichGeneralAssemblyresolution1514(XV)    222 M applies,inconformitywitharticle15 t H  222 M oftheConvention(."  486493""In#81 :   2VI. M ActionbytheGeneralAssemblyatits   222 M fiftyMsecondsession(.((%  494501""In#83 `  222 M A.AnnualreportsubmittedbytheCommittee   222 M  ontheEliminationofRacial  222 M  Discriminationunderarticle9, x 222 M  paragraph2,oftheConvention(.3  496M497""In#83 j> 222 M B. Effectiveimplementationofinternational  222 M  instrumentsonhumanrights,including  222 M  reportingobligationsunderinternational V 222 M  instrumentsonhumanrights(.0  498M501""In#84 H  2VII. M SubmissionofreportsbyStatesparties  222 M underarticle9oftheConvention(.112  502503""In#85 n 222 M A. ReportsreceivedbytheCommittee(.6  502""In#85 & 222 M B. ReportsnotyetreceivedbytheCommittee(.>  503""In#87 ! >> 2VIII. M ThirdDecadetoCombatRacismandRacial ># 222 M Discrimination(.   504514""In#98  $ 222 M Decision9(53)(.))   B"B"Hn#100 !d&  2IX. M Overviewofthemethodsofworkofthe #( 222 M Committee(.   515B"B"Hn#102 #)   $| * @!pCONTENTS(continued) , %"%"H#Page  @(pAnnexes ~R 3+2M !n#+2M (n#3jj 2I. M StatusoftheConvention!.)B"B"Hn#103   222 M A. StatespartiestotheInternationalConvention  j 222 M  ontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacial \ 0 222 M  Discrimination(150),asat21August1998!.__?B"B"Hn#103 "   222 M B. Statespartiesthathavemadethedeclaration    222 M  underarticle14,paragraph1,ofthe t H  222 M  Convention(25),asat21August1998!.kk:B"B"Hn#107 :  222 M C. Statespartiesthathaveacceptedtheamendments   222 M  totheConventionadoptedattheFourteenth `  222 M  MeetingofStatesParties(24),asat21August1998!.GGIB"B"Hn#108 R&   2II. M AgendasofthefiftyMsecondandfiftyMthirdsessions!.EB"B"Hn#109  222 M A. Fiftysecondsession!.)B"B"Hn#109 j> 222 M B. Fiftythirdsession!.cc(B"B"Hn#109   2III. M DecisionoftheCommitteeontheEliminationof V 222 M RacialDiscriminationunderarticle14ofthe H 222 M InternationalConventionontheEliminationof  222 M AllFormsofRacialDiscrimination!.3B"B"Hn#111   2IV. M DocumentsreceivedbytheCommitteeatits `4 222 M fiftysecondandfiftythirdsessionsin & 222 M conformitywitharticle15oftheConvention!.}}=B"B"Hn#118   jj 2V. M Countryrapporteurs!.$B"B"Hn#119 xL" 222 M A. Countryrapporteursforreportsconsidered  $ 222 M  bytheCommitteeatitsfiftysecond  % 222 M  andfiftythirdsessions!.WW-B"B"Hn#119 !d& 222 M B. CountryrapporteurforStatepartywhich #( 222 M  hasnotyetfiledaninitialreportand #) 222 M  whichwasconsideredbytheCommitteeat $| * 222 M  itsfiftyMsecondandfiftyMthirdsessions!.>B"B"Hn#121 n%B!+  2VI. M Listofdocumentsissuedforthefiftysecondand &"- 222 M fiftythirdsessionsoftheCommittee!.6B"B"Hn#122 '#.  2VII. M LetteraddressedtotheChairmanoftheCommittee L) %0 222 M ontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationfromthe *%1 222 M headofthedelegationofYugoslaviaconcerningthe *&2 222 M concludingobservationsadoptedbytheCommitteeonthe +r'3 222 M eleventhtofourteenthperiodicreportsofYugoslavia!.FB"B"Hn#126  d,8(4 ' +{X+2M !n#'@VV!pLetteroftransmittal ,   21August1998QSir,  Inrecentyears,theChairmanoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscrimination,whensubmittingtoyoutheannualreportsoftheCommittee,hasregularlystressedtheimportanceofinternationalactiontopreventescalationofethnicandracialconflicts.Theeventsofthepastyearleadme,onceagain,todrawtoyourattentionthevalueofpreventiveactionbeforetensionsaretransformedintoarmedconflicts.ChapterIIofthisreportcontainsanaccountofourcontributiontothepreventiveprocess.  ChapterIshowsthat,asaresultofthe1998election,theCommitteenolongerincludesanymemberswhoarenationalsofStatesinsub-SaharanAfrica.ItistobehopedthatyouwilldrawtheattentionofStatestoarticle8,paragraph1,oftheConvention,whichstipulatesthatconsiderationshouldbegiventoequitablegeographicaldistribution.  Inthepresentreport,theCommitteehasindicateditsviewsthatitshouldmeetperiodicallyatUnitedNationsHeadquartersinNewYork,inaccordancewitharticle10,paragraph4,oftheConvention.AsignificantnumberofStatespartiestotheConvention,virtuallyallfromdevelopingcountries,lackdiplomaticrepresentationinGenevabuthavepermanentmissionsinNewYork.OurexperiencehasdemonstratedthatmanyoftheseStatesarefrequentlyunabletosendrepresentativestoGenevatopresentreportssubmittedtotheCommittee.ChapterIcontainsadecisionrecommendingtheconveningofperiodicmeetingsinNewYork,andanotherdecisionrecommendingthatthedurationofoneofourannualsessionsbeextended.  ChapterIIIsetsouttheCommitteesobservationsonthereportsof21StatesandourreviewsoftheimplementationoftheConventioninStateswhosereportsareseriouslyoverdue.ChapterV,onNon-Self-GoverningTerritories,takesuparesponsibilityoftheCommitteewhichwehavenotbeenabletodischargesoeffectivelysincealloursessionsweretransferredtoGenevain1987.  InchapterVIII,theCommitteehasindicateditsinitialsuggestionsfortheagendafortheWorldConferenceagainstRacism,RacialDiscrimination,XenophobiaandRelatedIntolerance,aswellasideastheWorldConferencemaytakeintoconsiderationinanydeclarationandprogrammeofactionitmaydecidetoadopt.HisExcellencyMr.KofiAnnanSecretaryMGeneraloftheUnitedNations +r'3 NewYork  d,8(4   Article10oftheConventionstates,inparagraph3,thatthesecretariatoftheCommitteeshallbeprovidedbytheSecretary-GeneraloftheUnitedNations.Yourpredecessorsprovidedanadequatesecretariat.Thisisnolongerthecase.Ourworkloadincreases,buttheresourcesforassistingourworkdecline.Weareabletodischargeourobligationsonlybecauseoutsidepartiesfundtheemploymentofadditionalpersonnel.Thissituationisunfavourabletotheeffectiveperformanceofourwork.  Accept,Sir,theassurancesofmyhighestconsideration.yy%#(Signed)Mahmoud Aboul-Nasr 󣀀    aa/#Chairmanaa/#CommitteeontheEliminationaa/#ofRacialDiscrimination    @'pChapterI , @ pOrganizationalandrelatedmatters     A.StatespartiestotheInternationalConventiononthe D    󀀀EliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination   $++X*X+{X$1.  Asat21August1998,theclosingdateofthefifty-thirdsessionofthe  j CommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscrimination,therewere150StatespartiestotheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination,whichwasadoptedbytheGeneralAssemblyinresolution2106A(XX)of21December1965andopenedforsignatureandratificationinNewYorkon7March1966.TheConventionenteredintoforceon4January1969inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofitsarticle19.2.  Bytheclosingdateofthefifty-thirdsession,25ofthe150States   partiestotheConventionhadmadethedeclarationenvisagedinarticle14,paragraph1,oftheConvention.Article14oftheConventionenteredintoforceon3December1982,followingthedepositwiththeSecretary-GeneralofthetenthdeclarationrecognizingthecompetenceoftheCommitteetoreceiveandconsidercommunicationsfromindividualsorgroupsofindividualswhoclaimtobevictimsofaviolationbytheStatepartyconcernedofanyoftherightssetforthintheConvention.ListsofStatespartiestotheConventionandofthosethathavemadethedeclarationunderarticle14arecontainedinannexItothepresentreport,asisalistofthe24StatespartiesthathaveacceptedtheamendmentstotheConventionadoptedattheFourteenthMeetingofStatesParties,asat21August1998.@pB.Sessionsandagendas  3.  TheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationheldtwo `4 regularsessionsin1998.Thefifty-second(1245th-1274thmeetings)andfifty-third(1275th-1303rdmeetings)sessionswereheldattheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom2to20Marchandfrom3to21August1998,respectively.4.  Theagendasofthefifty-secondandfifty-thirdsessions,asadoptedby  $ theCommittee,arereproducedinannexII.@pC.Membershipandattendance V"*' 5.  Inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofarticle8oftheConvention,the #) StatesPartiesheldtheirseventeenthmeetingatUnitedNationsHeadquarterson14January1998 (   1  /    ףandelectedninemembersoftheCommitteefromamongthe n%B!+ candidatesnominatedtoreplacethosewhosetermofofficewasduetoexpireon19January1998.6.  ThemembersoftheCommitteefor1998-2000,includingthoseelectedor (Z$/ re-electedon14January1998,arethefollowing:  *%1 ' ++++X*X'Nameofmember  Countryofnationality  Termexpires ,     on19January  $ ++ ++ $Mr.Mahmoud Aboul-Nasr **  Egypt  2002  Mr.MichaelParker Banton **  UnitedKingdomofGreatBritain  2002 D   andNorthernIrelandMr.Theodoor vanBoven   Netherlands  2000 3  Mr.Ion Diaconu   Romania  2000 \ 0  Mr.Eduardo FerreroCosta   Peru  2000  Y  Mr.Ivan Garvalov   Bulgaria  2000   Mr.Rgis deGouttes **  France  2002   Mr.Carlos LechugaHevia **  Cuba  2002   Ms.Gay McDougall *0  UnitedStatesofAmerica0 ##2002)  # # Mr.Peter Nobel *0  Sweden0 ##2002R&  # # Mr.YuriA. Rechetov   RussianFederation  2000 {O Mrs.Shanti SadiqAli   India  2000 x Mr.Agha Shahi **  Pakistan  2002  Mr.MichaelE. Sherifis **  Cyprus  2002  Mr.Luis ValenciaRodriquez   Ecuador  2000   Mr.Rdiger Wolfrum **  Germany  2002 H" Mr.MarioJorge Yutzis   Argentina  2000 qE$ Ms. Zou Deci  China  2000 n& '++X*X++t'7.  AllthemembersoftheCommitteeattendedthefifty-secondsession,with &( theexceptionofMessrs.FerreroCostaandWolfrum.Allthemembersattendedthefifty-thirdsession,withtheexceptionofMr.FerreroCosta.Mr.Wolfrumattendedthelasttwoweeksofthesession.@pD.OfficersoftheCommittee  - 8.Atits1245thmeeting(fifty-secondsession),on2March1998,theCommitteeelectedthefollowingofficersforatermoftwoyears(1998-2000),inaccordancewitharticle10,paragraph2,oftheConvention:tt  Chairman: 3   Mr.Mahmoud AboulMNasr  $| 3   Vice-Chairmen:  Mr.Ion Diaconu  %!5     3   Mr.MichaelE. Sherifis  &k"6     3   Mr.MarioJorge Yutzis  ]'1#7   Rapporteur: 3   Mr.MichaelParker Banton  (Z$9 #tteu#򀀀 *%;   *Electedon14January1998.̀**ReMelectedon14January1998.  *-(?   E.CooperationwiththeInternationalLabourOrganization ,   󀀀andtheUnitedNationsEducational,Scientificand     CulturalOrganization  9.  InaccordancewithCommitteedecision2(VI)of21August1972 D concerningcooperationwiththeInternationalLabourOrganization(ILO)andtheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization(UNESCO), )   2  /    ׀bothorganizationswereinvitedtoattendthesessionsofthe  j Committee.10.  ReportsoftheILOCommitteeofExpertsontheApplicationof    ConventionsandRecommendations,submittedtotheInternationalLabourConference,weremadeavailabletothemembersoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscrimination,inaccordancewitharrangementsforcooperationbetweenthetwoCommittees.TheCommitteetooknotewithappreciationofthereportsoftheCommitteeofExperts,inparticularofthosesectionswhichdealtwiththeapplicationoftheDiscrimination(EmploymentandOccupation)Convention,1958(No.111)andtheIndigenousandTribalPeoplesConvention,1989(No.169),aswellasotherinformationinthereportsrelevanttoitsactivities.@#pF.Othermatters j> 11.  Atthe1245thmeeting,on2March1998,UnitedNationsDeputy  HighCommissionerforHumanRights,openedthefifty-secondsessionoftheCommittee,andaddressed,interalia,theCommitteesroleintheforthcoming V WorldConferenceagainstRacism,RacialDiscrimination,XenophobiaandRelatedIntolerance,cooperationbetweentheCommitteeandtheOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights,aswellascooperationbetweentheCommitteeandotherentitiesoftheUnitedNations,suchastheSub-CommissiononPreventionofDiscriminationandProtectionofMinoritiesoftheCommissiononHumanRights.TheDeputyHighCommissioneralsoindicatedhowtherestructuringoftheOfficeoftheHighCommissionerwouldaffecttheservicingoftheCommittee(seeCERD/C/SR.1245).12.  Atits1262ndmeeting(fifty-secondsession),on12March1998,the ># UnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRightsaddressedtheCommitteeandindicatedherawarenessoftheneedtoprovidethebestpossiblesupportforhumanrightsmechanismsandtreatybodies.TheHighCommissioneralsostated,interalia,herintentiontobeverysupportiveoftheCommitteesinitiatives V"*' onearlywarningandurgentproceduresandtheimportanceoftakingabalancedapproachtocriticalissuesinvariouscountries.ShealsonotedthespecializedexpertiseavailableintheCommitteeandthevalueoftheCommitteeswork,whichhadbeenunderscoredbyissuesraisedattheseminarontheroleoftheInternetwithregardtotheprovisionsoftheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination(seeϢCERD/C/SR.1262).̛13.  TheHighCommissioneralsoaddressedtheCommitteeatits1287thmeeting L) %0 (fiftyMthirdsession),on11August1998.Shenotedwithinterestthe *%1 Committee'srequesttomeetperiodicallyinNewYork.Inaddition,theHighCommissionerwelcomedtheCommittee'sinterestinassistinginthepreparationsfortheWorldConferenceagainstRacism,RacialDiscrimination,XenophobiaandRelatedIntoleranceandinparticipatingintheWorld *-(5 Conferenceitself.Shealsowelcomedthecompletionofthejointworkingpaperonarticle7oftheConvention,undertakenbytwomembersoftheCommittee,Mr.IvanGarvalovandMrs.ShantiSadiqAli,andtwomembersoftheSubMCommissiononPreventionofDiscriminationandProtectionofMinorities, ~R Mr.JosBengoaandMr.MustafaMehedi.ShefurtherstatedthatshelookedforwardtohavinganongoingdialoguewiththeCommittee(seeCERD/C/SR.1287).14.  Atits1299thmeeting(fiftyMthirdsession),on19August1998,the  j МCommittee,afterhavingbeeninformedoftheSecretaryMGeneral'sestimateof \ 0 thefinancialimplications,adopteddecision7(53),inwhichitrequestedthatitssummersessionattheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevabeextendedbyfiveworkingdays.Furthermore,atthesamemeeting,theCommittee,afterhavingbeeninformedoftheSecretaryMGeneral'sestimateofthefinancial t H  implications,adopteddecision8(53),inwhichitrequestedthatitswintersessionsbeheldonanannualbasisatUnitedNationsHeadquartersinNewYork.@  pDecisionsregardingorganizationalmattersadoptedby R&  @ ptheCommitteeatitsfiftyMthirdsession   @$p Decision7(53)  x   TheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscrimination,wishingtokeepabreastofitsincreasingworkloadandtorespondadequatelytothecurrentdiscussionsonthereportingprocess,andhavingnotedtheϜSecretaryMGeneral'sestimateofthefinancialimplications,decidesthatitis V necessarytoextendoneofitssessionsbyfiveworkingdays.ItthereforerequeststheSecretaryMGeneraltotakeappropriatestepsforthe  implementationofthisdecision.==>#1299thmeeting `4 ==>#19August1998 & @$p Decision8(53)  !   TheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscrimination, >#   Recallingthatarticle10,paragraph4,oftheInternationalConvention  % ontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscriminationprovidesthattheϜmeetingsoftheCommitteeshallnormallybeheldatUnitedNationsHeadquarters,  RealizingthatsomeStatesparties,especiallydevelopingcountriesin $| * Africa,AsiaandLatinAmerica,maintaindiplomaticmissionsinNewYorkbutnotatGeneva,andthatsomeoftheseStatesencounterfinancialandotherdifficultiesinattendingthemeetingsoftheCommitteewhentheirreportsaretobeexaminedatGeneva,  RealizingfurtherthatthoseStateshavedifficultyinengagingina L) %0 dialoguewiththeCommittee,  NotingthatmeetingsofothertreatybodiesareheldbothatGenevaand +r'3 inNewYork, *-(5   RecognizingthatwhenmanyofthoseStatesratifiedtheConvention,the , CommitteemetregularlyinNewYork,  HavingnotedtheSecretaryMGeneral'sestimateoffinancialimplications, ~R   1. Decidesthat,inordertodischargeitsresponsibilitiesunderthe   Convention,itwillholditswintersessionsatUnitedNationsHeadquartersinNewYorkanditssummersessionsattheUnitedNationsOfficeatGeneva;  2. RequeststheSecretaryMGeneraltotakethenecessarymeasuresfor "   theimplementationofthepresentdecision.==>#1299thmeeting t H  ==>#19August1998@\\pG.Adoptionofthereport   15.  Atits1303rdmeeting,on21August1998,theCommitteeadoptedits R&  annualreporttotheGeneralAssembly.̜   Л@||&pChapterII , @t t pPreventionofracialdiscrimination,including  М@ pearlywarningandurgentprocedures ~R   Ӏ  16.  TheCommitteedecidedatitsfortyfirstsessiontoestablishasoneof   itsregularandprincipalagendaitemstheitemonpreventionofracialdiscrimination,includingearlywarningandurgentprocedures.17.  Atitsfortysecondsession(1993),theCommitteenotedtheconclusion "   adoptedbythefourthmeetingofpersonschairingthehumanrightstreatybodiesthat:0  ...thetreatybodieshaveanimportantroleinseekingtopreventaswellastorespondtohumanrightsviolations.Itisthusappropriateforeachtreatybodytoundertakeanurgentexaminationofallpossiblemeasuresthatitmighttake,withinitscompetence,bothtopreventhumanrightsviolationsfromoccurringandtomonitormorecloselyemergencysituationsofallkindsarisingwithinthejurisdictionofStatesparties.Whereproceduralinnovationsarerequiredforthispurpose,theyshouldbeconsideredassoonaspossible.(A/47/628,para.44) ## 18.  Asaresultofitsdiscussionofthatconclusionofthemeetingof  chairpersons,theCommittee,atits979thmeeting,on17March1993,adoptedaworkingpapertoguideitinitsfutureworkconcerningpossiblemeasurestoprevent,aswellasmoreeffectivelyrespondto,violationsoftheConvention. 0   3  /    ׀TheCommitteenotedinitsworkingpaperthateffortsto  preventseriousviolationsoftheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscriminationwouldincludethefollowing:  (a) Earlywarningmeasures:thesewouldbeaimedataddressing & existingproblemssoastopreventthemfromescalatingintoconflictsandwouldalsoincludeconfidenceMbuildingmeasurestoidentifyandsupport ! structurestostrengthenracialtoleranceandsolidifypeaceinordertopreventarelapseintoconflictinsituationswhereithasoccurred.Inthatconnection,criteriaforearlywarningcouldincludesomeofthefollowingconcerns:thelackofanadequatelegislativebasisfordefiningandϜcriminalizingallformsofracialdiscrimination,asprovidedforintheConvention;inadequateimplementationofenforcementmechanisms,includingthelackofrecourseprocedures;thepresenceofapatternofescalatingracialhatredandviolence,orracistpropagandaorappealstoracialintolerancebypersons,groupsororganizations,notablybyelectedorotherofficials;asignificantpatternofracialdiscriminationevidencedinsocialandeconomicindicators;andsignificantflowsofrefugeesordisplacedpersonsresultingfromapatternofracialdiscriminationorencroachmentonthelandsofminoritycommunities;  (b) Urgentprocedures:thesewouldaimatrespondingtoproblems L) %0 requiringimmediateattentiontopreventorlimitthescaleornumberofseriousviolationsoftheConvention.Possiblecriteriaforinitiatinganurgentprocedurecouldincludeaserious,massiveorpersistentpatternofracialdiscrimination;oraserioussituationinwhichthereisariskoffurtherracialdiscrimination. *-(5 Ї19.  Atits1028thand1029thmeetings,on10March1994,theCommittee , consideredpossibleamendmentstoitsrulesofprocedurewhichwouldtakeintoaccounttheworkingpaperithadadoptedin1993onthepreventionofracialdiscrimination,includingearlywarningandurgentprocedures.Duringthediscussionswhichfollowed,theviewwasexpressedthatitwastooearlytomakechangesintherulesofprocedureinordertotakeaccountofproceduresadoptedonlyveryrecently.TherewasariskthattheCommitteemightbelockingitselfintoruleswhichwouldsoonnolongerfititsneeds.ItwouldthereforebebetterfortheCommitteetohavemoreexperiencewiththeproceduresinquestionandtoamenditsrulesatalaterpointonthebasisofthatexperience.Atits1039thmeeting,on17March1994,theCommitteedecidedtopostponetoalatersessionfurtherconsiderationofproposalstoamenditsrulesofprocedure.20.  Thefollowingsectionsdescribedecisionsadoptedandfurtheraction   takenbytheCommitteeatitsfiftysecondandfiftythirdsessionswithintheframeworkofitseffortstopreventracialdiscrimination.AtearliersessionstheCommitteehadconsideredunderthisagendaitemthesituationinAlgeria,BosniaandHerzegovina,Burundi,Croatia,Cyprus,theDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo,Israel,Liberia,Mexico,PapuaNewGuinea,theRussianFederation,Rwanda,theformerYugoslavRepublicofMacedoniaandYugoslavia.21.  Atitsfiftysecondsession,theCommitteeconsideredthesituationin  BosniaandHerzegovina,theDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo,PapuaNewGuineaandRwandaandadoptedthedecisionssetoutbelow.@ pA.DecisionsadoptedbytheCommitteeatitsfiftysecondsession    Decision1(52)ontheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo n R1.  Initsdecision3(51)theCommitteeexpresseditsalarmoverreportsof & massacresandothergravehumanrightsviolations,includingviolationoftheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination,intheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo.2.  TheCommitteediscussedthecurrentsituationatits1233rdmeeting.It  $ regrettedthattheStatepartyhadnotaccepteditsinvitationtoattendandfurnishuptodateinformation.3.  TheCommitteeemphasizestheimportanceofcontinuingwith #( UnitedNationsinvestigationsintothesereportsinordertoidentifythepersonsresponsibleforviolations,particularlythoseassociatedwithethnicdifferences,andtoholdthemaccountable.4.  TheCommitteerecommendstheextensionofthemandateofthe &"- InternationalCriminalTribunalinArushatoincludejurisdictionoverwarcrimesandcrimesagainsthumanitycommittedduringthewarintheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo.5.  TheCommitteerecommendsthat,asapriority,theGovernmentbeassisted *&2 increatinganindependentCongolesejudiciary.  d,8(4 6.  TheCommitteerequeststhatcopiesofthisdecisionbetransmittedto ,  relevantUnitedNationsbodiesandagenciesandtotheOrganizationofAfricanUnity. ==>#1271stmeeting D ?#19March1998   @ pDecision2(52)onPapuaNewGuinea  | 1.  Atits1249thmeetingon4March1998(seeCERD/C/SR.1249),the 4   CommitteereviewedagaintheimplementationoftheConventionbyϜPapuaNewGuinea,undertheagendaitemonpreventionofracialdiscrimination.2.  DespitetheCommittee'srepeatedrequests,PapuaNewGuineahasnot   resumeditsdialoguewiththeCommittee.IthassubmittedneitheritsperiodicreportnortheadditionalinformationrequestedaboutthesituationinBougainville.3.  TheCommitteehasnotbeeninformedofwhethertherehavebeenany  furthercontactsbetweentheStatepartyandtherepresentativeoftheSecretaryMGeneral. |P 4.  TheCommitteereiteratesitsdecision4(51)of21August1997on  PapuaNewGuinea.5.  TheCommitteeonceagainrequeststheStatepartytosubmititsreport Z. underarticle9,paragraph1,oftheConvention,aswellastosupplyinformationspecificallyonthesituationinBougainville.6.  TheCommitteeonceagaininvitestheStatepartytoavailitselfofthe rF technicalassistanceofferedundertheadvisoryservicesandtechnicalassistanceprogrammeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRightswithaviewtodrawingupandsubmittingitsreportandspecificinformation.7.  TheCommitteedecidesthat,intheabsenceofanyindicationonthepart P$# oftheStatepartythatitwillcomplywithitsobligationunderarticle9,paragraph1,oftheConvention,itwillconsiderimplementationoftheConventioninPapuaNewGuineaatits53rdsessioninAugust1998,underitspreventionofdiscriminationprocedure.==>#1271stmeeting #) ?#19March1998@n n pDecision3(52)onBosniaandHerzegovina1.  TheCommittee,referringtoitsdecisions2(47)of17August1995 '#. Мand1(48)of13March1996onBosniaandHerzegovina,reiteratesitsreadinessandoffertocontributetotheimplementationoftheGeneralFrameworkAgreementforPeaceinBosniaandHerzegovinadrawnupatDaytonandsignedinParison14December1995,havingregardfortheobjectivesoftheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination. <-)5 2.  TheCommitteereMexaminedthesituationinBosniaandHerzegovinaunder , theearlywarningandurgentprocedureandnotedtheabsenceofadelegationfromBosniaandHerzegovinaatitsfiftyMsecondsession.  3.  TheCommitteedecidedtokeepBosniaandHerzegovinaonthelistof D countriessubjecttotheurgentprocedureandtosendalettertotheauthoritiesofBosniaandHerzegovinatoinformthemthattheCommitteewillexaminethesituationoftheircountryatitsfiftyMthirdsession,in  j August1998,andthatitwishestomeetadelegationfromthecountryatthattime.4.  TheCommitteeexpressesthedesiretogatherupMtoMdateinformation    urgentlyonthesituationinBosniaandHerzegovinabyhearingfromtherepresentativesoftheSecretaryMGeneralandissuinganinvitationtothe :  SpecialRapporteuroftheCommissiononHumanRightsfortheformerYugoslavia.5.  TheCommitteereaffirmsitswishtokeepthesituationinBosniaand R&  МHerzegovinaunderactivereview.==>#1271stmeeting x ?#19March1998 j>   Decision4(52)onRwanda  U1.  TheCommittee,atitsfortyninthsession,havingreceivedadelegation V fromtheStateparty,invitedtheGovernmentofRwandatosubmitareportforconsiderationattheCommittee'sfiftyfirstsession(A/52/18,para.372).2.  Noreporthavingbeenreceived,theCommitteescheduledconsiderationof n theimplementationoftheConventioninRwandaforconsiderationatits `4 fiftyMsecondsessionundertheprocedureforthepreventionofracial & discrimination.3.  TheCommitteediscussedthecurrentsituationatits1263rdmeeting.It xL" regrettedthattheStatepartyhadnotaccepteditsinvitationtoattendandfurnishuptodateinformation.4.  TheCommitteerecalledits1996declarationonthesituationinRwanda !d& (A/51/18,para.30)anditsdialoguewiththedelegationthefollowingyear.Itnotedthattheclimateofimpunitypersistinginsomeareasandthelengthydetentionofaccusedpersonsunderdeplorableconditionsdidnotassisttheprocessesofethnicreconciliation.TheCommitteeexpressedconcernovertheslownessoftheprocessofrebuildingcivilinstitutions,especiallythoseofanindependentjudiciary,andaboutactiontocombatethnicprejudiceinaccordancewitharticle7oftheConvention,andcalledontheinternationalcommunitytogiveincreasedassistancetothoseaffected.5.  TheCommitteeexpressedalarmatreportsthatanewroundofgenocidal L) %0 violencehascommenced.  +r'3 6.  TheCommitteedecidestoreschedulethisagendaitemforits , fiftyMthirdsessionandearnestlyhopesthattheStatepartywillacceptits  invitationtoattendandengageinadialoguewiththeCommittee.  1274thmeeting D 20March1998   ̜22.  Atitsfiftythirdsession,theCommitteeconsideredthesituationin  j BosniaandHerzegovina,theDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo,theFederalRepublicofYugoslaviaandRwandaandadopteddecisions.Inaddition,theCommitteemaderequestsforadditionalinformationfromAustraliaandtheCzechRepublicunderthisagendaitem.$ +{X++X*X$@ pB.DecisionsadoptedbytheCommitteeatitsfiftythirdsession :  @pDecision1(53)onAustralia   1.  Inviewofthetermsofarticle9,paragraph1,oftheConvention,in R&  particulartheprovisionthattheCommitteemayrequestfurtherinformationfromStatesparties,theCommitteerequeststheGovernmentofAustraliatoprovideitwithinformationonthechangesrecentlyprojectedorintroducedtothe1993NativeTitleAct,aswellasonanychangesofpolicyintheStatepartyastoAboriginallandrightsandinthefunctionsoftheAboriginalandϜTorresStraitSocialJusticeCommissioner.TheCommitteewishestoexaminethecompatibilityofanysuchchangeswithAustraliasobligationsundertheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination.2.  TheCommitteewishestoconsidertheinformation,inthepresenceofa  representativeoftheStateparty,atitsfiftyfourthsession(1M19March1999)andwouldthereforeappreciatereceiptofthisinformation `4 by15January1999.==>#1287thmeeting ! ==>#11August1998 xL" @6 6 pDecision2(53)ontheCzechRepublic  $   Inviewofthetermsofarticle9,paragraph1,oftheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination,inparticulartheprovisionthattheCommitteemayrequestfurtherinformationfromtheStatesparties,andbearinginmindtheprovisionsofarticles3,4(c),5(d)(i)and5(e)(iii)ofthesameConvention,theCommitteerequeststheGovernmentoftheCzechRepublictoprovideitwithinformationonthedisturbingreportsthatincertainmunicipalitiesmeasuresarecontemplatedforthephysicalsegregationofsomeresidentialunitshousingRomafamilies.TheCommitteewishestoconsidertheinformation,inthepresenceofarepresentativeoftheStateparty,atitsfiftyfourthsession(1M19March1999)andwouldthereforeappreciatereceiptofthisinformation L) %0 by15January1999.==>#1287thmeeting +r'3 ==>#11August1998 d,8(4  *-(5 @  pDecision3(53)ontheFederalRepublicofYugoslavia ,   TheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscrimination,    ConsideringthegravedevelopmentsinKosovoandMetohijasincethe D adoptionofitsconcludingobservationson30March1998concerningthereportsubmittedbytheFederalRepublicofYugoslavia,  Referringtoitsconcludingobservationsof30March1998concerningthe \ 0 reportsubmittedbytheFederalRepublicofYugoslavia,  AlsoreferringtogeneralrecommendationXXI(48)of8March1996,      NotingSecurityCouncilresolution1160(1998)of31March1998, :  ̜  1. CallsupontheGovernmentoftheFederalRepublicofYugoslavia   andtheleadershipoftheAlbaniancommunityinKosovoandMetohijatostopimmediatelyallmilitaryandparamilitaryactivitiesorhostilitiesandtoenterintonegotiationsonajustandlastingsolutionforKosovoandϢMetohija,whichshallincludeastatusofthehighestlevelofautonomywhichwillmakeitpossibleforeveryonetoenjoyhumanrightsandinparticulartoeliminateallformsofracialdiscrimination;̜  2. ReaffirmsthatquestionsrelatingtoKosovoandMetohijacanbe  resolvedonlybypeacefulpoliticalmeansinaccordancewithinternationalstandardsinthefieldofprotectionofhumanrights,inparticularwithrespecttotheeliminationofallformsofracialdiscrimination,andshouldbebasedonrespectfortheterritorialintegrityoftheFederalRepublicofYugoslavia;̜  3. Furtherreaffirmsthatallpeoplewhohavebeendisplacedorwho `4 havebecomerefugeeshavetherighttoreturnsafelytotheirhomesandpropertiesandtoreceiveassistancetodo,andtobecompensatedappropriatelyforanysuchpropertythatcannotberestoredtothem;̜  4. ReiteratesitscallthattheMemorandumofUnderstandingonthe ># normalizationofeducationinKosovoandMetohija,signedbyPresidentMilosevicandrepresentativesoftheAlbanianpopulationinSeptember1996,beimplementedfully;̜  5. Expressesitsdeepconcernabout: #(   (a) PersistinggraveviolationsinKosovoandMetohijaofbasichuman $| * rights,includingtherightssetoutinarticles5(a)and(b)oftheConvention;  (b) ThedisproportionateuseofforcebytheStatepartyslaw '#. enforcementagenciesandthemilitaryagainsttheAlbanianpopulationinϢKosovoandMetohijawhich,asreportedbytheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugees,hasresultedinnumerousviolationsoftherighttolife,destructionofpropertyandinagreatnumberofpeoplebeingdisplacedormaderefugees,ofwhommanyarewomenandchildren,whosedeathsordeprivationoftheirrightstosecurityofpersonandprotectionagainstviolenceorbodilyharmcannotbecondonedorjustifiedforwhateverreason; *-(5 Ї  (c) ActsofviolenceagainstciviliansinKosovoandMetohijabasedon , ethnicorigincommittedbywhatevergroupsorindividuals;̜  6. RequeststheGovernmentoftheFederalRepublicofYugoslavia,in ~R viewofarticle9,paragraph1,oftheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination,toprovideitwithinformationabouttheattemptsthathavebeenundertakentoachievethroughameaningfuldialoguewiththeKosovoAlbanianleadershipapoliticalsolutionforthestatusofKosovoandMetohija,includingtheobservanceofinternationalhumanrights,inparticularasenshrinedintheConvention.Suchinformationshouldbesubmittedby15January1999sothattheCommitteecanconsideritatitssessioninMarch1999.==>#1296thmeeting :  ==>#17August1998   @ pDecision4(53)ontheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo `    TheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscrimination,     Reaffirmingitsdecision3(51)of20August1997anddecision1(52)of x 19March1998ontheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo,  ReiteratingitsgeneralrecommendationsXXI(48)of8March1996and  XXII(49)of16August1996; 1   4  /        Havingtakennoteofthereportofthejointmissionchargedwith H investigatingallegationsofmassacresandotherhumanrightsviolationsoccurringineasternZairesinceSeptember1996 2   5  /    ׀andofthereportsubmitted  bytheSpecialRapporteuronthesituationofhumanrightsintheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo, 3   6  /     `4 ̜  1. Expressesitsdeepconcernaboutreportsofmassacresandother   gravehumanrightsviolations,includingviolationsoftheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination,byGovernmentforcesintheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongowhich,accordingtothereportoftheJointMission,areofanethnicnatureandcouldconstituteactsofgenocide;̜  2. Furtherexpressesitsconcernthatrecentdevelopmentshaveagain V"*' ledtogravehumanrightsviolationscommittedbyallfactionsinvolvedintheconflictwhich,accordingtoreports,aredirectedagainstparticularethnicgroups;̜  3. DeplorestherestrictionsimposedbytheGovernmentofthe 4&", DemocraticRepublicoftheCongoupontheworkoftheSpecialRapporteurandoftheInvestigativeTeamestablishedinaccordancewiththeSecurityCouncildecisionof8July1997;̜  4. Callsuponallparticipantsintheconflicttoimmediatelyendall *%1 fightingand,inparticular,ceaseallattacksonorharassmentofparticularethnicgroups;  d,8(4 М  5. CallsupontheGovernmentoftheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo ,  tofullyimplementitscommitmenttothedemocratizationprocess,respectforhumanrightsandtheruleoflaw,inparticulartheeliminationofallformsofracialdiscrimination;̜  6. UrgestheGovernmentoftheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongoto   workcloselyandstrengthenfurtheritscooperationwiththeofficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRightsinKinshasa;̜  7. FurtherurgestheGovernmentoftheDemocraticRepublicofthe "   Congo(a)toallowtheSpecialRapporteurtoresumehisfunctions,inaccordancewithhismandate,and(b)toinvestigatetheallegationsmadeinthereportoftheSecretaryGeneralsInvestigativeTeam;̜  8. CallsupontheGovernmentoftheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo   toundertakealleffortstoprovideforasafereturnofallrefugeesanddisplacedpersonstotheirhomesandpropertiesandtoofferappropriatecompensationforanysuchpropertywhichcannotberestored;̜  9. Decidestokeepthehumanrightssituationwithrespecttoracial  discriminationintheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongounderreviewandtodiscussitatitsfiftyfourthsession,inMarch1999.==>#1297thmeeting  ==>#18August1998    Decision5(53)onRwanda H 1.  TheCommittee,atitsfiftysecondsession,havingexpressedconcern  overtheclimateofimpunitythatpersistsinsomeregionsofthecountry,thelengthofdetentionandthedeplorableconditionsinwhichaccusedpersonsareheld,continuingdelaysintherebuildingofcivilinstitutions,especiallythoseofanindependentjudiciary,andreportsofrenewedgenocidalviolenceinsectionsofthecountry,decidedtorescheduletheconsiderationofRwandafortheCommittee'sfiftyMthirdsessionundertheagendaitemonpreventionof xL" racialdiscrimination,includingearlywarningandurgentaction.2.  HavingexpresseditsearnesthopethattheStatepartywouldaccept  % aninvitationtoparticipateinameetingoftheCommitteeduringits !d& fiftyMthirdsession,theCommitteenoteswithregretthattheStatepartyhas V"*' notrespondedtoitsinvitationtoappearandthatnowrittensubmissionhasbeenreceivedfromtheStatepartyforconsiderationduringthefiftyMthirdsession. $| * 3.  ThelackofinformationfromtheStateparty,notwithstanding,the 4&", CommitteediscussedtheimplementationoftheConventioninRwandaatitsϢ1298thmeeting.4.  TheCommitteeexpressesgreatconcernoverreportsofethnicviolence L) %0 occurringinthenorthwestofthecountryandalongtheborderwiththeDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo.TheCommitteealsoexpressesconcernoverreportsthattheviolencehasspreadtothecentralregionofthecountryandacrosstheborderintotheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo.TheCommitteecallsontheGovernmentofRwandaandallpartiestotheseconflictsto *-(5 respecthumanrightsandhumanitarianlawobligationsatalltimes,inparticulartheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination.5.  TheCommitteealsoexpressesitsconcernaboutthecontinuedflowof D armsintotheregionandcallsonallStatestoenforceapplicablearmsembargosintheregion.6.  TheCommitteecallsontheGovernmentofRwandatoenhancecooperation \ 0 withrespecttotheworkoftheInternationalCriminalTribunalforRwandaandtotakeadditionalstepstopublicizeitsproceedings.7.  TheCommitteecallsontheStatepartytoinvestigateallegationsof t H  seriousethnicviolenceandhumanitarianlawviolationsthatmayhavebeencommittedin1996and1997by,orunderthecommandof,theRwandanPatrioticArmy,inRwandaorintheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo,asdetailedinthereportoftheSecretaryMGeneral'sInvestigativeTeamchargedwith `  investigatingseriousviolationsofhumanrightsandinternationalhumanitarianlawintheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo(S/1998/581,annex).TheCommitteeendorsestherecommendationinthereportoftheInvestigativeTeamtoexpandthecompetenceoftheInternationalTribunalforRwandatocoversuchviolations.8.  TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatthemandateoftheUnitedNations  HumanRightsFieldOperationinRwandahascometoanendandthattheGovernmentofRwandahasrefusedtoapproveanewmandatewithahumanrightsmonitoringmission.TheCommitteeexpressesitsstrongopinionthatahumanrightsmissioninRwandamustbeestablishedasamatterofurgencyandcallsontheStatepartyandtheUnitedNationstoinitiateanewroundofdiscussionstoensureaninternationalmonitoringpresenceinthecountry.9.  TheCommitteerecognizesthattheConstitutionofRwandaguaranteesall & citizensequalitybeforethelaw,withoutdistinctionbasedonrace,colourorethnicorigin.Nevertheless,theCommitteeexpressesconcernaboutthe ! underMrepresentationofethnicHutusinimportantpoliticalandsocial xL" institutionsofthecountry.10.  TheCommitteealsoexpressesitsconcernabouttheslowpaceofnational  % genocidetrialsandthelegaldeficiencies,includingsignificantdueprocessϜconcerns.TheCommitteesimilarlyexpressesitsgraveconcernaboutthedeplorableconditionsinwhichthoseaccusedofhavingparticipatedinthegenocidearebeingdetained.11.  TheCommitteewelcomesreportsthatmembersoftheRwandanPatriotic n%B!+ ArmyhavebeentriedforgravehumanrightsandhumanitarianlawviolationsthatappeartohavehadanethnicityMmotivatedcharacter,includingviolations &"- thatwerecommittedinthe1994civilwarandduringthecourseofsubsequentsecurityoperationsinvariousregionsofthecountry.Nonetheless,theCommitteeexpressesitsconcernthatsomeofthesemilitarytrialsappeartohavebeensignificantlylackinginbasicdueprocessguarantees.TheCommitteealsonotesthatadditionalallegationsofasimilarnatureremaintobeinvestigatedand,wheresufficientevidenceexists,soldiersandcommandingofficersmustbeprosecutedinatimelymannerinproceedingsthatincorporatesufficientdueprocessguarantees. *-(5 Ї12.  TheCommitteetakesnoteofthereportoftheSpecialRepresentativeof , theCommissiononHumanRightsonthesituationofhumanrightsinRwanda.13.  TheCommitteewelcomesstepsleadingtotheestablishmentofthe ~R NationalHumanRightsCommissioninRwandaandcallsontheStateparty,withoutfurtherdelay,tonominate,fromabroadcrossMsectionofsociety,   qualifiedmemberstothenewpostsontheNationalHumanRightsCommission.TheCommitteerecommendsthattechnicalandadvisoryservicesoftheOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights,includingtheassistancefrommembersoftheCommittee,areextendedtotheNationalHumanRightsCommissioninRwandasothatitcantakeupitsfunctionsandperformthemeffectively.14.  TheCommitteedecidestobringthisdecisiontotheurgentattentionof :  theSecretariesMGeneraloftheUnitedNationsandtheOrganizationofAfrican   UnityandtheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRightssothatthisdecisionmaybetakenintoaccountbythosewhohavehumanrightsandhumanitarianresponsibilitiesintheGreatLakesregion.15.  TheCommitteedecidestoconsideragainthesituationofRwandaunder  thisagendaitematitsfiftyfourthsessionandexpressesitsurgentrequesttotheStatepartytoaccepttheCommitteesinvitationtoappearbeforetheCommitteeortosubmitanupdatedreportonconditionswithinthecountry,includingsecurityconditionsandreportsofescalatingethnicviolence.==>#1299thmeeting V ==>#19August1998 H @n n pDecision6(53)onBosniaandHerzegovina  1.  TheCommitteediscussedthesituationinBosniaandHerzegovinainthe `4 contextoftheprinciplesandobjectivesoftheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination.TheCommitteereaffirmeditsdecisions2(47)of17August1995,1(48)of13March1996,2(51)of18August1997and3(52)of19March1998onBosniaandHerzegovinaandreiterateditsreadinessandoffertocontributetotheimplementationoftheGeneralFrameworkAgreementforPeaceinBosniaandHerzegovinadrawnupatDaytonandsignedinParison14December1995.ThesituationinBosniaandHerzegovinawasreexaminedundertheearlywarningandurgentprocedureandtheCommitteewaspleasedthattheStatepartywasabletoacceptitsinvitationtobepresentduringthediscussionsandtocontributetoaconstructiveandpositivedialogue.2.  Initsearlierdecisions,theCommitteeexpresseditsalarmaboutthe n%B!+ manyviolationsofhumanrightsinBosniaandHerzegovinaandthedepthofthepersistingdivisionsreflectingclearpatternsofdiscriminationandseparationbasedonnationalandethnicorigin.TheCommitteereiterateditsalarmaboutthecontinuingviolenceandthedangertowhichrefugeeswereexposed.ItsdialoguewiththeStatedelegation,however,enabledittonotethatimportantprogresshadbeenmadetowardspeaceincertainareas.3.  TheCommitteeemphasizestheimportanceofthefindingsoftheSpecial +r'3  RapporteuroftheCommissiononHumanRightsinthereportsof15October1997 d,8(4 (E/CN.4/1998/13)andof14January1998(E/CN.4/1998/63),particularly&   theremarksonthechallengesaheadcontainedinparagraphs21M27ofthelatter  report.',4.  Believingthattensionsassociatedwithethnicdifferencesarecentral D tomanyoftheexistingproblemswithintheterritoryoftheStateparty,theCommitteewishestostresstheimportanceofsupportingandstrengtheningtheOfficeoftheFederationOmbudsmaninitsworkforhumanrightsandtheruleoflaw.5.  TheCommitteealsowishestosupporttheideaofreviewingschoolbooks    andothereducationalmaterialsinordertoridthemoffalsificationsofhistoryorincitementofillwillorcontempttowardsotherpeoplesandethnicgroups.6.  ItistheviewoftheCommitteethatthefateandthesituationofthe   RomapopulationinBosniaandHerzegovinarequiresurgentattentionandspecialmeasuresbytheauthoritiesandinternationalorganizations.7.  TheStateanditsconstituentcomponentsshouldamendanyrelevant  existinglawsinordertoprovideamnestytopersonswho,solelyongroundsoftheirethnicidentification,avoidedconscriptionordesertedduringthehostilitiesintheformerYugoslaviaandallattemptstotrackdownandpunishsuchpersonsshouldceaseimmediately.8.  Further,theStateanditsconstituentcomponentsshouldbyallmeans V encouragethesafeandvoluntaryrepatriationofrefugeesandthereturnofdisplacedpersonstotheirplacesoforiginwithaviewtocounteractingtheeffectsofthewarand ethniccleansing,whichisofparamountimportancetothefullimplementationofannex7ofthePeaceAgreement.Toachievethis,effectivemeasureshavetobetakeninordertoguaranteethefullprotectionofallreturneesandtofindadurablesolutiontoproblemsrelatedtopropertyrights,inaccordancewithgeneralrecommendationXXII(49)of16August1996oftheCommittee.Inthiscontext,theCommitteeisoftheviewthatrepatriationprogrammesforrefugeesfromBosniaandHerzegovinashouldbeconsideredwithcautionuntilsuchprotectioncanbeguaranteed.9.  TheCommitteeisconvincedthatthecontinuedpresence,foraslongas  % isnecessary,inBosniaandHerzegovina,withtheconsentofitsGovernment,oftheOfficeoftheHighRepresentativeforImplementationofthePeaceAgreementonBosniaandHerzegovina,stabilizationforcesandotherinternationalorgansandtheintensifiedcooperationbetweenthemandthepeacebuildinginstitutionswithinBosniaandHerzegovinaisanessentialprerequisiteforthesuccessofpeaceeffortsandforthepromotionofhumanrights,includingtheobjectivesandpurposesoftheConvention.==>#1300thmeeting '#. ==>#19August1998 (Z$/ ̜  *&2   ChapterIII , Considerationofreports,commentsandinformationsubmitted  byStatespartiesunderarticle9oftheConvention ~R   23.  AtitsfiftyMsecondandfiftyMthirdsessions,theCommitteeconsidered   reports,commentsandinformationfrom23Statespartiesunderarticle9oftheConvention.CountryrapporteursarelistedinannexV.@"pRussianFederation "   24.  TheCommitteeconsideredthefourteenthperiodicreportofthe    RussianFederation(CERD/C/299/Add.15)atits1246thand1247thmeetings,on2and3March1998.Atits1268thmeeting,on17March1998,itadoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.@PP#pA.Introduction `  25.  TheCommitteecommendstheStatepartyforthetimelysubmissionofits   report,itsdeterminationtoreportregularly,andforhavingsentalargehigh-leveldelegationtomeetwiththeCommittee,whichisanindicationoftheimportanceattachedbytheGovernmentoftheRussianFederationtoitsobligationsundertheConvention.TheCommitteealsoappreciatestheopenandconstructiveapproachwhichcharacterizedthedialoguewiththedelegation,aswellastheadditionalinformationprovidedorally.26.  TheCommitteenotesthattheStatepartyhasmadeanefforttoaddress H someoftheconcernsexpressedbytheCommitteeinitsconcludingobservationsinconnectionwiththetwelfthandthirteenthperiodicreports.However,thefourteenthreportwasanupdatingreportfocusingondevelopmentsthathadtakenplacesincetheconsiderationofthepreviousreport,ratherthanacomprehensiveone,ashadbeenrequestedbytheCommittee.Moreover,thefourteenthreportdidnotfullyfollowthegeneralguidelinesregardingtheformandcontentsofreports.̜   B.Factorsanddifficultiesimpedingthe ># М   implementationoftheConvention  $ 27.  ItisnotedthattheRussianFederationisalargemulti-ethnic, !d& multiMreligiousandmulticulturalStatecomposedofmorethan V"*' 176nationalitiesandethnicgroups.Politicalchangesthatoccurredinthepastfewyearscontinuetoaffecttheeconomicandsocialsituationofthepopulation.28.  Historically,therehasbeendiscriminationagainstindividualson 4&", ethnicgrounds.Inrecentyearsinter-ethnictensionshaveriseninvariouspartsoftheRussianFederation.Inaddition,theRussianFederationisacountryintransition,withproblemsofcoordinationatthelegislativeandadministrativelevels.@!pC.Positiveaspects *&2 29.  Itisnotedwithsatisfactionthatsincetheexaminationoftheprevious d,8(4 reports,newlegislationhasbeenadoptedthatcompletestheprovisionsofthe *-(5 Constitutionguaranteeingequalityofrightsandfreedomsandprohibitingdiscrimination.Thus,anewPenalCodeenteredintoforceon1January1997whichmadechangestothepenallegislation,prohibitingdiscriminationonanygrounds.Article282makesitacriminaloffencetoengageindeliberateactsintendedtostirupnational,racialorreligioushatredordiscord,todetractfromnationalhonourordignity,topromotetheideaofexclusivenessortheinferiorityofcitizensbecauseoftheirreligiousbeliefs,nationalityorrace,ordirectlyorindirectlytorestricttherightsoforestablishprivilegesforcitizensbecauseoftheirrace,nationalityorattitudetoreligion.Article282alsolaysdownpunishmentforsuchacts.Article63laysdownthegeneralrulethathaving motivesofnational,racialorreligioushatredorenmityforcommittingacrimeisanaggravatingcircumstance.30.  ItisalsonotedthattheNationalCulturalAutonomyAct,whosemain   purposeistoofferthemembersofallethniccommunitiesguaranteesofnationalculturalautonomy,hasenteredintoforce.ThisActprovidesaframeworkwithinwhichculturaldevelopmentprogrammesarebeingestablishedandanadvisorycouncilonnationalculturalautonomyhasbeencreated.Duringtheperiodunderreviewanumberofautonomousregional,localandfederalculturalentitieshavebeenestablished.31.  TheOutlineoftheRussianStatePolicyonNationalitieswasadoptedin 0 June1996.TheOutlinelaysdownbasicprinciplesandapproachesforuseinaddressingproblemsinrelationsbetweendifferentnationalities,amongwhichistheprincipleofequalrightsforallethnicgroups.InordertoimplementtheOutline,agovernmentalcommissionhasbeenestablishedandprioritymeasureshavebeenadopted.32.  Itisalsonotedthatanumberofrepublicshaveadoptedlawswhich n guaranteetherightsofnationalminorities,indigenouspeoplesandsmallethnicgroups.33.  TheStateDumahasbeenworkingonanumberofimportantfederallaws, ! interalia,theNationalMinoritiesAct,theSmallIndigenousGroupsofthe xL" North,SiberiaandtheRussianFarEastAct,andtheRefugeesandDisplacedPersonsAct.34.  Itisnotedthateffortsarebeingmadetostrengthenthecourtsystem !d& andtheindependenceofthejudiciary.Thus,theJudicialSystemAct,whichcameintoforceattheendof1996,containsguaranteesofindependenceintheadministrationofjustice.Effortshavealsobeenmadeinthetrainingofjudgesinmattersrelatingtotheexerciseofcitizensrightsandfreedoms.@ pD.Principalsubjectsofconcern 4&", 35.  Concernisexpressedovertheincreasingincidenceofactsofracial '#. discriminationandinter-ethnicconflictsthatoccurredintheStateparty.36.  Thereportcontainslimitedinformationontheactivitiesofthe *%1 Prosecutor'sOfficeandthejudiciarytoinvestigateandpunishactsofracialdiscrimination.Theoralinformationinthisrespectandtheinformationaboutreparationfordamagessufferedasaresultofsuchdiscriminationwaslimited. *-(5 Ї37.  Despitetheeffortsmade,shortcomingsinthelegalframeworkfor , protectingallpersonsagainstracialdiscriminationpersist.Thus,nationallegislationdoesnotincludeadefinitionofracialdiscriminationalongthelinesofarticle1oftheConvention.Moreover,neithertheConstitutionnorthePenalCodecontainsprovisionsgivingfulleffecttoarticle4(b)oftheConvention.38.  ConcernisexpressedaboutthesituationinChechnya.Itisnoted  j thatanumberofimportantstepshavebeentakentobringaboutapeacefulsettlementoftheconflict.However,serioushumanrightsviolationsstilltakeplaceinthisrepublic.Persistenteffortstowardsreconciliationhavetobepursued.@ pE.Suggestionsandrecommendations :  39.  AlthoughtheConstitutionsetsupaframeworkfortheprotectionof   individualsagainstracialdiscrimination,itissuggestedthatfurthermeasuresbetakeninordertoharmonizedomesticlegislationwiththeprovisionsoftheConvention.InthisrespecttheCommitteerecommends,inparticular,thatappropriatemeasuresbetakentooutlawandcombatallorganizationsandpoliticalgroupsandtheiractivitiesthatpromoteracistideasorobjectives,asreferredtoinarticle4oftheConvention.Itwishestoreceivefurtherinformationabouttheinvestigationofracialdiscriminationbyprosecutorsanditspunishmentbythecourts.40.  Domesticlegislationshouldbefullyimplementedinordertoguarantee V inpracticeenjoymentbyeveryoneoftherightslistedinarticle5oftheConventionand,inparticular,therightstofreedomofmovementandresidenceandtherighttoanationality.41.  TheCommitteeinvitestheStatepartytoprovide,initsnextreport, `4 furtherinformationonthefollowingissues:(a)complaintsandcourtcasesrelatedtoracialdiscrimination,includingtherespectivedecisionsandjudgements,inaccordancewitharticle6oftheConvention;(b)reparationfordamagessufferedasaresultofdiscriminationincasesbroughtbeforecourts;(c)measurestakenbytheStatepartytocombatracialprejudice,topromoteunderstandingamongdifferentgroupsandotherissuesincludedinarticle7oftheConvention;(d)developmentsregardingthebillscurrentlyunderdiscussionintheStateDumaCommitteeonNationalities,aswellasthebillbanningthepropagationofFascism;(e)measurestoensuretheadequatedevelopmentandprotectionoflessdevelopedgroupswithintheFederation;Ϝ(f)thesituationofgypsiesorRoma;(g)measurestakenagainstorganizationsinvolvedinracialpropaganda;(h)thesituationoftheindigenouspeoplesoftheNorth,SiberiaandtheRussianFarEast.42.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatthebillsunderdiscussionintheState &"- Dumaaimedatensuringequalityandnon-discriminationonracialgrounds,aswellasthedraftplanofactiontoputintoeffecttheOutlineoftheStatePolicyonNationalities,includemeansofsupervisioninwhichthegroupsintendedtobenefitarerepresented.  *&2 &   43.  Increasedattentionshouldbegiventoprogrammesintendedtoimprove , relationsbetweenethnicgroupsaswellastoensuretheadequatedevelopmentandprotectionoflessdevelopedgroups,inaccordancewitharticle2,paragraph2,oftheConvention.',M44.  Thetrainingofjudgesandlawenforcementofficialsinmattersrelating   totheexerciseofindividualsrightsandfreedomsand,inparticular,ontherightnottobediscriminatedagainstonracialgroundsshouldbecontinuedanddeveloped.45.  Effortsaimedatstrengtheningthecourtsystemandtheindependenceof    thejudiciaryshouldcontinue.46.  Regardingtheindigenouspeoples,theCommitteerecommendsthatthe :  StatepartyconsiderratifyingILOConventionNo.169.47.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatfurthermeasuresbetakeninorderto `  provideminoritiesandindigenousgroupswithelementaryeducationintheirownlanguages.48.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyreinforceitsmeasuresto x protecthumanrightsinChechnya,IngushetiaandNorthOssetia.Measuresshouldbetakeninparticulartoensurethatseriousbreachesofinternationalhumanitarianlawdonotremainunpunishedandthatthevictimsareaffordedjustandadequatereparation,andalsotoensurenormalconditionsoflifeandreturnfordisplacedpersons.49.  TheCommitteesuggeststhattheStatepartyratifytheamendmentsto  article8,paragraph6,oftheConvention,adoptedattheFourteenthMeetingofStatesParties.50.  TheCommitteesuggeststhattheStatepartyaddressallthepoints & raisedinconnectionwiththefourteenthreportandensurethedisseminationofthereportandtheconcludingobservationsadoptedbytheCommittee.Theacceptedprocedureforindividualcommunicationsunderarticle14oftheConventionshouldbemadewidelyknownintheStatepartyintheappropriatelanguages.51.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartysnextreport,due !d& on6March1998,beacomprehensiveoneandfollowtheguidelinesregardingtheformandcontentofreports.Itshouldalsoaddressallthepointsraisedinthepresentobservations.@JJ&pSwitzerland n%B!+ 52.  TheCommitteeconsideredtheinitialreportofSwitzerland &"- (CERD/C/270/Add.1)atits1248thand1249thmeetings,on3and4March1998.Atits1268thmeeting,on17March1998,itadoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.@PP#pA.Introduction *&2 53.  TheCommitteewelcomestheinitialreportsubmittedbySwitzerlandand d,8(4 thecomprehensiveintroductorypresentationmadebythedelegation,aswellas *-(5 theopportunitythusofferedtobeginitsdialoguewiththeStateparty.ItexpressestotheStatepartysatisfactionregardingthequalityofthereport,althoughitregretsthatthereportwasnotsubmittedbytheduedate.@!pB.Positiveaspects D 54.  ItisnotedwithappreciationthattheStatepartyhasestablisheda  FederalCommissionagainstRacismtopromotebetterunderstandingbetweenpersonsofdifferentraces,colours,andethnicorreligiousoriginsandtocombatallformsofdirectorindirectracialdiscrimination.TheCommitteewelcomestheinitiativestakenbythisCommissioninthesphereofeducationandinformation.55.  Theadoptionofarticle261bisoftheSwissCriminalCode,whichis :  intendedtogiveeffecttoarticles4and5(f)oftheConvention,iswelcomed.@ pC.Principalsubjectsofconcern R&  56.  WhiletheCommitteetakesnoteofthedraftreformsoftheFederal  Constitution,itexpressesitsconcernaboutthelackofcomprehensivelegislationtocombatdiscriminationbasedonrace,colour,descent,ornationalorethnicorigin.Suchlegislationshouldincludemeasurestocombatracialdiscriminationinlabourrelationsandhousingand,moregenerally,racialdiscriminationbyanyperson,groupororganizationasrequiredbyarticle2,paragraph1(d),oftheConvention.57.  WhilenotingthatthecurrentimmigrationpolicyofSwitzerlandmaybe  subjecttorevision,theCommitteeexpressesitsdisquietatthecurrentso-calledthree-circle-modelimmigrationpolicy,whichclassifiesforeignersonthebasisoftheirnationalorigin.TheCommitteeconsiderstheconceptionandeffectofthispolicytobestigmatizinganddiscriminatory,andthereforecontrarytotheprinciplesandprovisionsoftheConvention.Otherareasofspecialconcernaretheextensivesystemofpolicecontrolofforeignersaswellasthenaturalizationpoliciesandprocedures,whicharedeemedtooprotractedandselective.Concernisalsoexpressedaboutseriousincidentsofpolicebrutalityindealingswithpersonsofforeignethnicornationalorigin.58.  TherestrictionsonfreedomofmovementimposedontheJenisch V"*' populationandontheSintiandRomaminorities,aswellastendenciestodiscreditthem,aremattersofconcern.59.  Incidentsofxenophobia,anti-Semitism,racialdiscriminationandracial n%B!+ violenceoccurringintheStatepartyaswellasthedisseminationofracistandxenophobicideasalsooccasionconcern.Moreover,article4(b)oftheConventionisnotfullyimplemented,notablyasregardsparticipationinillegalandprohibitedorganizations.@ pD.Suggestionsandrecommendations *%1 60.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheenvisagedconstitutionalreforminthe +r'3 StatepartymorefullyreflecttheprovisionsoftheConvention.Suchreformshouldentailaclearrepudiationofracialdiscrimination. *-(5 61.  TheStatepartyshouldgiveseriousconsiderationtotheenactmentofa , comprehensivelawbanningdiscriminationbasedonrace,colour,descent,ornationalorethnicorigin.Otherpreventivemeasures,suchasinformationcampaigns,educationalprogrammesandmoreintensivetrainingprogrammesforlawenforcementofficials,inaccordancewitharticle7oftheConventionandgeneralrecommendationXIII(42)of16March1993oftheCommittee,willstrengthentheimplementationoftheConvention.62.  TheCommitteeurgestheStatepartytoreviewthoseelementsofits \ 0 currentimmigrationpolicythatclassifyforeignersonthebasisoftheirnationalorigin,andrecommendsthatitreconsiderthereservationmadetoarticle2,paragraph1(a),oftheConvention.63.  Inthelightofarticle3oftheConventionandgeneral :  recommendationXIX,(47)of17August1995,theCommitteeencouragestheStatepartytomonitoralltensionswhichmaygiverisetoracialsegregationandtoworkfortheeradicationofanynegativeconsequencesthatensue.64.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytakethenecessarysteps   toimplementarticle4(b)oftheConvention.TheCommitteefurtherrecommendsthattheStatepartyincludeinitsnextreportinformationoncomplaintsofdiscriminationunderarticle4oftheConventionandonactionstakenbyprosecutionauthoritiesandbythecompetentcourts,aswellas,whereappropriate,onreparationgrantedtovictims.65.  TheCommitteeencouragestheStatepartytocontributetothe V UnitedNationsTrustFundfortheProgrammeofActionfortheThirdDecadetoCombatRacismandRacialDiscrimination.Furthermore,theCommitteeexpressesthehopethattheFederalCommissionagainstRacismwillreceiveadequateresourcestoenableittocarryoutitstaskseffectivelyandthatotherorganizationsandinstitutionsdealingwithracerelationsalsoreceivethenecessarysupport.66.  ItisnotedthattheStatepartyhasnotyetmadethedeclaration ! providedforinarticle14oftheConvention;somemembersoftheCommitteerequestthatthepossibilityofsuchadeclarationbeconsidered.67.  TheCommitteesuggeststotheStatepartythatthereportandthese  % concludingobservationsbewidelydistributedtothepublicinthevariousofficiallanguagesofSwitzerland.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty'ssecondperiodicreport,dueon29December1997,whichmaybeofanupdatingcharacter,addressallthepointsraisedinthepresentconcludingobservations.@DD(pIsrael 4&", 68.  TheCommitteeconsideredthecombinedseventh,eighthandninthperiodic '#. reportsofIsrael(CERD/C/294/Add.1)atits1250thand1251stmeetings,onϜ4and5March1998,and,atits1272ndmeeting,on19March1998,adoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.  *&2 &   @PP#pA.Introduction , 69.  TheCommitteewelcomesthesubmissionofthereportbutregretsthatit  doesnotfollowtheCommitteesreportingguidelines.',r70.  TheCommitteeregretsthatthedialoguebetweenitsmembersand   representativesoftheStatepartywasnotalwaysofaconstructivenature.ItneverthelesswelcomestherepliesofthedelegationtosomeoftheCommitteesquestionsandtheirexpressionofwillingnesstocontributetoadialogue.71.  TheCommitteeconcludesthattheConventionisfarfromfully    implementedinIsraelandtheoccupiedPalestinianterritory,andthattheshortfallcontributesverysignificantlytothedangerousescalationoftensionintheregion.72.  TheCommitteenoteswithregretthestalemateinthepeaceprocessin `  theregion.73.  IttakesnoteoftheestablishmentofthePalestinianAuthoritywhich  hascertainresponsibilitiesinpartsoftheoccupiedPalestinianterritory.@!pB.Positiveaspects 0 74.  ThemeasurestakenbytheStatepartytoprohibittheactivitiesof  racistpoliticalpartiessuchasKahana(Kach)arewelcomed.75.  TheamendmentoftheEqualOpportunityinEmploymentLaw,prohibiting  discriminationinthelaboursphereonthegroundsofnationalethnicorigin,countryoforigin,beliefs,politicalviews,politicalparty,affiliationorage,iswelcomed,asistherevisionoftheNationalInsuranceLaw.76.  TheGovernment'seffortstoreduceandeventuallyeradicatetheeconomic   andeducationalgapbetweentheJewishmajorityandtheArabminorityarecommended.@  pC.TheOccupiedPalestinianTerritory  $ 77.  TheCommitteereiteratesitsviewthattheIsraelisettlementsinthe !d& occupiedPalestinianterritoryarenotonlyillegalundercontemporaryinternationallawbutareanobstacletopeaceandtotheenjoymentofhumanrightsbythewholepopulationintheregion,withoutdistinctionastonationalorethnicorigin.ActionsthatchangethedemographiccompositionoftheoccupiedPalestinianterritoryevokeconcernasviolationsofcontemporaryinternationalhumanitarianlaw.78.  Accordingly,theCommitteecallsforahalttothedemolitionofArab '#. propertiesinEastJerusalemandforrespectforpropertyrightsirrespectiveoftheethnicoriginoftheowner.79.  TheCommitteereiteratesitsopinionof1991thatthereportofIsrael *&2  should encompasstheentirepopulationunderthejurisdictionofthe +r'3 GovernmentofIsrael(A/46/18,para.368).Israelisaccountable&   fortheimplementationoftheConvention,includingthereportingobligation,inallareasoverwhichitexerciseseffectivecontrol.',~ԛ@00pD.Concernsandrecommendations D 80.  Withrespecttoarticles1and6oftheConvention,theCommittee  requeststheStatepartytosupplyitwithdetailsofcourtdecisionsorotherauthoritativesourceswhichmakeadistinctionbetweeninequalityoftreatmentonthegroundsofrace,colour,descentornationalorethnicoriginandinequalityoftreatmentonothergroundssuchasthoserelatedtopublicsecurity.81.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyextenditslegislation :  againstthepromotionofracialhatredbycompletingitsimplementationoftherequirementsofarticle4oftheConvention.TheCommitteehasearlierheldthatwhenanyonemakesthreatsinpublicagainstthesecurityofpersonsofanotherethnicorigin,criminalproceedingsmustbeinitiatedwithduediligenceandexpedition.TheStatepartyshouldgivethispriorityattention.82.  TheCommitteeconcludesthatcomprehensivelegislationandaccompanying j> measuresofimplementationwillneedtobeintroducedfortheStatepartytomeetalltherequirementsofarticle5oftheConvention.83.  TheCommitteeexpressesitsprofoundconcernthatdetainedpersonsof V ArabethnicoriginaredisproportionatelysubjectedtoinhumananddegradinginterrogationundertheLandauCommissionrulesandthattheSupremeCourthasfailedtodeclarethisillegal.84.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyreinforceitseffortsto `4 reducethepersistinggapbetweenthelivingstandardsandtheinvolvementinnationalaffairsoftheJewishmajorityandtheArabminority,andthatitdoesthisinamannerconsistentwiththemeasuresadoptedforassistingtheintegrationofEthiopianJews.TheCommitteeencouragestheStatepartytoadoptnewlabourlegislationinordertosecuretheprotectionagainstethnicdiscriminationoftherightsofPalestiniansworkinginIsraelonadailybasis;therightsofmigrantworkers,includingundocumentedworkers,arealsoamatterofconcern.85.  TherightofmanyPalestinianstoreturnandpossesstheirhomesin #( Israeliscurrentlydenied.TheStatepartyshouldgivehighprioritytoremedyingthissituation.Thosewhocannotrepossesstheirhomesshouldbeentitledtocompensation.86.  WhilenotingthespecialbudgetforpublichousingintheArabsector, &"- theCommitteeremainsconcernedaboutethnicinequalities,particularlythosecentringuponwhatareknownas unrecognizedArabvillages.87.  WhilerecognizingthegreatdiversityofopinionwithintheIsraeli *%1 public,andtheGovernmentsactionstoimplementarticle7oftheConvention,theCommitteeexpressesconcernaboutthefindingsofsocialsurveyswhichreportthatverymanyJewishyoungpeoplebelievethatArabcitizensshouldnotbeaccordedequalrights. *-(5 Ї88.  TheCommitteehopestofindinthenextperiodicreportacomprehensive , statementoftheGovernmentsvisionofthefutureofitsArab,BedouinandDrusecitizens,togetherwithanindicationofhowitsobjectivesaretobeattainedandareviewoftheeffectivenessofitsmeasurestocombatdiscrimination.Anystatisticsshouldshowwhethergovernmentalexpenditureandserviceprovisionareproportionatetothesizeofthedifferentethnicgroups.89.  Inordertobeabletoevaluatetheimplementationofarticle6ofthe \ 0 Convention,theCommitteerequeststheStatepartytopresentinformationonthenumberofcomplaints,judgementsandcompensationawardsarisingfromracistacts,regardlessoftheirnature.Atthesametime,theCommitteewouldliketohaveanyotherinformation,fromwhateverreliablesource,aboutanyinequalitiessuggestiveofdiscriminationintheadministrationofcriminaljustice.90.  Sincetimedidnotpermitafullexchangeofviewsonmanyoftheissues `  raisedbymembersatthefifty-secondsession,theCommitteerequeststheStatepartytoreflectfurtherontheremainingissuesandtofurnishadditionalinformationonthesemattersinthenextreport.91.  ThetenthperiodicreportofIsraelwasdueon2February1998.In j> accordancewitharticle9oftheConvention,theCommitteewillexpectthesubmissionofacombinedtenthandeleventhperiodicreportby2February2000.Thereportshouldbeacomprehensiveone,followthereportingguidelinesandtakeaccountoftheCommittee'sgeneralrecommendations.̀92.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyratifytheamendmentsto  article8,paragraph6,oftheConvention,adoptedon15January1992attheFourteenthMeetingofStatesParties.93.  ItisalsonotedthattheStatepartyhasnotmadethedeclaration   providedforinarticle14oftheConvention,andsomemembersoftheCommitteerequestthatthepossibilityofmakingthedeclarationbeconsidered.@JJ&pNetherlands  % ̜94.  TheCommitteeconsideredthetenth,eleventhandtwelfthperiodic V"*' reportsoftheNetherlands(CERD/C/319/Add.2)atits1252ndand1253rdmeetings,on5and6March1998,and,atits1272ndmeeting,Ϝon19March1998,adoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.@PP#pA.Introduction 4&", ̜95.  TheCommitteewelcomestheopportunitytocontinueitsdialoguewiththe '#. Statepartyandthedetailedreportsubmitted.ItnoteswithappreciationthatthereportcoverstheEuropeanpartoftheNetherlandsand,additionally,theNetherlandsAntillesandAruba.TheCommitteeparticularlyappreciatestheopenandconstructivedialoguewiththerepresentativesoftheStatepartyandtheadditionalinformationgivenorallyonthewiderangeofquestionsaskedbymembers. *-(5 96.  Theconsiderabledelayinsubmittingthereportisnoted,asisthefact , thatitcontainsinformationthathasnotbeenupdated.@!pB.Positiveaspects ~R 97.  Theconceptsofmulticulturalsocietyandinter-culturaleducation,   ofproportionalparticipationinemploymentinthearmyandthepolice,aswellastheinvolvementofthecivilsocietyinactivitiesaimingattheeliminationofracialdiscriminationandintolerancearenotedwithgreatinterest.98.  DifferentpoliciesandprogrammesinitiatedbytheGovernmentorby    localauthoritiesinthefieldsofmulticulturaleducationandeducationofchildrenofminorities,employment,combatingracistmessagesthroughtheInternetandinvolvingpersonsfromdifferentminoritiesinhealthprogrammesandactivitiesarealsonotedwithinterest.99.  TheeffortsundertakenandtheinnovativemeasuresadoptedbytheState R&  partytopreventandcombatracialdiscriminationarewelcomed.Inthisregard,noteistakenoftheGovernmentswillingnesstorecognizeexistingproblemsandtofindappropriatesolutions,bothlegislativeandadministrative.100.  Theactiveparticipationoforganizationsrepresentingethnic  minorities,schoolsandemployersintheelaborationandtheexecutionofgovernmentalprogrammestocombatracismisnotedwithappreciation.Suchinvolvementhascontributedtoachievingmoresuccessfulimplementationofreformsandprogrammestocombatracialdiscrimination.101.  ItisnotedwithinterestthatthedraftMatchingBill,expectedtocome n intoforceinJuly1998,containsprovisionsaimedatnarrowingtheexistingdifferencesinthestateofhealthbetweenmembersofethnicandnationalminoritiesandtherestofthepopulation.Itisnotedthat,accordingtothedraftlegislation,illegalimmigrantswillbeprovidedwithessential ! healthMcareservices. xL" @00pC.Concernsandrecommendations  $ 102.  Concernisexpressedoverthedisseminationofideasofracial !d& superiorityandofintolerancebyvariousorganizations,politicalpartiesandindividuals.AlthoughnewguidelinesforthePublicProsecutionDepartmententeredintoforcein1993,requiringthepursuitofanactiveinvestigationpolicyindiscriminationcasesandthatprosecutionbeundertakeninallsuchcases,reportsfromnon-governmentalorganizationsindicatethattheseguidelinesarenotcompliedwithconsistently.TheCommitteerecommendsthatmoreattentionbegiventocounteringsuchactivitiesandtoinvestigatingandprosecutingdiscriminationcasesmoreactivelyandeffectively.103.  Theincreasingracialsegregationinsociety,mainlyinthebigtowns, L) %0 withsoMcalled whiteschoolsandneighbourhoods,isalsonotedwithconcern. *%1 SimilartrendsarealsonotedinArubaandinpartsoftheNetherlandsAntilles.TheCommitteedrawstheattentionoftheStatepartytotherelevanceofitsgeneralrecommendationXIX(47)of17August1995tosuchtrends. *-(5 Ї104.  Concernisalsoexpressedoverpracticesrelatingtotheentryand , controlofforeigners,bothinthecontinentalterritoryandinArubaandtheNetherlandsAntilles,whichcouldleadtoracialdiscriminationineffect.TheCommitteerequeststheStatepartytotakethenecessarymeasurestoseethatregulationsandpracticesinthisfielddonothavethateffect.105.  Thedisproportionatelylowrateofparticipationofminoritiesinthe  labourmarketandtheirincreasingunemploymentrates,whiletheratesfortherestofthepopulationarestable,arenotedwithconcern,asarereportsofbothdirectandindirectformsofdiscriminationinrecruitmentprocedures.TheCommitteerecommendsthatfurtheractionbetakentoensureandpromoteequalopportunityineconomicandsociallife,inparticularasregardseducationandemployment.SpecialattentionshouldbegiventotheinformationandconclusionsfoundintwoILOreports, Thedocumentationandevaluationofanti-discriminationtrainingactivitiesintheNetherlands(1997)and DiscriminationagainstmigrantworkersandethnicminoritiesinaccesstoemploymentintheNetherlands(1995).106.  Concernisalsoexpressedattheunder-representationofethnic   minoritiesinmostareasofeducationand,inparticular,thatonlyanestimated2percentofthetotalstudentpopulationinhighereducationcomesfromethnicminorities.AsforArubaandtheNetherlandsAntilles,concernisexpressedthattheprocessofeducationmaynotgivethenecessaryattentiontothefactthatthemajorityofthepopulationspeaksPapiamento.TheϜCommitteerequeststheStatepartytogivemoreattentiontoprovidingstudentsfromethnicminoritiesatalllevelsofeducation,asappropriate,instructionintheirmothertongue.107.  TheCommitteealsorequestsmoreinformationabouttheimplementationof  the1994LawofEqualTreatmentandtheactivityoftheCommissionforEqualTreatment.TheCommitteedrawsattentiontoproposalstoextendthecompetenceofthisCommissionandtomakeitmoreeffectiveincounteringdiscrimination.108.  TheCommitteesuggeststhattheStatepartyreviewitsarrangements xL" forthecoordinationbyoneministryofallactionsinimplementationoftheConvention,includingreportingobligations.109.  Itisfurtherrecommendedthatthenextreportintroduceaconsistent !d& nomenclatureandclassificationofethnicandnationalminorities,andthattheStatepartyincludeinformationregardingtheFrisianminorityanddataonthetotalpopulationaccordingtoethnicandnationalorigin.110.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartysnextreport,due n%B!+ on9January1997,beanupdatingreportandthatitaddressallthepointsraisedinthepresentobservations.@$pCzechRepublic (Z$/ 111.  TheCommitteeconsideredtheinitialandsecondperiodicreportsofthe *%1 CzechRepublic(CERD/C/289/Add.1)atits1254thand1255thmeetings,on6and9March1998,and,atits1270thmeeting,on18March1998,adoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations. *-(5 @PP#pA.Introduction , 112.  TheCommitteewelcomesthereportsubmittedbytheGovernmentofthe  CzechRepublic,whichgenerallycomplieswiththereportingguidelines.TheCommitteenoteswithappreciationthecompetentdelegationwhichpresentedthereportandthefrankandconstructiveapproachthatcharacterizedthedialoguewiththedelegation.TheCommitteealsoexpressesitsappreciationtotheStatepartysdelegationfortheadditionalinformationitprovidedtotheCommitteebothorallyandinwriting.    3 B.  Factorsanddifficultiesimpedingthe        3   implementationoftheConvention    113.  Itisrecognizedthattheeconomic,politicalandsocialchangesthat :  arestilltakingplaceintheCzechRepublicmayaffectthefullenjoymentoftheeconomic,socialandculturalrightsofsomesegmentsofthepopulation,especiallythosebelongingtominoritygroups.Itisfurthernotedthatthepolicyoftoleranceandopennesstowardsminoritiesisrelativelyrecentandisbeingimplementedprogressively.@!pC.Positiveaspects x 114.  Thefactthat,accordingtoarticle10oftheConstitution, 0 internationalinstrumentsonhumanrightsandfundamentalfreedomssuchastheConventionthatareratified,promulgatedandmadeeffectivebytheStatepartyaredirectlyapplicableandtakeprecedenceovernationallegislationiswelcomed.115.  ItisnotedthattheStateparty,especiallysincetheadoptionofthe  newConstitutionin1993,hastakenanumberofpositivemeasuresinthefieldoflawreformtocombatvariousformsofracialdiscriminationwhichfallwithintheareascoveredbytheConvention,includingtheCharterofFundamentalRightsandFreedomswhich,interalia,containsprovisionsfor   theprotectionofnationalandethnicminorities.TheintroductionofadefinitionofraciallymotivatedcrimeandtheprohibitionofracistorganizationsandpublicationsintheCriminalCode,aswellastheratificationoftheFrameworkConventionfortheProtectionofNationalMinorities,arewelcomed.116.  TherecentinitiativestakenbytheStatepartyintendedtoprevent V"*' inter-ethnicconflicts,includingtheteachingofchildrenandadolescentsandpublicawarenesscampaignspromotingtoleranceandopennesstowardsethnicminorities,arenotedwithinterest.117.  Inthiscontext,theestablishmentoftheCouncilofNationalities 4&", in1994asagovernmentaladvisorybodyisnotedwithappreciation.TheStatepartysrecentstepstowardsanaffirmativeactionpolicyfortheRomacommunity,includingthesettingupofanInter-MinisterialCommissionandmeasurestakenwithinthefieldsofeducationandemployment,arewelcomed.Thecontinuinggrowthinthenumberofnon-governmentalorganizations,includingassociationsofminorities,isalsoviewedpositively.  +r'3 &     @ pD.Principalsubjectsofconcern , 118.  Concernisexpressedatthepersistenceofracialhatredandactsof  violence,particularlybyskinheadsandothers,towardspersonsbelongingto',minoritygroups,especiallyRomaandpeopleofAfricanorAsianorigin.ReportsofantiMSemiticincidentsareafurthersourceofconcern.The   recordedsixfoldincreaseinraciallymotivatedcrimesbetween1994and1996isalsonotedwithalarm.Additionalsourcesofconcernarethepresenceofanumberoforganizationsandpublicationswhichpromoteracistandxenophobicideas,andreportsthattheStatepartyhasnotbeensufficientlyactiveineffectivelycounteringracialviolenceagainstmembersofminoritygroups.119.  Concernisexpressedatinformationindicatingthatthenumberof t H  chargesandconvictions,includingthoseofskinheads,islowrelativetothenumberofabusesreported.Itisalsonotedwithconcernthatperpetratorsofracialcrimeareoftenlightlypunishedandthat,inanumberofcases,prosecutorshavebeenreluctanttoidentifyaracialmotive.Moreover,inthelightofevidenceofunnecessarilylongproceedingsandslowinvestigationsofactsofracialcrime,concernisraisedaboutjudicialeffectivenessinthisrespect.120.  Takingintoaccountreportsofcasesofharassmentandofexcessiveuse j> offorcebythepoliceagainstminorities,especiallyagainstmembersoftheRomacommunity,concernisraisedthattheremaybeinsufficienttrainingprovidedtolawenforcementofficialsregardingtheprovisionsoftheConvention.121.  Itisalsonotedwithconcernthatapoliticalpartyrepresentedin  Parliamentpromotesracialdiscriminationanddisseminatesamagazinewhichpromotesracistpropagandaandideasofracialsuperiorityaimedattheethnicminoritiesresidentinthecountry.122.  InthelightofreportsindicatingdiscriminationagainstRomainareas   suchashousing,transportandemployment,itisnotedwithconcernthattheStatepartydoesnothaveciviloradministrativelawprovisionsexpresslyoutlawingdiscriminationinemployment,education,housingandhealthcareandthatthereexistsnoadministrativeregulationexplicitlyprohibitingracialdiscriminationbypublicinstitutionsandagencies.Thedenialofaccesstopublicplacessuchasrestaurants,pubs,discothequesandsimilarestablishmentsbypersonsbelongingtosomeethnicminorities,especiallyRoma,isalsonotedwithconcern.123.  ThemarginalizationoftheRomacommunityinthefieldofeducation $| * isnotedwithconcern.EvidencethatadisproportionatelylargenumberofRomachildrenareplacedinspecialschools,leadingtodefactoracialϜsegregation,andthattheyalsohaveaconsiderablylowerlevelofparticipationinsecondaryandhighereducation,raisesdoubtsaboutwhetherarticle5oftheConventionisbeingfullyimplemented.124.  Itisnotedthatthe1993lawontheacquisitionofCzechcitizenship *%1 (LawNo.40/1990)hasresultedinwidespreadcriticismfromanumberofinternationalinstitutionsandnon-governmentalorganizationsforitsdiscriminatoryeffects,especiallyvis--visRoma.WhileitisnotedthattheStatepartyhastakenstepstomitigatethenegativeconsequencesofthelaw, *-(5 itisstressedthattheactofrenderingpeoplestatelessentailsthedeprivationoffundamentalrightslinkedtocitizenship,aswellasexposingthemtotheriskofexpulsion.Concernisexpressedthatthereremaingroupsofthepopulationforwhomthequestionofcitizenshiphasnotyetbeenaddressedinasatisfactorymanner.Theseincludeprisoners,andminorsandorphansinchildrenshomes,manyofwhomareofRomaorigin.125.  DoubtswereraisedaboutwhethertheprovisionsoftheStatepartys  j CriminalCodeisconducivetothefullimplementationofarticle3oftheConventionasitstipulatesastateofwarfortheapplicabilityofϜsection263(a).@ pE.Suggestionsandrecommendations t H  126.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartycontinueitseffortsto   preventandcountereffectivelyattitudesandactsofracialviolenceagainstpersonsbelongingtominoritygroups,mainlyRoma,andpersonsofAfricanorAsianorigin,andtakeadditionalmeasurestoensuretheeffectiveandtimelyhandlingofcourtcasesofraciallymotivatedcrimeandpunishmentoftheperpetrators.127.  TheCommitteealsorecommendsthattheStatepartygivemoreattention j> totheactivitiesofpoliticalpartiesandotherorganizations,aswellastomediapromotingracistpropagandaandideasofracialsuperiority,inaccordancewitharticle4oftheConvention.128.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyprovide,initsnext H report,morespecificstatisticaldataonminorityrepresentationinlocal,regionalandStateadministrationsaswellasinformationontheirsituationinthefieldsofeducation,employmentandhealth.TheCommitteewouldalsowelcomemoredataonthepolitical,economicandculturalrightsofminorities.Informationisalsorequestedconcerningtheproportionsofethnicminoritygroupsandaliensresidinginthecountry.̜129.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatincreasedattentionbepaidtointroducing xL" legalprovisionsaimedatsafeguardingtheenjoymentonanonMdiscriminatory ># basis,byallsegmentsofthepopulation,oftheeconomic,socialandculturalrightslistedinarticle5oftheConvention,notablytherightstowork,housing,education,andaccesstoservicesandplacesopentothegeneralpublic.130.  TheCommitteesuggeststhattheStateparty,initsnextreport, #) endeavourtoprovidemorespecificinformationontheimplementationoftheConventionandofnationallawsinpractice,especiallyrelatingtoarticles5and6oftheConvention.131.  Inconnectionwitharticle7oftheConvention,theCommitteewould '#. welcomeinformationontheeffectivenessofteachingandpublicawarenesscampaignsintendedtopreventracialdiscriminationandincreasetolerance.132.  TheCommitteerequeststhattheStatepartyprovide,initsnextreport, *&2 comprehensiveinformationontheresultsoftheaffirmativeactionmeasuresthathavebeentakenfortheRomacommunity,inparticularinthefieldsofeducation,employmentandhousing. *-(5 Ї133.  TheCommitteealsourgestheStatepartytoresolvetheremaining , problemsrelatingtotheacquisitionofCzechcitizenshipbyallresidents,includingprisonersandchildrenandadolescentsininstitutions,inparticularmembersoftheRomaminority.134.  ItissuggestedthattheStatepartyconsiderprovidingincreased   educationandtrainingonracialtoleranceandhumanrightsissuestoprofessionalgroupssuchasjudges,lawyersandcivilservantssoastoeliminateanycasesofharassmentorimproperconductinrelationtopersonsbelongingtominorities.135.  TheCommitteesuggeststhatfurtheractionbetakentoensurethatthe    provisionsoftheConventionaremorewidelypublicized,particularlyamongminoritygroups,governmentofficialsandthepolice.Inaddition,theStatepartyshouldensurethewidedisseminationofitsreportandtheconcludingobservationsoftheCommittee.136.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyratifytheamendmentsto R&  article8,paragraph6,oftheConvention,adoptedon15January1992attheFourteenthMeetingofStatesPartiestotheConvention.137.  ItisnotedthattheStatepartyhasnotmadethedeclarationprovided j> forinarticle14oftheConvention,andsomemembersoftheCommitteerequestthatthepossibilityofsuchadeclarationbeconsidered.138.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartysnextperiodicreport, V dueon22February1998,beanupdatingreportandthatitaddressallthepointsraisedinthepresentobservations.@(pUkraine n 139.  TheCommitteeconsideredthethirteenthandfourteenthperiodicreports & ofUkraine(CERD/C/299/Add.14)atits1256thand1257thmeetings,on9and10March,and,atits1269thmeeting,on18March1998,adoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.@PP#pA.Introduction  $ 140.  TheCommitteewelcomesthethirteenthperiodicreportsubmittedbythe !d& GovernmentofUkraineandtherevisedcoredocument(HRI/CORE/1/Add.63),aswellastheadditionalinformationprovidedbythedelegationinresponsetothequestionsandcommentsofthemembersoftheCommittee.However,itisnotedthatthereportwasnotpreparedinconformitywiththeCommitteesgeneralguidelinesforthesubmissionofreports.Equally,itwasnotedthatthereportlackedessentialinformationontheethniccompositionofthepopulation.AsaresultitismoredifficultfortheCommitteetoassesshowtheConventionisimplementedinUkraineingeneral.    3 B.  Factorsanddifficultiesimpedingthe L) %0     3   implementationoftheConvention *%1 141.  TheCommitteenotesthattheStatepartyispassingthroughanimportant +r'3 historicalperiodinitsexistenceowingtothedeeppolitical,economicandsocialreformsitisundertaking.TheCommitteefurthernotesthatalarge *-(5 numberofformerlydeportedpeoplearereturningtotheirplacesoforiginintheStatepartyandareseekingemploymentandshelter.SolvingtheseproblemsputsafurtherstrainontheresourcesatthedisposaloftheGovernment.@!pC.Positiveaspects   142.  TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactiontheStatepartyseffortsand  j policiesrelatingtotheprotectionofnationalminorities,especiallytheadoptionoftheDeclarationoftheRightsofNationalMinoritiesandtheenactmentoftheActonUkrainianCitizenship,theActonNationalMinoritiesinUkraine,theEducationActandtheActonFreedomofConscienceandReligiousOrganizations.143.  TheCommitteewelcomestheStatepartysaccessiontotheInternational   CovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights,theInternationalCovenantonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRightsandtheILODiscrimination(EmploymentandOccupation)Convention,1958(No.111).TheCommitteenoteswithappreciationtheStatepartysintentiontoratifytheEuropeanFrameworkConventionfortheProtectionofNationalMinoritiesaswellastheEuropeanCharteronRegionalandMinorityLanguages.144.  TheCommitteewelcomesthecreationofthepostofOmbudsmanasthe 0 independenthumanrightsrepresentativeoftheSupremeCouncil,andtheestablishmentofaninterdepartmentalcommissionresponsibleformonitoringandtakingpreventiveactioninmattersofracismandracialdiscrimination.145.  TheCommitteecommendstheStatepartyseffortsaimedatthereturn,  resettlementandrehabilitationofover250,000CrimeanTatars,aswellaspersonsofothernationalities,whowereforciblydeportedtodifferentpartsoftheformerSovietUnionapproximately50yearsago.@ pD.Principalsubjectsofconcern   146.  ConcernisexpressedatthefactthatmanyoftheCommitteesprevious xL" concludingobservations(A/48/18,paras.42-65)werenottakenintoconsiderationfortheelaborationofUkrainesthirteenthreport,especiallyinregardtotheextenttowhichtheConventionisbeingimplementedintheStateparty(para.47);lackofinformationonlegislationenactedtoimplementthepunitiveprovisionsofarticle4oftheConvention(para.50);lackofinformationoncomplaintsandconvictionsforactsofracialdiscriminationestablishedunderarticle66ofUkrainesCriminalCode(para.52);andtheinadequacyofdemographicdataonthedifferentethnicgroupslivingintheStateparty.147.  WhiletheCommitteetakesnoteoftheproposedamendmentstotheActon &"- NationalMinoritiesinUkraine,concernisexpressedthattheStatepartyisnotfullyimplementingtheprovisionsofarticle4oftheConventionandithasnotprovidedsufficientinformationonthepracticalimplementationoftheprovisionsofarticle4.148.  Inregardtoarticle5,paragraphs(a)and(b),oftheConvention, +r'3 concernisexpressedaboutreportsofmistreatmentbythepoliceofmembersoftheRomapopulation,especiallythoselivingintheTranscarpathianregion. *-(5 Ї149.  Thedifficultiesexperiencedbymembersofminoritygroups,including , theCrimeanTatars,whoweredeporteddecadesearlierandarenowreturningtoresettleinUkraine,inacquiringcitizenshipintheStatepartyisamatterofconcern.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedaboutthesituationofcertainotherminoritygroupswhodonotenjoyalltheireconomic,socialandculturalrights,notablytherighttoeducation.150.  Itisalsoregrettedthatinsufficientinformationwasprovidedonthe  j implementationofarticle6oftheConvention,notablyonthenumberofcomplaintsofracialdiscriminationandavailableremedies,aswellasthepracticeofthetribunals.@ pE.Suggestionsandrecommendations t H  151.  Inthelightofarticle3oftheConventionandgeneral   recommendationXIX(47)of17August1995,theCommitteeencouragestheStatepartytomonitoralltensionswhichmaygiverisetoracialsegregationandtoworkfortheeradicationofanynegativeconsequencesthatensue.152.  TheCommitteeemphasizesthattheStatepartyshouldfullycomply  withitsobligationsunderarticle4oftheConventionandthatnecessarylegislativemeasuresofamorecomprehensivenatureshouldbetakeninordertogiveeffecttotheprovisionsofthatarticle.153.  Inthelightofarticle5oftheConventionandtheCommitteesgeneral  recommendationXXII(49)of16August1996,paragraphs2(c)and(d),theCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartycontinuetotakeallnecessarystepstofullyrestoretherightsofrepatriatedmembersofminorities,includingtheCrimeanTatars,andtoaffordthemjustandadequatereparationwhereappropriate.TheCommitteefurtherrecommendsthatissuesrelatingtothecitizenshipoftherepatriatedmembersofminorities,includingtheCrimeanϜTatars,besolvedassoonaspossibleinajustmanner.Inthisregard,andinthelightofarticle5(d)(iii)oftheConvention,theCommitteesuggeststhattheStatepartyconsiderthepossibilityofaccedingtotheinternationalinstrumentsonstatelessness.154.  Inthelightofarticle5oftheConventionandtheCommitteesgeneral  $ recommendationXIII(42)of16March1993,theCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyreviewandimprovethetrainingoflawenforcementofficialstoensurethatintheperformanceoftheirdutiestheyrespectaswellasprotecthumandignityandmaintainandupholdthehumanrightsofallwithoutdistinctionastorace,colour,ornationalorethnicorigin.TheCommitteealsoemphasizesthatthetextoftheConventionshouldbewidelypublicizedsothatthejudiciary,thelegalprofession,therelevantgovernmentalagenciesandthegeneralpublicaremadefullyawareoftheprovisionsandthepotentialoftheConvention.155.  TheStatepartyisrequestedtoprovidedetailedinformationoncasesof (Z$/ complaintsofracialdiscriminationbroughtbeforethecourtsandonremediesmadeavailabletovictimsofracismandxenophobia,inaccordancewitharticle6oftheConvention.InformationisalsorequestedoncasesfiledbytheHumanRightsOmbudsmaninsofarastheyrelatetothescopeofthe Convention.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyundertake d,8(4 awarenessMraisingcampaignsontheuseofjudicialremediesagainstracism, , includingtheprocedureprovidedforinarticle14oftheConvention. 156.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytakeallappropriate ~R measurestoensureeducationandteachinginthemothertongueofminoritieswhereverpossible.157.  TheCommitteesuggeststotheStatepartythatthereportandthe  j presentconcludingobservationsbewidelydistributedtothepublicinthevariouslanguagesofUkraine.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartysnextperiodicreport,dueon6April1998,whichmaybeanupdatingreport,addressallthepointsraisedintheconcludingobservations.@JJ&pSaintLucia :  158.  Atits1258thmeeting,on10March1998,theCommitteereviewedthe   implementationoftheConvention.TheCommitteenotedwithregretthattheinitialreport,whichwasduein1991,hadnotbeensubmitted.159.  TheCommitteealsonotedwithregretthatSaintLuciahadnotresponded  toitsinvitationtoparticipateinthemeetingandtofurnishrelevantinformation.TheCommitteedecidedthatacommunicationshouldbesenttotheGovernmentofSaintLuciasettingoutitsreportingobligationsundertheConventionandurgingthatthedialoguewiththeCommitteeshouldberesumedassoonaspossible.160.  TheCommitteesuggestedthattheGovernmentofSaintLuciamightwishto H availitselfofthetechnicalassistanceofferedundertheadvisoryservicesandtechnicalassistanceprogrammeoftheOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights,withtheaimofdrawingupandsubmittinganupdatedreportdraftedinaccordancewiththereportingguidelinesbythefiftyMthirdsessionoftheCommittee. & @(pLebanon ! 161.  Atits1258thand1259thmeetings,on10and11March1998,the ># Committeeconsideredthesixth,seventh,eighth,ninth,tenth,eleventh,twelfthandthirteenthperiodicreportsofLebanon(CERD/C/298/Add.2)and,atits1271stmeeting,on19March1998,adoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.@PP#pA.Introduction #) 162.  TheCommitteewelcomesthesubmissionbyLebanonofitsreportaftera n%B!+ verylongperiodduringwhichthedialoguebetweentheCommitteeandtheStatepartyhadbeendisrupted.TheCommitteecommendsthequalityandopennessofthereportwhichfollowstheconsolidatedguidelines.ItalsoappreciatestheadditionalinformationprovidedorallybythedelegationofLebanon.@n n pB.Factorsanddifficultiesimpedingthe*+,XX+{X*ӈ *%1      implementationoftheConvention *&2 163.N.` hp x (#+,XXN  TheCommitteenotestheseveredifficultiesfacingLebanonasaresult d,8(4 ofalmost20yearsofwarandforeignintervention,whichhaveresultedin *-(5 widespreaddestruction.TheCommitteealsotakesnoteofthedifficultiescausedbythefactthatLebanonhashostedagreatnumberofrefugeesforseveraldecades.  C.Positiveaspects D   164.  TheCommitteewelcomestheresumptionofthedialoguewiththeState  partyafter17years,duringwhichLebanonhadtoendurethetraumaofacivilwar,twomilitaryinvasionsandsubsequentoccupationofpartofitsterritoryinthesouth.165.  TheCommitteewelcomesthefactthatLebanonhasregainedpeaceand    stability,whichgenerateamorefavourableenvironmentforthepromotionandprotectionofhumanrights,includingthoseenshrinedintheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination.166.  Theconstitutionalamendmentsof21September1990,includingthenew `  article95relatingtotheeliminationofpoliticalconfessionalism,arewelcomed.167.  TherecentestablishmentwithintheChamberofDeputiesofthe x Commissiondurglementinterneetdesdroitsdelhomme(CommissiononHumanRights)isawelcomeinitiative.168.  Itisalsotobewelcomedthattreatiesratifiedoraccededtoby  Lebanon,particularlytheConvention,becomepartofinternallawupontheexchangeordepositoftheinstrumentsofratificationoraccession.@ pD.Principalsubjectsofconcern  169.  Concernisexpressedattheinsufficiencyofthelegaldefinitionof `4 ethnicgroupsandtheprotectiongiventothemindomesticlaw.170.  Althoughpoliticalandlegaleffortshavebeenundertakensincethe ! restorationofpeaceinLebanon,concernisexpressedregardingtheexistingresistancetotheprogressiveeliminationofthepoliticalsystemofϜconfessionalism,whichmayimpairtheStatepartysimplementationofcertainprovisionsoftheConvention.171.  Concernisexpressedinrelationtothefullimplementationof V"*' article2,paragraph1,oftheConvention,especiallywithregardtotheinsufficiencyofmeasuresandpolicies,suchasthemajorinformationcampaign,adoptedbytheStatepartytopreventandcombatallformsofracialdiscrimination.172.  WhereastheStatepartyrecognizesSyrians,Greeks,Armenians,Copts, &"- МKurds,Jewsandthelikeas communitiesand religions,thereisnorecognitionofthedifferentethnicoriginofsomeofthem,whichmightconstitutegroundsfordifferenttreatmentofthesecommunitiesincluding,insomeinstances,racialdiscrimination.173.  Alltheprovisionsofarticle4oftheConventionarenotfully +r'3  reflectedindomesticlawandpolicies,inparticularwithregardtothe d,8(4 obligationoftheStatepartytoadoptimmediateandpositivemeasuresdesignedtoeradicateallincitementtooractsofracialdiscrimination. 174.  Concernisexpressedwithregardtoenjoymentbyeveryoneoftheright ~R toequalitybeforethelaw(art.5),especiallyforethnicgroups,refugees,displacedpersonsandforeignworkers.Inthisregard,concernisalsoexpressedthatreligiouscourtsmaypassjudgementsonsomefamilyissueswhichmaybeconstruedasdiscriminatingagainstmembersofethnicgroups,includingrefugeesandforeignworkers.175.  Inrelationtoarticle5(e)(i)oftheConvention,thesituationof    migrantworkersisofconcern,especiallyinrelationtoaccesstoworkandequitableconditionsofemployment.Inthisregard,reportsofconfiscationsofpassportsofforeignworkersbytheirLebaneseemployersareamatterwhichshouldbelookedintobytheresponsibleauthoritiesoftheStateparty.176.  Thereisnospecificinformationrelatingtoarticle6,particularly `  withregardtocasesbeforeLebanesecourts,wherelitigantsmayhaveinvokedtheprovisionsoftheConvention.177.  AlthoughrecognizingthevalidityoftheargumentsadvancedbytheState x party,theCommitteeneverthelessnotesthatthereareinsufficientmeasuresandprogrammesinthefieldsofteaching,education,cultureandinformationaimedatcombatingprejudicesthatleadtoracialdiscriminationandatpromotingunderstandingandfriendship.@ pE.Suggestionsandrecommendations H 178.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyensurethattherightsof  ethnicgroupsfullycomplywiththerequirementsofarticle1oftheConvention.179.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyincludeinformationonthe   demographiccompositionoftheLebanesepopulationinitsnextperiodicreport.180.  InthespiritoftheTaifAgreement(1989)andtheconstitutional  $ amendmentsof21September1990,theCommitteesupportseffortsintheStatepartyaimedatthegradualeliminationofthesystemofpoliticalϢconfessionalism,takingintoaccountpublicviewsandfeelings.181.  Inthelightofarticle2oftheConvention,theCommitteerecommends #) thattheStatepartytakeallappropriatemeasures,suchasmajorinformationcampaigns,withaviewtopreventingandcombatingallformsofracialdiscrimination.182.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyfullyreflectthe '#. provisionsofarticle4initsdomesticlaw.183.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytakeallappropriate *%1 measurestofullyensurethatallpersons,includingmembersbelongingtoethnicgroups,refugeesandforeignworkers,begivenequaltreatmentbefore thelaw.ItalsorecommendsthattheStatepartyensurethatalllegal d,8(4 .    ќprovisionsdealingwithfamilyMrelatedissuesrelatingtomembersof&   ethnic , groupsandforeigners,arefullyconsistentwiththeprovisionsoftheConvention.',&(184.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytakeallappropriate D measures,includingthoseofalegalnature,tofullyguaranteeaccesstoworkandequitableconditionsofemploymenttoallforeignworkers,includingPalestinians.ThepracticeofsomeLebaneseemployersofwithholdingpassportsofforeignworkersshouldbeprohibited.185.  Inlightofarticle7oftheConvention,theCommitteerecommendsthat    theStatepartyallocateappropriateresourcesinthefieldsofteaching,education,cultureandinformationwithaviewtocombatingallformsofracialdiscriminationandpromotingunderstanding,toleranceandfriendship.186.  TheCommitteesuggeststhatwidespreadpublicitybegiventothe   Convention,theperiodicreportssubmittedbytheStatepartyandtheconcludingobservationsoftheCommittee.187.  TheCommitteenotesthattheStatepartyhasnotmadethedeclaration  providedforinarticle14oftheConvention,andsomeofitsmembersrequestthatthepossibilityofmakingsuchdeclarationbeconsidered.188.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyratifytheamendmentsto  article8,paragraph6,oftheConvention,adoptedon15January1992attheFourteenthMeetingofStatesParties.189.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty'snextperiodicreport,  dueon12December1998,beacomprehensiveoneandthatitproviderepliestothequestionsraisedduringtheconsiderationofthereport.@JJ&pYugoslavia*te  :tt  *     כ & 190.  TheCommitteeconsideredtheeleventh,twelfth,thirteenthand ! fourteenthperiodicreportsofYugoslavia(CERD/C/299/Add.17)atits1260th,Ϝ1261stand1262ndmeetings,on11and12March1998,andadopted,atitsϜ1272ndmeeting,on19March1998,thefollowingconcludingobservations.@PP#pA.Introduction !d& 191.  TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtotheStatepartyforthe #( reportsubmittedaswellasfortheadditionalinformationprovidedorallybythedelegation.TheCommitteealsoexpressesitssatisfactionfortheresumptionofthedialoguewiththeStateparty,interruptedsince1995,andwelcomesthecommitmenttocontinuethatdialogueasameanstofacilitatetheimplementationoftheConventioninYugoslavia.  '#. 192.  TheCommitteeregrets,however,thatthereportcontainsinformation ,  almostexclusivelyonlegislationandnotontheimplementationofsuchlegislation.ItalsoregretsthatthereportdoesnotrespondtotheconcludingobservationsonYugoslaviamadebytheCommitteein1993.TheabsenceofanysuchresponserestrictsthepossibilitiesforafruitfuldialoguewiththeStatepartyontheissuesraisedinthoseobservations.@n n pB.Factorsanddifficultiesimpedingthe  j '++X XX'    implementationoftheConvention \ 0 ' +{X++X X'193.  ItisacknowledgedthatYugoslaviaisexperiencinganacutecrisiswith    seriousconsequencesintermsofdemographic,social,economicandpoliticaldevelopments.Internationalsanctions,therepercussionsofthewarinBosniaandHerzegovinaandthepresenceinitsterritoryofabout700,000refugeesadverselyaffecttheenjoymentofhumanrights,includingthoseprotectedbytheConvention.@!pC.Positiveaspects R&  194.  ThestatementmadebytheStatepartyduringtheoraldialogue  indicatingitsintentiontopursuecooperationwithallinternationalmechanismsfortheprotectionofhumanrightsisnoted.195.  TheCommitteetakesnoteofthestatementthattheGovernmentofthe  RepublicofSerbiaisinvitingtheInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCross(ICRC)tovisitKosovoandMetohija,andurgestheStatepartytoimmediatelygrantICRCandotherhumanitarianorganizationsfreeaccesstoϜKosovo.196.  ItisnotedthatsincetheCommittee'sgoodofficesmissionin1993, n someprogresshasbeenmade,withtheparticipationoftheAlbanianpopulation,towardsthenormalizationofthehealthcaresystemintheprovinceofKosovoandMetohija.197.  TheCommitteenotesthestatementmadebytheGovernmentoftheRepublic xL" ofSerbiatotheeffectthatallquestionsrelatingtoKosovoandMetohijashouldberesolvedwithinSerbiabypoliticalmeansandinaccordancewithinternationalstandardsinthefieldofprotectionoftherightsofnationalminorities.@ pD.Principalsubjectsofconcern #( 198.  Concernisexpressedatthelackofimplementationofthememorandumof $| * understandingonthenormalizationofeducationinKosovoandMetohija,signedbyPresidentMilosevicandrepresentativesoftheAlbanianpopulationinSeptember1996.199.  Concernisexpressedaboutcontinuingreportsindicatingthat,despite (Z$/ constitutionalandlegalsafeguards,accessofcertainminoritiestoeducation,publicinformationandculturalactivitiesintheirownlanguageisnotfullyguaranteed.200.  Concernisexpressedatthelimitationsimposedbythe1989Acton d,8(4 SpecialConditionsforRealPropertyTransactions,onthetransactionsbetween *-(5 membersofdifferentgroupsandaboutthefactthatthelawisbeingunevenlyandarbitrarilyimplemented,dependingontheapplicantsethnicityandplaceofresidence.201.  Itisnotedwithregretthattherehasbeennofollowuptothe D good-officesmissionoftheCommitteein1993.ThepurposeofthemissionwastohelppromoteadialogueforthepeacefulsolutionofissuesconcerningrespectforhumanrightsintheprovinceofKosovoandMetohija,inparticulartheeliminationofallformsofracialdiscrimination,andtohelpthepartiesconcernedtoarriveatsuchasolution.Asaresultofthemission,theCommitteeproposedtotheStatepartythatanumberofspecificsteps,particularlyinthefieldsofeducationandhealthcare,betakenwithaviewtonormalizingthesituationinKosovo.AlthoughtheCommitteeexpressedawillingnesstocontinuethedialoguewithintheframeworkofthegood-officesmission,noresponsewasreceivedfromtheStateparty.202.  ConcernisalsoexpressedatpersistingviolationsinKosovoand `  МMetohijaofbasichumanrightsstandards,includingarticle5(a)and(b)oftheConvention,requiringthatarrestedpersonsbebroughtpromptlybeforeajudge,andprohibitingtortureandillMtreatmentofpersonsindetentionorin  thecourseofdemonstrations.Equalconcernisexpressedabouttheimpunitythatperpetratorsofsuchviolationsseemtoenjoy.203.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthatdisproportionateuseofforcebylaw  enforcementagenciesandthemilitaryagainsttheAlbanianpopulationintheprovinceofKosovoandMetohijahasresultedinnumerousviolationsoftherighttolife,destructionofpropertyanddisplacement.204.  AlthoughtheStatepartyhasarguedthatitsrecentactionsinKosovo  andMetohijawerecarriedoutexclusivelywithaviewtocombatingterrorism,theCommitteenoteswithseriousconcernthatagreatnumberofvictimsoftherecenteventsarecivilians,includingwomenandchildrenwhosedeathscannotbejustifiedbyanymeans.ItstatesthatanyattempttopushforamilitarysolutionofthelongMstandingcrisisinKosovocouldhavedistressing ! consequences.205.  ItisregrettedthatthecooperationoftheStatepartywiththe  $ InternationalTribunalfortheFormerYugoslaviaremainsinsufficientandthatindividualsindictedbytheTribunalforwarcrimesandcrimesagainsthumanityarenotputatitsdisposal.@ pE.Suggestionsandrecommendations #) 206.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheinformationprovidedorallyin n%B!+ responsetoawiderangeofquestionsraisedbythemembersbeincorporatedinthenextperiodicreport,dueon24July2000.Thatreportshouldalsocontaininformationonthefollowingissues:  (a) CasesinwhichtheConventionhasbeeninvokedindecisionsor L) %0 otheractsadoptedbycourtsoradministrativeorgans;  (b) Caseswheredecisionsandotheractsadoptedbycourtsor +r'3 administrativeorganshavebeeninvalidatedowingtononMcompliancewiththe d,8(4 Convention; *-(5 Ї  (c) Caseswherecompensationhasbeengrantedfordamagescausedby , officialsorStateorgansinvolvingviolationofrightsguaranteedbytheConvention;  (d) Caseswheremeasureshavebeentakenagainstorganizations D carryingoutactivitiespromotingracialhatredanddiscrimination;casesthatmighthavebeenbroughtbeforetheconstitutionalcourtsinthisrespect;  (e) Caseswhereproceedingshavebeeninstitutedforthecrimesof \ 0 violationofcitizensrighttoequality,infringementofcitizensrighttousetheirmothertongue,incitementofnational,racialandreligioushatredoranyotheractofracialdiscrimination.207.  Effortsshouldbepursuedinordertoguaranteefullenjoymentby :  membersofallminoritiesoftheirrightstopublicinformationandculturalactivities,aswellaseducationintheirownlanguage,wheneverpossible.208.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmentofYugoslaviatakemeasures R&  toincorporatehumanrightsprogrammesinschoolcurricula.SuchprogrammesshouldalsoincludetheprovisionsoftheConvention,withaviewtopromotingthepreventionofracialdiscrimination.209.  RecallingitsgeneralrecommendationXXI(48)of8March1996,the 0 CommitteeexpressestheopinionthatasolutionforKosovoandMetohijaincludesastatusofthehighestlevelofautonomyforthispartoftheStatepartyasameansforeveryonetoenjoytheirhumanrightsandinparticulartoeliminateallformsofracialdiscrimination.210.  TheCommitteecallsonallpartiestoensureimplementationofthe  memorandumofunderstandingonthenormalizationofeducationinKosovoandϜMetohija.211.  TheCommitteeurgestheStatepartytocarryoutafullandindependent   investigationoftheincidentsthatoccurredinKosovoandMetohijafollowingtherecentmilitaryoperationsandtobringtojusticethoseresponsibleforanyactinvolvingadisproportionateuseofforce.212.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartycooperatefullywiththe  % InternationalTribunalfortheFormerYugoslavia,inparticularbyhandingoverthoseindictedbytheTribunalforwarcrimesandcrimesagainsthumanity.213.  ItisalsonotedthattheStatepartyhasnotmadethedeclaration $| * providedinarticle14oftheConvention,andsomemembersoftheCommitteerequestthatthepossibilityofmakingthedeclarationbeconsidered.214.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyratifytheamendmentsto '#. article8,paragraph6,oftheConvention,adoptedon15January1992attheFourteenthMeetingofStatesPartiestotheConvention.  *%1 & 0  @(pArmenia , 215.  TheCommitteeconsideredtheinitialandsecondperiodicreports  ofArmenia(CERD/C/289/Add.2)atits1262ndand1263rdmeetings,on12and13March1998,and,atits1272ndmeeting,on19March1998,adoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.'0,Y@PP#pA.Introduction  j 216.  TheCommitteecommendstheStatepartyonthequalityofitsreport, "   preparedinaccordancewiththeCommitteesguidelines.ItappreciatestheopenandconstructivedialoguewiththerepresentativesoftheStatepartyandtheadditionalinformationprovidedorally.̀@n n pB.Factorsanddifficultiesimpedingthe   '++XX+{X'     implementationoftheConvention   ' +{X++XX'217.  ItisnotedthattheStatepartyisgoingthroughadifficultperiodof R&  political,economicandsocialreformsfollowingthedissolutionoftheformerSovietUnionandthatthesefactors,togetherwithrecentdemographicmovements,arenotconducivetothefullimplementationoftheConvention.̀  C.Positiveaspects 0   218.  Itisnotedwithappreciationthatdespiteprevailingpolitical,  economicandsocialdifficulties,effortsarebeingmadetoimplementtheprovisionsoftheConvention.TheStatepartyspronouncedcommitmenttoensuringequalitybeforethelawisespeciallynoted.219.  ThesigningbytheStatepartyoftheCommonwealthofIndependentStates n (CIS)Agreementonquestionsrelatingtotherestorationoftherightsofdeportedpersons,nationalminoritiesandpeoplesin1992andtheCISConventiononthesafeguardingoftherightsofmembersofnationalminoritiesin1994isnotedwithinterest.220.  Italsonotedwithinterestthattherehavebeenconsiderablelegal ># developmentsrecentlyandthattheStatepartyisintheprocessofdraftingnewlegislation,includinganewPenalCode,expectedtobeadoptedbytheendof1998,aswellaslegislationregardingemploymentandthefamily.̜221.  Withrespecttoarticle7oftheConvention,thepublicationand #( disseminationofthetextsandprinciplesoftheConventionandotherhumanrightsdocumentsiswelcomedbytheCommittee.ItisnotedwithinterestthattheStatepartyandtheOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerofHumanRightsatGenevahavesetupaprojecttoorganizeseminars,trainspecialistsanddisseminatehumanrightsliterature.@ pD.Principalsubjectsofconcern (Z$/ 222.  Whilenotingthattheexistingpenallegislationisundergoingreform, *%1 theCommitteeisneverthelessconcernedthatarticle69ofthePenalCodecurrentlyinforcedoesnotprohibitalldisseminationofideasbasedonracialsuperiorityandincitementtoracialdiscriminationasrequiredbyarticle4oftheConvention. *-(5 Ї223.  ThelackofanyinformationintheStatepartysreportontheincidence , ofraciallymotivatedcrimeoccasionsconcern.224.  Withregardtotherighttoequaltreatmentbeforethetribunalsandthe ~R righttosecurityofpersonandprotectionbytheStateagainstviolenceorbodilyharm(article5,paragraphs(a)and(b),oftheConvention),concernisexpressedatthereportedcasesoftortureandothercruelordegradingtreatmentonthepartofpoliceandinvestigatingofficers.225.  Withrespecttotherighttoeducationandtrainingofmembersofethnic "   andnationalminorities,itisnotedwithconcernthataccordingtoArmenianlaw,teachingmustbeconductedintheofficiallanguage,andthatsomeminoritygroupsarethereforedeniedaccesstoeducationinpractice.@ pE.Suggestionsandrecommendations   226.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyfullycomplywith `  article4oftheConventionandregisterstatisticsonraciallymotivatedcrimes.Italsorecommendsthatthisinformationbeincludedinthenextperiodicreport,togetherwithdetailedinformationoncomplaintsreceivedandjudgementsissuedbycourtsconcerningracialdiscrimination.227.  TheCommitteefurthersuggeststhattheStatepartyconsideradopting 0 measurestoensurethatethnicandnationalminoritieshaveaccesstoeducationintheirownlanguagewheneverpossible.228.  TheCommitteerequeststheStatepartytoincludeinformationaboutthe H resultsandeffectivenessoftheongoinghumanrightsprojectcarriedoutbytheStatepartyandtheOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights.229.  ItisfurtherrecommendedthattheStatepartyfurnishtheCommittee & withthetextsofnewlawsconcerningracialdiscriminationoncetheyareadopted,andsubsequentlywithinformationontheeffectivenessofthereformsofthejudicialsysteminpractice.230.  Initsforthcomingreport,theStatepartyshouldinclude,interalia,  $ furtherinformationontherestorationoftherightsofdeporteeswhohavereturnedtothecountry,theresultsofthenationalreformoneducation,andtheaccesstohealthcare,housingandemploymentofethnicandnationalminorities.231.  TheCommitteesuggeststhattheStatepartyconsiderestablishinga $| * humanrightscommissiontotakeactionontherecommendationsbroughtforwardbytheCommittee.232.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyratifytheamendmentsto '#. article8,paragraph6,oftheConvention,adoptedon15January1992attheFourteenthMeetingofStatesPartiestotheConvention.233.  ItisnotedthattheStatepartyhasnotmadethedeclarationprovided *&2 forinarticle14oftheConvention,andsomemembersoftheCommitteerequestthatthepossibilityofsuchadeclarationbeconsidered. *-(5 234.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartysnextperiodicreport, , dueon23July1998,beanupdatingreportandthatitaddressallthepointsraisedinthepresentobservations.@$$ pLibyanArabJamahiriya D 235.  TheCommitteeconsideredtheeleventh,twelfth,thirteenthand  fourteenthperiodicreportsoftheLibyanArabJamahiriya,submittedinasingledocument(CERD/C/299/Add.13),atits1264thand1265thmeetings,Ϝon13and16March1998,and,atits1272ndmeeting,on19March1998,adoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.@PP#pA.Introduction t H  236.  TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationfortheopportunitytoresume   itsdialoguewiththeStateparty.TheCommitteenotesthatitconsideredthepreviousperiodicreportoftheLibyanArabJamahiriyaon22August1989.ThereportunderconsiderationisinaccordancewiththeCommitteesguidelinesandcontainsinformationonhowtheStatepartyimplementstheConvention.ThereportalsocontainsanswerstosomeofthequestionsraisedbytheCommitteemembersin1989.However,thereportprovidesinformationonlegislative,judicialandadministrativedevelopmentsonlyupto5January1994.237.  TheCommitteerecallsinthisconnectionthatStatespartiesareunder  anobligationtotakelegislative,judicialandadministrativemeasurestocombatracialdiscriminationasapreventivemeasuresoastoavoidanypossiblemanifestationorrecurrenceofthephenomenon.@!pB.Positiveaspects n 238.  ItisnotedwithappreciationthattheStatepartyhasincorporatedthe & Conventionasanintegralpartofitsdomesticlegislation,andthatincaseoflegalconflict,theConventiontakesprecedenceoverdomesticlaw.239.  TheLibyanConstitutionalDeclarationandtheotherrelevantdocuments ># containprovisionsguaranteeingequalityofallcitizensbeforethelaw.240.  SatisfactionisexpressedatthewayinwhichtheStatepartyhas !d& Тconsistentlyconducteditsfightagainstapartheid.241.  TheStatepartyhasmadeseriouseffortstogiveeffecttoanumberof #) theprovisionsofarticle5,particularlythoseconcerningcertaineconomicandsocialrights.@ pC.Principalsubjectsofconcern &"- 242.  BoththestatementsoftherepresentativeoftheLibyanArabJamahiriya (Z$/ andthereport,especiallyitssecondpart,maintaincategoricallythatthereisnoracialdiscriminationandnocomplaintsconcerningracialdiscriminationintheStateparty.Thereisnospecificlegislationtoprohibitracialdiscrimination.  d,8(4 243.  TheStatepartyhasnotprovidedanyinformationonthedemographic ,  compositionoftheLibyanpopulation,althoughtheCommitteerequesteditwhenitconsideredtheStatepartystenthperiodicreportin1989.244.  TheStatepartyhasnotbeenfullyimplementingtheprovisionsof D article4oftheConventionandithasnotprovidedsufficientinformationonthepracticalimplementationoftheprovisionsofarticle4.245.  Itisalsoregrettedthatinsufficientinformationhasbeenprovidedon \ 0 theimplementationofarticle6oftheConvention,particularlyonavailableremedies,aswellasthepracticeofthetribunals.̜246.  ThedeclarationbytheStatepartythattherearenoethnicminorities t H  Мinitsterritorydoesnottakeintoaccounttheexistence,inparticular,ofϢBerbers,Tuaregs,blackAfricansandthelike,whoarereportedtoexperienceactsofdiscriminationbecauseoftheirethnicorigin.247.  Concernisexpressedaboutallegationsofactsofdiscriminationagainst R&  migrantworkersonthebasisoftheirnationalorethnicorigin.@ pD.Suggestionsandrecommendations x 248.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyprovideinitsnextreport 0 detailedinformationonthedemographiccompositionofitspopulation,includingnonLibyanslivingintheStateparty,aswellasinformationonthestatusandworkingconditionsofforeignworkersandonmeasurestakenbytheStatepartytopreventanyactsofdiscriminationagainstthem.249.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatspecificlegislationbeenactedbythe  Statepartytoimplementtheprovisionsofarticle4oftheConvention.TheStatepartyisalsoencouragedtoadoptappropriatepoliciestopromotetherightsofethnicminoritiesandtoensuretheirequalityinaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheConvention.250.  AparticulareffortshouldbemadebytheStatepartytotrainlaw xL" enforcementofficialsinthelightoftheprovisionsoftheConvention.251.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartycontinuetotake  % appropriatemeasurestoincreasetheawarenessofthepopulationabouttheprovisionsoftheConvention,particularlythosecontainedinitsarticle7,andtowidelydisseminatetheconcludingobservationsadoptedbytheCommitteeonthereport.252.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyratifytheamendmentsto n%B!+ article8,paragraph6,oftheConvention,adoptedon15January1992attheFourteenthMeetingofStatesPartiestotheConvention.253.  ItisnotedthattheStatepartyhasnotmadethedeclarationprovided (Z$/ forinarticle14oftheConvention,andsomemembersoftheCommitteerequestthatthepossibilityofsuchadeclarationbeconsidered.  *&2 &   254.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartysnextperiodicreportbe , anupdatingone.ItshouldaddressallthepointsraisedinthepresentobservationsandreplytounansweredquestionsraisedbymembersoftheCommittee.',4Ԝ̛@'pCameroon   255.  Atits1265th,1266thand1267thmeetings,theCommitteeconsideredthe  j tenthtofourteenthperiodicreportsofCameroon,submittedinasingledocument(CERD/C/298/Add.3).Atits1273rdmeeting,on20March1998,theCommitteeadoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.@PP#pA.Introduction t H  256.  TheCommitteewelcomesthesubmissionoftheStateparty'speriodic   reportandthepresenceofandtheopportunitytoresumeadialoguewithadelegationfromthecountry.ItnoteswithsatisfactionthatthereportcomplieswithitsguidelinesandtakesintoaccountitslatestconclusionsconcerningtheStateparty.TheCommitteefurthernotesthattheoralinformationprovidedinaspiritoffrankandopendialoguebythedelegationofCameroonwasausefulsupplementtothewrittenreport.@< < pB.Factorsanddifficultiesimpedingthe 0 М    3 implementationoftheConvention  257.  NoteistakenofCameroon'sconsiderableethnic,religious,linguistic, V cultural,geographicalandeconomicdiversity.@!pC.Positiveaspects  258.  TheCommitteenotestheStateparty'sadoptionon18January1996ofa `4 newConstitutionthatguarantees,interalia,theprotectionoftherightsof & minoritiesandindigenouspeoplesanditsratificationofnumeroushumanrightsconventions.259.  TheCommitteewelcomestheestablishmentbyadecree ># dated8November1990oftheNationalCommitteeonHumanRightsandFreedoms.Itnoteswithinteresttheactivitiesofthatbody.260.  Theinformationprovidedonthecompositionofthepopulationandthe V"*' country'ssocial,economicandculturalindicatorsisalsoconsideredverypositive.@ pD.Principalsubjectsofconcern   n%B!+ 261.  Theinadequacyofthepresentlegislation,especiallythePenalCode,to &"- enabletheStatepartyfullytodischargeitsobligationsunderarticle4oftheConventionisasubjectofconcern.262.  Itisregrettablethatthereportprovidesnofiguresconcerning *%1 representationofethnicgroupsatthevariouslevelsofpoliticallifeandthecivilservice.  d,8(4 263.  Protectionoftherightsofminoritiesandindigenouspeoplestoenable ,  themtoliveinharmonyintheirenvironmentis,especiallyasregardsthePygmiesandBoro,asubjectofconcerninthelightofarticle2,paragraph2,oftheConventionandoftheCommittee'sgeneralrecommendationXXIII(51)of18August1997ontherightsofindigenouspeoples.264.  Informationisrequiredonthelegalregimeapplicabletoaliensliving  intheStateparty.265.  Concernwasexpressedwithrespecttoarticle5(b)oftheConvention "   aboutallegationsofinfringementsoftherighttosecurityofperson.266.  Theabsenceofinformationonindividualpopulationgroups'enjoymentof t H  economic,socialandculturalrightsandaccesstodevelopmentprogrammesandprojectsisregretted.267.  TheStateparty'sassertionthatnocasesinvolvingdiscrimination,in `  particularbasedonarticle242ofthePenalCode,areeverbroughtbeforethecourtsandthatthereisthereforenocaselawinthematterisasubjectofconcerninthelightofarticles4and6oftheConvention.268.  Withrespecttotheimplementationofarticle7oftheConvention,the j> informationprovidedonmeasurestoensureequaltreatmentforethnicgroupsregardingteaching,cultureandinformationandtodevelophumanrightstrainingforlawenforcementagentsisinadequate.@ pE.Suggestionsandrecommendations H 269.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytakeallappropriate  measurestoreviewdomesticlaw,particularlythePenalCode,inordertoincludeinitalltheprovisionsrequiredbyarticle4oftheConvention.270.  Withreferencetoparagraph8oftheguidelines,theCommitteerequests   theStatepartytoprovideinformationonethnicgroups'representationatthevariouslevelsofpoliticallifeandthecivilserviceandontheirenjoymentofeconomic,socialandculturalrights.271.  Withaviewtopromotingandprotectingtherightsofminoritiesand  % indigenouspeoples,theCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytakeallappropriatemeasures,particularlyasregardsdeforestationthatmayharmsuchpopulationgroups.272.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytakeallappropriate $| * measuresprovidedforbytheConventiontopreventandeliminateactsofracialdiscriminationagainstaliens.273.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyguaranteeallpersons '#. withinitsterritory,irrespectiveofrace,colourorethnicorigin,enjoymentoftherighttosecurity.274.  TheCommitteerequeststheStatepartytotakeallnecessarymeasuresto *&2 guaranteefreedomofexpressiontoallpersons,irrespectiveofrace,colourorethnicorigin,andtoguaranteefreedomofthepress. *-(5 275.  Withrespecttotheimplementationofarticle6oftheConvention,the , CommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyfacilitateaccesstothecourtsforvictimsofracialdiscriminationsothattheperpetratorsofracistactscanbebroughttotrialandthevictimsofsuchactscanobtainreparation.276.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytakeallappropriate   measurestogivefulleffecttotheprovisionsofarticle7oftheConventionconcerningeducation,trainingandhumanrightsinformation.HumanrightstrainingforagentsoftheStateisespeciallyrecommended.TheStatepartyisalsorequestedtotakeallappropriatestepstoacquaintthepopulationwiththeConventionandtopublishtheGovernment'speriodicreportsandtheCommittee'sobservations.TheCommitteefurtherrecommendsthattheStatepartystrengthenitsrelationswithassociationsandnongovernmentalbodiesseekingtopromotetherightsrecognizedintheConvention.277.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyprovideinitsnextreport   detailedinformationontheimplementationofarticles4to7oftheConventiontosupplementandupdatethestillincompleteinformationgiveninthefourteenthreport.278.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyratifytheamendmentsto x article8,paragraph6,oftheConvention,adoptedon15January1992attheFourteenthMeetingofStatesParties.279.  ItisnotedthattheStatepartyhasnotmadethedeclarationreferred  toinarticle14oftheConvention.AnumberofmembersoftheCommitteehaveaskedthattheStatepartyconsiderdoingso.280.  TheCommitteeinvitestheStatepartytosubmititsnextperiodic  report,dueon24July2000,asanupdate,takingintoaccountthepointsraisedinthepresentobservations.@'pCambodia   281.  TheCommitteeconsideredthesecond,third,fourth,fifth,sixth xL" andseventhperiodicreportsofCambodia(CERD/C/292/Add.2)atits1266thand1267thmeetings,on16and17March1998,and,atits1273rdmeeting,on20March1998,adoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.@PP#pA.Introduction #( 282.  TheCommitteewelcomesthesubmissionbyCambodiaofitsreportaftera $| * longperiodoftimeduringwhichthedialoguebetweentheCommitteeandtheStatepartyhadbeendisrupted,aswellasthepresenceofitsdelegation.TheCommitteeappreciatestheopportunitytoresumethedialoguewiththeStateparty.TheCommitteenotesthatthereportfollowstheguidelinesestablishedbytheCommitteeforthepresentationofreports.TheCommitteeregrets,however,thatthereportlacksconcreteinformationonthepracticalimplementationoftheConvention,andthatmanyquestionsremainedunanswered.TheCommitteewelcomesthestatementbythedelegationthatitwilltransmitthequestionsoftheCommitteememberstotheStateparty.  d,8(4 &   @< < pB.Factorsanddifficultiesimpedingthe ,     3 󀀀implementationoftheConvention  ',ǯ283.  TheCommitteenotesthatCambodiaisfacingmanydifficultiesthathave ~R animpactontheimplementationoftheConvention.Inthisregard,theCommitteerefersinparticulartomorethan20yearsofarmedconflict;thelegacyofthegenocideandothermassivecrimesperpetratedbytheKhmerRougeregime;thesubsequentinvasionofthecountrybyaneighbouringState;theinternationalisolationofCambodiaformanyyears;theinsecuritywhichstillexistsincertainareasofthecountry;thechronicpoliticalinstability,includingrecentchangesinGovernment;andtheverydifficulteconomicandsocialsituation.Thesecircumstanceshavecreatedobstaclestothebringingtojusticeoftheperpetratorsofsevereviolationsofhumanrightswhich,inanumberofcases,haveanethnicdimension.@!pC.Positiveaspects   284.  TheestablishmentwithintheNationalAssemblyofaCommissiononHuman R&  RightsandReceiptofComplaints,whosetaskistoidentifyhumanrightsviolations,receivecomplaintsfromvictimsandtransmitthemtothecompetentauthoritiesforappropriateaction,isnotedwithappreciation.285.  ThereportedcooperationwiththeCambodianofficeoftheOfficeofthe 0 МUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRightsandwithnonMgovernmental  organizationsisalsowelcomed.@ pD.Principalsubjectsofconcern H 286.  Concernisexpressedoverthelackofindependenceofthejudiciary,the  absenceoftheConstitutionalCouncilcalledforbytheConstitution,aswellastheimpunityofperpetratorsofhumanrightsviolations,violationswhichinsomecasesincludesummaryexecutionsandtorture.ThiscontributestotheseriousunderminingofeffortstoestablishtheruleoflawinCambodiawithoutwhichthefullimplementationoftheConventionisnotpossible.287.  Whiletakingnoteofarticle61oftheProvisionsRelatingtothe ># JudiciaryandCriminalLawandProcedureApplicableinCambodiaduringtheTransitionalPeriod,concernisexpressedoverthelackoflegalprovisionsrequiredinordertoimplementfullytheStateparty'sobligationsunderarticle4oftheConvention,inparticulararticle4(b)and(c).288.  Concernisalsoexpressedwithregardtotheinsufficientlegal #) frameworktofullyimplementtheConvention,inparticulararticle2,paragraph1(d),andarticle6.289.  Whiletakingnoteofthe1993Constitution,whichcontainsmany &"- provisionsrelatingtotheprotectionofhumanrights,thefactthatthoseconstitutionalprovisionsreferonlytotherightsofKhmercitizensraisesconcernwithregardtoarticle5oftheConvention.SuchareferencecontributestotheideologyofethnicpurityoftheKhmer,whichmayleadtoracialdiscrimination,ifnothatred,againstminoritygroups,inparticulartheethnicVietnamese.  d,8(4 290.  Itisnotedwithconcernthatthe1996LawonNationality,statingthat ,  KhmernationalsarethoseoneofwhoseparentsisaKhmernational,makesitdifficultforpersonsbelongingtominoritygroups,inparticularethnicVietnameseandindigenouspeople,toestablishtheircitizenship.291.  ThesituationoftheethnicVietnameseisamatterofconcern,in   particularwithregardtoarticle5oftheConventionrelatingtoequalityofrights.EthnicVietnamesearesubjecttoracistpropaganda,mainlyfromtheKhmerRouge,whichmayincitehatredagainstthem.TheseveralmassacresofethnicVietnamese,mostofthemattributedtotheKhmerRouge,havenotbeenproperlyinvestigated.AlarmisalsoexpressedoverreportsthattheexploitationthroughprostitutionoffemalesofVietnameseorigin,inparticularchildren,isgrowing.ConcernisfurtherexpressedaboutreportsofracistattitudesamongmuchoftheKhmerpopulationagainsttheCambodian-bornethnicVietnamese,whoarestillperceivedasimmigrants.292.  Concernisexpressedoverthelimitededucationalfacilitiesinthe `  villagesofethnicVietnamese,thelackoflegislationauthorizingtheestablishmentofschoolsforthemandtheobstaclestotheirchildrenlearningtheKhmerlanguage.293.  WhiletheexistenceoftheInter-MinisterialCommitteeanditsdraft j> NationalPolicyonHighlandPeoplesDevelopmentisnoted,concernisexpressedaboutthesituationoftheindigenouspeoples(alsoreferredtoasHighlandPeoples,KhmerLoeuorHillTribesPeoples),andtotheirlackoflegalstatus,aswellastheinsufficientlegalframeworktoprotecttheirrights,cultureandtraditionallands.Therightsofindigenouspeopleshavebeendisregardedinmanygovernmentdecisions,inparticularthoserelatingtocitizenship,loggingconcessionsandconcessionsforindustrialplantations.Thelackofparticipationoftheindigenouspeopleinthemanagementofnaturalresourcesandinotheractivitiesofconcerntothemisalsoamatterofconcern.@ pE.Suggestionsandrecommendations ! 294.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytakeallappropriate ># steps,includinglegalmeasures,toensuretheindependenceofthejudiciaryandtoestablishtheConstitutionalCouncil,withaviewtobringinganendtotheimpunityofperpetratorsofracialdiscrimination.Inthisrespect,theCommitteeemphasizestheneedtoinvestigate,prosecuteandpunishthosefoundguiltyofsuchcrimes,andtoestablishconfidenceintheruleoflaw.295.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatthelawsbeamendedtomorefullyreflect $| * theprovisionsoftheConvention.SuchareformwouldconstituteaclearreaffirmationbytheCambodianauthoritiesthatracialdiscriminationisunacceptable.Inparticular,theCommitteeisoftheviewthattheLawonNationalityshouldberevised.296.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheCodeofCriminalProcedureandthe L) %0 PenalCodebeenactedassoonaspossibleandreflecttheprovisionsoftheConvention.TheCommitteesuggeststhattheStatepartymaywishtoavailitselfofthetechnicalassistanceprogrammeoftheOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights. *-(5 297.  TheCommitteereaffirmsthattheprovisionsofarticle4ofthe , Conventionaremandatory,asstatedinitsgeneralrecommendationVII.TheCommitteestressesinthisregardthattheStatepartyshouldtakeappropriatestepstofulfilallitsobligationsunderthisarticleandthat,indoingso,ittakefullyintoaccountgeneralrecommendationXV(42)of17March1993.298.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatactionbetakenatthelegislative,  administrativeandjudiciallevelstoprotecttherightofeveryone,includingethnicVietnamese,toenjoytheirrightsunderarticle5oftheConvention,especiallytherighttosecurityofpersonandprotectionbytheStateagainstviolenceorbodilyharm,topublichealthandmedicalcareandtoeducationandtraining.Itfurtherrecommendsthatcomprehensiveinformationontheimplementationofthearticlesbeprovidedinthenextreport.299.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyrecognizethecitizenship   oftheindigenouspeoples,aswellastheiruseoflands,forestsandothernaturalresources,andtheirdistinctanduniqueidentity,cultureandwayoflife.TheCommitteefurtherrecommendsthattheStatepartytakestepstofullyimplementitsgeneralrecommendationXXIII(51)of18August1997,whichaddressestherightsofindigenouspeoplesundertheConvention.Inparticular,theStatepartyshouldensurethatnodecisionsdirectlyrelatingtotherightsandinterestsofindigenouspeoplesaretakenwithouttheirinformedconsent.300.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyensureprotectionagainst  anyactsofracialdiscriminationthroughthecompetentcourts,inaccordancewitharticle6oftheConvention,by,interalia,strengtheningthecourt H system,theindependenceofthejudiciaryandtheconfidenceofthepopulationtherein.Itfurtherrecommendsthattherighttoseekjustandadequatereparationforvictimsofracialdiscriminationbeguaranteedinlawandpractice.301.  Inconnectionwiththeimplementationofarticle7oftheConvention,   theCommitteerecommendsthatallnecessarymeasuresbetakentoprovidetrainingandeducationoflawenforcementofficers,civilservants,judgesandlawyers,aswellasteachersandstudents,atalllevelsofeducation,andthepublicatlarge,inthefieldofhumanrightsandpreventionofracialdiscrimination.302.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty,inpreparingitsnext V"*' report,takeaccountoftheseconclusionsandrecommendations.303.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyratifytheamendmentsto $| * article8,paragraph6,oftheConvention,adoptedon15January1992attheFourteenthMeetingofStatesPartiestotheConvention.304.  ItisnotedthattheStatepartyhasnotmadethedeclarationprovided '#. forinarticle14oftheConvention,andsomemembersoftheCommitteerequestthatthepossibilityofsuchadeclarationbeconsidered.305.  TheCommitteeinvitestheStatepartytosubmititsnextreport,due *&2 on28December1998,intimeforthefifty-fourthsessionoftheCommittee, andsuggeststhatitbeacomprehensivereport.Itshouldproviderepliesto d,8(4 thequestionsraisedduringtheconsiderationofthepreviousreportandaddressallthepointsraisedinthepresentconcludingobservations. @(pCroatia ~R Л̜306.  TheCommitteeconsideredtheinitial,secondandthirdperiodicreports   ofCroatia(CERD/C/290/Add.1)atits1276thand1277thmeetings,on3and4August1998,and,atits1295thmeeting,on17August1998,adoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.@PP#pA.Introduction    ̜307.  TheCommitteewelcomesthereportsubmittedbytheStateparty,in t H  particulartheinformationoneconomic,socialandculturalrightsofϜminorities.TheCommitteefurtherwelcomesthesupplementaryinformationgiventoitduringtheexaminationofthereport.Itexpressesitsappreciationforthedialoguewiththehighleveldelegationandfortheanswersgivenorallytothewiderangeofquestionsaskedbymembers.̜308.  TheCommitteeregrets,however,thatthereportcontainsinformation  almostexclusivelyonthelegalframeworkfortheprotectionofrightsofminoritiesanddoesnotgivesufficientinformationontheimplementationofsuchlegislationorontheextenttowhichminoritycommunitiesenjoytheprotectionaffordedbytheConvention.TheCommitteefurtherregretsthatthereportdoesnotsufficientlyrespondtotheCommitteesconcludingobservationsontheStatepartysspecialreportexaminedin1995(A/50/18,paras.163178).̜   B.Factorsanddifficultiesimpedingthe      3 implementationoftheConvention n ̜309.  TheCommitteenotesthattheStatepartyisgoingthroughadifficult & periodofpolitical,economicandsocialchangeasaconsequenceofthediverseconflictsintheformerYugoslavia,andthatthesefactors,togetherwithmajorpopulationmovements,haveresultedinsignificantobstaclestothefullimplementationoftheConvention.̛̜@!pC.Positiveaspects  % 310.  TheCommitteewelcomestheongoingprocessofgradualnormalizationof V"*' interethnicrelationsontheterritoryoftheStateparty.ItexpressesparticularappreciationofthedeclaredcommitmentoftheStatepartytoundertakeconfidencebuildingmeasuresinthisfieldandwelcomesitsspiritofcooperationwiththeCommitteeandappropriateUnitedNationsbodies.@ pD.Principalsubjectsofconcern &"- ̜311.  TheCommitteereiteratesitsobservationsregardingthelackofclarity (Z$/ astothevariousdefinitionsusedinthereportandindomesticlegislationtodescribeethnicandnationalminorities.̜312.  Withrespecttoarticle2oftheConvention,theCommitteeisconcerned +r'3 aboutthereductionoftheproportionaterepresentationoftheSerbianethniccommunityintheCroatianParliamentfollowingtheproclamationofa *-(5 constitutionallawontemporarysuspensionofcertainprovisionsforfreedomsandtherightsofnationalandethniccommunitiesandminoritiesintheStateparty.̜313.  TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthelackoflegalprovisionsrequired D inordertoimplementtheStatepartysobligationsunderarticle4(b)oftheConvention,thatistheabsenceoflegislativemeasuresdeclaringillegalandprohibitingorganizationswhichpromoteandinciteracialdiscrimination.̜314.  Withrespecttoarticle4oftheConvention,concernisalsoexpressed "   atincidentsofhatespeechdirectedattheSerbminorityinCroatmedia,andthefailureoftheStatepartytotakeadequatemeasurestoinvestigateandprosecutethoseresponsibleforpromotinghatredandethnictensionthroughϜprintandaudioMvisualmedia. :  ̜315.  WhilerecognizingtheproblemsconfrontedbytheStatepartyinmeeting   theneedsoflargenumbersofrefugees,returneesanddisplacedpersonsandwhilenotingtherecentestablishmentofaNationalProgrammeforReturns,theCommitteeremainsconcernedattheseriousdifficultiesandviolenceencounteredbyreturneesanddisplacedpersons,inparticularethnicSerbs,Ϝinreturningtoareasoforigin,orbyrefugeeswhenclaimingtheirrighttohavepropertyrestoredtothemortoreceivecompensationuponreturntotheirplaceoforigin.InthisrespecttheCommitteeisconcernedaboutthedifficultiesofthereturnofSerbsandothersdisplacedinEasternSlavonia,ϢBaranjaandWesternSirmium.TheCommitteecallstheattentionoftheStatepartytoitsgeneralrecommendationXXII(49)of16August1996concerningtherightsofrefugeesanddisplacedpersons.̜316.  Withrespecttoarticle5oftheConvention,theCommitteeisfurther  concernedthatarticles8and16oftheCroatianLawonCitizenshipseemtoestablishdifferentcriteriaforethnicCroatscomparedwithotherminoritiesinCroatiaingrantingcitizenship.Itisalsoconcernedattheexcessivedelaysintheprocessingofapplicationsforcitizenship,inparticularthoseofethnicSerbs,whichhaveresultedinapplicantslosingsocialandeducationalbenefits.̜317.  Asregardstheimplementationofarticles5and6oftheConvention,the  $ reportdoesnotcontainsufficientinformationastothestepstakentoensurethepracticalimplementationoftherighttoequaltreatmentbeforethecourtsandeffectiveremediessothatvictimsofracialdiscriminationcansecurethepunishmentofdiscriminatoryactsandreparationforinjury.TheCommitteeisconcernedatcontinuingreportsaboutthefailureofthecriminaljusticesystemtoadequatelydealwithallcrimesofanethnicnatureandthesubsequenttendencytofailtoprosecuteallegedperpetratorsofcrimesdirectedatethnicSerbs,whereastherearereportsthatCroatianSerbshavebeenunfairlyprosecutedorexcessivelypunishedwhenallegationsofillegalactivitydirectedatnonSerbshavebeenbrought.̜318.  Withrespecttoarticle7oftheConventionconcernisexpressedthat L) %0 accordingtocontinuingreports,strongcontrolisexercisedbytheGovernmentofcertainmassmedia,particularlytelevision,andthatsomegraphicmedia areallowedtousediscriminatoryspeech.Concernisalsoexpressedthat +r'3 reportsfromUnitedNationsbodiespointtoalackofinformation&   andawarenessamongtheCroatpopulationofinternationalhumanrightsstandardsingeneralandoftheConventioninparticular.',@ pE.Suggestionsandrecommendations D ̜319.  Withrespectofarticle2oftheConvention,theCommitteerecommends  МthattheStatepartyreinstatetheprovisionsforthefairandproportionaterepresentationoftheSerbianethniccommunityintheCroatianParliament.̜320.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartycomplyfullywiththe    obligationsunderarticle4oftheConventionandthatnecessarylegislativemeasuresbetakeninordertogivefulleffecttotheprovisionsofthatarticletodeclareillegalandprohibitorganizationswhichpromoteandinciteracialdiscriminationandalsotakemeasuresagainsttheuseofmassmediaforϜincitementtoethnichatred.InthislastrespecttheCommitteereiteratesitspreviousrecommendationtotheStatepartytocomplywitharticle4oftheConventionandprohibitandprosecuteallactsofincitementtoethnichatred.̜321.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyintroduceadequate  measurestoensureandmonitortheimplementationinpracticeofthenewlyintroducedNationalProgrammeforReturn,inparticularwithrespecttotheSerbsdisplacedinEasternSlavonia,BaranjaandWesternSirmiumandrecommendsthattheStatepartyinformitaboutthenatureandresultsofitseffortsinitsnextperiodicreport.TheCommitteefurtherurgestheStateparty,asamatterofurgency,totakestepstoensuretherighttosecurityofpersonandprotectionagainstviolenceorbodilyharmofreturnees.̜322.  Withrespecttotheacquisitionofcitizenship,theCommitteerecommends  thattheStatepartytakestepstoensurethatallprovisionsoftheCroatianLawonCitizenshipareinconformitywitharticle5oftheConvention,andthatthelawisimplementedinanondiscriminatorymanner.̜323.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytakemeasurestoensure ! theprosecutionofpersonsallegedlyresponsibleforhavingcommittedraciallymotivatedcrimes,regardlessoftheracial,ethnicorreligiousoriginoftheperpetratororthevictim.TheCommitteefurtherrecommendsthattheStatepartyincludedetailedinformationonsuchmeasuresinitsnextperiodicreport,aswellasinformationonraciallymotivatedcrimes,includingforexample,thenumberofcomplaintsandjudicialdecisionswithregardtocompensationawardedtovictimsorcriminalsanctions.̜324.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyusealleffectivemeasures $| * tofamiliarizethepublicwiththeConvention,inordertochangetraditionalprejudicesagainstcertainminorities,andtoconveymessagesoftolerance.Inthisregard,theStatepartyshouldcontinuetoprovideinstructiononinternationalhumanrightsstandardsinschoolsandorganizetrainingϢprogrammesforpersonsengagedintheadministrationofjustice,includingjudges,lawyersand,inparticular,inthelightofgeneralϜrecommendationXIII(42)of16March1993relatingtolawenforcementofficials.̜325.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytakeconcretemeasuresin d,8(4 ordertoguaranteefreedomofassociationwithoutdistinctionastoethnic *-(5 originandthatmassmedia,inalltheirforms,includingelectronicform,areopentoallethnicgroupswithoutdistinction.TheCommitteealsorecommendsthattheStatepartytakeeffectivemeasuresinordertostopracistanddiscriminatoryspeechinsomegraphicmedia.̜326.  Initsforthcomingreport,theStatepartyshouldincludedetailed   informationrelatingtothepracticalimplementationoftheConvention,includinginformationontheindependenceofthejudiciary;thereintegrationofEasternSlavonia;whatithasdonetodischargeitsobligationtocooperatewiththeInternationalTribunalfortheFormerYugoslavia;clarificationastothelegaldefinitionsusedfordescribingdifferentminorities;andupdatedinformationonthedemographiccompositionoftheCroatianpopulation.̜327.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyratifytheamendmentsto :  article8,paragraph6,oftheConvention,adoptedon15January1992attheFourteenthMeetingofStatesPartiestotheConvention.̜328.  ItisnotedthattheStatepartyhasnotmadethedeclarationprovided R&  forinarticle14oftheConvention,andsomemembersoftheCommitteerequestedthatthepossibilityofsuchadeclarationbeconsidered.̜329.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartysnextperiodicreport, j> dueon8October1998,beanupdatingreportandthatitaddressallthepointsraisedinthepresentobservations.̜@DD(pCyprus V М330.  TheCommitteeconsideredthefourteenthperiodicreportofCyprus  М(CERD/C/299/Add.19),atits1278thand1279thmeetings,on4and5August1998,and,atits1288thmeeting,on12August1998,adoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.̛̜@PP#pA.Introduction   ̜331.  TheCommitteewelcomesthesubmissionofthefourteenthperiodicreport xL" ofCyprusandtheopportunitytocontinueitsdialoguewiththeStateparty.TheCommitteealsowelcomesthesubmissionoftherevisedversionoftheStatepartyscoredocument(HRI/CORE/1/Add.28/Rev.1).TheCommitteenoteswithappreciationthatthereportprovidesdetailedanswerstoconcernsexpressedandrecommendationsmadebytheCommitteeinitsconcludingobservationsfollowingtheconsiderationofthethirteenthperiodicreportoftheStateparty(seeA/50/18,paras.6476).Itfurtherexpressesitsappreciationforthefrankandconstructivedialoguewiththedelegationandfortheadditionalinformationandcomprehensiveanswersgivenorallytothewiderangeofquestionsaskedbyitsmembers.̜   B.Factorsanddifficultiesimpedingthe '#.     3 implementationoftheConvention (Z$/ ̜332.  TheCommitteereiteratesitsgraveconcernatthelengthyoccupation *%1 of37percentoftheterritoryofCyprusbyTurkishforcesandthecontinueddivisionofthecountry,andthattheGovernmentisstillprevented,bytheuseofforce,fromimplementingtheprovisionsoftheConventionintheoccupiedpartofthecountrysincetheinvasionin1974.TheCommittee *-(5 Мfurtherwishestoreiteratethatthecontinuingartificialdivisionofthecountryhasadverselyaffectedeffortstoreducetensionamongthevariousethnicandreligiouscommunitieswhichcomprisethepopulation.@!pC.Positiveaspects D ̜333.  Withregardtotheimplementationofarticle2oftheConvention,itis  notedwithsatisfactionthattheStatepartyhasundertakenmeasuresforthepreparationofabillfortheprotectionofrefugees,whichwouldprotecttherightsofrefugeesanddisplacedpersonsregardlessoftheirethnicorigin.̜334.  TheamendmenttotheprocedureforacquiringCypriotcitizenship,by    whichCypriotnationalityisnowgrantedtoallchildrenregardlessofwhetherthefatherorthemotherisaCypriotcitizen,isalsowelcomed.̜335.  ItisnotedwithappreciationthattheStatepartyhasundertakensteps   fortheimplementationoftheCommitteesrecommendationsregardingtheintroductionofamendmentstoLawII(III)of1992.Italsonotedwithsatisfactionthattheproposedamendmentstothislawincludethepenalizationoftheexpressionofracistideasthroughelectronicmedia.̜336.  Withrespecttotheimplementationofarticle7oftheConvention,the j> effortsandinitiativesofCyprusinthefieldofeducationarewelcomed,especiallytheestablishmentoflanguageprogrammesforchildrenofimmigrantfamiliesandminoritygroups.Theestablishmentofofficialsubsidiesforchildrenbelongingtominoritycommunitiesandtheinclusionofhumanrightsintheschoolcurriculaarealsowelcomed.TheholdingoftrainingprogrammesforcivilservantsontheprovisionsoftheConventionisnotedwithsatisfaction.̜337.  TheCommitteenoteswithappreciationthattheStatepartyhastaken `4 intoconsiderationtheCommitteesgeneralrecommendationXVII(42)of19March1993fortheestablishmentofnationalinstitutionstofacilitatetheimplementationoftheConvention,andtheintentionoftheGovernmentofCyprustoestablishaNationalInstitutionforthePromotionandProtectionofHumanRights.̜338.  TheCommitteewelcomesthefactthattheStatepartyhasratified,  % byLaw6(III)of1995,theamendmenttoarticle8,paragraph6,oftheConvention.@ pD.Principalsubjectsofconcern #) ̜339.  Concernisexpressedattheinsufficientinformationonthedemographic n%B!+ compositionoftheoccupiedpartofCyprus,duetothefactthattheStatepartyisstillpreventedbytheTurkisharmyfromundertakinganycensusorotherrelevantdatacollectiononthewholeoftheterritoryoftheRepublicofCyprus.̜340.  AlthoughtheCommitteewelcomestheStatepartyseffortstodisseminate *%1 informationwithregardtotheConvention,itisstillconcernedthatmembersofthepublicmaynotbesufficientlyawareoftheprotectionagainstracialdiscriminationprovidedbytheConvention.Inthisconnection,thelackofinformationoncomplaintsconcerningraciallymotivatedoffences,otherthan *-(5 complaintslodgedbyforeignhousemaids,aswellastheabsenceoflawsuitsincourtsclaimingracialdiscrimination,andofcommunicationsfiledwiththeCommitteeunderarticle14oftheConvention,mayindicatethatawarenessoftheConventionisnothighamongjudges,lawyersandthepublicatlarge.@ pE.Suggestionsandrecommendations   ̜341.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatinformationbeprovidedbytheStateparty  j ontheenactmentoflegislationfortheprotectionofrefugees(RefugeeBill)andtheproposedamendmentstoLawII(III)of1992.̜342.  TheCommitteerequeststheStatepartytoprovideinformationinits    nextperiodicreportontheimplementationofrecommendationsmadebytheCommissionerforAdministration(theOmbudsman)toremedytheprocedureforemploymentofforeignhousemaidsinCyprus.̜343.  Emphasizingtheroleofthejusticesystemintheeliminationofracial `  discrimination,theCommitteerequeststheStatepartytoconsidermeasuresforimprovingawarenessoftheConventionandassociatedlegalandadministrativeremedies,andthatlawyersandadministratorsbesuppliedwithinformationontheConventionandonavailableremedies.̜344.  TheCommitteesuggeststhattheGovernmentofCyprusmaywishtoavail 0 itselfofanyadviceandassistancewhichmayberenderedbytheOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRightswithregardtotheGovernmentsinitiativetoestablishanationalhumanrightsinstitution.̜345.  TheCommitteerequeststheStatepartytogivewidepublicityinits  territorytothefourteenthreportsubmittedtotheCommittee,tothepresentconcludingobservationsaswellastothepossibilitiesofmakinguseoftheprocedureprovidedforinarticle14oftheConvention.̜346.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartysnextperiodicreport,   dueon4January1998,beanupdatingreportandthatitaddressallthepointsraisedintheseconcludingobservationsandduringtheconsiderationofthereport.@)pCuba  % ̜347.  TheCommitteeconsideredthetenth,eleventhandtwelfthperiodic V"*' reportsofCuba(CERD/C/319/Add.4)atits1290thand1291stmeetings,on12and13August1998,and,atits1301stmeeting,on20August1998,adoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.@PP#pA.Introduction 4&", М348.  TheCommitteewelcomesthepresentationoftheStatepartysreportand '#. appreciatestheopportunitytoresumethedialoguewiththeStateparty.Thereportfollowedtheguidelinesforthepresentationofreportsandcontainedusefulinformationwhichwascomplementedbytheoralinformationprovidedbythedelegation.TheCommitteealsowelcomesthesubmissionbyCubaoftheϜcoredocument(HRI/CORE/1/Add.84).  d,8(4 М&       3 B.Factorsordifficultiesimpedingthe ,     3 implementationoftheConvention  ̜',\)349.  ItisrecognizedthatCubahasexperiencedseriouseconomicdifficulties ~R asaresultoftheembargoinplacesincethebeginningofthe1990sthataffectthefullenjoymentofeconomic,socialandculturalrights,especiallybylessfavouredsocialgroups.Amongthosegroupsthereis,forhistoricalandsocioculturalreasons,ahighpercentageoftheblackandmestizopopulation.@!pC.Positiveaspects    ̜350.  AppreciationisexpressedwithregardtothecommitmentoftheState t H  partytoeliminatingallmanifestationsofracialdiscrimination,especiallythroughtheadoptionsince1959ofappropriatelegislation,equalopportunitypoliciesandwidespreadeducationofthepopulation.Thepolicyofpromotingblackstomanagerialpositionsatalllevelswithinthecountry,includingthehighestpoliticalorgans,iswelcomed.̜351.  ThestatementbytheStatepartythatalthoughinpublicliferacial  prejudiceispracticallyinsignificant,itstillappearsinthemostprivateareasoflife,particularlyinsocialengagementsandmarriage,isalsoϜappreciated.Effortstopromoteequalityseemtohaveraisedawidespreadfeelingamongthegeneralpublicthatracialprejudiceisunacceptableandharmoniousinterracialrelationsincreaseineverywalkoflife.̜352.  Itisalsonotedwithinterestthatthe1992constitutionalreform H introducedanumberofprovisionsbywhichaliensresidentinCubaenjoythesamerightsasCubansinmatterssuchastheprotectionoftheirpersonsandpropertyandtheenjoymentoftherightsandperformanceofthedutieslaiddownintheConstitution.̜353.  Thefactthatacademicinstitutionsareconductingstudiesondifferent   aspectsoftheracialquestionisalsowelcomed.@ pD.Principalsubjectsofconcern ># ̜354.  ThereportoftheStatepartydoesnotprovidesufficientinformationon  % thepracticalimplementationoftheConvention,inparticulararticles4to6.@ pE.Suggestionsandrecommendations #( ̜355.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty,initsnextperiodic $| * report,providefullerinformationonthedemographiccompositionofthepopulationinthelightofparagraph8ofthereportingguidelines.ThefindingsofthestudybeingconductedbytheAnthropologyCentreaboutracerelationsandethnicityshouldbesummarizedinthenextreport.̜356.  TheCommitteerequeststheGovernmentofCubatoprovide,initsnext L) %0 periodicreport,informationonthenumberofcomplaintsofracialdiscrimination,theoutcomeoftheprosecutionofcasesofracialdiscriminationandtheredress,ifany,providedtopersonsaffectedbysuchϜdiscrimination.TheroleoftheAttorneyGeneralindealingwithcomplaintsshouldalsobeclearlyexplainedinthelightofarticle6oftheConvention. *-(5 Ї357.  ParticularattentionshouldbepaidbytheStatepartytothe , CommitteesgeneralrecommendationXIII(42)of16March1993onthetrainingoflawenforcementofficialsintheprotectionofhumanrightsandgeneralϜrecommendationXVII(42)of19March1993ontheestablishmentofnationalinstitutionstofacilitatetheimplementationoftheConvention.Informationinthatrespectshouldbeincludedinthenextperiodicreport.̜358.  TheCommitteeinvitestheStatepartytogivepublicitytothe  j Convention,theperiodicreportaswellastheCommitteesconcludingobservationsthereon,sothatthejudiciary,thelegalprofession,therelevantgovernmentagenciesandthepublicatlargearemadefullyawareoftheprovisionsandthepotentialoftheConvention.̜359.  ItisnotedthattheStatepartyhasnotmadethedeclarationprovided :  forinarticle14oftheConventionandsomemembersoftheCommitteerequestedthatthepossibilityofsuchadeclarationbeconsidered.̜360.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartysnextperiodicreport, R&  dueon16March1999,beanupdatingreportandthatitaddressallthepointsraisedinthepresentobservations.@vv)pHaiti j> М361.  Atits1285thmeeting,on10August1998,theCommitteereviewedthe  implementationoftheConventionbyHaitibaseduponitspreviousreport(CERD/C/195/Add.1)anditsconsiderationbytheCommittee(seeCERD/C/SR.879).TheCommitteenotedwithregretthatnoreporthadbeensubmittedtotheCommitteesince1989.̜362.  TheCommitteeregrettedthattheStatepartyhadnotrespondedtoits n invitationstoparticipateinthemeetingandtofurnishrelevantinformation.̜363.  AlthoughthesituationinHaitihasrecentlyimprovedsomewhat,the   Statepartyisstillexperiencingapoliticalandeconomiccrisis.Socialdifferencesareverysevereandthis,indeed,hasgenerateddiscriminationamongthepopulation.ThesefactorsaresignificantobstaclestothefullimplementationoftheConvention.̜364.  TheCommitteerequeststheStatepartytoprovideitwithrelevant !d& informationontheimplementationoflegislationprohibitingandsanctioningracialdiscrimination.Italsowishestoreceiveupdatedinformationonemigration,onthedemographiccompositionofthepopulationandonmeasurestakentoensurethatperpetratorsofactsofviolencerelatedtoracialdiscriminationarenotbenefitingfromimpunity.InviewoftheprolongedabsenceofadialoguebetweentheStatepartyandtheCommittee,theCommitteealsorequestsinformationontheresultsofcooperationwithUnitedNationsagencies,especiallyinareasrelatedtotheimplementationoftheConvention.̜365.  TheCommitteeurgestheStatepartytoresumethedialoguewiththe L) %0 Committeeassoonaspossible.̜366.  TheCommitteesuggeststhattheGovernmentofHaiti,ifitwishes,avail +r'3  itselfofthetechnicalassistanceofferedundertheadvisoryservicesand d,8(4 technicalassistanceprogrammeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissioner&   forHumanRights,withtheaimofdrawingupandsubmittingassoonaspossibleareportdraftedinaccordancewiththereportingguidelines.',D̜@vv)pGabon D 367.  TheCommitteeconsideredthesecondtoninthperiodicreportsof  Gabon(CERD/C/315/Add.1),atits1286thand1294thmeetings,on10and14August1998.Atits1299thand1301stmeetings,on19and20August1998,Ϝitadoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.@PP#pA.Introduction    Л̜368.  AlthoughtheCommitteewelcomesthesubmissionofthereportbythe :  Stateparty,itregretsthatthereportdoesnotfollowthegeneralguidelinesestablishedbytheCommitteeforthepresentationofreports.WhiletheCommitteeunderstandsthatfactorsbeyondthecontroloftheGovernmentofGabonimpededthepresenceofaStatepartydelegationattheexaminationofthereport,itwelcomestheoralrepliesmadebytheStatepartysrepresentativesatalaterstageandthereadinessoftheGovernmentofGabontoresumeitsdialoguewiththeCommittee.̜    3 B.Factorsanddifficultiesimpedingthe 0     3   implementationoftheConvention  ̜369.  TheCommitteenotesthatGabonisgoingthroughadifficulteconomic V periodandthatlimitsonresourcesavailableinthepublicservicehavehamperedthefullimplementationoftheConvention.̜@!pC.Positiveaspects n ̜370.  Gabonsaccessiontothemajorinternationalhumanrightsinstruments, & includingthe1981AfricanCharteronHumanandPeoplesRights,iswelcomedbytheCommittee.̜371.  TheCommitteewelcomesthefactthattheConventionwasincorporated ># intotheConstitutionofGaboninApril1997.372.  TheestablishmentoftheMinistryforHumanRights,whichhasthe !d& mandatetoimplementtheGovernmentshumanrightspolicyandtocoordinatethestepsundertakeninthisarea,iswelcomedbytheCommittee.Moreinformationconcerningthisinstitutionwouldbeappreciated.373.  TheStatepartysachievementsinthefieldofeducation,especiallyits n%B!+ highschoolattendancerate,arewelcomed.    ӜD.Principalsubjectsofconcern '#. N374.  TheCommitteenotestheinsufficiencyoftheinformationonthe L) %0 demographiccompositionofthepopulation,includingthecompositionoftheforeigncommunityandindigenousPygmygroups.375.  TheCommittee,whilenotingwithsatisfactionthattheConstitutionof d,8(4 Gabonestablishesthatallactsofracialdiscriminationarepunishableby *-(5 law,expressesitsconcernatthelackofinformationontheimplementationofarticle4oftheConvention,especiallyonhowthisprincipleisreflectedinotherdomesticlegislation(forexample,thePenalCode)andappliedbyjudges,lawyersandcivilservants.376.  AlthoughtheCommitteenotesthattheConstitutionofGabonprovidesfor   theenjoymentofrightscontainedintheConvention,itisstillconcernedatthelackofinformationontheprotectionofalltherightsenumeratedinarticle5oftheConvention.377.  WhiletheCommitteenotestheroleofthejudiciaryineffortsto    eliminateracialdiscrimination,itisconcernedatthelackofinformationontheexistenceofavailablelegalmechanismstolodgecomplaintsincasesofracialdiscrimination,andthatmembersofthepublicmaynotbesufficientlyawareoftheprotectionagainstracialdiscriminationprovidedbytheConvention.Inthisconnection,thelackofinformationoncomplaintsconcerningraciallymotivatedoffencesaswellastheabsenceoflawsuitsincourtsclaimingracialdiscriminationmayindicatethatawarenessoftheConventionisnothighamongjudges,lawyersandthepublicatlarge.378.  Withrespecttoarticle7oftheConvention,thelackofinformationon x programmesforthetrainingofmagistrates,lawenforcementofficials,teachersandsocialworkers,aimingatraisingtheirawarenessofproblemsrelatedtoracialdiscrimination,isregretted.  ӜE.Suggestionsandrecommendations V  W379.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty,initsnextreport,  providefullerinformationonthedemographiccompositionofthepopulationinthelightofparagraph8ofthereportingguidelines.380.  TheCommitteerequeststheStatepartytoprovideinformationinits & nextperiodicreportontheimplementationofarticle4oftheConvention,especiallyonhowthisprincipleisreflectedindomesticlegislation(forexample,thePenalCode)andisappliedbyjudges,lawyersandcivilservants.̜381.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatcomprehensiveinformationbeprovidedby  $ theStatepartyinitsnextperiodicreportontheeffectiveenjoymentbyallgroupsoftherightsunderarticle5oftheConvention,inparticularconcerningparticipationinpubliclifeunderarticle5(c)andenjoymentofeconomic,socialandculturalrightsunderarticle5(e).382.  Emphasizingtheroleofthejudicialsystemineliminatingracial $| * discrimination,theCommitteerequeststheStatepartytoprovideinformationinitsnextperiodicreportontheexistinglegalmechanismsavailabletolodgecomplaintsincasesofracialdiscrimination.Additionally,theCommitteerequeststheStatepartytoprovideinformationonmeasuresundertakenorenvisagedforimprovingpublicawarenessoftheConvention.383.  Inconnectionwiththeimplementationofarticle7oftheConvention, *%1 theCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytakeallnecessarymeasurestoensurethetrainingandeducationoflawenforcementofficials,teachers,socialworkersandstudentsinthepreventionofracialdiscrimination,andtoincludetheteachingofhumanrightsinschoolcurricula. *-(5 Ї384.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyratifytheamendmentsto , article8,paragraph6,oftheConvention,adoptedon15January1992attheFourteenthMeetingofStatesPartiestotheConvention.385.  ItisnotedthattheStatepartyhasnotmadethedeclarationprovided D forinarticle14oftheConvention,andsomemembersoftheCommitteerequestedthatthepossibilityofsuchadeclarationbeconsidered.386.  TheCommitteesuggeststhattheGovernmentofGabonmaywishtoavail \ 0 itselfofthetechnicalassistanceofferedundertheadvisoryservicesandtechnicalassistanceprogrammeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights,withtheaimofsubmittingacomprehensivereportinaccordancewiththereportingguidelines.387.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartysnextperiodicreport,   dueon30March1999,beacomprehensivereportandthatitaddressallthepointsraisedintheseconcludingobservationsandduringtheconsiderationofthereport.  Jordan    388.  TheCommitteeconsideredtheninthtotwelfthperiodicreportsof j> МJordan(CERD/C/318/Add.1),atits1288thand1289thmeetings,on11andϜ12August1998.Atits1298thmeeting,on18August1998,itadoptedthefollowingconcluding_observations.  A.Introduction H   389.  The_ԀCommitteewelcomestheopportunitytoresumethedialoguewiththe  State_party___Ԁon_thebasisof_Ԁtheninthtotwelfthreportsand__the_core_Ԁ_document(_ԢHRI_/CORE/1/Add.18/Rev.1)__._ԀWhilethereportdidnotfollowtheguidelinesestablishedbytheCommitteeforthepresentationof_reportsandmorespecificinformationisneededontheimplementationoftheConvention,_ԀtheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationfortheanswersprovidedbythedelegationtothemanyquestionsaskedinthecourseofthe_discussion._̜   8 3 B.83 ]!3 ]!Factorsanddifficultiesimpedingthe  $ МimplementationoftheConvention % 390.  Itisnotedthat_the_Ԁ_Statepartys_Ԁdifficulteconomicsituationmay V"*' affectthefullimplementationoftheConventionin_Jordan.@!pC.Positiveaspects $| * _391.  Efforts_ԀmadebytheStatetohostPalestinian_refugees,_Ԁand_to 4&", facilitatetheirintegrationwhileretainingtheiridentity,arenotedwithsatisfaction.392.  THEestablishmentofthe_nationalCentre_ԀforHumanRightsiswelcomedby L) %0 theCommittee.393.  Itisnotedwithsatisfactionthatthereareamorethanproportionate +r'3 numberofseatsintheJordanianHouseofRepresentativeswhichareheldbypersonswhoaremembersofminorities. *-(5 Ї@ pD.Principalsubjectsofconcern , 394.  Concernisexpressedthat,sincetheprotectionsinthePenalCodeare  limitedtogroupswhichconstitutethenation,theprovisionsofarticle4arenotfullyimplementedandnoncitizensmaynotreceivetheprotectionsenvisagedinarticle5(a)and(b)oftheConvention.395.  Withregardtoarticle7oftheConvention,itisregrettedthatlittle  j furtherinformationwasprovidedfollowingtheeightparagraphsregardingthisarticleinthepreviousreport.@ pE.Suggestionsandrecommendations    396.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartysnextreportclarify :  whetherarticle12ofthe_ԢLabour_ԀActderivesfromanagreementconcludedbetweenmembersoftheLeagueofArabStatesandisapplicabletoallcitizensofthoseStatesirrespectiveoftheirethnicornationalorigin.397.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartypresentinitsnextreport   informationonthenumberofcomplaints,judgementsandcompensationawardsarisingfromracistacts,regardlessoftheirnature.398.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyratifytheamendmentsto 0 article8,paragraph6,oftheConvention,adoptedon15January1992attheFourteenthMeetingofStatesPartiestotheConvention.399.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartysnextperiodicreport, H dueon29June1999,beacomprehensivereport,takingintoaccountallrequestsforspecificinformationlistedaboveandallthepointsraisedinconsiderationofthereport.@(pMorocco & 400.  TheCommitteeconsideredthetwelfthandthirteenthperiodicreportsof ! Morocco(CERD/C/298/Add.4)atits1282ndand1283rdmeetings,on6and7August1998,and,atits1296thmeetingheldon17August1998,adoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.@PP#pA.Introduction !d& 401.  TheCommitteewelcomestheStatepartyssubmissionofitstwelfthand #( thirteenthperiodicreportsandexpressesitssatisfactiontothedelegationfortheadditionalinformationsuppliedorallyandinwritingtothewiderangeofquestionsraisedbythemembersoftheCommitteeduringtheconsiderationofthereports.TheCommitteenotesthat,althoughthereportssubmittedbytheStatepartyareinkeepingwiththeCommitteesguidelines,moredetailedinformationisrequiredontheimplementationoftheConvention.TheCommitteealsowelcomestheconstructive,openandfruitfuldialogueconductedwiththedelegationoftheStateparty.  *%1 &    @!pB.Positiveaspects , 402.  TheStatepartysnewpolicyofgivinggreaterattentiontohumanrights  issues,includingtheobjectivesoftheConvention,iswelcomedwith ',xsatisfaction.403.  TheCommitteetakesnotewithinterestoftheactivitiesoftheHuman  RightsAdvisoryCouncilandtheMinistryofHumanRights,particularlywithregardtoongoingeffortstostudyalllawsandregulationstoassesstheirconformitywiththerelevantinternationalhumanrightsinstruments,includingtheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination.404.  ItisnotedwithinterestthattheStatepartyandtheOfficeofthe :  UnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRightsinGenevahavelaunchedaprojecttointroducehumanrightseducationinprimaryandsecondaryschoolcurriculaandtosetupanationalcentreforhumanrightsstudies.405.  Noteistakenwithsatisfactionoftheestablishmentin1995ofregional   councilsforcultureandtheincreasedattentionbeingpaidtoBerberculture,particularlyinrespectofmeasurestoincludeBerberdialectsinschoolcurricula.406.  TheCommitteewelcomestheeffortsbytheStatepartytoimproveits  relationswithinternationalandnationalnongovernmentalorganizationsdealingwithhumanrights,includingtheobjectivesoftheConvention,andtheprogressmadeinopeninguptocivilsociety.@ pC.Principalsubjectsofconcern  407.  WhiletakingnoteoftheStatepartyspointofviewontheproblems `4 involvedindeterminingtheethniccompositionofthepopulation,theCommitteefindsthatthereisalackofinformationonthispointinitsreports.408.  Withreferencetoarticle4oftheConvention,theCommitteewelcomes ># thestatementbytheStatepartythatdomesticlegislationwillbebroughtintolinewiththeConventiononcethePenalCodeisamended,butitnoteswithconcernthat,atpresent,therearenospecificlegalprovisionsprohibitingracialdiscrimination.AlthoughtheConstitutionprovidesforanumberofhumanrights,includingthegeneralprincipleofnondiscrimination,legislative,judicialandadministrativemeasurestogiveeffecttotheConventionarestilllacking.Inthisconnection,attentionisdrawntoarticles2,6and7oftheConvention,accordingtowhichStatespartiesareexpresslyrequiredtoadoptspecificmeasurestogivefulleffecttotherightsinquestion.409.  Thelackofinformationonthenumberofcomplaintsandjudicial (Z$/ decisionsconcerningactsofracism,regardlessoftheirnature,andthecompensationgrantedasaresultisasourceofconcern.  *&2 &   @ pD.Suggestionsandrecommendations , 410.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyshouldgiveinformationon  theethniccompositionoftheMoroccanpopulationinitsnextperiodicreport,',inaccordancewithparagraph8oftheCommitteesguidelines.411.  Inviewofarticle4oftheConventionandtheongoingprocessofthe  amendmentoftheMoroccanPenalCode,theCommitteeencouragestheStatepartytobringtheCodeintolinewiththeprovisionsoftheConventionandrecommendsthattheStatepartyshouldinformitoftheresultsofitseffortsinitsnextperiodicreport.412.  TheCommitteealsorequestsinformationonotherlegalreformsandon t H  theresultsoftheamendmentoftheLabourCode,fromthestandpointoftheprovisionsoftheConvention.413.  Initsnextreport,theStatepartyshouldincludedetailedinformation `  onraciallymotivatedoffences,includingthenumberofcomplaintsandjudicialdecisionsconcerningracistacts,regardlessoftheirnature.414.  TheStatepartyshouldalsosupplyinformationontheactivitiesofthe x HumanRightsAdvisoryCouncilrelatingtotheConvention.415.  Whilewelcomingtheinformationprovidedbythedelegation,the  CommitteewouldliketohaveadditionalinformationinthenextreportonsocioeconomicindicatorsforthesituationoftheBerbers,blacks,nomads,Sahrawisandotherminorities.416.  TheCommitteerequeststheStatepartytoprovideinformationonthe  resultsofthehumanrightseducationprojectbeingcarriedoutbytheStatepartyandtheOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights,withparticularreferencetothecomponentsoftheprojectrelatingtoracialdiscrimination.417.  TheCommitteesuggeststhattheStatepartyshouldtakesteps xL" effectivelytodisseminatenotonlytheprovisionsoftheConvention,butalsotheStateparty'speriodicreportsandtheCommitteesconclusions.418.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyshouldratifythe !d& amendmentstoarticle8,paragraph6,oftheConventionadoptedonϜ15January1992attheFourteenthMeetingofStatesPartiestotheConvention.419.  ItisnotedthattheStatepartyhasnotmadethedeclarationprovided $| * forinarticle14oftheConvention;somemembersoftheCommitteerequestedthatthepossibilityofsuchadeclarationshouldbeconsidered.420.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartysnextreport,whichwas '#. dueon17January1998,shouldbeanupdatingreportandthatitshouldcoverallthepointsraisedintheseconcludingobservations.  *%1 & j  @vv)pNepal , 421.  TheCommitteeconsideredtheninthtothethirteenthperiodicreportsof  Nepal(CERD/C/298/Add.1),atits1292ndmeeting,on13August1998.AtitsϢ1301stmeeting,on20August1998,itadoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.'j,x@PP#pA.Introduction  j 422.  TheCommitteewelcomestheopportunitytoresumethedialoguewithNepal "   afteralapseof11years.TheCommitteenoteswithappreciationthatthereportsubmittedbytheStatepartyisacomprehensivedocumentcomplyingwiththeCommitteesgeneralguidelines.TheCommitteewelcomesthefranknessandselfcriticalapproachofthereportandtheconstructivedialoguewiththeStatepartysdelegation.̜   8 3 B.Factorsanddifficultiesimpedingthe` 3 ]!3 ]!     3 󀀀implementationoftheConvention R&  423.  ItisnotedthatNepal,oneoftheleastdevelopedcountriesofthe  world,isahighlymultiethnicandmulticulturalsociety.ItisalsonotedthatthewidespreadpovertyandthepresenceofalargenumberofrefugeesfromneighbouringcountriesmayaffectthefullimplementationoftheConventionintheStateparty.@!pC.Positiveaspects V 424.  TheenactmentofNepalsnewConstitution(1990),whichguaranteesbasic  humanrightstoeverycitizen,createsaconstitutionalmonarchyandasystemofmultipartydemocracy,andestablishesanindependentjudiciary,iswelcomed.TheincorporationoftheConventionintheNepaleseConstitution(1990)isappreciatedbytheCommittee.425.  TheenactmentofthelawestablishingaHumanRightsCommissionin1997 ! aswellastheestablishmentoftheForeignAffairs,HumanRights,PopulationandSocialCommitteesofParliamentarewelcomed.426.  TheStatepartysopennessandwillingnesstocollaboratewith  % МnonMgovernmentalorganizationsinitseffortstoeliminateracial !d& discriminationareappreciatedbytheCommittee.427.  ThewillingnessoftheStatepartytodisseminateitsreportaswellas #) theconcludingobservationsoftheCommitteeamongnongovernmentalorganizationsandthepublicatlargeisnotedwithappreciation.@ pD.Principalsubjectsofconcern &"- 428.  TheCommitteenotesthelackofclarityoftheinformationprovidedby (Z$/ thereportonthedemographiccompositionofStatepartyand,inparticular,onthecompositionofthepopulationaccordingtocaste,religionandgeographicalregions.*+,X9X+{X*429.  TheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernattheinsufficiencyofinformation d,8(4 providedonthefullimplementationofarticle4oftheConvention,especially *-(5 onhowthisprincipleisreflectedinotherdomesticlegislation(forexample,thePenalCode)andisappliedbyjudges,lawyersandcivilservants.430.  TheCommittee,havingnotedthatthecastesysteminNepalhasbeen ~R abolishedbylaw,neverthelessexpressesitsconcernthatthissystemstillfunctionsandappearsembeddedinpartsoftheNepaleseculture.Inthisconnection,theCommitteeisalsoconcernedatthelimitationthatthissystemimposesontheeffectiveenjoymentbyallgroupsoftherightsenshrinedinarticle5oftheConvention.431.  Withregardtotheimplementationofarticle6oftheConvention,the    CommitteeexpressesitsconcernatthelackofclarityconcerningthejurisdictionoftheSupremeCourtvisvislowercourtsincasesofracialdiscrimination,andthatmembersofthepublicmaynotbesufficientlyawareoftheprotectionsagainstracialdiscriminationprovidedbytheConventionandbylocalremedies.Inthisconnection,thelackofinformationoncomplaintsconcerningraciallymotivatedoffencesaswellastheabsenceincourtsoflawsuitsallegingracialdiscriminationmayindicatethatawarenessoftheConventionisnothighamongjudges,lawyersandthepublicatlarge.432.  TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutthesituationandconditionof x Мthe100,000refugeesfromBhutaninNepal.@ pE.Suggestionsandrecommendations  433.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyinitsnextreportprovide V fullerinformationonthedemographiccompositionofthepopulationinthelightofparagraph8ofthereportingguidelines.TheCommitteerequeststheStatepartytoprovideinformationinitsnextperiodicreportontheimplementationofpracticalmeasurestoeradicatethepracticeofthecastesystem.434.  Withregardtotheimplementationofarticle2oftheConvention,the   Committee,whilewelcomingtheStatepartysinitiatives,includingitsaffirmativeactionprogrammesaimedatimprovingthelivingconditionsofthelessdevelopedgroups,invitestheStatepartytoprovideinformationontheresultsoftheseinitiativesinitsnextperiodicreport.    $ 435.  InviewoftheStatepartysdeclarationonarticles4and6ofthe !d& Convention,theCommitteerepeatsitssuggestiontotheStatepartythatitavailitselfofthepossibility,underarticle20,paragraph3,oftheConvention,towithdrawitsreservationsinordertoensurethefullapplicabilityoftheprovisionsofarticles4and6.436.  TheCommitteerequeststheStatepartytoprovideinformationinits 4&", nextperiodicreportontheimplementationofarticle4oftheConvention,especiallyonhowitisreflectedindomesticlegislation(forexample,thePenalCode)andappliedbyjudges,lawyersandcivilservants.̜437.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatcomprehensiveinformationbeprovidedby *%1 theStatepartyinitsnextperiodicreportontheeffectiveenjoymentbyallgroupsoftherightsunderarticle5oftheConvention,inparticularconcerningparticipationinpubliclifeunderarticle5(c)andenjoymentofeconomic,socialandculturalrightsunderarticle5(e).Forthispurpose, *-(5 theCommitteerecommendsthatnationalorethnicminorityassociationsintheStatepartybeconsultedontheirexperiencesregardingthesematters.438.  Emphasizingtheroleofthejudicialsystemineliminatingracial ~R discrimination,theCommitteerequeststheStatepartytoprovideinformationinitsnextperiodicreportontheexistinglegalmechanismsavailabletolodgecomplaintsincasesofracialdiscrimination,includinginformationontheroleoftheSupremeCourtandlowercourtsaswellasthelegalaidsystem.Additionally,theCommitteerequeststheStatepartytoprovideinformationonmeasuresundertakenorenvisagedforimprovingpublicawarenessoftheConvention.439.  MoreinformationconcerningthecompositionandactivitiesoftheHuman t H  RightsCommissionandtheabovementionedparliamentarybodiesaswellastheresultoftheiractivitiesintheeliminationofracialdiscriminationinNepalwouldalsobeappreciated.440.  Inconnectionwiththeimplementationofarticle7oftheConvention, R&  theCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytakeallnecessarymeasurestoensurethetrainingandeducationoflawenforcementofficials,teachers,socialworkersandstudentsinthepreventionofracialdiscrimination,andtoincludetheteachingofhumanrightsinschoolcurricula.441.  TheCommitteecallsupontheStatepartytofullyobservethehuman  rightsofrefugeesanddisplacedpersonsofBhutanandtonegotiatewiththeGovernmentofBhutantowardsapeacefulsolutionofthisimportantissue.442.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyratifytheamendmentsto  article8,paragraph6,oftheConvention,adoptedon15January1992attheFourteenthMeetingofStatesPartiestotheConvention.443.  ItisnotedthattheStatepartyhasnotmadethedeclarationprovided & forinarticle14oftheConvention,andsomemembersoftheCommitteerequestedthatthepossibilityofsuchadeclarationbeconsidered.444.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartysnextperiodicreport, ># whichwasdueon1March1998,beanupdatingreportandthatitaddressallthepointsraisedintheseconcludingobservationsandduringtheconsiderationofthereport.̜@vv)pNiger #( 445.  TheCommitteeconsideredtheeleventh,twelfth,thirteenthand $| * fourteenthperiodicreportsoftheNiger(CERD/C/299/Add.18)atits1297thmeetingheldon18August1998and,atits1301stmeetingon20August1998,adoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.@PP#pA.Introduction (Z$/ 446.  TheCommitteetakesnoteoftheStateparty'ssubmissionofits *%1 eleventh,twelfth,thirteenthandfourteenthperiodicreports.ItexpressesitssatisfactionwiththeresumptionofthedialoguewiththeStatepartyandtheadditionalinformationprovidedorallyinreplytothequestionsraisedbythemembersoftheCommitteeduringtheconsiderationofthesereports.The *-(5 Committeenotes,however,that,althoughthereportssubmittedbytheStatepartyfollowtheCommittee'sguidelines,moredetailedinformationisrequiredontheimplementationoftheConvention.@!pB.Positiveaspects D 447.  ThesigningofanagreementtoestablishpeacebetweentheGovernmentof  theRepublicoftheNigerandtheOrganisationdelaRsistancearme(ORA)(ArmedResistanceOrganization)in1995iswelcomedwithsatisfaction.TheestablishmentoftheHighCommissioner'sOfficefortheRestorationofPeaceisalsowelcome.448.  Noteistakenofthevariousactivitiesbeingcarriedoutinthefields t H  ofcultureandeducationand,inparticular,thestrengtheningoftheitinerantschoolssystem.449.  Theplannedmeasuresfortheadministrativedecentralizationofthe `  countryarealsonotedwithinterestasameansoffindingbettersolutionstotheproblemsofthevariouscommunities.    3 C.Factorsanddifficultiesimpedingthe x     3 implementationoftheConvention j> 450.  NoteistakenofthefragilityoftheStateparty'sprocessof  democratization.Theverylowstandardofliving,thegeographicalandclimatologicalsituation,theextremelyhighpopulationgrowthrateandtheverylowliteracyrateintheStatepartyarealsokeyfactors.@ pD.Principalsubjectsofconcern  451.  Concernswereexpressedaboutactsofviolenceagainstpersonsbelonging `4 tocertainethnicgroups,particularlytheToubous,thelackofinformationaboutmeasuresforincorporatingORAarmedforcesintothearmyandthecountry'scivilactivitiesandtheparticipationofvariousethnicgroupsinpubliclife.452.  Withregardtoarticle4oftheConvention,notewastakenwithconcern  $ ofthelackofspecificlegalprovisionsprohibitingracialdiscrimination.Althougharticle102ofthePenalCodedeclaresanyactofracialorethnicdiscriminationpunishablebylaw,thedisseminationofideasbasedonracialsuperiorityorhatred,incitementtoracialdiscriminationandactsofviolenceandprovocationoforassistanceinracistactsarenotexplicitlyprohibitedbylawwithinthemeaningoftheConvention.453.  TheambiguityofOrderNo.84-6(1984)governingassociationsand 4&", prohibitingthoseofaregionalorethnicnature,whichmayalsoleadtotheprohibitionofculturalassociationsthathavenoinvolvementinactsofracialdiscrimination,andthelackofinformationgivenbytheStatepartyinthisconnectionaremattersofconcern.454.  Thelackofinformationontheimplementationofarticle5(c)and(d) *&2 oftheConventionand,inparticular,ontheparticipationofthevariousethnicgroupsinpoliticallifeisnotedwithregret. *-(5 455.  TheCommitteealsonotesthatthereisalackofinformationonforeign , refugeesintheNigerandthereturnofNigerrefugeesfromabroad.@ pE.Suggestionsandrecommendations ~R 456.  TheCommitteerequestsinformationonrelationsbetweenthecountry's   variousethnicgroupsandoneffortstogetthemtolivetogetherpeacefullyandharmoniously.457.  InthelightofitsgeneralrecommendationXIX(47)of17August1995on "   article3oftheConvention,theCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyshouldprovideallthenecessaryinformationontheimplementationofthisprovision.458.  Inviewofarticle4oftheConvention,theCommitteeencouragesthe   StatepartytobringitsPenalCodeintolinewiththeprovisionsoftheConventionandrecommendsthattheStatepartyshouldinformitinitsnextperiodicreportofitseffortsandofraciallymotivatedoffences,aswellasofcomplaintsandjudicialdecisionsconcerningracistacts,regardlessoftheirnature.459.  TheCommitteealsorequestsinformationonotherlegislativereforms j> whichhavebeenscheduledorundertaken,particularlywithregardtotherighttofreedomofassociation,inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofarticle5(d)(ix)oftheConvention.460.  Whilewelcomingtheinformationprovidedbythedelegation,the H Committeewouldliketohaveadditionalinformationinthenextreportontheimplementationofarticle5(c)and(d)relatingtotheexerciseofcivilandpoliticalrights,aswellasoneconomicandsocialindicatorsforallthecountry'sethnicgroups.461.  TheStatepartyshouldalsosupplydetailedinformationontheteaching,   educational,culturalandinformationactivitiesitiscarryingouttopreventandcombatallformsofracialdiscriminationandontheactivitiesoftheAssociationnigriennepourladfensedesdroitsdelhomme(NigerAssociationfortheProtectionofHumanRights).462.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyshouldratifythe !d& amendmentstoarticle8,paragraph6,oftheConventionadoptedon15January1992attheFourteenthMeetingofStatesPartiestotheConvention.463.  ItisnotedthattheStatepartyhasnotmadethedeclaration n%B!+ providedforinarticle14oftheConvention;somemembersoftheCommitteerequestedthatthepossibilityofsuchadeclarationshouldbeconsidered.464.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty'snextreport,due (Z$/ on4January1998,shouldbeanupdatingreportandthatitshouldcoverallthepointsraisedintheseconcludingobservations.  *&2 &   @vv)pTonga , 465.  TheCommitteeconsideredtheeleventh,twelfthandthirteenthperiodic  reportsofTonga(CERD/C/319/Add.3),atits1298thmeeting,on18August1998.',Atits1302ndmeeting,on20August1998,itadoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations.@PP#pA.Introduction  j 466.  TheCommitteewelcomesthepresentationoftheStateparty'sreport,but "   regretsthattheabsenceofadelegationinitsmeetingdidnotallowittoenterintoadialoguewiththeStateparty.TheCommitteenotesthatthereportdoesnotfollowtheguidelinesforthepresentationofreports.@!pB.Positiveaspects   467.  Theregularityinthepresentationofperiodicreportsismostwelcome, `  consideringthatTongaisasmallcountrywithlimitedresources.468.  ItisnotedwithsatisfactionthattheConstitutioncontainsprovisions  prohibitingthepracticeofracialdiscriminationandensuringequalrightsforallthepeopleintheterritoryoftheStateparty.Thestatementinthereporttotheeffectthatmeasurestakentoencourageintegrationandmultiracialorganizationshavebeenpromotedbyallowingnon-Tonganstoparticipateinschools,business,religionandotheraspectsofpubliclifeisalsonotedwithinterest.469.  TheConstitutionalsocontainsprovisionsallowinganyindividualto  bringcomplaintsaboutdiscriminationonracialgroundsbeforethecourts.Thestatementinthereportindicatingthattherehavebeennocourtdecisionsonanycaserelatingtoracialdiscriminationisalsonoted.@ pC.Principalsubjectsofconcern   470.  Thereportdoesnotcontainsufficientinformationthatwouldallowthe xL" CommitteetoassessthelevelofimplementationoftheConventioninTonga.471.  Concernisexpressed,inparticular,atthelackoflegislationintended  % toenforcetheprovisionscontainedinarticle4oftheConventionandatthestatementcontainedinthereportthatTongahasnoexpresspolicyontheeliminationofracialdiscrimination.472.  Inviewoftheethniccharacteristicsofthepopulation,thestructure $| * ofpowerinthecountryandtheconfigurationoftheLegislativeAssembly,itisregrettedthattheStatepartyhasnotprovideddetailedinformationabouttheimplementationoftheprovisionsofarticle5oftheConventionvis--visthedifferentethnicgroups.473.  Itisamatterofconcernthat,astheConventionhasnotbeen L) %0 incorporatedintothedomesticlaw,itcannotbeinvokedinthecourts.  *&2 &     @ pD.Suggestionsandrecommendations , 474.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatthenextreportprovideupdated  informationaboutthepopulation,inconformitywithparagraph8ofthe',Committee'sgeneralguidelines.ThereportshouldalsocontaindetailedinformationaboutthepracticalimplementationoftheConvention,especiallyarticles4and5.475.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyprovideacoredocumentas \ 0 soonaspossible.476.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatsubjectsintendedtopromotetolerance    amongdifferentethnicgroupsbeincorporatedinschoolcurricula.477.  TheCommitteesuggeststhat,inthepreparationofitsnextperiodic   report,theGovernmentofTongamaywishtoavailitselfofthetechnicalassistanceprovidedundertheadvisoryservicesandtechnicalassistanceprogrammeoftheOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights.478.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyratifytheamendmentsto x article8,paragraph6,oftheConvention,adoptedon15January1992attheFourteenthMeetingofStatesPartiestotheConvention.479.  ItisnotedthattheStatepartyhasnotmadethedeclarationprovided  forinarticle14oftheConventionandsomemembersoftheCommitteerequestedthatthepossibilityofsuchadeclarationbeconsidered.480.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty'snextperiodicreport,  dueon17March1999,addressallthepointsraisedinthepresentobservations.ItalsoexpressesthehopethatadelegationbepresentwhentheCommitteeconsidersthereport.  ! @||&pChapterIV , @ pConsiderationofcommunicationsunderarticle14oftheConvention  481.  Underarticle14oftheInternationalConventionontheEliminationof D AllFormsofRacialDiscrimination,individualsorgroupsofindividualswhoclaimthatanyoftheirrightsenumeratedintheConventionhavebeenviolatedbyaStatepartyandwhohaveexhaustedallavailabledomesticremediesmaysubmitwrittencommunicationstotheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationforconsideration.AlistofStatespartieswhichhaverecognizedthecompetenceoftheCommitteetoconsidersuchcommunicationscanbefoundinannexI.B.482.  Considerationofcommunicationsunderarticle14oftheConventiontakes :  placeinclosedmeetings(rule88oftheCommittee'srulesofprocedure).AlldocumentspertainingtotheworkoftheCommitteeunderarticle14(submissionsfromthepartiesandotherworkingdocumentsoftheCommittee)areconfidential.483.  TheCommitteebeganitsworkunderarticle14oftheConventionatits  thirtiethsession,in1984.Atitsthirty-sixthsession(August1988),theCommitteeadopteditsOpiniononcommunicationNo.1/1984(Yilmaz-Doganv. j> theNetherlands). G   7  /    ׀Atitsthirty-ninthsession,on18March1991,the 0 CommitteeadopteditsOpiniononcommunicationNo.2/1989(DembaTalibeDiop  v.France). H   8  /    ׀Atitsforty-secondsession,on16March1993,theCommittee,  actingunderrule94,paragraph7,ofitsrulesofprocedure,declaredadmissibleandadopteditsOpiniononcommunicationNo.4/1991(L.K.v. H theNetherlands). I   9  /    ׀Atitsforty-fourthsession,on15March1994,  theCommitteeadopteditsOpiniononcommunicationNo.3/1991(MichelL.N.Narrainenv.Norway). J   10  /    ׀Duringitsforty-sixthsession n (March1995),theCommitteedeclaredinadmissiblecommunicationNo.5/1994(C.P.v.Denmark). K   11  /    ׀Atitsfifty-firstsession(August1997),the & CommitteedeclaredinadmissiblecommunicationNo.7/1995(Barbarov.   Australia). L   12  /     ! 484.  Atitsfifty-thirdsession(August1998)theCommitteedeclared ># inadmissiblecommunicationNo.9/1997(Sidlov.Sweden)(seeannexIII).  $ AsummaryoftheCommittee'sdecisioninthiscaseisreproducedbelow.CommunicationsNos.6/1995,8/1996and10/1997weredeclaredadmissibleandtransmittedtotheStatespartiesconcernedforcommentsonthemerits.485.  CommunicationNo.9/1997(Sidlov.Sweden),declaredinadmissible #) on17August1998,concernedaSwedishcitizenofCzechoslovakoriginwhoclaimedtohavebeendiscriminatedagainstinhersearchforemploymentonthebasisofhernationalorigin.TheStatepartyarguedthattheauthor'sallegationswereinadmissiblebecauseofnon-exhaustionofdomesticremedies,asshecouldhavefiledacomplaintwiththeDistrictCourt.TheCommitteeconcludedthatnotwithstandingthereservationsthattheauthormighthavehadregardingtheeffectivenessofnationallegislationtopreventracialdiscriminationinthelabourmarket,itwasincumbentuponhertopursuetheremediesavailable,includingthefilingofacomplaintwiththeDistrictCourt.Meredoubtsabouttheeffectivenessofsuchremedies,orthebeliefthattheresorttothemmightincurcostsdidnotabsolveacomplainantfrompursuingthem.  *-(5 @'pChapterV ,   Considerationofcopiesofpetitions,copiesofreportsandother    informationrelatingtoTrustandNon-Self-GoverningTerritoriesand  toallotherterritoriestowhichGeneralAssemblyresolution1514(XV)  applies,inconformitywitharticle15oftheConvention486.  Underarticle15oftheConvention,theCommitteeontheEliminationof  j RacialDiscriminationisempoweredtoconsidercopiesofpetitions,copiesofreportsandotherinformationrelatingtoTrustandNon-Self-GoverningTerritoriesandtoallotherterritoriestowhichGeneralAssemblyresolution1514(XV)applies,transmittedtoitbythecompetentbodiesoftheUnitedNations,andtosubmittothemandtotheGeneralAssemblyitsexpressionsofopinionandrecommendationsrelatingtotheprinciplesandobjectivesoftheConventioninthoseterritories.487.  Atits1272ndmeeting(fifty-secondsession),theCommitteeappointed `  Mr.vanBoventoexaminedocumentsmadeavailabletotheCommitteeinorderforittoperformitsfunctionspursuanttoarticle15oftheConvention,andrequestedhimtoreportthereontotheCommitteeatitsfifty-thirdsession.488.  Atits1285thand1286thmeetings(fifty-thirdsession),theCommittee j> discussedthematerialsbeforeitinthelightofMr.vanBoven'soralreport.ThisreporttookintoaccountthereportoftheSpecialCommitteeontheSituationwithregardtotheImplementationoftheDeclarationontheGrantingofIndependencetoColonialCountriesandPeoplescoveringitsworkduring1997(A/52/23,PartI)andcopiesoftheworkingpapersonthe17territoriespreparedbytheSecretariatfortheSpecialCommitteeandtheTrusteeshipCouncilin1997andlistedindocumentCERD/C/343,aswellasinannexIVtothepresentreport.TheCommitteerecognizedthatitwasresumingsubstantiveconsiderationofthisagendaitempursuanttoitsdutiesunderarticle15oftheConvention.489.  TheCommitteenoted,asithaddoneinthepast,thatitwasdifficult ! tofulfilitsfunctionsunderarticle15oftheConventionasaresultoftheabsenceofanycopiesofpetitionspursuanttoparagraph2(a)andduetothefactthatthecopiesofthereportsreceivedpursuanttoparagraph2(b)containedonlyscantinformationdirectlyrelatedtotheprinciplesandobjectivesoftheConvention.490.  TheCommitteewasawarethatcertainStatespartieshadsubmittedover #( theyearsinformationontheimplementationoftheConventioninterritoriestheyareadministeringorwhichareotherwiseundertheirjurisdictionandtowhicharticle15alsoapplies.ThispracticebasedonthereportingobligationsofStatespartiespursuanttoarticle9oftheConventionmustbeencouragedandbeofaconsistentnature.TheCommitteeismindful,however,thattheproceduresunderarticle9oftheConventionshouldbeclearlydistinguishedfromthoseunderarticle15.491.  TheCommitteenotedthatinthereportoftheSpecialCommitteeonthe *%1 SituationwithregardtotheImplementationoftheDeclarationontheGrantingofIndependencetoColonialCountriesandPeoplesreferenceismadetotherelationsbetweentheSpecialCommitteeandtheCommitteeandtotheSpecialCommittee'scontinuousmonitoringofrelateddevelopmentsinTerritories, *-(5 havingregardtotherelevantprovisionsofarticle15oftheConvention. M   13  /    ׀ , TheCommitteefurthernoted,however,thatissuesconcerningracialdiscrimination,anddirectlyrelatedtotheprinciplesandobjectivesoftheConvention,arenotreflectedinthesectionsofthereportoftheSpecialCommitteewhichdealwiththereviewofworkandfurtherworkoftheSpecialCommittee.492.  Initsreviewofcopiesofthereportsreceivedpursuantto  j paragraph2(b)ofarticle15oftheConvention(seeCERD/C/SR.1285and1286),membersoftheCommitteepaidparticularattention,inthelightoftheprinciplesandobjectivesoftheConvention,totheconditionsprevailinginEastTimor,WesternSaharaandNewCaledonia.TheCommitteebelievesitshouldcontinuetofollowdevelopmentsintheseTerritories.493.  TheCommitteewishestosubmitthefollowingopinionsand   recommendations:  (a) SincetheCommitteehasagainnotreceivedcopiesofanypetitions R&  pursuanttoarticle15,paragraph2(a)oftheConvention,itrequeststheSecretary-Generaltoclarifythereasonsthereof.Incasepertinentpetitionswouldexist,theCommitteerequeststheSecretary-GeneralthatitbeprovidedwithcopiesofthesepetitionsandanyotherinformationrelevanttotheobjectivesoftheConventionandavailabletohimregardingtheTerritoriesmentionedinarticle15,paragraph2(a);  (b) InthematerialstobepreparedbytheSecretariatfortheSpecial V CommitteeandtobemadeavailablebytheSecretary-GeneraltotheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationpursuanttoparagraph2(b)ofarticle15oftheConvention,moresystematicattentionshouldbegiven,alsointhelightofthetermsofGeneralAssemblyresolution1514(XV),tohumanrightsaspectsandinparticulartomattersdirectlyrelatedtotheprinciplesandobjectivesoftheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination.TheSpecialCommitteeisinvitedtotakethisconcernintoaccountwhendevisingitsfuturework;  (c) StatespartieswhichareadministeringNon-Self-Governing ># Territoriesorotherwiseexercisingjurisdictionoverterritoriesarerequestedtoinclude,ortocontinuetoinclude,intheirreportstobesubmittedpursuanttoarticle9,paragraph1,oftheConventionrelevantinformationontheimplementationoftheConventioninallterritoriesundertheirjurisdiction.Ott  $| * @||&pChapterVI , @6 6 pActionbytheGeneralAssemblyatits  @!pfiftyMsecondsession ~R 494.  TheCommitteeconsideredatbothitsfiftysecondandfiftythird   sessionstheagendaitemonactiontakenbythe#tOto #GeneralAssemblyOttԀatits  fiftyMsecondsession.TheCommittee,atitsfiftyMsecondsession,considered  j thenotebytheSecretaryGeneraltransmittingtotheGeneralAssemblythereportoftheeighthmeetingofpersonschairingthehumanrightstreatybodies(A/52/507)andthenotebytheSecretaryGeneraltransmittingtotheGeneralAssemblythereportoftheninthmeetingofpersonschairingthehumanrightstreatybodies(A/53/125),bothconcerningtheeffectiveimplementationofinternationalinstrumentsonhumanrights,includingreportingobligationsunderinternationalinstrumentsonhumanrights.495.  Atitsfiftythirdsession,theCommitteeconsideredthefollowing `  subjectsunderthisitem:(a)theannualreportoftheCommitteesubmittedtotheGeneralAssemblyatitsfiftysecondsession;and(b)theeffectiveimplementationofinternationalinstrumentsonhumanrights,includingreportingobligationsunderinternationalinstrumentsonhumanrights.Foritsconsiderationoftheitem,theCommitteehadbeforeitthefollowingdocuments:(a)GeneralAssemblyresolution52/110onthereportoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscrimination;(b)relevantsummaryrecordsoftheThirdCommitteeoftheGeneralAssembly,A/C.3/52/SR.2729,35,37and49;(c)thereportoftheThirdCommittee(A/52/642);(d)GeneralAssemblyresolution52/118oneffectiveimplementationofinternationalinstrumentsonhumanrights,includingreportingobligationsunderinternationalinstrumentsonhumanrights;and(e)CommissiononHumanRightsresolution1998/27oneffectiveimplementationofinternationalinstrumentsonhumanrights,includingreportingobligationsunderinternationalinstrumentsonhumanrights.   A.8 3 AnnualreportsubmittedbytheCommitteeonthe ! EliminationofRacialDiscriminationunderarticle9,paragraph2,oftheConvention 3 ]!3 ]! 496.  Atitsfiftythirdsession,theCommitteenotedthatthe  % GeneralAssemblyhadcommendeditsworkregardingtheexaminationofreportsandactiononcommunicationsunderarticle14oftheConvention.ItwasfurthernotedthattheGeneralAssemblyhadalsocommendeditsworkingmethods,includingitsprocedureforreviewingtheimplementationoftheConventioninStateswhosereportsareseriouslyoverdue.TheCommitteewelcomedthefactthatitscontributiontothepreventionofracialdiscrimination,includingearlywarningmeasuresandurgentprocedures,hadalsobeencommendedbythe#tOt<#GeneralAssemblyOttԀinresolution52/110. &"- 497.  TheCommitteewelcomedtheGeneralAssemblysrequesttoStatesparties (Z$/ toacceleratetheirdomesticratificationprocedureswithregardtotheamendmentstoarticle8,paragraph6,oftheConventionconcerningthefinancingoftheCommittee.  +r'3   B.8 Effectiveimplementationofinternationalinstruments , onhumanrights,includingreportingobligationsunderinternationalinstrumentsonhumanrights  ]! ]!  @ pActionatthefiftysecondsession󀀀 D Ѐ498.  Atitsfiftysecondsession,theCommitteeconsideredthenotebythe  SecretaryGeneraltransmittingtotheGeneralAssemblythereportoftheeighthmeetingofpersonschairingthehumanrightstreatybodies(A/52/507)andthenotebytheSecretaryGeneraltransmittingtotheGeneralAssemblythereportoftheninthmeetingofpersonschairingthehumanrightstreatybodies(A/53/125),bothconcerningtheeffectiveimplementationofinternationalinstrumentsonhumanrights,includingreportingobligationsunderinternationalinstrumentsonhumanrights.499.  TheCommitteetooknoteoftherecommendationscontainedinthereport   oftheeighthmeetingofpersonschairingthehumanrightstreatybodies(A/52/507,annex).ItindicatedthatitwouldfollowwithinterestSecretariatactionwithrespecttothoserecommendations.Withregardtothereportoftheninthmeetingofpersonschairingthehumanrightstreatybodies(A/53/125,annex),theCommittee,atits1268thmeeting,on17March1998,tooknoteofthediscussionofreservationstointernationalinstrumentsonhumanrightscontainedthereinanddecidedtoentrustMessrs.DiaconuandϢRechetovwiththetaskofpreparingaworkingpaperonreservationstotheConvention.+@  pActionatthefiftythirdsession󀀀 H +500.  Atitsfiftythirdsession,theCommitteeconsideredGeneralAssembly  resolution52/118oneffectiveimplementationofinternationalinstrumentsonhumanrights,includingreportingobligationsunderinternationalinstrumentsonhumanrights,andCommissiononHumanRightsresolution1998/27onthesamesubject.+Itindicatedthatitwouldfollowwithinterestactiontakenwithrespecttotherecommendationscontainedinthoseresolutions.501.  TheworkingpaperonreservationstotheConventionpreparedby ># Messrs.DiaconuandRechetovwasdistributedtotheCommittee.ItwasdecidedthatthispaperwouldbediscussedattheCommitteesfiftyfourthsession.  V"*' @JJ&pChapterVII , @ pSubmissionofreportsbyStatespartiesunder  @**particle9oftheConvention  X%@6 6 pA.ReportsreceivedbytheCommittee   502.  Atitsthirtyeighthsession,in1990,theCommitteedecidedtoaccept  j theproposaloftheStatespartiesthatStatespartiessubmitacomprehensivereporteveryfouryearsandabriefupdatingreportinthetwoyearinterim.Table1listsreportsreceivedbetween23August1997and21August1998.@(pTable1 t H  @B B pReportsreceivedduringtheperiodunderreview   @ p(23August1997to21August1998)3++7`7+,X9X3Stateparty0 Typeofreport0` # #Dateonwhichthe0Q`#`#Documentnumber󀀀R& Q#Q#  b      >  ` reportwasdue0 Q  Q#Q# Austria0 0 # #Eleventhreport0` # #8June19930`#`# Q CERD/C/319/Add.5x##  b   Twelfthreport0 ` 8June1995j>`#`#  b   Thirteenthreport ` 8June1997 0 0 b  b#b# Chile0 0 # #Eleventhreport0` # #19November19920Q`#`#CERD/C/337/Add.2Q#Q#  b   Twelfthreport0 ` 19November1994V`#`#  b   Thirteenthreport ` 19November1996 H  b   Fourteenthreport ` 19November1998  Colombia0 0 # #Eighthreport0` # #2October19960Q`#`#CERD/C/332/Add.1nQ#Q#  b   Ninthreport0 ` 2October19980Q`#`#`4Q#Q# CostaRica0 0 # #Twelfthreport0` # #4January19920Q`#`#CERD/C/338/Add.4 Q#Q#  b   Thirteenthreport ` 4January1994 !  b   Fourteenthreport ` 4January1996 xL"  b   Fifteenthreport0 ` 4January1998>#`#`#  b  Croatia0 0 # #Initialreport0` # #8October19920Q`#`#CERD/C/290/Add.1 %Q#Q#  b   Secondreport0 ` 8October1994!d&`#`#  b   Thirdreport0 ` 8October1996V"*'`#`# Finland0 0 # #Thirteenthreport ` 13August19950Q # #CERD/C/320/Add.2#)Q#Q#  b   Fourteenthreport ` 13August1997 $| * Gabon0 0 # #Secondreport0` # #30March19830`#`#ࢀ Q CERD/C/315/Add.14&",##  b   Thirdreport0 ` 30March1985&"-`#`#  b   Fourthreport0 ` 30March1987'#.`#`#  b   Fifthreport0 ` 30March1989(Z$/`#`#  b   Sixthreport0 ` 30March1991L) %0`#`#  b   Seventhreport0 ` 30March1993*%1`#`#  b   Eighthreport0 ` 30March1995*&2`#`#  b   Ninthreport0 ` 30March1997   Q #+r'3`#`# #Stateparty0 Typeofreport0` # #Dateonwhichthe0Q`#`#Documentnumber,Q#Q#  b      >  ` reportwasdue0 Q Q#Q# #tOt#OttGhana  Twelfthreport ` 4January19920 Q CERD/C/338/Add.5~RQ#Q#  b   Thirteenthreport ` 4January1994 D  b   Fourteenthreport ` 4January1996    b   Fifteenthreport ` 4January1998  Iraq0 b 0 b#b#0 # #Fourteenthreport ` 13February1997 Q CERD/C/320/Add.3\ 0 # # Italy0 0 # #Tenthreport0` # #4February19950Q`#`#CERD/C/317/Add.1  Q#Q#  b   Eleventhreport0 ` 4February1997  `#`# Jordan0 0 # #Ninthreport0` # #29June19910`#`# Q CERD/C/318/Add.1: ##  b   Tenthreport0 ` 29June1993 `#`#  b   Eleventhreport0 ` 29June1995 `#`#  b   Twelfthreport0 ` 29June1997` `#`# Lesotho0 0 # ##tOt%7# ttSeventhreport0` # #4December1984#t t<#Ott0Q`#`#CERD/C/337/Add.1#tOtA=# tt !  @!  Q#Q# 0 b   Eighthreport ` 4December1986 Q   b#b# 0 b   Ninthreport ` 4December1988 Q   xb#b# 0 b   Tenthreport ` 4December1990 Q   j>b#b# 0 b   Eleventhreport ` 4December1992 Q   0b#b# 0 b   Twelfthreport ` 4December1994 Q   b#b#  b   Thirteenthreport ` 4December1996 Q   #t t=#Ott0  0!##!#!#  b   Fourteenthreport ` 4December1998 V Mauritania  Initialreport ` 12January1990 Q CERD/C/330/Add.1   b   Secondreport ` 12January1992   b   Thirdreport ` 12January1994 n  b   Fourthreport ` 12January1996 `4  b   Fifthreport ` 12January1998 & 0 b 0 b#b##tOt'A# tt  # # Mongolia0 0 # #Eleventhreport ` 5September19900Q # #CERD/C/338/Add.30!Q#Q# @! !!#!# 0 b   Twelfthreport ` 5September1992 Q xL"b#b# 0 b   Thirteenthreport ` 5September1994 Q 0b#b#>###  b   Fourteenthreport ` 5September1996  $  b   Fifteenthreport0 ` 5September1998 Q 0`#`##t t.D#Ott %## Morocco0 0 # ##tOt*G# ttTwelfthreport0` # #17January19940Q`#`#CERD/C/298/Add.4 !  @! V"*'Q#Q# 0 b   Thirteenthreport ` 17January1996 Q   #t tG#Ott#(b#b# Peru0 b 0 b#b#0 # #Twelfthreport0` # #29October19940Q`#`#CERD/C/298/Add.5$| *Q#Q#  b   Thirteenthreport ` 29October1996 n%B!+ Portugal0 0 # #Fifthreport0` # #23September1991 Q CERD/C/314/Add.1&"-`#`#  b   Sixthreport0 ` 23September1993'#.`#`#  b   Seventhreport0 ` 23September1995(Z$/`#`#  b   Eighthreport0 ` 23September1997L) %0`#`#   *&2 Stateparty0 Typeofreport0` # #Dateonwhichthe0Q`#`#Documentnumber,Q#Q#  b      >  ` reportwasdue0 Q Q#Q# #tOtH#OttRepublicof0 Ninthreport0` # #4January19960Q`#`#CERD/C/333/Add.1~RQ#Q# ЀKorea0 0 # #Tenthreport0` # #4January1998D`#`# Spain0 0 # #Fourteenthreport ` 4January19960Q # #CERD/C/338/Add.6Q#Q#  b   Fifteenthreport0 ` 4January1998 j`#`# SyrianArab0 Twelfthreport0` # #21May19920`#`# Q CERD/C/338/Add.10!##"  !#!# ЀRepublic0 0 # #Thirteenthreport ` 21May1994   # #  b   Fourteenthreport ` 21May1996     b   Fifteenthreport0 ` 21May1998t H `#`# #tOtM# ttUruguay  Twelfthreport ` 4January1992 Q CERD/C/338/Add.7    b   Thirteenthreport ` 4January1994    b   Fourteenthreport ` 4January1996 `   b   Fifteenthreport ` 4January1998 R&  #t tQ#@ pB.ReportsnotyetreceivedbytheCommittee  503. b Table2listsreportswhichwereduebeforetheendofthefiftyMthird j> sessionbutwhichhavenotyetbeenreceived.@(pTable2  @TT pReportsduebeforetheclosingdateofthefiftythirdsession H @  p(21August1998)butwhichhavenotyetbeenreceivedStateparty0 Typeofreport0` # #  Dateonwhichthe0`#`#Numberofn##  b      >  `   reportwasdue0 Q   reminderssent`4Q#Q#  ttAfghanistan Secondreport ` 0  5August1986 Q     9 ##  b  0 Thirdreport ` 0 # #5August1988 Q     7!## 0 b   Fourthreport ` 0b#b#5August1990 Q     7xL"## 0 b   Fifthreport ` 0b#b#5August1992 Q     4>### 0 b   Sixthreport ` 0b#b#5August1994 Q     3 $## 0 b   Seventhreport0`b#b#0`#`#5August19960Q##0Q#Q#  2 %## #t tV#Ott b   Eighthreport0 ` 0`#`#5August19980Q##0Q#Q#  !d&## #tOtZ# ttAlbania 0 Initialreport ` 0 # #10June1995 Q     2#(##  b   Secondreport ` 0  10June1997 Q     1#)## #t t[# ttAlgeria0  Thirteenthreport `   15March1997 Q     1#t ta]# ttn%B!+ # # #t t&^#Antiguaand Initialreport ` 0  24November1989 Q     3&"-## ЀBarbuda 0 Secondreport ` 0 # #24November1991 Q     3'#.## 0 b   Thirdreport ` 0b#b#24November1993 Q     2(Z$/## 0 b   Fourthreport ` 0b#b#24November1995 Q     2L) %0##  b   Fifthreport0 ` 0`#`#24November19970Q##0Q#Q#  1*%1##   *&2 Stateparty0 Typeofreport0` # #Dateonwhichthe0Q`#`#Numberof,Q#Q#  b      >  ` reportwasdue0 Q reminderssentQ#Q# Argentina0 0 # #Fifteenthreport0` # #4January19980Q`#`#0Q#Q#~R## Armenia 0 Thirdreport ` 23July1998   Q     # # 0 b    tt b#b# Australia0  Tenthreport ` 30October1994 Q   2 j # #  b   Eleventhreport ` 30October1996 Q   2 \ 0 #t tKd# ttAzerbaijan0 0 # #Initialreport0` # #15September19970Q`#`#  1  Q#Q# #t te# ttBahamas 0 Fifthreport ` 4September19840Q # #0Q#Q#11t H ## 0 b   Sixthreport ` 4September19860Qb#b#0Q#Q#7: ## 0 b   Seventhreport ` 4September19880Qb#b#0Q#Q#5 ## 0 b   Eighthreport ` 4September19900Qb#b#0Q#Q#5 ## 0 b   Ninthreport ` 4September19920Qb#b#  4` Q#Q# 0 b   Tenthreport ` 4September19940Qb#b#  3R& Q#Q# 0 b   Eleventhreport0`b#b#4September19960Q`#`#0Q#Q#2#t tf# tt ## Bahrain 0 Initialreport0` # #26April19910`#`# Q   1x##  b 0  Secondreport ` 26April1993   Q 0 # #1j>## 0 b   Thirdreport0`b#b#26April1995   Q   10`#`#  b   Fourthreport0 ` 26April1997   Q   `#`# #t tj# ttBangladesh 0 Seventhreport ` 11July1992   Q   3V # # 0 b   Eighthreport ` 11July19940b#b# Q   3H## 0 b   Ninthreport0`b#b#11July19960`#`#0Q##  2#t ttm#Q#Q#  b   Tenthreport0 ` 11July1998  0Q`#`#0Q#Q### Barbados 0 Eighthreport0` # #8December1987 Q 0`#`#6`4##  b 0  Ninthreport ` 8December1989 Q   6& # # 0 b   Tenthreport ` 8December1991 Q   3 b#b# 0 b   Eleventhreport ` 8December1993 Q   2!b#b# 0 b   Twelfthreport ` 8December1995 Q   2xL"b#b#  tt b   Thirteenthreport0 ` 8December19970Q`#`#0Q#Q#>### #t tr# ttBelarus0 0 # #Fifteenthreport0` # #8May19980`#`#0Q##0Q#Q# %## Belgium0  Eleventhreport ` 6September1996 Q 0 # #2V"*'## Bolivia0 0 # #Thirteenthreport0` # #22October19950Q`#`#0Q#Q#2#)##  b   Fourteenthreport0 ` 22October19970Q`#`#0Q#Q#1$| *## #t ts# ttBosniaand0 0 # #Initialreport#t tjv# ttԀ0` # #16July1994   Q   2#t tv# tt4&",`#`# ЀHerzegovinaa/0 Secondreport0` # #16July19960`#`# Q 0##2&"-##  b   Thirdreport0 ` 16July19980`#`#0Q##  '#.Q#Q# #t tnw# ttBotswana 0 Sixthreport ` 22March1985  0Q # #  10L) %0Q#Q#  b 0  Seventhreport ` 22March1987  0Q # #  7*%1Q#Q# 0 b   Eighthreport ` 22March1989  0Qb#b#  5*&2Q#Q#   +r'3 Stateparty0 Typeofreport0` # #Dateonwhichthe0Q`#`#Numberof,Q#Q#  b      >  ` reportwasdue0 Q reminderssent#t ty#Q#Q#  ttBotswana  Ninthreport ` 22March1991   Q 0  4~R## (cont'd)  Tenthreport ` 22March1993  0 Q   2DQ#Q# 0 b   Eleventhreport ` 22March1995  0Qb#b#  2 Q#Q#  b   Twelfthreport ` 22March1997  0 Q   1Q#Q# #t tM|# ttBrazil0 0 # #Fourteenthreport0` # #4January19960Q`#`#0Q#Q#2\ 0##  b   Fifteenthreport0 ` 4January19980Q`#`#0Q#Q#"  ## #t t~# ttBulgaria0 0 # #Fifteenthreport0` # #4January19980Q`#`#0Q#Q#  ## BurkinaFaso0 Twelfthreport0` # #17August19970Q`#`#0Q#Q#1: ##  b   #t tP# ttCameroon Fourteenthreport ` 24July1998   Q     b  0 #t t# tt  # # #t t˂# ttCanada 0 Thirteenth0> # #report#t t$# ttԀ0`>#>#13November19950Q`#`#  2#t t# ttR& Q#Q#  b   Fourteenthreport0 ` 13November19970Q`#`#0Q#Q#1 ## #t t1#CapeVerde0 0 # #Thirdreport ` 2November1984 Q   11x # # 0 b   Fourthreport ` 2November1986 Q   8j>b#b# 0 b   Fifthreport ` 2November1988 Q   60b#b# 0 b   Sixthreport ` 2November1990 Q   5b#b# 0 b   Seventhreport ` 2November1992 Q   3b#b# 0 b   Eighthreport ` 2November1994 Q   3Vb#b#  b   Ninthreport ` 2November1996 Q   2 H  b    ttCentralAfrican Eighthreport ` 15April1986   Q   9  ЀRepublic 0 Ninthreport ` 15April1988   Q   7n # # 0 b   Tenthreport ` 15April1990   Q   7`4b#b# 0 b   Eleventhreport ` 15April1992   Q   4&b#b# 0 b   Twelfthreport ` 15April1994   Q   3 b#b# 0 b   Thirteenthreport#t t# tt0`b#b#15April19960`#`#0Q##  2!Q#Q#  b   Fourteenthreport0 ` 15April19980`#`#0Q##  #t t&# ttxL"Q#Q#  b   #t td# ttChad b 0 0 # #Tenthreport ` 16September1996 Q   2#t t# tt $ # # #t t# tt#t t# ttChina0  Eighthreport ` 28January1997 Q   1#t tD# tt   !  @! !d& # # #t t# tt b #t tj# ttCongo0  Initialreport ` 10August1989 Q   3#( # # 0 b   Secondreport ` 10August1991 Q   3#)b#b# 0 b   Thirdreport ` 10August1993 Q   2$| *b#b# 0 b   Fourthreport ` 10August1995 Q   2n%B!+b#b#  b   Fifthreport ` 10August1997 Q   1 4&", #t t# ttC=ted'Ivoire Fifthreport ` 3February1982 Q   16 '#. 0 b   Sixthreport ` 3February1984 Q   12(Z$/b#b# 0 b   Seventhreport ` 3February1986 Q   8L) %0b#b# 0 b   Eighthreport ` 3February1988 Q   5*%1b#b# 0 b   Ninthreport ` 3February1990 Q   5*&2b#b# 0 b   Tenthreport ` 3February1992 Q   4+r'3b#b#   d,8(4 Stateparty0 Typeofreport0` # #Dateonwhichthe0Q`#`#Numberof,Q#Q#  b      >  ` reportwasdue0 Q reminderssent#t t~#Q#Q#  ttC=ted'Ivoire Eleventhreport ` 3February1994 Q   3 ~R (cont'd)0  Twelfthreport0` # #3February19960Q`#`#0Q#Q#2D## #t t# tt b   Thirteenthreport0 ` 3February19980Q`#`#0Q#Q# ## #t tX# tt b   #t t4# ttCyprus 0 Fifteenthreport0` # #4January1998 Q    j`#`# #t t#Democratic0 0 # #Eleventhreport0` # #21May1997   Q   1 tt"  `#`# ЀRepublicof     ЀtheCongo#t t# tt#t t# ttDominican0  Fourthreport ` 24June1990   Q   3:  # # ЀRepublic 0 Fifthreport ` 24June1992   Q   3  # # 0 b   Sixthreport ` 24June1994   Q   2 b#b# 0 b   Seventhreport0`b#b#24June19960`#`#0Q##  2` Q#Q#  b   Eighthreport0 ` 24June19980`#`#0Q##  R& Q#Q# Ecuador0 0 # #Thirteenthreport0` # #4January1994 Q   2`#`# 0 b   Fourteenthreport0`b#b#4January1996 Q   2x`#`#  b   Fifteenthreport0 ` 4January19980Q`#`#0Q#Q#j>## #t tŜ# ttEgypt 0 Thirteenthreport0` # #4January1994 Q   2`#`# 0 b   Fourteenthreport0`b#b#4January1996 Q   2`#`#  b   Fifteenthreport0 ` 4January19980Q`#`#0Q#Q#V## #t t# ttElSalvador Ninthreport0 ` 30December1996 Q   1#t t# tt`#`# Estonia0  Initialreport ` 20November1992 Q   2n # # 0 b   Secondreport ` 20November1994 Q   2`4b#b#  b   Thirdreport ` 20November1996 Q   1 & #t tG# tt#t t,# ttEthiopia 0 Seventhreport ` 23July1989   Q   3! # # 0 b   Eighthreport ` 23July1991   Q   3xL"b#b# 0 b   Ninthreport ` 23July1993   Q   2>#b#b# 0 b   Tenthreport ` 23July1995   Q   2 $b#b#  b   Eleventhreport ` 23July1997   Q   1#t to# tt  % Fiji0 b 0 b#b#0 # #Sixthreport ` 11January1984 Q   11V"*' # # 0 b   Seventhreport ` 11January1986 Q   7#(b#b# 0 b   Eighthreport ` 11January1988 Q   5#)b#b# 0 b   Ninthreport ` 11January1990 Q   5$| *b#b# 0 b   Tenthreport ` 11January1992 Q   4n%B!+b#b# 0 b   Eleventhreport ` 11January1994 Q   34&",b#b# 0 b   Twelfthreport0`b#b#11January19960Q`#`#0Q#Q#2&"-##  b   Thirteenthreport0 ` 11January19980Q`#`#0Q#Q#'#.## #t tX#France0  Twelfthreport ` 27August1994 Q   2L) %0 # #  b   Thirteenthreport0 ` 27August1996 Q   2*%1`#`#   d,8(4 Stateparty0 Typeofreport0` # #Dateonwhichthe0Q`#`#Numberof,Q#Q#  b      >  ` reportwasdue0 Q reminderssentQ#Q#  ttGambia 0 Secondreport ` 28January1982 Q   16~R # #  b   Thirdreport ` 28January1984 Q   12 D 0 b   Fourthreport ` 28January1986 Q   8 b#b# 0 b   Fifthreport ` 28January1988 Q   5b#b# 0 b   Sixthreport ` 28January1990 Q   5 jb#b# 0 b   Seventhreport ` 28January1992 Q   4\ 0b#b# 0 b   Eighthreport ` 28January1994 Q   3"  b#b# 0 b   Ninthreport0`b#b#28January19960Q`#`#0Q#Q#2  ##  b   Tenthreport0 ` 28January19980Q`#`#0Q#Q#  ## #t tX# ttGermany0 0 # #Fifteenthreport0` # #15June19980`#`#0Q##  : Q#Q# #t t\# ttGreece0  Twelfthreport ` 18July1993   Q   2  # # 0 b   Thirteenthreport0`b#b#18July1995   Q   2` `#`#  b   Fourteenthreport0 ` 18July1997   Q   1#t tM# ttR& `#`# #t t)#*+ ttGuatemala0 0 # #Eighthreport0_ # #17February19980P_#_#0P#P### Guyana0  Initialreport _ 17March1978   P   23j> # # 0 a   Secondreport _ 17March1980   P   190a#a# 0 a   Thirdreport _ 17March1982   P   15a#a# 0 a   Fourthreport _ 17March1984   P   12a#a# 0 a   Fifthreport _ 17March1986   P   8Va#a# 0 a   Sixthreport _ 17March1988   P   5Ha#a# 0 a   Seventhreport _ 17March1990   P   5a#a# 0 a   Eighthreport _ 17March1992   P   4a#a# 0 a   Ninthreport _ 17March1994   P   3na#a# 0 a   Tenthreport0_a#a#17March1996  0P_#_#0P#P#2`4##  a   Eleventhreport0 _ 17March1998  0P_#_#0P#P##t t#&## Haiti0  Tenthreport _ 18January1992 P   3! # # 0 a   Eleventhreport _ 18January1994 P   3xL"a#a# 0 a   Twelfthreport0_a#a#18January19960P_#_#0P#P#2>###  a   Thirteenthreport0 _ 18January19980P_#_#0P#P# $## HolySee 0 Thirteenthreport0_ # #31May1994   P   2!d&_#_# 0 a   Fourteenthreport0_a#a#31May1996   P   2V"*'_#_#  a   Fifteenthreport0 _ 31May19980_#_#0P##  #(P#P#  tt#t t# ttHungary0 0 # #Fourteenthreport0_ # #4January19960P_#_#0P#P#2$| *##  a   Fifteenthreport0 _ 4January19980P_#_#0P#P#n%B!+## #t t# ttIceland0 0 # #Fifteenthreport0_ # #4January19980P_#_#0P#P#&"-## India0 0 # #Fifteenthreport0_ # #4January19980P_#_#0P#P#(Z$/## #t t# ttIran(Islamic Thirteenthreport0 _ 4January1994 P   2*%1_#_# ЀRepublicof) Fourteenthreport0 _ 4January1996 P   2*&2_#_#  a   Fifteenthreport0 _ 4January1998 P   #t t!# tt+r'3_#_#   *-(5 Stateparty0 Typeofreport0_ # #Dateonwhichthe0P_#_#Numberof,P#P#  a      =  _ reportwasdue0 P reminderssent#t t#P#P#  ttIsrael  Tenthreport _ 2February1998 P   #t ta# tt ~R Jamaica0  Eighthreport _ 4July1986   P   9  # # 0 a   Ninthreport _ 4July1988   P   7a#a# 0 a   Tenthreport _ 4July1990   P   7 ja#a# 0 a   Eleventhreport _ 4July1992   P   4#t t# tt0a#a# !  @! \ 0##  a   Twelfthreport _ 4July1994   P   3 "   0 a   Thirteenthreport0_a#a#4July19960_#_#0P##  2  P#P# #t tt# tt a   Fourteenthreport0 _ 4July19980_#_#0P##    P#P# Japan0  Initialreport0_ # #14January1997 P   1: _#_# #t t3# ttKuwait0 0 # #Fifteenthreport0_ # #4January19980P_#_#0P#P# ## LaoPeople's Sixthreport _ 24March1985   P   9 R&  ЀDemocratic Seventhreport _ 24March1987   P   6   ЀRepublic Eighthreport _ 24March1989   P   5  0 a   Ninthreport _ 24March1991   P   3xa#a# 0 a   Tenthreport _ 24March1993   P   2j>a#a# 0 a   Eleventhreport _ 24March1995   P   20a#a#  a   Twelfthreport _ 24March1997   P   1#t t#  Latvia0  Initialreport _ 14May1993   P   2V # # 0 a   Secondreport _ 14May1995   P   2Ha#a#  a   Thirdreport _ 14May1997   P   1   ttLiberia0  Initialreport _ 5December1977 P   23n # #  a   Secondreport _ 5December1979 P   19 `4  a   Thirdreport _ 5December1981 P   15 &  a   Fourthreport _ 5December1983 P   12    a   Fifthreport _ 5December1985 P   8 !  a   Sixthreport _ 5December1987 P   5 xL"  a   Seventhreport _ 5December1989 P   5 >#  a   Eighthreport _ 5December1991 P   4  $  a   Ninthreport _ 5December1993 P   3  %  a   Tenthreport _ 5December1995 P   2 !d&  a   Eleventhreport0 _ 5December19970P_#_#0P#P#V"*'## LibyanArab0 Fifteenthreport0_ # #4January19980P_#_#0P#P##)## ТJamahiriyaLuxembourg0 0 # #Tenthreport0_ # #31May1997   P   14&",_#_# #t t#Madagascar Tenthreport _ 9March1988   P   6 '#.  a  0 Eleventhreport _ 9March1990   P   6(Z$/ # # 0 a   Twelfthreport _ 9March1992   P   3L) %0a#a# 0 a   Thirteenthreport0_a#a#9March1994   P   2*%1_#_# 0 a   Fourteenthreport0_a#a#9March19960_#_#0P##  2*&2P#P#  a   Fifteenthreport0 _ 9March19980_#_#0P##  +r'3P#P#   d,8(4 Stateparty0 Typeofreport0_ # #Dateonwhichthe0P_#_#Numberof,P#P#  a      =  _ reportwasdue0 P reminderssent tt ! #t tT#P#P# Malawi0 0 # #Initialreport0_ # #11July19970_#_#0P##  1~RP#P# Maldives0  Fifthreport _ 24May1993   P   2  # # 0 a   Sixthreport _ 24May1995   P   2a#a#  a   Seventhreport _ 24May1997   P   1  j  tt#t t# ttMali a 0 0 # #Seventhreport _ 15August1987 P   6"   # #  a  0 Eighthreport _ 15August1989 P   6   # # 0 a   Ninthreport _ 15August1991 P   4  a#a# 0 a   Tenthreport _ 15August1993 P   2t H a#a# 0 a   Eleventhreport _ 15August1995 P   2: a#a#  a   Twelfthreport _ 15August1997 P   1#t tJ# tt   #t t# ttMalta0 0 # #Thirteenthreport0_ # #26June19960_#_#0P##  2` P#P#  a   Fourteenthreport0 _ 26June19980_#_#0P##  R& P#P# #t t# tt#t t}# ttMauritius0  Thirteenthreport _ 29June1997   P   1 # # Mexico0 0 # #Twelfthreport0_ # #22March19980_#_#0P##  j>P#P# #t t# ttMonaco0  Initialreport0_ # #27October1996 P   1#t t># tt0_#_# ! ## #t t# ttMorocco0 0 # #Fourteenthreport0_ # #17January19980P_#_#0P#P#V## Mozambique0 0 # #Secondreport _ 18May1986   P   9 # # 0 a   Thirdreport _ 18May1988   P   7a#a# 0 a   Fourthreport _ 18May1990   P   7na#a# 0 a   Fifthreport _ 18May1992   P   4`4a#a# 0 a   Sixthreport _ 18May1994   P   3&a#a# 0 a   Seventhreport0_a#a#18May19960_#_#0P##  2 P#P#  a   Eighthreport0 _ 18May19980_#_#0P##  !P#P# Namibia0 0 # #Eighthreport0_ # #11December19970P_#_#0P#P#>### Nepal0 0 # #Fourteenthreport0_ # #1March19980_#_#0P##   %P#P# Netherlands0 Thirteenthreport0_ # #9January19970P_#_#0P#P#V"*'## #t tk# ttNewZealand Twelfthreport0 _ 22December1995 P   2#)_#_#  a   Thirteenthreport0 _ 22December19970P_#_#0P#P#$| *## #t tE# ttNicaragua0  Tenthreport0_ # #17March1997   P   1#t t# tt4&",_#_# Niger 0 Fifteenthreport _ 4January1998 P   '#. # # #t tR# tt a   #t t5# ttNigeria0 0 # #Fourteenthreport0_ # #4January19960P_#_#0P#P#2L) %0##  a   Fifteenthreport0 _ 4January19980P_#_#0P#P#*%1## Pakistan0 0 # #Fifteenthreport0_ # #4January19980P_#_#0P#P#+r'3##   *-(5 Stateparty0 Typeofreport0_ # #Dateonwhichthe0P_#_#Numberof,P#P#  a      =  _ reportwasdue0 P reminderssent#t t# tt ! #t t# ttP#P# #t t## ttPanama0  Fifteenthreport0_ # #4January1998 P   ~R_#_#  a   #t t# ttPapuaNewGuinea Secondreport0 _ 26February1985 P   10 _#_# 0 a   Thirdreport _ 26February1987 P   7a#a# 0 a   Fourthreport _ 26February1989 P   5 ja#a# 0 a   Fifthreport _ 26February1991 P   4\ 0a#a# 0 a   Sixthreport _ 26February1993 P   2"  a#a# 0 a   Seventhreport _ 26February1995 P   2  a#a#  a   Eighthreport _ 26February1997 P   1#t tu# tt    #t t9# ttPhilippines0 Fifteenthreport0_ # #4January19980P_#_#0P#P#: ## Poland0 0 # #Fifteenthreport0_ # #4January19980P_#_#0P#P# ## Qatar0 0 # #Ninthreport _ 21August1993 P   2R&  # # 0 a   Tenthreport _ 21August1995 P   2 a#a#  a   Eleventhreport _ 21August1997 P   1  Republicof Initialreport _ 25February1994 P   2 j> ЀMoldova0 0 # #Secondreport0_ # #25February1996 P   20_#_#  a   Thirdreport0 _ 25February19980P_#_#0P#P### #t t# tt#t t'# ttRomania 0 Twelfthreport _ 15October1993 P   2V # # 0 a   Thirteenthreport0_a#a#15October1995 P   2H_#_#  a   Fourteenthreport0 _ 15October19970P_#_#0P#P#1## #t tj# tt#t tX# ttRussian0 0 # #Fifteenthreport0_ # #6March19980_#_#0P##  nP#P# ЀFederationRwanda 0 Eighthreport0_ # #16May1990   P   4 _#_# 0 a   Ninthreport _ 16May1992   P   4!a#a# 0 a   Tenthreport _ 16May1994   P   3xL"a#a# 0 a   Eleventhreport0_a#a#16May19960_#_#0P##  2>#P#P#  a   Twelfthreport0 _ 16May19980_#_#0P##   $P#P# #t t# ttSaintLucia Initialreport _ 16March1991   P   3 !d&  a  0 Secondreport _ 16March1993   P   3V"*' # # 0 a   Thirdreport _ 16March1995   P   2#(a#a#  a   Fourthreport _ 16March1997   P   1#t t # tt #) #t t # ttSaintVincent Secondreport _ 9December1984 P   10 n%B!+ Ѐand#t t3# ttԀthe0  Thirdreport _ 9December1986 P   74&", # # ЀGrenadines#t t# tt0 Fourthreport _ 9December1988 P   5&"- # # 0 a   Fifthreport _ 9December1990 P   4'#.a#a# 0 a   Sixthreport _ 9December1992 P   2(Z$/a#a# 0 a   Seventhreport _ 9December1994 P   2L) %0a#a#  a   Eighthreport _ 9December1996 P   1 *%1 #t t# tt  +r'3 Stateparty0 Typeofreport0_ # #Dateonwhichthe0P_#_#Numberof,P#P#  a      =  _ reportwasdue0 P reminderssent#t tu# tt ! #t t# ttP#P# #t t# ttSenegal0  Eleventhreport _ 19May1993   P   2~R # # 0 a   Twelfthreport _ 19May1995   P   2Da#a#  a   Thirteenthreport0 _ 19May1997   P   1 _#_# #t t|# ttSeychelles 0 Sixthreport0_ # #6April1989   P   3 j_#_# 0 a   Seventhreport _ 6April1991   P   3\ 0a#a# 0 a   Eighthreport _ 6April1993   P   2"  a#a# 0 a   Ninthreport _ 6April1995   P   2  a#a#  a   Tenthreport _ 6April1997   P   1#t tj# tt    #t tb# ttSierraLeone Fourthreport _ 4January1976 P   26 :   a   Fifthreport _ 4January1978 P   22    a   Sixthreport _ 4January1980 P   20    a   Seventhreport _ 4January1982 P   16 `   a   Eighthreport _ 4January1984 P   12 R&   a   Ninthreport _ 4January1986 P 0  8 ##  a   Tenthreport _ 4January1988 P 0  5##  a   Eleventhreport _ 4January1990 P   5 x  a   Twelfthreport _ 4January1992 P   4 j>  a   Thirteenthreport _ 4January1994 P   3 0 0 a   Fourteenthreport0_a#a#4January19960P_#_#  2P#P#  a   Fifteenthreport0 _ 4January19980P_#_#0P#P###  a   Supplementary0 _ 31March1975   P   1V_#_# Slovakia0 0 # #Initialreport0_ # #28May19940_#_#0P##  2P#P# 0 a   Secondreport0_a#a#28May19960_#_#0P##  2P#P#  a   Thirdreport0 _ 28May1998  0P_#_#0P#P##t t# ttn## Slovenia0  Initialreport0_ # #6July1993   P   2&_#_# 0 a   Secondreport _ 6July1995   P   2 a#a#  a   Thirdreport _ 6July1997   P   1 ! #t tf"# tt#t tn$# ttSolomonIslands Secondreport _ 16April1985   P   10 ># 0 a   Thirdreport0_a#a#16April1987   P   7 $_#_# 0 a   Fourthreport0_a#a#16April1989   P   5 %_#_# 0 a   Fifthreport0_a#a#16April1991   P   4!d&_#_# 0 a   Sixthreport0_a#a#16April1993   P   2V"*'_#_# 0 a   Seventhreport _ 16April1995   P   2#(a#a#  a   Eighthreport0 _ 16April1997   P   1#)_#_# #t t$#Somalia0  Fifthreport _ 25September1984 P   11n%B!+ # #  a  0 Sixthreport _ 25September1986 P   84&", # # 0 a   Seventhreport _ 25September1988 P   6&"-a#a# 0 a   Eighthreport _ 25September1990 P   5'#.a#a# 0 a   Ninthreport _ 25September1992 P   3(Z$/a#a# 0 a   Tenthreport _ 25September1994 P   3L) %0a#a#  a   Eleventhreport _ 25September1996 P   2 *%1   d,8(4 Stateparty0 Typeofreport0_ # #Dateonwhichthe0P_#_#Numberof,P#P#  a      =  _ reportwasdue0 P reminderssent ttP#P# #t t-# ttSriLanka 0 Seventhreport0_ # #20March1995   P   2~R_#_#  a   Eighthreport0 _ 20March1997   P   1#t t.# ttD_#_# Sudan0 0 # #Ninthreport0_ # #20April19940_#_#0P##  2P#P# 0 a   Tenthreport0_a#a#20April19960_#_#0P##  2 jP#P# #t tX/# a   Eleventhreport0 _ 20April19980_#_#0P##  \ 0P#P# Suriname0  Initialreport _ 14April1985   P   10   # # 0 a   Secondreport _ 14April1987   P   7  a#a# 0 a   Thirdreport _ 14April1989   P   5t H a#a# 0 a   Fourthreport _ 14April1991   P   4: a#a# 0 a   Fifthreport _ 14April1993   P   2 a#a# 0 a   Sixthreport _ 14April1995   P   2 a#a#  a   Seventhreport _ 14April1997   P   1 `  Swaziland0 0 # #Fifteenthreport0_ # #7May19980_#_#0P##   P#P# Sweden0 0 # #Thirteenthreport0_ # #5January19970P_#_#  1xP#P# SwitzerlandSecondreport29December1997   0 ЀTajikistanInitialreport10February19960 P   2P#P# ЀSecondreport10February19980 P     VP#P# Togo0 a   Sixthreport _ 1October1983 P   12a#a# 0 a   Seventhreport _ 1October1985 P   8a#a# 0 a   Eighthreport _ 1October1987 P   5na#a# 0 a   Ninthreport _ 1October1989 P   5`4a#a# 0 a   Tenthreport _ 1October1991 P   4&a#a# 0 a   Eleventhreport _ 1October1993 P   3 a#a# 0 a   Twelfthreport _ 1October1995 P   2!a#a#  a   Thirteenthreport0 _ 1October19970P_#_#  1xL"P#P# Trinidadand Eleventhreport _ 3November1994 P   2  $ ЀTobago  Twelfthreport _ 3November1996 P   2  %  ttTunisia  Thirteenthreport _ 4January1994 P   2 V"*' 0 a   Fourteenthreport _ 4January1996 P   2#(a#a#  a   Fifteenthreport0 _ 4January19980P_#_#  #)P#P# #t tZ=# ttTurkmenistan Initialreport _ 29October1995 P   2 n%B!+  a   Secondreport0 _ 29October19970P_#_#  14&",P#P# #t t0?# ttUganda  Secondreport _ 21December1983 P   12 '#. 0 a   Thirdreport _ 21December1985 P   8(Z$/a#a# 0 a   Fourthreport _ 21December1987 P   6L) %0a#a# 0 a   Fifthreport _ 21December1989 P   5*%1a#a# 0 a   Sixthreport _ 21December1991 P   4*&2a#a# 0 a   Seventhreport _ 21December1993 P   3+r'3a#a#   *-(5 ?"* +7I >!++7`7?Stateparty0 I Typeofreport0I #I #Dateonwhichthe0##Numberof,##  b   I  >   reportwasdue0  reminderssent#t tp@### Uganda  I Eighthreport  21December1995    2 ~R (cont'd)  I Ninthreport0  21December19970##  D## Ukraine0  I Fifteenthreport0 # #6April19980##  ## UnitedArab I Twelfthreport  20July1997    1 \ 0 ЀEmirates ttUnitedKingdomof0 I Fifteenthreport0I #I #6April19980##    ## ЀGreatBritainand̀NorthernIrelandUnitedRepublic I Eighthreport  26November1987    6   ЀofTanzania I Ninthreport  26November1989    6 `  0 b   I Tenthreport  26November1991    3R& b#b# 0 b   I Eleventhreport  26November1993    2 b#b# 0 b   I Twelfthreport  26November1995    2b#b#  b   I Thirteenthreport0  26November19970##  1#t t:G# ttx## UnitedStates I Initialreport  20November1995    2 0 ЀofAmerica0 I Secondreport0I #I #20November19970##  1## #t t#K# tt#t tL# ttUzbekistan  I Initialreport  28October1996    2 V #t tL# ttVenezuela0  I Fourteenthreport0 # #4January19960##  2##  b   I Fifteenthreport0  4January19980##  ## #t tM# tt#t tN# ttVietNam  I Sixthreport  9July1993    2 `4 0 b   I Seventhreport  9July1995    2&b#b#  b   I Eighthreport  9July1997    1   #t t0O# ttYemen  I Eleventhreport  17November1993    2 xL" 0 b   I Twelfthreport  17November1995    2>#b#b#  b   I Thirteenthreport0  17November19970##  1#t tP# $## Yugoslavia I Fifteenthreport  4January1998     !d& 0 b  b#b# Zambia  I Twelfthreport  5March1995    2 #(  b   I Thirteenthreport  5March1997    1 #) Zimbabwe0  I Secondreport0 # #12June19940##  2n%B!+## 0 b   I Thirdreport0b#b#12June19960##  20!##0@!##4&",!#!#  b   I Fourthreport0  12June19980##  &"-## 򀀀 (Z$/  b a/Forareportsubmittedincompliancewithaspecialdecisionofthe *%1 CommitteetakenatitsfortyMsecondsession(1993),seeCERD/C/247. *&2   +r'3 6 *zX* +7I >T6@%oChapterVIII , @ oThirdDecadetoCombatRacismandRacialDiscrimination  504.TheCommitteediscussedtheagendaitemontheThirdDecadetoCombatRacismandRacialDiscriminationatitsfiftysecondandfiftythirdsessions.505.  Foritsconsiderationoftheitem,theCommitteehadbeforeitthe  j followingdocuments:  (a) NotebytheSecretaryGeneraltransmittingthereport    oftheSpecialRapporteuroftheCommissiononHumanRights,Mr.MauriceGllMAhanhanzo,oncontemporaryformsofracism,racial t H  discrimination,xenophobiaandrelatedintolerance(A/52/471);  (b) ReportoftheSecretaryMGeneralontheimplementationofthe   ProgrammeofActionfortheThirdDecadetoCombatRacismandRacialDiscrimination(A/52/528);  (c) GeneralAssemblyresolution52/109onmeasurestocombat  contemporaryformsofracism,racialdiscrimination,xenophobiaandrelatedintolerance;  (d) GeneralAssemblyresolution52/111ontheThirdDecadetoCombat  RacismandRacialDiscriminationandtheconveningofaworldconferenceagainstracism,racialdiscrimination,xenophobiaandrelatedintolerance;  (e) ReportoftheSecretaryMGeneralontheimplementationofthe  ProgrammeofActionfortheThirdDecadetoCombatRacismandRacialDiscrimination(E/1997/87);  (f) ReportoftheSecretaryGeneralontheimplementationofthe & ProgrammeofActionfortheThirdDecadetoCombatRacismandRacialDiscrimination(E/CN.4/1997/68);  (g) ReportoftheUnitedNationsseminartoassessthe ># implementationoftheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscriminationwithparticularreferencetoarticles4and6(E/CN.4/1997/68/Add.1);  (h) ReportoftheSecretaryGeneralonracialdiscrimination, #( xenophobiaandrelatedintolerance(E/CN.4/1998/77);  (i) Reportoftheseminaronimmigration,racismandracial n%B!+ discrimination(E/CN.4/1998/77/Add.1);  (j) ReportoftheexpertseminarontheroleoftheInternetinthe '#. lightoftheprovisionsoftheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination(E/CN.4/1998/77/Add.2);  (k) ReportbyMr.MauriceGllAhanhanzo,SpecialRapporteurofthe *&2 CommissiononHumanRightsoncontemporaryformsofracism,racialdiscrimination,xenophobiaandrelatedintolerance,submittedpursuanttoCommissiononHumanRightsresolution1997/73(E/CN.4/1998/79); *-(5 Ї  (l) CommissiononHumanRightsresolution1998/26onracism,racial , discrimination,xenophobiaandrelatedintolerance;  (m) Administrativeandprogrammebudgetimplicationsofthedraft ~R resolutioncontainedindocumentE/CN.4/1998/L.37entitled Racism,racialdiscrimination,xenophobiaandrelatedintolerance(E/CN.4/1998/L.98);  (n) Jointworkingpaperonarticle7oftheInternational  j ConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination,preparedbyMr.JosBengoa,Mr.IvanGarvalov,Mr.MustafaMehediandMrs.ShantiSadiqAli(E/CN.4/Sub.2/1998/4).506.  Atthe1270thmeeting,theformerChairmanoftheCommittee,Mr.Banton, t H  reportedthat,pursuanttoinstructionsfromtheCommittee,hehadsentalettertotheSecretaryGeneralandtheChairmanoftheCommissiononHumanRights,whichcontainedalistofsubjectsonwhichspecialistreviewsmightbepreparedbytheCommitteeasabasisfortheworkoftheWorldConferenceagainstRacism,RacialDiscrimination,XenophobiaandRelatedIntolerance.+507.  TheCommitteetooknoteofGeneralAssemblyresolution52/111,inwhich  theAssemblydecidedthattheCommissiononHumanRightswouldactasthepreparatorycommitteefortheWorldConference,andfurthernotedthattheCommitteewasrequestedtotakepartinandcontributetothepreparationsfortheWorldConferenceandparticipateintheWorldConferenceitself.TheCommitteenotedthatitsmembershadovertheyearsproducedalargenumberofstudieswhichcouldcontributetotheWorldConference.508.  TheCommitteedecidedtocreateacontactgroupofthreememberswhich  shouldcollectinformationonthepreparationsfortheWorldConferenceandreporttotheCommittee,withsuggestionsontheCommitteescontributionthereto.ThemembersoftheCommitteedesignatedtobeinthecontactgroupwereMr.Garvalov,Ms.McDougallandMr.Yutzis.509.  Atits1274thmeeting,theCommitteenotedotherdevelopmentswith ! respecttotheThirdDecadetoCombatRacismandRacialDiscrimination.ItnotedthatMr.Bantonhadparticipatedintheseminaronimmigration,racismandracialdiscriminationheldwithintheframeworkoftheactivitiesfortheThirdDecade.ItalsonotedthatMr.ShahihadparticipatedintheseminarontheroleoftheInternetinthelightoftheprovisionsoftheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination.Messrs.BantonandShahigaveoralreportstotheCommitteeontheseminarsinwhichtheyhadparticipated.510.  Atits1281stmeeting,theCommitteenotedwithinterestthedescription n%B!+ ofthecontributionoftheUnitedNationsDepartmentofPublicInformationtotheThirdDecadetoCombatRacismandRacialDiscriminationinchapterIV,sectionB,oftheSecretaryGeneralsreporttotheCommissiononHumanRights(E/CN.4/1998/77).Committeemembersnotedfromparagraph18ofthatsectionofthechapterthattheDepartmentwaspreparingabackgroundarticleonracismanditsconsequences.MembersexpressedthehopethatanysucharticlewouldbepositiveincharacterandstresstheconclusionthatStatesparties,byfulfillingtheirobligationsundertheConvention,hadsucceededinreducingtheincidenceofracialdiscriminationinagreatvarietyoffieldsofpubliclife.ItwasalsonotedthattheannualreportsoftheCommitteeto *-(5 theGeneralAssemblycontainedawealthofevidenceaboutsuchachievements.AletterwassentfromtheChairmanoftheCommitteetotheDepartmentofPublicInformationtocommunicatethoseviews.+511.  Atthesamemeeting,theCommitteediscussedthecontributionofthe D SpecialAdviseronGenderIssuesandAdvancementofWomentothe   SecretaryMGeneralsreporttotheCommissiononHumanRights(E/CN.4/1998/77).  TheCommitteeexpresseditsconcernthatparagraph3ofchapterIV,sectionC,ofthatreportseriouslymisrepresentedthepositiontakenbytheCommitteeongenderissues.AletterwassentbytheChairmanoftheCommitteetotheSpecialAdviserexpressingthoseviews.512.  Atits1295thmeeting,theCommitteediscussedthejointworkingpaper t H  onarticle7oftheConvention(E/CN.4/1998/Sub.2/4),whichhadbeenpreparedbytwomembersoftheCommittee,Mr.GarvalovandMrs.SadiqAli,andtwomembersoftheSubMCommissiononPreventionofDiscriminationandProtection   ofMinorities,Mr.JosBengoaandMr.MustafaMehedi.Mr.Bengoa,expertoftheSubMCommission,waspresentduringthepresentationofthejointworking R&  papertotheCommitteeandmadeabriefstatement.Inaddition,Mr.GarvalovandothermembersoftheCommitteemadestatementsregardingthejointworkingpaper.TheCommitteetooknoteofthejointworkingpaper,commendedthefourexpertsfortheircollaborativeeffortsandexpressedthehopethatsimilarjointprojectswiththeSubMCommissionwouldbeundertakeninthefuture. 0 513.  Atits1302ndand1303rdmeetings,theCommitteewelcomed  GeneralAssemblyresolution52/111,includingitsdecisiontoconveneaWorldConferenceagainstRacism,RacialDiscrimination,XenophobiaandRelatedIntolerance,tobeheldnotlaterthantheyear2001.Ittooknoteofparagraph51ofCommissiononHumanRightsresolution1998/26,inwhichtheCommissioninvitedtheCommitteetocontributetothepreparatoryprocessfortheWorldConference.TheCommitteediscussedawidevarietyofideasaboutmatterswhichmightfeatureintheConferenceagendaandintheconcludingdeclarationandprogrammeofaction(seedecision9(53)below).@$o Decision9(53)  xL"   TheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscrimination,  $   WelcomingGeneralAssemblyresolution52/111,bywhichtheAssembly !d& decidedtoconveneaWorldConferenceagainstRacism,RacialDiscrimination,Xenophobia,andRelatedIntolerance,tobeheldnotlaterthantheyear2001,  NotingCommissiononHumanRightsresolution1998/26,inwhichthe $| * CommissioninvitedtheCommitteetogivehighprioritytothepreparatoryprocessfortheWorldConferenceandtopresenttotheCommissionatitsfiftyfifthsessionandtothePreparatoryCommitteeitscontributiontotheobjectivesoftheConference,includingundertakingaseriesofstudies,andtoparticipateactivelyinthepreparatoryprocessandintheConferenceitself,+  1. WelcomestheinvitationoftheCommissiononHumanRightstothe *&2 Committee,ascontainedinCommissionresolution1998/26,paragraph51;  d,8(4   2. Reiteratesitsreadinesstoparticipateintheentirepreparatory ,  processfortheWorldConferenceandintheConferenceitself;  3. Indicatesthatithascommencedconsideringsuggestionsforthe ~R agendaoftheWorldConferenceandideastheWorldConferencemaytakeintoconsiderationinanydeclarationandprogrammeofactionwhichitmaydecidetoadopt;  4. Isoftheviewthattheagendacouldincludethefollowingtopics: \ 0 currentrealitiesintheaftermathofslaveryandcolonialism;impactofeconomicglobalizationandracialequality;treatmentofmigrants,refugees,asylumseekersanddisplacedpersons;preventionofracialdiscrimination,includingearlywarningandurgentprocedures;preventionofracialdiscriminationthrougheducation;remedies,redressmechanismsandreparationsforracialdiscrimination;internationalmechanismsfortheimplementationoftheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscriminationandtheirprogressivedevelopment;combatinghatespeechandpromotingtoleranceinthedigitalage;theimplicationsofmultipleidentities(race,colour,descent,nationalorethnicorigin,gender);  5. Emphasizesthatthesesuggestionsneedfurtherelaborationand x thatthiswillbedonebytheCommitteewiththeviewtopresentingadocumentatitssessioninMarch1999.==>#1303rdmeeting  ==>#21August1998 V 514.  ThereportswhichStatespartieshavesubmittedundertheInternational  ConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscriminationcontainawealthofinformationaboutthecausesofdiscriminationbaseduponrace,colour,descent,andnationalorethnicorigin.TheydescribeindetailthepolicieswhichStateshaveadoptedtomeettherequirementsoftheConventionastheyapplytotheirspecialcircumstances.TheCommittees29annualreportstotheGeneralAssemblyincludetheincreasinglyspecificobservationswhichtheCommitteehasadoptedwhenconcludingitsexaminationoftheinformationreceived.Thereforetheycovermuchwhichexplainsthepersistenceofracialdiscrimination,thecausesofethnicconflict,theproblemsofmigrantworkers,refugees,asylumseekersandundocumentedworkersinparticular,aswellasthoseofdistinctiveminoritiesliketheRoma.Theyoutlinethesuccessesofthecampaignagainstracialdiscriminationaswellasthecontinuingchallenges.ItisdifficulttosynthesizethemanylessonswhichtheCommitteehaslearnedovertheyearsandtocommunicatetheminaformsuitedtoalessspecializedreadership.ThereforetheCommitteehopestopursueadialoguewiththoseresponsibleforplanningtheConference.  n%B!+ @{{&oChapterIX , @  oOverviewofthemethodsofworkoftheCommittee  515.  AnoverviewofthemethodsofworkoftheCommitteeappearedinits D reporttotheGeneralAssemblyatitsfiftyfirstsession. D   14  /    ׀Thatsummary   highlightedchangesintroducedinrecentyearsandwasdesignedtomaketheCommitteesproceduresmoretransparentandaccessibletobothStatespartiesandthepublic.NomaterialchangeshaveoccurredintheCommitteesmethodsofworksincethatreport.@uu)oNotes t H    L   ",! ++*zX!@(oAnnexI ,  @oStatusoftheConvention  ̀A.StatespartiestotheInternationalConventionontheElimination D ЀofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination(150),asat21August1998   $ ++ ++$Stateparty  Dateofreceipt  Entryintoforce  j   oftheinstrument \ 0   ofratification  oraccession    Afghanistan  6July1983a/  5August1983 t H  Albania  11May1994a/  10June1994 :  Algeria  14February1972  15March1972   AntiguaandBarbuda  25October1988a/  24November1988   Argentina  2October1968  4January1969 `  Armenia  23June1993a/  23July1993   Australia  30September1975  30October1975  Austria  9May1972  8June1972 x Azerbaijan0  16August1996a/0 ##15September1996j> # # Bahamas  5August1975b/  4September1975 0 Bahrain  27March1990a/  26April1990  Bangladesh  11June1979a/  11July1979 V Barbados  8November1972a/  8December1972 H Belarus  8April1969  8May1969  Belgium  7August1975  6September1975  Bolivia  22September1970  22October1970 `4 BosniaandHerzegovina  16July1993b/  16July1993 & Botswana  20February1974a/  22March1974   Brazil  27March1968  4January1969 ! Bulgaria  8August1966  4January1969 xL" BurkinaFaso  18July1974a/  17August1974  $ Burundi  27October1977  26November1977  % Cambodia  28November1983  28December1983 !d& Cameroon  24June1971  24July1971 V"*' Canada  14October1970  13November1970 #( CapeVerde  3October1979a/  2November1979 $| * CentralAfricanRepublic  16March1971  15April1971 n%B!+ Chad  17August1977a/  16September1977 4&", Chile  20October1971  19November1971 &"- China  29December1981a/  28January1982 '#. Colombia  2September1981  2October1981 L) %0 Congo  11July1988a/  10August1988 *%1 CostaRica  16January1967  4January1969 *&2 C=ted'Ivoire  4January1973a/  3February1973 +r'3 Croatia  12October1992b/  8October1991  d,8(4 Stateparty  Dateofreceipt  Entryintoforce ,   oftheinstrument    ofratification  oraccession ~R Cuba  15February1972  16March1972   Cyprus  21April1967  4January1969  CzechRepublic  22February1993b/  1January1993  j DemocraticRepublicof̀theCongo0  21April1976a/0 ##21May1976"   # # Denmark  9December1971  8January1972    DominicanRepublic  25May1983a/  24June1983 t H  Ecuador  22September1966a/  4January1969 :  Egypt  1May1967  4January1969   ElSalvador  30November1979a/  30December1979   Estonia  21October1991a/  20November1991 `  Ethiopia  23June1976a/  23July1976   Fiji  11January1973b/  10February1973  Finland  14July1970  13August1970 x France  28July1971a/  27August1971 j> Gabon  29February1980  30March1980 0 Gambia  29December1978a/  28January1979  Germany  16May1969  15June1969 V Ghana  8September1966  4January1969 H Greece  18June1970  18July1970  Guatemala  18January1983  17February1983  Guinea  14March1977  13April1977 `4 Guyana  15February1977  17March1977 & Haiti  19December1972  18January1973   HolySee  1May1969  31May1969 ! Hungary  1May1967  4January1969 xL" Iceland  13March1967  4January1969  $ India  3December1968  4January1969  % Iran(Islamic̀Republicof)  29August1968  4January1969 V"*' Iraq  14January1970  13February1970 #( Israel  3January1979  2February1979 #) Italy  5January1976  4February1976 n%B!+ Jamaica  4June1971  4July1971 4&", Japan  15December1995  14January1996 &"- Jordan  30May1974a/  29June1974 '#. Kuwait  15October1968a/  4January1969  (Z$/ ТStateparty  Dateofreceipt  Entryintoforce ,   oftheinstrument    ofratification  oraccession ~R Kyrgzstan0  5September19970 ##5October1997  # # LaoPeople'sDemocratic̀Republic  22February1974a/  24March1974  j Latvia  14April1992a/  14May1992 \ 0 Lebanon  12November1971a/  12December1971 "   Lesotho  4November1971a/  4December1971    Liberia  5November1976a/  5December1976 t H  LibyanArabJamahiriya  3July1968a/  4January1969 :  Luxembourg  1May1978  31May1978   Madagascar  7February1969  9March1969   Malawi  11June1996a/  11July1996 `  Maldives  24April1984a/  24May1984   Mali  16July1974a/  15August1974  Malta  27May1971  26June1971 x Mauritania  13December1988  12January1989 j> Mauritius  30May1972a/  29June1972 0 Mexico  20February1975  22March1975  Monaco  27September1995  27October1995 V Mongolia  6August1969  5September1969 H Morocco  18December1970  17January1971  Mozambique  18April1983a/  18May1983  Namibia  11November1982a/  11December1982 `4 Nepal  30January1971a/  1March1971 & Netherlands  10December1971  9January1972   NewZealand  22November1972  22December1972 ! Nicaragua  15February1978a/  17March1978 xL" Niger  27April1967  4January1969  $ Nigeria  16October1967a/  4January1969  % Norway  6August1970  5September1970 !d& Pakistan  21September1966  4January1969 V"*' Panama  16August1967  4January1969 #( PapuaNewGuinea  27January1982a/  26February1982 $| * Peru  29September1971  29October1971 n%B!+ Philippines  15September1967  4January1969 4&", Poland  5December1968  4January1969 &"- Portugal  24August1982a/  23September1982 '#. Qatar  22July1976a/  21August1976 L) %0 RepublicofKorea  5December1978a/  4January1979 *%1 RepublicofMoldova  26January1993a/  25February1993 *&2 Romania  15September1970a/  15October1970 +r'3 RussianFederation  4February1969  6March1969 d,8(4   *-(5 Stateparty  Dateofreceipt  Entryintoforce ,   oftheinstrument    ofratification  oraccession ~R Rwanda  16April1975a/  16May1975   SaintLucia  14February1990b/  16March1990  SaintVincentand̀theGrenadines  9November1981a/  9December1981 \ 0 SaudiArabia0  22September19970 ##22October1997"   # # Senegal  19April1972  19May1972    Seychelles  7March1978a/  6April1978 t H  SierraLeone  2August1967  4January1969 :  Slovakia  28May1993b/  28May1993   Slovenia  6July1992b/  6July1992   SolomonIslands  17March1982b/  16April1982 `  Somalia  26August1975  25September1975   Spain  13September1968a/  4January1969  SriLanka  18February1982a/  20March1982 x Sudan  21March1977a/  20April1977 j> Suriname  15March1984b/  14April1984 0 Swaziland  7April1969a/  7May1969  Sweden  6December1971  5January1972 V Switzerland  29November1994a/  29December1994 H SyrianArabRepublic  21April1969a/  21May1969  Tajikistan  11January1995a/  10February1995  TheformerYugoslav̀RepublicofMacedonia  18January1994b/  17September1991 & Togo  1September1972a/  1October1972   Tonga  16February1972a/  17March1972 ! TrinidadandTobago  4October1973  3November1973 xL" Tunisia  13January1967  4January1969 ># Turkmenistan  29September1994a/  29October1994  % Uganda  21November1980a/  21December1980 !d& Ukraine  7March1969  6April1969 V"*' UnitedArabEmirates  20June1974a/  20July1974 #( UnitedKingdomof̀GreatBritainand̀NorthernIreland  7March1969  6April1969 n%B!+ UnitedRepublic̀ofTanzania  27October1972a/  26November1972 '#. UnitedStatesofAmerica  21October1994  20November1994 (Z$/ Uruguay  30August1968  4January1969 L) %0 Uzbekistan  28September1995a/  28October1995 *%1 Venezuela  10October1967  4January1969  *&2 Stateparty  Dateofreceipt  Entryintoforce ,   oftheinstrument    ofratification  oraccession ~R VietNam  9June1982a/  9July1982   Yemen  18October1972a/  17November1972  Yugoslavia  2October1967  4January1969  j Zambia  4February1972  5March1972 \ 0 Zimbabwe  13May1991a/  12June1991 "   ̀B.Statespartiesthathavemadethedeclarationunderarticle14,    󀀀paragraph1,oftheConvention(25),asat21August1998 t H  ! ++ ++ !Stateparty  Dateofdeposit  Effectivedate     ofthedeclaration   Algeria  12September1989  12September1989 R&  Australia  28January1993  28January1993   Bulgaria  12May1993  12May1993  Chile  18May1994  18May1994 x CostaRica  8January1974  8January1974 j> Cyprus  30December1993  30December1993  Denmark  11October1985  11October1985  Ecuador  18March1977  18March1977 V Finland  16November1994  16November1994 H France  16August1982  16August1982  Hungary  13September1990  13September1990 n Iceland  10August1981  10August1981 `4 Italy  5May1978  5May1978 & Luxembourg0  22July19960 ##22July1996  # # Netherlands  10December1971  9January1972 ! Norway  23January1976  23January1976 ># Peru  27November1984  27November1984  $ RepublicofKorea5March19970  5March1997 % # # RussianFederation  1October1991  1October1991 !d& Senegal  3December1982  3December1982 V"*' Slovakia  17March1995  17March1995 #) Spain0  13January19980 ##13January1998$| * # # Sweden  6December1971  5January1972 n%B!+ Ukraine  28July1992  28July1992 4&", Uruguay  11September1972  11September1972 &"-   (Z$/ ЀC.Statespartiesthathaveacceptedtheamendmentsto , ЀtheConventionadoptedattheFourteenthMeeting  ЀofStatesPartiesc/(24),asat21August1998   ++++ Stateparty  Dateacceptancereceived D Australia  15October1993  Bahamas  31March1994  j Bulgaria  2March1995 \ 0 BurkinaFaso  9August1993 "   Canada  8February1995    Cuba0  21November1996  ## Cyprus0  29July1997t H ## Denmark  3September1993 :  Finland  9February1994   France  1September1994   Germany0  15January1996` ## Mexico0  16September1996R& ## Netherlands̀(fortheKingdominEuropèandtheNetherlandsAntilles̀andAruba)  24January1995 j> NewZealand  8October1993 0 Norway  6October1993  RepublicofKorea  30November1993  Seychelles  23July1993 V Sweden  14May1993 H Switzerland0  16December1996## SyrianArabRepublic0  25February1998## TrinidadandTobago  23August1993 n Ukraine  17June1994 `4 UnitedKingdomofGreatBritaiǹandNorthernIreland  7February1994   Zimbabwe0  10April1997!## ̀ 4&", B.++b >uQ!++hB a a/ Accession. '#.  a b/ Dateofreceiptofnotificationofsuccession. L) %0  a c/ Fortheamendmentstoenterintoforce,acceptancemustbe *&2 receivedfromtwothirdsoftheStatespartiestotheConvention.  *-(5 @'oAnnexII , @G G oAgendasofthefifty-secondandfifty-thirdsessions  @oA.Fifty-secondsession D 1.0 a OpeningofthesessionbytherepresentativeoftheSecretary-General.a#a# 2.0 a SolemndeclarationbythenewlyelectedmembersoftheCommitteeunder \ 0 rule14oftherulesofprocedure. a#a# 3.0 a Electionofofficers.  a#a# 4.0 a Adoptionoftheagenda.: a#a# 5.0 a Organizationalandothermatters. a#a# 6.0 a Preventionofracialdiscrimination,includingearlywarningandurgent R&  actionprocedures. a#a# 7.0 a Considerationofreports,commentsandinformationsubmittedbyStates x partiesunderarticle9oftheConvention. a#a# 8.0 a SubmissionofreportsbyStatespartiesunderarticle9,paragraph1,of  theConvention. a#a# 9.0 a Considerationofcommunicationsunderarticle14oftheConvention.Ha#a# 10.0 a Considerationofcopiesofpetitionsandreportsunderarticle15ofthe  Convention. a#a# 11.0 a ActionbytheGeneralAssemblyatitsfifty-secondsession:&a#a#  a (a)0 AnnualreportsubmittedbytheCommitteeontheEliminationof ! RacialDiscriminationunderarticle9,paragraph2,oftheConvention;  # #  a (b)0 Effectiveimplementationofinternationalinstrumentsonhuman  % rights.  # # 12.0 a ThirdDecadetoCombatRacismandRacialDiscrimination.#(a#a# @ oB.Fifty-thirdsession $| * 1.0 a Adoptionoftheagenda.4&",a#a# 2.0 a Organizationalandothermatters.'#.a#a# 3.0 a Preventionofracialdiscrimination,includingearlywarningmeasures L) %0 andurgentactionprocedures. a#a# 4.0 a Considerationofreports,commentsandinformationsubmittedbyStates +r'3  partiesunderarticle9oftheConvention.#d,8(4a#a# #5.0 a SubmissionofreportsbyStatespartiesunderarticle9,paragraph1,of ,  theConvention. a#a# 6.0 a ActionbytheGeneralAssemblyatitsfifty-secondsessionontheannual ~R reportsubmittedbytheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationunderarticle9,paragraph2,oftheConvention. a#a# 7.0 a Considerationofcommunicationsunderarticle14oftheConvention. ja#a# 8.0 a Considerationofcopiesofpetitions,copiesofreportsandother "   informationrelatingtoTrustandNon-Self-GoverningTerritoriesandtoallotherterritoriestowhichGeneralAssemblyresolution1514(XV)applies,inconformitywitharticle15oftheConvention. a#a# 9.0 a ThirdDecadetoCombatRacismandRacialDiscrimination. a#a# 10.0 a ReportoftheCommitteetotheGeneralAssemblyatits `  fifty-thirdsessionunderarticle9,paragraph2,oftheConvention. a#a#     @'oAnnexIII , 8 a 8 a~!a~!DecisionoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacial  Discriminationunderarticle14oftheInternational  G G 8 a 8 a~!a~!ConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacial  G G @$oDiscrimination   @ oDecisionconcerningcommunicationNo.9/1997  j '**7=7++7'Submittedby:   D.S. "   Allegedvictim:   Theauthor    Statepartyconcerned:  Sweden :  Dateofcommunication:  15February1997   ' *zX**7=7'  TheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscrimination,established R&  underarticle8oftheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination,  Meetingon17August1998, j>   Adoptsthefollowing:  @oDecisiononadmissibility B  V 1.  Theauthorofthecommunication(initialsubmission  dated15February1997)isD.S.,aSwedishcitizenofCzechoslovakorigin,bornin1947,currentlyresidinginSolna,Sweden.SheclaimstobeavictimofviolationsbySwedenofarticles2,3,5(e)(i)and6oftheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination. Thefactsassubmittedbytheauthor  ! 2.1  InApril1995,theNationalBoardofHealthandWelfareadvertiseda ># vacancyforapostofresearcher/projectcoordinatorwiththeNationalBoardofHealthandWelfare(Socialstyrelsen).Inthevacancyannouncement,the  % Boardlookedforapplicantswhowouldbeabletocollectandprocessmaterialfrominvestigativestudies,andfollow-up,inthefieldofpublichealthandmedicalcare,thestructure,contentandqualityofmedicalcareinhospitals.Thevacancyannouncementstipulatedthatapplicantsforgeneralresearchjobsshouldhaveagoodknowledgeofandexperienceinthesubjectareaandagoodknowledgeoftechniquesandmeasuresusedtomeasure,describe,evaluateandjudgetheefficacyandresultsofanactivity.Anotherrequirementwasthatapplicantsshouldhaveabasicacademicdegree,ifpossiblesupplementedbyfurthercoursesinthefieldofresearchandevaluationandwithexperienceinthesubjectarea.Otherrequirementsincludedtheabilitytocooperatewithothers,thepowerofinitiativeandeaseoforalandwrittenexpression.Proficiencyinanotherlanguagewasconsideredanadditionalasset.2.2  OnehundredandfortyMsevenindividualsappliedforthevacancy, +r'3 includingtheauthorandS.L.On10November1995,theNationalBoardofHealthandWelfaredecidedtoappointS.L.asresearcherandproject *-(5 coordinatortotheBoard;sheassumedherdutieswitheffectfrom1October1995.TheauthorappealedtotheGovernmentagainstthisdecision,consideringthatherqualificationsweresuperiortothoseofS.L.,andthatshehadbeenrefusedthepostbecauseofherforeignorigin.2.3  On14March1996,theGovernmentannulledtheNationalBoard'sdecision   toappointS.L.tothepostandreferredthematterbacktotheBoardforreconsideration.TheGovernmentsdecisionwasbasedonthefactthatatthetimeofS.L.sappointment,thelatterhadnotyetearnedanacademicdegree(althoughshewasstudyingforoneatthattime).Therefore,S.L.didnotformallysatisfytherequirementsforthepositionasspecifiedbytheNationalBoardinthevacancyannouncement.TheNationalBoardsdecisioninthecasewasfoundtobeformallyincorrect.2.4  Shortlyafterwards,theNationalBoardofHealthandWelfare   re-advertisedthepostofresearchertotheBoard.ThevacancyannouncementnowstipulatedthattheBoardwaslookingforapersontoworkontheMARS(MedicalAccessandResultSystem)projecttoassistinthecollectionandtheprocessingofmaterialfrominvestigationsandstudiesandintheevaluationofthepublichealthandmedicalcarestructure.Theworkwouldinvolvecontactswithmedicalexpertstodrawupcataloguesandpreparematerialformultimediapresentations.Astothequalifications,theannouncementnowrequired abasicacademicdegreeorequivalent,aswellasexperienceinthe 0 subjectarea.Otherrequirementsincludedtheabilitytocooperateandworkinateam,thepowerofinitiative,andeaseoforalandwrittenexpression.AgoodknowledgeofEnglishwasrequired.2.5  Atotalof83individualsappliedforthere-advertisedpost,  interalia,theauthorandS.L.TheNationalBoardofHealthandWelfare  invitedfourofthemforaninterview,includingtheauthorandS.L.Theirqualificationswereassessedthoroughly.On20May1996,theBoarddecidedonceagaintoappointS.L.asaresearchertotheBoard.On6June1996,theauthorfiledanotherappealwiththeGovernmentagainstthisdecision,claimingthatshewasbetterqualifiedthanS.L.andreferringtothefactthatshehadmorerelevantacademiceducationandgreaterworkexperience.2.6  TheNationalBoardofHealthandWelfarepreparedadetailedopinionto  $ theGovernmentontheissue.Initsopinion,itjustifiedthechangeofcriteriainthere-advertisementofthevacancyandemphasizedthattheselectionprocesshadbeencareful.TheBoardobservedthatonthebasisofthisprocess,itwasconcludedthatS.L.wasdeemedtohavethebestqualificationsforthepost,includingpersonalsuitability;theBoardaddedthatS.L.hadbythenearnedanacademicdegreeinbehaviouralscience.Theauthorwasconsideredtheleastqualifiedofthefourapplicantswhohadbeenshortlisted.2.7  On12September1996,theGovernmentrejectedtheauthorsappeal, '#. withoutgivingreasons.Theauthorappealedagainstthisdecisionaswell;inJanuary1997,thisappealwasalsodismissed,onthegroundthattheGovernmenthad,byitsdecisionofSeptember1996,finalizedtheexaminationofthematterandthereforeconcludedtheproceedings.  +r'3 &   Thecomplaint  , 3.1  Theauthorcomplainsthatshehasbeendiscriminatedagainstinher  searchforemploymentonthebasisofhernationaloriginandherstatusasan',immigrant.Inthatcontextsheclaimsthat:  -0 Majorpartsofvacancyannouncementsofthetypesheappliedfor  aretailor-madeforanindividualwhoisalreadychoseninadvance,usuallyaSwedishcitizenborninthecountry;  # #   -0 Qualificationrequirementsarehigherforimmigrantsthantheyare    forSwedes;  # #   -0 Employersgenerallydiscriminateagainstimmigrantsintheir :  employmentpolicy,inthattheywillchooseSwedeswhoinprincipleareoverqualifiedforacertainjob,whereastheywillrejectimmigrantswhoareoverqualifiedforthesamepost.Duringtheinterviewsforthere-advertisedpost,theauthorclaims,shewastoldthatshewasoverqualified;  # #   -0 DuringtheinterviewsforthevacantpostwiththeNationalBoard x ofHealthandPublicWelfare,theinterviewersallegedlydisplayedanopenlynegativeattitudevis--vistheauthor.Infact,theauthordismissestheentireinterviewas falseplay.  # # 3.2  Theauthorclaimsthattheonlypossibilityofsolvinghersituation V andthatofimmigrantsinSwedenwhoseekemploymentingeneral,wouldbetotakemeasuresofaffirmativeaction,suchasestablishingquotasforimmigrantsforhigh-levelposts,sothatimmigrantswithhighereducationmayobtainthepossibilitytowork.3.3  TheauthorrejectsasanothersignofdiscriminationvisMMvisheras & animmigrantthattheNationalBoardconsideredhertheleastqualifiedandsuitableofthefourapplicantsshortlistedforthere-advertisedpost.ShereiteratesthatheracademicqualificationswerefarsuperiortothoseofS.L.(mastersdegreeascomparedwithabachelor'sdegree). TheStatepartysobservations   % 4.1  Initssubmissionunderrule92oftheCommitteesrulesofprocedure, V"*' theStatepartychallengestheadmissibilityofthecommunication.4.2  TheStatepartynotesthattherelevantsourcesoflegalprotection $| * againstethnicdiscriminationinSwedenaretheInstrumentofGovernment,theActofPublicEmploymentandtheActagainstEthnicDiscrimination.TheInstrumentofGovernmentlaysdownthebasicprinciplethatpublicpowershallbeexercisedwithrespectfortheequalworthofall(chapterone,section2).Courts,publicauthoritiesandotherperformingfunctionswithinthepublicadministrationshallobserve,intheirwork,theequalityofallbeforethelawandmaintainobjectivityandimpartiality.WhendecidingonappointmentswithintheStateadministration,onlyobjectivefactorssuchasexperienceandcompetenceshallbetakenintoaccount.  d,8(4 4.3  TheActofPublicEmploymentreiteratestheprincipleslaiddowninthe ,  InstrumentofGovernmenttotheextentthatwhenmakingappointmentstoadministrativepositions,theguidingfactorsshallbeexperienceandcompetence.Asageneralrule,competenceisvaluedhigherthanexperience.Authoritiesmustalsoconsiderobjectivefactorsthatcorrespondtoobjectivesoftheoveralllabourmarket,equalopportunitiesandsocialandemploymentpolicies.Decisionsconcerningthefillingofvacantpostsareexcludedfromthenormalrequirementthatadministrativeauthoritiesmustprovidereasonsfortheirdecisions.Therationaleforthisexceptionisconcernfortheunsuccessfulapplicant(s),sparinghim/her/themthenegativeevaluationsuchreasonsmightimply.Undersection35oftheGovernmentAgenciesandInstitutionsOrdinance,appealsagainsttheauthorities'decisionsmaybefiledwiththeGovernment.AnappealagainstadecisionbytheNationalBoardofHealthandWelfareinmattersofemploymentcanalsobefiledwiththeGovernment,undersection14ofthe1996OrdinancerelatingtotheNationalBoardofHealthandWelfare.TherearenofurtherremediesavailableagainsttheGovernmentsdecision.4.4  LabourdisputesmayalsobetriedundertheActagainstEthnic   Discriminationof1994,whichaimsatprohibitingdiscriminationinworkinglife.UndertheAct,ethnicdiscriminationtakesplacewhenapersonorgroupofpersonsis/aretreatedunfairlyinrelationtoothers,orareinanywaysubjectedtounjustorinsultingtreatmentonthegroundsofrace,colour,nationalorethnicoriginorreligiousbelief.4.5  PursuanttothetermsoftheAct,theGovernmenthasappointedan V OmbudsmanagainstEthnicDiscriminationwhosemandateistoensurethatethnicdiscriminationdoesnotoccurinthelabourmarketorotherareasofsociety.TheOmbudsmanshouldassistanyonesubjectedtoethnicdiscriminationandhelpsafeguardtheapplicantsrights.Hemustmakespecialeffortstopreventjobapplicantsfrombeingsubjectedtoethnicdiscrimination(sect.4).IfsodirectedbytheOmbudsman,anemployerisrequiredtoattendmeetingsandsupplyinformationpertainingtotheemployer'srelationswithjobapplicantsandemployees.ShouldtheemployerfailtocomplywiththeOmbudsmansdirectives,thelattermaylevyafine(sects.6and7).4.6  Thislegislation,whichappliestotheoveralllabourmarket,hastwo  $ majorthrusts.Thefirstistheprohibitionofdiscriminationinrelationtoapplicantsforvacancies,whichisrelevanttothepresentcase.Theotherprohibitionofdiscriminationcoversthetreatmentofemployees.Theprovisionwhichcoversthetreatmentofjobapplicantsprovidesthatanyemployermusttreatallapplicantsforapostequallyandthat,whenappointinganapplicant,hemaynotsubjectotherapplicantstounfairtreatmentonaccountoftheirrace,colour,nationalorethnicoriginorreligiousbelief(sect.8).Thisprovisionappliesiftheemployerchoosessomeoneotherthantheindividualsubjectedtodiscrimination.Discriminatorybehaviourintherecruitmentprocessisnotpersecoveredbytheprohibition,butif,asaresult,thisbehaviourhasledtotheemploymentofanotherperson,theemployerwillbeheldaccountableforhisactions.Foranytreatmenttoconstituteunlawfuldiscrimination,itmusthavebeenmotivatedbydifferenceswhicharenotbasedonobjectivecriteria.Employmentconsiderationsmadebytheemployermustappeartobeacceptableandrationaltoanoutsiderifitistobeshownthatobjectivereasonsmotivatedtheemployersdecision.Anyemployerwhoviolatestheprohibitionof *-(5 discriminationisliabletopaydamages.Jobapplicantswhoarevictimsofdiscriminationmaybeawardeddamages,tobepaidbytheemployer.4.7  Undersection16oftheActagainstEthnicDiscrimination,casesof ~R discriminationinemploymentwillbeexaminedpursuanttotheActonLitigationinLabourDisputes.DisputesshallbehandledbeforetheLabourCourt,asacourtoffirstandlastinstance,iftheyarebroughtbyanemployersorganizationoranemployeesorganization,orbytheOmbudsman.IfthedisputeisbroughtbyanindividualemployerorajobapplicantitshallbeheardandadjudicatedbyaDistrictCourt.AppealsmaybelodgedwiththeLabourCourt,whichisthefinalinstance.4.8  TheStatepartysubmitsthattheauthorhasfailedtoexhaustavailable t H  domesticremedies,asrequiredbyarticle14,paragraph7(a),oftheConvention.Itcontendsthatcontrarytotheviewsapparentlyheldbytheauthor,itispossibletofileactionsbeforeacourtincasesofethnicdiscriminationanddamagesbasedonethnicdiscriminationinworkinglife.Suchanactionwouldhavebeenbasedonarticle24oftheActonEthnicDiscrimination.4.9  TheStatepartynotesthattheauthordoesnotappeartohavehadany x contactwiththeofficeoftheOmbudsmanagainstEthnicDiscrimination,althoughtheOmbudsmanwouldbeentitledtolodgeacaseaboutdiscriminationanddamagesonherbehalf.Thus,Swedishlawprovidesforeffectivejudicialremediesintheauthorssituation.Itwouldhavebeenpossiblefortheauthortofileanactionbasedonnon-observanceoftheActonEthnicDiscriminationbeforethecourts,andthereisnothingtoindicatethathercomplaintwouldnothavebeenexaminedproperlyandthoroughly,inaccordancewithapplicableprocedures.FortheGovernment,therefore,thecaseisinadmissibleforfailuretoexhaustavailabledomesticremedies.4.10  Regardingthequestionoflegalaidthatmightbeavailabletopersons & wishingtofileacasewithacourt,theStatepartyindicatesthatunderthe1972and1997LegalAidActsitispossibletogivelegalaidtoanynaturalpersoninalegalmatterifheorsheisdeemedtobeinneedofsuchassistanceandhisorherannualincomedoesnotexceedaspecificlimit.Inlegalaidmatterstheclaimantshallcontributetothecostinproportiontohisorherability.Legalaidmay,however,notbegivenifitisnotdeemedreasonablehavingregardtotheimportanceandnatureofthematterandthevalueofthesubjectbeingdisputedaswellasallothercircumstancesinthecase.Suchasituationcouldoccurifapetitiondoesnotcontainreasonsfortheclaimasprescribedbylaworiftheclaimotherwiseisdeemedtobemanifestlyunfounded. Author'scomments  4&", 5.1  Withrespecttotherequirementofexhaustionofdomesticremedies,the '#. authornotesthatshewasnotinformedaboutanyremediesotherthanappealsdirectedtotheGovernment.Thus,thedecisionof12September1996informingheroftheGovernmentsdismissalofherappealdidnotmentionthepossibilityofanappealtotheLabourCourt,eitherwiththeassistanceofaunionorthatoftheofficeoftheOmbudsman.NordidtheGovernmentinformherofthispossibilityaftersheappealedthedecisionof12September1996.TheauthoremphaticallyassertsthatsheconsideredGovernmentorgans the *-(5 lastauthoritiesinhercasewithrespecttoappellateremedies.ShestatesthatafterreadinganarticleinthenewspaperonthepossibilityofappealingtotheLabourCourtshecontactedherUnion.Thelatter,however,wouldnottakeuphercase.5.2  Accordingtotheauthor,anappealforassistancetotheofficeofthe   OmbudsmanagainstEthnicDiscriminationwouldhavebeenfutile.SheassertsthattheOmbudsmanhimselfhasneverfiledanycaseonbehalfofanindividualwiththeLabourCourt,andthathehimselfhasvoicedseriousdoubtsabouttheapplicabilityandeffectivenessoftheActagainstEthnicDiscriminationof1994.ShefurtherstatesthatshehadappliedforassistancefromtheOmbudsmanonseveralotheroccasions,withoutsuccess.5.3  AstoanappealtoaDistrictCourt,theauthornotesthatthiswould :  nothavebeenaneffectiveremedyeither.Shestatesthatin1993sheappliedforajobshedidnotobtain.ShebroughtthecasebeforeaDistrictCourtclaimingdiscriminationandrequestedlegalaid.TheDistrictCourtdecidedthatithadnocompetencetoexaminedecisionsonappointmentsinthelabourmarketanddismissedthecaseaswellasthelegalaidrequestinDecember1994.BythentheActagainstEthnicDiscriminationwhich,accordingtotheStateparty,providesjobapplicantswiththepossibilityoffilingcasesbeforedistrictcourts,wasalreadyinforce.Thecourtsdecisionalsoindicatedthatthecasehadnoprospectsofsuccess.5.4  Moreover,theauthorassertsthatanappealwouldhaveincurred  financialoutlayswhichshe,asanunemployedperson,couldnotafford.Inherview,ifresorttoatribunalisnotfreeofcharge,shehasnojudicialremedy.Evenso,forher,theissueisnothowmanyjudicialinstancesshemayappealto,butwhethertheexistinglawagainstethnicdiscriminationmayofferheraremedy;inheropinion,itdoesnot. Admissibilityconsiderations  & 6.1  Beforeconsideringanyclaimscontainedinacommunication,the ! CommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationmustdecide,pursuanttoarticle14,paragraph7(a),oftheConvention,whetherornotthecurrentcommunicationisadmissible.6.2  TheStatepartycontendsthattheauthorsclaimsareinadmissiblefor !d& failuretoexhaustdomesticremedies,sinceshecouldhave(a)soughttheintercessionoftheOmbudsmanagainstEthnicDiscriminationinhercase;and/or(b)challengedthedecisionnottoappointhertothevacantpostinaDistrictCourtwithapossibilityofappealtotheLabourCourt.TheauthorhasrepliedthatshewasneverinformedaboutthepossibilityofthelatteravenueandthatappealstotheOmbudsmanandthecourtswouldinanyeventhavefailed,sincetheapplicablelegislationisdeficient.6.3  TheCommitteenotesthattheauthorwasawareofthepossibilityofa (Z$/ complainttotheOmbudsmanagainstEthnicDiscrimination;shedidnotavailherselfofthispossibility,consideringittobefutile,andbecauseofallegedpreviousnegativeexperienceswithhisoffice.ShelearnedaboutthepossibilityoffilinganactionwiththeLabourCourtandstartedpreparationstothiseffectbutdesisted,apparentlybecausehertradeuniondidnotsupportherinthisendeavourasitdidnotfindmeritsinherclaim.She *-(5 furtherconsidersthattherewasnorealpossibilityofobtainingredressinaDistrictCourtbecauseofanegativeexperienceregardingapreviouscasethatshehadfiledwithaDistrictCourt.6.4  TheCommitteeconcludesthat,notwithstandingthereservationsthatthe D authormighthaveregardingtheeffectivenessofthecurrentlegislationtopreventracialdiscriminationinthelabourmarket,itwasincumbentuponhertopursuetheremediesavailable,includingacomplaintbeforeaDistrictCourt.Meredoubtsabouttheeffectivenessofsuchremedies,orthebeliefthattheresorttothemmayincurcosts,donotabsolveacomplainantfrompursuingthem.6.5  Inthelightoftheabove,theCommitteeconsidersthattheauthorhas t H  failedtomeettherequirementsofarticle14,paragraph7(a),oftheConvention.7.  TheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationtherefore `  decides:  (a) Thatthecommunicationisinadmissible;    (b) ThatthisdecisionshallbecommunicatedtotheStatepartyand j> theauthorofthecommunication.   Л  AnnexIV , B@oo+o@oDocumentsreceivedbytheCommitteeatitsfiftysecondand  @ofiftythirdsessionsinconformitywitharticle15ofthe ~R @{{&oConvention  ThefollowingisalistofworkingpaperssubmittedbytheSpecialCommitteeontheSituationwithregardtotheImplementationoftheDeclarationontheGrantingofIndependencetoColonialCountriesandPeoples:  SaintHelena0  0##0:##0:#:#A/AC.109/2071  ##   Pitcairn0 2 02 #2 #0##0:##0:#:#A/AC.109/2072  ##   NewCaledonia0  0##0:##0:#:#A/AC.109/2073t H ##   Bermuda0 2 02 #2 #0##0:##0:#:#A/AC.109/2075  : ##   UnitedStatesVirginIslands :   A/AC.109/2076     Anguilla0 2 02 #2 #0##0:##0:#:#A/AC.109/2077 ##   Montserrat0 2 02 #2 #0##0:##0:#:#A/AC.109/2078` ##   EastTimor0 2 02 #2 #0##0:##0:#:#A/AC.109/2079andAdd.1R& ##   AmericanSamoa0  0##0:##0:#:#A/AC.109/2080 ##   CaymanIslands0  0##0:##0:#:#A/AC.109/2081##   BritishVirginIslands0   :   A/AC.109/2082x##   FalklandIslands(Malvinas)0 : 0:#:#A/AC.109/2083j>##   Gibraltar0 2 02 #2 #0##0:##0:#:#A/AC.109/2084  0##   Guam0 02 # #02 #2 #0##0:##0:#:#A/AC.109/2086##   WesternSahara0  0##0:##0:#:#A/AC.109/2087##   TurksandCaicosIslands0 : 0:#:#A/AC.109/2088V##   Tokelau0 2 02 #2 #0##0:##0:#:#A/AC.109/2090H##       AnnexV , NӜ@"oCountryrapporteurs@@oo+o  Л8  8 ]!]!A.CountryrapporteursforreportsconsideredbytheD   8  8 ]!]!󀀀Committeeatitsfiftysecondandfiftythird    8  8 ]!]!󀀀sessions   ReportsconsideredbytheCommittee0 : 0:#:#  Countryrapporteur\ 0## ARMENIA0 02 # #02 #2 #0##0:##0:#:#0##Mr.LuisValenciaRodriguez  ## Initialandsecondperiodicreports(CERD/C/289/Add.2)CAMBODIA0 02 # #02 #2 #0##0:##0:#:#0##Mr.MarioJorgeYutzis ## Second,third,fourth,fifth,sixthandseventhperiodicreports(CERD/C/292/Add.2)CAMEROON0 02 # #02 #2 #0##0:##0:#:#0##Mr.RgisdeGouttesx## Tenth,eleventh,twelfth,thirteenthandfourteenthperiodicreports(CERD/C/298/Add.3)CROATIA0 02 # #02 #2 #0##0:##0:#:#0##Mr.MarioJorgeYutzisH## Initial,secondandthirdperiodicreports(CERD/C/290/Add.1)CUBA0  0 ##02 # #02 #2 #0##0:##0:#:#0##Mrs.ShantiSadiqAli&## Tenth,eleventh,twelfthandthirteenthperiodicreports(CERD/C/319/Add.4)CYPRUS0 02 # #02 #2 #0##0:##0:#:#0##Mr.YuriA.Rechetov $## Fourteenthperiodicreport(CERD/C/299/Add.19)CZECHREPUBLIC0 2 02 #2 #0##0:##0:#:#0##Mr.IonDiaconu#)## Initialandsecondperiodicreports(CERD/C/289/Add.1)GABON0  0 ##02 # #02 #2 #0##0:##    Mr.PeterNobel'#.:#:# Second,third,fourth,fifth,sixth,seventh,eighthandninthperiodicreports(CERD/C/315/Add.1)  d,8(4 МReportsconsideredbytheCommittee0 : 0:#:#  Countryrapporteur,## HAITI0  0 ##02 # #02 #2 #0##0:##0:#:#  Mr.CarlosLechugaHevia## Reviewbasedonpreviousreports(CERD/C/195/Add.1)ISRAEL0 02 # #02 #2 #  0:##0:#:#  Mr.MichaelP.Banton j## Seventh,eighthandninthperiodicreports(CERD/C/294/Add.1)JORDAN0 02 # #02 #2 #0##0:##0:#:#  Mr.MichaelP.Bantont H ## Ninth,tenth,eleventhandtwelfthperiodicreports(CERD/C/318/Add.1)LEBANON0  2 0 # #0##0:##0:#:#  Mr.IvanGarvalovR& ## Sixth,seventh,eighth,ninth,tenth,eleventh,twelfthandthirteenthperiodicreports(CERD/C/298/Add.2)LIBYANARABJAMAHIRIYA0  0##0:##0:#:#  Mr.IvanGarvalov## Eleventh,twelfth,thirteenthandfourteenthperiodicreports(CERD/C/299/Add.13)MOROCCO0 02 # #02 #2 #0##0:##0:#:#  Mr.RgisdeGouttesn## Twelfthandthirteenthperiodic0 : 0:#:#0##&## reports(CERD/C/298/Add.4)NEPAL0  0 ##02 # #02 #2 #  0:##0:#:#0##Mr.PeterNobelxL"## Ninth,tenth,eleventh,twelfthandthirteenthperiodicreports(CERD/C/298/Add.1)NETHERLANDS0 02 # #02 #2 #0## : 0##0##Mr.IonDiaconu#(## Tenth,eleventh,andtwelfthperiodicreports(CERD/C/319/Add.2)NIGER0  0 ##02 # #02 #2 #0##0:##  0:#:#Mr.IonDiaconu&"-## Eleventh,twelfth,thirteenthandfourteenthperiodicreports(CERD/C/299/Add.18)̜  +r'3 ReportsconsideredbytheCommittee0 : 0:#:#  Countryrapporteur,## RUSSIANFEDERATION0  0##0:##  0:#:#Mr.LuisValenciaRodriguez0###0@###0@###0@####### Fourteenthperiodicreport(CERD/C/299/Add.15)SWITZERLAND0 02 # #02 #2 #0##0:##0:#:#  Mr.TheodoorvanBoven j## Initialreport(CERD/C/270/Add.1)TONGA0  0 ##02 # #02 #2 #0##0:##  0:#:#Mr.CarlosLechugaHevia  ## Eleventh,twelfthandthirteenthperiodicreports(CERD/C/319/Add.3)UKRAINE0 02 # #02 #2 #0##0:##0:#:#  Mr.TheodoorvanBoven` ## Thirteenthandfourteenthperiodicreports(CERD/C/299/Add.14)YUGOSLAVIA0 02 # #02 #2 #0##0:##0:#:#  Mr.YuriA.Rechetovj>## Eleventh,twelfth,thirteenthandfourteenthperiodicreports(CERD/C/299/Add.17)8  8 ]!]!B.CountryrapporteurforStatepartywhichhas   8  8 ]!]!󀀀notyetfiledaninitialreportandwhichwas   8  8 ]!]!󀀀consideredbytheCommitteeatitsfiftysecondn   8  8 ]!]!󀀀andfiftythirdsessions`4   ̜StatespartiesconsideredbytheCommittee0  Countryrapporteur ## SAINTLUCIA0 02 # #02 #2 #0##0:##0:#:#  Mr.YuriA.RechetovxL"##    % @'oAnnexVI , @ oListofdocumentsissuedforthefiftysecondand  @5 5 ofiftythird@@psessionsoftheCommittee ~R *++7l`7*zX*ӢCERD/C/270/Add.10 k 0_k#k#InitialreportofSwitzerland _#_# ̢CERD/C/289/Add.10 k 0_k#k#Initialandsecondperiodicreportsof  j theCzechRepublic,submittedinonedocument _#_# ̢CERD/C/289/Add.20 k 0_k#k#Initialandsecondperiodicreportsof    Armenia,submittedinonedocument _#_# ̢CERD/C/290/Add.10 k 0_k#k#Initial,secondandthirdperiodic   reportsofCroatia,submittedinonedocument _#_# ̢CERD/C/292/Add.20 k 0_k#k#Second,third,fourth,fifth,sixthand   seventhperiodicreportsofCambodia,submittedinonedocument _#_# ̢CERD/C/294/Add.10 k 0_k#k#Seventh,eighthandninthperiodic 0 reportsofIsrael,submittedinonedocument _#_# ̢CERD/C/298/Add.10 k 0_k#k#Ninth,tenth,eleventh,twelfthand H thirteenthperiodicreportsofNepal,submittedinonedocument _#_# ̢CERD/C/298/Add.20 k 0_k#k#Sixth,seventh,eighth,ninth,tenth, `4 eleventh,twelfthandthirteenthperiodicreportsofLebanon,submittedinonedocument _#_# ̢CERD/C/298/Add.30 k 0_k#k#Tenth,eleventh,twelfth,thirteenthand ># fourteenthperiodicreportsofCameroon,submittedinonedocument _#_# ̢CERD/C/298/Add.40 k 0_k#k#Twelfthandthirteenthperiodicreports V"*' ofMorocco,submittedinonedocument _#_# ̢CERD/C/299/Add.130 k 0_k#k#Eleventh,twelfth,thirteenthand $| * fourteenthperiodicreportsoftheLibyanArabJamahiriya,submittedinonedocument _#_# ̢CERD/C/299/Add.140 k 0_k#k#Thirteenthandfourteenthperiodic (Z$/ reportsofUkraine,submittedinonedocument _#_# ̢CERD/C/299/Add.150 k 0_k#k#Fourteenthperiodicreportofthe +r'3 RussianFederation _#_#  *-(5 ТCERD/C/299/Add.170 k 0_k#k#Eleventh,twelfth,thirteenthand , fourteenthperiodicreportsofYugoslavia,submittedinonedocument _#_# ̢CERD/C/299/Add.180 k 0_k#k#Eleventh,twelfth,thirteenthand D fourteenthperiodicreportsofNiger,submittedinonedocument _#_# ̢CERD/C/299/Add.190 k 0_k#k#FourteenthperiodicreportofCyprus\ 0_#_# ̢CERD/C/304/Add.430 k 0_k#k#ConcludingobservationsoftheCommittee    ontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationRussianFederation _#_# ̢CERD/C/304/Add.440 k 0_k#k#ConcludingobservationsoftheCommittee   ontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationSwitzerland _#_# ̢CERD/C/304/Add.450 k 0_k#k#ConcludingobservationsoftheCommittee   ontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationIsrael _#_# ̢CERD/C/304/Add.460 k 0_k#k#ConcludingobservationsoftheCommittee 0 ontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationNetherlands _#_# ̢CERD/C/304/Add.470 k 0_k#k#ConcludingobservationsoftheCommittee H ontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationCzechRepublic _#_# ̢CERD/C/304/Add.480 k 0_k#k#ConcludingobservationsoftheCommittee `4 ontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationUkraine0_#_#0##0!##0@!## !#!# ̢CERD/C/304/Add.490 k 0_k#k#ConcludingobservationsoftheCommittee xL" ontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationLebanon _#_# ̢CERD/C/304/Add.500 k 0_k#k#ConcludingobservationsoftheCommittee !d& ontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationYugoslavia _#_# ̢CERD/C/304/Add.510 k 0_k#k#ConcludingobservationsoftheCommittee $| * ontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationArmenia _#_# ̢CERD/C/304/Add.520 k 0_k#k#ConcludingobservationsoftheCommittee '#. ontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationLibyanArabJamahiriya _#_# ̢CERD/C/304/Add.530 k 0_k#k#ConcludingobservationsoftheCommittee *&2 ontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationCameroon _#_#  *-(5 ТCERD/C/304/Add.540 k 0_k#k#ConcludingobservationsoftheCommittee , ontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationCambodia _#_# ̢CERD/C/304/Add.550 k 0_k#k#ConcludingobservationsoftheCommittee D ontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationCroatia _#_# Ѐ̢CERD/C/304/Add.560 k 0_k#k#ConcludingobservationsoftheCommittee \ 0 ontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationCyprus _#_# ̢CERD/C/304/Add.570 k 0_k#k#ConcludingobservationsoftheCommittee t H  ontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationMorocco _#_# ̢CERD/C/304/Add.580 k 0_k#k#ConcludingobservationsoftheCommittee `  ontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationGabon _#_# ̢CERD/C/304/Add.590 k 0_k#k#ConcludingobservationsoftheCommittee x ontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationJordan _#_# ̢CERD/C/304/Add.600 k 0_k#k#ConcludingobservationsoftheCommittee  ontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationCuba _#_# ̢CERD/C/304/Add.610 k 0_k#k#ConcludingobservationsoftheCommittee  ontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationNepal _#_# ̢CERD/C/304/Add.620 k 0_k#k#ConcludingobservationsoftheCommittee   ontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationNiger _#_# ̢CERD/C/304/Add.630 k 0_k#k#ConcludingobservationsoftheCommittee  $ ontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationTonga _#_# ̢CERD/C/315/Add.10 k 0_k#k#Second,third,fourth,fifth,sixth, #( seventh,eighthandninthperiodicreportsofGabon,submittedinonedocument _#_# ̢CERD/C/318/Add.10 k 0_k#k#Ninth,tenth,eleventhandtwelfth &"- periodicreportsofJordan,submittedinonedocument _#_# ̢CERD/C/319/Add.20 k 0_k#k#Tenth,eleventhandtwelfthperiodic *%1 reportsoftheNetherlands,submittedinonedocument _#_#   d,8(4 ТCERD/C/319/Add.30 k 0_k#k#Eleventh,twelfthandthirteenthperiodic ,  reportsofTonga,submittedinonedocument _#_# ̢CERD/C/319/Add.40 k 0_k#k#Tenth,eleventh,twelfthandthirteenth D periodicreportsofCuba,submittedinonedocument _#_# ̜CERD/C/339andAdd.10 k 0_k#k#Provisionalagendaandannotationsofthe \ 0 fiftysecondsessionoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscrimination _#_# ̜CERD/C/3400 0k # #0_k#k#SubmissionofreportsbyStatesparties t H  underarticle9,paragraph1,oftheConventionforthefiftysecondsessionoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscrimination _#_# ̢CERD/C/341andCorr.10 k 0_k#k#Provisionalagendaandannotationsofthe   fiftythirdsessionoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscrimination _#_# ̢CERD/C/3420 0k # #0_k#k#SubmissionofreportsbyStatesparties 0 underarticle9,paragraph1,oftheConventionforthefiftythirdsessionoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscrimination _#_# ̢CERD/C/3430 0k # #0_k#k#Considerationofcopiesofpetitions,  copiesofreportsandotherinformationrelatingtoTrustandNonSelfGoverningTerritoriesandtoallotherTerritoriestowhichGeneralAssemblyresolution1514(XV)applies,inconformitywitharticle15oftheConvention _#_# ̢CERD/C/SR.124512740 k 0_k#k#Summaryrecordsofthefiftysecond  % sessionoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscrimination _#_# ̢CERD/C/SR.127513030 k 0_k#k#Summaryrecordsofthefiftythird #) sessionoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscrimination _#_# Ѐ  &"- @'oAnnexVII ,  a LetteraddressedtotheChairmanoftheCommitteeontheElimination   a ofRacialDiscriminationfromtheheadofthedelegationofYugoslavia a concerningtheconcludingobservationsadoptedbytheCommitteeon a theeleventhtofourteenthperiodicreportsofYugoslavia*    a TheYugoslavdelegation,havingparticipatedinthefiftyMsecondsession  j oftheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationontheoccasionoftheexaminationoftheconsolidatedreportoftheFederalRepublicofYugoslaviaon11and12March1998,availsitselfofthisopportunitytoexpressitsgratificationforthereneweddialoguewiththeCommittee,intheinterestoffuturejointendeavourstowardshighlightingthestatusofrightsdefinedintheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination. a TheYugoslavdelegationandmyself,asheadofthedelegation,havecloselystudiedtheconclusionsandrecommendationsoftheCommitteeconcerningtheYugoslavconsolidatedreport.Inthatconnection,Iwouldliketopointoutinthisletter,withastonishmentandconcern,thatsomecrucialpositionspresentedduringthediscussionontheYugoslavreportwerenotreflectedintheCommittee'sconclusions,althoughwebelievetheydeservedtohavebeen.Besides,theCommittee'sconclusionsfailedtoreflectrealisticallythediscussionandviewsofsomeofitsmembers,andevenlesstheactualstateofaffairs.Ourobservationsareevidencedbytheminutesonthementionedsessions(CERD/C/SR.1260andCERD/C/SR.1262). a Aboveall,IwouldliketoemphasizethatinthecourseoftheconsiderationofourreportthemajorityofdistinguishedexpertsclearlyfavouredtheterritorialintegrityoftheFederalRepublicofYugoslavia;namely,theywereagainsttheactionsthreateningtheintegrityandpoliticalunityofthecountry.Someexpertsstatedthatitwastheconstitutionalrightofeachandeverycountrytodeterminethestatusofdifferentpartsofitsterritory,andaninternalaffairofanycountrytodecideonthescopeofautonomyforindividualpartsthereof,withduerespectforalltheirparticularities.Apeacefulanddemocraticwayoftacklingtheseproblemsshouldprevailoversecession. a WeareoftheviewthattheseobservationsofsomeexpertsshouldhavebeenadequatelyreflectedintheconcludingstatementsoftheCommitteetomirrorthediscussionproperly,themoresosincetherestoftheexpertshadnotdeniedthem,andrightlyso. a Inthecontextoftheaboveobservations,maywerecallthattheexpertsoftheCommittee,electedonthemeritsoftheirhighethicalandprofessionalqualities,areobligedtoactindependentlyofthepoliticsoftheGovernmentsofthecountriestheycomefromandneithershouldtheybecarriedbythecurrentorprevailingpoliticalattitudestowardsacountryinquestionorapplydoublestandards.TheindividualCommitteemembersexpressedtheir򀀀 *&2  a *CERD/C/304/Add.50.Seealsoparagraphs190M214ofthepresent d,8(4 report.  *-(5 МY`viewsontheabovethemselves,whilediscussingKosovoandMetohija,mentioningtheexamplesofChechnya,NorthernIrelandandtheBasqueregion. a NeitherhavetheCommittee'sconclusionsreflectedanunequivocalcondemnationofterrorism,inspiteofthefactthatsuchstatementshadbeenexplicitlymadeinthecourseofthediscussionoftheYugoslavreport.Inourview,aconclusioncondemningterrorism,particularlyasaninstrumentofsecession,wouldhaverealisticallyreflectedthestatementsofsomeCommitteemembers,andthegenuinestateofaffairs.ItwouldhaveadditionallyaccentuatedthepositionoftheCommitteeastotheneedtoprotecttherightsofnationalminoritiesbypoliticalmeansandinkeepingwiththeinternationalstandardsinthedomain,andessentiallyalteredtheconclusionontherecent(March)actionsofthecompetentauthoritiesinKosovoandMetohijawhen,reportedly,disproportionatepoliceandmilitaryforcesweredeployedagainstthemembersoftheAlbaniannationalminorityinKosovoandMetohija,andtheconclusiononallegedlynumerousviolationsoftherighttolife,demolitionofpropertyandresettlements. a ItismydefiniteimpressionthattheconclusionsandrecommendationsoftheCommitteewerepoliticallyhuedtoaninadmissibleextentandlargelyinfluencedbyreportsofsomemassmediaandunconfirmedorhyperbolicallegationsaboutotherwisequitelegitimateactionsbythepoliceinsuppressingterroristactivitiesoftheAlbanianseparatistsinKosovoandMetohija.Atthesametime,theconclusionsandrecommendationshavecompletelyneglectedtheissueoftherightsofthemembersofnationalminoritieselsewhereintheterritoryoftheFederalRepublicofYugoslavia. a Withreferencetotheindividualconclusions,maywesingleoutonthisoccasion,theconclusionoftheCommitteethattheYugoslavreportcontainsmainlylegislativeinformationbutnoexamplesofimplementation.Wethinkthatsuchaconclusionisuntenable,inviewofthefactthattheYugoslavreportcoveredtheperiod1990M1996,theperiodofpromulgationofthenew & Constitution(1992)andaseriesofensuingregulations.ThereportthereforecontainsinformationonthefederalandrespectiverepublicconstitutionsaswellasonnewandotherlawsgoverningthematteroftheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination,butitalsocontainsaseriesofexamplesanddataaboutpractices,morespecificallyoneducation,informationandculture.Besides,thestatementsbytheYugoslavdelegationmembersincludedmuchinformationontheissuestreatedbytheConvention. a Itiswithdisapproval,too,thatwepointtotheconclusionoftheCommitteeonnonMimplementationoftheMemorandumMAgreementonnormalization $| * ofeducationinKosovoandMetohija.Suchaconclusionfailedtoaddressthecruxofthematter,namelythatthemembersoftheAlbaniannationalminorityfromKosovoandMetohijawilfullyandonpoliticalgroundsrejectedtheuniformeducationsystem,curricula,certificatesanddiplomasvalidthroughouttheterritoryoftheRepublicofSerbia,eventhough,forthem,teachingwasanticipatedintheirvernacular,namelytheAlbanianlanguage.WepointoutthattheAlbaniansecessionistleadershiphasrefusedtotalktotherepresentativesoftheGovernmentoftheRepublicofSerbia,puttingforwardagainandagainnewpreconditionsfortheMemorandum'simplementation.AtthetimeoftheCommittee'ssession,theprovisionsofthe d,8(4 MemorandumMAgreementonnormalizingeducationwerebeingelaborated,whichwas *-(5 Y`}  ќtobereflectedintheconclusions.Inthemeantime,agreementwasreachedon23March1998onpreliminaryimplementationoftheMemorandumMAgreementon  EducationinKosovoandMetohijadatingbackto1996,andaseriesofactionstakengivingfulleffecttoitsprovisions. a OneoftheconclusionsoftheCommitteecontainsastatementoninsufficientaccessofcertainminoritiestoeducation,publicinformationandculturalactivitiesintheirlanguages,irrespectiveoftheconstitutionalandlegalguaranteestothateffect.IamoftheviewthattheCommitteefailedtotakeintoaccountthattheconstitutionalandlegalprovisionsare "   nonMdiscriminatoryandthatnonMuseofrightsinthefieldsofeducation,    publicinformationandculturalactivitiesisexercisedonlyinthecaseofthemembersoftheAlbaniannationalminority,whoarbitrarilydonotwanttoavailthemselvesoftheserights.Inthesamevein,themembersoftheAlbaniannationalminorityrefusetoutilizetheiractiveandpassivesuffrage,theytakenopartinpopulationcensusesandthelikebuttheyselectivelyexercisesomeotherrightswhenitsuitsthem(freemedicalcare,pensionsandvariousformsofsocialallowances,buyMoutofflats, R&  registrationofprivatefirmsandthelike). a AllsuchinformationandmoreiscontainedintheYugoslavreports,andwasincludedinstatementsbydelegationmembersinthecourseofthediscussionthereon. a InviewoftheaboveandthefactthattheregulationsintheFederalRepublicofYugoslaviaareharmonizedwiththeinternationalstandardsinthefieldofprotectionofrightsofnationalminorities,particularlywiththeFrameworkConventionfortheProtectionofNationalMinoritiesoftheCouncilofEurope,wearesurethatnumerousconclusionsoftheCommitteewouldhavehadquiteadifferenttonehadalltheinformationstatedabovebeentakenintoaccount. a Withallduerespecttothedistinguishedexperts,IamoftheviewthattheCommittee,indraftingitsconclusionsandrecommendations,hashadinmindmoretheprevailingjudgementsandviewsoftheinternationalfactorsabouttheFederalRepublicofYugoslaviathantheYugoslavreportitselfandthestatementsmadebythemembersoftheYugoslavdelegation. a IwouldappreciateifyouwouldkindlybringthecontentsofthislettertotheattentionofthedistinguishedRapporteur,Mr.Rechetov,andotherdistinguishedCommitteemembers,andalsogiveconsiderationtothisletterattheCommittee'ssessionatthetimeofconsiderationofthenextYugoslavprogressreport. a Finally,mayIexpressreadinesstoconsideryourobservationsonthemattersraisedinthisletter.9++7l`7++7l`799**7kL7++7l`79 a   k (Signed)0 L RedzepHODZA(Z$/L#L#  a   k 0 L HeadofthedelegationofYugoslaviaϜtothefiftyMsecondsessionofthe *%1 CommitteeontheEliminationofϜRacialDiscrimination L#L# МtSc>.*jxw `@E*-ww*-wt