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C!!#   ##K#3   :::  A.0 Decisions#!!H!.= =  ! !# 0  ##K#3 0  :::   Decision18/I!!H!.: : ! \  ##K#3 \  :::   Decision18/II!!H!.t t " 2  ##K#3 2  :::   Decision18/III!!H!. # ^ ##K#3 ^ :::  B.0 Suggestions#!!H!.  ! !#  ##K#3  :::0  0 !!Suggestion18/1#!!H!. # ! !#   ##K#3    =g!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A7@x !!7   :II.0  Organizationalandothermatters#((@(.1((# 8   Cp!1!24 8 ##K#3 8 :::  A.0 StatespartiestotheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsof d DiscriminationagainstWomen#((@(.0 ( (# , n n Dp!1!2 , ##K#3 , :::  B.0 Openingofthesession#((@(.* ( (# X   Cp!3!11 X ##K#3 X :::  C.0 Attendance#((@(.  ( (# . Bp!12!13 . ##K#4 . :::  D.0 Adoptionoftheagendaandorganizationofwork#((@(.C ( (# Z  Ep!14 Z ##K#4 Z :::  E.0 Reportofthepresessionworkinggroup#((@(.{{; ( (#  Bp!15!20  ##K#5  :::  F.0 Compositionandorganizationofworkoftheworkinggroups#((@(.N ( (#  Bp!21!24  ##K#5  __ :III.0  ReportoftheChairpersonontheactivitiesundertakenbetweentheseventeenth  4 andeighteenthsessionsoftheCommittee#((@(.669((# !  Bp!25!34 !  ##K#6 !  XX :IV.0  ConsiderationofreportssubmittedbyStatespartiesunderarticle18ofthe "(  Convention#((@(.' ' ((# #  llAp!35!427 #  ##K#7 # :::  A.0 Introduction#((@(. ( (# $ Bp!35!36 $ ##K#7 $ :::  B.0 ConsiderationofreportsofStatesparties#((@(.> ( (# %H  llAp!37!427 %H  ##K#7 %H  :::   1.0 ! Initialreports#((@(.&! (! (# 't! llAp!37!207 't! ##K#7 't! :::    ! Azerbaijan((@(.! J(" Bp!37!79 J(" ##K#7 J(" :::0  0 ((0! ( (Croatia#((@(.  ! (! (# v)# llAp!80!119 v)# ##I#10 v)# :::    ! Zimbabwe((@(.  *$ @p!120!166 *$ ##I#13 *$ .@((.Ҝ  +$& Л.@##.:::    ! CzechRepublic((@(.jj%  @p!167!207  ##I#16  М:::   2. ! Combinedsecondandthirdperiodicreports((@(.A , @p!208!311 , D#D#J#19 , Л:::    ! Bulgaria((@(.u u  X @p!208!261 X ##I#19 X :::0  0 ((0! ( (Indonesia#((@(. ! (! (# .  @p!262!311 .  ##I#24 .  :::   3.0 ! Combinedsecond,thirdandfourthperiodicreports#((@(.I! (! (# Z  @p!312!353 Z  ##I#28 Z  :::    ! DominicanRepublic((@(.)   @p!312!353   ##I#28   :::   4.0 ! Combinedthirdandfourthperiodicreports#((@(.A! (! (#   @p!354!427   ##I#32   :::    ! Mexico((@(./ /   4 @p!354!427  4 ##I#32  4  :V.0  WaysandmeansofexpeditingtheworkoftheCommittee#((@(.G((#  `  @p!428!450  `  ##I#36  `  :::0  ActiontakenbytheCommitteeonthereportofWorkingGroupI#((@(.O((# 6  @p!430!450 6  ##I#37 6  XX :VI.0  Implementationofarticle21oftheConvention#((@(.?((# b  @p!451!476 b  ##I#40 b  :::  A.0 ActiontakenbytheCommitteeonthereportofWorkingGroupII#((@(.ccS ( (#   @p!453!455   ##I#40   :::  B.0 StatementsbyseniorUnitedNationsofficials#((@(.A ( (#  @p!456!472  ##I#40  :::  C.0 PresentationbytheSpecialRapporteuroftheCommissiononHuman < Rightsontheeliminationofallformsofreligiousintoleranceandofdiscriminationbasedonreligionorbelief#((@(.> ( (# v p!p!Gp!̜@p!473!476 v М̛##I#42 v  :VII.0  Provisionalagendaforthenineteenthsession#((@(.88>((#  n n Dp!477  ##I#43   :VIII.0  Adoptionofthereport#((@(.  '((# $ n n Dp!478 $ ##I#43 $ .@((.  P kk*#[Original:English/French/Spanish]11<#[21August1998] h h :g!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A      O4O4: O4ContentsO4 : Y O4 h  .@##.2b 0 :Chapter b  22=p!Paragraphs 0  ""H#Page 0  O4  YO4O4  *      O4O4O4O47x@((7g!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A  0 : 0:!:!PartTwo.0! !!ReportoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomenon   itsnineteenthsession#!!H!.-! !! !# V  D#D#J#45 V  :::0  Letteroftransmittal#!!H!.i i &!!#  D#D#J#46   =g!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A7@x !!7   :I.0  MattersbroughttotheattentionofStatesparties#((@(.  C((#     Cp!1!25   D#D#J#47   :::  A.0 StatementsonreservationstotheConventionontheEliminationofAll 0  FormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen#((@(.9 ( (#     Cp!1!25   D#D#J#47    *      O4O4O4O47x@((7g!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A  :::  B.0 Decisions#!!H!.= =  ! !# $  D#D#J#51 $  :::   Decision19/I!!H!.: : ! P D#D#J#51 P :::   Decision19/II!!H!.t t " &| D#D#J#51 &| :::  0 Decision19/III#!!H!. # ! !# R D#D#J#51 R  =g!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A7@x !!7   :II.0  Organizationalandothermatters#((@(.1((# ~ Bp!26!48 ~ D#D#J#51 ~ :::  A.0 StatespartiestotheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsof  DiscriminationagainstWomen#((@(.0 ( (# r  Bp!26!27 r  D#D#J#51 r  :::  B. Openingofthesession((@(.*   Bp!28!33   D#D#J#51   :::  C. Attendance((@(.     Bp!34!35    D#D#J#52    :::  D. Solemndeclaration((@(.& L   Ep!36 L  D#D#J#52 L  :::  E. Adoptionoftheagendaandorganizationofwork((@(.C "x   Ep!37 "x  D#D#J#52 "x  :::  F. Reportofthepresessionworkinggroup((@(.{{; N  Bp!38!44 N  D#D#J#53 N  :::  G. Compositionandorganizationofworkoftheworkinggroups((@(.N z   Bp!45!48 z   D#D#J#53 z   __ :III.0  ReportoftheChairpersononactivitiesundertakenbetweentheeighteenthand !  nineteenthsessionsoftheCommittee#((@(.5((# n"  Bp!49!55 n"  D#D#J#54 n" XX :IV.0  ConsiderationofreportssubmittedbyStatespartiesunderarticle18ofthe # Convention#((@(.' ' ((# b$ llAp!56!386 b$ D#D#J#55 b$ :::  A. Introduction((@(.  % Bp!56!58 % D#D#J#55 % :::  B. ConsiderationofreportsofStatesparties((@(.> &! llAp!59!386 &! D#D#J#55 &! :::   1. ! Initialreports((@(.& '<" llAp!59!137 '<" D#D#J#55 '<" :::    ! Slovakia((@(.~ ~  )h# Bp!59!99 )h# D#D#J#55 )h# :::    ! SouthAfrica((@(.# >*$ @p!100!137 >*$ D#D#J#58 >*$ :::   2. ! Combinedsecondandthirdperiodicreports((@(.A j+% @p!138!243 j+% D#D#J#61 j+% :::    ! Nigeria((@(.( (  ,& @p!138!174 ,& D#D#J#61 ,& :::    ! Panama((@(.? ?   @p!175!205  D#D#J#64  :::    ! UnitedRepublicofTanzania((@(.2 , @p!206!242 , D#D#J#66 , :::   3. ! Combinedthirdandfourthperiodicreports((@(.A X @p!243!386 X D#D#J#68 X :::    ! NewZealand((@(." .  @p!243!291 .  D#D#J#68 .  :::    ! Peru((@(.] ]  Z  @p!292!346 Z  D#D#J#72 Z  :::    ! RepublicofKorea((@(.(   @p!347!386   D#D#J#76    :V.  WaysandmeansofexpeditingtheworkoftheCommittee((@(.G   @p!387!401   D#D#J#79   :::  ActiontakenbytheCommitteeonthereportofWorkingGroupI((@(.O  4 @p!389!401  4 D#D#J#79  4 XX :VI.  Implementationofarticle21oftheConvention((@(.?  `  @p!402!411  `  D#D#J#83  `  :::  ActiontakenbytheCommitteeonthereportofWorkingGroupII((@(.P 6  @p!404!411 6  D#D#J#83 6   :VII.  Provisionalagendaforthetwentiethsession((@(.= b  n n Dp!412 b  D#D#J#85 b   :VIII.  Adoptionofthereport((@(.  '   n n Dp!413   D#D#J#85 *݈         O4O4O4O47x@ ((7g!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A  ݜAnnexes   :I.0  StatespartiestotheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainst  Womenasat10July1998#!!H!.$$)!!# J D#D#J#86 J  :II.0  MembershipoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen#!!H!._!!# v D#D#J#90 v __ :III.0  DocumentsbeforetheCommitteeatitseighteenthandnineteenthsessions#!!H!.  Y!!#  D#D#J#91  XX :IV.0  StatusofsubmissionandconsiderationofreportssubmittedbyStatespartiesunderarticle18of $ theConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomenasatϜ10July1998#!!H!.{ { !!# ^ D#D#J#93 ^  :A.0  Initialreports#!!H!. !!#  D#D#J#93   :B.  Secondperiodicreports!!H!.kk(   ""I#100    :C.  Thirdperiodicreports!!H!. ' 8 ""I#105 8  :D.  Fourthperiodicreports!!H!.<<( d ""I#109 d  :E.  Reportssubmittedonanexceptionalbasis!!H!.``: :  ""I#111 :  ::: f!  f! (x!!(  "   7    gO4^#]Sid    PartOne  МReportoftheCommitteeontheEliminationϜofDiscriminationagainstWomenonitsϜeighteenthsession0  7  ##     O4g^#id]S     " x  \C A.-6789:   A.-6789:C7d d7  #idid 3          & 2SS55O4O4O4O4g!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A  X BO4O4: O4Letteroftransmittalz w :  :O4 :  cc46February1998 z  0 : 0::Sir,  0 : 0:: Ihavethehonourtorefertoarticle21oftheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen,accordingtowhichtheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen,establishedpursuanttotheConvention, shall,throughtheEconomicandSocialCouncil,reportannuallytotheGeneralAssemblyoftheUnitedNationsonitsactivities.  0 : 0:: TheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomenhelditseighteenthsessionfrom19Januaryto6February1998atUnitedNationsHeadquarters.Itadopteditsreportonthesessionatits383rdmeeting,on6February.ThereportoftheCommitteeisherewithsubmittedtoyoufortransmissiontotheGeneralAssemblyatitsfiftythirdsession.  0 : 0:: Accept,Sir,theassurancesofmyhighestconsideration.  o 3  0(Signed)Salma Khan    8Chairperson$CommitteeontheEliminationofll'DiscriminationagainstWomenowp! 3  ݜ  )  nTRX3'"Letter (Portrait)X3'"Letter (Portrait)3'"Letter (Portrait)3'"Letter (Portrait)T    XXg!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A O4O4 O4 O4 33        & 2TRX3'SS7 gT dd71^2^VV  & k !TRX3'"Letter (Portrait)X3'"Letter (Portrait)3'"Letter (Portrait)3'"Letter (Portrait) T    XXg!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A O4 O4 O4 O4 33        & 2TRX3'SS7 gT d d711^22^ VVC NH-6789:   A.-6789:C   O4 O4 O4 O4#idid 33          (##(d x& e3q !?&'^) ./,15k78=9?!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A& 2SS55  h     O4 O4: O4#Sid  3    ChapterI  0  0xMattersbroughttotheattentionofStatespartiesh 3 #idS 3 :  : O4  :xx         S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    RRA.0 x Decisions*! ,XXXXO4XX   O#  *      ,>O4O4XXO4  S:a"3 ؞ XXXX O4X X#idV 3x xx         S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    0  0xDecision18/I.Participationinthe ,  pre-sessionworkinggroupS:aL3  XXXX O4X X#idV 3 d xx           x TheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscrimination    'k againstWomendecidedthatrepresentativesofthespecializedagenciesandbodiesoftheUnitedNations,aswellasnationalandinternationalnongovernmentalorganizations,shouldbeinvitedtoprovidecountryspecificinformationtothepresessionworkinggrouponthoseStatespartieswhosereportswerebeforethegroup.S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    0  0xDecision18/II.Specializedagenciesand  otherUnitedNationsbodiesS:aO3  XXXX O4X X#idV 3xx           x TheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscrimination 4 againstWomendecidedthatrepresentativesofthespecializedagenciesandbodiesoftheUnitedNationsshouldbeinvitedtoaddresstheCommitteeasawholeinaclosedmeetingonthoseStatespartieswhoseinitialreportswerebeforetheCommittee.S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    0  0xDecision18/III.ConsiderationofreportsS:a3  XXXX O4X X#idV 3H#xx           x TheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscrimination R& againstWomenreaffirmeditspastpracticethatmembersoftheCommitteeshouldrefrainfromparticipatinginanyaspectoftheconsiderationofthereportsoftheStatesofwhichtheywerenationalsinordertomaintainthehigheststandardsofimpartiality,bothinsubstanceandappearance.&  S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    ]]B.0 x Suggestion ,XXhXO4hX  *,O4O4XXO4  S:astp c XXXX O4X X#idV 3%f/xx         S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    0  0xSuggestion18/I.Timingofpresession &!2 workinggroupS:anstp $ XXXX O4X X#idV 3'!3xx           x TheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscrimination'&againstWomenproposedthatthepresessionworkinggroupshouldmeetattheendoftheprevioussession.Itproposed *@%8 thatthetransitiontothispatternofworkshouldtakeplaceatitstwentiethsession,inJanuary1999.&  h     O4 O4: O4#Sid  3    ChapterII = 0 x 0x#x#Organizationalandothermattersh stp ³#idS 3 :  : O4  : >##         S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    +xA.0  StatespartiestotheConventiononthe j A EliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomenS:a:stp  XXXX O4X X#idV 3. C##         1.xx-x  On6February1998,theclosingdateoftheeighteenth 8 F 'sessionoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen,therewere161StatespartiestotheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen,whichwasadoptedbytheGeneralAssemblyinitsresolution34/180of18December1979andopenedforsignature,ratificationandaccessioninNewYorkinMarch1980.Inaccordancewitharticle27,theConventionenteredintoforceon3September1981.2.xx-x  AlistofStatespartiestotheConventioniscontained 8P inannexItothepresentreport.S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    & D +xB.0  OpeningofthesessionS:akstp ! XXXX O4X X#idV 3,U##         3.xx-x  TheCommitteehelditseighteenthsessionatUnited 6X 'D,<NationsHeadquartersfrom19Januaryto6February1998.TheCommitteeheld24plenarymeetings(360thto383rd),anditstwoworkinggroupseachheld9meetings.4.xx-x  ThesessionwasopenedbytheChairpersonofthe N] Committee,Ms.SalmaKhan(Bangladesh).5.xx-x  AddressingtheCommitteeonbehalfoftheSecretary , ` General,theAssistantSecretaryGeneralandSpecialAdviseronGenderIssuesandAdvancementofWomennotedthattheprogressachievedsincetheentryintoforceoftheConventionshouldnotbeacauseforcomplacency.TheConventionwasstillsubjecttoalargenumberofreservationsandeventhoughlawsandpoliciestoimplementtheConventionhadbeenintroduced,defactoimplementationwasstillimpededbyentrenchedattitudesthatwereincontradistinctiontotheprinciplesoftheConvention.ItwasinbridgingthegapbetweenratificationandimplementationthattheCommitteesworkwascrucialandthesuccessoftheConventionwouldbedetermined.Lookingahead,shewouldalsowelcometheviewsofmembersoftheCommitteeonwaystoencourageMemberStatesthathadnotyetdonesotoratifytheConventionbytheyear2000.Thatwouldmeetoneofthegoalsofthe ,'p PlatformforActionadoptedbytheFourthWorldConferenceonWomen.6.  x Shestressedthat,withthetwoannualsessionsofthe  Committee,whichwouldstrengthenitsvisibilityandallowgreateropportunitiesforclearelaborationoftheobligationsoftheConvention,thepossibilitiesforfullimplementationwereenhanced.HighexpectationshadbeencreatedrequiringrenewedcommitmentfromCommitteemembersbothduringsessionsandintersessionally.7.  x TheSpecialAdviserinformedtheCommitteethatthe N   М10thmeetingofStatesPartiestotheConventionwouldbeheldon17February1998,toelect12Committeemembersforafouryeartermfrom1January1999.8.  x SheinformedtheCommitteethattheUnitedNations   HighCommissionerforHumanRightswouldmeetwiththeCommitteeon4February1998andthatthatmeetingwouldprovideanopportunitytodiscusstheanniversaryofthefiftiethanniversaryoftheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsandthestrengtheningofthegoalsandtheworkofthetreatybodiesinrespectofgender.ShealsoreportedthattheSpecialRapporteuroftheCommissiononHumanRightsonviolenceagainstwomen,itscausesandconsequences,hadregrettedherinabilitytoattendtheeighteenthsessionasplanned,butthattheSpecialRapporteuroftheCommissiononHumanRightsontheeliminationofallformsofreligiousintoleranceandofdiscriminationbasedonreligionorbeliefwouldaddresstheCommitteeon28January1998.9.  x TheSpecialAdviserinformedtheCommitteethat,as P aresultoftheimplementationoftheSecretaryGeneralsreformproposals,theDivisionfortheAdvancementofWomenwasnowpartofanewdepartment,theDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs,whosemandatewastofocusonworkintheareaofnormative,analyticalandadvisoryservices.Itwouldalsomonitor,analyseandassesseconomicandsocialpoliciesandtrendsfromaglobalaswellasagenderperspective.10.  x TheSpecialAdviseralsoinformedtheCommittee P#) abouttheexpertgroupmeetingswhichtheDivisionhadorganizedorcohostedonthethemes Adolescentgirlsandtheirrights, Genderbasedpersecution, Womensenjoymentofeconomicandsocialrightsand CaregivingforolderpersonsGenderdimensions,inpreparationforthefortysecondsessionoftheCommissionontheStatusofWomen.11.  x ShealsoinformedtheCommitteethat,inhercapacity )4$2 asSpecialAdvisertotheSecretaryGeneralonGenderIssuesandAdvancementofWomen,shehadparticipatedinaroundtableonthetheme Crimesofsexualviolence,heldatArushafrom4to6October1997,andhadledtheUnited ,T'6 NationsInteragencyGenderMissiontoAfghanistanfrom12to21November1997.Inthatconnection,shenotedthatthewomenofAfghanistanwerenotaloneinexperiencingviolationsoftheirhumanrightsandthatwomenandgirlsaroundtheworld,particularlyinconflictsituationssuchasinRwanda,BurundiandAlgeria,wereespeciallyatrisk.Strategieswereneededtoaddresssuchviolations.& D S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    +xC.0  AttendanceS:astp H XXXX O4X X#idV 3 @##         12.xx-x  TwentyonemembersoftheCommitteeattendedthe :C 'D session.Ms.DesireBernardattendedfrom19to23January,Ms.SilviaCartwrightfrom19to23Januaryand29Januaryto6February,Ms.AdaGonzlezfrom22Januaryto6February,Ms.GinkoSatofrom2to6FebruaryandMs.HannaBeateSchppSchillingfrom27Januaryto6February1998.NotinattendancewereMs.TendaiRuthBareandMs.MervatTallawy.13.xx-x  AlistofthemembersoftheCommittee,togetherwith L anindicationofthedurationoftheirtermofoffice,iscontainedinannexIItothepresentreport.& & S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    +xD.0  Adoptionoftheagendaandorganization R ofworkS:afstp  XXXX O4X X#idV 3fS##         14.xx-x  TheCommitteeconsideredtheprovisionalagendaand pV '&Zorganizationofwork(CEDAW/C/1998/I/1andCorr.1)atits360thmeeting,on19January1998.Theagendaasadoptedwasasfollows:0 x   1. l Openingofthesession.[x#x# xx-x  2.0 l Adoptionoftheagendaandorganizationof ] work. l#l# xx-x  3.0 l ReportoftheChairpersononactivities |!` undertakenbetweentheseventeenthandeighteenthsessionsoftheCommittee. l#l# xx-x  4.0 l ConsiderationofreportssubmittedbyStates "$xd partiesunderarticle18oftheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen. l#l# xx-x  5.0 l Implementationofarticle21oftheConvention '!i ontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen. l#l# xx-x  6.0 l Waysandmeansofexpeditingtheworkofthe 6*$m Committee. l#l# xx-x  7.0 l Provisionalagendaforthenineteenthsession.,j&pl#l#   ,&q   x 8.0  AdoptionofthereportoftheCommitteeonits   eighteenthsession.  & 8 S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    ]]E.0 x ReportofthepresessionworkinggroupS:astp  XXXX O4X X#idV 3xx         15.  x TheCommitteehaddecided,atitsninthsession,*  O#  1      ׀to R  '8conveneapresessionworkinggroupforfivedaysbeforeeachsessiontopreparelistsofquestionsrelatingtosecondandsubsequentperiodicreportsthatwouldbeconsideredbytheCommitteeatthesession.16.  x Thefollowingfourmembers,representingdifferent  regionalgroups,participatedintheworkinggroup:EmnaϜAouij(Africa),IvankaCorti(Europe),YolandaFerrer(LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean)andSunaryatiHartono(AsiaandthePacific).17.  x TheWorkingGrouppreparedlistsofissuesand   questionsrelatingtothesubsequentreportsoffourStatesparties,namely,Bulgaria,theDominicanRepublic,IndonesiaandMexico.18.  x Atthe365thmeeting,on22January1998,the , Chairpersonofthepresessionworkinggroupintroducedthereportofthegroup(CEDAW/C/1998/I/CRP.1andAdd.14).Sheinformedmembersthatforthefirsttimethepresessionworkinggrouphadinvitedrepresentativesofthespecializedagenciestoprovideitwithinformationwithregardtothecountriesunderreview.Thefollowingparticipated:OfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights,UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization(UNESCO),UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP),UnitedNationsDevelopmentFundforWomen(UNIFEM),UnitedNationsPopulationFund(UNFPA),InternationalLabourOrganization(ILO)andUnitedNationsChildrensFund(UNICEF).Inthelightoftheinformationprovided,theworkinggroupagreedtosuggesttotheCommitteethatthispracticebeadoptedasanormalpracticeofpresessionworkinggroups.19.  x TheChairpersonofthepresessionworkinggroupalso #+ informedtheCommitteethatthegrouphadinvitedrepresentativesofnationalandinternationalnongovernmentalorganizations,onanexperimentalbasis,toprovideitwithinformationwithrespecttotheStatespartiesunderreview.TheChairpersonofthegroupindicatedthatthegroupwasrecommendingthatthispracticealsobeadoptedasanormalpracticeofpresessionworkinggroups. )$3 20.xx-x  TheCommitteetooknoteofthereportofthepre 3 sessionworkinggroupandagreedthatrepresentativesofthespecializedagenciesandbodiesoftheUnitedNations,aswellasnationalandinternationalnongovernmentalorganizations,shouldbeinvitedtoprovidecountryspecificinformationtothepresessionworkinggrouponthoseStatespartieswhosereportswerebeforethegroup.& & S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    +xF.0  Compositionandorganizationofworkof  = theworkinggroupsS:aWo b XXXX O4X X#idV 3h >##         21.xx-x  Atits360thmeeting,on19January1998,the r A '& Committeeagreedonthecompositionofitstwostandingworkinggroups:WorkingGroupI,toconsiderwaysandmeansofexpeditingtheworkoftheCommittee,andWorkingGroupII,toconsiderwaysandmeansofimplementingarticle21oftheConvention.22.xx-x  WorkingGroupIwascomposedofthefollowing pH membersoftheCommittee:AyseFerideAcar,EmnaAouij,ϜDesireBernard,SilviaCartwright,IvankaCorti,AuroraϜJavatedeDios,YolandaFerrerG;mez,AdaGonzlez,ϜSalmaKhan,YungChungKim,LinShangzhen,AhouaϜOuedraogo,AnneLiseRyel,GinkoSatoandKongitϜSinegiorgis.23.xx-x  WorkingGroupIIwascomposedofthefollowing 6P membersoftheCommittee:CharlotteAbaka,CarlotaϜBustelo,SilviaCartwright,AuroraJavatedeDios,AdaϜGonzlez,SunaryatiHartono,LinShangzhen,AhouaϜOuedraogoandCarmelShalev.24.xx-x  ThespecificissuesaddressedbyWorkingGroupsI lV andIIwerethefollowing:xx-x  (a) l WorkingGroupI:Relationswiththespecialized JY agenciesandotherUnitedNationsentities;therelationshipbetweentheCommitteeandtheSpecialRapporteuronviolenceagainstwomen,itscausesandconsequences,andothernonconventionalhumanrightsmechanismsoftheUnitedNations;relevantissuesconsideredattheeighthmeetingofpersonschairingthehumanrightstreatybodies,heldatGenevafrom15to19September1997;thereportonenhancingthelongtermeffectivenessoftheUnitedNationshumanrightstreatybodysystem,preparedbytheindependentexpert,Mr.PhilipAlston;recommendationsmadetotheCommitteebytheSubcommissiononPreventionofDiscriminationandProtectionofMinoritiesandtherelevantrecommendationsfromexpertgroupmeetingsconvenedbytheDivisionfortheAdvancementofWomensincetheseventeenthsessionoftheCommittee;andpromotionoftheConventionandtheworkoftheCommittee t,&i throughtechnicalandadvisoryservicesandreportstobeconsideredatthenineteenth,twentiethandtwentyfirstsessionsoftheCommittee;  x (b)  WorkingGroupII:Draftgeneral P recommendationonarticle12oftheConventiononwomenandhealthandthecontributionoftheCommitteetothefiftiethanniversaryoftheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsintheformofapaperonreservationstotheConvention.& b h     O4 O4: O4#Sid  3    ChapterIII d  0  0xReportoftheChairpersononactivitiesundertakenbetweentheseventeenthandeighteenthsessionsoftheCommitteeh Wo p#idS 3 :  : O4  :l xx         25.  x TheChairpersonoftheCommitteewelcomedmembers 6 'bdtotheeighteenthsessionoftheCommittee.Shenotedthat,sincethelastsessionoftheCommittee,Ms.TendaiBare(Zimbabwe)hadbeenappointedDirectoroftheGeneralTechnicalServicesDivisionoftheCommonwealthSecretariatinLondonandwassubmittingherresignation.SheemphasizedthevaluablecontributionthatMs.BarehadmadetotheworkoftheCommittee.26.  x SheinformedtheCommitteethatshehadparticipated  inanumberofUnitedNationssponsoredactivities,includingtheAsia/PacificMeetingonUniversalAdherencetoPrincipalHumanRightsInstruments,heldinAmmanfrom1to4September1997,whichhadbeenconvenedbytheOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights.Theobjectofthemeetinghadbeentoencourageratificationofhumanrightsinstruments.Shenotedthat17oftheStatesthathadparticipatedinthemeetinghadnotyetratifiedtheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen.Themeetinghadofferedausefulopportunitytoidentifyobstaclestoratificationandstrategiestoovercomethem.27.  x TheChairpersonhadattendedtheeighthmeetingof :%+ personschairingthehumanrightstreatybodiesheldatGenevafrom15to19September1997.Shereportedthatthemajoritemontheagendaofthemeetinghadbeenthereportoftheindependentexperton enhancingthelongtermeffectivenessoftheUnitedNationshumanrightstreatysystem.Thechairpersonshadconsideredthatitwasbothimpracticalandundesirabletocreateasingletreatybodytomonitorallthehumanrightsconventions.Theywereoftheviewthateachcommitteemightseekwaystofocusonalimitednumberofissuespertinenttoeachcountrytohelp  -`'5 reducethelengthofperiodicreports.ThechairpersonshadrecommendedthatmembersoftreatybodiesshouldrefrainfromparticipatinginanyaspectoftheconsiderationoftheirϜcountrysreportinordertomaintainimpartiality,bothinsubstanceandappearance,andthatGovernmentsshouldrefrainfromnominatingpersonsforelectiontotreatybodieswhosepoliticalorotherfunctionsmaynotbereconcilablewiththeobligationsofindependentexperts.ThechairpersonshadinvitedtheDivisionfortheAdvancementofWomentoprepareananalysisofhowgenderwasbeingintegratedintotheworkoftheUnitedNationstreatybodiesforpresentationatthenextregularsessionofthemeetingofchairpersonsandhadproposedholdingaseminartoexploretheseissues.28.xx-x  TheChairpersonalsoinformedtheCommitteeabout > D theCopenhagenSeminarforSocialProgress,heldfrom3to5October1997,theobjectiveofwhichhadbeentofollowupthe1996WorldSummitforSocialDevelopmentanddeterminetherelationshipbetweentheprocessofeconomicintegrationandglobalizationandsocialconditions.From14to16October1997,theChairpersonhadalsoattendedaregionalworkshoporganizedbytheMiddleEastregionalofficeoftheUnitedNationsChildrensFundinBeirut,whichhadexaminedwaystoincorporateConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomenandtheConventionontheRightsoftheChildintothecurriculumoflawschoolsinsixArabStates.TheconceptofwomensandchildrensrightsintheArabworldhadbeendiscussed.29.xx-x  TheChairpersonhadattendedthemeetingsofthe DT ThirdCommitteeoftheGeneralAssemblyfrom19to23October1997.Inherstatement,shehadhighlightedtheprogressthathadbeenmadeintheimplementationoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomenandhadcalledforfurtherratificationandacceptanceoftheamendmentofarticle20,paragraph1,relatingtotheϜCommitteesmeetingtime.30.xx-x  TheChairpersoninformedtheCommitteethatshehad |#] writtentothosecountriesthatwerenotyetpartiestotheConvention,urgingratificationbytheyear2000.Moreover,shewelcomedthefactthattheSpecialAdviseronGenderIssuesandAdvancementofWomenhadwrittentothoseStatespartieswhichhadnotsubmittedtheirinitialreports,urgingtheirswiftcompliancewiththisobligation.ShenotedwithappreciationthatMr.JamesGustavSpeth,AdministratoroftheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme,hadwrittentoresidentcoordinatorsrequestingthemtoencourageGovernmentstoratifyorcomplywithreportingobligationsundertheConventionandtoassistwhereneededinthepreparationofinitialreports. ,2'i Ї31.  x TheChairpersonreportedthatsheandthreeother  membersoftheCommitteehadattendedtheCommonwealthMedicalAssociationinterregionalroundtableonwomenshealthconvenedinLondonon15and16November1997.Theroundtable,whichhadbeenprecededbya dayofdialoguewithnongovernmentalorganizationsinvolvedinhealthandreproductiverights,hadprovidedusefulinputtotheCommitteeinitsformulationofageneralrecommendationrelatingtoarticle12.32.  x TheChairpersonnotedherconcernaboutthesituation  V  ofwomenandchildreninAlgeriaandthattheinitialreportofthatcountrywasunderpreparationandwouldbeconsideredbytheCommitteeatoneofitscomingsessions.33.  x ShealsoexpresseddisappointmentthattheSpecial n  Rapporteuronviolenceagainstwomen,itscausesandconsequences,hadbeenunabletoattendthesessionasoriginallyplanned,butnotedthattheSpecialRapporteurontheeliminationofallformsofreligiousintoleranceandofdiscriminationbasedonreligionorbeliefwouldbemeetingwiththeCommittee,aswouldMrs.MaryRobinson,UnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights.ShethankedMs.CartwrightandMs.ShalevwhohadcarriedoutmajorresponsibilitiesonbehalfoftheCommitteebetweentheseventeenthandeighteenthsessionswithregardtoapaperonreservationsandthegeneralrecommendationonwomenshealth.34.  x Finally,theChairpersonnotedthat,whiletherehad : beenimprovementsinthefunctioningoftreatybodies,workingmethodsoftheCommitteecouldbefurtherimprovedandshewelcomedanysuggestionsinthatregard.o 3  & b h     O4 O4: O4#Sid      ChapterIVh the #idS  :  : O4  : h$         h     O4 O4: O4#Sid      0  0xConsiderationofreportssubmitted j % byStatespartiesunderarticle18oftheConventionh the b#idS  :  : O4  :n"'xx         o 3  S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    RRA.0 x IntroductionS:a;the  XXXX O4X X#idV 3$*xx         35.  x Atitseighteenthsession,theCommitteeconsidered :& - 'bhthereportssubmittedbyeightStatespartiesunderarticle18oftheConvention:fourinitialreports;twocombinedsecondandthirdperiodicreports;onecombinedsecond,thirdandfourthperiodicreport;andonecombinedthirdandfourthperiodicreport.36.  x Asdecidedatitsthirteenthsession,in1994,the 8+%4 Committeepreparedconcludingcommentsoneachreportconsidered.TheCommitteesconcludingcommentsonthe ,'6 reportsofStatesparties,aspreparedbythemembersoftheCommittee,andasummaryoftheintroductorypresentationsbytherepresentativesoftheStatespartiesareprovidedbelow.ThesummaryrecordsprovidemoredetailedinformationontheCommitteesconsiderationofthereportsoftheStatesparties.&  S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    +xB.0  ConsiderationofreportsofStatespartiesS:a  XXXX O4X X#idV 3 ?##         S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    +x1.0  InitialreportsS:a ! ! XXXX O4X X#idV 3r B##         S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    xx-x  AzerbaijanS:a #2. # XXXX O4X X#idV 3 &| E         37.xx-x  TheCommitteeconsideredtheinitialreportof 0 H ' ԜAzerbaijan(CEDAW/C/AZE/1)atits361st,362ndandϜ367thmeetingson20and23January1998(seeϜCEDAW/C/SR.361,362and367).38.xx-x  TherepresentativeoftheGovernmentinformedthe HM Committeethat20JanuaryistheAzerinationaldaytocommemoratethevictimsoftotalitarianism.TheadoptionbytheSupremeSovietoftheAzerbaijaniRepublicoftheDeclarationontheRestorationoftheStateIndependenceoftheAzerbaijaniRepublic,on30August1991,andtheConstitutionalActofStateIndependence,on18October1991,formedpartoftheoutcomeofthestruggleforindependence.39.xx-x  Theimplementationofsocioeconomicandpolitical W reformscommenceduponindependence,but,accordingtotherepresentativeoftheGovernment,thesituationinthecountryhasbeenaffectedbythesocioeconomiccrisisandϜArmeniasarmedaggression,whichhashadanimpactonthewholepopulation.Inaddition,85percentofthepopulationremainsbelowthepovertyline.Thereisalsoalargepopulationofrefugeesanddisplacedpersons,includingwomenandchildren.40.xx-x  Inspiteofthosedifficulties,theGovernmentattaches "Ja greatimportancetotheimplementationofinternationalhumanrightstreaties,includingtheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen,towhichtheGovernmenthadaccededwithoutanyreservationsinJune1995.TheFourthWorldConferenceonWomen,heldinBeijingfrom4to15September1995,andthefollowupimplementationatthenationallevelhasalsobeenimportantinthecontextofwomensrightsinAzerbaijan.41.xx-x  TheinitialreportofAzerbaijanwaspreparedoneyear +h%l afteritsaccessiontotheConventionduringaperiodofeconomicdifficulties,theoccupationof20percentofthe ,&n territoryofAzerbaijanandtheexistenceofmorethanamillionrefugeesanddisplacedpersons.ThosefactorshavehadanegativeeffectontheimplementationoftheConvention.42.  x TherepresentativeofAzerbaijanprovideda  n comprehensiveretrospectiveanalysisofthechangesinthesituationofwomeninthecountryandpaidtributetothecontributionsofprominentwomeninthatprocess.43.  x AspecialStatecommitteeonwomensissueshasbeen    establishedrecently,andtheGovernmentisactivelypursuingthepolicyofequalrightsandequalopportunities.Thatapproachformsthebasisforinteractionwithnongovernmentalorganizations.44.  x TheCommitteewasinformedthatthenew   constitution,adoptedin1995,underscorestheprincipleofequalityofhumanrightsofmenandwomen.Dejure, L  womenenjoyfullguaranteesofhumanrightsandfreedomfromdiscrimination.Thedifficultsocioeconomicsituation,however,hasresultedinaseveredeclineinthestandardoflivingandanincreaseintheunemploymentrate.Thishasresultedinwidespreadpovertyamongwomenandmen.Thehighratesofinfantandmaternalmortalityarealsoissuesofgreatconcern.45.  x AlargenumberofwomeninAzerbaijanhaveachieved 0 ahighlevelofeducation,andsince1996thenumberofwomenseekinghighereducationhasexceededthatofmen.However,morewomenthanmenareunemployed,andtherearefewerwomenthanmenatalllevelsofdecisionmaking.Womenconstitute12percentofalldeputiesintheParliamentand20percentamongmanagersindecisionmakingpositions.Womeninthelabourmarketareusuallyconcentratedinthefieldsofhealthcare,socialwelfare,educationandculture.46.  x TheGovernmentofAzerbaijanisparticularly  N& concernedaboutthelargenumberofrefugeesanddisplacedpersonsinthecountry,wherewomenandchildrenconstitutethemajority.Currently,theGovernmentisimplementingawidesetofmeasuresaimedattheintegrationofrefugeeanddisplacedwomenintosocialandeconomiclife.47.  x TheGovernmentofAzerbaijanrecognizesthatmuch %L - remainstobedoneinordertoachievefullequalitybetweenwomenandmen.Inthatregard,theCommitteeisassuredofthewillingnessoftheGovernmenttocontinuetoundertakeallthenecessarymeasurestoimplementtheobligationsoftheConvention.  *J%4 &   S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    xx-x  ConcludingcommentsoftheCommitteeS:a7adop 8 XXXX O4X X#idV 3 4         e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    xx-x  Introductione :odic : O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3 ^7         48.xx-x  TheCommitteeexpresses'7Ԁitsappreciationtothe t9 GovernmentofAzerbaijanforratifyingtheConventionwithoutreservationsaftertheproclamationofitsindependence.49.xx-x  TheCommitteeappreciatesthesubmissionofthe  8> reportoneyearafterratification,andwelcomesthesupplementaryinformationgiventoitinanexcellentoralpresentationbyahighleveldelegation.e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    xx-x0  Factorsanddifficultiesaffectingthe 1 D implementationoftheConventione =onw > O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3 E##         50.xx-x  TheCommitteerecognizesthatAzerbaijanisfacing  G economic,socialandpoliticalchallengesasaresultofitspostwarcondition,thehighnumberofrefugeesandthetransitiontodemocracyandamarketorientedeconomy.Inthatconnection,itnotesthattheStatepartyisundergoingsevereeconomicandsocialproblems,whichhadanegativeimpactonthewholepopulation,85percentofwhichlivebelowthepovertyline.Suchasituationaffectswomeninparticular,whoconstitutethemajorityofthepopulationaswellasthemajorityofrefugeesanddisplacedpersons,andimpedesfullimplementationoftheConvention.e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    xx-x  Positiveaspectse Bonw C O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3 *T         51.xx-x  TheCommitteeexpressessatisfactionatthefactthat @V theConventionhasbeentranslatedintoAzeriandwidelydisseminated.52.xx-x  TheCommitteetakesnoteofthewillingnessexpressed <Z bytheStatepartysdelegationtostrengthenthenationalmachineryfortheadvancementofwomenandtoengagenongovernmentalorganizationsintherealizationofthegoalsofthePlatformforActionadoptedbytheFourthWorldConferenceonWomen.53.xx-x  TheCommitteenotesthehighnumberofwomen #:a involvedintheprofessionalandculturallifeofthecountryandtherelativelyhighpercentageofwomeninthedecisionmakingprocess.54.xx-x  TheCommitteewelcomesinformationonthe R'!f establishment,withthehelpoftheUnitedNationsϜChildrensFund,ofsixregionalfamilyplanningcentres,whichwillprovidealargernumberofwomenandmenwithassistanceinmattersofreproductivehealth.55.xx-x  TheCommitteealsowelcomesinformationonthe +%l proposedestablishmentofawomensbanktoprovideloansandcreditsforsmallenterprisesorganizedbywomen. -n'n &  e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3      x Areasofconcerne Jonw J O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3          56.  x TheCommitteeisconcernedbythefactthat,although  ' Jtheconstitutionproclaimsthatmenandwomenhaveequalrightsandfreedoms,thereisnodefinitionofdiscriminationintheconstitutionorinthelawsandnomechanismstostrengthentheprosecutionofdiscriminatorypracticesagainstwomen.57.  x TheCommitteeisconcernedthattheGovernmentof    AzerbaijanhasnotyetputinplaceitsplanforimplementationofthePlatformforAction.58.  x TheCommitteeisconcernedthat,althoughAzerbaijan d  isasecularStateinwhichtheprovisionsoftheConventionshouldberelativelyeasytoimplement,thereis,asyet,insufficientgovernmentalcommitmenttoeliminatingdeeplyrootedpatriarchalattitudesandavoidingthedangeroftheinsurgenceoffundamentalisttendencies,whichimpedesthefullimplementationoftheConvention,inparticularthemeasuresoutlinedinsubparagraph(a)ofarticle5.59.  x TheCommitteeregretsthattheroleofnational H machineryhasnotyetbeenclearlyidentifiedsoastopermitaconsistentandcomprehensivestrategyforthefullinvolvementofwomeninthedevelopmentprocessofthecountry.60.  x TheCommitteenoteswithconcerndiscrepanciesthat (~ stillexistbetweendejureanddefactoequality,particularly F inthecontextoftheimplementationofarticles10and11oftheConvention,andthegreatnumberofhighlyeducatedwomenwhoarelivingbelowthepovertyline.61.  x TheCommitteeisconcernedbythefactthatalthough ^" Мwomensrights,assetoutinarticle11oftheConvention,areguaranteed,thereisagrowingpercentageofunemploymentamongwomenandthatnomeasureshavebeenintroducedtoaddressthatsituation.62.  x TheCommitteeexpressesconcernatthefactthat !( paragraph1ofarticle4oftheConvention,whichadvocatestheadoptionoftemporaryspecialmeasuresaimedatacceleratingdefactoequalitybetweenwomenandmen,hasnotbeenusedtoeliminatetheinequalitybetweenwomenandmen,particularlyinthecontextoftheintegrationofwomenintopoliticsandemploymentandwithregardtoassistancefordisplacedandrefugeewomen.63.  x TheCommitteeisparticularlyworriedaboutthehigh "(x"1 levelofmaternal,aswellasinfant,mortalityratesandthefactthatthereareinsufficientresourcesforinternationalemergencyaidinthatfield.64.  x TheCommitteeisseriouslyconcernedthatinsufficient +%6 effortshavebeenintroducedtoassessandcombatviolenceagainstwomen,particularlyinthelightofthefactthatsocio  -v'8 economicandphysicalhardshipsusuallyincreasetheincidenceofviolence,particularlyinthedomesticsphere.65.xx-x  TheCommitteeexpressesseriousconcernaboutthe ; situationofwomenvictimsofprostitutionandtrafficking.TheCommitteeisoftheviewthatthecontentandtheimplementationoflegislationtoaddressthoseproblemsmaybediscriminatoryandmightnotalwaysrespecttherightsofvictimsorproducepositiveresults.Forexample,theCommitteenotesthatforcedmedicalcontrolofprostitutes,wheresuchmeasuresarenotimplementedwithrespectforclients,isdiscriminatoryandmightbecounterproductive.66.xx-x  TheCommitteeisalarmedbythewidespreaduseof 4 E abortionasabasicmeansoffamilyplanning.Itisalsoconcernedaboutthegeneralhealthsituationofwomen,particularlyinviewofthespreadoftuberculosisandothercontagiousdiseases.67.xx-x  TheCommitteeexpressesconcernregardingthe j K situationofwomeninruralareas,inparticularwithregardtobasichealthprotectionandeducation,aswellassocialprotection,asoutlinedinarticle14oftheConvention.68.xx-x  Whileunderstandingthedifficulteconomicsituation P andthedifficultyofreachingdurablesolutionstotherefugeeproblem,theCommitteeexpressesitsconcernabouttheprecariousmaterialandpsychologicalconditionsofwomenrefugees.Italsonotesthatinsufficientattentionhasbeenpaidtorefugeewomen,includingthroughfailuretoseekthesupportofrelevantinternationalagencies.& D S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    xx-x  SuggestionsandrecommendationsS:a^x a_ XXXX O4X X#idV 3 ^Z         69.xx-x  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmenttake h] 'D^^thestepsnecessarytoensurerespectfor,andtheeffectiveimplementationof,theprovisionscontainedintheConvention.Inparticular,itrecommendsthatadefinitionofdiscriminationcloselymodelledonarticle1oftheConventionbeincorporatedintheconstitutionorrelevantlaws.ItalsorecommendsthattheprovisionsoftheConventionbereflectedinlegislation,inparticularlegislationconcerninghealth,educationandlabour.70.xx-x  TheCommitteeencouragestheGovernmentof h& g Azerbaijan,throughappropriatelegislation,toidentifytheroleofthenationalmachineryfortheadvancementofwomenandtoprovideitwiththenecessaryhumanandbudgetaryresources.71.xx-x  TheCommitteeencouragestheelaborationofa *$m nationalplanofactionfortheimplementationofthePlatformforActionadoptedinBeijingandsuggestsclosecooperationwithnongovernmentalorganizationsworking ,L'p inthefieldofhumanrightsandotherrepresentativesofcivilsocietytoenhancegenderawarenessandtopromotethecampaigntocombattraditionalstereotypesregardingtherolesofwomenandmen.72.  x TheCommitteerecommendsthatappropriate  n institutionsconsidertheutilityandnecessityofaffirmativeaction,inparticulartoencouragegreaterparticipationofwomenindecisionmakingbodies.73.  x TheCommitteefurtherrecommendstheelaboration    ofadequatefamilyplanningprogrammes,withthehelpoftheUnitedNationsPopulationFund,soastoavoidtheuseofabortionasameansoffamilyplanningandtherebydiminishtherisksofmaternalmortalityresultingfromunsafeabortions.74.  x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment   reviewthelegislationrelatingtotheexploitationandtraffickingofwomensoastoeliminatethediscriminatorycontentofsuchlegislation.75.  x TheCommitteerecommendsthatrefugeeandmigrant H womenbeprovidedwithadequateinformationtoprotectthemfromtraffickersandotherswhoseektoexploitwomenforthepurposesofprostitution.76.  x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment ` makeefforts,andsupportthoseinitiatedbynongovernmentalorganizations,toassesstheextentandprevalenceofallformsofviolenceagainstwomeninAzerbaijanandtointroduceprogrammesandmeasurestocombatthisproblem.77.  x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheprovisionsofthe ^" Conventionbewidelypublicizedamongthegeneralpublicand,inparticular,amongteachers,socialworkers,lawenforcementofficials,prisonstaff,medicalpersonnel,judges,lawyersandmembersofotherprofessionswhoareconcernedwiththeimplementationoftheConvention.78.  x TheCommitteerecommendstheintroductionofhuman \") rightseducation,includingtheConvention,inschoolsanduniversities.79.  x TheCommitteerequeststhewidedisseminationin %X- AzerbaijanofthepresentconcludingcommentsinordertomakethepeopleofAzerbaijan,andparticularlyitsgovernmentadministratorsandpoliticians,awareofthestepsthathavebeentakentoensuredefactoequalityforwomenandthefurtherstepsrequiredinthisregard.ItalsorequeststheGovernmenttocontinuetodisseminatewidely,andinparticulartowomensandhumanrightsorganizations,theConvention,theCommitteesgeneralrecommendationsandtheBeijingDeclarationandthePlatformforAction.  -v'8 Ї& D S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    xx-x  CroatiaS:aUpequ  q XXXX O4X X#idV 3 8         80.xx-x  TheCommitteeconsideredtheinitialreportofCroatia ^; 'DIp(CEDAW/C/CRO/1)atits363rd,364thand368thmeetings,on21and23January1998(seeCEDAW/C/SR.363,364and368).81.xx-x  TherepresentativeofCroatiaindicatedthathercountry  "@ hadaccededtotheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen,withoutreservations,on8October1991.Theinitialreportcoverstheperiodupto1994andthenextreportwillbeacombinedsecondandthirdreport.82.xx-x  TherepresentativeinformedtheCommitteethat,atthe  G timeofsubmissionoftheinitialreport,peaceisthepriorityinhercountry.However,sheemphasizesthatonlythroughpeaceandthedevelopmentofdemocracywillwomenbeabletoachieveadvancementinallareas.Croatiahasfinallyachievedalevelofpeace,stabilityandsecuritythathasenabledittochannelitsactivitiestowardssocialdevelopmentandthepromotionandprotectionofhumanrights.Theadvancementandempowermentofwomeninallareasofpubliclifeareessentialforthefullimplementationofsocialjusticeinademocraticsociety.83.xx-x  TheCommissionforEqualityoftheGovernmentof S theRepublicofCroatiawasestablishedinMay1996andhasdrawnupthenationalpolicyforthepromotionofequality,basedontheBeijingPlatformforAction,afterconsultationwithwomensnongovernmentalorganizations.ThepolicywasadoptedbytheGovernmentinDecember1997.84.xx-x  Thenationalpolicyprovidesforspecificmeasuresto Z achieveparticulargoalsintheareasofpoliticaldecisionmaking,theeconomyandtheeconomicpositionofwomen,healthcare,education,humanrightsofwomenandviolenceagainstwomeninwarandpeace.85.xx-x  AnotherrepresentativeinformedtheCommitteeofthe !:` implementationoftheConventionintheareaofjustice.ShenotedthatconstitutionalrightsofCroatianwomenareprotectedbytheombudspersonandthatbothwomenandmenareentitledtoalllegalremediesavailablethroughcourtproceedings.Anewpenallawhasbeenintroducedanditsimplementationbeganon1January1998.Sheintroducedstatisticsonactsofviolenceagainstwomen,rapeinmarriage,sexualharassment,prostitution(includinginternationalprostitution)andothercriminalacts.Trendsinsuchbehaviourhaveinstigatedchangesinthepenalcode.Therepresentativenoted,however,thatbothmenandwomenmaybeperpetratorsandvictimsofcrime.86.xx-x  Anumberoflegislativeprovisionsprovidespecial Z,&n protectionforthefamilyand,inparticular,forwomenin "-x'o theirroleasmothersandcaregivers.Specialrightsareaccordedtowomenandthesearenotregardedasdiscriminatingagainstmen,whoserightsarealsorecognized.Parenthoodisseenasajointresponsibilityandthisisreflectedinlegislationandbylaws.87.  x Womenarenotallowedtoworkinjobsinvolvinghard  6 physicallabourorundergroundorunderwaterlabour,norinanyjobsclassifieddetrimentaltothelifeofwomen.Nightworkisprohibitedbylawunlessitisapprovedunderspecialcircumstancesandconditions.Employersareprohibitedfromrequestinginformationonmattersunrelatedtoemploymentissues,andthisisameansofprotectingpregnantwomenfromdiscriminationintheworkplace.88.  x Minorchangestothelawonhealthcarehavebeen n  introducedsincetheinitialreport.Healthinsuranceandcausesofhospitalizationaredescribedanditisnotedthatstatisticsonterminationofpregnancyshowedthatabortionsandmiscarriagesareatthelowestlevelever.89.  x Thenationalpolicyonequality,whichimplementsthe  PlatformforAction,wasadoptedinBeijinginDecember1997.Thepolicywasdevelopedtopromoteequalityandisamandatorydocument,withMinistriesandotherauthoritiesbeingobligedtocarryoutitsprovisions.Thepolicy,whichwasdevelopedincooperationwithnongovernmentalorganizationsandtheCommissionforEquality,consistsoftwoparts,asurveyoftheexistingsituationandspecificmeasurestoaddresscrucialareas.90.  x Therepresentativeconcludedherpresentationby P examiningparticulararticlesoftheConventionandtheirimplementation.Sheindicatedthatthereisahighunemploymentrateforwomen,althoughthereareequalopportunitiesforwomenineducationandemployment.& Z S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3      x ConcludingcommentsoftheCommitteeS:a A XXXX O4X X#idV 3 F!'         e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3      x Introductione out I O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3 "P*         91.  x TheCommitteecongratulatestheGovernmentof $f, 'ZF!CroatiaforratifyingtheConventionwithoutreservationsandnoteswithsatisfactionthatthecountrysinitialreportfollowedtheguidelinesandpresentscomprehensivedataonthesituationofwomeninCroatia.92.  x TheCommitteewelcomestheexcellentoral F("2 presentationoftheCroatiandelegation,whichsupplementsandupdatesthewrittenreport.TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtotheGovernmentofCroatiaforitshighleveldelegation,headedbytheDeputyMinisterforLabourand SocialWelfare.ThisdemonstratestheStatepartys .,&7 commitmenttotheConventionanditsappreciationoftheworkoftheCommittee. 93.xx-x  TheCommitteefurtherwelcomestheextensive : answersprovidedbythedelegationtoitsquestions.ThisreflectsasincereeffortbyCroatiatoaddresstheconcernsraisedbytheCommitteeduringthepresentationoftheStateϜpartysreport.e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    xx-x  Positiveaspectse out  O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3 I A         94.xx-x  TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentonthefact _ C thattheConventionhasbeenincorporatedintothenationallawsofCroatiaandmaybeinvokedbeforethecourtsbyanycitizen.95.xx-x  TheCommitteewelcomestheestablishmentofthe # H CommissionforEqualityinCroatia.Italsowelcomesthenationalpolicyforthepromotionofequality,whichhasbeenadoptedtoimplementtheBeijingPlatformforAction.TheCommitteeispleasedtobeprovidedwithcopiesofthenationalpolicy.96.xx-x  TheCommitteecommendstheeffortsmadebythe !O GovernmentofCroatiatocooperatewithcivilsocietyandnongovernmentalorganizationsanditspromiseoffurthereffortstoimprovecooperationwithnongovernmentalorganizationsinthefuture,particularlyinviewofthepresenceofhighlycompetentandactivewomensnongovernmentalorganizationsinCroatia.TheCommitteewelcomesthefactthatthenationalpolicyenvisagedcooperationwithsuchorganizations.97.xx-x  TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthedelegations !wY oralresponses,reflectingwillingnesstogivefurtherconsiderationtoareasandconcernsraisesbytheCommittee.Inthiscontext,theCommitteeisverypleasedtoheartheϜGovernmentsoralcommitmenttoexaminethefollowingissuesinthelightoftheCommitteessuggestions:xx-x  (a) l Theneedformeasurestoeliminatestereotypes "u` thatrestrictwomensroletothatofmothersandcaregivers;xx-x  (b) l Theneedformeasurestoimprovethe #Sc participationofwomeninpoliticallife;xx-x  (c) l Theappointmentofadeputyombudspersonto %1 f dealspecificallywithwomensrights;xx-x  (d) l Theneedtoimprovepublicawarenessaboutthe '"i Conventionsothatitmaybeusedmorefrequentlythroughoutthejudicialsystem;xx-x  (e) l Thepossibilityofinstitutingasystemof _*$m restrainingorders,inparticulartoprotectwomensubjectedtodomesticviolence;  z,&p   x (f)  Theneedtocommenceadialogueandto   coordinateeffortswithtradeunionsonmeasurestoprotectwomenintheareaofemployment,inparticularwithrespecttoillegalpressuringofwomenbyemployersinrelationtopregnancywithinacertainperiodafterthecommencementofemployment;  x (g)  Theneedforincreasedassistancetofamily   members,inparticularwomen,takingcareoftheelderly;  x (h)  Theneedtocollectmoredetailedinformationon    thesituationofruralwomen.98.  x TheCommitteenoteswithgreatsatisfactionthe d  existenceofprogrammestoassistwomenwithspecialneeds.99.  x TheCommitteeispleasedtobeinformedofthe B  measuresimplementedtoeradicategenderstereotypeswithintheeducationsystem.Itisalsopleasedwiththeintroductionofmeasurestointroducehumanrightseducationintoschools.100. x TheCommitteeisgenerallyimpressedbythehealth x caresysteminCroatiaandbytheGovernmentsclearcommitmenttouniversalcoverage.e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3     0 x Factorsanddifficultiesaffectingthe  implementationoftheConventione men F O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3qxx         101. x TheCommitteenotesthatCroatiafacedsignificant  economicandsocialdifficultiesasaconsequenceoftheϜcountrysrecentinvolvementinarmedconflict.Repercussionsincludethepresenceoflargenumbersofrefugeesanddisplacedpersons.TheCommitteealsonotesdifficultiesresultingfromthetransitiontoamarketeconomyandademocraticpoliticalstructure.TheCommitteeobservedthatintheabsenceofgendersensitivepoliciesandmeasurestocounteractnegativeeffects,thesechangesmayhaveanegativeeffectonwomensenjoymentoftheirhumanrightsandimpedetheimplementationoftheConvention.e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3      x Principalsubjectsofconcerne smen ) O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3 "N+         102. x Despitesomeclarificationduringoralresponsesbythe $d- delegation,theCommitteeremainsveryconcernedabouttheviewexpressedintheStatepartysreportthatwomenthemselvesbearfullresponsibilityfortheirlowlevelofparticipationinpubliclife.ThissuggeststhattheGovernmentlackedunderstandingofindirectandstructuraldiscriminationanditsimpactonwomen.103. x TheCommitteeisparticularlyconcernedaboutthe )*$5 consistentemphasisplacedonwomensrolesasmothersandcaregiversinCroatianlegislationpertainingtoavarietyofareas.Whilelegislativeprovisionsprotectingmaternityareimportant,theCommitteeisconcernedthatprioritizingthat ,J'9 aspectofwomenslivesreinforcestraditionalandstereotypicalroleexpectations,whichtendtolimitwomensfullparticipationinsociety.TheCommitteecommentsthatdespitethefactthatwomeninCroatiaarewelleducatedandparticipateinthelabourforceinlargenumbers,acarefulandgendersensitiveanalysisoftheemphasisonmotherhoodvisviswomensrolesinthepublicsphereisneededonthepartoftheGovernmenttoassuredefactogenderequalityintheCroatiansocietyofthefuture.104.  TheCommitteeexpressesconcernthatdatahasnot  VC beencollectedinsomeareas.Inparticular,theCommitteeisconcernedthatminimalattentionhasbeenpaidtotheissueofwomenlivinginpovertyandthatnosexdisaggregateddataareavailableonthattopic.Itisalsoconcernedthatnosexdisaggregateddatahavebeencollectedonhumanimmunodeficiencyvirus/acquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome(HIV/AIDS)andthatnoreliabledatahadbeencollectedonteenagepregnancy.105.  TheCommitteeexpressesconcernthatinviewofthe VM complexethnicandreligiouscompositionofthepopulationofCroatia,thereportdoesnotincludestatisticalinformationonthesocial,economicandpoliticalstandingofminoritywomen.106.  TheCommitteeisdisturbedtonotetheGovernments S viewthatthereisnoneedtospecifygenderinequalityeverytimetheissueofequalityisraised.TheCommitteeisoftheopinionthatthismightcontributetotheconcealmentandperpetuationof,inparticular,defactoinequality.Itpointsoutthat,inordertoincreasethevisibilityofgenderissuesandtopromoteagendersensitivenationalagenda,itiscrucialtoincorporategenderinalldiscussionsofequality.107.  WhiletheCommitteeisreassuredtobeinformedthat p\ actsofdomesticviolenceareprosecutedbypublicattorneysattherequestofthevictims,itexpressesconcernwithregardtotheadequacyofmeasurestoencouragewomentocomeforwardwithcomplaintsandaboutthefactthatprosecutionbypublicattorneysexofficiooruponthecomplaintofthirdpartiesisnotincorporatedinlegislationondomesticviolence.108.  TheCommitteeexpressesconcernthatthereis %e evidencethatchurchrelatedorganizationsadverselyinfluencetheGovernmentspoliciesconcerningwomenandtherebyimpedefullimplementationoftheConvention.109.  Intheareaofhealth,theCommitteeisparticularly )l#j concernedthatservicespertainingtowomensreproductivehealtharethefirsttobeaffectedasaresultoftheϜGovernmentsfinancialconstraints.Itisalsoconcernedaboutinformationregardingtherefusal,bysomehospitals,toprovideabortionsonthebasisofconscientiousobjection ,T'o ofdoctors.TheCommitteeconsidersthistobeaninfringementofwomensreproductiverights.& D S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3      x SuggestionsandrecommendationsS:aeCo ; XXXX O4X X#idV 3          110. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmentof R  'DyCroatiacontinuetoimplementandstrengthenthemeasuresitistakingtoempowerwomenandtomainstreamgenderissues.Itencouragesspecificaffirmativeactionstargetedtonumericalgoalsandquotas,inparticularinthoseareassuchaspoliticalanddecisionmakingpositionsinpubliclifewherewomensdefactoequalityhasnotbeenimprovingatthedesiredpace.111. x TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmentofCroatiato 6  adheretoitsoralstatementofintentiontogivefurtherconsiderationtotheissuesoutlinedinparagraph97abovewithaviewtoundertakingmeasuresinresponsetotheconcernsoftheCommittee.112. x TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmentofCroatiato l takefurthermeasurestopromoterecognitionofthevarietyofrolesthatwomenplayinsociety.Tothatend,itsuggeststhatitiscrucialtoeducatetheCroatianpublicwithregardtotheimportanceofanequitabledistributionbetweenwomenandmenoffamilyrolesand caringresponsibilities.113. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmenttake 2 advantageofexistingbodiesofknowledgerelatingtoindirectandstructuralpatternsofdiscrimination.ItemphasizesthattheGovernment,ratherthanwomenthemselves,haveprimaryresponsibilityforimplementingstrategiestoeliminatetheseformsofdiscrimination.114. x TheCommitteerequeststhattheGovernmentof 0& Croatiaincludemoredetailedinformationontheimplementationoftheprovisionsofarticle6oftheConventioninfuturereports.TheCommitteerequeststhatadditionaldatabecollectedonthestatusofwomeninvolvedinprostitution.TheCommitteewouldalsoappreciatemoredetailedinformationontheproblemoftraffickinginwomen,inparticularmigrantwomen,andthemeasurestakentoimplementlegislationinthisarea.115. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmentof 0'!0 Croatiacollectandmakeavailablestatisticalinformationpertainingtothesocial,economicandpoliticalstatusofminoritywomenwithaviewtodevelopingspecificpoliciestorespondtotheneedsofdifferentgroups.116. x TheCommitteerequeststhatmoreinformationbe f+%6 providedaboutthesituationofwomenwithdisabilitiesinfuturereports. ,L'8 Ї117.  TheCommitteestronglyrecommendsthatthe 8 Governmenttakestepstosecuretheenjoymentbywomenoftheirreproductiverightsby,interalia,guaranteeingthem :: accesstoabortionservicesinpublichospitals.ItissuggestedthattheGovernmentexaminefullytheimplicationsforwomen,inparticular,offundingcutsforcontraceptivesandthatitimplementstrategiestoaddressanydetrimentalimpactonwomen.118.  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmentofCroatiato 8 A takethenecessarystepstoincorporatetheparticipationofnongovernmentalorganizationsinthepreparationoftheϜcountrysnextreporttotheCommittee.119.  TheCommitteerequestswidedisseminationinCroatia  F ofthepresentconcludingcommentsinordertomakethepeopleofCroatia,andparticularlygovernmentadministratorsandpoliticians,awareofthestepsthathavebeentakentoensuredefactoequalityforwomenandthefurtherstepsrequiredinthisregard.ItalsorequeststheGovernmenttocontinuetodisseminatewidely,andinparticulartowomensandhumanrightsorganizations,theConvention,theCommitteesgeneralrecommendationsandtheBeijingDeclarationandthePlatformforAction.& D S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    xx-x  ZimbabweS:aatt Q XXXX O4X X#idV 3 0S         120.  TheCommitteeconsideredtheinitialreportof V 'DZimbabwe(CEDAW/C/ZWE/1)atits366th,367thand372ndmeetingson22and27January1998(seeCEDAW/C/SR.366,367and372).121.  TherepresentativeofZimbabweexpressedher R[ МGovernmentscommitmenttothefullimplementationoftheConventionandtheachievementofgenderequality.Muchprogresshasbeenmadeinthatarea,includingtheestablishmentoftheNationalMachineryfortheAdvancementofWomenandtheInterMinisterialCommitteeonHumanRights.Anationalprogrammeofactionandvision2020hasalsobeenformulated,relevantlegalprovisionsenactedandgenderfocalpointsappointedinallMinistries.Despitethis,prevailingnegativeattitudestowardswomenanddiscriminatorycustomarylawsandpracticescontinuetocontributetotheslowpaceinadvancingthestatusofwomen.122.  Nongovernmentalorganizationsandresearch r("i organizationsspecializingingenderanddevelopmentissueshadbeenconsultedduringthepreparationofthereportandwerealsoactiveinpromotinggenderequality.123.  Therepresentativenotedthattheconstitutionhadbeen +6&n amendedin1997andnowexplicitlyprohibitsdiscrimination ,&o basedongenderandthatotherlegalinstruments,includingtheSexDiscriminationRemovalAct,alsoprohibitdiscriminationbasedonsex.124. x TheMinistryofCommunityDevelopmentand P МWomensAffairswasestablishedastheNationalMachineryfortheAdvancementofWomenin1981.AlthoughtheMinistryhassincebeendissolved,theNationalMachinerycontinuesandgenderfocalpointshavebeenappointedinallMinistries.125. x TherepresentativenotesthatanInterMinisterial N   CommitteeonHumanRights,whichadvisesGovernmentonhumanrightsissues,hasbeenestablished,andviolationsofhumanrights,includingthoserelatingtogender,canbeinvestigatedbytheombudsperson.126. x Courtprocedurestoimprovetheexperienceofvictims,   includingprovisionstoallowforthetakingofevidenceinaseparateroom,havebeenintroduced.Violenceagainstwomenremainsaseriousproblemandgendersensitivitytraininghasbeenintroducedforpoliceandjudicialofficers.127. x Affirmativeactionmeasures,inparticularintheareas  ofeducation,employmentandpoliticalparticipationanddecisionmaking,havebeenintroduced,butsexrolestereotypescontinuetoaffecttheattitudesofmanyZimbabweans.Inthatregard,theGovernmenthasbegunaprogrammetoreviewschooltextbooksandisdevelopingacurriculumonhumanrightstobetaughtattheprimaryandsecondarylevels.128. x TherepresentativeindicatedthatHIV/AIDSisa H  seriousprobleminZimbabweandthatthepandemichasincreasedtheburdenonwomen.Ruralwomengenerallyremainverydisadvantagedcomparedwiththeirurbancounterparts.129. x Therepresentativeconcludedbynotingthatthe ~ & NationalMachineryfortheAdvancementofWomenhasdrawnupalistofstatutesthatdonotcomplywiththeConvention.Inaddition,theConventionhasbeentranslatedintotwomajorlocallanguagesanddisseminatedwidelyinsimplifiedform.S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    & Z   x ConcludingcommentsoftheCommitteeS:a pro  XXXX O4X X#idV 3 & /         e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3      x Introductione 4   O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3 F("2         130. x TheCommitteecongratulatestheGovernmentfor \)#4 'Z&ratifyingtheConventionwithoutreservations.ItwelcomestheStatepartysinitialreport,whichiscomprehensiveandfrankinitsanalysisofobstaclestotheimplementationoftheConvention.TheCommitteeisalsopleasedtonotethatthe |,&8 reporthasbeenpreparedinconsultationwithnongovernmentalorganizations.Additionalinformationprovidedbytheoralpresentationisalsoappreciated.TheCommitteewelcomesthehighleveldelegation,whichincludedtheMinisterofNationalAffairs,EmploymentCreationandCooperatives.e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    &  xx-x  Positiveaspectse   s O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3 3 @         131.  TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtothe I B '3 GovernmentforitsstrongcommitmenttoadvancingthestatusofwomenandcommendsitforestablishingtheNationalMachineryfortheAdvancementofWomenafterindependence,aswellasforassigningagenderfocalpointineachMinistry.132.  TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthatthe G I constitutionhasbeenamendedtoprohibitanyactofdiscriminationonthebasisofsex.133.  TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentfor CM translatingtheConventionintolocallanguagesinordertoencourageitswiderdissemination.134.  TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentof Q Zimbabweforundertakinganumberofinitiatives,includingthedevelopmentofaNationalGenderPolicy,toimplementtheBeijingPlatformforAction.135.  TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthe WV establishmentoftheInterMinisterialCommitteeonHumanRightsandthestrengtheningoftheofficeoftheombudsperson,whichcannowinvestigatethepoliceandsecurityforces.Thesedevelopmentsenhancetherecognitionofhumanrightsandtheenjoymentoftheserightsbywomen.136.  TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentforputting U] inplaceclearandrelevantnationalpoliciesforwomen,whichareconsistentwithinternationalagreements,particularlytheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen.137.  TheCommitteewelcomestheintroductionofgender 5#c sensitivetrainingforpoliceofficersandtheestablishmentof victimfriendlycourts.138.  TheCommitteealsocommendstheimplementationof %1 g affirmativeactionmeasureswithrespecttoeducation,employmentandpoliticalparticipation,inparticularintheruralcouncils.& n e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    xx-x0  Factorsanddifficultiesaffectingthe )*$m implementationoftheConventione ~Co 4 O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3*$n##         139.  TheCommitteenoteswithgreatconcernthat,although +&p 'n)rthenationallawsguaranteedtheequalstatusofwomen,the z,&q continuedexistenceofandadherencetocustomarylawsperpetuateddiscriminationagainstwomen,particularlyinthecontextofthefamily.TheCommitteenoteswithdissatisfactionthatprevailingtraditionalandsocioculturalattitudestowardswomencontributetotheperpetuationofnegativeimagesofwomen,whichimpedestheiremancipation.140. x TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthenegativeimpact p  ofthestructuraladjustmentprogrammes,especiallyintheareasofeducation,healthandemployment.&  e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3     0 x Principalareasofconcerne Co b O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3 xx         141. x TheCommitteeexpressesconcernthatdiscriminatory   'traditionalpractices,suchaslobola,polygamyandfemale   genitalmutilation,arestillaccepted.Althoughtheconstitutioncriminalizesanyactofdiscriminationonthegroundofsexand,furthermore,thepracticeoflobolahas -  beenmadeillegal,traditionandcustomarylawstillensurecontinueddiscrimination.142. x TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatmuchofthe } violenceagainstwomen,especiallyinsocietyandinthedomesticsphere,isnotrecognizedbylaw.Violenceagainstwomenisaseriousviolationofwomenshumanrights.Inaddition,thereisnotenoughsupportprovidedbytheGovernmenttohelpvictimsofviolence,suchasrehabilitationprogrammesandtemporaryshelters.143. x TheCommitteeexpressesconcernthattheMinistryof C NationalAffairs,EmploymentCreationandCooperation,astheNationalMachineryfortheAdvancementofWomen,hasnorealpowerorresponsibilitytoinitiateandimplementpolicymeasurestoeliminatediscriminationagainstwomen.144. x WhiletheCommitteeagreeswiththeeffectivenessof y% havinggenderfocalpointsinallMinistries,theCommitteeisconcernedabouttheabsenceofafunctionalcentralcoordinatingbodywitharegularbudget.145. x TheCommitteeisconcernedatthelowlevelof "=* Мwomensparticipationatthedecisionmakinglevel.146. x TheCommitteenoteswithdissatisfactionthat $- prostitutesarecriminalizedbylawwhiletheirclientsgounpunished.TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatpoorwomen,migrantwomenandwomenfromothermarginalizedsectorsareparticularlyvulnerableandoftenturntoprostitutionasameansofsurvival.TheCommitteenoteswithconcerntheabsenceofdataandprogrammesforwomeninprostitution,suggestingthattheGovernmenthasnotadequatelyaddressedarticle6oftheConvention.147. x TheCommitteeisdeeplyconcernedabouttheeffect ,q&7 oftheHIV/AIDSpandemicandtheveryhighrateof ,9'8 infectionamongyoungwomen,whocomprise84percentofthoseinfectedinthe15to19yearagegroupand55percentofthe20to29yearagegroup.TheCommitteenotesthatthisisofparticularconcerngiventherisksoftransmissiontoinfantsthroughchildbirthandbreastfeeding.148.  TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedaboutreportsrelating  6> totherefusalofsomehealthcareproviderstogivefamilyplanningservicestosexuallyactiveadolescents,despitetherebeingnolegalrestrictionsinthisregard.149.  TheCommitteeexpressesconcernthatwomeninrural N C areasoftensuffermoreasaresultofprevailingnegativeattitudesanddiscriminatorytraditionalpractices.Furthermore,womeninruralareasoftenworklongerhoursthananyothergroup.150.  TheCommitteeisconcernedatthelackofsupport  I systemstoenablepregnantteenagerstocontinuetheirschooling.TheCommitteealsonoteswithdissatisfactionthattherearenodetailedstatisticsavailableonteenagepregnancy.& D S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    xx-x  SuggestionsandrecommendationsS:a  XXXX O4X X#idV 3 &Q         151.  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttotakeamore T 'Dproactiverolebyintroducingconcretemeasurestoabolishalldiscriminatorycustomsandpractices.152.  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoreviewthe *X functionsoftheNationalMachinerywithaviewtoprovidingitwiththeauthorityandfinancialresourcestoinitiateandimplementpolicyprogrammestoeliminatediscriminationagainstwomen.TheNationalMachineryshouldalsoactasacoordinatingbodyforallthegenderfocalpointsoftheministries.ApublicawarenessraisingcampaignforgenderequalityshouldbeorganizedbytheNationalMachinerytargetingbothwomenandmen.Acampaigntopromotepositiveimagesofwomenshouldalsobeorganized,involvingthemassmedia.153.  TheCommitteesuggeststhatgendersensitivetraining $fd shouldbeextendedtoallsectors,includinghealthcareworkers.154.  TheCommitteefurtherrecommendsthatthePresident & !h andGovernmentMinistersbebriefedregularlyontheprogressinimplementationoftheConventionandtheBeijingPlatformforAction.ItrecommendsthatmeasuresbetakentoensurethatthePresidentandtheMinistersareaccountableforgendermainstreamingwithintheirrespectivedepartments.  +G&o 155. x TheCommitteerecommendstheadoptionoftemporary   specialmeasuresofaffirmativeactiontopromotethestatusofwomeninallspheresofsociety.156. x TheCommitteesuggeststhattheGovernmentextend P thefunctionoftheofficeoftheombudspersontoallowittoaddresscomplaintsaboutgenderdiscriminationintheprivatesphereandtheprivatesector.157. x TheCommitteerecommendsthecodificationoffamily    andcustomarylaws,incorporatingonlythosecustomarylawsandpracticesthatpromotegenderequalityandtheempowermentofwomen.158. x ThestronglyrecommendsthattheGovernment ,  adequatelyaddressarticle6oftheConventionbyputtinginplacesocioeconomicprogrammesthatwillassistwomenlivingbyprostitution.TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttodocumentsystematicallytheprevalenceofprostitutionsoastoenableittodevelopassistanceprogrammesinthisregard.159. x NotingthatillegalabortioniscitedbytheGovernment H asamajorcauseofdeathforwomeninZimbabwe,theCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmentreappraisethelawonabortionwithaviewtoitsliberalizationanddecriminalization.160. x TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoincreaseits (~ effortstocombattheHIV/AIDSpandemicandtoensurethatappropriatesexualandreproductivehealthinformation,educationandservicesareprovidedtoallwomenand,inparticular,toadolescents.161. x TheCommitteesuggeststhattheGovernmentprovide ^" sexeducationandpracticalfamilyplanningtobothyouthandadults.162. x TheCommitteerequestedmoredetaileddataand  Z& adequateinformationonallformsofviolenceagainstwomen,prostitution,andtraffickinginwomeninthenextreport.163. x TheCommitteerequestsdetaileddataandadequate r#+ informationonteenagepregnancyandtheabilityofyoungmotherstocontinuetheireducationinthenextreport.164. x TheCommitteeencouragestheGovernmentof &n / ZimbabwetocontinueitseffortstoimplementtheBeijingPlatformforAction.ItalsorecommendstheestablishmentofafunctionalcentralcoordinatingbodywitharegularbudgettoaccelerateimplementationofGovernmentgenderpoliciesandprogrammes.165. x TheCommitteerequeststheGovernmenttoutilizethe +l%6  Committeesgeneralrecommendationsinordertoplan +4&7 measurestoadvancethestatusofwomenandtoimplementthemeasuresmoreeffectively. 166.  TheCommitteerequeststhewidedisseminationin : ZimbabweofthepresentconcludingcommentsinordertomakethepeopleofZimbabwe,andparticularlyitsgovernmentadministratorsandpoliticians,awareofthestepsthathavebeentakentoensuredefactoequalityforwomenandthefurtherstepsrequiredinthisregard.ItalsorequeststheGovernmenttocontinuetodisseminatewidely,andinparticulartowomensandhumanrightsorganizations,theConvention,theCommitteesgeneralrecommendationsandtheBeijingDeclarationandthePlatformforAction.& D S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    0 x 0x#x#CzechRepublicS:a  { XXXX O4X X#idV 3 G##         167.  TheCommitteeconsideredtheinitialreportofthe p J 'DCzechRepublic(CEDAW/C/CZE/1)atits370thand371stmeetings,on26January1998,andatits373rdmeetingon27January1998(seeCEDAW/C/SR.370,371and373).168.  Inintroducingthereport,therepresentativeofthe 4O CzechRepublicindicatedthatmorethantwoyearshadelapsedsincehercountrysinitialreporthadbeensubmittedand,consequently,herstatementwouldfocusonimportantchangesinprotectingwomensrightsasindividuals.169.  Therepresentativereferredtotheratificationofa jU numberofInternationalLabourOrganization(ILO)instruments,includingILOConventions89,100and101.Shealsocitedseverallegislativereformmeasuresthathadbeentaken,includingamendmentstotheEmploymentAct(1/1991);ActonWages(1/1992);ActonSalaries(143/1992);andActonPensionInsurance(155/1995).TherepresentativethenbriefedtheCommitteeonthedifferentialentitlementsinretirementpensionsbetweenwomenandmen,andamongwomenbaseduponthenumberofchildren.170.  Althoughnofundamentalchangesinhealthorsocial 2"` insurancehadoccurredsince1994,certainhealthinsurancebenefitshadbeentransferredtotheStatesocialallowancesystemin1995,withthegoalofunifyingStatesocialallowancesandbenefitsandthusprovidingsupportunderasinglesystemtofamilieswithchildren.171.  Recentchangeshadledtothedevelopmentofcivil 0'!g society,includingwomensorganizations,resultinginactivities,conferencesandworkshopsthataddressedspecificϜwomensissues,suchasdomesticviolence,violenceagainstwomeningeneralandwomenvictimsofcriminalacts.172.  TherepresentativethenbriefedtheCommitteeon f+%m specificprogrammesforwomenrelatedtoeducationandvocationaltraininganddescribedsomeofthesocio ,L'o economicfactorsthatsignificantlyinfluencewomenspositioninsocietyandinthelabourmarket.Shealsonotedtheimportanceofkindergartensandtheirlinkagewiththerateoffemaleemployment.173. x TherepresentativeindicatedthatDecreeNo.261/97  n specifiedexplicitlythejobsandworkplaceswhichareprohibitedforallwomen,pregnantwomen,mothersuntiltheendoftheninemonthsafterchildbirthandyouth,respectively.Shealsoreferredtodraftlegislationthatspecifiedconditionsforoccupationalhealthandsafety.174. x Therepresentativecitedanumberofwomenshealth l  programmesandprojects,includingthoserelatedtoHIV/AIDS,whichfocusedprimarilyonthereproductivehealthofwomen.175. x Therepresentativestatedthatprostitution,although   notconsideredacriminaloffence,wasagrowingproblem,whichwasprimarilyattributedtoillegalmigration.Shealsoexpressedconcernthatorganizedprostitutioncontinuestobealucrativesourceofmoneyforcriminalgangs.AnumberofmeasureshavebeenadoptedbytheCzechRepublictofightprostitution,includingthecreationofaspecialunitfordetectingorganizedcrime.176. x Therepresentativereferredtothefoundationsofthe h Czechlegalsystem,whichprotectwomensrights,focusingonindividualcitizens,basedupontheprincipleofuniform,generalandequalprotectionofbothmenandwomen.177. x Inconcludingherpresentation,therepresentativeof  theCzechRepublicindicatedthatshelookedforwardtotheϜCommitteesquestionssothatshecouldprovideacompleteandobjectivepictureofwomenintheCzechRepublic.& Z S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3     0 x ConcludingcommentsoftheCommitteeS:a 199   XXXX O4X X#idV 3 Z&xx         e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3      x Introductione "ven " O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3 !)         178. x TheCommitteecomplimentstheGovernmentofthe "$+ 'Z CzechRepublicforexhibitingaclearcommitmenttothepromotionofthehumanrightsofitscitizenssincetheindependenceofthecountryandforratifyingtheConventionwithoutreservations.ItisalsopleasedtonotethepositivespiritinwhichitscommentsandsuggestionshasbeenreceivedbythedelegationoftheCzechRepublic.179. x Theadditionalandupdatedinformationpresentedin ("3 theoralreportoftherepresentativeoftheCzechRepubliciswelcomedbytheCommittee,asanaidtoitsunderstandingoftheconditionsofwomenandtheextentoftheimplementationoftheConventionintheCzechRepublic. , '9 & n e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Positiveaspectse $'ven ' O4O4 O4 O4#idid 39##         180.  TheCommitteeisparticularlysatisfiedatthe ; informationincludedintheoralreportofthedelegation'n'abouttheverycreationofaninterministerialcoordinatingbodywithintheMinistryofLabourandSocialAffairs.Similarly,thereportedefforttodraftaNationalPlanonthebasisoftheBeijingPlatformforActionbyacommissiononthestatusofwomenisespeciallywelcomedbytheCommittee.181.  TheCommitteenotesthattherehavebeensignificant N D gainsinthestatusofwomenintheCzechRepublic,particularlywithregardtoeducationandparticipationineconomiclife,aswellassocialsupportservices,suchaschildcare.182.  TheCommitteeisalsohappytonotethehighstandards  J ofhealthcoverageingeneral,andformaternalhealthinparticular,thatexistthroughouttheCzechRepublic.Inthiscontext,itisespeciallygratifiedtonotetheexceptionallylowinfantandperinatalmortalityratesattainedbytheCzechRepublic.183.  TheCommitteeispleasedtonotethatthelegalsystem Q oftheCzechRepublicgivessupremacytointernationaltreatiesoverdomesticlegislationandthatnumerousequalityprovisionscanbefoundintheConstitution,theCharterofFundamentalRightsandFreedomsandinseveralothercodes.& n e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Factorsanddifficultiesaffectingthe  aY implementationoftheConventione .mto f/ O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3)Z##         184.  TheCommitteeobservesthatthereportoftheCzech ?\ RepublicanditsoralintroductiontotheCommitteereflect'n .anoverarchingtendencyonthepartoftheGovernmenttoconceiveofwomenasmothersandwithinthecontextofthefamily,ratherthanasindividualsandindependentactorsinthepublicsphere.TheCommitteeconsidersthatsuchaperceptionisamajorobstacletotheimplementationoftheConventionbecauseitreflectsafundamentalmisunderstandingofsuchcriticalconceptsasgenderroles,indirectdiscriminationanddefactoinequality.185.  TheCommitteeisdistressedtonotethat,whilethe &] g GovernmentiseagertoimprovethelivingconditionsofwomenintheCzechRepublic,thestructuralandculturalcausesofgenderinequalityarenotfullyappreciatedbytheGovernment.HavingemergedfromtherestrictionsofatotalitarianState,wherefullemploymentofwomenandinstitutionalcaretakingofchildrenhasbeenemphasized,theCzechRepublicscurrentpoliciesdirectedatwomenandfamilyoveremphasizemotherhoodandfamilyrolesforwomen.TheCommitteeconsiderstheabsenceofspecial -e'p measurestoelevatewomensstatus,savethosepertainingtotheprotectionofpregnancyandmotherhood,tobeamajorconstrainttothefullimplementationoftheConvention.e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3     0 x Principalsubjectsofconcerne 6mto :7 O4O4 O4 O4#idid 31xx         186. x TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatCzechlaw  G doesnotprovideacleardefinitionofdiscriminationand/oraddressdefactoinequalitiesbetweenwomenandmen.187. x Thoughthecreationofanintraministerial    coordinatingunitonwomensissueswithintheMinistryofLabourandSocialAffairsiswelcomed,theCommitteeconsidersthatsuchabodycannotbeviewedasasufficientnationalmachinery.TheCommitteeviewstheabsenceofanationalmachinerywithadequateresourcesandpersonnelasasevereconstrainttotheimplementationoftheConventionandtheBeijingPlatformforAction.188. x TheCommitteeisveryconcernedaboutwomens %{  inadequateanddecliningrepresentationindecisionmakingpositionsinthepoliticalandeconomicspheresandattheϜGovernmentsapparentlackofattentiontothisphenomenon.Thisisreflectedintheabsenceofanyspecialtemporarymeasurestoremedythesituation,aswellasthelackofGovernmentwillingnesstoconsideranysuchmeasures.189. x Thedeclineinthenumberofwomensnon A governmentalorganizationssincetheearlydaysoftheCzechϜRepublicsestablishmentisalsonotedwithconcernbytheCommittee.TheCommitteeconsiderstheexistenceofanactivecivilsociety,inwhichawiderangeofviewsandattitudesongenderequalityfindexpression,tobehighlybeneficialforthepromotionofequalitybetweenwomenandmen.ItalsoencouragesGovernmentcooperationwithnongovernmentalorganizationsrepresentingdifferentwomensinterestsandperspectivesintheimplementationandmonitoringoftheprovisionsoftheConvention.190. x TheCommitteenoteswithparticularconcernthe !'( absenceofspeciallegislationonviolenceagainstwomenandisalarmedbytheGovernmentsperceptionthatthereisnoneedforsuchlegislation.TheCommitteeconsiderstheabsenceofdataontheextentandprevalenceofsuchviolenceintheCzechRepublictobeacriticaldeficiency.Italsoexpressesconcernaboutthelackofinformationonanypreventivemeasuresand/orprogrammestosupportvictimsofviolence,raisepublicawarenessoftheissueandsensitizehealthprofessionalsandlawenforcementpersonnelonthetopic.191. x TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthelackof * %4 measuresandprogrammestopromoteapositiveimageof womenasactorsinallareasatalllevelsofpubliclifeand G,&6 toencourageequalsharingoffamilyresponsibilitiesbymeninthemedia. 192.  TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthat,intheCzech 9 Republic,prostitutionandtraffickinginwomenareapproachedexclusivelyinthecontextofcombatingorganizedcrime.Thesecrimesarecloselyrelatedtoeconomictransitionandsociopoliticalchanges.TheCommitteeacknowledgestheadverseeffectsofsuchdevelopmentsasrisingunemploymentandincreasingpovertyasfactorscontributingtoprostitutionandtraffickinginwomen.193.  TheCommitteeviewstheCzechRepublicspolicyof 4 C creating householdmanagementschools,which,althoughnotformallysexsegregated,basicallycatertofemalestudentsandtrainthemfortraditionalstereotypicalroles,aspromotinggenderstereotyping.Thesameapplieswithregardtothepracticeofsomeschoolsadmittingonlyboysbecauseoftheir differentphysicalabilities.Instressingtheimportanceofencouraginggirlsandboystochoosenontraditionalfieldsofstudyinordertoeliminatediscriminationagainstwomen,theCommitteeexpressesitsheightenedconcernaboutsuchschools.194.  TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatthe O Governmentappearedreluctanttodirectgirlstoscientificandtechnologicalfieldsofstudy.195.  TheCommitteeisveryconcernedabouttheprevailing jS wagedisparitiesbetweenwomenandmenandthesegregationofwomeninlowpayingandlowskilledwork,whichhadbeenoneoftheresultsofprivatizationandeconomicrationalization.196.  TheCommitteealsonoteswithconcerntheincrease Y inoverprotectivemeasuresforpregnancyandmotherhood,aswellasearlyretirementpoliciesforwomen.Italsonotedthattheculturalglorificationofwomensfamilyrolescouldexacerbatethenegativeimpactofeconomicrationalizationpoliciesonwomen.197.  TheCommitteeisverydisturbedaboutthehighrate #` ofinducedabortionsintheCzechRepublic,particularlyinthefaceofthewideavailabilityofcontraceptives.Itisfurtherdissatisfiedtolearnaboutthelackofinformationandtrainingofhealthprofessionalswithregardtocontraceptives.Owingtothepartialnatureoftheinformationprovidedintheoralreport,theCommitteeisnotentirelysatisfiedwiththeinformationprovidedonwomensgeneralhealthintheCzechRepublic.198.  TheCommitteeisespeciallydisappointednottohave *J%j receivedanswerstoitsquestionsontheimplementationoftheprovisionsofarticles7,8and16oftheConventionin ,&l theCzechRepublicsoralresponses.Inparticular,theveryhighdivorceratethatprevailsinthecountry,itscauses,aswellasthelegalstatusofprotection,ifany,accordedtowomenindefactounionsareofspecialconcerntotheCommittee.& D S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    0  0xSuggestionsandrecommendationsS:aNto yO XXXX O4X X#idV 3 Lxx         199. x TheCommitteerecommendsthatadefinitionof    'D Ndiscriminationmodelledonarticle1oftheConventionbeincorporatedintheconstitutionandotherrelevantlaws.200. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmentof P  theCzechRepublicgiveimpetustotheestablishmentofanadequatelyresourcednationalmachinerywithaclearmandatetoimplement,coordinateandmonitortheprovisionsoftheConvention.Itfurtherrecommendsthat,asafuturememberoftheEuropeanUnion,theCzechRepublicdrawupontheexperiencesoftheEuropeanUnioncountries,makeeffortstogetassistancefromsuchcountriesasitdesignsmachinery,andreviewitslegislationandpoliciesintheareaofdiscriminationagainstwomen.201. x TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmentoftheCzech n Republictoreviewitsperspectiveonspecialtemporarymeasuresintheareaofwomenspoliticalandeconomicparticipationinleadershippositions.Inthiscontext,itrecommendsinstitutingnumericalgoalsandtargets,aswellasaplanofactionwithtimetablestoboostwomensparticipationintheseareas.202. x TheCommitteealsourgestheenactmentofaspecial 4" lawandintroductionofpoliciestocombatallformsofviolenceagainstwomen,togetherwithpromotionofeducationandmediaprogrammessensitizingthepubliconthisissue.Inaddition,itrecommendsintroductionoftrainingforthejudiciary,lawenforcementofficers,lawyers,healthprofessionalsandotherswhoseworkisrelevantinthecontextofviolenceagainstwomen.TheCommitteestronglyrecommendsthattheCzechRepublicinitiatecomprehensiveresearchtoassesstheextentandnatureofviolenceagainstwomeninthecountry.203. x TheCommitteerecommendsacomprehensivestudy &p . andanalysisoftheeffectsoftheeconomicandsociopoliticaltransitionofthecountryonwomen.Itisnecessarytocarryoutsuchastudyfromagenderperspectivetodeterminethedifferentialimpactofthetransitiononwomenandmenandtodeterminethedifferentialpoliciesthatarerequired.204. x TheCommitteestronglyrecommendstheformulation +6&6 andimplementationofeffectivepoliciestocombat ,&7 prostitutionandtraffickingofwomen.TheCommitteesuggeststhatmeasurestocombatthesecrimesrequirenotonlyservicestovictimsandsanctionsforperpetrators,butthedesignandimplementationofcomprehensivenationalsocialandeconomicpoliciestocreatenewopportunitiesforwomen.ItthereforerecommendsthattheGovernmenttakeeffectiveactiontocombatfeminizationofpovertyandtoimprovetheeconomicsituationofwomeninordertopreventtraffickingandprostitution.205.  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttolaunch  VA specifictrainingprogrammestoeducatehealthprofessionals,aswellasmasscampaignstoinformthepublicontheuseofcontraceptivesandmisuseofinducedabortionsasameansoffamilyplanning.206.  TheCommitteestronglystressestheneedtopromote 6 G theimageofwomenasindividualsandindependentactorsinthepublicsphereandrecommendsthattheGovernmentlaunchcomprehensive,systematic,goalorientedeffortstobalancetheexistingpositiveemphasisplacedonwomensroleintheprivatesphereinlaws,policymeasuresandgovernmentalattitudes,withanequalemphasisontheirpublicspherefunctions.Inthisregard,theCommitteealsorecommendsthattheGovernmentencouragemen,throughpublicmediacampaigns,schoolcurriculaandspecialtemporarymeasures,suchaseffectiveuseofpaternityleave,tosharefamilyresponsibilitiesequallywithwomen.207.  TheCommitteerequeststhewidedisseminationinthe :T CzechRepublicofthepresentconcludingcommentsinordertomakethepeopleoftheCzechRepublic,andparticularlygovernmentadministratorsandpoliticians,awareofthestepsthathavebeentakentoensuredefactoequalityforwomenandthefurtherstepsrequiredinthisregard.ItalsorequeststheGovernmenttocontinuetodisseminatewidely,andinparticulartowomensandhumanrightsorganizations,theConvention,theCommitteesgeneralrecommendationsandtheBeijingDeclarationandthePlatformforAction.S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    ݜ+x2.0  Combinedsecondandthirdperiodic $na reportsS:aobhose %c XXXX O4X X#idV 3$Pb##         S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    xx-x  BulgariaS:ad  Ue XXXX O4X X#idV 3 &!e         208.  TheCommitteeconsideredthecombinedsecondand b("h thirdperiodicreportsofBulgaria(CEDAW/C/BGR/23)atits373rdand374thmeetings,on28January1998(seeCEDAW/C/SR.373and374).209.  Thecombinedreportscoveredtheperiodupto +&&m 3November1994andweresupplementedbyadocument ,&n containingadditionalinformationtoupdatetheinformationcontainedinthewrittenreportsandthecoredocumentprovidinginformationaboutpolitical,legalandsocialstructuresinBulgaria.210. x Inherstatement,therepresentativedrewattentionto  n thefactthat,sinceBulgariasinitialreportin1985,thecountryhadcommencedaprocessofradicalpoliticalandeconomictransformation.Anewconstitutionhadbeenadoptedin1991.Therepresentativepointedtoanumberofdifficultiesthecountryhadfacedduringthetransitionperiod,includingthefactthattherehadbeensevendifferentGovernmentsinpowersince1990.Economicconditionshadalsobeensevere.However,theCommitteewasinformedthatamorefavourableeconomicpositionwasemergingasevidencedbyimprovedforeigninvestmentandaforecastofmodestgrowthingrossdomesticproduct(GDP)inthefirsthalfof1998.211. x TherepresentativeacknowledgedthatBulgarian   societyhadbeeninheritedfromthecommunisterawheretherewasdejure,butnotdefactoequalityforwomen.She t expressedtheGovernmentscommitmenttotakingfurthermeasurestoimprovethedefactosituationofwomeninlinewiththeConvention.Shereferredtothefactthat,inMay1992,Bulgariawithdrewitsreservationonparagraph1ofarticle29oftheConventionconcerningthejurisdictionoftheInternationalCourtofJustice.ShealsooutlinedstepstakenbytheGovernmentofBulgariatotranslateanddisseminatetheConventionwidelythroughoutthecountry.TherepresentativestatedtheGovernmentspositionthatequalitybetweenwomenandmenwasaconditiosinequa D nonofdemocracy.    212. x Therepresentativepointedoutthatarticle6ofthe "" constitutionofBulgariaguaranteedequalityandnondiscrimination.Inaddition,theCommitteewasinformedthat,althoughtherearenospeciallawsonhumanrightsandgenderequality,article5oftheconstitutionprovidedfortheincorporationofinternationaltreatiestowhichtheRepublicofBulgariawasapartyintodomesticlaw.213. x Therepresentativecitedstatisticsdemonstratingthat $* infantmortalityinBulgariahaddecreasedsubstantiallysincetheyearsfrom1970to1980.ShereferredtothesubstantialincreaseinthenumberofbirthsoutsideofwedlockinBulgariaandreportedthattheGovernmentsawthisasareflectionofmoreflexiblechoicesoffamilypartnershipsforwomenthanpreviously.214. x Therepresentativeoutlinedsomemeasuresthathad X*$2 beenadoptedtoimprovethesituationofRomachildren,inparticularwithregardtoeducation.SeveralreportshadbeenpreparedrelatingtotheRomaminorityandvarious ,'5 consultationscarriedoutwiththespecializedagenciesontheissue.ThesituationoftheRomaminorityhadbeenraisedduringtheconsiderationofBulgariasproposedmembershipoftheEuropeanUnionandfurthermeasureswouldbeimplementedincooperationwiththeUnion.215.  TheCommitteewasinformedofthemeasurestaken  6; bytheGovernmentofBulgariatoimplementtheBeijingDeclarationandthePlatformforAction.ImmediatelyaftertheFourthWorldConferenceonWomen,anintergovernmentalcommissionhadbeenestablished.Incooperationwithwomensnongovernmentalorganizations,thecommissionproducedanationalactionplan.ThiswasadoptedbytheCouncilofMinistersinJuly1996andadecisionwasreachedtoestablishapermanentintergovernmentalcounciltomonitoritsapplication.Atpresent,theMinistryofForeignAffairsservedasthefocalpointforthecommission.216.  TherepresentativereferredtotheGovernments  H proposaltoappointanombudspersonwhocouldbeentrustedwiththeroleofmonitoringwomenshumanrightsandgenderequality.Adraftlawwasintheprocessofpreparationandtwoseminarstodiscusstheproposalhadbeenplannedfor1998.217.  Therepresentativereportedthatsomeveryfavourable O advanceshadbeenmaderegardingtheparticipationofwomenindecisionmakingandpoliticallife.InsomeMinistries,thenumberofwomensignificantlyexceededthenumberofmen.Thesituationwassimilarinthejudiciary.218.  Therepresentativereferredtotheproblemof U unemploymentforwomenandnotedthatcasesofdiscriminationagainstwomenwerestillevident,withsomeemployerspreferringtofillvacancieswithmenorwithveryyoungwomenwhohadnofamilyresponsibilities.Itwasacknowledgedthatwomenweremoreaffectedbyunemploymentthanmen.219.  Therepresentativestatedthatthereductionofcrime "] hadbeen,andcontinuedtobe,amainpriorityfortheGovernment.Inparticular,shereferredtomeasurestakentostrengthenprovisionsagainsttheillicittraffickinginpersonsandemphasizedtheGovernmentscommitmenttostrengtheninternationalandregionalcooperationontheissue.220.  TheCommitteewasinformedthat,whiledomestic N("e violenceresultinginsevere,mediumandslightphysicalinjurywasregardedasacriminaloffence,proceedingscouldonlybecommenceduponthecomplaintofthevictim.TherepresentativeacknowledgedthatdomesticviolenceinBulgariawasstillnotseenasahumanrightsabuseandthatmoreawarenessraisingcampaignswereneeded.The ,T'k Parliamentwasatpresentconsideringdraftlegislationthatwouldcriminalizedomesticviolenceagainstchildren,includinggirls.221. x Therepresentativeconcludedbyindicatingthatthe P GovernmentwascommittedtotheimplementationoftheConventionandlookedforwardtotheCommitteesrecommendationsinthatregard.& D S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3      x ConcludingcommentsoftheCommitteeS:amore  XXXX O4X X#idV 3  *          222. x TheCommitteenoteswithappreciationthecombined  'D secondandthirdperiodicreportsofBulgaria.TheCommitteeispleasedthatanefforthasbeenmadetoupdatetheinformationandtorespondtothequestionsposedbythepresessionworkinggroup.223. x TheCommitteewelcomesthehighleveldelegation   headedbytheDeputyMinisterforForeignAffairs.224. x TheCommitteeappreciatestheeffortsmadetorespond  tothequestionsposedbytheexpertsduringtheoralpresentation.Thedelegationisabletoprovidesomevaluableinformationwithinaveryshorttime,whichsignificantlyassiststheCommitteesunderstandingofthesituationfacedbywomeninBulgaria.However,theCommitteenotesthatthedelegationhasfailedtoaddressmanyofthequestionstransmittedtotheGovernmentofBulgariabythepresessionworkinggroupandthatsomeofthoseposedarenotaddressedindepth.Inaddition,manyofthequestionsthathavebeenraisedbymembersoftheCommitteeduringtheϜdelegationsoralpresentationhavenotbeenrespondedto.TheCommitteeappreciatesthetimeconstraintsimposed,butnonethelessrequeststhatallthosequestionsbeansweredinthenextreport.e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0  0xPositiveaspectse info ͇ O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3-!(xx         225. x TheCommitteecommendsBulgariaforwithdrawing C"* itsreservationtoarticle29oftheConvention.226. x TheCommitteenotesthattheBulgarianconstitution !$w- enshrinesformalequalitybetweenwomenandmen.227. x TheCommitteenotesthewillingnessoftheBulgarian %U 0 Government,expressedinfrequentoralstatements,toimprove,inaccordancewiththeConvention,thedefactoanddejuresituationofwomeninBulgaria,whocurrently W("3 carryadisproportionateshareoftheburdenassociatedwiththeradicalpoliticalandeconomicchangesinthecountry.228. x TheCommitteenoteswithgreatpleasurethechanges *S%7 implementedinBulgariainrecentyearsthathavebroughtaboutrespectforhumanrightsandfundamentalfreedoms. ,&9 Inparticular,theCommitteewelcomestheGovernmentsrecognitionthatdemocracywillnotbeachievedwithoutthefullandequalparticipationofwomenindecisionmakingandallotherareasoflife.229.  TheCommitteewelcomestheGovernmentsproposed  n> establishmentofombudspersonforhumanrightswhowillalsomonitorwomensrightsandequalityissues.TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthedelegatescommentsrecognizingtheimportanceofensuringthattheombudspersonhasadequateresourcesandisgivenaclearmandatetoaddressgenderissues.230.  TheCommitteecommendsBulgariaontheadoption 4 F ofanationalactionplantoimplementtheBeijingDeclarationandthePlatformforAction.TheCommitteeisalsopleasedthateffortshavebeenmadetoestablishabodytomonitortheimplementationoftheplan,namelytheintergovernmentalcommission.ThecommentsofthedelegatethatanappropriateplacewillsoonbefoundforthecommissionduringtheongoingprocessofadministrativereformarenotedandtheCommitteelooksforwardtotheprovisionoffurtherinformationonthatpointintheStateϜpartysnextreport.e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Factorsanddifficultiesaffectingthe OS implementationoftheConventione kinfo ! O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3mT##         231.  TheCommitteenotesthedifficulteconomicand -V politicalprocessBulgariaisundergoinginitstransformationtodemocracyandamarketorientedsociety.232.  TheCommitteeconsidersthatpreviousideological )Z positions,includingtheformerinsistenceonformalorde [ jureequality,nowtendstoimpedeaproperunderstanding c\ ofthecomplexissueofdiscrimination,suchasstructuralandindirectdiscrimination,whichfurthercompoundsthesituationofthedefactoinequalityofwomen.233.  TheCommitteeconsidersthatthepersistenceofthe !'a emphasisonwomensroleasmothers,togetherwiththeextensiveprotectionprovidedtowomenasmothers,tendtoperpetuatesexrolestereotypesandreducethefathersroleandresponsibilityintheupbringingofthechildren.ThismakesitdifficultfortheGovernmenttopromotenewconceptsofmensandwomensroleswithoutappearingtointerfere,onceagain,withindividualchoicesanddesires.e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Principalsubjectsofconcerne info Ș O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3(@#k##         234.  TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatthe *V$m GovernmentofBulgariaapparentlylacksanunderstandingofparagraph1ofarticle4oftheConvention.AsembodiedintheConvention,special,temporarymeasuresoraffirmativeactionmeanstheestablishmentofprogrammes  -v'q thatadvantagewomenmorethanmen.Theyrequireunderminingformalequalityforacertainperiodoftimeinordertoachievedefactoequalityinthelongterm.ThereferencebytherepresentativeoftheGovernmentofBulgariatoearlierretirementageforwomenthanmenisnotregardedasameasureofaffirmativeaction.235. x Whilewelcomingtheestablishmentofacommission   tomonitortheimplementationofthenationalactionplan,theCommitteenotestheprevalenceofwomenintheDepartmentofForeignAffairsandagreesthatitiscommendabletoseektheinvolvementofwomenintheCommission.However,theCommitteefeelsthatafailuretohousethecommissionwithinanappropriateframeworkinthegovernmentalstructuremayimpairtheimplementationoftheConvention.236. x WhiletheCommitteenotesthefactthattheBulgarian T  constitutioncontainstheprincipleofequalitybetweenwomenandmen,itisconcernedthattheconstitutiondoesnotcontainadefinitionofdiscriminationmodelledonarticle1oftheConvention.237. x TheCommitteeisconcernedthattheGovernmentof 4 BulgariahasnottakenanystepstotranslatetheprovisionsoftheConventionintonationallegislation.238. x TheCommitteeisconcernedthattherearenospecial 0 lawsaimedatbringingaboutwomensdefactoaswellas  dejureequalityandthattheGovernmenthasnot j demonstratedacommitmenttointroducespecial,temporarymeasuresinthenearfuture.239. x TheCommitteenotesthatthereportsdonotreflectany f! governmentstrategyregardinganationalmachinerytoaddresswomensissuesandtoimplementtheConvention.Itisconcernedthatvaluabletimehasbeenlostinestablishingsuchamachineryandintegratingagenderdimensionintoallpolicies,whichtheCommitteedeemsespeciallyimportantduringtimesofradicalsocietalandeconomicchange.InformationprovidedintheoralpresentationabouttheestablishmentofanintergovernmentalcommissiontocoordinatethenationalactionplanonϜwomensissuesprovidessomeclarification,althoughthegoalsofthenationalactionplan,itstimetableandtheresourcescommittedtoitsimplementationremainunclear.TheCommitteeremainsconcernedthatcurrentlythereappearstobenostrongnationalmachinery.240. x TheCommitteeisparticularlyalarmedbythe )l#1 overwhelmingnumberofpeoplelivingbelowthepovertylineinBulgaria,whichthedelegationstatestobeapproximately80percent.Thisisofconcern,aswomen,andinparticularelderlywomen,aremostlikelytobeadverselyaffectedbypoverty. ,T'6 Ї241.  TheCommitteeisveryconcernedthatlargenumbers 6 ofhighlyeducatedwomeninBulgariaareexcludedfromdecisionmakingprocessesandhencetheirskillsarenotfullyharnessedforthedevelopmentofthecountry.242.  TheCommitteeidentifiestheproblemofviolence  n; againstwomeninBulgaria,bothinthepublicandprivatespheres,asoneofitsdominantconcerns.Someinformationhasbeenprovidedinresponsetothequestionsofthepresessionworkinggroup,buttheCommitteequestionswhethertheGovernmentsresponsibility(flowingfromtheratificationoftheConventionandinaccordancewiththeϜCommitteesGeneralRecommendation19)fortakingmeasurestoaddresstheproblematalllevelsarefullyacknowledged.TheCommitteeexpressesconcernatthefactthatlegalproceedingsfordomesticviolencemayonlybeinitiateduponthecomplaintofthevictim.243.  Althoughsomeinformationisprovidedaboutmeasures  H tocombattraffickinginwomen,theCommitteeremainsconcernedabouttheadequacyoftheresponsesofar.TheCommitteeisconcernedabouttheextentoftheproblem,regardingbothBulgarianwomenwhoareledintoprostitutioninotherEuropeancountriesbyorganizedcrime,aswellaswomenfromothercountrieswhohavefallenintoprostitutioninBulgaria.TheCommitteenotestheϜGovernmentsundertakingtogiveprioritytointernationalcooperationonthisissueandlooksforwardtoinformationabouttheprogressachievedintheStatepartysnextreport.244.  TheCommitteeisveryconcernedaboutthe T unemploymentrateforwomeninBulgaria.ItisalsoconcernedaboutthefactthattheGovernmentprovidescontradictoryinformationonwhetherwomensunemploymentishigherthanthatofmen.Itisclear,however,that,despitetheirhighlevelofeducation,unemploymentamongstBulgarianwomenwarrantstheseriousattentionandeffortsoftheBulgarianGovernment.245.  Althoughthedelegationdescribessomemeasuresthat :"] havebeentakentoimprovethesituationofRomachildren,theCommitteeisconcernedabouttheveryhighrateofnonparticipationofthosechildreninschools.Theneedtoprovideincentivesforchildrentostayinschoolandtoeducatetheirparentsastotheimportanceofcontinuedschoolingisemphasized.246.  Thereportsdescribeanextremelyhighrateofinduced (V"e abortionamongwomen,inparticularyoungwomen,inBulgaria.TheCommitteeexpressesalarmthatabortionappearstobeusedasamethodoffamilyplanning.Althoughthedelegationprovidessomeadditionalinformationinitsoralpresentation,theCommitteeremainsconcernedaboutthemeasurestakentoensurethatwomenhaveproperaccess ,'k tocontraceptives.TheCommitteeisalsoconfusedaboutthecausesoftherisingrateofoutofwedlockbirthsandrequestsfurtherinformationonthatpoint.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedthattheGovernmentdoesnothavedata,disaggregatedbysex,ondrugdependencyandvenerealdisease,includingHIV/AIDS.247. x TheCommitteebelievesithasbeenprovidedwith   inadequateinformationonthesituationofruralwomenandtheextenttowhichtheyhavebenefitedfromagrarianandothertypesofreformintheruralsector.248. x TheCommitteeexpressesconcernthatinformationhas l  notbeenprovidedonthesocial,economicandpoliticalstatusofwomenofdifferentethnicandreligiousminoritiesinBulgaria.249. x TheCommitteerequeststheGovernmentofBulgaria   toaddressinitsnextreportallthequestionsraisedbymembersofthepresessionworkinggroup,aswellasallthequestionsraisedbymembersoftheCommitteeduringtheoralpresentationwhichhavenotbeenanswered.Inaddition,theCommitteerequeststhatparticularattentionshouldbepaidtoanddetaileddescriptionsprovidedofmeasurestochangetheprevailingattitudesandpolicieswithregardtoϜwomensroleinthehome,toremovestereotypesfromschoolbooksandfromotherfacetsoftheeducationsystem,soastoovercomethelegal,economicandsocialproblemsoffemaleheadsofhouseholdswithchildren,tocombatallformsofdiscriminationagainstwomeninemploymentandtoimprovewomensaccesstofreelegalaidandthestandardoflivingofruralwomen.250. x TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttointroducea ! definitionofdiscriminationmodelledonarticle1oftheConventionintoitsconstitutionandotherrelevantlaws.251. x TheCommitteerecommendsthat,despitetheeconomic 0 % difficultiesassociatedwithtransition,theGovernmentgiveprioritytotheestablishmentofastrongandeffectivenationalmachinerywithadequatefinancialandhumanresourcesforadvancingthepositionofwomeninBulgaria.SpecialattentionshouldbegiventowherethismachineryshouldbeplacedwithintheGovernmentstructuretomakeitaseffectiveaspossible.TheCommitteenotesthatcountriesundergoingtransitionhaveauniquepoliticalopportunitytoimprovethesituationofwomenasanintegralpartofthesuccessfultransitiontodemocracyandafreemarketeconomy.Theycantherebyavoidtheentrenchmentofstructuraldiscriminationandtheneedforfurtherfundamentalchangesinthefuture.252. x TheCommitteerecommendsthat,astheGovernment n+%4 embarksupontheprocedureofsettingupanappropriatenationalmachineryforthepromotionofwomensrights, ,T'6 recoursebehadtotheexperienceofotherEuropeanGovernmentsthathavebeenthroughthesameprocedureinthepast.TheCommitteerequeststhatmoreinformationbeprovidedontheimplementationofthenationalactionplanintheStatepartysnextreport.253.  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmentofBulgariato  6< appointanombudsperson,inaccordancewiththecurrentproposalbeforeParliament.TheCommitteefurtherurgestheGovernmenttoensurethatsufficientresourcesbeallocatedtoenabletheofficetofunctioneffectively.Theombudspersonshouldalsobeprovidedwithaclearmandatetoaddressgenderissues.254.  TheCommitteestronglyrecommendsthattemporary,  D specialmeasures,inaccordancewithparagraph1ofarticle4oftheConvention,beadoptedinallnecessaryareas,particularlyintheareasofemploymentandpoliticaldecisionmaking,toacceleratethedefactosituationofequalityforwomeninBulgaria.TheCommitteesuggeststhattheGovernmentgivefurtherconsiderationtothenatureandroleofaffirmativeaction.ExpertsoftheCommitteecouldbecalledupontoprovidefurtherinformationandassistancetotheGovernmentinthatrespect.255.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatlegislativemeasures O protectingwomenagainstallformsofviolence,bothpublicandprivate,bestrengthened.Inparticular,provisionshouldbemadefortheprosecutionofoffendersevenintheabsenceofacomplaintbythevictim.TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttodevelopanarrayofmedical,psychologicalandothermeasurestoassistwomenvictimsofviolenceandtochangeprevailingattitudestodomesticviolence,whichviewitasaprivateproblem,andtoencouragewomentoseekredress.Arangeofstrategiesareavailable,includingtheutilizationofpopularmusic,theatreandsoon,withthecooperationofcivilsociety,includingwomensorganizations.TheCommitteerequeststhattheGovernmentofBulgariaincludeinformationonstepstakentoaddressdomesticviolenceinitsnextreport.256.  TheCommitteeencouragesBulgariatoimplementits # _ intentiontocooperateattheregionalandinternationallevelswithregardtotheproblemoftraffickinginwomenandtheirexploitationthroughprostitution.TheCommitteesuggeststhat,inordertotackletheproblemoftraffickinginwomen,itisessentialtoaddresswomenseconomicvulnerability,whichistherootcauseoftheproblem.Inaddition,nationallegislationshouldbereviewedandamendedinaccordancewiththeConvention,effectiveadministrativeandpolicestructuresneedtobecreated,mediasensitizationandtrainingcampaignsconductedandtheworkofwomensnongovernmentalorganizationsinthisareapromoted.TheCommitteealsorequeststhattheGovernmentofBulgaria *-'k includeinitsnextreportyearlydataonthenumberofwomentraffickedintoBulgariaandthenumberofthosewomenwhohavebeenreturnedtotheircountriesoforigin,aswellasthenumberofwomentraffickedoutofBulgariatoothercountriesandthenumberofpeopleengagedintraffickingwhohavebeenarrested,prosecutedandsentenced.257. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmentof p  Bulgariadevelopappropriatemeasurestoaddresspovertyamongstwomen,particularlythemostvulnerablewomen,includingelderlywomen,womenwithchildrenandwomenwithdisabilities.258. x TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmentofBulgariato   undertakeeffortstocollectstatisticalinformationonthesocial,economicandpoliticalstatusofwomenofdifferentethnicminoritiesandtoensurethatsuchdataisavailabletotheCommitteeinthenextperiodicreport.259. x TheCommitteerecommendsthatspecialmeasuresbe 2 takentoencouragewomentobecomeentrepreneurs.Trainingshouldbeprovidedandmeasurestakentofacilitateaccesstocreditandloansforwomen,inparticularruralwomen.TheCommitteerequeststhatthenextreportprovidedetailedinformationontheinvolvementofwomenineconomicoperations,includinginformationaboutdiscriminatorypracticesagainstwomeninemploymentandmeasurestakentocounteractsuchpractices.260. x TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttofacilitate 2 consultationsbetweenBulgarianwomensnongovernmentalorganizationsandotherEuropeanwomensnongovernmentalorganizations,inordertodiscussBulgarianϜwomensissuesandreceiveanynecessaryassistance.261. x TheCommitteerequeststhewidedisseminationin h$ BulgariaofthepresentconcludingcommentsinordertomakethepeopleofBulgaria,andparticularlyitsGovernmentadministratorsandpoliticians,awareofthestepsthathavebeentakentoensuredefactoequalityforwomenandthefurtherstepsrequiredinthisregard.ItalsorequeststheGovernmentofBulgariatocontinuetodisseminatewidely,inparticulartowomensandhumanrightsorganizations,theConvention,theCommitteesgeneralrecommendationsandtheBeijingDeclarationandthePlatformforAction.& D S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3      x IndonesiaS:a2ofw  XXXX O4X X#idV 3 ("1         262. x TheCommitteeconsideredthecombinedsecondand P*$4 'D(&thirdperiodicreportsofIndonesia(CEDAW/C/IDN/2-3)atits377thmeeting,on2February1998(seeCEDAW/C/SR.377). 3-'8 263.  Inintroducingthereports,therepresentativestatedthat 8 intermsofIndonesiasStateideology,thePancasila,and r9 the1945constitution,aswellastheBasicGuidelinesofStatePolicyof1978,womensrighttoequalitywasexplicitlyguaranteed.However,thedefactosituationisthatwomenremainunequaltomenintermsofrightsandopportunitiesbecauseofacombinationoftraditionalandculturalpracticesandcertainlawsthatarecontrarytothespirit,ifnottheletter,oftheprincipleofequality.Theviewthatthemanistheheadofthefamilyandthewomanthemanagerofthehouseholdreflectsthis.264.  TheGovernmentofIndonesiaestablishedanational D machineryin1978,wellbeforeitsratificationoftheConventionin1984.Initscurrentform,thenationalmachineryconsistsofaStateMinistryfortheRoleofWomen,whichoperatesatboththenationalandprovinciallevelsandhasresponsibilityforpolicyformulation,coordination,consultation,advocacy,monitoringandevaluationofthestatusandoftheroleofwomenindevelopment.265.  Therepresentativereportedthatin1994theState <N MinistryhadestablishedaPlanningandForeignAffairsUnittoenhanceitscoordinatingandadvocacycapacity.Itsresearchandoutreachworkwasbeingfacilitatedthroughtheestablishmentofwomensstudiescentresatinstitutionsofhigherlearning.Also,asafirststepinengenderingthenationaldevelopmentplan,theGovernmenthaddevelopedaprofileofthestatusandroleofwomeninallsectorsofdevelopment.Therepresentativenotedthat,inspiteofthatprogress,thenationalmachinerywasstillunderresourced,bothfinanciallyandintermsofhumanresources.266.  AsafollowuptotheBeijingConference,the "Z Governmenthadlaunchedanationalmovement-theOutlookofHarmoniousGenderPartnershipbetweenMenandWomenintheFamily,SocietyandDevelopment-withaviewtoinculcatingvaluesofequalityinthecitizenry.IthadalsotranslatedthePlatformforActionandtheConventionintolocallanguages.However,therepresentativereportedthattheparticularfocusoftheGovernmentwasonthefourcoreareasofpovertyeradication,education,healthandempowerment.267.  Inthesphereofpoliticaldecisionmaking,the &@!e representativenotedthateventhoughtherewerenolegalbarrierstowomensparticipation,itremainedlowbecauseoftraditionalattitudes.TheGovernmentintendedtoaddressthesituationthroughconsultationwithdifferentsectoralministries,institutions,non-governmentalorganizationsandpoliticalparties.  %,{&l 268. x Indonesiadidnotyethavespecificlawsand   regulationsrelatingtotraffickinginwomen,butitwasproposingtoundertaketherehabilitationofwomenvictims.Likewise,itwasalsoproposingtodealwiththespecificissuesofwomenshumanrightswithinthegeneralcontextofhumanrightsviolationsthroughthenewlyestablishedindependentNationalCommissiononHumanRights.Therewasnospecificframeworkfordealingwithviolenceagainstwomen.ProstitutionwasformallybannedbytheGovernment,butsinceitspracticethroughtheageshadprovedverydifficulttoeradicate,theGovernmentofIndonesiahadtakenstepstolocalizeprostitution,thatis,toleavethepracticeonlywithinspecificallyauthorizedareas.TheGovernmentwasalsomakingeffortstorehabilitatewomeninvolvedinprostitution.269. x Indonesiawasasourceofconsiderablemigrantlabour   forherneighboursandtheMiddleEast.Themajorityofthoseworkerswerewomen,mostlyfromruralbackgrounds.Theytendedtofaceproblems,includingviolationofrights,suchastortureandrape.TheGovernmenthadestablishedacomputerizedsystemtomonitorthemobilityofwomenoverseasandwasintensifyingthepre-departuretrainingofwomen.270. x TherepresentativestatedthatIndonesiawouldbe > takingconcretemeasurestorevisegenderdiscriminatorylegislation,toratifyUnitedNationshumanrightstreatiesandtosensitizethecourtswithregardtosexualoffenders.EqualrightstoinheritancebetweenwomenandmenhadbeenestablishedinaSupremeCourtjudgementin1960andpolygamyhadbeenoutlawed.However,theprevalenceofsocio-culturalvaluesandtraditionalnormsreducetheimpactofthelegalframework.271. x Therepresentativereportedthatthecurrenteconomic # crisisaffectsbothwomenandmen,althoughtheGovernmenthastakenmeasuresatboththecentralandregionallevelstoprovideforequalaccesstoemploymentfordisadvantagedwomen,inadditiontoexistingeffortstoencourageentrepreneurshipandaccesstoresourcessuchaslandandcredit.272. x Finally,theGovernmentintendstopursueits Z%+ commitmenttotheadvancementofwomenondifferentfrontsandhassetitselfgoalsanddeadlines,includingthereductionofthematernalmortalityratebytheendof2018andtheneareradicationofilliteracyby1999.TheGovernmentintendstoenhancethestatusandroleofwomenindevelopmentasitseekstoachieveajustandprosperoussociety.  ]+%3 & Z   S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    0 x 0x#x#ConcludingcommentsoftheCommitteeS:aofw  XXXX O4X X#idV 33##         e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Introductione nor  O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3^6##         273.  TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthecombined t8 'ZsecondandthirdperiodicreportsofIndonesia,whicharefrank,detailedanddemonstrateadesiretomovetheϜwomensagendaforward.274.  Nonetheless,theCommitteeexpressesdisappointment  8= thatchangehasnottakenplaceasfastasitshouldhaveinIndonesiaandthatmanyoftheproblemsthathavebeenidentifiedduringconsiderationoftheStatepartysinitialreportremainunresolved.275.  TheCommitteeappreciatestheGovernmentsefforts n C toaddressthelargenumberofquestionsposedbythepre-sessionworkinggroup.Theadditionalinformationprovidedbythedelegationintheoralpresentationraisesaseriesoffurtherquestions.e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    &  0 x 0x#x#Positiveaspectse !nor  O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3/J##         276.  TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthatthe EL 'ConventionformspartofthedomesticlawofIndonesiaandhasbeencitedbeforecourtsindiscriminationcases.277.  TheCommitteeispleasedtolearnthattheIndonesian P GovernmenthasaddressedtheimplementationoftheBeijingPlatformforActionthroughtheintroductionofanIndonesianNationalActionPlan.278.  TheCommitteeexpressesapprovalofthefactthat YU IndonesiahasestablishedaMinistryfortheRoleofWomeninthe1970s,evenbeforeitsratificationoftheConvention.ThecreationofwomensstudiescentresisalsoconsideredtobeasignificantachievementbytheGovernment.279.  TheCommitteeispleasedtonotetheroleofwomens 9 [ non-governmentalorganizationsinIndonesia,whichhaveahistoryofstrongandeffectiveaction.280.  TheCommitteerecognizesthesuccessofthe "5_ МGovernmentsfamilyplanningprogramme.TheCommitteeviewsthisasanexampleoftheGovernmentsabilitytotakehighlyeffectivestepstoimprovethesituationofwomen.However,someconcernisexpressedthatthefocusoftheprogrammeissopredominantlyuponwomen,andCommitteemembersemphasizetheneedalsototakeintoaccountmensresponsibilityforfamilyplanning.  m)#h TRX3'"Letter (Portrait)X3'"Letter (Portrait)3'"Letter (Portrait)3'"Letter (Portrait)T    XXg!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A x& e3q !?&'^) ./,15k78= O4 O4 O4 O4 33        & 2TRX3'SS7 gT d d711^ 22^ VV  T!& n 4jC NH-6789:   NH-6789:C   O4 O4 O4 O4#idid 33          11d x& e3q !?&'^) ./,15k78=9?!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A& 2SS55  e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0  0xFactorsanddifficultiesaffectingthe  implementationoftheConventione nor  O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3rxx         281. x TheCommitteenotesthecurrenteconomiccrisisin  'nIndonesiaandurgestheGovernmentnottoallowittobecomeajustificationforfailingtoimplementtheConvention.282. x TheCommitteeisconvincedthattheexistenceof  L culturalattitudesthatconfinewomentotherolesofmothersandhousewivespresentsagreatobstacletotheadvancementofwomen.Policiesandprogrammesdevelopedonthebasisofthosestereotypeslimitwomensparticipationandentitlements,therebyimpedingimplementationoftheConvention.TheCommitteeexpressestheviewthatculturalandreligiousvaluescannotbeallowedtounderminetheuniversalityofwomensrights.ItalsostateditsbeliefthatcultureisnotastaticconceptandthatthecorevaluesinIndonesiansocietyarenotinconsistentwiththeadvancementofwomen.283. x TheCommitteenotesIndonesiasfailuretocollectdata  oncertainissuesthatarecrucialtothewellbeingofwomen,suchastheprevalenceofviolenceagainstwomen.Withoutsuchdata,neithertheGovernmentnortheCommitteecanaccuratelymonitorthesituationofwomensequalityinIndonesiaandtheCommitteecouldnotofferrecommendationsastowhatmeasuresmightbetakentocombattheproblem.e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0  0xPrincipalareasofconcerne line 5  O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3xx         284. x TheCommitteeisveryconcernedattheexistenceof )! lawsthatarenotinaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheConvention.Itnotesthatdiscriminationagainstwomenexistsinlawsregarding:  x (a)  Familyandmarriage,includingpolygamy;age A & formarriage;divorceandtherequirementthatawifeobtainherhusbandsconsentforapassport;  x (b)  Economicrights,includingownershipand "=* inheritanceofland;accesstoloansandcredits;entitlementtosocial,healthandotherbenefitsinthelaboursectorandtherequirementthatawifeobtainherhusbandsconsentfornightemployment;  x (c)  Health,includingtherequirementthatthewife 's!0 obtainherhusbandsconsentwithregardtosterilizationorabortion,evenwhenherlifeisindanger.285. x TheCommitteealsoexpressesconcernthatthereisno )$4 cleardefinitionofdiscriminationmodelledonarticle1oftheConventionintheconstitutionorothernationallaws.286. x TheCommitteeispleasedtonotetheeradicationof i,&8 discriminationatthedejurelevelinanumberofareas, 1-'9 includinginheritance,butitremainsconcernedabouthowequalthesituationactuallyisinpracticeandhowmanywomenbenefitfromtheapplicationofcivillaw.287.  TheCommitteewasinformedthatMuslimsmay P= choosewhetherIslamicorcivillawistobeappliedtothem.However,theCommitteeisconcernedastowhodecidesthisissue,andtowhatextentMuslimwomenareabletochoosetohavecivillawappliedtotheiraffairsratherthanIslamiclaw.288.  TheCommitteeexpressesconcernthatmarriages N D betweenpartnersofdifferentreligionsareprohibiteddefactoincertainregionsofIndonesia.289.  TheCommitteeexpressesgreatconcernaboutexisting J H social,religiousandculturalnormsthatrecognizemenastheheadofthefamilyandbreadwinnerandconfinewomentotherolesofmotherandwife,whicharereflectedinvariouslaws,Governmentpoliciesandguidelines.ItisunclearwhatstepstheGovernmentisproposingtotaketomodifysuchattitudes,whichpresentaseriousobstacletotheadvancementofwomeninIndonesia.Traditionalgenderstereotypesarealsoperpetuatedinformaleducation;andtextbookshavenotbeenrevisedtoeliminatesuchstereotypes.290.  TheCommitteeexpressesconcernthatthefull 0T implementationoftheIndonesiannationalplanofaction,whichrepresentsIndonesiasfollowuptoitscommitmentsattheFourthWorldConferenceonWomen,mightbeimpededbyprevailingreligiousandculturalnormsthatconstitutethebackdroptoIndonesiaslegalandpolicyeffortstowardswomensequality.291.  TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutwomenslowrates \ ofparticipationineducation,aswellasthehighlevelofilliteracyamongwomen,especiallyintheruralareas.ItnotesthateducationisabasichumanrightandthatwhiletheStatehasmadesomeeffortstofacilitatetheeducationofpoorbutgiftedchildren,theCommitteeremainsconcernedabouttheaccesstoeducationofallchildren,includingthosefromminoritygroups.292.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthattheinformation .%e provideddemonstratesthatwomenarestillemployedinlowerpaidandlowerskilledwork.Itnoteswithconcernthatthepredominantviewappearstobethatmarriedwomenmightprovidesupplementalincomeforafamily,butthatthereisverylittleemphasisontherightofwomentodevelopacareeroftheirown.293.  TheCommitteeisseriouslyconcernedaboutthelack *J%m ofadequatelawstoaddressviolenceagainstwomen,aswellasthelackofsystematicsexdisagreggateddatacollection ,&o anddocumentationontheextent,formsandprevalenceofviolenceagainstwomeninIndonesia.294. x TheCommitteeisgravelyconcernedaboutinformation  ithasreceivedwithregardtoviolationsofwomenshumanrightsinEastTimor.295. x TheCommitteeisconcernedthattheinformation .  providedonthesituationofwomeninareasofarmedconflictreflectsalimitedunderstandingoftheproblem.TheGovernmentsremarksareconfinedtotheparticipationofwomeninthearmedforcesanddonotaddressthevulnerabilityofwomentosexualexploitationinconflictsituations,aswellasarangeofotherhumanrightsabusesaffectingwomeninsuchcontexts.296. x TheCommitteenotestheinformationonthesituation   ofmigrantwomen,whichhasbeenpresentedintheformofasupplementtothereport.However,theCommitteeremainsconcernedthatthisdoesnotincludediscussionofreportsofthedeathasaresultofmistreatmentandabusesofIndonesianmigrantwomenabroad,aswellascasesoftraffickingforthepurposesofprostitution.ItisconcernedthattheGovernmentlacksthemechanismstorespondtoabusesofIndonesianwomenabroad.297. x TheCommitteeisgravelyconcernedaboutreported h casesofcoercioninthecourseoftheimplementationofthefamilyplanningprogramme.TheCommitteepointsoutthatsuchcoercioncontravenestheGovernmentsobligationsundertheConventiontoensurewomensreproductiverightstofreedomofchoiceandinformedconsentwithrespecttomethodsoffamilyplanning.298. x TheCommitteeisconcernedthatlimitedinformation ." hasbeenprovidedontheproblemofHIV/AIDS.Thereisnodataontheextentoftheproblem,ratesofincreaseoranysexdisaggregateddata.TheCommitteeisparticularlyconcernedthattheproblemofHIV/AIDSisbeingattributedtowomeninprostitution.Concernisalsoexpressedaboutprogrammesdesignedto cleanthecitystreetsofprostituteswheneverthereisamajorinternationaleventinJakarta.InformationprovidedtotheCommitteebyothersourcessuggeststhatwomentakenoffthestreetshavebeensubjectedtoforcedvaginalexaminations.299. x TheCommitteeisseriouslyconcernedabouttheextent &!. ofunemploymentamongstwomen,particularlythosefromfemaleheadedhouseholds,inthelightofthecurrenteconomiccrisis.Itisalsoconcernedaboutwagedisparitiesbetweenfemaleandmaleworkers,jobsegregationintheworkforce,withwomendisproportionatelyoccupyinglowskilledandlowpayingjobs,aswellaswomensunequalaccesstosocialsecurity,employmentandhealthbenefits. ,'6 300.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthatnotenoughisbeing 6 donetoaddresstheissueofprostitutionandtraffickinginwomenasenvisagedinarticle6oftheConvention.Itisalsoconcernedthatnotenoughisbeingdonetoassistthesewomenthroughsocioeconomicandhealthprogrammesandthatpreventivemeasuresandresocializationeffortsareaimedprincipallyatprostitutesanddonotaddressmaleclients.S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    0 x 0x#x#SuggestionsandrecommendationsS:a'Gove J( XXXX O4X X#idV 3N A##         301.  TheCommitteerecommendsthat,initsnextreport,the X D GovernmentofIndonesiafullydescribetheresultsofallmeasurestoimplementtheBeijingPlatformforActionasdescribedintheIndonesianNationalPlanofActionandtheOutlookofHarmoniousGenderPartnershipbetweenMenandWomenintheFamily,SocietyandDevelopment.TheCommitteealsorecommendsthattheIndonesianGovernmenttakeaccountoftheCommitteesremarksonreligiousandculturalvaluesandtheireffectontheimplementationoftheseinitiatives.302.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmenttake  vO appropriatemeasurestomitigatethenegativeimpactthatthecurrenteconomiccrisismayhaveonwomeninIndonesia,particularlyintheareasofeducation,healthandemployment.303.  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttocollect,asa VU matterofpriority,dataontheextent,causesandconsequencesoftheproblemofviolenceagainstwomeninIndonesia.TheCommitteealsoemphasizestheneedforthegendersensitizationofauthorities,includingthejudiciary,lawenforcementofficers,lawyers,socialworkers,healthprofessionalsorotherswhoaredirectlyinvolvedincombatingviolenceagainstwomen.304.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmentgive !:^ prioritytohasteningthepaceofprogressonwomensissuesinIndonesia.TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttotakestrongermeasurestoaddressthecontradictionthatcurrentlyexistsbetweentheGovernmentsstatedcommitmenttotheprinciplescontainedintheConventionandtheactualsituationfacingwomeninIndonesia.305.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatinIndonesiasfourth '"f periodicreporteffortsbemadetoconsolidatethewrittenreplieswithotherpartsofthepresentation,toavoidoverlapandtoenabletheCommitteetospendmoretimeindialoguewiththeStateparty.TheCommitteealsorequeststhatthereportpayparticularattentiontothepriorityareasidentifiedinthequestionsoftheCommittee. ,;'m 306. x TheCommitteerequeststhatinitsnextreport,the  GovernmentofIndonesiaprovideinformationaboutgovernmentsupportedwomensstudiesprogrammesandcentres.TheCommitteealsorequestsinformationonGovernmenteffortstorevisetextbookstoreflectvaluesofgenderequality.307. x TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttotake   immediatestepstoeradicatethepracticeofpolygamyinIndonesiaandtochangetheotherdiscriminatorylawsidentifiedbytheCommitteeinparagraph284above.308. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmenttake l  stepstoensurethatwomeninIndonesiahavetherighttofreechoiceofspouseasprovidedforinarticle16,subparagraph1(b),oftheConvention.309. x TheCommitteerecommendsthatappropriatemeasures   betakentoensurethatwomeninEastTimorarenotsubjecttoviolationsoftheirhumanrights.310. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment * addresstheissueoftraffickinginwomenandprostitution,inaccordancewitharticle6oftheConvention,andestablish,interalia,socioeconomicandhealthprogrammestoassist  womeninthiscontext.311. x TheCommitteerequeststhewidedisseminationin ` IndonesiaofthepresentconcludingcommentsinordertomakethepeopleofIndonesia,andparticularlyitsgovernmentadministratorsandpoliticians,awareofthestepsthathavebeentakentoensuredefactoequalityforwomenandthefurtherstepsrequiredinthisregard.ItalsorequeststheGovernmenttocontinuetodisseminatewidely,andinparticulartowomensandhumanrightsorganizations,theConvention,theCommitteesgeneralrecommendationsandtheBeijingDeclarationandthePlatformforAction.S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    ~~3.0 x Combinedsecond,thirdandfourth !( periodicreportsS:a9made L: XXXX O4X X#idV 3v")xx         S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    0  0xDominicanRepublicS:a;ate < XXXX O4X X#idV 3*$,xx         312. x TheCommitteeconsideredthesecond,thirdandfourth %4 / periodicreportsoftheDominicanRepublic(CEDAW/C/DOM/23andCEDAW/C/DOM/4)atits379thand380thmeetings,on3February1998(seeCEDAW/C/SR.379and380).313. x Inintroducingthereports,therepresentativeofthe *j$5 DominicanRepublicnotedthat,sinceitsratificationbytheGovernmentin1982,theConventionontheEliminationof AllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomenhadbeenan l,&8 instrumentforDominicanwomentoovercometheirsubordinationandtochangethepatriarchalorder. 314.  Referringinparticulartothefourthperiodicreport,the ; representativedescribeditasaninstrumentofselfassessmentandstocktaking.Itprovidedanopportunityforassessingdevelopmentsthathadoccurredinvariousgovernmentalandsocietalsectorsandalsoforidentifyingobstaclesandareasforfurtherchange.315.  Amongprogressachievedinthelegalsphere,the  B representativenotedinparticulartheadoptionofalawagainstdomesticviolence(LeycontralaViolencia lD Intrafamilial).ShereferredtotheGovernmentsongoing 4 E effortstoputinplacepracticalmeasurestoensurecompliancewiththenewlaw,suchasawarenessandinformationcampaigns,trainingforlawenforcementofficersandthecreationofspecialunitstohandleviolencecomplaints.316.  Otherlegalmeasuresincludedtheadoptionofan 2L educationbillestablishingtheprincipleofequalityofopportunitybetweenthesexes,therevisionoftheelectorallawestablishingaquotaof25percentforwomencandidatesinmunicipalandcongressionalelectionsandtherevisionoftheagrarianreformlaw.Therepresentativealsonotedthattherewaswidespreadsupport,especiallyinthewomensmovement,forfurtherlegalreformaimedattheeliminationofdiscriminatoryprovisions,particularlyinthecivilcode,andfortheinclusionoftheprincipleofequalityintheconstitution.317.  Therepresentativepointedtothecreationofseveral X mechanismstoensureimplementationofthelegalandnormativeframeworkforwomen.ShenotedinparticularthestrengtheningoftheDirecci;nGeneraldePromoci;ndelaMujerthroughasubstantialincreaseinhumanandfinancialresources,combinedwithacommitmentinprincipletoelevatetheDirectoratetoasecretariatofstateorministryforwomensaffairs.Shealsopointedtotheestablishmentofanintersectoralcommitteeforthefollowupto,andimplementationof,theBeijingDeclarationandthePlatformforAction.318.  Whiletherehadbeenprogressinwomenspolitical %d andsocialparticipation,thiswasanareawherefurtherprogresswasneeded.Mostnotably,31percentofthejudgesoftheSupremeCourtofJusticewerewomen.TherehadalsobeenanincreaseinthenumberofwomenworkingintheForeignService.Whileimportantchangeshadalsotakenplaceintheareasofeducationforwomen,especiallyintermsoftheiraccesstoalllevelsofeducation,sexismpersistedintheprofessionalsphere.  s,&m 319. x TherepresentativeinformedtheCommitteethatthe   economicsituationofthecountrysincetheearly1990swascharacterizedbymacroeconomiccontrolandstabilizationefforts.PovertyremainedthemajorchallengeanditseradicationwasapriorityobjectivefortheGovernment.Sincepovertyaffectedwomeninparticularwaysandlimitedtheireconomicparticipationandaccesstoservices,specificprojectsforwomen,inparticularwomenheadsofhouseholds,formedpartoftheGovernmentspovertyeradicationefforts.320. x Therepresentativeconcludedthatthenew    Government,whichhadbeeninstalledinmid1996,hadembarkedonapolicyofreformandmodernization.Whiletheimpactofreformonthesituationofwomencouldnotyetbeevaluated,shenotedthattheDirecci;nGeneraldePromoci;ndelaMujerandthenationalwomensmovementremainedcommittedtoensuringthatagenderapproachwasreflectedinthosereforms.TheConventionwouldprovidecontinuingguidanceintothenextmillenniumonmeasurestoimprovethestatusofwomen.S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3     0 x ConcludingcommentsoftheCommitteeS:a|Oen 2P XXXX O4X X#idV 3Rxx         e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0  0xIntroductione Qen DR O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3xx         321. x TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentforthe  preparationofanewreportinlate1997,thatis,thefourthperiodicreport,whichisconsideredtogetherwithitssecondandthirdperiodicreportsubmittedin1993.ItwelcomesitasawellstructuredreportthatprovidesfrankandclearinformationonthesituationofwomenintheDominicanRepublic.TogetherwiththeexhaustiverepliesprovidedtotheCommitteesnumerousquestions,thepresentationgivesacomprehensiveviewoftheeffortsundertakenbythenewGovernment.ThisisindicativeofthepoliticalwilloftheGovernmenttocarryoutitscommitmentsunderinternationalhumanrightslaw,andespeciallyitsdesiretoachievefullcompliancewithitsobligationsundertheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen.322. x TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtothe %Z, GovernmentoftheDominicanRepublicforitslargeandhighleveldelegationheadedbytheMinisterforWomensAffairs,whichhasenabledtheCommitteetoobtainarealisticpictureofprogressmadeandofchallengesaheadintheachievementoftheequalrightsofwomen.& n e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0  0xPositiveaspectse WXmade  Y O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3*$4xx         323. x TheCommitteewelcomesthefactthatthe +%6 Government,whileundergoingaperiodofchange,reform'n*KXandmodernizationafterthelastelectionin1996,hasmade 3-'8 greateffortstoensurethesystematicinclusionofagenderperspectiveinitsnewpoliciesandprogrammes.ThecatalyticroleoftheDirecci;nGeneraldePromoci;ndelaMujerandofthewomensmovementinthisregardareparticularlynoted.324.  TheCommitteewelcomesthemanyimportant  6> initiativesandmeasuresundertakenindifferentareasbytheDirecci;nGeneralinashortperiodoftimeandcommendsitforitsongoingworkonanumberoflegislativedraftsaimedatrepealingorrevisingdiscriminatorylawsandprovisions.325.  TheCommitteenoteswithappreciationtheadoption 4 E ofseveralnewlawsandlegalrevisionstobringthedomesticsituationintogreaterconformitywiththeConvention.Inparticular,theCommitteeapplaudstheadoption,in1997,ofthelawagainstdomesticviolencefollowingthecountrysratification,in1995,oftheInterAmericanConventiononthePrevention,PunishmentandEradicationofViolenceagainstWomen(ConventionofBelmdoPar).TheCommitteefurthermorecommendstheGovernmentontheholisticandintegratedapproachitistakingtoaddresstheissueofviolenceagainstwomen,whichincludeslegislativemeasures,publicawarenesscampaigns,trainingandsensitizationmeasuresforlawenforcementofficialsandthejudiciary,andtheestablishmentofspecialunitstohandledomesticviolencecomplaints.326.  TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactiontherevisionof :U theagrarianreformlawgivingwomentherighttoinheritland,areformofparticularimportancetoruralwomen.ChangesintheEducationLawwerecommended,asistheestablishment,intheElectoralLaw,ofa25percentquotaforwomencandidatesinmunicipalandcongressionalelections.TheCommitteealsonoteswomensaboveaveragerepresentationinsecondaryandhighereducation.Whileilliteracycontinuestobeaconcern,therateoffemaleilliteracyislowerthanthatofmales,whichisanexceptionwhencomparedtothesituationofilliteracyinmostothercountries.327.  TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentfor $b devotingaspecialsectioninthefourthperiodicreporttowomenheadsofhouseholds,thusshowingitssensitivitytotheparticularconstraintsandvulnerabilitiesfacedbythisgroupofwomen,whichmakesuponefourthofallDominicanhouseholds.328.  TheCommitteecommendstheroleofnon )#i governmentalorganizationsandofthewomensmovementinawarenessraisingandinlobbyinglawmakersandtheGovernmenttofocusonwomensissues,andtheiractiveworkinprovidingservicestowomen. ,'m Ї329. x TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthe  establishmentofagovernmentalmechanismtofollowupandimplementthecommitmentsofthePlatformforAction.e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0  0xFactorsanddifficultiesaffectingthe 1 implementationoftheConventione fdim g O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3 xx         330. x TheCommitteenotesthepersistenceofahighpoverty   levelandofsituationsofextremepoverty,with57percentoftheDominicanpopulationlivingbelowthepovertyline.Aswomenaremostaffectedbypoverty,whichisaggravatedbydiscriminationandinequality,thisconstitutesaseriousobstacletothefullimplementationoftheConventionintheDominicanRepublic.331. x AlthoughtheDominicanRepublicisasecularState,   theCommitteenotestheabsence,inpractice,ofaclearseparationofChurchandState.TheCommitteeconsiderssuchaninterminglingofthesecularandreligiousspheresasaseriousimpedimenttofullimplementationoftheConvention.e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0  0xPrincipalareasofconcerne kdim l O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3^xx         332. x TheCommitteeexpressesconcernthat, t notwithstandinglegislativeachievements,discriminatoryprovisionscontinuetoexist,includinginthecivilcode,thenationalitylawandmarriageandfamilylaws,especiallyinareassuchastheadministrationofmaritalproperty.Discriminatoryprovisionsregardingunmarriedwomen,aswellassinglemothers,persistinsocialsecurityprovisionsandinlandinheritancerightsundertheagrarianreformlaw.TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthecontinuingabsenceoftheprincipleofequalityfromthecountrysconstitution.333. x TheCommitteeexpressesdeepconcernaboutthe <% economicconsequencesofwomenspoverty.Womensmigrationtourbanareasandtoforeigncountriesrenderthemsusceptibletosexualexploitation,includingtraffickingandsextourism,andprostitution.Thelackofcreationofjobsforwomeningrowthsectors,includinginthetourismindustry,contributestothehighpercentageofwomenmigratingabroadinsearchofwork.TheCommitteeisconcernedthatnotwithstandingthehighlevelofpovertyamongwomen,andespeciallyofwomenheadedhouseholds,noaffirmativeactionmeasuresarebeingtakentosupportwomenseffortstobreakthecycleofpoverty.334. x TheCommitteeexpressesconcernabouttherigid (@#2 socialcodesadheredtointhecountryandthepersistenceofmachismo,whichisreflectedinareassuchaswomenslowparticipationinpubliclifeanddecisionmaking,inthestereotypicalportrayalofwomensroleinthefamily,sociallifeandasegregatedlabourmarket.Emphasizingthatlegal ,('7 measuresalonearenotsufficient,theCommitteenotesthefailureoftheGovernmenttoundertakecomprehensiveandsystematicpublicawarenessandinformationcampaignstochangestereotypicalattitudesthataredetrimentaltowomensequality.335.  TheCommitteeexpressesconcernthat,whilecloseties  6= existbetweentheDirecci;nGeneraldePromoci;ndelaMujerandwomensgroups,insufficientcooperationandnetworkinghasbeenestablishedbetweentheDirecci;nGeneralandwomenindecisionmakinginallareasofpolitical,economicandsociallife.336.  TheCommitteeisdeeplyconcernedaboutthesituation 4 D ofwomenworkers.Whilethehighpercentageofwomenemployedinfreetradezonesislaudable,becauseitgivesthemafinancialfooting,womenworkerssufferconsiderablediscriminationinincomeandbenefits.TheCommitteenoteswithconcerntheabsenceofeffortsbytheGovernmenttoensureandenforcecompliancewithwage,benefitsandworkerssafetylaws,includingcompliancewithInternationalLabourOrganizationConventions.Womensoverallhighunemploymentrate,theparticularlyinsecuresituationofdomesticworkersandsinglemothersarealsoofconcerntotheCommittee.TheCommitteeisfurtherconcernedthatwomenoftenhavehigherlevelsofeducationthanmenbutarepaidlessthanmenforworkofequalvalue.337.  TheCommitteeexpressesdeepconcernwithrespect rS tothehighrateofmaternalmortalitywhichiscaused,asisnotedinthereport,bytoxaemia,haemorrhagesduringchildbirthandclandestineabortions;theCommitteealsonotesthattoxaemiamaybecausedbyinducedabortions.Thehighrateofmaternalmortality,inconjunctionwiththefactthatabortionsintheDominicanRepublicareabsolutelyandunderallcircumstancesillegal,causeverygreatconcerntotheCommitteeanddrawsattentiontotheimplicationsofthesituationforwomensenjoymentoftherighttolife.S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    0 x 0x#x#SuggestionsandrecommendationsS:a|eas } XXXX O4X X#idV 3P#`##         338.  TheCommitteeencouragestheGovernmenttoensure %Zc thattheimplementationofallprovisionsoftheConventionproceedswithoutobstaclesandrequeststheGovernmenttoincludeinitsnextreportdetailedinformationonthepracticalimplementationoftheConvention,emphasizingtheimpactofpoliciesandprogrammesaimedatachievingwomensequality.339.  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoprovidethe * %k Direcci;nGeneralwiththenecessaryauthorityandwithadequatehumanandfinancialresourcestoimplementspecialprogrammesforwomen,toinfluenceallgovernmental "-x'n decisionmakingandtoensurethatagenderperspectiveisconsistentlyappliedinallGovernmentpoliciesandprogrammes.340. x TheCommitteeencouragestheDirecci;nGeneral, P usingthemodeloftheHonoraryCommitteeofWomenAdviserstotheSenate,tointensifycooperationwithothersectorsandentitiesofcivil,politicalandeconomiclife,soastoensuremoresystematicattentiontogenderissuesintheseareas.341. x TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttomakewomen N   apriorityinitspovertyeradicationstrategy.Particularemphasisshouldbeplacedonthemainstreamingofagenderperspectiveinallpovertyeradicationeffortsandmeasuresshouldbetakentoensuretowomentheenjoymentoftheirrightsinsuchefforts.342. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment L  continueitseffortstomainstreamagenderperspectiveinallitsreforms.ItalsosuggeststhattheGovernmentidentifypriorityareasfortargetedactionsforwomen.Thereductionandeliminationofilliteracy,thecreationofjobsandtheimplementationoflabourlegislationandreformsaresuggestedforsuchpriorityattention.343. x TheCommitteeencouragestheGovernmentto h continuetogiveattentiontowomenheadsofhouseholdsandtoconductfurtherresearchintotheirsituationwithaviewtodevelopingsoundandeffectivepoliciesonstrengtheningtheirsocioeconomicsituationandthepreventionofpovertyandtoensurethatneededservicesandsupportareprovidedtosuchhouseholds.344. x TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoimprovethe ." collectionanduseofdatadisaggregatedbysex,sothatthestrongfactualbasisforthepictureofthedefactosituationofwomeninallareascoveredbytheConventionmaybemaintainedandmeasurestargetedmorecarefullytospecificgroups.Areasrelatedtowomenshealth,work,employment,wagesandbenefits,tothetypesandincidenceofviolenceagainstwomenandtheimpactofmeasuresagainstviolenceagainstwomenshouldreceiveparticularemphasis.Datashouldalsobedisaggregatedbyage,andbyothercriteriasuchasurban/rural.345. x TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttocontinueits &!. integratedapproachtotheeliminationandpreventionofviolenceagainstwomen.Inparticular,thecollectionofdataandinformationontheincidenceandtypesofviolenceagainstwomenshouldbeimprovedandattentionshouldbegiventosocalledcrimesofpassion,theirfrequencyandtheresponseoflawenforcement.  +O&5 346.  TheCommitteestronglyurgestheGovernmentto 5  pursuebilateralagreementsandtocooperateinmultilateraleffortstoreduceanderadicatetrafficinwomen,toprotectwomenmigrantworkers,suchasdomesticworkers,fromexploitation,includingsexualexploitation.Suchagreementsshouldbeconcluded,inparticularwiththosecountriesthatareaprimarydestinationforDominicanwomenworkers.Publicinformationcampaignsaimedatparticularlyvulnerablegroupsofwomenshouldalsobeconductedtoalertthemtopotentialdangerswhenseekingworkoverseas.347.  TheCommitteeinvitestheGovernmenttoconduct  @ regularassessmentsoftheimpactofthe25percentquotaregulationcontainedintheelectorallawtoensurethefullimplementationofthelawandtheachievementofhigherpercentagesofwomenindecisionmaking.348.  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttostrengthen T F vocationalandtechnicaltrainingandcareercounsellingforyoungwomenandtoincreaseitsinformationactivitiesregardingnontraditionaljobsforwomeninordertoreducejobsegregationpatternsandthewagegapbetweenwomenandmen.349.  TheCommitteeinvitestheGovernmenttostrengthen RM educationalprogrammesforall,bothgirlsandboys,onsexualandreproductivehealth,oncombatingthespreadofHIV/AIDSandonfamilyplanning.ItalsoinvitestheGovernmenttoreviewlegislationintheareaofwomensreproductiveandsexualhealth,inparticularwithregardtoabortion,inordertogivefullcompliancetoarticles10and12oftheConvention.350.  TheCommitteeencouragestheGovernmenttogive V fullattentiontotheneedsofruralwomenandtoensureanactiveandparticipatoryroleforruralwomeninthedesign,implementationandmonitoringofallpoliciesandprogrammesthatareintendedtobenefitthem,includinginareassuchasaccesstohealthandsocialservices,incomegenerationprojectsandhousing.TheGovernmentshouldalsoconsidertheestablishmentofspecialbanksandofimprovedaccesstocreditforruralwomen.351.  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttotakestepsto $6` ensurethedefactoseparationofthesecularandreligiousspheres,withaviewtoensuringthefullimplementationoftheConvention.352.  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttocontinueits N("e lawreformeffortsaimedattheeliminationofallremainingdiscriminatorylawsandprovisions.Lawssuchasthecivilcode,thenationalitylawandthelabourlawshouldbetargetedforpriorityactiontobringthemintofullconformitywiththeConvention. ,'k 353. x TheCommitteerequeststhewidedisseminationinthe  DominicanRepublicofthepresentconcludingcommentsinordertomakethepeopleoftheDominicanRepublic,andparticularlyitsgovernmentadministratorsandpoliticians,awareofthestepsthathavebeentakentoensuredefactoequalityforwomenandthefurtherstepsrequiredinthisregard.TheCommitteealsorequeststheGovernmenttocontinuetodisseminatewidely,andinparticulartowomensandhumanrightsorganizations,theConvention,theCommitteesgeneralrecommendationsandtheBeijingDeclarationandthePlatformforAction.S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    ~~4.0 x Combinedthirdandfourth xx 0  0xperiodicreportsS:ause Q XXXX O4X X#idV 3 xx         S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3      x MexicoS:aects  XXXX O4X X#idV 3 <          354. x TheCommitteeconsideredthecombinedthirdand F fourthperiodicreportsofMexico(CEDAW/C/MEX/34andAdd.1)atits376thand377thmeetings,on30January1998(seeCEDAW/C/SR.376and377).355. x Introducingthereport,therepresentativestatedthat ^ theMexicanconstitutionguaranteedequalrightsforwomenandmen.Furthermore,theconstitutionexplicitlymentionedwomensequalrightsintheareasofeducation,familyplanning,nationality,employment,wagesandpoliticalparticipation.356. x Inordertoimplementthecommitmentsmadeatthe \! FourthWorldConferenceonWomeninBeijing,Mexicohadestablishedanationalmachineryfortheadvancementofwomen,undertheMinistryoftheInterior,whichwasinchargeofputtingintopracticetheNationalProgrammeforWomen:AllianceforEquality,thedocumentcontainingMexicosstrategiesfortheimplementationoftheBeijingPlatformforAction.TheExecutiveCoordinationOfficeofthenationalprogrammeforwomenwasresponsibleforbringingtogetherandcoordinatinginteragencyactivities,whichwouldallowthefullimplementationoftheNationalProgrammeforWomenandothergovernmentalprogrammes.Thus,theConsultativeCouncilandtheSocialComptrollerwereintegratedasorgansforcounselling,followingupandsurveyingtheprogramme.Thesetwobodieswereintegratedbywomenbelongingtodifferentsectorsofsociety.357. x TheGovernmentofMexicohadtakenstepstoconform )H$3 itsnationalpolicieswithinternationalagreementsonthestatusofwomen.InJanuary1994,theMinistryofForeignAffairshadestablishedacoordinationunitforinternationalwomensissuesthatmonitoredtheimplementationof -h'7 internationalagreements.Furthermore,theNationalHumanRightsCommissionanalysedwhethertheMexicanlawcomplieswithinternationalagreementsonwomensandchildrensrightsandproposedamendmentsthereontothecurrentlaw.358.  TherepresentativereportedthatMexicohad  6= establishedquotastopromotetheparticipationofwomeninpoliticaldecisionmaking.Thefederalelectionlegislationcalledonpoliticalpartiestoestablishalimitofparticipationofcandidatesofthesamegender.Subsequently,twomainpoliticalpartieshadestablishedquotastoensurethatatleast30percentoftheircandidateswerewomenandonehadestablishedapreferentialoptiontoselectwomen.359.  Mexicohadenactedspeciallawsandreformedthe n F civilandcriminalcodefortheFederalDistrictinordertocombatandpunishdomesticviolence.Furthermore,consultationshadstartedatthelocalleveltoreformthecivilandcriminalcodesofthemajorityofthestatesofMexicowithregardtoviolenceagainstwomen.Inaddition,specialprogrammeshadbeenlaunchedtosupportwomenvictimsofviolence.360.  Girlsandwomenwereunderrepresentedinhigher RO education;however,theirenrolmenthasincreasedinrecentyears.TherateofilliteracyinMexicowasdecliningbutremainedhighamongolderwomenandruralandindigenouswomen.Thishadledtotheestablishmentofcompensatoryprogrammesaimedatovercomingtheeducationalbackwardnessinruralandindigenouscommunities,whichwereinastateofextremepovertyorwereisolatedandlackedaccesstonormaleducationalservices.TheNationalInstituteofAdultEducationaddresseditsactiontoapopulationcomprisedmainlyofwomenandalsoofferednonformalemploymenttrainingservices.TheNationalEducationalPromotionCounciloperatedinsettlementswithlessthan150inhabitantswiththeobjectiveofestablishingschoolsinthecommunitiesthemselves.361.  Therepresentativestatedthatwomeninthepaidlabour #X_ forcehadtocopewiththedoubleburdenofworkandfamilyresponsibilitiesandtendedtobeconcentratedinthelowerpaidprofessions.TheMexicanGovernmentpaidspecialattentiontotheneedtotrainwomenundertheTrainingFellowshipsforUnemployedWorkersProgrammeoftheMinistryofLabour.362.  Maternalmortalityhaddeclinedsignificantly,owing (#g toawarenessraisingandtrainingcampaigns.Furthermore,theincreaseduseofcontraceptiveshadledtoadeclineinfertility.Inordertomakehealthcaremoreresponsivetowomensneeds,theMinistryofHealthhadlaunchedaprogrammetoincorporategenderinallactivitiesofits ,'l policyandprogrammes.Healthpoliciesandprogrammeshavealsobeenimplementedinordertodecreaseandpreventtheoccurrenceofcervixuterineandbreastcancer.363. x Householdsheadedbywomenweremostvulnerable P topoverty.Inordertocombatpoverty,theMexicanGovernmenthadbeenimplementingtheFood,HealthandEducationProgramme,establishedin1997.TheProgrammewasestablishingaseriesofaffirmativemeasuresinfavourofthefemalepopulation,afterrecognizingthedisadvantagesfacedbywomenandgirlsintermsoffood,educationandhealth.TheGovernmentalsoprovidedmicrocreditstowomenandsupportedwomenentrepreneurs.364. x ThesituationofruralwomeninMexicowasvery   diverse,dependingontheirethnicoriginandtheregion.However,womeninruralareasgenerallyhadlessaccesstoeducationandhealthcare.Thenationalmachineryhadlaunchedpoliciesandprogrammestoimprovethesituationofwomeninruralareas,suchastheconformationofaruralwomennationalnetwork,inordertolinkgovernmentalorganizations,withthegoalofpromotingintegraldevelopment.365. x TherepresentativeconcludedbystatingthatMexican R womenhadadvancedsignificantlyinrecentyears,butstillfacedmanyobstaclestothefullenjoymentoftheirrights.SheunderlinedthecommitmentoftheMexicanGovernmenttocontinuetodesignpoliciesaimedatgrantingwomenandgirlsequaltreatmentandopportunities.Shealsorecognizedthatthemostprofoundchangeswereborninthedeepestvaluesandattitudesofsociety,whichcouldonlybeachievedthroughprocessesthatdemandedtimeandastrongpoliticalwill.S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3     0 x ConcludingcommentsS:arls  XXXX O4X X#idV 30 %xx         e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3      x Introductione chw  O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3 !:(         366. x TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationforthethird "P* andfourthreportssubmittedbytheGovernmentofMexico,whichreflectthecurrentstateofcompliancewiththeConventioninMexicoandtheprogrammesestablishedandactionstakentoimprovethestatusofwomen.367. x TheCommitteepointsoutthatthesignificance 0'!0 attachedbytheMexicanGovernmenttotheConventionhasalsobeenillustratedbythehighlevelofthedelegationrepresentingtheStatepartyatthesession.368. x TheCommitteethankstheGovernmentofMexicofor *$5 itsoralreport,aswellasitsrepliestotheCommitteesquestionsanditsrepresentativesstatement,translatedintobothFrenchandEnglish. ,L'8 Ї369.  TheCommitteeexpressesitsthanksfortheMexican 8 GovernmentsexhaustiveandspecificrepliestoallthequestionsaskedandfortheupdatedinformationprovidedinthestatementoftherepresentativeoftheGovernmentofMexico.370.  TheCommitteecongratulatestheGovernmentof  6> Mexicofortheachievementsmadesincethelastreportintermsofbothlegislativereformandrealprogressinimprovingthestatusofwomen.371.  TheCommitteethankstherepresentativeofMexico N C forthetransparencywithwhichshediscussedthesocioeconomicandpoliticalsituationofwomeninhercountryandherGovernmentseffortstoimplementtheConventionandforherobjectiveandanalyticalpresentationoftheobstaclestotheadvancementofwomeninMexico.372.  TheCommitteenotesthattheMexicanGovernments L J reportanditsrepliestotheCommitteesquestionsoffervaluable,comprehensiveinformationonthevariousprogrammesimplementedandplannedbytheGovernmentofMexico.TheCommitteeconsidersthespecificinformationprovidedonthesituationofindigenouswomeninChiapastobeextremelyimportant.e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    xx-x  Positiveaspectse chw  O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3 S         373.  TheCommitteeexpressesitssatisfactionatthe  U MexicanGovernmentseffortstoimplementtheConventionthroughmanyprogrammes,eitherinprogressorplanned,fortheadvancementofMexicanwomenandcommendsthelegalframeworkestablishedforimplementingtheConvention.TheCommitteestressesthattheMexicanGovernmenthasadoptedthePlatformforActionwithoutreservationsandhasintroducedanationalactionprogrammetoimplementthePlatformandforthefollowupofcommitmentsmadeinBeijing.374.  TheCommitteenotesthattheconstitutionprovides !'` guaranteesfortheprotectionofwomensandmensrights,bothasindividualsandasgroups.375.  TheCommitteestressestheimportanceofthe w$d establishmentoftheNationalProgrammeforWomen:AllianceforEqualityon8March1995,whichisanationalmechanismtopromoteactivitiesdesignedtoimprovethestatusofwomenthatwasbindingonFederalGovernmentofficesandparastatalorganizations.TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthattheexecutivecoordinatoroftheNationalProgrammeforWomen,whichcoordinatesalleffortstoimprovethestatusofwomen,isatthehighlevelofundersecretaryofState.   ,`&n 376. x TheCommitteerecognizeswithsatisfactionthatthe   ConventionservesasaframeworkforboththeNationalProgrammeforWomenandtheNationalHumanRightsCommissionandthattheeffortstoimplementtheConventionareimplicitintheNationalDevelopmentPlan.377. x TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthatduringthe  6 periodfrom1993,importantconstitutionalreformshavebeenintroducedinordertoadvancethestatusofMexicanwomenandimplementtheConventionandthatconstitutionalreformhasbeenfollowedbychangesinotherlegislation.378. x TheCommitteenoteswithappreciationthatpursuant 4  toconstitutionalreforms,primaryandsecondaryeducationisnowcompulsoryforwomenandgirls.379. x TheCommitteeobserveswithsatisfactionthatthe   civil,civilprocedureandpenalcodeshavebeenmodifiedinordertofacilitateproceedingswithregardtoviolenceagainstwomeninthefamily,includingmaritalrape.Italsocommendsthe1996FederalDistrictlawtopreventandassistvictimsofintrafamilialviolenceandthefactthatMexicohassignedtheInterAmericanConventiononthePrevention,PunishmentandEradicationofViolenceagainstWomen(theConventionofBelmdoPar).380. x TheCommitteenoteswithappreciationtherecent 0 adoptionbytheCongressoftheUnionofanaddendumtotheFederalCodeofElectoralInstitutionsandProcedures,whichstatesthatnationalpoliticalpartiesshouldconsiderprovidingintheirstatutesthatnomorethan70percentofthecandidatesfordeputyorsenatorshouldbeofthesamegender.381. x TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactiontheeffortsbeing # madetoimplementaffirmativeactionprogrammesinanumberofareas,includingtheFederalCodeofElectoralInstitutionsandProceduresandthatthesedemonstrateaclearunderstandingofparagraph1ofarticle4oftheConvention.382. x TheCommitteewelcomestheMexicanGovernments #* initiativeinestablishinganinformation,documentationandresearchsystemonthesituationofwomen,andconsidersthistobeanimportanttoolindesigningbetterpoliciestopromoteequality,whichwouldalsoreflectwomensnonremunerativework.383. x TheCommitteeacknowledgeswithsatisfactionthe ("1 considerablenumberofwomenworkinginthejudicialsystemandthatwomenoccupy19percentofhighleveljudicialposts.384. x TheCommitteewelcomesthereinstitutionofthe  ,`&6 Women,HealthandDevelopmentProgrammein1995and ,('7 theelaborationoftheReproductiveHealthandFamilyPlanningProgramme,1995!2000,bothofwhichareevidenceoftheeffortstoimprovethequalityofhealthcareforwomeninthecountry.385.TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentsinitiativetoencouragewomensnongovernmentalorganizationstoparticipateinprogrammestoimplementtheConvention.386.  TheCommitteecommendstheMexicanGovernment  @ forobjectingtoreservationslodgedbysomeStatespartiestotheConvention.e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    & n xx-x0  Factorsanddifficultiesaffectingthe E E implementationoftheConventione #and  O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3 F##         387.  TheCommitteenotesthat,whiletheConventionispart # H oftheSupremeLawanditsimplementationis'nԀcompulsoryatthefederallevel,thespecificlegislationofanumberofMexicanstatescontainselementsthatdiscriminateagainstwomenandarenotinkeepingwiththeprovisionsofnationallegislationandtheConvention.388.  TheCommitteenotesthatimplementationofthe !O ConventionishamperedbythefactthatMexicoisaterritoriallyvast,multiethnicandmulticulturaldevelopingcountrywithadifficulteconomicsituationthataffectsthemostvulnerablestrataofsociety,andwomeninparticular.e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    xx-x  Principalareasofconcerne 4and  O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3 V         389.  TheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernwithregardto X thediscriminationfacedbyindigenouswomen,wherethehealth,educationandemploymentindicatorsarebelowthenationalaverage.Italsoexpressesconcernaboutthesituationofruralwomenlivinginpovertyandinextremepoverty.390.  TheCommitteeexpressesconcernwithregardtothe  _ situationofindigenouswomenandchildren,particularlyinthestateofChiapassince,inconflictzoneswherethepoliceorarmedforcesareoperating,womenareoftentheinnocentvictimsofviolence.391.  TheCommitteeexpressesconcernwithregardtode $,e factodiscrimination,referring,inthisregard,tothesituationofwomenworkersinfactorieswhere,accordingtoinformationreceivedfromvarioussources,Mexicanlabourlegislation,particularlylegislationonthereproductiverightsofwomenworkers,isbeingviolated.TheCommitteealsoreferstothesituationincertainareaswheretheprincipleofequalsalaryforworkofequalvalueisnotappliedandwherewomenofchildbearingagearesubjecttomandatorypregnancytestsasaconditionofemployment.  i,&o 392. x TheCommitteenotesthatthereportdoesnotdescribe   caseswheretheConventionhasbeenusedtosupportclaimsforwomenshumanrights.TheCommitteeisconcernedthattheabsenceofsuchcasesiseitherbecausewomenlackawarenessoftheConventionanditsprimacyindomesticlaworbecausetheylacksufficientresourcestoaccessthelegalsystem.393. x TheCommitteenotesthat,inspiteofthelegislative p  measuresMexicohastaken,violenceagainstwomen,particularlydomesticviolence,continuestobeaseriousprobleminMexicansociety.394. x TheCommitteenotesthehigh,andunsatisfied, 4  demandforcontraceptivemethods,inparticularamongpoorurbanwomen,ruralwomenandadolescents.Italsonoteswithconcerncasesinsomelocalitiesinwhichcontraceptivemethodshavebeenusedwithoutwomensexpressconsent,whichisrequiredunderMexicanlaw.395. x TheCommitteeexpressesseriousconcernatthe 2 possibleexistenceofanillicittrafficinwomen.Itnotesthatifthereistraffickinginwomen,thatthisisaseriousviolationoftheirhumanrights.396. x TheCommitteewarnsthat,inthepresent J circumstances,thegenderequalitypolicyintheregulareducationalsystemmaybeaffectedbythedecentralizationofeducationinMexico.397. x TheCommitteedrawsattentiontothelackofaccess  tohealthcareservicesforchildrenandoldpeople.398. x TheCommitteeconsidersthatthepoliciestopromote ! equalitywithinthefamilyareinsufficient,sincestereotypedrolesareperpetuatedinthefamilybydeeplyrootedtraditionsofmenssuperiority.Inaddition,theCommitteenotesthatcertainlegalprovisionsmightcontinuetopromoteinequalityandtraditionalroleswithinthefamily.399. x TheCommitteereferstothehighrateofteenage !( pregnancyandthelackofaccessforwomeninallstatestoeasyandswiftabortion.400. x TheCommitteeexpressesconcernattheabsenceof :$, informationaboutMexicanwomenwhomigratedabroad.S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3     0 x SuggestionsandrecommendationsS:alju  XXXX O4X X#idV 3.'!1xx         401. x TheCommitteeencouragesMexicotocontinueto (8#4 allowwomensnongovernmentalorganizationstoparticipateintheimplementationoftheConvention.402. x TheCommitteerecommendsthat,despitethestructure +%8 oftheFederalGovernment,theconstitutionandtheConventionofBelmdoParshouldbeimplemented -n': throughoutthecountryinordertospeeduplegalchangeinallstates,andrequeststheMexicanGovernmenttoprovide,initsnextreport,informationonthemeasuresithastakeninthatregard.403.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheMexican  n? Governmentcontinueitseffortstoreducepovertyamongruralwomen,particularlyindigenouswomen,andtoworktogetherwithnongovernmentalorganizations,makingspecialeffortstopromoteeducation,employmentandhealthprogrammesconducivetotheintegrationofwomenintothedevelopmentprocess,bothasbeneficiariesandasprotagonists.InviewoftherelativelyhighgrowthlevelsoftheMexicaneconomythathavebeenmentioned,theCommitteewouldwelcomeamoreequitableredistributionofwealthamongthepopulation.404.  TheCommitteesuggeststhatMexicoevaluateareas, T K suchastheprivatesector,thatarenotcoveredbyaffirmativeactionand,initsnextreport,submitaconsolidatedevaluationofallaffirmativeactioninitiatives.405.  TheCommitteeproposesthat,initsnextreport, lP MexicoshouldprovidemoreinformationaboutexistingmechanismstoenablewomentoseekredressfromthecourtsonthebasisoftheConvention.406.  TheCommitteeexpressesthehopethatthe 0U Governmentwillcontinuetomonitorcompliancewithlabourlawsinthefactoriesandpursuetheworkofraisingawarenessamongfactoryemployers.407.  TheCommitteealsorequeststheMinistryofAgrarian HZ Reformtocontinueitsinstitutionalinterventiontopersuadepublicland(ejido)assembliestoallocatetowomenthe .\ parcelsoflandtowhichtheyareentitled.408.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment  _ considertheadvisabilityofrevisingthelegislationcriminalizingabortionandsuggeststhatitweighthepossibilityofauthorizingtheuseoftheRU486contraceptive,whichischeapandeasytouse,assoonasitbecomesavailable.409.  TheCommitteerequeststhatinformationbegivenin $ f thenextreportontheimpactofprogrammestoreduceandpreventteenagepregnancy.410.  TheCommitteerecommendstheintroductionof Z'!j trainingforhealthpersonnelwithregardtowomenshumanrights,andparticularlytheirright,freelyandwithoutcoercion,tochoosemeansofcontraception.411.  TheCommitteesuggeststhattheGovernmentcontinue *%o toworkfortheadoptionofnationwidelegislationonallformsofviolenceagainstwomen,includingdomesticviolence,adjustingstatelawstonationallaws.  -v'r Ї412. x TheCommitteerequeststheGovernmenttoconsider  thepossibilityofimplementinganintegrated,longtermplanforcombatingviolence.Suchaplancouldincludetakinglegalaction,trainingjudicial,lawenforcementandhealthpersonnel,informingwomenabouttheirrightsandabouttheConventionandstrengtheningvictimsservices.413. x TheCommitteerecommendsthatstrongactionbe   takenagainstpersonswhocommitviolenceagainstwomen,andthatitshouldbemadeeasierforwomentobringcourtactionagainstoffenders.414. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment l  addressthematterofwhetheritintendstolegalizeprostitutionandwhetherthisissuehasbeensubjecttopublicdebateinitsnextreport.Itstronglyrecommendsthatnewlegislationshouldnotdiscriminateagainstprostitutesbutshouldpunishpimpsandprocurers.415. x TheCommitteerecommendsthatthelegalpenalties j  forrapebeamendedandthattheStateensuretheirimplementation.Italsorecommendsrapeawarenesscampaignsbeconductedfornongovernmentalorganizationsandlegislators.416. x TheCommitteesuggeststhatactionbetakenagainst J employerswhodiscriminateagainstwomenongroundsofpregnancy.Thewomenconcernedshouldbesupported,andsocietysentaclearsignalthatsuchdiscriminationisnottobetolerated.417. x TheCommitteerequestsinformationinthe  Governmentsnextreportontheavenuesofappealopentowomenwho,uponadivisionofpropertyindivorce,suffereconomicallydespitetheircontributiontothefamilysassets.418. x TheCommitteerequestsinformationinthe  % Governmentsnextreportonwomenwhomigrateabroad,wheretheygoandwhetheranyauthorizedagencyregulatessuchmigration.419. x TheCommitteerequeststhatthenextreportprovide $#z* comparativedataonmensandwomensaccesstopensionsandtheminimumamountofsuchpensions.420. x TheCommitteerequestsinformationinthenextreport % . onwhetherhomosexualityispenalizedinthecriminalcode.421. x TheCommitteerequestsinformationonwomenheads '!1 ofruralenterprisesandonprogrammesfortheeconomicadvancementofruralwomen.422. x TheCommitteerecommendstheintroductionof N*$5 educationprogrammesontheprovisionsoftheConventionandtherightsofwomenforjudicialpersonnel,lawenforcementofficers,lawyersandotherswhoare ,&8 responsibleforapplyingthelaw.TheCommitteealsorecommendsthatfurtherstepsbetakentoincreasethenumbersofwomenatalllevelsofthejudiciaryandlawenforcementagencies.423.  TheCommitteeproposesthatacampaignbeconducted  n= toeducatewomenaboutthecontentoftheConvention,alertingthemtotheireconomic,political,civilandculturalrights.424.  TheCommitteewelcomesthesystematicinclusionof  B statisticsinfuturereportsinordertofacilitateadialoguewiththeCommitteeonwomensdefactosituation.Inparticular,theCommitteerequestsdataontheimplementationoftheinformationsystemthatisbeginningtobeapplied.425.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmentof  I Mexicopayspecialattentiontosafeguardingthehumanrightsofwomen,includingindigenouswomenandwomeninconflictzones,especiallywherepoliceandarmedforcesareoperating.426.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatallstatesofMexico O shouldreviewtheirlegislationsothat,wherenecessary,womenaregrantedaccesstorapidandeasyabortion.427.  TheCommitteerequeststhewidedisseminationin `S Mexicoofthepresentconcludingcomments,inordertomakethepeopleofMexico,andparticularlyitsgovernmentadministratorsandpoliticians,awareofthestepsthathavebeentakentoensuredefactoequalityforwomenandthefurtherstepsrequiredinthisregard.TheCommitteealsorequeststheGovernmenttocontinuetodisseminatewidely,andinparticulartowomensandhumanrightsorganizations,theConvention,theCommitteesgeneralrecommendationsandtheBeijingDeclarationandthePlatformforAction.& ^ h     O4 O4: O4#Sid  3    ChapterV !` 0 x 0x#x#WaysandmeansofexpeditingtheworkoftheCommitteeh q sion ' #idS 3 :  : O4  :#b##         428.  TheCommitteeconsideredwaysandmeansof b%e expeditingtheworkoftheCommittee(agendaitem6)atits'^!e 360thand383rdmeetings,on19Januaryand6February1998.429.  TheitemwasintroducedbytheChiefoftheWomens (&#j RightsUnitoftheDivisionfortheAdvancementofWomen,whointroducedthereportoftheSecretariat(CEDAW/C/1998/I/4)andaworkingpapercontainingdraftrulesofprocedure(CEDAW/C/1997/WG.I/WP.1). -\'p ЇS:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    & ^ 0  0xActiontakenbytheCommitteeonthe  reportofWorkingGroupIS:asion  XXXX O4X X#idV 3xx         430. x Atits383rdmeeting,on6February1998,the'^ @ CommitteeconsideredtheitemonthebasisofthereportofWorkingGroupI(CEDAW/C/1998/WG.I/WP.1).e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    1.0 x Specializedagenciesandotherq  xx 0  0xUnitedNationsbodiese sion  O4O4 O4 O4#idid 39  xx         431. x TheCommitteedecidedthatitsChairpersonshould O   sendletterstothespecializedagenciesandorganizationsoftheUnitedNationssystemseekingsupportfortheworkoftheCommitteeandidentifyingmembersoftheCommitteewhowereservingasfocalpointsfortheparticularagencyororganization.TheletterwouldalsooutlinetheinformationtheCommitteerequiredfromthoseorganizationsandwouldrequestthateachnominateanindividualmembertoserveasthefocalpointfortheCommittee.432. x TheCommitteedecidedtonominateafocalpointfrom  amongitsmemberstoliaisewiththeOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugees(UNHCR).433. x TheCommitteeagreedthatthepresessionworking K groupshouldmakeititsusualpracticetoinvitethespecializedagenciestopresenttotheGroupcountryspecificinformationconcerningperiodicreports.Thespecializedagenciesandotherentitieswouldbeinformedwellinadvanceofthispractice,aswouldthecountriestobeconsideredbythepresessionworkinggroup.TheCommitteealsoagreedthatthespecializedagenciesandotherentitiesshouldalsobeinvitedtoaddresstheCommitteeasawholeinaclosedmeetingonStatespartieswhoseinitialreportsaretobetakenupbytheCommittee.& n e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    2.0 x Institutionalrelationse aliz o O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3 'xx         434. x TheCommitteeagreedthatfurtherstepsshouldbe !() takentoestablishcooperationbetweentheCommitteeand'n theSpecialRapporteuronviolenceagainstwomen,itscausesandconsequences.ReportstobeconsideredbytheCommitteeshouldbesenttoherforcommentsonviolenceagainstwomen.AlthoughtheCommitteeconsideredthatamodelofflexiblecooperationshouldbecreatedbetweentheCommitteeandtheSpecialRapporteur,itconsideredthatitmightbeusefultonominateafocalpointfromamongitsmemberstodevelopacloserrelationshipwiththeSpecialRapporteur.TheCommitteealsoagreedthattheSpecialRapporteurshouldberequestedtoalerttheCommitteetoquestionsitmightraisewithindividualStatespartieswhosereportswerebeforetheCommittee.  ,&7 435.  TheCommitteeagreedthatliaisonshouldbe 7  establishedwiththeSpecialRapporteursoftheCommissiononHumanRightsonthesaleofchildren,childprostitutionandchildpornography,andontheeliminationofallformsofreligiousintoleranceandofdiscriminationbasedonreligionorbelief,andthoseoftheSubcommissiononPreventionofDiscriminationandProtectionofMinoritiesontraditionalpracticesaffectingthehealthofwomenandchildren,andsystematicrapeandsexualslaveryandforcedpregnancyintheconductofarmedconflict.e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    +x3.0  Presessionworkinggroupe u#aliz +$ O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3SC##         436.  TheCommitteeagreedtocontinueitscurrentpractice i E ofassigningthreememberstopreparequestionsrelatingtoperiodicreportstoguidethepresessionworkinggroupasitdrawsupthelistofquestionsandissues.Thethreemembersshouldbedrawnfromdifferentregions.TheCommitteeagreedthatthecountryrapporteurshouldtaketheleadindrawingupthelistofquestionsandissuesandthatherintroductoryreportshouldbesenttothepresessionworkinggrouptoassistitinitswork.TheCommitteeagreedthatcountryrapporteursshouldbenominatedatthesessionpriortothatatwhichreportsaretobeconsidered.437.  TheCommitteeagreedthatthepresessionworking OQ groupoftheCommitteeshouldmeetattheendoftheprevioussessiontoencourageflexibilityintheworkoftheCommitteeandtoallowStatespartiestopresentmoredetailedandcomprehensiveanswerstotheCommitteesquestions.TransitiontothispatternofworkshouldtakeplaceatthetwentiethsessionoftheCommittee,inJanuary1999(seechap.I,sect.B,suggestion18/1).438.  TheCommitteeagreedthatitsChairpersonwould 3Z invitetheWorldBankandtheInternationalMonetaryFundtopresenttotheCommitteeananalysisoftheimpactoftheirpoliciesonwomensenjoymentoftheirrights.e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    +x4.0  ConsiderationofthereportsofStatespartiese *aliz + O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3",`##         439.  TheCommitteeagreedthatinconsideringthereports #Bb ofStatespartiestheChairpersonshouldbeentrustedwiththetaskofexpressingcourtesiestowardstherepresentativesofreportingStatesonbehalfofallmembersoftheCommittee.Intheinterestsoftime,othermembersoftheCommitteewouldrefrainfromfurtherexpressionsofwelcomeorappreciation.TheCommitteealsoagreedthatmembersshouldendeavournottorepeatquestionsthathadalreadybeenposedbyothermembers.440.  TheCommitteeagreedthattheHumanRights B+%l Committees GuidelinesfortheexerciseoffunctionsbymembersoftheCommitteebecirculatedamongmembers ,('n oftheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomenfortheirinformationandcomments,withaviewtopossibleconsiderationatitsnineteenthsession.441. x TheCommitteereaffirmeditspastpracticethat P membersshouldrefrainfromparticipatinginanyaspectoftheconsiderationofthereportsoftheStatesofwhichtheywerenationalsinordertomaintainthehigheststandardsofimpartiality,bothinsubstanceandappearance(seechap.I,sect.A,decision18/III).e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    5.0 x Humanimmunodeficiencyvirus/acquired  /  immunodeficiencysyndromee 2aliz 2 O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3 xx         442. x TheCommitteewelcomedthesuggestionmadeatthe    RoundtableofHumanRightsTreatybodiesApproachestoWomensHealth,withaFocusonReproductiveandSexualHealthRights,heldatGlenCove,NewYork,inDecember1996,thattheeighthmeetingofpersonschairingthehumanrightstreatybodiesshouldconsidertheissueofhumanimmunodeficiencyvirus/acquiredimmunodeficiencysyndrome.ItalsonotedthesuggestionofthechairpersonsthateachtreatybodyshouldaddresstheissueofHIV/AIDSinitswork.TheCommitteehadbeenaddressingthisissueforalongtimeandwouldcontinuetodosoinitsconstructivedialoguewithStatespartieswhenreviewingreports,itsconcludingcommentsandgeneralrecommendations.TheCommitteerecognizedtheeffectivecontributionoftheGlenCovemeetingtotheworkofthehumanrightstreatybodiesandencouragedtheconveningofsimilarmeetingstoexplorethematicissuesrelatingtowomensenjoymentofrights.& 6 e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    6.0 x CooperationwiththeCommitteeontheRights # oftheChilde [8aliz 9 O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3h$xx         443. x Notingthesuccessfuljointmeetingbetweenthe ~ & CommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainst'6O8WomenandtheCommitteeontheRightsoftheChild,heldatCairoin1996,andtherecentroundtableonthetwocommitteesheldbytheUnitedNationsChildrensFund,theDivisionfortheAdvancementofWomenandInternationalWomensRightsActionWatch,theCommitteesuggestedthatstepsshouldbetakentostrengthenfurtherthecooperationbetweenthetwoCommittees.e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    7.0 x SuggestionsoftheSubcommissiononPrevention _("1 ofDiscriminationandProtectionofMinoritiese <id i= O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3')}#2xx         444. x TheCommitteeexpresseditssatisfactionatthe =*$4 growinginterconnectionsbetweenUnitedNationsbodies,includingbetweentheCommitteeoftheSubcommissiononPreventionofDiscriminationandProtectionofMinorities ,&7 andtheincreasinginterestwithinthosebodieswithregardtothehumanrightsofwomen.ItnotedtheSubcommissionsrecommendationswithregardtocontemporaryformsofslavery,whichtheCommitteeaddressesthroughoutitswork,anditssuggestionthatthisissueshouldbespecificallyaddressedinitsreportingguidelines.TheCommitteealsotooknoteofthesuggestionsoftheSubcommissioninregardtowomensrighttoadequatehousingandtolandandpropertyandagreedtoconsidertheproposalsinthecontextofitslongtermprogrammeofworkregardinggeneralrecommendations.e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    +x8.0  Suggestionsoftheexpertgroupmeetings q D convenedbytheDivisionforthe ## 0 x 0x#x#AdvancementofWomene }Bid 3C O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3 F##         445.  TheCommitteeexpresseditssatisfactionthatthe  H ConventionandtheworkoftheCommitteehadbeenreferredtointhreeoftheexpertgroupmeetingsconvenedbytheDivisionfortheAdvancementofWomenduring1997.ItalsonotedthatthroughoutitsworktheCommitteealreadyconsideredtheextenttowhichadolescentgirlsenjoyedtheirhumanrights,includingtheirrightstoreproductiveandsexualhealth.Itnotedthesuggestionsmadebytheexpertgroupmeetingswithregardtofuturegeneralrecommendationsandagreedtotakeintoaccountthesuggestionsthatgeneralrecommendationsshouldbeformulatedonrefugeeanddisplacedwomenandongenderbasedpersecutioninarmedconflictasitformulateditslongtermprogrammeofworkwithregardtogeneralrecommendations.446.  TheCommitteewelcomedthesuggestionmadebythe X ExpertGroupMeetingonWomensEnjoymentofEconomicandSocialRightsthattheHumanRightsCommittee,theCommitteeonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRightsandtheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomenshouldconsiderissuingajointstatementontheindivisibilityofcivil,political,economic,culturalandsocialrightsandthecentralityofgenderawarenessoftheirrightsaspartofthecelebrationofthefiftiethanniversaryoftheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights.TheCommitteesuggestedthattheproposalshouldbebroughttotheattentionofthechairpersonsmeetinginFebruary.e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    +x9.0  Reportstobeconsideredatthenineteenth, (V"f twentiethandtwentyfirstsessionse Kid K O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3(#g##         447.  Bearinginmindthecriteriaofdateofsubmission, )4$i geographicalbalanceandreportsdelayedfromearliersessions,thefollowingreportsshouldbeconsidered:  ,&m & i  e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0  0xNineteenthsessione hNid O O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3xx         e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0  0xInitialreportse hPid Q O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3xx         'iRNo 3  0  0xJordan xx 0  0xSlovakia xx 0  0xSouthAfricaoxR 3   xx e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0  0xSecondperiodicreportse Sid QT O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3 ] xx         o 3  0  0xGreece(secondandthird) xx 0  0xNigeria(secondandthird) xx 0  0xPanama(secondandthird) xx 0  0xUnitedRepublicofTanzania(secondandthird)oU 3   xx e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0  0xThirdperiodicreportse ZWid X O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3l xx         o 3  0  0xNewZealand(thirdandfourth) xx 0  0xRepublicofKorea(thirdandfourth)o^Y 3   xx e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0  0xFourthperiodicreportse rZ ([ O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3 xx         0  0xPeru(thirdandfourth) xx   x IntheeventthatoneoftheabovementionedStates  partiesshouldbeunabletopresentitsreport,theCommitteewillconsiderthethirdperiodicreportsofBelarusorSpain.e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0  0xTwentiethsessione ] a^ O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3H xx         e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0  0xInitialreportse _ `` O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3^"xx         o 3  0  0xAlgeria xx 0  0xBelize(initialandsecond) xx 0  0xLiechtensteinoaoft 3   xx e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0  0xSecondperiodicreportse b c O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3(xx         o 3  0  0xChile xx 0  0xThailand(secondandthird)od0  3   xx e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0  0xThirdperiodicreportse e f O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3C!.xx         o 3  0  0xAustria(thirdandfourth) xx 0  0xChina(thirdandfourth) xx 0  0xUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandogand 3   xx e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0  0xFourthperiodicreportse Hi i O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3%5xx         0  0xColombia xx   x IntheeventthatoneoftheabovementionedStates ' "9 partiesshouldbeunabletopresentitsreport,theCommitteewillconsiderthethirdperiodicreportsofBelarusorSpain.  \*$= e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    &   0 x 0x#x#Twentyfirstsessione l Fm O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3=##         e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Initialreportse n ^o O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3?##         e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Secondperiodicreportse p [q O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3,A##         0 x 0x#x#Ireland(secondandthird) ## 'ame     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Thirdperiodicreportse s s O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3 F##         o 3  0 x 0x#x#Egypt ## 0 x 0x#x#Finland ## 0 x 0x#x#Germany(secondandthird)ou0  3   ## e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Fourthperiodicreportse Cv v O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3* M##         0 x 0x#x#Sweden ## xx-x  IntheeventthatoneoftheabovementionedStates V Q Partiesshouldbeunabletopresentitsreport,theCommitteewillconsiderthefourthperiodicreportofDenmark.e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    *x10.0  Membersofthepresessionworkinggroupfor 1V thenineteenthsessione byfth z O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3OW##         448.  TheCommitteedecidedthatthemembersofthepre eY sessionworkinggroupforthenineteenthsessionandtheiralternatesshouldbe:xx-x  o 3  Member  ] xx-x  Ms.KongitSinegiorgis(Africa) }^ xx-x  Ms.YungChungKim(Asia) E_ xx-x  Ms.CarlotaBustelo(Europe)  c` xx-x  Ms.MiriamEstrada(LatinAmerica)ot| 3   +a &  o 3  xx-x  Alternate Ac xx-x  Ms.AhouaOuedraogo(Africa)  d xx-x  Ms.LinShangzen(Asia) {e xx-x  Ms.IvankaCorti(Europe) Cf xx-x  Ms.AdaGonzlez(LatinAmerica)oG~ 3    ag e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    *x11.0  UnitedNationsmeetingstobeattendedbythe';~ !j ChairpersonormembersoftheCommittee ## 0 x 0x#x#in1998e +fth  O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3<#l##         449.  TheCommitteerecommendedthattheChairpersonor R$n analternateshouldattendthefollowingmeetings:xx-x  (a) l Theninth(extraordinary)meetingofthepersons 0& q chairingthehumanrightstreatybodiestobeheldfrom25to27February1998;xx-x  (b) l CommissionontheStatusofWomen; (,#u xx-x  (c) l CommissiononHumanRights; )B$w xx-x  (d) l Meetingofpersonschairinghumanrightstreaty +X%y bodies;xx-x  (e) l GeneralAssembly(ThirdCommittee). ,6'| &  e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    ;;12.0 x DatesofthenineteenthsessionoftheCommitteee օfth  O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3xx         450. x Consistentwiththecalendarofconferencesfor1997,  'ʅthenineteenthsessionshouldbeheldfrom22Juneto10July1998,inNewYork.Thepresessionworkinggroupwouldmeetfrom15to19June1998.h     O4 O4: O4#Sid  3    ChapterVI D   0  0xImplementationofarticle21of xx 0  0xtheConventionh fth #idS 3 :  : O4  :H  xx         451. x TheCommitteeconsideredtheimplementationof h  article21oftheConvention(agendaitem5)atits360thand383rdmeetings,on19Januaryand6February1998.452. x TheitemwasintroducedbytheDeputyDirectorofthe   DivisionfortheAdvancementofWomen,whopresentedthefollowingdocuments:  x (a)  Draftgeneralrecommendationonarticle12of ^ theConventionpreparedbyamemberoftheCommittee(CEDAW/C/1998/I/WG.II/WP.1);  x (b)  Workingpapercontainingadraftofthe Z contributionoftheCommitteetothefiftiethanniversaryoftheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsconcerningreservationstotheConventionpreparedbyamemberoftheCommittee(CEDAW/C/1998/WG.II/WP.2);  x (c)  NotebytheSecretaryGeneralonreportsofthe :  specializedagenciesontheimplementationoftheConventioninareasfallingwithinthescopeoftheiractivities(CEDAW/C/1998/I/3).S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    RRA.0 x ActiontakenbytheCommitteeonthe ' reportofWorkingGroupIIS:aՏfth  XXXX O4X X#idV 3 (xx         453. x Atits383rdmeeting,on6February1998,the T"+ CommitteetookthefollowingdecisionsonthebasisofthereportofWorkingGroupII(CEDAW/1998/WG.II/3andAdds.1and2;CEDAW/C/1998/I/WG.II/WP.4)andtookthefollowingaction.e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    1.0 x Draftgeneralrecommendationonarticle12e "fth ؓ O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3'k!2xx         454. x TheCommitteeagreedtocontinueworkonadraft +("4 generalrecommendationonwomenshealth.MembersoftheCommitteewouldsubmitwrittencommentsonthecurrentdraft,whichwouldberevisedbytwomembersoftheCommittee,inconjunctionwiththeSecretariat,andsubmittedtotheCommitteeatitsnineteenthsession. )-'; e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    +x2.0  Draftworkingpaperonreservationse fth m O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3;##         455.  TheCommitteeagreedthatadraftworkingpaperon = reservationstotheConventionwouldbecirculatedtomembersoftheCommitteeforcomments.ThedraftwouldberevisedbyamemberoftheCommitteeandsubmittedtotheCommitteeatitsnineteenthsession.S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    +xB.0  StatementsbyseniorUnitedNations  D officialsS:afth  XXXX O4X X#idV 3c E##         e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#ExecutiveDirectoroftheUnitedNations mH PopulationFunde "fth ؜ O4O4 O4 O4#idid 35 I##         456.  Atits376thmeeting,on30January1998,the K K ExecutiveDirectoroftheUnitedNationsPopulationFundaddressedtheCommittee,indicatingthatwomenshealth,includingsexualandreproductivehealth,isfinallyacknowledgedtobeahumanright.Shenotedthatwomenshealthdependsnotonlyonappropriatehealthcare,butalsoonsocialconditionsrelatedtowomensstatus.Countries,thus,neededtoaddressdiscriminationbasedongendertoguaranteewomensrighttohealth.457.  Shenotedthatbydrawingouttheimplicationsof KU humanrightsinstruments,includingtheConvention,theUnitedNationsworldconferenceshadcontributedtotheidentificationofsexualandreproductivehealthconcernsasissuesofhumanrightsandinspiredcountriestobroadentheirapproachtoreproductivehealthcare.SheindicatedthattheUnitedNationsPopulationFundisnowseekingtoaddressitsprogrammeactivitiesintheframeworkofhumanrightsandthattrainingofstaff,aswellassupporttonongovernmentalorganizationadvocacyactivitiesinthefieldofreproductiverights,hadbeeninitiated.458.  Emphasizingtheimportanceofintegratingthe 1 a conclusionsoftheUnitedNationsworldconferencesintothehumanrightsmonitoringprocess,sheunderlinedtheimportanceofthe1996GlenCoveRoundtableofHumanRightsTreatybodiesApproachestoWomensHealth.Shenotedthataninformalinteragencyworkinggroupofgenderhumanrightsfocalpointshasbeenmeetingtofollowuptherecommendationsofthisroundtableandthataproposalonadvocacy,researchandtrainingactivitieshasbeenputforward.459.  Sheappreciatedthepresessionworkinggroups O("l initiativewhichhadprovidedtheUnitedNationsPopulationFundwithanopportunitytodiscussissuesrelatingtowomenshealthinStatespartieswhichwerebeforetheCommitteeandsheindicatedthattheFundwasreadytoassistothertreatybodiesintheirmonitoringofreproductiverights.SheindicatedthatthePopulationFundandthe ,U'r CommitteehavediscussedtheparticipationofCommitteeexpertsintheformulation,midtermreviewandevaluationofthecountryprogrammesoftheFundandinregionalmeetingsandfieldstafftraining.460. x ConcludingthattheCommitteeontheEliminationof  n DiscriminationagainstWomenhasanessentialroleinmonitoringgovernmentfulfilmentofobligationswithregardtowomenshealth,shesuggestedthatafittingcommemorationofthefiftiethanniversaryoftheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightswouldbethestrengtheningoftheroleoftheUnitedNationssystemandhumanrightstreatiestoenablewomentorealizetheirhumanrights,includingthoserelatingtoreproductiveandsexualrights.e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0  0xDirectoroftheUnitedNationsDevelopment O  FundforWomene ߩfth  O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3 xx         461. x Atits381stmeetingon4February1998,theDirector -  oftheUnitedNationsDevelopmentFundforWomenaddressedtheCommittee.EmphasizingthecentralimportanceoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomentotheUnitedNationshumanrightssystemandtheimportanceofplacingwomenshumanrightsattheforefrontofthedevelopmentagenda,shenotedthatsupportfortheratificationandimplementationoftheConventioniscentraltotheadvancementoftherightsofwomen.462. x ShenotedthattheUnitedNationsDevelopmentFund K forWomenisinauniquepositionwithintheUnitedNationssystemtopromoteratificationandimplementationoftheConventionbecauseitsregionalprogrammeadvisersarefrequentlycalledupontoactasbrokersandfacilitatorsbetweenwomensorganizations,nationalGovernmentsandotherpartsoftheUnitedNationssystemandpledgedthefullandactivesupportoftheFundinthisregard.463. x Recognizingthatthetransformationofsocialvalues !' andcreatingacultureofrespectforthehumanrightsofwomenisalengthyprocess,andthatimplementationoftheserightsmusttakeplaceatnationallevel,shedescribedseveralcountrybasedinitiativesoftheDevelopmentFundconcerningtheConvention.ShealsodescribedthejointUnitedNationsDevelopmentFundforWomen/InternationalHumanRightsActionWatch(Asia/Pacific)traininginitiative, Fromglobaltolocal:aconventionimplementationandmonitoringworkshop,nowinitssecondyear,whichseekstostrengthenunderstandingofwomensrightsatthenationallevel,aswellastoraiseawarenessoftheimportanceoftheCommitteesworkamongstwomensnongovernmentalorganizations,andtoincreasetheirparticipationinConventionmonitoringand s,&5 implementation.Shenotedthat25womenfrom13countriesthatarereportingtotheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomenatitseighteenthandnineteenthsessionshadparticipatedinthe1998workshopandpledgedthattheFundwouldensurethatittookplaceannually.e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#UnitedNationsHighCommissionerfor3 =## 0 x 0x#x#HumanRightse ȴfth ~ O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3 Q>##         464.  TheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHuman  g@ RightsaddressedtheCommitteeatits382ndmeetingon4February1998.Shenotedthatthefullandequalenjoymentbywomenofallhumanrights,theintegrationofhumanrightsintothemainstreamofUnitedNationssystemwideactionandthefullparticipationofwomenasbothagentsanddevelopmentofdevelopmentwereamongthepriorityobjectivesoftheWorldConferenceonHumanRights.TheSecretaryGeneralhadalsoemphasizedtheimportanceofhumanrightsintheworkoftheUnitedNationssystemasawhole.465.  Sheindicatedthatthehumanrightsofwomenwillbe ML ahighlightofcommemorativeactivitiesforthefiftiethanniversaryoftheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsandcommendedtheCommitteeforitswillingnesstocontributetotheseactivitiesthroughitsworkonreservations.NotingthatthecommemorationandthefiveyearimplementationreviewoftheViennaDeclarationandProgrammeofActionadoptedbytheWorldConferenceonHumanRightsprovideopportunitiestoassessprogressachievedwithrespecttothehumanrightsofwomen,sheacknowledgedthatwomencontinuetofaceseriousinequalitiesinlawandpracticeinallspheresofactivity,inallsocieties.466.  ShestressedthatoneofherprioritiesasUnited m Z NationsHighCommissionerwouldbethestruggleagainstgenderdiscrimination,whichwouldincorporateseveralinitiatives,includingaratificationcampaignconcerningtheConventionandprogrammestostrengthenpartnershipsbetweennationalandinternationalwomensandhumanrightsnongovernmentalorganizations.ShedrewattentiontotheincreasingcooperationbetweentheOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRightsandtheDivisionfortheAdvancementofWomenandthegrowingrecognitionofthehumanrightsofwomenintheworkofheroffice.SheemphasizedherstrongpersonalcommitmenttothepromotionandprotectionofthehumanrightsofwomenandherintentiontoworkcloselywiththeCommitteetocreateamoreeffectivesystemforimplementingitsrecommendationsandthoseofothertreatybodies. ,C'j Ї467. x TheCommitteewelcomedMrs.Robinsons  comprehensivestatementandexpressedsinceregratitudetoherforstressingtheimportanceoftheCommitteeswork.468. x ItnotedthattheHighCommissionerhadexpressed P strongsupportfortheSecretaryGeneralsprogrammeforreform,inwhichhepledgedthatstrengtheningsubstantiveandtechnicalsupporttohumanrightslegislativebodies,treatybodiesandspecialprocedureswouldbegiventhehighestpriorityandthateffortstoestablishcommondatabanksofinformationandtocarryoutresearchandanalysisaimedatassistingthosebodieswouldbeaccelerated.469. x TheCommitteewelcomedtheHighCommissioners 4  commitmenttoredoublehereffortstomakehumanrightsarealityforeveryone;topreventhumanrightsabusesandviolations;tobuildaglobalpartnershipforhumanrights;andtoensurethatthepromotionandobservanceofhumanrights,alongwithpeace,democracyandsustainabledevelopment,shallserveasguidingprinciplesofthetwentyfirstcentury,andthatthehumanrightsofwomenwillbeoneofthemajorhighlightsofthecommemorativeactivitiesforthefiftiethanniversaryoftheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights.470. x TheHighCommissionersinitiativetocampaignfor  theuniversalratificationoftheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomenandtoencouragetheremovalofsubstantivereservations,wasnotedwithappreciation.HersupportforthedevelopmentofanoptionalprotocoltotheConventionandherannouncementthattheOfficeoftheHighCommissionerwillmakeavailableasubstantiveofficertoassisttheWorkingGroupoftheCommissionontheStatusofWomenwithitselaborationofanoptionalprotocolwasalsowelcomed.471. x Membersnotedwithappreciationandacceptedthe  % proposalofthechairpersonsofthehumanrightstreatybodies,endorsedbytheHighCommissioner,thatinordertoenhancerelationshipswithotherhumanrightsmechanisms,theCommitteeshouldmeetoccasionallyatGeneva.Inordertoimplementthisproposal,theCommitteerequestedtheDivisionfortheAdvancementofWomen,inconsultationwiththeOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights,tostudythisissueandbriefinthisregardtheCommitteeatitsnineteenthsession.472. x MembersalsoinvitedtheHighCommissionerfor (#0 HumanRights,aspartofherinitiativetoemphasizetheimportanceofwomenshumanrightsinthecontextoftheConvention,toconsiderincluding:  x (a)  Acomprehensivepublicinformationprogramme 6,&5 inallregions,particularlyinthosecountrieswhichhave ,T'6 problemsimplementingtheConventionfully,andincomplyingwitharticle18oftheConvention;xx-x  (b) l Atrainingprogrammeforgendersensitization 9 ofthosewhomustunderstandandimplementtheConvention,includingpolice,teachers,thejudiciaryandhealthprofessionals.S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    +xC.0  PresentationbytheSpecialRapporteurof  b@ theCommissiononHumanRightsontheeliminationofallformsofreligiousintoleranceandofdiscriminationbasedonreligionorbeliefS:afth | XXXX O4X X#idV 3 D##         473.  TheSpecialRapporteuroftheCommissiononHuman H G RightsontheeliminationofallformsofreligiousintoleranceandofdiscriminationbasedonreligionorbeliefaddressedtheCommitteeatits374thmeetingon28January1998.474.  Heindicatedthathewasfrequentlyfacedwithissues ~M concerningthestatusofwomenandtheirpositionregardingreligion.HenotedthatreligiousnormsrelatingtowomenweredynamicandcouldnotbeputforwardasajustificationfordiscriminationorreservationstotheConventionorothertreaties.475.  Hestressedtheroleofeducationintheeliminationof |T discrimination,citingtheresponsibilityofschoolsandotherinstitutionsinthisregard.Hesaidthatwhileinternationallegalprinciplesrelatingtowomensadvancementwerewelldeveloped,theseprinciplesstillneededtobeactedon.476.  Intheircommentsonhispresentation,expertsthanked Z theSpecialRapporteurandnotedthatitwasseekingtostrengthencooperationandcoordinationamongallUnitedNationsmechanismstopromotetherightsofwomen.Severalexpertsstatedthatviolenceagainstwomenwasoftenlinkedtoreligiousextremism,whichwasalsosometimesinvokedasanexcusefordiscrimination.SeveralexpertsemphasizedtheconnectionbetweentheCommitteesworkandthatoftheSpecialRapporteurandlookedforwardtofurthercooperation.ExpertsalsoexpressedtheviewthatgreaterreligioustoleranceandrespectforallhumanrightswouldcreatetheenvironmentforimplementationoftheConventionandequalitybetweenwomenandmen.  ) $i h     O4 O4: O4#Sid  3    & ^    ChapterVII  0  0xProvisionalagendaforthe xx 0  0xnineteenthsessionh Mfth #idS 3 :  : O4  :xx         Cd x& e3q !?&'^) ./,15k78=9? x& e3q !?&'^) ./,15k78=  477. x TheCommitteeconsideredtheprovisionalagendafor x  '^itsnineteenthsession(agendaitem7)atits383rdmeetingon6February1998.TheCommitteedecidedtoapprovethefollowingprovisionalagenda:  x 1.  Openingofthesession.  <    x 2.0  Adoptionoftheagendaandorganizationof  R  work.    x 3.0  ReportoftheChairpersononactivities 0  undertakenbetweentheeighteenthandnineteenthsessionsoftheCommittee.    x 4.0  ConsiderationofreportssubmittedbyStates   partiesunderarticle18oftheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen.    x 5.0  Implementationofarticle21oftheConvention D ontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen.    x 6.0  Waysandmeansofexpeditingtheworkofthe  Committee.    x 7.  Provisionalagendaforthetwentiethsession. r   x 8.0  AdoptionofthereportoftheCommitteeonits ! nineteenthsession.  h     O4 O4: O4#Sid  3    ChapterVIII |& 0  0xAdoptionofthereporth fth #idS 3 :  : O4  :~'xx         478. x Atits383rdmeeting,on6February1998,the H!* Committeeadoptedthereportonitseighteenthsession(CEDAW/C/1998/I/L.1andAdd.19),asorallyamended. c#-  - ((  $I- Л    ӜTd nTRX3'"Letter (Portrait)X3'"Letter (Portrait)3'"Letter (Portrait)3'"Letter (Portrait)T    XXg!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A x& e3q !?&'^) ./,15k78= O4 O4 O4 O4 33        & 2TRX3'SS7 gT d d711^ 22^ VV  \C A.-6789:   NH-6789:C7d d7  #idid 33          & 2SS55O4 O4O4O4g!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A  7    3gO4^#]Sid    PartTwoReportoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomenonitsnineteenthsession7n 3    O4g^#id]S        X BO4O4: O4Letteroftransmittal  B z w :  :O4 :  [[710July1998 z  0 : 0::Sir,  0 : 0:: Ihavethehonourtorefertoarticle21oftheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen,accordingtowhichtheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen,establishedpursuanttotheConvention, shall,throughtheEconomicandSocialCouncil,reportannuallytotheGeneralAssemblyoftheUnitedNationsonitsactivities.  0 : 0:: TheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomenhelditsnineteenthsessionfrom22Juneto10July1998atUnitedNationsHeadquarters.Itadopteditsreportonthesessionatits403rdmeeting,on10July.ThereportoftheCommitteeisherewithsubmittedtoyoufortransmissiontotheGeneralAssemblyatitsfiftythirdsession.  0 : 0:: Accept,Sir,theassurancesofmyhighestconsideration.  o 3  0(Signed)Salma Khan  A 8Chairperson$CommitteeontheEliminationofll'DiscriminationagainstWomenob 3    a  4jC NH-6789:   A.-6789:C   O4O4 O4 O4#idid 33          (##(d x& e3q !?&'^) ./,15k78=9?!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A& 2SS55  qh q    O4 O4: O4#Sid  3    qChapterI 0 x Mattersbroughttotheattentionof  Statespartiesh  H#idS 3 :  : O4  :xx   qq      S:aq    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    RRA.0 x Statementsonreservationstothe n  ConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomenadoptedbytheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomenS:a   XXXX O4X X#idV 3 . xx   q      1.  x TheCommitteeadoptedthefollowingstatementon   reservationstotheConventionwhichitwishestobringtotheattentionofStatespartiesasitscontributiontothecommemorationofthefiftiethanniversaryoftheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights.S:aq    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3      x IntroductionS:a   XXXX O4X X#idV 3     q      2.  x TheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscrimination | againstWomenwishestomarkthefiftiethanniversaryoftheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsandthefiveyearreviewoftheViennaDeclarationandProgrammeofActionwithastatementconcerningtheadverseimpactthatreservationstotheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomenhaveontheachievementbywomenoffullandsubstantiveequalitywithmen.TheCommitteehasextensiveexperienceoftheimpactofreservationsgainedfromtheexaminationofStatespartiesreports.Ithasalsonotedtheincreasingconcernexpressedbyotherhumanrightstreatybodies,theInternationalLawCommission,someMemberStates,theWorldConferenceonHumanRightsandtheFourthWorldConferenceonWomen,aswellasscholarsandnon-governmentalorganizations,atthenumberandextentofreservationstohumanrightstreaties,andtothisConventioninparticular.S:aq    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3      x BackgroundS:a q XXXX O4X X#idV 3 % -   q      3.  x TheCommitteehas,onanumberofoccasions, |'!0 expresseditsviewsandconcernsregardingthenumberandextentofreservationstotheConvention.1Ithasalsonoted )^#2 thatsomeStatespartiesthatenterreservationstotheConventiondonotenterreservationstoanalogousprovisionsinotherhumanrightstreaties.AnumberofStatesenterreservationstoparticulararticlesonthegroundthatnationallaw,tradition,religionorcultureisnotcongruentwith ,<'7 Conventionprinciples,andpurporttojustifythereservationonthatbasis.SomeStatesenterareservationtoarticle2,althoughtheirnationalconstitutionsorlawsprohibitdiscrimination.ThereisthereforeaninherentconflictbetweentheprovisionsoftheStatesconstitutionanditsreservationtotheConvention.SomereservationsaredrawnsowidelythattheireffectcannotbelimitedtospecificprovisionsintheConvention.4.xx-x  SeveralStatespartieshaveenteredinterpretative ( ~@ declarationstotheConventiononratificationoraccession.Whileitisnotalwayseasytodistinguishadeclarationfromareservation,anystatement,irrespectiveofitstitle,whichseekstomodifythelegaleffectoftheConventioninrespectofaStateparty,willbeconsideredbytheCommitteetobeareservation.2TheCommitteehasnoted,inthisregard,that " F anumberofStatespartieshaveenteredgeneraldeclarationswhichconstitute,infact,generalreservations.S:aq    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    xx-x  ReservationstotheConventionS:a    XXXX O4X X#idV 3 L   q      5.xx-x  Asat1July1998,161Statespartieshadratifiedthe 2O ConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen.Fifty-fourStateshadenteredreservationstooneormorearticlesintheConventionincludingpermissiblereservationstoarticle29(1)and(2).6.xx-x  Articles2and16areconsideredbytheCommitteeto ^U becoreprovisionsoftheConvention.AlthoughsomeStatespartieshavewithdrawnreservationstothosearticles,theCommitteeisparticularlyconcernedatthenumberandextentofreservationsenteredtothosearticles.e q    O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    xx-x  Impermissiblereservationse  G O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3 j\   q      7.xx-x  Article28,paragraph2,oftheConventionadoptsthe ) ^ impermissibilityprinciplecontainedintheViennaConventionontheLawofTreaties.ItstatesthatareservationincompatiblewiththeobjectandpurposeofthepresentConventionshallnotbepermitted.8.xx-x  AlthoughtheConventiondoesnotprohibittheentering U$d ofreservations,thosewhichchallengethecentralprinciplesoftheConventionarecontrarytotheprovisionsoftheConventionandtogeneralinternationallaw.AssuchtheymaybechallengedbyotherStatesparties.9.xx-x  Statespartiescondemndiscriminationagainstwomen ("j inallitsforms,agreetopursuebyallappropriatemeansandwithoutdelayapolicyofeliminatingdiscriminationagainstwomenand,tothisend,undertake:qxx-x  (a) l Toembodytheprincipleoftheequalityofmen +=&o andwomenintheirnationalconstitutionsorother ,'p appropriatelegislation,ifnotyetincorporatedtherein,andtoensure,throughlawandotherappropriatemeans,thepracticalrealizationofthisprinciple;  x (b)  Toadoptappropriatelegislativeandother P measures,includingsanctionswhereappropriate,prohibitingalldiscriminationagainstwomen;  x (c)  Toestablishlegalprotectionoftherightsof  L womenonanequalbasiswithmenandtoensurethroughcompetentnationaltribunalsandotherpublicinstitutionstheeffectiveprotectionofwomenagainstanyactofdiscrimination;  x (d)  Torefrainfromengaginginanyactorpractice ,  ofdiscriminationagainstwomenandtoensurethatpublicauthoritiesandinstitutionsshallactinconformitywiththisobligation;  x (e)  Totakeallappropriatemeasurestoeliminate   discriminationagainstwomenbyanyperson,organizationorenterprise;  x (f)  Totakeallappropriatemeasures,including @ legislation,tomodifyorabolishexistinglaws,regulations,customsandpracticeswhichconstitutediscriminationagainstwomen;  x (g)  Torepealallnationalpenalprovisionswhich  constitutediscriminationagainstwomen.10.  x ReservationsaffecttheefficacyoftheConvention,  whoseobjectiveistoenddiscriminationagainstwomenandtoachievedejureanddefactoequalityforthem. r! ReservationspreventtheCommitteefromassessingtheprogressofStatespartiesimplementationoftheConvention,limititsmandateandpotentiallyaffecttheentirehumanrightsregime.SomeStatesareconcernedaboutaperceivedconflictbetweenarticle2andtheIslamicshariahlaw.Inotherinstances,Stateshaveenteredreservations,which,althoughunspecific,arebroadenoughtoencompassarticle2.ThesereservationsposeanacuteproblemfortheimplementationoftheConventionandfortheCommitteesabilitytomonitorcompliancewithit.Severalhaveenteredreservationstoarticle2toprotectrightsofsuccessiontothethroneandtochieflyandothertraditionaltitles.Thistooisdiscriminatoryagainstwomen.11.  x Ingeneralrecommendation20,theCommittee,inter Z'!0 alia,soughttoresolvetheproblemofimpermissible "(x"1 reservations.And,inJune1993,theViennaDeclarationandProgrammeofActionencouragedStatestoconsiderlimitingtheextentofanyreservationstheylodgedtointernationalhumanrightsinstruments,toformulateanyreservationsaspreciselyandnarrowlyaspossible,toensurethatnoneisincompatiblewiththeobjectandpurposeoftherelevant ,('7 treatyandtoregularlyreviewanyreservationswithaviewtowithdrawingthem.Inspiteoftheserecommendations,todatefewreservationstoarticle2havebeenmodifiedorwithdrawnbyanyStateparty.e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    xx-x  Article16e ! G" O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3  =         12.xx-x  TheCommitteehaspreviouslyanalysedarticle16in  ? itsgeneralrecommendation21.Inthecourseoftheanalysisoffactorsimpedingcompliancewitharticle16,itsaid:xx-x0  Reservations_ C## 0 x 0x#x# l TheCommitteehasnotedwithalarmthenumberofStatespartieswhichhaveenteredreservationstothewholeorpartofarticle16,especiallywhenareservationhasalsobeenenteredtoarticle2,claimingthatcompliancemayconflictwithacommonlyheldvisionofthefamily,based,inter ] J alia,onculturalorreligiousbeliefsoronacountrys %{ K economicorpoliticalstatus. ## 0 x 0x#x# l Manyofthesecountriesholdapatriarchalbeliefinthestructureofafamilywhichplacesafather,husbandorsoninafavourableposition.Insomecountrieswherefundamentalistorotherextremistviewsoreconomichardshiphaveencouragedareturntooldvaluesandtraditions,womensplaceinthefamilyhasdeterioratedsharply.Inothers,whereithasbeenrecognizedthatamodernsocietydependsforitseconomicadvanceandforthegeneralgoodofthecommunityoninvolvingalladultsequally,regardlessofgender,thesetaboosandreactionaryorextremistideashaveprogressivelybeendiscouraged. ## 0 x 0x#x# l Consistentwitharticles2,3and24inparticular,theCommitteerequiresthatallStatespartiesgraduallyprogresstoastagewhere,bytheirresolutediscouragementofnotionsoftheinequalityofwomeninthehome,eachcountrywillwithdrawitsreservation,inparticulartoarticles9,15and16oftheConvention. ## xx-x0   l Statespartiesshouldresolutelydiscourageany ?%d notionsofinequalityofwomenandmenwhichareaffirmedbylawsorbyprivatelaworcustom,andprogresstothestagewherereservations,inparticulartoarticle16,willbewithdrawn.3_("h## 13.xx-x  TheCommitteeagainemphasizesthese u)#j recommendationsandencouragesStatespartiestonote,adoptandimplementthem.  ,q&n &   e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3      x Impactofreservationse -e - O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3          14.  x Reservationstoanyhumanrightstreatylimitthe'-  applicationofinternationallyacceptedhumanrightsnormsatthenationallevel.TheywillalsoindicateclearlythedegreeofcommitmentofthereservingStatetofullcompliancewiththeparticulartreaty.15.  x WhenreservationsaremadetotheConventiononthe  L EliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen,therecanbeadoubleimpact.Byenteringareservation,theStateindicatesitsunwillingnesstocomplywithanacceptedhumanrightsnorm.Italsoensuresthatwomensinequalitywithmenwillbeentrenchedatthenationallevel.ThepromisegiventoitswomenwhentheStateratifiestheConventionisnotthereforefulfilled.Thisnotonlyaffectswomensabilitytoexerciseandenjoytheirrights,butalsoguaranteesthattheywillremaininferiortomenandhavelessaccesstothefullrangeofcivil,political,economic,socialandculturalrightsenjoyedbymen.Theramificationsforwomenaresignificant.Theymustcompetewithmenonanunequalfootingforsuchfundamentalrightsasequalityofincome,accesstoeducation,housingandhealthcare,andequalityofrightsandresponsibilitieswithinthefamily.Reservationstoarticles2and16perpetuatethemythofwomensinferiorityandreinforcetheinequalitiesinthelivesofmillionsofwomenthroughouttheworld.Theycontinuetobetreatedinbothpublicandprivatelifeasinferiortomen,andtosuffergreaterviolationsoftheirrightsineverysphereoftheirlives.16.  x TheCommitteeholdstheviewthatarticle2iscentral t totheobjectsandpurposeoftheConvention.StatespartieswhichratifytheConventiondosobecausetheyagreethatdiscriminationagainstwomeninallitsformsshouldbecondemnedandthatthestrategiessetoutinarticle2,subparagraphs(a)to(g),shouldbeimplementedbyStatespartiestoeliminateit.17.  x Neithertraditional,religiousorculturalpracticenor :"' incompatibledomesticlawsandpoliciescanjustifyviolationsoftheConvention.TheCommitteealsoremainsconvincedthatreservationstoarticle16,whetherlodgedfornational,traditional,religiousorculturalreasons,areincompatiblewiththeConventionandthereforeimpermissibleandshouldbereviewedandmodifiedorwithdrawn.e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3      x Removingreservationse 9e 9 O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3 S)#1         18.  x TheCommitteeconsidersthatthoseStatesparties i*$3 whichhaveenteredreservationstotheConventionhavecertainoptionsopentothem.AccordingtotheSpecialRapporteurappointedbytheInternationalLawCommission ,'6 toreportonthelawandpracticerelatingtoreservationstotreatiesaStatepartymay:xx-x  (a) l Afterhavingexaminedthefindingingoodfaith, 9 maintainitsreservation;xx-x  (b) l Withdrawitsreservation; f < xx-x  (c) l Regularizeitssituationbyreplacingits | > impermissiblereservationwithapermissiblereservation;xx-x  (d) l RenouncebeingapartytotheTreaty. Z A 19.xx-x  TheCommitteehasalreadynotedthattodate,few p C reservationstoarticle2havebeenwithdrawnormodifiedbyanyStatepartyandthatreservationstoarticle16arerarelywithdrawn.20.xx-x  Whilearticle29providesaninter-Statedispute 4 H procedure,anumberofStateshaveenteredreservationstoarticle29itself,therebylimitingitseffect.SomeStatesformallylodgeobjectionstoreservationstoarticles2or16.TheCommitteerecognizesandappreciatesthepositiveimpactthattheuseofthisprocedurecanhaveinencouragingStatestowithdrawormodifyreservationsandtheempoweringeffecttheseobjectionshaveforwomenintheStateparty.ItisoptimisticthatmoreStatespartieswillrigorouslyreviewandobjecttoimpermissiblereservationstotheConvention.21.xx-x  TheCommitteealsoacknowledgestheviewofthe T SpecialRapporteurappointedbytheInternationalLawCommissionthatobjectionsbyStatesarenotonlyameansofexertingpressureonreservingStates,butalsoserveasausefulguidefortheassessmentofthepermissibilityofareservationbytheCommitteeitself.S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    xx-x  TheroleoftheCommitteeS:agCe D XXXX O4X X#idV 3 .]         22.xx-x  TheCommitteehasanimportantroletoplay,one !` whichhasbeenmandatedbytheViennaDeclarationandProgrammeforAction,which,inparagraph39,statesthattheCommitteeshouldcontinueitsreviewofreservations.23.xx-x  TheCommitteeconcludesthatithascertain $Pe responsibilitiesasthebodyofexpertschargedwiththeconsiderationofperiodicreportssubmittedtoit.TheCommittee,initsexaminationofStatesreports,entersintoconstructivedialoguewiththeStatepartyandmakesconcludingcommentsroutinelyexpressingconcernattheentryofreservationstoarticles2and16orthefailureofStatespartiestowithdrawormodifythem.24.xx-x  TheSpecialRapporteurconsidersthatcontrolofthe +%n permissibilityofreservationsistheprimaryresponsibilityoftheStatesparties.However,theCommitteeagainwishes -n'p todrawtotheattentionofStatespartiesitsgraveconcernatthenumberandextentofimpermissiblereservations.Italsoexpressesconcernthat,evenwhenStatesobjecttosuchreservationsthereappearstobeareluctanceonthepartoftheStatesconcernedtoremoveandmodifythemandtherebycomplywithgeneralprinciplesofinternationallaw.S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3      x ConclusionS:aJe rK XXXX O4X X#idV 3            25.  x FiftyyearsaftertheadoptionoftheUniversal r   DeclarationofHumanRights,thegreatmajorityofMemberStateshavesignifiedtheircommitmenttotheConventionbyratificationoraccession.ItisnowtimetoreexamineStatesselfimposedlimitationstofullcompliancewithalltheprinciplesintheConventionbytheentryofreservations.Removalormodificationofreservations,particularlytoarticles2and16,wouldindicateaStatepartysdeterminationtoremoveallbarrierstowomensfullequalityanditscommitmenttoensuringthatwomenareabletoparticipatefullyinallaspectsofpublicandprivatelifewithoutfearofdiscriminationorrecrimination.StateswhichremovereservationswouldbemakingamajorcontributiontoachievingtheobjectivesofbothformalanddefactoorsubstantivecompliancewiththeConvention!alaudableandappropriatecontributiontothecommemorationof50yearsofcompliancewiththeUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights,aswellasimplementationofthe1993ViennaDeclarationandProgrammeofAction.Notes " 4  O4 33    g! ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A x& e3q !?&'^) ./,15k78=  W 33    ~ 9x! ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A~     91 x Generalrecommendations4,20and21. O%  920 x Article2,subpara.1(d),ViennaConventionontheLawof 7 ' Treaties,1969. xx  930 x GeneralrecommendationNo.21(thirteenthsession,1994), !* Equalityinmarriageandfamilyrelations,paras.4144.k"+xx WRons 33    ~g! ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A9x~    4>Qons O4  33    d x& e3q !?&'^) ./,15k78=! ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A   j#-  -  $P-  $P-  & -  & -  (p"-  (p"- ((  )$- &  4jC NH-6789:   NH-6789:C   O4 O4 O4 O4#idid 33          (##(d x& e3q !?&'^) ./,15k78=9? x& e3q !?&'^) ./,15k78=& 2SS55  S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    ]]B.0 x DecisionsS:a[[to \ XXXX O4X X#idV 3xx         Cd x& e3q !?&'^) ./,15k78=9? x& e3q !?&'^) ./,15k78=  S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3     0 x Decision19/I.Timingofpresession ^ workinggroupS:aA^ ^ XXXX O4X X#idV 3@xx           x TheCommittee,atitseighteenthsession,decidedto  J 'tXeffectatransitiontoapatternofworkinwhichthepresessionworkinggroupmeetsatthesessionpriortowhichthereportsbeforethatpresessionwillbeconsidered.TheCommitteethereforedecidedthat,inorderforthetransitiontothisnewpatternofworktobeeffectedsmoothly,thepresessionworkinggroupforthetwentyfirstsessionwouldmeetasathirdworkinggroupduringthetwentiethsessionandwouldremain,ifnecessary,foruptothreedaysafterthetwentiethsessiontoconsolidatethelistsofissuesandquestionswithrespecttothereportstobeconsideredatthetwentyfirstsession.& D S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3      x Decision19/II.ConcludingcommentsS:alcrep "d XXXX O4X X#idV 3            x TheCommitteedecidedtoreviseitsproceduresand'D`cformatfortheelaborationofconcludingcommentswithaviewtostreamliningthecomments,whileretainingflexibility(seeparas.395to397).&  Cd x& e3q !?&'^) ./,15k78=9? x& e3q !?&'^) ./,15k78=  S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3     0 x Decision19/III.Listofissuesand F  questionsforconsiderationofperiodicreportsS:aeg h XXXX O4X X#idV 3 "xx         Cd x& e3q !?&'^) ./,15k78=9? x& e3q !?&'^) ./,15k78=    x TheCommitteerequestedtheSecretariattoprepare'lfdrafts,listsofissuesandquestionswithregardtoperiodicreports,basedonananalyticalcomparisonofcurrentStatespartiesreports,withpreviousreportsandtheCommitteesdiscussionthereonandotherrelevantinformation,includingconcludingobservationsofothertreatybodies.ThedraftlistspreparedbytheSecretariatwouldbesentinadvanceofthemeetingofthepresessionworkinggrouptothoseCommitteemembersdesignatedascountryrapporteurs.  I& 0 h     O4 O4: O4#Sid  3    &   ChapterII 0 0 x Organizationalandothermattersh me m#idS 3 :  : O4  :1x#x#         S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    +xA.0  StatespartiestotheConventiononthe v4 EliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomenS:a:oe o XXXX O4X X#idV 3: 6##         dL ` L9 X"'(&*.e016389q>@A?FG^I x& e3q !?&'^) ./,15k78=26.  On10July1998,theclosingdateofthenineteenth  D9 'msessionoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen,therewere161StatespartiestotheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen,whichwasadoptedbytheGeneralAssemblyinitsresolution34/180of18December1979andopenedforsignature,ratificationandaccessioninNewYorkinMarch1980.Inaccordancewitharticle27,theConventionenteredintoforceon3September1981.27.  AlistofStatespartiestotheConventioniscontained D C inannexItothepresentreport.0   ##  Cd x& e3q !?&'^) ./,15k78=9?L ` L9 X"'(&*.e016389q>@A?FG  S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    & D +xB.0  OpeningofthesessionS:a&ve v XXXX O4X X#idV 38H##         28.xx-x  TheCommitteehelditsnineteenthsessionatUnited BK 'D8vNationsHeadquartersfrom22Juneto10July1998.TheCommitteeheld20plenarymeetings(384thto403rd),anditstwoworkinggroupsheld4meetings.29.xx-x  ThesessionwasopenedbytheChairpersonofthe ZP Committee,Ms.SalmaKhan(Bangladesh),whohadbeenelectedatthesixteenthsessionoftheCommitteeinJanuary1997.30.xx-x  Inheropeningstatement,Ms.AngelaE.V.King, U SpecialAdviseronGenderIssuesandAdvancementofWomen,welcomedtwoexperts,Ms.AntoniaGuvava(Zimbabwe)andMs.ChikakoTaya(Japan),whowere,respectively,servingtheremainderofthetermsofMs.TendaiBare(Zimbabwe)andMs.GinkoSato(Japan),memberswhohadresignedfromtheCommittee.ShealsocongratulatedthefourmemberswhohadbeenreelectedforafurtherfouryeartermatthetenthmeetingofStatespartieson17February1998.SheexpressedgratitudetothosemembersleavingtheCommittee,notingthat,becauseoftheircommitmentandexpertise,shewassurethattheywouldcontinuetosupportanddisseminatetheidealsoftheConvention.31.xx-x  TheSpecialAdviserinformedtheCommitteethatin *\$d relationtothefiftiethanniversaryoftheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights,thefortysecondsessionoftheCommissionontheStatusofWomen,heldfrom2to13March1998,reviewedcriticalareasofconcernofthe &-|'h BeijingPlatformforActionthatrelatetothethemeofhumanrights,i.e.,violenceagainstwomen,humanrightsofwomen,womenandarmedconflictandthegirlchild.TheCommissionontheStatusofWomenurgedGovernmentstoratifyandaccedetotheConventioninordertoachieveoneofthePlatformforActionsobjectives,thatofuniversalratificationoftheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomenbytheyear2000,andalsoaddressedtheissueofreservationstotheConvention,aquestionthattheCommitteewilltakeupasitcompletesitsstatementforthecommemorationofthefiftiethanniversaryoftheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights.ShenotedthattheopenendedworkinggroupoftheCommissionestablishedtodrafttheoptionalprotocoltotheConventionhadmetinparalleltotheCommissionandhadmovedforwardindraftingthetextoftheprotocol.Theworkinggroupwouldmeetagainin1999duringthefortythirdsessionoftheCommissiontocontinueitswork.32.  x TheSpecialAdvisernotedthattheyear2000would ^ markfiveyearssincetheadoptionoftheBeijingDeclarationandthePlatformforAction.Inordertomarkthisimportantanniversary,theCommissionontheStatusofWomenhadcalledforahighlevelplenaryreviewbytheGeneralAssemblytoappraiseprogressachievedinimplementingtheNairobiForwardlookingStrategiesfortheAdvancementofWomenandtheBeijingPlatformforAction.TheGeneralAssemblyhadapprovedtheconveningofaspecialsessiontobeheldfrom5to9June2000.ThepreparatoryworkforthesessionwouldbecarriedoutbytheCommissionatitsfortythirdandfortyfourthsessionsin1999and2000,bothofwhichwouldbeextendedbyoneweek.Inthatconnection,theCommissionhadinvitedtheCommitteetoprovideitwithinformation,atitsfortythirdsession,ontheimplementationoftheBeijingPlatformforActionthroughitsreviewofStatespartiesreports.33.  x Ms.KingconcludedbynotingthatwithintheUnited !% Nationssystemtherewasevidenceofincreasingcommitmenttogendermainstreamingandrecognitionofthehumanrightsofwomen.However,despiteprogress,therewasaneedtoguardagainstcomplacency.Forexample,shesaid,therehadbeennoadditionalratificationsoraccessionstotheConventionsincetheCommitteeslastsession.AstheCommitteeapproachedthetwentiethanniversaryoftheConventionin1999,betterandmoreinnovativemethodswereneededtoencourageratificationandtobridgethegapbetweenratificationandimplementation.Inaddition,asignificantnumberofStatespartiesreportswerelongoverdue,includinginitialreports.Strategiestoencouragereportingshouldbedesignedandimplemented. ,2'4 Ї& D S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    +xC.0  AttendanceS:a  XXXX O4X X#idV 34##         34.xx-x  TwentyonemembersoftheCommitteeattendedthe ^7 session;severalattendedonlypart'Dofthesession.Ms.IvankaCortiattendedfrom22to26Juneandfrom6to10July1998,Ms.JavatedeDioson22and23Juneandfrom1to10July,Ms.SchppSchillingfrom26Juneto10July,Ms.CarlotaBustelofrom29Juneto10July,Ms.SunaryatiHartonofrom29Juneto10JulyandMs.CarmelShalevfrom29Juneto10July.35.xx-x  AlistofthemembersoftheCommittee,togetherwith  B@ theirtermsofoffice,iscontainedinannexIItothepresentreport.& D S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    +xD.0  SolemndeclarationS:afor Z XXXX O4X X#idV 3 F##         36.xx-x  Attheopeningofthenineteenthsession,before \ I 'Dassumingtheirfunctions,thereplacementmembers,Ms.AntoniaGuvava(Zimbabwe)andMs.ChikakoTaya(Japan),madethesolemndeclarationasprovidedforunderrule10oftherulesofprocedureoftheCommittee.& & S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    +xE.0  Adoptionoftheagendaandorganization 3R ofworkS:a  XXXX O4X X#idV 3kS##         37.xx-x  TheCommitteeadopteditsprovisionalagendaand V '&3organizationofwork(CEDAW/C/1998/II/1)atits384thmeeting,on22June1998,asfollows:xx-x  1.0 l Openingofthesession.oZl#l# xx-x  2.0 l Solemndeclarationbythenewmembersofthe \ Committee. l#l# xx-x  3.0 l Adoptionoftheagendaandorganizationof c!_ work. l#l# xx-x  4.0 l ReportoftheChairpersononactivities A#b undertakenbetweentheeighteenthandnineteenthsessionsoftheCommittee. l#l# xx-x  5.0 l ConsiderationofreportssubmittedbyStates %= f partiesunderarticle18oftheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen. l#l# xx-x  6.0 l Implementationofarticle21oftheConvention U)#k ontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen. l#l# xx-x  7.0 l Waysandmeansofexpeditingtheworkofthe +Q&o Committee. ,'pl#l# Ї  x 8.0  Provisionalagendaforthetwentiethsession.   x 9.0  AdoptionofthereportoftheCommitteeonits  nineteenthsession.  & D S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    hhF.0 x ReportofthepresessionworkinggroupS:a͚  XXXX O4X X#idV 3 xx         38.  x TheCommitteehaddecided,atitsninthsession,to h   'D conveneapresessionworkinggroupforfivedaysbeforeeachsessiontopreparelistsofissuesandquestionsrelatingtoperiodicreportsthatwouldbeconsideredbytheCommitteeatthesession.39.  x Thefollowingthreemembers,representingdifferent   regionalgroups,participatedintheworkinggroupatthenineteenthsession:AdaGonzlezMartnez(LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean),YungChungKim(AsiaandthePacific),andAhouaOuedraogo(Africa),Chairpersonofthepresessionworkinggroup.TheChairpersonoftheCommittee,Ms.SalmaKhan,alsoservedasamemberofthepresessionworkinggroup.40.  x Thepresessionworkinggrouppreparedlistsofissues , andquestionsrelatingtothesubsequentreportsofsixStatesparties,namely,NewZealand,Nigeria,Panama,Peru,theRepublicofKoreaandtheUnitedRepublicofTanzania.41.  x Atthe392ndmeeting,on30June1998,the  Chairpersonofthepresessionworkinggroup,Ms.AhouaOuedraogo,introducedthereportoftheworkinggroup(CEDAW/C/1998/II/CRP.1/Add.16).ThepresessionworkinggroupnotedthatthemajorityofreportsreviewedfollowedtheguidelinesoftheCommitteeanddescribedthemajorsocial,economicandpoliticalchangesthathadoccurredsincetheStatespartieslastreportedtotheCommittee.StatespartieshadmadeeffortstorespectandimplementtheConventionthroughthepassageoflegislationandothermeasures.MostofthereportsunderreviewindicatedthatGovernmentsandnongovernmentalorganizationswerecooperatingwithrespecttotheConvention,andagreaterawarenessoftheConventionanditsprincipleshadbeenachieved;howeverthereremainedalackofreliablestatisticaldatarelatingtoseveralareasoftheConvention.42.  x InaccordancewiththedecisionoftheCommitteeat 0'!0 itseighteenthsession,thepresessionworkinggroupreceivedcountryspecificinformationontheStatespartiesthatwerebeforetheworkinggroupfromrepresentativesofthespecializedagenciesandotherbodiesoftheUnitedNations.AlsoinaccordancewiththeCommitteesdecisionattheeighteenthsession,thepresessionworkinggroupreceivedcountryspecificinformationonthoseStatesparties ,&7 fromrepresentativesofnationalandinternationalnongovernmentalorganizations.43.xx-x  ThepresessionworkinggroupencouragedStates : partiestotakeadvantageofavailableUnitedNationssupporttocountriesseekingtodevelopstatisticaldatabases.Itnotedthatthereportssuggestedthatwomencontinuedtobesubjecttopersistentdiscriminationanddifficultiesinthecontextofeducation,employment,healthandnationality,althoughsomegainshadbeenmadewherewomensrepresentationindecisionmakingpositionswasconcerned.44.xx-x  Thepresessionworkinggroupalsonotedthe lC persistenceofculturalandcustomarynormsinsomeStatespartiesthatsometimesimpededtheimplementationoftheConventionandthatcouldalsoposeobstaclestotheintroductionofmeasuresdesignedtoadvancethestatusofwomen.Italsonotedthepersistenceofviolenceagainstwomenandsexualexploitationinallthecountriesunderreview.ThisconstitutedaseriousobstacletotheimplementationoftheConventionandremainedaseriousissuedespitecleargovernmentaleffortstoaddressviolenceandsexualexploitationandstereotypicalnotionsoftherolesofmenandwomenandculturalpatternsofbehaviour.& & S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    +xG.0  Compositionandorganizationofworkof 0R theworkinggroupsS:a Ӭ XXXX O4X X#idV 3S##         45.xx-x  Atits384thmeeting,on22June,theCommittee pV '&agreedonthecompositionofitstwostandingworkinggroups:workinggroupI,onwaysandmeansofexpeditingtheworkoftheCommittee,andworkinggroupII,onwaysandmeansofimplementingarticle21oftheConvention.46.xx-x  WorkinggroupIwascomposedofAyseFerideAcar, \ EmnaAouij,DesireP.Bernard,SilviaCartwright,IvankaCorti,YolandaFerrerG;mez,AdaGonzlezMartnez,AntoniaGuvava,SalmaKhan,YungChungKim,AhouaOuedraogo,AnneLiseRyel,LinShangzhenandChikakoTaya.47.xx-x  WorkinggroupIIwascomposedofCharlotteAbaka, $c AyseFerideAcar,EmmaAouij,SilviaCartwright,IvankaCorti,AuroraJavatedeDios,YolandaFerrerG;mez,AdaGonzlezMartnez,AhouaOuedraogo,AnneLiseRyelandLinShangzhen.48.xx-x  ThespecificissuesaddressedbyworkinggroupsI (0#i andIIwerethefollowing:xx-x  (a) l WorkinggroupI:PracticesoftheCommittee *%l withrespecttotheconcludingcomments;timingandworkingmethodsofthepresessionworkinggroup;theCommitteesrelationshipwiththeSpecialRapporteuron -f'o violenceagainstwomen,itscausesandconsequences;theguidelinesoftheHumanRightsCommitteefortheexerciseoffunctionsbymembers;andissuesraisedattheninthmeetingofthechairpersonsofthehumanrightstreatybodies.  x (b)  WorkinggroupII:Statementonreservations;  6 draftgeneralrecommendationonhealth;jointstatementonindivisibilityandgenderinenjoymentofhumanrights;recommendationstotheCommitteefromtheCommissionontheStatusofWomenandtheCommissiononHumanRights.T!& b h     O4 O4: O4#Sid  3    ChapterIII J   0 x ReportoftheChairpersonon L  activitiesundertakenbetweentheeighteenthandnineteenthsessionsoftheCommitteeh ' ݶ#idS 3 :  : O4  :Rxx         49.  x TheChairpersonoftheCommittee,Ms.SalmaKhan,  'breportedonheractivitiesbetweentheeighteenthandnineteenthsessions.50.  x SheinformedtheCommitteethatfrom23to27 l February1998shehadattendedtheninthmeetingofpersonschairingtheUnitedNationshumanrightstreatybodies.Participantsunderlinedtheimportanceofuniversalratificationofthesixcorehumanrightstreaties.TheysuggestedthataletterbesentbytheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRightsrequestingtheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)todevelopacomprehensiveprogrammetofacilitateratificationandreportingbyStatesparties.ReferringtothesuccessofthePlanofActionfortheConventionontheRightsoftheChild,themeetingrecommendedthatanoverallplanofactionbedrawnuptoenhancetheresourcesavailabletothetreatybodies.Variousrecommendationsweremadewithregardtotheconcludingcommentsoftreatybodiesandapproachestobetakeninthecontextoflongoverduereports.51.  x Ms.Khanreportedonherparticipationattheforty :%+ secondsessionoftheCommissionontheStatusofWomenandalsoinformedtheCommitteethatshehadaddressedthefiftyfourthsessionoftheCommissiononHumanRights,informingitoftheCommitteesachievements,includingtheadoptionofgeneralrecommendation23onwomenandpubliclife,andprogressinrespectofageneralrecommendationonhealth.52.  x Ms.KhaninformedtheCommitteethat,inherpersonal +&4 capacity,shehadmadeastatementatanongovernmental ,&5 meetingonwomenandfundamentalism,heldfrom16to18April1998inBarcelona,Spain.Again,inherpersonalcapacity,shehadattendedtheorganizationalsessionofthepreparatorycommitteeofthespecialsessionoftheGeneralAssemblytobeheldintheyear2000onthefollowuptotheWorldSummitforSocialDevelopment.Themajorfocusofherstatementatthesessionwastheplightofpeople,particularlythepoorest,livinginSouthAsiaandsubSaharanAfricawherethegoalsoftheSummithadbeenlargelyunmet.53.xx-x  TheChairpersoninformedtheCommitteethatshehad  @ attendedtheannualsessionoftheUNDP/UnitedNationsPopulationFund(UNFPA)ExecutiveBoard,whichwasheldinGenevaon8June1998.TheBoardfocusedonwaystoenhancethecapacityofcountriestomakethemosteffectiveuseofresourcesallocatedtopopulationprogrammes.Atthemeeting,shehademphasizedtheneedforagreaterfocusonreproductivehealth,particularlyamongadolescentgirlsandwomen.54.xx-x  Shestressedtheimportanceoflinkagesbetweenthe tJ CommitteeandotherUnitedNationshumanrightsmechanisms,includingtheSpecialRapporteuronViolenceagainstWomenandsuggestedthattheCommitteeconsiderappointingafocalpointtoliaisewiththeSpecialRapporteur.Shenotedthatbetweentheeighteenthandnineteenthsessions,theCommitteehadstrengtheneditsrelationshipwiththespecializedagenciesandotherbodies,includingtheUnitedNationsPopulationFund(UNFPA),theUnitedNationsDevelopmentFundforWomen,theOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugeesandtheJointandCosponsoredUnitedNationsProgrammeonHumanImmunodeficiencyVirus/AcquiredImmunodeficiencySyndrome.Sheacknowledgedwithappreciationthecontinuedsupportofinternationalandnationalnon-governmentalorganizations,includingtheInternationalWomensActionWatchandtheCenterforReproductiveLawandPolicy,andtheirroleintherealizationofwomensrights,particularlyinthedevelopingworld.55.xx-x  TheChairpersonconcludedbycongratulatingthe  %b_ Committeeonitsachievementsandindicatedthatasaresultofcontinuedteamwork,solidarityandcommitmentshelookedforwardtofurtherprogress.  )[#e &       h     O4 O4: O4#Sid  3    ChapterIV0   0  0xConsiderationofreportssubmittedbyStatespartiesunderarticle18oftheConventionh  8#idS 3 :  : O4  :xx         S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    ݜRRA.0 x IntroductionS:a  XXXX O4X X#idV 3z xx         56.  x Atitsnineteenthsession,theCommitteeconsidered .   'DthereportssubmittedbyeightStatespartiesunderarticle18oftheConvention:twoinitialreports;threecombinedsecondandthirdperiodicreports;twocombinedthirdandfourthperiodicreports;onethirdandfourthperiodicreports.57.  x Asdecidedatitsthirteenthsession,in1994,the d  Committeepreparedconcludingcommentsoneachreportconsidered.58.  x TheCommitteesconcludingcommentsonthereports  `  ofStatesparties,aspreparedrespectivelybythemembersoftheCommittee,andasummaryoftheintroductorypresentationsbytherepresentativesoftheStatespartiesareprovidedbelow.ThesummaryrecordsprovidemoredetailedinformationontheCommitteesconsiderationofthereportsoftheStatesparties.S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    ݜ]]B. x ConsiderationofreportsofStatespartiesS:a  XXXX O4X X#idV 3 <         ̜S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    ~~1.0 x InitialreportsS:a  XXXX O4X X#idV 3 xx         S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    ݜ  x SlovakiaS:a  XXXX O4X X#idV 3 N#         59.  x TheCommitteeconsideredtheinitialreportof X& Slovakia(CEDAW/C/SVK/1andCEDAW/C/SVK/1/Add.1)atits385th,386thand389thmeetings,on23and30June1998(seeCEDAW/C/SR.385,386and389).S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    ݜ  x IntroductionbytheStatepartyS:a  XXXX O4X X#idV 3 #-         60.  x Inintroducingthereport,therepresentative :%0 emphasizedhumanrightsandtheirimportanceforallindividualmembersofsocietyandtheirqualityoflife.SheinformedtheCommitteethatoneoftheessentialtasksoftheStatewastoensurethefundamentalrightsandfreedomsofallcitizensthrough,interalia,theadherencetointernational ")x#5 treatiesandtherealizationoftherightsespousedinthoseinstrumentsatthenationallevel.61.  x TherepresentativeinformedtheCommitteethat +&9 Slovakiahadadoptedessentialguaranteesofdemocracy, ,&: humanrightsandcivilliberties,aswellastheinternationalagreementstowhichCzechoslovakiahadbeenparty.AtitsindependenceinJanuary1993,SlovakiasucceededtovariousUnitedNationshumanrightstreaties,includingtheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen.62.xx-x  TherepresentativeinformedtheCommitteethat  A Slovakiahadbeenactivelyinvolvedininternationalactivitiesrelatingtowomensrightsandequalrightsforwomenandmen.IthadparticipatedinthemajorUnitedNationsworldconferences,includingtheFourthWorldConferenceonWomen,andhadorganizedaworldconferencetoevaluatetheInternationalYearoftheFamilyin1995.63.xx-x  SlovakiahasbeenactivelyimplementingtheBeijing 6 J PlatformforAction,includingthroughtheestablishment,inMarch1996,oftheCoordinationCommitteefortheProblemsofWomen,consisting,interalia,of  M representativesoftheSlovakRepublicNationalCouncil,variousministries,nongovernmentalorganizations,tradeunions,churchesandexperts.In1997,theCoordinationCommitteefortheProblemsofWomenelaboratedtheNationalActionPlanforWomeninSlovakia,whichwasthenapprovedbytheGovernmentandsubmittedtothesecretariatoftheCommissionontheStatusofWomen.TherepresentativealsoinformedtheCommitteethatSlovakiahadbeenelectedtotheCommissionontheStatusofWomenthrough1999andthatitsrepresentativewascurrentlyavicechairpersonoftheCommission.64.xx-x  Basedontheresultsofdemographicandsociological <Z research,therepresentativeinformedtheCommitteethatmatrimonyandparenthoodwereimportantvaluesinSlovaksociety.Sheindicatedthat,owingtotheirgreaterresponsibilities,womenconsideredtheirstatustobelessadvantageousthanthatofmens,butthattheydidnotperceivethemselvestobelongtothe weakersex.Womenderivedtheirstatusandidentityfromtheirsocietalroles,includingmaternity.65.xx-x  Therepresentativenotedthatequalitywasguaranteed $d inthesocialsecuritysystem,includingwithrespecttopensions,healthinsurance,Stateprovidedsocialbenefitsandsocialcare.TheprohibitionofdiscriminationonthebasisofsexandtheprincipleofequalitywereexplicitlyexpressedintheLabourCodeandwomenworkerswereprotectedfromterminationofemploymentasaresultofpregnancyorwheninvolvedinthecontinuouscareofachilduptothreeyearsofage.Slovakiahadahighemploymentrateforwomen,andthelabourlawwasabovethestandardofmanyotheradvancedcountries.However,womenexperiencedinequalityinemployment,includingwithregard *-'o toreducedhiringopportunitiesandunequalpayforworkofequalvalue.Notably,newlegislation,suchastheamendedLabourCode,theCivilActandtheStateServiceAct,whicharecurrentlyunderpreparation,emphasizedpayequality.  x     66.  x Therepresentativeindicatedthatdomesticviolence  n wasagrowingfocusofattention,althoughitwaslikelytobehiddenfrompublicattention.CrimepreventionmeasuresplayedamajorroleincombatingallformsofviolenceagainstwomenandaspecialcounciltoactasanadvisorybodytotheGovernmentonthisissuehadbeenestablished.ThecouncilhadreviewedcrimepreventionproposalspreparedbytheMinistryofInteriorandotherdepartmentsandregionaloffices,andwasexpectedtoencouragecooperationbetweengovernmentalandnongovernmentalorganizations.Also,institutionalframeworksforcrimepreventionwerebroadenedin1997throughanincreaseinthenumberofpolicespecializinginjuvenilecrime.PositionsforcrimepreventionspecialistswerealsoestablishedatalldistrictandregionaldirectoratesoftheSlovakconstabulary.67.  x Inconcludingherpresentation,therepresentative t emphasizedthatSlovakiahadtakenthepreparationofitsinitialreporttotheCommitteeveryseriouslyandstressedthatSlovakiaconsideredthethoroughimplementationofhumanrightstreatiestobeanessentialconditionforamoderndemocraticsocietyandtheruleofthelaw.& Z S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    ݜ  x ConcludingcommentsoftheCommitteeS:aZ A  XXXX O4X X#idV 3 2         e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3      x Introductione d A  O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3 <!         68.  x TheCommitteewelcomesthesubmissionoftheinitial R# 'Z2NreportofSlovakia.Italsoexpressesitsappreciationtothedelegationforthecomprehensivenatureofthereport,especiallytheaddendum,andfortheprovisionofextensiveinformationinresponsetotheCommitteesquestionsonsuchshortnotice.TheCommitteewelcomestheidentificationofthenumerouslegalprovisionsrelevanttoϜwomensadvancementinthereport.69.  x TheCommitteewelcomesthehighleveldelegation, $, includingtheStateSecretaryoftheMinistryofLabour,SocialAffairsandFamilyoftheSlovakRepublic.e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3      x Positiveaspectse ' A  O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3 '"1         70.  x TheCommitteeispleasedtonotethat,accordingtothe ('#3 legalsystemofSlovakia,internationaltreaties,includingtheConvention,havebeenpromulgatedinParliamentandtakeprecedenceoverdomesticlegislation.71.  x TheCommitteewelcomestheestablishmentofthe ?,&8 CoordinationCommitteefortheProblemsofWomenand -]'9 theGenderCentre.TheCommitteeexpressesitssatisfactionthatthenationalmachineryprovidesastrongframeworkforthepromotionofgenderequalityandtheadvancementofwomen,essentialinminimizingthestructuraladjustmentexperiencedduringthetransition.TheCommitteeispleasedtonotethatSlovakiahassubmittedanationalplanofactionincompliancewiththeBeijingPlatformforAction.72.xx-x  TheCommitteeexpressesitssatisfactionwiththe p A generalstandardofwomenshealthandeducationinSlovakia.e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Factorsanddifficultiesaffectingthe F implementationoftheConventione  A  O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3i G##         73.xx-x  TheCommitteenotesthatSlovakiaisundergoinga  I difficulttransitionfromacentrallycontrolledeconomytoademocracyandasocialmarketorientedeconomy,albeitwithconsiderationforsocialfactors.TheCommitteeobservesthat,intheabsenceofgendersensitivepoliciesandmeasurestocounteractnegativeeffects,thesechangescanhaveanegativeeffectonwomensenjoymentoftheirhumanrightsandimpedetheimplementationoftheConvention.74.xx-x  TheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernatthe  cR overemphasisonlegislativeprotectionofandculturalpromotionofmotherhoodandfamilyrolesforwomen,ratherthanonwomenasindividualsintheirownright.Thetraditional,stereotypedviewofwomenasmothersistherebyreinforcedandnegatestheparticipationoffathersinchildcare.Thatperceptionreflectsamisunderstandingofsuchcriticalconceptsasgenderroles,indirectdiscriminationanddefactoinequality.e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    & n 0 x 0x#x#Principalsubjectsofconcernandthe D] МCommitteesrecommendationse | A 2 O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3 ^##         75.xx-x  TheCommitteeisconcernedthatthedefinitionsof  "` 'nMaffirmativeactionandtemporaryspecialmeasuresasoutlinedintheConventionhavebeenmisunderstoodandmisinterpretedbytheGovernmenttobeprotectivemeasures.Whilelegislationandinstitutionalstructuresareessentialtotheadvancementofwomensstatus,theyarenotsufficienttoaddresstheongoingpreferenceformeninemploymentandpolitics.WhiletheCommitteerecognizesthattheestablishmentofquotasandothertemporaryspecialmeasurestopromotewomenareoftencontroversial,theyhavebeenshowntoaddresseffectivelystructuraldiscriminationagainstwomeninpoliticsandemploymentandtoacceleratedefactoequalityofwomen.76.xx-x  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment B+%n Мreconsideritspositionontemporaryspecialmeasuresandtakenoteoftheinformationandpracticedeveloped ,('p internationallyinstructuraldiscrimination.Suchdiscriminationcanbeeliminatedthroughtemporaryspecialmeasures.TheCommitteethereforerecommendstheprovisionofsuchmeasures,combinedwithnumericalgoalsofaminimumof30percentpresenceofwomen,aswellastimetablestoensurewomensincreasedpresenceinpoliticalparties,aswellasinallsectors,segmentsandatalllevelsofemployment.77.  x TheCommitteeisunclearastowhetherthe 8   CoordinatingCommitteefortheProblemsofWomenisprovidedwithadequateresources,personnelandauthority.78.  x TheCommitteerequestsinthenextreportdetailed 4  informationonthestatusandfunctionoftheCoordinatingCommitteefortheProblemsofWomen,itsprogrammesandtheirimpact,withaspecialfocusontheuseoftemporarymeasuresandtheireffect.TheCommitteealsorecommendsthattheGovernmentsecuresufficientfundstoenabletheCoordinatingCommitteefortheProblemsofWomentoguaranteethefullimplementationofthenationalplanofaction.TheCommitteefurtherrecommendsthattheGovernmentreconsiderthenameoftheCoordinatingCommitteefortheProblemsofWomeninordertoreflecttheviewthat womensproblemsastheyarecurrentlyunderstoodinSlovakiaareinfactchallengesfacedbysocietyandrequireachangetothecurrenttheoreticalframeworkofdealingwiththem.79.  x TheCommitteeexpressesalarmatthehighratesof : domesticviolenceagainstwomen,includingmurderinthehome.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedthatchargescannotbebroughtagainstanabuserbythepoliceindependentofthevictimandthatsecuringaconvictionoftenrequiresthecorroborationofindependentwitnesses.Furthermore,therearenoemergencyorprotectivesheltersavailabletovictimsofdomesticviolence.80.  x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmentof r!& SlovakiaimplementproceduresdesignedtopermitprosecutionofviolenceagainstwomenindependentofvictimtestimonyandomittingtherequirementthattheϜcomplainantsevidencebecorroborated;establishcrisiscentrehotlinesandvictimsupportcentresequippedwithmedical,psychologicalandemotionalsupport;and,inordertoraisepublicawareness,disseminateinformationthroughthemedia,onthisissue.81.  x TheCommitteeisconcernedthatinformationhasnot (#0 beenprovidedorcompiledontheactualsituationregardingtraffickinginwomen.TheCommitteenotesthattraffickingisaninternationalcrimeandthereforenotonlyconcernswomentraffickedoutofSlovakia,butalsothosebeingtraffickedintoSlovakiafromneighbouringcountries. ,'5 Ї82.xx-x  TheCommitteerequeststhatSlovakiapayparticular 5 attentiontosafeguardingthehumanrightsofwomenandtakeallnecessarymeasurestomonitoranderadicatetraffickinginwomeninSlovakia,includingthesensitizationofpolice,borderofficialsandnongovernmentalorganizationsworkinginthatarea.TheCommitteeencouragesSlovakiatocontinueitscooperativeeffortswithborderStatestoeliminatetraffickingacrossnationalborders.TheCommitteealsorequeststheGovernmenttoprovide,inthenextreport,detailedinformationonthenumberofwomenwhohavebeentraffickedintoSlovakiaandthosereturnedtotheircountryoforigin,aswellasstatisticsonthenumberofindividualsarrested,prosecutedandsentencedasaresultoftheirinvolvementintrafficking.83.xx-x  TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthelimited > D involvementofnongovernmentalorganizationsinthepreparationoftheinitialreport.84.xx-x  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment  H encouragetheparticipationofwomensnongovernmentalorganizationsinthedraftingofnationalpolicyandinfollowingupitsimplementation.TheCommitteealsorecommendsthattheGovernmenttakenoteoftheimportanceofnongovernmentalorganizationsinincreasingpublicawarenessandcounteringtraditionalstereotypesofwomen.85.xx-x  TheCommitteeexpressesconcernregardingthe rQ establishmentofandincreasein householdmanagementschools,whichcatertofemalestudentsandtrainthemfortraditionalroles,thuspromotinggenderstereotyping.86.xx-x  Stressingtheimportanceofencouraginggirlsandboys V tochoosenontraditionalfieldsofstudyinordertopromoteequalopportunity,theCommitteerequestsfurtherinformation,inthenextreport,onthepurposeandcompositionoftheseschoolsaswellashowthecurriculadifferfromthoseinotherschools.87.xx-x  TheCommitteeisconcernedwiththehighly "] segregatedlabourmarketwhichisaccompaniedbylowpayforwomen.Thesegregationofwomenandmenintodifferentemploymentsectorsisnotavalidjustificationforunequalpaybetweenwomenandmen.TheCommitteeisconcernedthatjobdescriptionsthatlink physicallydemandingelementstomalephysicalstrengthandtohigherpayformenmaybebasedonaonesidedunderstandingofthoseelements.Thesedescriptionsmayunderestimateotherphysicallydemandingelementsfoundinwomenswork,therebydiscriminatingagainstwomenintermsofpay.88.xx-x  TheCommitteerequeststheGovernmenttoavailitself n+%i oftheexistingbodyofresearchandpracticeonequalpayforworkofequalandcomparablevalueinordertoovercome ,T'k payinequity.TheCommitteealsorecommendsthattheGovernmentusetemporaryspecialmeasurestobreakthroughthesexsegregationofthelabourmarket.89.  x TheCommitteeisconcernedthattheGovernmentdid P notanswertheCommitteesquestionastowhywomeninSlovakiaarefacedwiththedilemmaofchoosingbetweenworkandraisingafamily.Althoughsocialservicesareavailableforchildrenagedtwoyearsandabove,therearenosocialservicesavailableforwomenwithchildrenundertheageoftwoyears.Furthermore,thedecreaseinpreschoolϜchildcareisparticularlydetrimentaltowomensequalopportunityintheemploymentmarketsince,owingtolackofchildcare,theyhavetointerrupttheiremploymentcareer,whichagainhasnegativeeffectsontheiremploymentstatus,payandpromotion.90.  x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmentof T  Slovakiaprovideoptionstowomenwhohavechildrenandchoosetowork,includingestablishmentofandaccesstopublicdaycarefacilities.TheCommitteefurtherrecommendsthefundingandsupportofpreschoolchildcarecentresatboththelocalandnationallevelstoensurewomentheopportunitytowork.91.  x TheCommitteeexpressesdeepconcernatthehighrate  ofabortionsamongSlovakwomen.TheCommitteeisconcernedthatabortionisbeingusedasaformoffamilyplanning.92.  x TheCommitteestronglyrecommendsanincreasein 2 familyplanningeducationandaccessibilitytoaffordableandsafecontraceptioninordertoreducethenumberofabortionscarriedout.93.  x TheCommitteeisconcernedabouttheabsenceof # developmentprogrammesforruralwomentoassisttheminobtainingtheskillsandresourcesnecessarytobecomecompetitiveinthelabourmarket.94.  x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment "d( provideinformationonthemeasuresundertakentoempowerruralwomenandtoencourageeconomicselfsufficiency.95.  x TheCommitteeisconcernedthatinadequate $ , informationwasprovidedtotheCommitteeonminoritywomeninSlovakia.96.  x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmentof Z'!0 Slovakiacollectandmakeavailablestatisticalinformationpertainingtothesocial,economicandpoliticalstatusofminoritywomen,withaviewtodevelopingspecificpoliciestorespondtotheneedsofdifferentgroups.TheCommitteealsourgestheGovernmenttoaddressthehighrateofunemploymentamongRomawomenandtoprovidefurtherinformationonassistanceprogrammesinthenextreport. ,('7 Ї97.xx-x  TheCommitteeexpressesregretthatthereportdidnot 7 complyfullywithitsguidelinesontheformandcontentofϜinitialreportsandthatitsgeneralrecommendationswerenottakenintoaccountinthereport.98.xx-x  TheCommitteerequeststhatthenextreportfollowthe  n< guidelinesprovidedbytheCommitteeinordertoimprovethepresentationofinformation.ItalsorecommendstheseriousconsiderationoftheCommitteesgeneralrecommendationsduringthecreationoflegislativemeasuresandwhendraftingthenextreport.99.xx-x  TheCommitteerequeststhewidedisseminationin lC SlovakiaofthepresentconcludingcommentsinordertomakethepeopleofSlovakia,andparticularlygovernmentadministratorsandpoliticians,awareofthestepsthathavebeentakentoensuredefactoequalityforwomenandthefurtherstepsrequiredinthatregard.TheCommitteealsorequeststheGovernmenttocontinuetodisseminatewidely,andinparticulartowomensandhumanrightsorganizations,theConvention,theCommitteesgeneralrecommendationsandtheBeijingDeclarationandthePlatformforAction.S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    ݜxx-x  SouthAfricaS:au0guar +1 XXXX O4X X#idV 3 JP         100.  TheCommitteeconsideredtheinitialreportofSouth TS Africa(CEDAW/C/ZAF/1)atits387th,388thand393rdmeetings,on24and29June1998(seeCEDAW/C/SR.387,388and393).+ O4XXXw O4+S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    ݜxx-x  IntroductionbytheStatepartyS:ag3 4 XXXX O4X X#idV 3 Z         / O4XXXw O4<3/+O4XXXw O4+101.  TherepresentativeofSouthAfricaindicatedthather 6] countryhadaccededtotheConventionontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen,withoutreservations,on15December1995.TherepresentativenotedthatthestruggletoimprovethestatusofwomeninSouthAfricansocietyparalleledthecountryseffortstoreconstructasocietyoutofthelegacyoftheoppressiveapartheidregime.102.  TherepresentativeinformedtheCommitteethatthe $Re newconstitutionwaswritteninnonsexistandaccessiblelanguageandhadbeenwidelydisseminatedin11languagesandinBraille.Theconstitutionguaranteedequalitybetweenmenandwomenandprohibiteddiscriminationonthebasisof,interalia,sex,pregnancyandmaritalstatus.Gender (:#j equalityandprovisionsforaffirmativeactionhadalsobeenconstitutionallyentrenched.103.  Therepresentativenotedthatshortlyafterthenew +%n Governmenttookofficein1994,anOfficeontheEmpowermentofWomenwasestablishedwithinthe -p'p МPresidentsofficetodevelopawomensempowermentpolicyforthenewGovernment.Followinganextensiveconsultativereview,SouthAfricaadoptedanationalmachinerywithamultiprongedapproachtogendermainstreamingandtransforminggenderrelations.TheOfficeontheStatusofWomenoperatedwithintheOfficeoftheDeputyPresidentandwasmandatedtotranslategovernmentobjectivesofgenderequalityintomeaningfulgovernmentprogrammes.Adraftpolicyonwomensempowermentandgenderequalityhadrecentlybeencompleted.TheCommissiononGenderEqualitywaschargedwithfacilitatingthetransformationofgenderrelationsincivilsocietythrougheducationandpublicadvocacy.Despitethoseadvances,therepresentativeindicatedthatthenationalmachinerystillrequiredconsolidation.104. x Therepresentativenotedthatcontinuingdeep   entrenchmentofpatriarchyandcustomary,culturalandreligiouspracticescontributedtowidespreaddiscriminationagainstwomeninSouthAfrica.SheinformedtheCommitteethatviolenceagainstwomenandchildrenwasincreasing,includingdomesticviolence,sexualviolenceandsexualharassment,anddescribedseveralpolicyinitiativesinthatarea.105. x Therepresentativereportedthatonly6percentof > Africanwomen20yearsandolderhadgraduatedfromtertiaryeducation,while20percentofAfricanwomenhadnothadanyformaleducation.Unemploymentwashigheramongwomenthanmenandwomenweremostoftenselfemployed,withlittlejobsecurityandlowerincomesthanthoseintheformalwageemploymentsector.Consequently,theGovernmenthadpassedanumberofbillsdesignedtoamelioratethesituation.TheGovernmenthadalsoadoptedtemporaryspecialmeasuresinordertoacceleratetheequalitybetweenwomenandmeninthepublicsector.A1995whitepaperonthetransformationofthepublicservicehadsetatargetof30percentforwomenamongnewrecruitstomiddleandseniormanagementwithinthepublicservice.Shenotedthatalthoughfewseniorjudgeswerecurrentlywomen,apositionpaperonthetransformationofthejudiciaryhadrecentlybeendeveloped.ShealsoindicatedthatSouthAfricanwomencurrentlycomprised40percentofthestaffofforeignmissions.106. x Therepresentativestatedthattheprevalenceof# O4O45#human d'!- immunodeficiencyvirus/acquiredimmunodeficiencysyndrome(HIV/AIDS)washighestamongheterosexualAfricanwomenaged20to24,particularlythosewhowerepoorandotherwisemarginalized,andthathealthcarewasavailabletopregnantwomenandchildrenunderagesixatStateclinicsandhospitals.  ,&4 107.  SheindicatedthataccordingtotheCustomary 4  MarriageAct,awomanmarriedundercustomarylawwasdeemedtobeaminorunderherhusbandsguardianship,butthatParliamentwasconsideringrepealofthatandotheractspertainingtomarriedwomensrightsundercustomarylaw.108.  Therepresentativeconcludedbyreiteratingthe  6: МGovernmentsfirmcommitmenttobringingitslegislationinlinewiththeConventionaswellastofullyimplementingtheConventionandtheBeijingPlatformforActionandtoprovidingservicesthatwillimprovethequalityoflifeforwomeninSouthAfrica.& Z S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    ݜxx-x  ConcludingcommentsoftheCommitteeS:aG H XXXX O4X X#idV 3 J C         +O4XXXw O4+/ O4wO4I/+ O4w O4+e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    xx-x  Introductione J " Committeee pres ; O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3#xx         192. x TheCommitteeisconcernedthatneitherthe % 'ayconstitutionoftheRepublicofPanamanoranyotherlegislativeprovisionmadeclearorspecificreferencetotheeliminationofdiscriminationagainstwomen.193. x TheCommitteerecommendsthatalllegislationbe !r* revisedtoprovideexpresslyfortheeliminationofdiscriminationagainstwomen.194. x TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthefailureto #. disseminateandpublicizetheConventionatvariouslevelsofPanamaniansociety.195. x TheCommitteerecommendsthatamajorcampaign H& 2 shouldbemountedtodisseminatetheprinciplesoftheConventionandprovideeducationandtraininginthem,especiallyamongjudges,lawyers,journalists,teachersandPanamanianwomen.196. x TheCommitteerequeststhatthenextreportshould d*$8 containgenderspecificstatisticssoastoshedlightontheresultsofthevariousprogrammesproposedandawaitingrealization. 5-'< 197.  TheCommitteeexpressesdeepconcernatthegeneral < situationofworkingwomeninPanama.Despitethelegalprovisionsguaranteeingequalpayforequalwork,therealitywasdifferent.Womencontinuetobediscriminatedagainstintheworkplace.Inaddition,womenhavenoeffectiveprotectionwithrespecttomaternityleaveandbreastfeedingbreaks.Further,althoughoftenbettereducatedthanmen,womenaccountedforonly28percentoftheeconomicallyactivepopulation.198.  TheCommitteerecommendstheinitiationofa  (F campaignbythenationalmachinerytoguaranteeequalityoftreatmentintheworkplace.Itfurtherrecommendsthatlegislationontherighttomaternityleaveandbreastfeedingbreaksbeimplementedvigorouslytoensureadequateprotectionforwomen.199.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthat53percentofthe  M femalepopulationisilliterate,themajorityofthesebeingindigenouswomen.Italsoexpressesconcernatthepersistenceofgenderstereotypes,whichresultsinalargenumberofadolescentgirlsterminatingtheireducationatanearlyagetomarryortoundertakedomesticwork.200.  TheCommitteerecommendsthat,asamatterof T urgency,theGovernmentofPanamashouldmountanaggressiveeducationalcampaigndesignedtoensurethatallPanamaniangirlsandwomenhaveafulleducationandtoreducesharplythenumberofadolescentgirlsleavingschoolearlytoworkinunskilledemploymentortomarry.201.  TheCommitteeexpressesdeepconcerninconnection o[ withthereproductivehealthofPanamanianwomenandanapparentsetbackinthetreatmentoftherighttoabortionincaseswherethepregnancyistheresultofrape.TheCommitteerecommendsthatmultidisciplinarymeasuresshouldbetakentoprovidespecialcaretothevictimsofsexualviolencewhichshouldincludelegalandpsychologicalassistanceforthevictim.ItalsorecommendsthatPanamanianwomenwhoarepregnantasaresultofrapeshouldbegrantedtheopportunitytoseekterminationofsuchpregnancies.202.  TheCommitteerecommendstrainingprogrammesfor $sg womenpoliticalleadersandencouragesthelargescaleparticipationofwomenindemocraticactivitiesanddecisionmaking.203.  TheCommitteeexpressesconcernatthediscriminatory v'!l treatmentreceivedbywomenengagedinprostitutioninPanama,especiallythestatementthataprostitutewouldfinditdifficulttoseeklegalredressinthecaseofrapesincetheCodestillrequiresthevictiminthatsituationtobechasteandvirtuousinordertobeabletoinstitutelegalproceedings.  ,&s 204. x TheCommitteerecommendsthataseriouseffortbe   madetoeliminateentrenchedstereotypes.205. x TheCommitteerequeststhewidedisseminationin } PanamaofthepresentconcludingcommentsinordertomakethepeopleofPanama,andparticularlyGovernmentadministratorsandpoliticiansawareofthestepsthathavebeentakentoensuredefactoequalityforwomenandthefurtherstepsthatarerequiredinthatregard.ItalsorequeststhattheGovernmentcontinuetodisseminatewidely,andinparticulartowomensandhumanrightsorganizations,theϜCommitteesgeneralrecommendationsandtheBeijingDeclarationandthePlatformforAction.̜& 4 S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3     0 x UnitedRepublicofTanzaniaS:a  XXXX O4X X#idV 3x xx         206. x TheCommitteeconsideredthecombinedsecondand &|  '4xthirdperiodicreportsoftheUnitedRepublicofTanzania(CEDAW/C/TZA/23)atits394thand395thmeetings,on1July1998(seeCEDAW/C/SR.394and395).& 4 S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3     0 x IntroductionbytheStatepartyS:a(~  XXXX O4X X#idV 3xx         207. x Inintroducingthereports,whichcoveredtheperiod = '4from1990to1996,therepresentativeoftheUnitedRepublicofTanzaniainformedtheCommitteethat,sincethefirstreportin1990,thecountryhadchangedfromaonepartysystemtoamultipartydemocracy,withthefirstdemocraticelectionsbeingheldin1995,andthatpoliticalreformshadprovidedgreatscopefortheparticipationofwomensnongovernmentalorganizations.208. x Therepresentativenotedongoingeconomicreforms, & includingstructuraladjustmentprogrammes,whichhadadverselyaffectedwomen,interalia,becauseoftheirlow ( ~( incomesandlevelsofeducation,andhadimpededtheirabilitytocompeteinthefreemarket.209. x TherepresentativeinformedtheCommitteethatthe ", NationalWomensMachineryhadbeenelevatedtotwofullfledgedMinistries,namely,theMinistryofCommunityDevelopment,WomensAffairsandChildren,onTanzaniamainland,andtheMinistryofState,WomenandChildreninZanzibar,andnotjustoneMinistryonthemainland.Shenotedthattheconstitutionupheldtheprincipleofequality,butthatthedefinitionof discriminationdidnotinclude sexasagroundofdiscrimination.However,theGovernmentwasconsideringamendmentstotheconstitution,whichwouldprovideanopportunitytoincorporate sexasagroundofdiscrimination.210. x Therepresentativeoutlinedstepstoreformlawsthat /,&9 discriminateagainstwomen,notingthatseverallaws, ,H': includingsomecustomarylaws,hadbeenidentifiedascontradictinghumanrightsprinciples.Amendmentshadbeenmadetothelawsrelatingtosexualoffencesandnewlawshadbeenintroducedrelatingtotraffickinginwomen,theexploitationofprostitutionandcriminalizingthepracticeoffemalegenitalmutilation.Considerationhadalsobeengiventoamendinglawsrelatingtowomensrightstoland.Therepresentativenotedthatthemultiplesourcesoflaw,includingstatutory,customaryandreligiouslaws,impededimplementationoftheConventioninsomeareas.Inthisregard,shenotedthattheLawofMarriageActrecognizedpolygamousmarriages.211.  TherepresentativeinformedtheCommitteeofsteps q G thathadbeentakentoinformthepublicofwomensrights,includingthepublicationofabookletonwomensrights,andthetranslationoftheConventionintoKiswahili,thenationallanguageoftheUnitedRepublicofTanzania.TheBeijingPlatformforActionwasalsobeingusedasresourcematerialtoeducatewomenandgirlsabouttheirrights.Nongovernmentalorganizationshadbeenactiveinsensitizingthegeneralpublicandgovernmentofficialstoviolationsofwomensrights.212.  TherepresentativeinformedtheCommitteethat \R affirmativeactionmeasureshadbeenimplementedintheareasofpoliticalparticipationanddecisionmaking,employmentandeducation.Shenotedthatthedropoutrateofgirlsatschoolremainedhigh,andthataccesstosecondaryandadvancedlevelsofeducationforgirlswaslow.213.  Therepresentativeindicatedthat,althoughviolence ;Y againstwomen,includingsexualassaultandharassmentanddomesticviolence,remainedseriousproblems,fewstatisticshadbeencollected.Younggirlswereparticularlyvulnerabletosexualabuse,asmenbelievedtherewaslessriskofcontractingHIV/AIDSfromthem,amongotherreasons.Traditionsandcustomarypractices,includingfemalegenitalmutilation,affectedimplementationoftheConvention.214.  TherepresentativeinformedtheCommitteethatthe J"b deteriorationofwomenshealthwasattributabletopoorhygiene,heavyworkloads,undernourishment,frequentbirthsandtothefactthathighlevelsofpovertyandmaternalmortalityrateshadincreasedsharply.FamilyplanningprogrammesintheUnitedRepublicofTanzaniahadbeensuccessfulandmeasureshadbeentakentoimprovepublicawarenessofHIV/AIDS.215.  Therepresentativestatedthatawomensdevelopment (#k fundhadbeenestablishedin1994,inordertomobilizeresources,provideloans,actasaguaranteefund,createemploymentandincomegenerationandofferbusinessadvisoryservicesforwomen.  C,&p 216. x TherepresentativeinformedtheCommitteethat   approximately80percentofthepopulationintheUnitedRepublicofTanzanialiveinruralareas.Governmentpoliciestoprovidebasicservicessuchassafewater,healthfacilities,appropriatetechnologiesandgoodinfrastructurehadbeenimpededasaresultoftheeconomicdifficultiesfacingthecountry.Inaddition,specialattentionhadbeengiventotheroleofwomeninthemanagementofthewatersupplyandsanitation.However,thetraditionalirrigationsystemremainedmaledominated.217. x Therepresentativeconcludedbyemphasizing    difficultiescausedbylackofresources,notingthatthehighlevelofforeigndebtservicing,combinedwiththelowlevelsofinternationalaid,meantthattherewerefewresourcestoimplementprogrammes,includingthosefortheadvancementofwomen.& G S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3     0 x ConcludingcommentsoftheCommitteeS:a   XXXX O4X X#idV 3 xx         e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3     0 x Introductione    O4O4 O4 O4#idid 32xx         218. x TheCommitteecongratulatestheGovernmentofthe E 'GUnitedRepublicofTanzaniaforthesubmissionofitscombinedsecondandthirdperiodicreports.Itnotesthatthereportscompliedtoalargeextentwithitsguidelinesconcerningtheformandcontentofperiodicreports.TheCommitteeappreciatesthedelegationsoralpresentation,whichcoveredmostofthequestionsaskedbytheCommitteespresessionworkinggroup.219. x Whileexpressingitsappreciationforthehighlevel " delegation,includingthePrincipalSecretarytotheMinistryofCommunityDevelopment,WomensAffairsandChildren,andhercandidoralpresentation,theCommitteeregretsthatthereportlackssufficientinformationandstatisticsandthusfailstodeliveracompletepictureoftheprogressmadeintheimplementationoftheConventionsincethecountrycompileditsinitialreport,whichhadbeenconsideredin1990.&  e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3     0 x Positiveaspectse ania  O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3Z$-xx         220. x TheCommitteecommendstheinitiativeofthe m%/ 'Z$Governmentinelevatingitsnationalmachineryfromadepartmenttoafullfledgedministry,whichhadproducedapolicywhichsupportedwomensrights.221. x TheCommitteewelcomestheenactmentofanewlaw (#4 whichcriminalizesfemalegenitalmutilationasaconcretesteptowardseliminatingviolenceagainstwomenandthegirlchild.  +%8 222.  TheCommitteewelcomestheeffortsmadebythe 8 GovernmenttoreviewandreviseexistingnationallawsinaccordancewiththeConvention. 223.  TheCommitteealsowelcomestheactiveinvolvement @< ofnongovernmentalorganizationsandwomensgroupsinadvancingthestatusofwomenintheUnitedRepublicofTanzaniaandencouragestheGovernmenttodevelopfurtheritspartnershipwiththesegroups.& a e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    xx-x0  Factorsanddifficultiesaffectingthe  :C implementationoftheConventione $ania b% O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3 D##         224.  TheCommitteenotesthecurrenteconomicsituation  F 'a $oftheUnitedRepublicofTanzaniaandtheburdenposedbyservicingitsforeigndebt.225.  TheCommitteeisoftheviewthattraditionalpractices U J andtheexistenceofamultiplicityoflawshinderstheadvancementofwomen.Italsonotestheproblemsassociatedwithstereotypicalrolesofwomenandmen.& a e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    xx-x0  Principalsubjectsofconcernandthe 6P Committeesrecommendationse (ania u) O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3TQ##         226.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthattheconstitutionof gS 'a6(theUnitedRepublicofTanzaniadidnotexplicitlydefinegenderdiscrimination.227.  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoconsider,as W amatterofpriority,incorporatingadefinitionofdiscriminationinaccordancewitharticle1oftheConventionasagroundofdiscriminationintheconstitution.228.  TheCommitteeregretsthatthereportdoesnot V\ sufficientlyexamineobstaclestotheeliminationofdiscriminationagainstwomenandtheadvancementofthestatusofwomeninsociety.Thisisnecessaryinordertoformulateeffectivestrategies.TheCommitteesuggeststhattheGovernmentmayneedtoreexamineitspoliciesandprogrammesfortheimplementationoftheConventionandtheadvancementofwomen.Further,theCommitteeregretsthatthereportdoesnotincludeinformationontheimpactofpoliciesandprogrammesthathadbeensuccessfullyimplementedsincethetimeofthesubmissionoftheinitialreport.229.  TheCommitteeexpressesconcernatthefactthatthe q& i prevailingcustomarylawsandreligiouslawswhichsometimessupersedetheconstitutionarediscriminatorytowardswomen.Inparticular,theCommitteenotesthatseveralgroupsintheUnitedRepublicofTanzaniaareentitledtopractisepolygamy.TheCommitteepointsoutthatcustomarylawsandreligiouslawscontinuetogovernprivatelifeandnotesthecriticalimportanceofeliminatingdiscriminationagainstwomenintheprivatesphere. -g'r 230. x TheCommitteerecommendsimmediateactionto  modifycustomarylawsandreligiouslawstocomplywiththeconstitutionandtheConvention.ItalsorequestsmoreinformationonmeasuresthathadbeentakenorwouldbetakenasfollowuptotheCustomaryLawDeclarationof1963.ItrecommendsthattheGovernmentorganizeawarenessraisingcampaignsforthegeneralpublic,aswellastrainingcoursestosensitizepolicymakers,thejudiciaryandlawenforcementofficersandseekassistancefromUnitedNationsagenciesintheregionforsuchactivities.231. x TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthat,although    legislationisinplacetoensureequalitybetweenwomenandmenintheUnitedRepublicofTanzania,inreality,womenshumanrightswereoftenviolated.TheCommitteepointsoutthat,althoughsometemporaryspecialmeasureshavebeenintroducedtoensuretheparticipationofwomeninpolicymaking,thenumberofwomenintheParliamentandlocalauthoritiesisstillverysmall.TheCommitteefurthernotesthatmorewomenthanmenareconfinedtolowpaid,insecurejobswithnolegalprotection.232. x TheCommitteestronglyrecommendsthatthe  Governmenttakeconcreteaction,includingtemporaryspecialmeasures,toredressthesituation.233. x TheCommitteenoteswithseriousconcerntheproblem l facedbyTanzanianwomenwithregardtoviolenceagainstwomen,especiallydomesticviolence,whichiscondonedbycustomarylaws.234. x TheCommitteestronglyrecommendsthatviolence o againstwomeninallitsformsbecriminalized,thatlawandpracticetoachievethisobjectivebedevelopedandeffectivelyenforcedandthatsheltersforwomenwhohavebeensubjectedtoviolencebeestablishedandadequatelyresourced.235. x TheCommitteeisconcernedwiththedisadvantaged N & situationofruralwomenwhocomprisethemajorityoftheruralpopulation,andthemajorityofworkersinruralareas.TheCommitteefurthernotesthatcustomaryandreligiouslawsarepractisedandacceptedmorewidelyinruralareasand,interalia,oftenpreventwomenfrominheritingand $s+ owninglandandproperty.Foodtaboos,whicharemoreprevalentinruralareas,areaseriousconcerntotheCommittee,astheyarenotonlyharmfultothehealthofwomen,includingmothers,butalsoimpactonthehealthoffuturegenerations.236. x TheCommitteerecommendsthatlawsofinheritance (R#2 andsuccessionbeformulatedsoastoguaranteeruralwomentheirrightsofinheritanceandownershipoflandandproperty.Italsorecommendsthataprogrammebe introducedtoeducateruralwomenabouttheirrightsandthat ,^&6 stepsbetakentoremovealltraditionalpractices,includingfoodtaboos,whichareharmfultothehealthofwomen. 237.  TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthattheinfantand }9 maternalmortalityrateisstillhigh,despitetheeffortsmadesincethetimeofthecountrysinitialreport.238.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment  i= makevigorouseffortstoaddressthisseriousproblemandseekassistanceoftheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO),UNICEFandotherrelevantUnitedNationsagencies.239.  TheCommitteenotestheestablishmentofawomens l B developmentfund.TheCommitteerequeststhatdetailedinformationonthemandates,budgetandprojectsofthefundbeincludedinthenextreport.240.  Whileitrecognizesthatcollectionandanalysisofdata  G mighthavefinancialimplications,theCommitteepointsoutthatmoredetailedinformationshouldhavebeenobtainedandincludedinthereport.TheCommitteedeeplyregretsthatthereportlackedmoreexplicitinformation,includingstatisticsonissuessuchastheexacttypesofpunishmentforthosecommittingviolenceagainstwomen;thenew,expandeddefinitionofrape;formsoffemalegenitalmutilationthatarepractisedintheUnitedRepublicofTanzania;thesituationoftraffickinginwomenandgirls;revisionsmadetoeducationalmaterialsinordertoincludeagenderperspective;thesituationofHIV/AIDSandwomenintheUnitedRepublicofTanzania.241.  TheCommitteenotesthelargenumberofrefugee OU womencurrentlyresidentinTanzaniaandrequestsfurtherinformationonthesituationofrefugeewomenandanyGovernmentprogrammesinplacetoaddresstheirneeds.242.  TheCommitteerequeststhewidedisseminationinthe RZ UnitedRepublicofTanzaniaoftheseconcludingcommentsinordertomakethepeople,andparticularlygovernmentadministratorsandpoliticians,awareofthestepsthathavebeentakentoensuredefactoequalityforwomen,andfurtherstepsthatarerequiredinthisregard.ItalsorequestedtheGovernmenttocontinuetodisseminatewidely,andinparticulartowomensandhumanrightsorganizations,theConvention,theCommitteesgeneralrecommendations,andtheBeijingDeclarationandthePlatformforAction.&  S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    +x3.0  Combinedthirdandfourth M'!g МperiodicreportsS:axFies .G XXXX O4X X#idV 3/("h##         S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    xx-x0  NewZealandS:aHperi ^I XXXX O4X X#idV 3)3$k##         243.  TheCommitteeconsideredthecombinedthirdand +%n  'M'lFfourthperiodicreportsofNewZealand N,&o (CEDAW/C/NZL/3-4andAdd.1)atits401stand402ndmeetings,on8July1998(seeCEDAW/C/SR.401and402). ̜& q ԛS:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3     0 x IntroductionbytheStatepartyS:aK L XXXX O4X X#idV 3xx         244. x Inintroducingthecombinedreport,therepresentative'qK ;  conveyedapersonalmessageofgreetingfromNewϜZealandsPrimeMinisterandtheMinisterofWomensAffairs,theRightHonourableJennyShipley.Therepresentativenotedthatthereportwasarecordofcontinuingprogressforwomen.Theeconomicreformsinitiatedin1984hadledtoanopenandcompetitiveeconomyandNewZealandseconomicperformancehadimprovedconsiderablysincetheearly1990s.RecentdevelopmentsinAsia,however,wereofconcerntotheGovernment.245. x Therepresentativedescribedthestepstakenbythe ?  GovernmenttoimplementtheBeijingPlatformforActioninsixcross-cuttingthemes.246. x Therepresentativethenhighlightedinitiativesinthe  areaoflegislativereform,policydevelopmentandthedeliveryofbetterservicesforwomensince1994.Shehighlighted,inparticular,theadoptionofthe1995DomesticViolenceAct.Theissuanceofthe1996StatementofPolicyonFamilyViolenceandtheallocationofsubstantialfinancialresourcesforthedevelopmentofcollaborativeanti-violencepreventionandresponsestrategieswerealsonoted.247. x Acomprehensivetimeusesurveywasbeingconducted " byStatisticsNewZealand,sponsoredbytheMinistryofϜWomensAffairs,todocumentthecontributionofwomensandmensunpaidactivitiestotheeconomyandtoprovideassistanceinthedevelopmentofgovernmentpoliciesandprogrammes.M]oristatisticaladviserswerebeingconsulted v ' toensurethatthesurveywouldaccuratelyrecordM]ori 9!( activities.248. x TheintroductionoftheMatrimonialProperty  #b+ AmendmentBillandtheDeFactoRelationships(Property)Billsoughttoachievefairdistributionofpropertytowomenuponthedeathofaspouseordissolutionofmarriage.TheϜwomensaccesstojusticeprojectwasaimedatmakinglegalservicesmoreaccessibletowomen.249. x TherepresentativenotedthataWomens 'A"2 CommissionerontheHumanRightsCommissionhadbeendesignatedforthefirsttimeinNewZealand.TheCommissionerwouldprovideanannualreportontheprogressofwomenshumanrightsinNewZealandandwouldcomplementtheworkoftheMinistryofWomensAffairs. -['9 250.  Womensparticipationinthelabourmarketwas 9 increasingdramaticallyandwomenwereresponsiblefor40percentofnewbusinesses.TheM]oriWomens 0; DevelopmentFundandtheWomeninSelf-EmploymentNetworkprovidedfinancialandpeersupporttowomenentrepreneurs.251.  Substantialgainshadbeenachievedinwomens  @ politicalparticipationwithanincreaseinappointmentsandreappointmentsmadebytheCabinetCommitteeonAppointmentsandHonoursfrom25percentin1993to31percentin1997.TheGovernmentwasseekinggenderbalanceonstatutoryboardsbytheyear2000.252.  Inordertoimprovethehealthofwomenandfamilies, h G andrecognizingtheimportanceofwomenssexualandreproductivehealth,theGovernmenthadintroducedtheSexualandReproductiveHealthStrategytoraiseawarenessofresponsiblesexualbehaviourandtoimproveinformationaboutandaccesstocontraception,particularlyamonghighriskgroups.Anationalbreastscreeningprogramme,tobeimplementedinDecember1998,wouldprovidefreebiannualscreeningsforwomenbetweentheagesof50Ϝand64.253.  Givenacontinuinggenderpaygap,wherebywomen SR earnapproximately80.5percentofmensaveragehourlyearnings,theGovernmentwastakingfurthermeasurestoreducethediscrepancy,includingresearchanddataanalysis,ϜawarenessraisinganddoublingthefundingratiofortheEqualEmploymentOpportunitiesTrust.254.  Progressinwomenseducationhadledtoahigher 2Y numberofwomenthanmenenrolledintertiaryeducation.ThenumberofM]oriintertiaryeducationhadmorethan [ doubledoverthepastfiveyearswithM]oriwomen {\ outnumberingM]orimen. >] 255.  TurningtoNewZealandstworeservations,the N _ representativenotedthatfurtherprogresswasexpectedoverthenextreportingperiodwithrespecttoremovalofthereservationontheroleofwomenincombat.Whiletherewerenoimmediateplanstowithdrawthereservationrelatedtopaidmaternityleave,therepresentativenotedthatresearchhadrevealedthattheprovisionsforparentalleaveavailableinNewZealandwereinmanyrespectsamongthebestintheworldandthatNewZealandwasmovingtowardsasituationwherecomparablesocialbenefitsmightberealizedinthefuture.256.  In1998,theGovernmenthadannouncedtheWork (R#k FocusedWelfarepolicywhichwouldrequiredomesticpurposebeneficiariestolookforfullorparttimework,dependingontheageoftheirchildren.Furthermore,social benefitscontinuetobeprovidedandhavebeenextendedto ,^&o singleparentstomakeiteasierforthemtotakeupworkandprovidechildcare. 257. x TherepresentativenotedthatNewZealandsreport } includedmaterialonTokelau.Therepresentativeconcludedthereportingresponsibilitiesoftheself-governingStatesofCookIslandsandNiue,whichwereincludedinNewϜZealandsratificationoftheConvention,werecurrentlyunderexamination.& G S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3     0 x ConcludingcommentsbytheCommitteeS:ad e XXXX O4X X#idV 3l  xx         e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3     0 x Introductione g g O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3p xx         258. x TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtothe -  'Gl dGovernmentofNewZealandforsubmitting,inatimelymanner,awell-structuredandwell-writtencombinedthirdandfourthperiodicreport,andforthefactthatnon-governmentalorganizationshadbeenconsultedinitspreparation.ItcommendstheGovernmentonitsoralpresentationofthereportandfortheextensiverepliestothequestionsposedbytheCommittee.259. x TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentofNew  Zealandforhavingsentahigh-leveldelegation,headedbytheassociateMinisterofWomensAffairs.ItnotesthatthereportdescribedstepstakenbytheGovernmenttoimplementtheBeijingPlatformforAction.e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3     0 x Positiveaspectse l l O4O4 O4 O4#idid 36!xx         260. x TheCommitteecommendstheGovernments I# sensitivitytothesituationofM]oriwomen,anditsefforts  b$ toovercomeobstaclestoM]oriwomensachievementof %% equality.261. x TheCommitteealsonotesnewlegislativeefforts ( undertakenbytheGovernment,inparticulartheadoptionoftheDomesticViolenceActof1995,andthedesignationofaWomensCommissionerontheHumanRightsCommission.Itwelcomestheeffortstoremovethereservationrelatingtowomenincombat.262. x TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentsefforts $/ toimplementtheBeijingPlatformforActionundersixcrosscuttingthemes,includingthroughmainstreamingagenderperspectiveinthedevelopmentofallpoliciesandprogrammes,andimproveddatacollectiononallaspectsofϜwomenslives.263. x TheCommitteewelcomestheacceptancebythe `)#6 Governmentoftheamendmenttoarticle20,paragraph1,oftheConventionconcerningtheCommitteesmeetingtime.ItalsoexpresseditsappreciationfortheGovernmentsactiveparticipationintheelaborationofandsupportforanoptionalprotocoltotheConvention. /-'; Ї& a e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    xx-x0  Factorsanddifficultiesaffectingthe ; implementationoftheConventione 2smpar s O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3r<##         264.  TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthecontinuing > М'a&sexistenceofreservationstotheConvention,particularlywithregardtopaidmaternityleave.265.  TheCommitteeconsidersthattheexistinglegislative  qB anddefactoframeworkforwomenintheformallabourmarket,includingpayequity,employmentcontractsandϜwomensfamilyresponsibilities,constituteaseriousimpedimenttothefullimplementationoftheConvention.&  e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    xx-x0  Principalareasofconcernandrecommendationse wmpar Dx O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3 I##         266.  TheCommitteeexpressesseriousconcernatthe ( K 'wcontinuingexistenceofareservationtoarticle11,subparagraph2(b),onpaidmaternityleave.Itisconcernedthattherequirementforwomentonegotiatematernityleaveindividuallywiththeiremployers,ratherthanbeingestablishedasamatterofnationallawandpolicy,isadisadvantageforNewZealandswomen.Itisalsoconcernedabouttheconstraintsforobtainingunpaidmaternityleaveandthelackofawarenessbywomenofexistingunpaidparentalleaverights.267.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment V examineingreaterdetailpaidmaternityleaveprovisionsthatexistinanumberofcountriesatacomparativelevelofeconomicandsocialdevelopment.ItalsorecommendsthattheGovernmentstudytheimpactofexistingmaternityleaveprovisionsonwomensequalpayandcareeropportunities.TheGovernmentshouldalsoconsiderthepossiblelongtermimpactofthissituation,especiallyinconjunctionwiththeproposedMatrimonialPropertyAmendmentBill,whichdoesnotrecognizefutureearningsindivorcesettlements.268.  Notingthatthereisanincreaseofwomeninpart-time a orcasualworkandaninsufficientnumberoffull-timejobsforwomen,theCommitteeexpressesconcernthattheimpactonwomenofeconomicrestructuringinthecountrycontinuestobeinsufficientlyaddressedbytheGovernment.ItisseriouslyconcernedthatlegislationsuchastheEmploymentContractsActof1991,whichemphasizesindividualemploymentcontractsratherthancollectiveagreements,constitutesamajordisadvantageforwomeninthelabourmarketduetotheirdualresponsibilitiestoworkandfamily.269.  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoassessthe V("m impactofexistingfree-marketlegislationonwomensabilitytocompeteonanequalbasiswithmeninthelabourmarketandtoassessthebenefitsthatwomenderivedfromthefavourableeconomicsituationofrecentyears.ItrecommendsthattheGovernmentrecognizematernityasasocialfunctionwhichmustnotconstituteastructural ,>'s disadvantageforwomenwithregardtotheiremploymentrights.270. x TheCommitteerecommendstheproactiveuseof } temporaryspecialmeasuresinthepublicandprivatesectorsinaccordancewitharticle4,paragraph1,toaccelerateϜwomensdefactoequalityinemployment.271. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment  , considerratifyingInternationalLabourOrganizationConvention103(Rev).272. x TheCommitteealsorecommendsthattheGovernment l   systematicallymonitortrendsonthesituationofwomen,especiallyintheemploymentfield,andassessregularlytheimpactoflegislativeandpolicymeasurestoachieveϜwomensequalityinaccordancewiththeConvention.273. x TheCommitteeexpressesseriousconcernaboutthe   continuingwagedifferentialbetweenwomenandmen,whichisnotexpectedtonarrowundercurrenttrends,andisdueinparttotheover-representationofwomeninlower-paidoccupationsandtheirunder-representationinabove-averagewagegrowthsectors.Itexpressesseriousconcernatexistingpaydifferentialsbetweenwomenandmenforequalwork,andattheimpactoftherepealoftheEmploymentEquityActonwomensequalpayrights.274. x TheCommitteerecommendsthatfurtherefforts,  includingthroughlegislationandinnovativepolicies,beϜundertakentoreducethegenderpaygap.TheimpactofthePrivacyActonwomensabilitytoseekredressincourtfordiscriminatoryunequalpayshouldbeexamined.TheGovernmentshouldalsoconsiderdevelopingan equalpayforworkofcomparablevaluestrategy,andreinstaterespectivelegislation.275. x TheCommitteeexpressesconcernthattheongoing k% privatizationofsocialservicesandtheintroductionoffee-basedsystemsinareassuchashealthreduceswomens,especiallypoorandM]oriwomens,accessthereto. ^!( 276. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment n"* closelymonitortheimpactofprivatizationonsocialservices,especiallyinhealth,soastoensureequalaccesstoqualityhealthcareforallwomen.277. x TheCommitteeexpressesconcernthattheMatrimonial % / PropertyAmendmentBillandtheDeFactoRelationships(Property)Bill,introducedinParliamentinMarch,differentiatebetweentherightsofmarriedwomeninthedivisionofpropertyuponthedeathofahusbandorfollowingdivorce,andtherightsofwomenuponseparationfromadefactopartner.ItisalsoconcernedthattheMatrimonialPropertyAmendmentBilldoesnottakeintoconsiderationfutureearningsofahusbandwithregardtopropertydivisionsindivorcesettlements. *-'9 278.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment 9 reconsiderthecontentoftheDeFactoRelationships(Property)BillwithaviewtobringingitinlinewiththeMatrimonialPropertyAmendmentBill,especiallysincedefactorelationshipsaremorecommonamongtheM]ori  = populationandaregrowingamongthepopulationingeneral.279.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthatthesituationofM]ori  @ womenremainedunsatisfactoryinmanyareas,includinginrespecttothehighpercentageofM]origirlsleavingschool  eB early,higherthanaverageteenagepregnancyrates,thecontinuinglownumberofM]oriwomenintertiary  D education,theiremploymentsituation,theirabsencefromthejudiciaryandpoliticaldecision-making,theirhealthsituationandaccesstohealthservicesandhigherthanaverageincidencesofdomesticviolence.280.  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttocontinueits  J effortstoimplementfullytheTreatyofWaitangi,withparticularemphasisonachievingequalityforM]oriwomen 7 L inallareascoveredbytheConvention.281.  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttotranslate,as  `O amatterofpriority,theConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomenintotheM]ori Q language,andtodistributeitwidelyinM]oricommunities, SR soastoincreaseNewZealandwomensawarenessoftheirrights.282.  TheCommitteeexpressesconcernthat,despite ?V progressmadeinachievingwomensequalparticipationinpoliticalandpubliclife,includinginParliament,theJudiciaryandinstatutoryboards,therewaslittleefforttoachievetargetssetforgenderbalancethroughtheuseoftemporaryspecialmeasures.283.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment ] considerintroducingabroadrangeofmeasures,includingtargetsandflexiblenumericalgoals.Theadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthecurrentelectoralsystem,namely,MixedMemberProportionalRepresentationSystem,onthepercentageofwomeninParliamentshouldbeassessedand,ifnecessary,amendmentsintroducedtoincreasethenumbersofwomeninParliament.284.  TheCommitteeconsidersthatthemerelyadvisoryand -%f coordinatingnatureoftheMinistryforWomensAffairsisanimpedimenttofurtheringwomenshumanrightsinNewZealand.285.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatthestatusand ("k decisionmakingcapacityoftheMinistryforWomensAffairsbeupgraded.̜286.  TheCommitteeexpressesconcernthattheGovernment +r%o  didnotprovidesufficientdataandinformationonthe +5&p situationofprostitution,theProstitutesCollectiveandthetreatmentofsexworkerswhowereinthecountryillegally. 287. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment } providemoreinformationonthoseissuesinitsnextreport.Inaddition,theCommitteewishestobeinformedastowhicheconomicactivitysexworkisincludedwithforthepurposeofthenationalaccountsandthetimeusesurvey.288. x TheCommitteeexpressesconcernthatthelackof    comparativedatadisaggregatedbysexandethnicityandcollectedovertimeimpededtheCommitteesfullunderstandingofchangesinthedefactosituationofϜwomenshumanrights.289. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment   supplymoredataofthatkindinitsnextreport.290. x TheCommitteerequeststhattheGovernmentresponds   initsnextperiodicreporttotheoutstandingquestions,particularlyinrelationtotheimplementationofarticle11oftheConvention,posedduringitsconstructivedialoguewiththerepresentativeofNewZealand.291. x TheCommitteerequeststhewidedisseminationin  NewZealandofthepresentconcludingcomments,inordertomakethepeopleofNewZealand,andparticularlyGovernmentadministratorsandpoliticians,awareofthestepsthathadbeentakentoensuredefactoequalityforwomenandfurtherstepsthatarerequiredinthatregard.ItalsorequestedtheGovernmenttocontinuetodisseminatewidely,andinparticular,towomensandhumanrightsorganizations,theConvention,theCommitteesgeneralrecommendationsandtheBeijingDeclarationandthePlatformforAction.̛̜̜S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    & q 0  0xPeruS:ao % XXXX O4X X#idV 3b&xx         292. x TheCommitteeconsideredthecombinedthirdand'qb@ !f) fourthperiodicreportsofPeru(CEDAW/C/PER/34)atits397thand398thmeetings,on6July1998(seeCEDAW/C/SR.397and398).& 4 S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    0  0xIntroductionbytheStatepartyS:ad   XXXX O4X X#idV 3y%0xx         293. x TherepresentativeofPeruinformedtheCommittee ''}!3 '4y%Xthat,since1990,womensaccesstoeducation,employmentandhealthcareservicesinPeruhadimproved.Therighttoequalitybeforethelawandfreedomfromdiscriminationhadbeenentrenchedinthe1993constitution,andtheGovernmentofPeruhadintroducedlegislativemeasurestoensuredejureequalitytowomenandtoencouragetheirfull +&9 participationinthesocial,politicalandeconomic |,&: developmentofthecountry.Therepresentativeacknowledgedthat,despitetheintroductionoftheseandotherpoliciesdesignedtorespondtothecurrentsociopoliticalandeconomicchanges,structuralinequalitiespersisted.294.  Therepresentativenotedrecentlegislativechanges,  @ includingthestatutorydefinitionofdiscrimination,legalprovisionsguaranteeingpregnantadolescentsandmothersaccesstoeducation,theobligationtoensurethatcandidateslistsforallpublicelectionsincludedaminimumof25percentofwomenormen,theremovalofallprotectivemeasuresrelatingtowomensemploymentandthereformofthepenalcodeprovisionallowingrapiststoavoidprosecutionbymarryingtheirvictims.295.  Therepresentativedescribedinstitutionalmechanisms D J toensureimplementationoftheselegislativeguarantees,includingtheMinistryfortheAdvancementofWomenandHumanDevelopmentestablishedin1996andtheSpecialOfficefortheDefenceoftheRightsofWomenwithintheofficeoftheSpecialOmbudsperson.296.  Therepresentativestatedthat,ofthe5millionwomen #Q livinginpoverty,18percentliveinextremepovertybutthattheGovernmenthadcommitteditselftoa50percentreductionintherateofextremepovertybytheyear2000.297.  TherepresentativeinformedtheCommitteethat &|V domesticandsexualviolencecontinuedtobeaseriousproblem.However,onlyafractionofvictimsreportedincidentsofabuse.Henotedapproacheswhichhadbeenintroducedtoeradicateviolenceagainstwomen,includingthe1993DomesticViolenceAct,awarenessraisingcampaigns,theestablishmentofpoliceofficesforwomen,trainingofmembersofthepoliceforce,prosecutorsandjudgesandthecreationofshelters.298.  Therepresentativestatedthatwomenlivinginrural N ` areas,particularlythosebelongingtoindigenousgroups,remainedmarginalizedandhadhigherratesofmaternalmortality,adolescentpregnancyandilliteracythanwomenlivinginPerusurbancentres.TherepresentativenotedthatamongtheilliteratepopulationinPeru,72percentwerewomen,themajorityofwhomwererural,indigenouswomen.IntegratedliteracyprogrammeshadbeendesignedandwerebeingimplementedbytheMinistryfortheAdvancementofWomen.299.  Therepresentativenotedthateconomicallyactive 9("k womenwereprimarilyconcentratedintrading,thehotelandrestaurantsectors,agricultureandmanufacturing;mostwomenwereoverrepresentedinthelowerincomebracket.300.  Therepresentativeindicatedthatpregnancyrates +%p amongadolescentswerehigh,particularlyamongindigenousgroupsandthatthematernalmortalityratewashighat261 -n'r deathsper100,000livebirths,butthatthiswasbeingaddressedthroughtheimplementationofanemergencyplan.Inaddition,theProgrammeforReproductiveHealthandFamilyPlanningfor1996!2000hadguaranteedaccesstoanintegratedrangeofservicesdesignedtoaddress,interalia,   maternalhealth,contraceptionandsexuallytransmitteddiseases.301. x Therepresentativestatedthat,duringthepast10years, L  therehadbeensignificantdisplacementfromruralcommunitiestourbancentresandthattheGovernmentwascurrentlyseekingtoidentifyinternallydisplacedpersons.Manydisplacedpersons,themajorityofwhomwerewomen,hadbeenreturnedtotheirplacesoforiginandtheMinistryfortheAdvancementofWomenhadprovidedemergencysupportandreintegrationprogrammestowomenheadsofhouseholds.302. x Therepresentativeconcludedbyreaffirminghis t  GovernmentscommitmenttotheimplementationoftheConventionandtoprovidingtheCommitteewithallthenecessarymaterialstoassistitinitstask.S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    &  0  0xConcludingcommentsoftheCommitteeS:afma : XXXX O4X X#idV 33xx         e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0  0xIntroductione fma Y O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3xx         303. x TheCommitteeexpressesitsgratitudetothe  GovernmentofPeruforthecomprehensiveandfrankinformationcontainedinitsthirdandfourthperiodicreports,aswellasinthesupplementaryreport,explainingcurrentpolicies,projectsandprogrammes'UforimplementationoftheConvention.TheCommitteealsowelcomesthecomprehensiveanswerstothequestionsposedbythepresessionworkinggroup,whichhadprovidedfurtherinformationregardingthesituationofPeruvianwomenandtheobstacleswhichcontinuedtoimpedeimplementationoftheConvention.304. x TheCommitteestressestheneedtoinclude,in L"* subsequentreportsandonanongoingbasis,comparativestatisticaldataformenandwomencoveringdifferentperiodssoastobeabletoassessmeaningfullyandinappropriatedepthchangesinthesituationofPeruvianwomen.305. x TheCommitteewelcomesthePeruviandelegation, +'!1 headedbytheDeputyMinisterfortheAdvancementofWomenandHumanDevelopment.&  e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0  0xPositiveaspectse fma  O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3I*$6xx         306. x TheCommitteenotestheeffortsmadebythePeruvian \+%8 'I*GovernmenttopromotecompliancewithitscommitmenttoimplementtheConvention,notwithstandingthedifficult ,8': situationbeingfacedbythecountryowingtotheeconomiccrisisandterroristviolence.307.  TheCommitteenotesthatsincetheentryintoforceof }= the1993constitution,theGovernmentofPeruhasbeenintroducingsignificantnewlegislationtogetherwithreformsincurrentlegislationtopromotecompliancewiththeConvention,includingtheestablishmentoftheOfficeoftheOmbudsman,establishmentoftheindependenceofthejudiciary,andActNo.26260onDomesticViolence,whichrepresentsafundamentaladvanceinconfrontingaseriousprobleminPeruviansociety.308.  TheCommitteeviewsasespeciallysignificantthe G establishmentoftheMinistryfortheAdvancementofWomenandHumanDevelopmentasamechanismfortheadvancementofwomeninthecountryandtheattainmentofgenderequality.InthatregarditlistenedwithgreatinteresttothepoliciesandprogrammesbeingundertakenbytheGovernment,aswellasitsobjectiveofimplementationasquicklyaspossibleofthefollowupprogrammetotheBeijingPlatformforActionandtheCairoProgrammeofAction.309.  TheCommitteeemphasizescollaborationbyPeruvian R civilsocietyasawholeandinparticularbywomensnongovernmentalorganizations;inthatregard,itconsidersthattheirtieswiththeMinistryfortheAdvancementofWomenandHumanDevelopmentoffersasuitableframeworkforimplementationoftheConvention.e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    &  0 x 0x#x#Factorsanddifficultiesaffectingimplementation MZ oftheConventione fma  O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3[##         310.  Oneofthemainobstaclestofullimplementationofthe' (] Conventionispoverty,whichaffects44percentofPeruvianwomen.Thesituationisworsening,with18percentofwomenlivinginextremepoverty.Longtermpovertyasaresultofstructuraladjustmentpoliciesdivorcedfromsocialdevelopment,debtservicingandtheaftermathofterrorismhasledtoaseriousdeteriorationinthequalityoflifeofmillionsofwomen,whohavenoaccesstoeducation,medicalandhospitalservices,employmentandthebasicresourcesneededforsubsistence.NotwithstandingthenationalstrategyforpovertyalleviationintroducedbytheGovernment,thefeminizationofpovertyisarealityinthecountry,andisworseninginruralareasandindigenoussettlements,aswellasinareasdeclaredemergencyzones.AlthoughtheCommitteenotesthatgovernmentmacroeconomicindicatorsshowprogress,andthattherehasbeenadistinctreductioninthepercentageofpeopleclassifiedaspoor,morethanhalfthecountryspopulation(13million)sufferfrompovertyorextremepoverty.  ,&q & a    e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0  0xPrincipalsubjectsofconcernandthe  Committeesrecommendationse fma  O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3rxx         311. x TheCommitteenoteswithgreatconcernthesituation  'aofwomenwhohavebeendisplacedfromtheirplacesoforiginwiththeirfamiliesasaresultofterroristactivity.IttakesnoteoftheprogrammesbeingimplementedbytheGovernmenttoreturnsuchwomentotheirplacesoforiginortosettlethemwheretheycurrentlyresided.312. x TheCommitteerecommendsthatthegreatestpossible d   careshouldbegiventosuchwomen,who,inthemain,wereheadsofhousehold,andwhoshouldbethebeneficiariesofprogrammestopromotetheirparticipationinthelabourforcetogetherwithaccessforthemandtheirfamiliestoeducation,healthcare,housing,drinkingwaterandotheressentialservices.313. x TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthat, \  notwithstandingtheintroductionofsignificantlegalchangesforimplementationoftheprovisionsoftheConvention,inequalitybetweenmenandwomenisstillarealityinPeru.314. x TheCommitteerecommendstheformulationofa _ workingstrategyinvolvingtraining,publicityandlegalliteracyregardingthenewlegalprovisionstoachievedefactocompliancewithlegislationpromotingtherightsofwomen.ItalsorecommendssystematicdisseminationoftheConventionatalllevels,tomenandwomenincommunities,andinparticulartoallgovernmentauthoritiesandpersonsresponsibleforitsimplementation.Thereisalsoaneedforpenaltiesagainstthoseinfringingcurrentlegislation.315. x TheCommitteenotesthat,underthe1993constitution, ! internationalagreementsformpartofnationallegislation.Itisnotclearwhether,inordertoimplementthisprovision,theConventionhasbeenadoptedbyCongress.316. x TheCommitteerecommendsthatanexplanationbe 6& giveninthenextreportastowhethertheConventionisalreadyincorporatedinlegislation,whetherthejudiciaryhastheauthoritytoimplementConventionprovisionsbeforethecourts,whatdegreeofaccessthereisforwomentotheConventionandtotheOmbudsmanand,lastly,whethercasesofdiscriminationhavebeenresolvedbythecourtswithreferencetotheConvention.317. x TheCommitteenotestheprevalence,throughout E& / Peruviansociety,ofsocioculturalpatternsofbehaviourthatperpetuatedprejudicesanddiscriminationagainstwomen.TheCommitteedrawsattentiontothefactthat,despitethelegislativechangesandthecommitmentoftheGovernmentofPerutoimplementtheConvention,changewouldnotcomeaboutinpracticeunlesseffortsaremadetochangesocietysattitudestoandprejudiceswithrespecttowomen.  ",x&7 318.  TheCommitteerecommends,asamatterofpriority, 7  theinclusioningenderequalityprogrammesofacomponenttopromotethegradualeliminationofsuchharmfulstereotypes,andageneralawarenessraisingcampaigntoeradicatethem.Itsuggestsprioritizingthosesectorswiththegreatestimpactonthepopulation,suchasthevariouslevelsofeducation,themassmedia,healthsectoragenciesandworkers,communityleadersandothers.319.  TheCommitteeexpressesconcernastowhetherthe  e@ definitioncontainedinActNo.26772,whichestablisheswhatismeantbydiscrimination,isconsistentwitharticle1oftheConventionrelatingtodirectandindirectdiscrimination.ItalsoexpressesconcernataclauseintheActwhichdefineddiscriminationas theactofaccordingdifferenttreatmenttopeople,withouttherebeinganyobjectiveandreasonablejustification,onthebasisofrace,sex,....320.  TheCommitteerecommendsthat anyobjectiveand 7 J reasonablejustificationbeusedonlyasabasisfortheimplementationoftemporaryspecialmeasureswhichacceleratethedefactoequalitybetweenwomenandmen.ItfurtherrequeststheGovernmentofPerutoincludeinformationonthemannerinwhichthecriterionof objectiveandreasonablejustificationhasbeenimplementedandwhetheradefinitionofdiscriminationreflectingarticle1oftheConventionisnowanenforceablepartofthelaw.321.  TheCommitteeobservesthatarticle4isbeing "xU misinterpretedandthatnodistinctionisbeingmadebetweenprotectivemeasuresandthedefinitionsofaffirmativetemporaryspecialmeasurescontemplatedintheConvention.However,referenceismade,inthesupplementaryreport,totherequirementthat,asanaffirmativeactionmeasure,25percentofthecandidatesonthelistsofcandidatesforelectiontoParliamentmustbewomen.322.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmenttake !^ stepstohelpincreasetheaccessofwomentomanagementand,inparticular,decisionmakingposts.TheCommitteerequeststhatthenextreportcontaintheresultsofthestepstakentoincreasetheaccessofwomentoParliamentthroughtherequirementofa25percentquotaforwomeninthelistsofcandidates.323.  TheCommitteeisconcernedatthelackofinformation )'!f onthemigrationofPeruvianwomenabroadandontheprotectionaffordedtothembytheGovernment,giventhenewproblemcreatedbythevulnerabilityofsuchwomentoexploitationanddiscrimination.324.  TheCommitteerequestsinformationontheissuein E+%l thenextperiodicreport.  ,&n 325. x TheCommitteeexpressesconcernattheeffectsof   regulatingprostitutionandwishestoknowwhethersuchregulationhastheeffectofprotectingtherightsofprostitutesandpreventingthemfromfallingvictimtoviolence,traffickingandexploitationandfromcontractingdiseasesorwhether,onthecontrary,itprotectsthehealthoftheclientsandmakesiteasierforthemtoobtainsexualservices.326. x TheCommitteerecommendsthatthenextperiodic  e  reportcontaininformationon:̜  x (a)  Anyincreaseordecreaseinthenumberof  8  womenprostitutes;̜  x (b)  Theexistenceofunderageprostitutes;   ̜  x (c)  Thesituationofwomenwhoengagein   prostitutionwithoutmeetingtheestablishedrequirements,andthatoftheirclients;̜  x (d)  Thenumberofwomenandmenwhohavebeen [  accused,arrested,triedandconvictedforoffencesrelatingtoprostitutionandtraffickinginpersons;̜  x (e)  Sociologicalcharacteristicsofwomenengaged G inprostitution;̜  x (f)  Theprevalenceofsexuallytransmitteddiseases  andotherdiseasesamongprostitutes.̜327. x TheCommitteeexpressesconcernatthefactthat,  althoughthereportmentionsActNo.26260ondomesticviolence,itdoesnotmakereferencetoanyspecificmeasurestakentodealwithcasesofviolence,includingincest,theincidenceofwhichisextremelyhigh.Moreover,theCommitteeisdeeplydisturbedbytheinstancesofsexualviolenceagainstruralandindigenouswomenandthehighrateofsexualabuseofteenagersandgirlsinemergencyzones.̜328. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmenttake  ) thenecessarypracticalmeasurestoimplementtheActandmakenecessaryeffortstotreatthevictimsandtoprovidetrainingtopoliceofficers,membersofthearmy,andcourt,medicalandparamedicalpersonnel,psychologistsandnursingstaffwhosejobitistotreatthevictims.TheCommitteealsorecommendsthatofficialrecordsbekeptandthenecessarymonitoringsystembeestablishedsoastomakeitpossibletoevaluatethemagnitudeoftheproblemandhowitisevolving.ThewomenspoliceofficeshavebeenavalidinitiativetodealwithsuchsituationsbuttheyϜappeartobeinsufficient.̜329. x TheCommitteeemphasizesthevitalimportanceof 0*$6 educationinimprovingthesituationofwomen.Itnoteswith concernthatdropoutratesamonggirlsareveryhigh, + &8 particularlyinpoorurbanareasandinruralandindigenousareas. ̜330.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatprogrammesbe }; undertakentocurbandreversethattrendand,wheresuchprogrammesexist,itrecommendsthattheyshouldbemademoresystematic.̜331.  TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatilliteracyrates  ,@ amongwomenareveryhighanditstressestheimportanceoffocusingoneducatingwomensothattheycanexercisetheirrightsascitizens.̜332.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatparticularattention /E bepaidtoliteracyprogrammesandthattheybeimplementedinasustainedmanneranditrequeststhatinformationonprogressmadeinthatareabeincludedinthenextreport.̜333.  TheCommitteeexpressesconcernatthesituationof  J womenintheemploymentareaanditdrawsattentiontotheneedforprogrammesandprojectsdesignedtoincreasetheaccessoftheworkingfemalepopulationinthelabourforceandtoincreasethenumberofwomeninalloccupationalcategories,sincetheyarecurrentlyconcentratedmainlyincommerce,servicesandjobswherethepayisextremelylow.Manywomenareunderpaidandtheyarepaidlessthanmenforworkofequalvalue.̜334.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatgreatereffortsbe T madetoachievetheprinciplesofequalpayandequalpayforworkofequalvalue,toeducatewomensoastoenablethemtoenterthelabourforce,toprovidetrainingandretrainingprogrammessoastoencouragewomentogainaccesstonontraditionaljobs,toguaranteetheirrighttosocialsecurityandthustoensurethatwomenareabletobeactiveagentsinthedevelopmentofthecountry.̜335.  TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthehighpercentage k] ofwomenheadsofhouseholdinPeruandtheneedforsystematicprogrammestomeettheneedsofsuchwomen.̜336.  TheCommitteerequestsinformationontheoutcome !a oftheeffortsmadeinthatsector.̜337.  TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatmaternaland ~#d infantmortalityandteenagepregnancyratesarehighandthatpreventablediseasesarecommon,allofwhichϜcontributedtoseriousflawsinthePeruvianhealthsystem.Itnotesthatthemainfactorwhichaffectedwomenprimarilyinthemostdisadvantagedsectorsislackofresourcestoavailthemselvesofmedicalcarewhenneededandwiththenecessaryspeed.̜338.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatalleffortsbemade )9$m sothatsuchwomenmayexercisetheirrighttohealthandreceivepropercareandthenecessaryinformationfrommedicalandparamedicalpersonnelaspartofbasicrespectfortheirhumanrights. ,E'q Ї339. x TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatthereisaclose  linkbetweenthenumberofabortionsperformedandthehighmaternalmortalityrate,anditstressesthatcriminalizingabortiondoesnotdiscourageabortions,butratherhastheeffectofmakingtheprocedureunsafeanddangerousforϜwomen.̜340. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmentof   Perureviewitslawonabortionandensurethatwomenhaveaccesstofullandcompletehealthservices,whichincludesafeabortion,andtoemergencymedicalattentionwhencomplicationsarisefromabortions.TheCommitteealsorequeststhatinformationbeincludedinthenextperiodicreportontheimplementationofthesemeasuresandonthehealthservicesthatareavailabletowomenwhoneedemergencymedicalattentionasaresultofcomplicationsarisingasaresultofabortion.341. x TheCommitteeexpressesconcernatthelackof t  informationandlackofaccesstoadequatecontraceptionamongpoorwomeninurbanandruralareas,indigenouswomenandteenagegirls.̜342. x TheCommitteerecommendstheestablishmentof # familyplanningprogrammesthatemphasizesexeducation,useofadequatecontraceptionandresponsibleuseofsterilizationserviceswherenecessary,withthepatientsexpressauthorizationandaftertheconsequencesofsuchprocedurehadbeenfullyexplained.̜343. x TheCommitteerecommendstheimplementationof  programmestopreventcervicalandbreastcancer,whicharealsomajorcausesofmortalityamongwomen,andprogrammestopreventthespreadofHIV/AIDS,aswellastotreatthisdisease.̜344. x DespitethesupportgivenbyPerutomicrocredit,the $ reportdoesnotdescribeactivitiesinthisarea,whichareextremelyimportantandnecessaryinordertoimprovethestatusofwomenlivinginpoverty,primarilyinruralareas.̜345. x TheCommitteerequeststhatthenextreportcontain !"w) anaccountoftheresultsoftheprogrammesimplementedbytheMinistryfortheAdvancementofWomenandHumanDevelopment,othergovernmentbodiesandnongovernmentalorganizations,andalsostatisticscomparingthesituationofwomenwiththatofmenandcomparingthesituationintheperiodcoveredbythenextreportwiththatintheperiodcoveredbythepresentreport.̜346. x TheCommitteerequeststhewidedisseminationin ("2 PeruofthepresentconcludingcommentsinordertomakethepeopleofPeru,andparticularlyGovernmentadministratorsandpoliticiansawareofthestepsthathavebeentakentoensuredefactoequalityforwomenandthefurtherstepsthatarerequiredinthatregard.ItalsorequeststheGovernmenttocontinuetodisseminatewidely,andin -n'8 particulartowomensandhumanrightsorganizations,theConvention,theCommitteesgeneralrecommendationsandtheBeijingDeclarationandthePlatformforAction.S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    0 x 0x#x#RepublicofKoreaS:a ates   XXXX O4X X#idV 3P >##         347.  TheCommitteeconsideredthethirdandfourth  TA periodicreportsoftheRepublicofKorea(CEDAW/C/KOR/3andCEDAW/C/KOR/4)atits400thand401stmeetings,on7July1998(seeCEDAW/C/SR.400and401).S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    0 x 0x#x#IntroductionbytheStatepartyS:a  XXXX O4X X#idV 3* I##         348.  Therepresentativenotedthatthefourthreporthad . L beenproducedbyaconsultativebody,comprisingrepresentativesfrom25nongovernmentalorganizations,andby7womenspolicyspecialistsandthattheRepublicofKoreahadratifiedtheamendmenttoarticle20oftheConventioninAugust1996.349.  Therepresentativestatedthatratificationofthe  S ConventionhadimpactedsignificantlyonthelivesofKoreanwomen.ThecommentsoftheCommitteemembersonthesecondreportin1993hadprovidedsubstantialguidanceinimplementingwomenspolicies,particularlyinrespecttowomensparticipationindecisionmakingandtheeliminationofgenderdiscriminatorylawsrelatingtocitizenship.350.  Therepresentativedescribedseveralmajorlegal r\ reforms,includingtheEqualEmploymentOpportunityAct1987,theMotherChildWelfareAct1991,the1993PunishmentofSexualViolenceandProtectionoftheVictimAct,the1995WomensDevelopmentActandthe1997PreventionofDomesticViolenceandProtectionoftheVictimAct.AmendmentstotheNationalityActhadbeenenactedin1997andtheRepublicofKoreasreservationstoarticle9wouldsoonbewithdrawn.351.  TherepresentativedescribedGovernmenteffortsto D$f maketheConventionwidelyknown,includinga1994symposiumobservingthetenthanniversaryofthecountrysratificationoftheConvention,andthepublicationofannotationstotheConventionin1996.352.  Therepresentativenotedthat,sinceFebruary1998,the `("l GovernmenthadmadeitapolicyprioritytopromoteϜwomensrightsasanintegralpartofhumanrights.IthadestablishedthePresidentialCommissiononWomensAffairsandhadintroducedtheMasterPlaninWomensPolicies(1998!2002),whichaimedtoincreasetheparticipationofwomeninallsectorsofKoreansociety.The ,H'r GovernmentalsoplannedtoincreasetheratioofwomeninGovernmentalcommitteesto30percentbytheyear2002.353. x Therepresentativenotedthesignificantimpactofthe } FourthWorldConferenceonWomenandthattheBeijingPlatformforActionactivelycontributedtothefurtherempowermentofwomen.InfollowuptotheConference,theGovernmenthadidentifiedtenpolicyprioritiesfortheadvancementofwomen,includingtheexpansionofchildcarefacilities,theupgradeofchildcareservices,andtheestablishmentofawomensinformationnetwork.354. x Therepresentativeemphasizedthatincreased  8  participationbywomeninpoliticswasaprerequisitefortheenhancementofwomenssocialstatusandfurtherdemocraticdevelopmentofthesociety.Afemalepublicemployeetargetsystemhadbeeninstitutedin1995tofacilitatetherecruitmentofaprescribednumberofwomenintothepublicsectoreachyearandratiosofwomenemployeeswereexpectedtorisefrom10percentin1996to20percentbytheyear2000.355. x Therepresentativenotedtheimpactoftheeconomic  ` crisisanditspotentialadverseaffectsonKoreanwomen,particularlylowincomefemaleheadedhouseholds,andindicatedthattheGovernmentintendedtoincreaseitseffortstoprovideasafetynetforthesefamiliesandpreventthebreakdownofthefamilyunit.Italsointendedtostrengthenitsprogrammestoenhancewomenseconomicactivities.356. x Therepresentativeindicatedthatgenderequalityin  recruitment,placementandpromotionhadnotbeenrealizedandthat,whilelawsandregulationsdesignedtoachieveequalemploymentwerealreadyinplace,theentryofwomenintotheworkforcehadnotproceededasrapidlyasexpected.357. x Inconcludingherpresentation,therepresentative $ statedthat,althoughConfucianideologystillhinderedthecompleterealizationofgenderequality,itwasamatteroftimebeforethetraditionsofthepastwouldgivewaytofullgenderequality,representativedemocracyandsharedprosperity.Sheexpressedconfidencethat,withthebenefitofequalprotectionunderthelaw,Koreanwomenwouldemergeascontributingpartnersintheprocessofnationbuildingandwritetheirownchapterintheglobalgenderequalityrenaissanceofthetwentyfirstcentury.̛̜& G S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    0  0xConcludingcommentsbytheCommitteeS:a" # XXXX O4X X#idV 3'"1xx         e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0  0xIntroductione $ % O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3q)#4xx         358. x TheCommitteewelcomesthehighleveldelegationof *$6 'G'"theRepublicofKoreaandcommendstheGovernmentforitsreportsandparticularlythewellstructuredandcomprehensivefourthperiodicreport,whichgenerally ,#'9 compliedwiththeCommitteesguidelines,andprovidesabroadrangeofinformationanddataonthesituationofwomeninKoreaandthepoliticalwilloftheGovernmenttoadvancethestatusofwomen.TheCommitteeappreciatestheexhaustiverepliesoftheGovernmenttoquestionsposedbyexpertswhichamplifiedthewrittenreports.TheCommitteealsoappreciatestheinputofnongovernmentalorganizationstothepreparationofthereports.&  e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Positiveaspectse ) * O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3 C##         359.  TheCommitteewelcomesthedefinitivestepstaken  E ' )bytheGovernmenttowardstheadvancementofwomenandthemeasurestakentointegrateagenderperspectiveintopoliciesandprogrammes.360.  TheCommitteewelcomestheestablishmentand Y J strengtheningoftheproactivenationalmachineryforϜwomen,inparticular,thePresidentialCommissiononϜWomensAffairs.361.  TheCommitteewelcomestheGovernmentsclose \O collaborationwithnongovernmentalorganizationstocombatdomesticviolencethroughtheintroductionofprotectivelegislation,inadditiontothecreationofsexualanddomesticviolencepreventionandvictimprotectioncentres,emergencysheltersandawarenessraisingcampaignstoencouragethereportingofandofficialresponsetodomesticviolenceandotherformsofsexualharassment.362.  TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthatthe Y МGovernmentseffortstoimplementtheBeijingPlatformforActionthroughthepreparationofanationalplanfortheadvancementofwomenandidentificationoftenprioritiesinthatrespect.TheCommitteecommendsthe1995enactmentoftheWomensDevelopmentActandtheϜWomensDevelopmentFundendowedwithUS$70milliontosupporttheimplementationoftheBeijingPlatformforActionandtheWomensDevelopmentPlan.363.  TheCommitteenoteswithappreciationtheadoption "c andrevisionofnumerouslawsandlegalprovisionsinordertobringdomesticlegislationinlinewiththeConvention,inparticular,the1998PreventionofDomesticViolenceAct,ProtectionoftheVictimActandthe1995LawfortheAdvancementofWomen,whichaimstoaddresstheissuesofgenderequalityinacomprehensiveway.TheCommitteewelcomestheamendmentsoftheNationalActin1997andthenewsthattheGovernmentisconsideringthewithdrawalofitsreservationtoarticle9oftheConvention.364.  TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentonawide *$n rangeofpolicies,strategiesandmeasuresinsocialand economicareasandunderlines,inparticular,the ,s&p achievementsintheareaofeducation,includingtheintroductionofnontraditionalcareerorientationforwomen. 365. x TheCommitteecommendsthefactthatdiscrimination } againstwomenisdefinedinanumberofarticlesoftheconstitution,aswellastheEqualOpportunityAct1989.Italsocommendsthefactthatmaternitybenefitsforworkingwomenandpreferentialbenefitsforspecificclassesofworkersforthepurposeofredressingdiscriminatoryconditionsisnotviewedasdiscriminatory.& a e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0  0xFactorsanddifficultiesaffectingthe    implementationoftheConventione 6 7 O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3o xx         366. x TheCommitteenotesthenegativeimpactofthe   'a 6economiccrisis,andparticularlythepoliciesandpositionsoftheInternationalMonetaryFund,whichareaggravatingthesituationforKoreanwomen.367. x TheCommitteenotesthepersistenceofentrenched 1  paternalisticmalevaluesandtraditionalstereotypingofϜwomensrole.Inspiteofamendmentstothecivilcode,discriminatoryprovisionsremained,suchastheprohibitionofmarriagesbetweenindividualswithcommonsurnames.&  e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0  0xPrincipalareasofconcernandrecommendationse ;ould ?< O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3xx         368. x TheCommitteeisconcernedwiththereservations  '};enteredbytheGovernmentofKoreatotheConvention.369. x TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoreviewits e  reservationstotheConventionwithaviewtotheirwithdrawalbeforetheyear2000.370. x TheCommitteeisconcernedthatthereportscontain Q$ insufficientinformationontheactualimpactoflawsandpoliciesonwomenslives.371. x TheCommitteerecommendsthatsubsequentreports ( providedetailedinformationontheimplementationandenforcementoflawsandpolicies.TheCommitteealsorecommendsthatsubsequentreportsincludeacomparativeanalysisoftheprogressachievedsincethepreviousreportsthrough,interalia,statisticaldatadisaggregatedbysex. `#- 372. x TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthat,althoughthe p$/ constitutioncontainsadefinitionofdiscrimination,thedefinitiondoesnotincludediscriminationwithboththepurposeoreffectasspecifiedinarticle1oftheConvention.TheCommitteealsonotesthattheEqualOpportunityAct1989doesnotincludeafulldefinitionofdiscrimination,whichalsoincludesdiscriminationonthebasisofreligiousbeliefs,politicalpreferences,ageordisability.373. x TheCommitteerecommendstheinclusioninthe *+%8 constitutionandallrelevantlegislationofadefinitionofdiscriminationwhichreflectsthatinarticle1oftheConvention.ItalsorecommendsthattheGovernment -t'; disseminateinformation,ensuretheprovisionoflegalaidandundertakeallnecessarymeasurestoincreaselegalliteracyamongwomen.TheCommitteealsorecommendsϜthattheestablishmentoftheNationalHumanRightsCommissionbeexpeditedandtheprovisionofremediesfordiscriminatorypractices.374.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthatviolenceagainst  B womenisstillpervasiveinKoreansociety.375.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment \ E intensifyitseffortstocombatviolenceagainstwomenthrough,interalia,theintroductionofcomprehensive  8G measures,includinggendersensitivetrainingofthejudiciary,healthpersonnelandlawenforcementofficials.Italsorecommendstheprovisionofadequatesheltersandtheincorporationofmodelsofnonviolentformsofconflictresolutionineducationandthemedia.376.  TheCommitteeisconcernedabouttheunder  N representationofwomeninpoliticsanddecisionmakingstructures,includingthejudicialsystem.Itemphasizestheimportanceoffosteringapoliticalenvironmentconducivetowomenspromotioninallsectorsofpublicandprivatelife.377.  TheCommitteerecommendstheprovisionofmore U governmentalsupportinordertoincreasewomenspoliticalparticipationandpoliticaleducation,raisepublicawarenessaboutwomenleaders,continuepromotingtargetsandquotas,introduceincentivestoencourageaminimumquotaof30percentrepresentationofwomeninpoliticalpartiesandthedraftingofpoliciestoincreasetheparticipationofwomeninthejudicialsystem.ItalsorecommendsthattheGovernmentencouragetheprivatesectortointroducequotasforwomen,particularlyinnontraditionalareas.378.  TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutthesituationof ` womeninthelabourmarketandemphasizesthecurrentAsianeconomiccrisisanditsimpactonthesituationofwomen.TheCommitteeraisesthefollowingconcerns:xx-x  (a) l Sexualharassmentintheworkplace; ":e xx-x  (b) l Insufficientsocialprotectionoffemaleworkers #Jg intheprivatesector;xx-x  (c) l Occupationalsegregation,including % j concentrationintraditionalfemaleoccupations;xx-x  (d) l Lackofemploymentopportunitiesforhighly '!m qualifiedwomen,aswellasthewagedifferentialbetweenwomenandmen;xx-x  (e) l Insufficientsupporttowomenentrepreneurs, 0*$q particularlyinnontraditionalareas;xx-x  (f) l Situationofwomeninagriculture,especiallyof ,Y&t elderlywomenandinruralareas; ,'u Ї  x (g)  Earlylayoffandanincreaseinthenumberof  parttimewomenworkers.379. x TheCommitteerecommends: }   x (a)  Provisionofstatisticaldataonthegrowing  numberofparttimeworkersinsocialprotectionschemes;  x (b)  Implementationoftheprincipleofequalpayfor `  workofequalvalueandrecognitionofwomensunpaidwork;  x (c)  Provisionofequalsocialprotectionforwomen  L  inboththepublicandprivatesectorsincludingextensionofpaidmaternityleavetotheprivatesectortobridgethegapbetweentheworkingconditionsinthesesectors;  x (d)  RatificationofInternationalLabourOrganization O  conventions,especiallyConventions110and111;̛  x (e)  Eliminationofgenderrestrictiverecruitmentand "x  advertisements;  x (f)  Awarenessraisingcampaignsandtraining K programmestoencouragethereportingandeliminationofsexualharassmentintheworkplace.380. x TheCommitteeexpressesconcernatthesituationof  ruralwomen,inparticularinregardtotheirunderrepresentationindecisionmaking/leadingpublicandprivatepositions.381. x TheCommitteeencouragestheGovernmenttogive :  fullattentiontotheneedsofruralwomenandtoensurethatpoliciesandprogrammesbenefittheminallareas,includinginregardtotheirrecognitionasagriculturalworkers,soastobenefitfromtherightsundertheEmploymentStandardAct,andaccesstodecisionmaking,healthandsocialservices.TheCommitteealsorecommendsmorestudiesonthesituationofruralwomen,andthecollectionofstatisticaldatatoinformpoliciesinthisarea.TheCommitteealsorecommendsthattheGovernmentfacilitateaccesstocreditforruralwomen.382. x TheCommitteesfurtherconcernsinclude: ",   x (a)  Thestatusandroleofthenationalmachinery, #. includingtheCommissiononWomensAffairs,itsauthorityandbudget;  x (b)  Thedifferentialminimumageofmarriageof 8& 2 womenandmen;  x (c)  Thehighrateofabortion;  (a"5   x (d)  Thediscriminatoryimpactofexistinginheritance )q#7 laws;  x (e)  Theprovisionofinadequateinformationonthe *D%:  numbersofwomenusinghealthfacilities,especiallythose +&; withHIV/AIDSandsexuallytransmitteddiseases,inthereport. 383.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmentof }> Koreaprovidefurtherinformationinitsnextperiodicreportdescribingmeasurestakentoaddresstheseconcerns.384.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmentgive  iB specialattentiontotherealizationoftherighttosocialsecurityprovidedbythe1955UnemploymentInsuranceSchemetodisabledwomen,andthatthepolicytoprovideavarietyofprogrammesforolderwomen,includingthepromotionoftheirhealth,notbejeopardizedbythepresenteconomiccrisis.385.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatthatspecialattention  J begivenbytheGovernment,andifnecessaryspecialmeasuresbeintroduced,topreventadverseconsequencesforwomenasaresultofthepresenteconomiccrisis.386.  TheCommitteerequeststhewidedisseminationinthe d O RepublicofKoreaofthepresentconcludingcommentsinordertomaketheKoreanpeople,andparticularlytheGovernment,administratorsandpoliticians,awareofthestepsthathavebeentakentoensuredefactoequalityforwomenandthefurtherstepsrequiredinthatregard.TheCommitteealsorequeststheGovernmenttocontinuetodisseminatewidely,andinparticulartowomensandhumanrightsorganizations,theConvention,theCommitteesgeneralrecommendationsandtheBeijingDeclarationandthePlatformforAction.̜T!N& N h     O4 O4: O4#Sid  3    ChapterV "] xx-x0  Waysandmeansofexpeditingthe $^ workoftheCommitteeh a b#idS 3 :  : O4  :&_##         387.  TheCommitteeconsideredwaysandmeansof  b 'NaexpeditingtheworkoftheCommittee(agendaitem7)atits384thand403rdmeetings,on22Juneand10July1998(seeCEDAW/C/SR.384and403).388.  TheitemwasintroducedbytheChiefoftheWomens #Cg RightsUnitoftheDivisionfortheAdvancementofWomen,whointroducedthereportofthesecretariat(CEDAW/C/1998/II/4)andaworkingpapercontainingdraftrulesofprocedures(CEDAW/C/1997/WG.I/WP.1).S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    0 x 0x#x#ActiontakenbytheCommitteeonthe )o#o reportofWorkingGroupIS:aVfnmen  g XXXX O4X X#idV 3)Q$p##         389.  Atits403rdmeetingon10July1998,theCommittee +%s  consideredtheitemonthebasisofthereportofWorking l,&t GroupI(CEDAW/C/1998/II/WG.I/WP.1)andtookthefollowingdecisions. & q S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    ~~1.0 x PresessionworkinggroupS:ai  ]j XXXX O4X X#idV 3xx         390. x Inthelightofdecision19/1onthepresessionworking'qi ;  group,theCommitteedecidedthatthepre-sessionworkinggroupforthetwentyfirstsessionshouldbetreatedinthesamewayasallotherpre-sessionworkinggroups,especiallyinregardtoinputfromthespecializedagenciesandotherbodiesoftheUnitedNationsandnongovernmentalorganizations.391. x TheCommitteealsodecidedtocontinuethecurrent 3  practiceofassigningthreemembers,includingthedesignatedcountryrapporteur,topreparequestionsrelatingtoperiodicreportstoguidethepresessionworkinggroupwheneveritmeetsasitdrawsupthelistofquestionsandissueswithrespecttoperiodicreports.Thethreemembersshouldbedrawnfromdifferentregions.S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    ~~2.0 x ReceiptofreportsbyexpertsS:an o XXXX O4X X#idV 3xx         392. x TheCommitteedecidedthatthesecretariatshould = makeitsbesteffortstoensureearlyreceiptofreports,includingthroughtheuseofelectronicmeansofcommunication.S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    ~~3.0 x FollowuptotheCommittee $ decision18/IIIS:aq r XXXX O4X X#idV 3%xx         393. x TheCommitteedecidedthatitsdecision18/III, 6( prohibitingtheparticipationofmembersoftheCommitteeintheconsiderationofthereportsofcountriesofwhichtheyarenationals,shouldbemadewidelyknown,and,inparticular,toStatespartieswhosenationalsaremembersoftheCommitteeatthetimetheseStatespartiesarepresentingtheirreports.TheCommitteedecidedthattheChairpersonoftheCommitteeshouldmakethisdecision,aswellastheproceduresoftheCommittee,knowntonewexperts.&  S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    ~~4.0 x TheGuidelinesoftheHumanRights n'!4 CommitteeS:a4v v XXXX O4X X#idV 3P("5xx         394. x TheCommitteedecidedthattheGuidelinesofthe )T$8 'n'(vHumanRightsCommitteefortheexerciseoffunctionsbymembersshouldbediscussedbyWorkingGroupIatthetwentiethsessionoftheCommitteeinJanuary1999,iftheprogrammeofworkoftheCommitteepermits.  -`'< Ї& 4 S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    +x5.0  ConcludingcommentsS:ay xz XXXX O4X X#idV 3<##         395.  TheCommitteedecidedtostreamlinethosepartsof X? '4ytheCommitteesconcludingcommentsrelatingto factorsanddifficultiesand positiveaspects,whileretainingflexibilityinthisregard.Thesectionsrelatingto principalareasofconcernand recommendationsandsuggestionsoftheCommitteesconcludingcommentsshouldbecombinedinasinglesectiontobeentitled principalareasofconcernandrecommendations.396.  Whereappropriate,theCommitteesconcluding  H commentsshouldincludespecificsuggestionstotheStatespartieswithregardtoobtainingtechnicalassistancefromtheOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRightsandotherpartsoftheUnitedNationssystem.Recommendationsrelatingtotechnicalassistancecould,forexample,bedirectedtoreservationsandlawreform,includingreviewoflegislation.397.  TheCommitteeadoptedthefollowingproceduresand "xQ formatfortheelaborationofconcludingcomments:xx-x  (a) l TheCommitteedesignatesfromamongits KT membersacountryrapporteurforthereportofeachStateparty;xx-x  (b) l Assistedbythesecretariat,thecountry X rapporteurseeksadditionalinformationonthesituationofwomenintheStatepartyunderreview.ThefindingsofthecountryrapporteurarepresentedasabriefingonthereportataclosedmeetingbeforetheStatepartyspresentation.Inthecaseofperiodicreports,therapporteursreportissentinadvancetothepresessionworkinggroup;1 s^ xx-x  (c) l TheCommitteeholdsaclosedmeetingafterthe -` constructivedialoguetoconsiderthemainissuesandtrendstobereflectedintheconcludingcommentsrelatingtothereportoftheStateparty.Concludingcommentsdraftedthereafterreflectonlytheviewsexpressedatthemeetingsduringwhichthereportispresented,andnottheviewsoftheindividualcountryrapporteurs;xx-x  (d) l Theexpertnominatedasthecountryrapporteur #%h draftsconcludingcommentsinclosecollaborationwiththegeneralrapporteuroftheCommitteeandwiththesupportofthesecretariat;xx-x  (e) l Concludingcommentsareprecededbya ('~!m summaryoftheStatepartyspresentation,whichispreparedbythesecretariat;xx-x  (f) l Concludingcommentsusuallyfollowastandard )$q formatunderfourheadings:introduction;positiveaspects;factorsanddifficultiesaffectingtheimplementationoftheConvention;principalareasofconcernandrecommendations; , 'u Ї  x (g)  Theintroductioncontainscommentsonwhether  thereporthasfollowedtheCommitteesguidelinesforthepreparationofinitialandperiodicreports;whetheritwassufficientorinsufficient;whetheritincorporatesorreferstostatisticalinformationdisaggregatedbysex;andtheCommitteesgeneralrecommendations.WhetherthereareanyreservationstotheConvention;whetherreservationshavebeenwithdrawn;whethertheStatepartyhasobjectedtothereservationsofotherStateparties;andwhethertheStatepartyhasmentionedtheimplementationoftheBeijingPlatformforActionareissueswhichareaddressedinthissection,aswellasthenatureandrelevanceoftheoralpresentation.Anobjectiveindicationofthestrengthsofthereportandthestrengthofthedelegationisgenerallyincluded;  x (h)  The positiveaspectssectionisorganizedinthe d  orderofthearticlesoftheConvention;  x (i)  The factorsanddifficultiessectiondescribes 7  majoroverarchingreasonswhytheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomenhasnotbeenimplementedfullybytheStateparty.AnyreservationstotheConventionarealsoaddressedinthissection,2aswellasotherlegalimpedimentstothe \ implementationoftheConvention;  x (j)  The principalareasofconcernand / recommendationssectionisorganizedintheorderoftheimportanceoftheparticularissuestothecountryunderreviewandprovidesconcreteproposalsfromtheCommitteeontheproblemsidentifiedintherestofthecomments;  x (k)  Theconcludingcommentsincludereferenceto K! anycommitmentsoftheStatepartymadeattheFourthWorldConferenceonWomen;  x (l)  Whereappropriate,theconcludingcomments % includespecificsuggestionstotheStatespartieswithregardtopossibletechnicalassistancefromtheOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRightsandotherpartsoftheUnitedNationssystem.Recommendationsrelatingtotechnicalassistancecould,forexample,bedirectedtoreservations,reviewoflegislationandlawreform;  x (m)  Concludingcommentsclosewitha %F . recommendationrelatingtodissemination,requestingthewidedisseminationoftheconcludingcommentsintheStatepartyconcerned,inordertomakethepeopleintheStateparty,andparticularlyitsgovernmentadministratorsandpoliticians,awareofthestepsthathavebeentakentoensuredefactoequalityforwomenandthefurtherstepsrequiredinthatregard.ItalsorequeststheStatepartytocontinuetodisseminatewidely,andinparticulartowomensandhumanrightsorganizations,theConvention,theCommittees ,!'7 generalrecommendationsandtheBeijingDeclarationandthePlatformforAction;xx-x  (n) l Eachconcludingcommentisinternallybalanced, }: andtheCommitteestrivestoachieveconsistenceandbalance,particularlyintermsofpraiseandexpressionsofconcern,amongtheconcludingcommentselaboratedateachsession.Accordingly,theCommitteeconsidersconcludingcommentscomparativelyinanefforttoensurethattheyareeven.&  S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    +x6.0  EnforceabilityoftheConventionin /D domesticlegalsystemsS:a s XXXX O4X X#idV 3g E##         398.  TheCommitteerequestedthatthesecretariatprepare  H '/astudyonenforceabilityoftheConventionindomesticlegalsystemsfortheinformationoftheCommitteetobesubmittedtoitstwentyfirstsession.& 4 S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    +x7.0  ReportstobeconsideredatfuturesessionsS:a ę XXXX O4X X#idV 3(~O##         399.  TheCommitteedecidedthatitwouldconsiderthe ,R '4(followingreportsatitstwentieth,twentyfirstandtwentysecondsessions:S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    & U 0 x 0x#x#TwentiethsessionS:a  XXXX O4X X#idV 3JW##         e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Initialreportse   O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3Z##         o 3  xx-x  Algeria  \ 0 x   Jordan x#x# 0 x 0x#x#Liechtenstein ## otee 3  'Ue     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Secondperiodicreportse  ʡ O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3`##         o 3  0 x 0x#x#Chile ## xx-x  Greece \!c 0 x 0x#x#Thailand ## otee 3  e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Thirdperiodicreportse 1  O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3j#f##         o 3  0 x 0x#x#Austria ## 0 x 0x#x#China,includingHongKong ## 0 x 0x#x#UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland ## o5tee 3  e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Fourthperiodicreportse  H O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3N'!l##         0 x 0x#x#Colombia ## xx-x  IntheeventthatoneoftheabovementionedStates q)#p partiesshouldbeunabletopresentitsreport,theCommitteewillconsiderthethirdperiodicreportsofBelarusorSpain.  ,]&t S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    & G  0  0xTwentyfirstsessionS:a۪  XXXX O4X X#idV 3xx         e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0  0xInitialreportse   O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3Xxx         o 3  0  0xDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo xx 'G  x Belize .    x Georgia  G otee 3  e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0  0xSecondperiodicreportse 3  O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3<  xx         0  0xIreland xx e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0  0xThirdperiodicreportse x:a . O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3 =xx         o 3  0  0xEgypt xx   x Germany     x Spain   o|tee 3    x IntheeventthatoneoftheabovementionedStates !  partiesshouldbeunabletopresentitsreport,theCommitteewillconsiderthefourthperiodicreportofSweden.S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    &     x TwentysecondsessionS:aj   XXXX O4X X#idV 3 ?         e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0  0xInitialreportse o % O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3xx         0  0x[tobesubmitted] xx ' ;e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0  0xSecondperiodicreportse ɺ  O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3B!xx         o 3  0  0xBurkinaFaso xx   x EquatorialGuinea n$   x Uruguay 1% oμtee 3  e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3    0  0xThirdperiodicreportse   O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3(xx         o 3  0  0xBelarus xx   x Luxembourg +   x Finland G , otee 3  e     O4 O4O4O4#idid  3      x Fourthperiodicreportse   O4O4 O4 O4#idid 3 "p/         0  0xSweden xx   x IntheeventthatoneoftheabovementionedStates =$3 partiesshouldbeunabletopresentitsreport,theCommitteewillconsiderthefourthperiodicreportofDenmark.&  S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    ~~8.0 x Membersofthepresessionworking '9"9 groupsforthetwentiethandtwentyfirstsessionsS:a5  XXXX O4X X#idV 3)#;xx         400. x TheCommitteedecidedthatthemembersofthepre U+%> '')sessionworkinggroupforthetwentiethsessionandtheiralternatesshouldbe: ,1'@ Їxx-x&  Ԉ  Members @ o 3  xx-x  Ms.EmnaAouij(Africa) B xx-x  Ms.IvankaCorti(Europe) }C xx-x  Ms.SalmaKhan(Asia) @D xx-x  Ms.YolandeFerrer(LatinAmerica)  YE 'potee 3  xx-x  Alternates N G o 3  xx-x  Ms.CharlotteAbaka(Africa) ^ I xx-x  Ms.H.B.SchppSchilling(Europe) ! wJ xx-x  Ms.ChikakoTaya(Asia)  :K xx-x0  Ms.AdaGonzlez(LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean) L## otee 3  xx-x  TheCommitteedecidedthatthemembersofthepresessionworkinggroupforthetwentyfirstsessionandtheiralternatesshouldbe:0 x 0x#x#Members R## o 3  0 x 0x#x#Ms.CharlotteAbaka(Africa) ## xx-x  Ms.H.B.SchppSchilling(Europe) [ U xx-x  Ms.YungChungKim(Asia) tV xx-x0  Ms.AdaGonzlez(LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean)7W## oWtee 3  xx-x0  Alternate,Y## o 3  0 x 0x#x#Ms.KongitSinegiorgis(Africa) ## xx-x  Ms.FerideAcar(Europe) U\ xx-x  Ms.SavitriGoonersekere(Asia) ] xx-x0  Ms.RosalynHazelle(LatinAmericaandthe ^ Caribbean) ## optee 3  &  S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    +x9.0  Datesofthetwentiethsessionofthe qb CommitteeS:aT   XXXX O4X X#idV 3Sc##         401.  Consistentwiththecalendarofconferencesfor1998, f 'Hthetwentiethsessionshouldbeheldfrom18Januaryto5February1999.Thepresessionworkinggroupforthetwentiethsessionwillmeetfrom11to15January1999.Notes #jm W 33    { 9x x& e3q !?&'^) ./,15k78={  O4  rr-10  OfficialRecordsoftheGeneralAssembly,Fiftysecond $p Session,SupplementNo.38(A/52/38/Rev.1),partII, N%q para.469. ## rr-20  Atitsthirteenthsession,theCommitteeagreedthatforthose &(!t StatespartiesthathaveenteredsubstantivereservationstotheConvention,itwouldinclude,intheconcludingcommentsitpreparesfollowingthereviewoftheirreports,asectioninwhichtheCommitteesviewswouldbereflected:OfficialRecordsoftheGeneralAssembly,Fortyninth )R$y Session,SupplementNo.38(A/49/38),chap.I,sect.C, *$z para.10. ## W 33    {d x& e3q !?&'^) ./,15k78=9x{ O4    +&|  4jC NH-6789:   NH-6789:C   O4 O4 O4 O4#idid 33          1 1d x& e3q !?&'^) ./,15k78=9? x& e3q !?&'^) ./,15k78=& 2SS55  & ! o 3  h     O4 O4: O4#Sid      ChapterVIh  #idS  :  : O4  :          h     O4 O4: O4#Sid      0  0xImplementationofarticle21ofthe  Conventionh  ]#idS  :  : O4  :xx         o 3  402. x TheCommitteeconsideredtheimplementationof ;  '!article21oftheConvention(agendaitem6)atits384thandϜ403rdmeetings,on22Juneand10July1998(seeϜCEDAW/C/SR.403).403. x TheitemwaspresentedbytheDeputyDirectorofthe    DivisionfortheAdvancementofWomen,whointroducedthefollowingdocuments:  x (a)  Draftgeneralrecommendationonarticle12of O  theConvention(CEDAW/C/1998/I/WG.II/WP.3andAdd.1and2);  x (b)  Workingpapercontainingadraftofthe K  contributionoftheCommitteetothefiftiethanniversaryoftheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights(CEDAW/C/1998/WG.II/WP.2);  x (c)  NotebytheSecretaryGeneralonreportsofthe c specializedagenciesontheimplementationoftheConventioninareasfallingwithinthescopeoftheiractivities(CEDAW/C/1998/II/3andAdd.4).& & S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    ݜ0  ActiontakenbytheCommitteeonthe = reportofWorkingGroupIIS:a\  XXXX O4X X#idV 3         404. x Atits403rdmeeting,on10July1998,theCommittee }! '&PtookthefollowingactiononthebasisofthereportofWorkingGroupII(CEDAW/C/1998/WG.II/WP.1/Rev.2andϜCEDAW/C/1998/II/WG.II/WP.2)(seeCEDAW/C/SR.403).& D S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    ~~1. x RevisedtextonreservationsS:a _ XXXX O4X X#idV 3 !W(         405. x TheCommitteeadoptedtherevisedtexton " + 'D!reservationsasacontributiontothefiftiethanniversaryoftheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights.& & S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    ~~2.0 x Draftgeneralrecommendationon q& 1 article12S:a : XXXX O4X X#idV 3S'!2xx         406. x TheCommitteeagreedthatthesecretariatshouldmake )]#5 '&q&xthetextinCEDAW/C/1998/II/WG.II/WP.2availabletoCommitteemembers,alongwithanannexcontainingproposalsforamendment.Membersmaywishtosubmitcommentstothesecretariatbynolaterthan1October1998toenableafurtherdiscussionandadoptionofafulltextto ,E': takeplaceatthetwentiethsessionoftheCommitteeinJanuary1999.&  S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    +x3.0  Statementontheindivisibilityofciviland ? politicalrightsandeconomic,socialandculturalrightsandthecentralityofgenderawarenesstotheenjoymentofthoserightsS:a S XXXX O4X X#idV 3& |C##         ݜ̛407.  Attheirninthmeeting,thepersonschairingthehuman  0F 'rightstreatybodiestooknoteofaproposalbytheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomenthatthatCommittee,alongwiththeHumanRightsCommitteeandtheCommitteeonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRightsconsiderissuingajointstatementontheindivisibilityofcivilandpoliticalrightsandeconomic,socialandculturalrightsandthecentralityofgenderawarenesstotheenjoymentofthoserightsaspartofthefiftiethanniversarycelebrationoftheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights(reportoftheninthmeetingofpersonschairingthehumanrightstreatybodies:A/53/125,para.35).408.  TheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscrimination S againstWomenadoptedthefollowingstatementforconsiderationandpossibleadoptionbytheHumanRightsCommitteeandtheCommitteeonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRights:xx-x0   l Theprincipleofindivisibilityofallhumanrights Y isafundamentalunderpinningoftheinternationalconsensusonhumanrights.TheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsestablishesthecanonofrightsandfreedomstowhichallhumanbeingsareentitled.Theserights,andtheirindivisibility,havebeenreiteratedininternationalhumanrightsinstruments,includingtheInternationalCovenantonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRightsandtheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights.TheWorldConferenceonHumanRightsheldin1993underscoredtheinterdependenceofallhumanrightsandemphasizedthatallsocietiesshouldworktoensuretheenjoymentbyalltheirmembersoftheircivil,political,economic,socialandculturalrights,includingtheirrighttodevelopment. ## xx-x0   l Theprincipleoftheequalrightsofwomenand ("j menisoneofthepillarsoftheUnitedNations.reflectedintheCharteroftheUnitedNations,theUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsandallsubsequentmajorinternationalhumanrightsinstruments,thisprincipleiselaboratedinthe t,&o## ConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen.TheConventioncodifieswomensrighttonondiscriminationandequalitywithmenandalsoestablishesthatwomenandmenareequallyentitledtothefullenjoymentandexerciseofhumanrightsandfundamentalfreedomsinthepolitical,economic,social,cultural,civiloranyotherfield.Insodoingitreflectstheprincipleofindivisibilityofrights. xx  0 x   ThetwoCovenantsarepremisedonthe  V  entitlementofallhumanbeings,withoutdistinctionbasedonsex,totherightsintheseinstruments.TheyalsoobligeStatespartiestoensuretheequalentitlementofwomenandmentotheenjoymentoftheserights. xx  0 x   The1990shavebeencharacterizedbyagrowing T  understandingoftheinterdependencebetweenhumanrightsandfundamentalfreedoms,sustainabledevelopment,anddemocracy.Thisdecadehasalsowitnessedrenewedemphasisonwomensentitlementtoassertandexercisetheirhumanrights.Theachievementofequalityisnolongerseensolely,orprimarily,astheresponsibilityofwomen,butisincreasinglyrecognizedasasocietalresponsibilityandalegalobligationassumedbyStatespartiestointernationalhumanrightsinstruments. xx  0 x   Thecentralityofgenderequalityinthefull : enjoymentofhumanrightsisreshapingthewayinwhichthescopeandcontentofhumanrightsandtheresultingobligationsforimplementationareunderstood. xx  0 x   TheHumanRightsCommittee,theCommittee p# onEconomic,SocialandCulturalRightsandtheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomenrecognizetheircriticalroleinincreasingtheunderstandingofgenderfactorsintheenjoymentofhumanrights.Theyareconsciousoftheneedtointerpretcreativelythehumanrightsnormstheymonitorsothattheycanbeappliedtothoseexperiencesofwomenwhichdifferfromthoseofmen.TheCommitteesunderlinethatabroader,inclusiveunderstandingofsuchrightsbringswithitaninternationallegalobligationforStatespartiestoensuretowomenthefullenjoymentofalltheirhumanrights. xx  0 x   TheCommitteeontheEliminationof X*$2 DiscriminationagainstWomenprovidesleadership,withintheUnitedNationshumanrightstreatybodies,intheelaborationofahumanrightsconceptthattakes,'5xx genderintoaccount.TheHumanRightsCommitteeandtheCommitteeonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRightsincreasinglyconsidertheimpactofgenderontheenjoymentofrightsprotectedunderthetwoCovenants,intheconsiderationofthereportsofStatesparties,inconcludingcommentsandgeneralcommentsandrecommendations. ## xx-x0   l Ontheoccasionofthefiftiethanniversaryofthe p = UniversalDeclarationofHumanRightstheHumanRightsCommittee,theCommitteeonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRightsandtheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomenreaffirmtheirindividualandjointresponsibilitytocontributetotheenjoymentofallhumanrightsbyallmembersofsociety,asforeseenintheDeclarationuponwhichtheyarebased.Tothatend,theypledgetoincreasetheireffortstoassessfactorsandobstaclesthatimpingeonwomensenjoymentoftheircivil,political,economic,social,culturalandotherrightsandtosuggestspecificactionsonhowsuchobstaclesmightbeovercomesothatfullenjoymentofhumanrightsbyall,withoutdiscrimination,mayberealized. ## & T S:a    O4 O4XXO4#Vid  3    +x4.0  ReportofMs.SilviaCartwright,resource O personappointedbytheCommitteetoattendtheopenendedworkinggroupontheelaborationofadraftoptionalprotocoltotheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomenheldinparallelwiththefortysecondsessionoftheCommissionontheStatusofWomenS:a  |  XXXX O4X X#idV 3W##         409.  Atits392ndmeetingon30June1998,Ms.Silvia P!Z 'T  Cartwright,theresourcepersonappointedbytheCommitteetoattendtheopenendedworkinggroupontheelaborationofadraftoptionalprotocoltotheConventionreportedthatsignificantprogresshadbeenmadebytheworkinggroupwhenitmetduringthefortysecondsessionoftheCommissionontheStatusofWomeninMarch1998.410.  Shenoted,however,thatseveralimportantissues 'l!b remainedtobedetermined.TheseincludedtheextenttowhichgroupsmaylodgecommunicationsonbehalfofwomenorgroupsofwomensufferingviolationsoftheirrightsundertheConventionorwhereStatespartieshavefailedtocomplywithConventionobligationsandwhetherreservationstotheoptionalprotocolwillbepermitted.  Q,&i 411. x Sheurgedexpertstofamiliarizethemselveswiththe   textofthedraftoptionalprotocolandtosupportandencouragetheadoptionofaninstrumentwhichisasstrongorstrongerthanotherhumanrightscommunicationsprocedures.& ^ h     O4 O4: O4#Sid  3    ChapterVII  L 0  0xProvisionalagendaforthetwentiethsessionh   k #idS 3 :  : O4  : P xx         412. x TheCommitteeconsideredtheprovisionalagendafor   '^  itstwentiethsession(agendaitem8)atits403rdmeeting,on10July1998.TheCommitteedecidedtoapprovethefollowingprovisionalagenda:  x 1.  Openingofthesession. 2    x 2.0  Solemndeclarationbythenewmembersofthe H  Committee.    x 3.0  Electionofofficers.&|   x 4.0  Adoptionoftheagendaandorganizationof < work.    x 5.0  ReportoftheChairpersononactivities p undertakenbetweenthenineteenthandtwentiethsessionoftheCommittee.    x 6.0  ConsiderationofreportssubmittedbyStates   partiesunderarticle18oftheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen.    x 7.0  Implementationofarticle21oftheConvention .% ontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen.    x 8.0  Waysandmeansofexpeditingtheworkofthe  *) Committee.    x 9.0  Provisionalagendaforthetwentyfirstsession.",   x 10.0  AdoptionofthereportoftheCommitteeonits #. twentiethsession.  h     O4 O4: O4#Sid  3    & \ ChapterVIII &!3 0  0xAdoptionofthereporth    #idS 3 :  : O4  :'"4xx         413. x Atits403rdmeeting,on10July1998,theCommittee )#7 '\& adoptedthereportonitsnineteenthsession(CEDAW/C/1998/II/L.1andAdd.1-9),asorallyamended. +%:  : (( 3-': М \C A.-6789:   NH-6789:C7dd7  #idid 33          & 2SS55O4 O4O4O4g!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A x& e3q !?&'^) ./,15k78=  h     O4O4: O4#Sid  3    AnnexIh t!  *" #idS 3:  :O4 :          h     O4O4: O4#Sid  3    0 : 0::StatespartiestotheConventionontheEliminationofAll ? FormsofDiscriminationagainstWomenasat10July1998h ?#  # #idS 3:  :O4 :A         A&T) xdE-  A  { <X!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A{o 3   t Dateofreceiptoftheinstrument     Statesparties t ofratificationoraccession  Dateofentryintoforce }  A&T) xdE  Ao&  3   E   o 3  Albania t 11May1994a  10June1994 [   Algeria t 22May1996ab  21June1996 # y  Andorra t 15January1997a  14February1997  A  Angola t 17September1986a  17October1986   AntiguaandBarbuda t 1August1989a  31August1989 {  Argentina t 15July1985b  14August1985 C  Armenia t 13September1993a  13October1993  a  Australia t 28July1983b  27August1983 )  Austria t 31March1982b  30April1982   Azerbaijan t 10July1995a  9August1995 c  Bahamas t 6October1993a  5November1993 + Bangladesh t 6November1984ab  6December1984 I Barbados t 16October1980  3September1981  Belarus t 4February1981c  3September1981  Belgium t 10July1985b  9August1985 K Belize t 16May1990  15June1990 i Benin t 12March1992  11April1992 1 Bhutan t 31August1981  30September1981  Bolivia t 8June1990  8July1990 k BosniaandHerzegovina t 1September1993d  1October1993 3 Botswana t 13August1996a  12September1996 Q Brazil t 1February1984b  2March1984  Bulgaria t 8February1982c  10March1982   BurkinaFaso t 14October1987a  13November1987 S! Burundi t 8January1992  7February1992 q" Cambodia t 15October1992a  14November1992 9# Cameroon t 23August1994a  22September1994  $ Canada t 10December1981c  9January1982 s!% CapeVerde t 5December1980a  3September1981 ;"& CentralAfricanRepublic t 21June1991a  21July1991 #Y' Chad t 9June1995a  9July1995 #!( Chile t 7December1989  6January1990 $) China t 4November1980b  3September1981 [%* Colombia t 19January1982  18February1982 #&y + Comoros t 31October1994a  30November1994 &A!, Congo t 26July1982  25August1982 ' "- CostaRica t 4April1986  4May1986 {(". C=tedIvoire t 19December1995a  17January1996 C)#/ Croatia t 9September1992d  9October1992  *a$0 Cuba t 17July1980b  3September1981 *)%1 Cyprus t 23July1985ab  22August1985 +%2 CzechRepublice t 22February1993cd  24March1993 c,&3   +-'4 A&T) xdE8!A   <X< o    t Dateofreceiptoftheinstrument   r Statesparties t ofratificationoraccession  Dateofentryintoforce : A&T) xdE!Ao(  3   X o 3  DemocraticRepublic t   n ЀoftheCongof t 17October1986  16November1986  6 Denmark t 21April1983  21May1983   Dominica t 15September1980  3September1981 p  DominicanRepublic t 2September1982  2October1982 8   Ecuador t 9November1981  9December1981  V  Egypt t 18September1981b  18October1981    ElSalvador t 19August1981b  18September1981   EquatorialGuinea t 23October1984a  22November1984 X  Eritrea t 5September1995a  5October1995  v  Estonia t 21October1991a  20November1991 >  Ethiopia t 10September1981b  10October1981   Fiji t 28August1995ab  27September1995 x  Finland t 4September1986  4October1986 @  France t 14December1983bc  13January1984 ^ Gabon t 21January1983  20February1983 & Gambia t 16April1993  16May1993  Georgia t 26October1994a  25November1994 ` Germanyg t 10July1985b  9August1985 (~ Ghana t 2January1986  1February1986 F Greece t 7June1983  7July1983  Grenada t 30August1990  29September1990  Guatemala t 12August1982  11September1982 H Guinea t 9August1982  8September1982 f Guinea-Bissau t 23August1985  22September1985 . Guyana t 17July1980  3September1981  Haiti t 20July1981  3September1981 h Honduras t 3March1983  2April1983 0  Hungary t 22December1980c  3September1981 N! Iceland t 18June1985  18July1985 " India t 9July1993b  8August1993  # Indonesia t 13September1984b  13October1984 P!$ Iraq t 13August1986ab  12September1986 "n% Ireland t 23December1985abc  22January1986 "6& Israel t 3October1991b  2November1991 #' Italy t 10June1985b  10July1985 p$( Jamaica t 19October1984b  18November1984 8%) Japan t 25June1985  25July1985 &V * Jordan t 1July1992b  31July1992 &!+ Kenya t 9March1984a  8April1984 '!, Kuwait t 2September1994a  2October1994 X("- Kyrgyzstan t 10February1997a  12March1997  )v#. LaoPeoplesDemocratic̀Republic t 14August1981  13September1981 *%0 Latvia t 14April1992a  14May1992 x+%1 Lebanon t 21April1997ab  21May1997 @,&2  -^'3 A&T) xdE8!A   <X< o    t Dateofreceiptoftheinstrument   : Statesparties t ofratificationoraccession  Dateofentryintoforce X A&T) xdEX !Ao8  3     o 3  Lesotho t 22August1995ab  21September1995  6 Liberia t 17July1984a  16August1984   LibyanArabJamahiriya t 16May1989ab  15June1989 p  Liechtenstein t 22December1995ac  21January1996 8   Lithuania t 18January1994a  17February1994  V  Luxembourg t 2February1989b  4March1989     <X< Madagascar t 17March1989  16April1989   Malawi t 12March1987ac  11April1987 X  Malaysia t 5July1995ab  4August1995  v  Maldives t 1July1993ab  31July1993 >  Mali t 10September1985  10October1985   Malta t 8March1991ab  7April1991 x  Mauritius t 9July1984ac  8August1984 @  Mexico t 23March1981b  3September1981 ^ Mongolia t 20July1981c  3September1981 & Morocco t 21June1993ab  21July1993  Mozambique t 16April1997a  16May1997 ` Myanmar t 22July1997ab  21August1997 (~ Namibia t 23November1992a  23December1992 F Nepal t 22April1991  22May1991  Netherlands t 23July1991b  22August1991  NewZealand t 10January1985bc  9February1985 H Nicaragua t 27October1981  26November1981 f Nigeria t 13June1985  13July1985 . Norway t 21May1981  3September1981  Pakistan t 12March1996ab  11April1996 h Panama t 29October1981  28November1981 0  PapuaNewGuinea t 12January1995a  11February1995 N! Paraguay t 6April1987a  6May1987 " Peru t 13September1982  13October1982  # Philippines t 5August1981  4September1981 P!$ Poland t 30July1980c  3September1981 "n% Portugal t 30July1980  3September1981 "6& RepublicofKorea t 27December1984bc  26January1985 #' RepublicofMoldova t 1July1994a  31July1994 p$( Romania t 7January1982b  6February1982 8%) RussianFederation t 23January1981c  3September1981 &V * Rwanda t 2March1981  3September1981 &!+ SaintKittsandNevis t 25April1985a  25May1985 '!, SaintLucia t 8October1982a  7November1982 X("- SaintVincentandthèGrenadines t 4August1981a  3September1981 )>$/ Samoa t 25September1992a  25October1992 *%0 Senegal t 5February1985  7March1985 x+%1 Seychelles t 5May1992a  4June1992 @,&2 SierraLeone t 11November1988  11December1988 -^'3 A&T) xdE8!A   <X< o    t Dateofreceiptoftheinstrument   : Statesparties t ofratificationoraccession  Dateofentryintoforce X A&T) xdEX !AoHJ  3     o 3  Singapore t 5October1995ab  4November1995  s Slovakiae t 28May1993cd  27June1993  ; Slovenia t 6July1992d  5August1992   SouthAfrica t 15December1995a  14January1996 u   Spain t 5January1984b  4February1984 =   SriLanka t 5October1981  4November1981 [  Suriname t 1March1993a  31March1993 #  Sweden t 2July1980  3September1981   Switzerland t 27March1997a  26April1997 ]  Tajikistan t 26October1993a  25November1993 %{  Thailand t 9August1985abc  8September1985 C  TheformerYugoslav̀RepublicofMacedonia t 18January1994d  17February1994 }  Togo t 26September1983a  26October1983 E TrinidadandTobago t 12January1990b  11February1990  c Tunisia t 20September1985b  20October1985 + Turkey t 20December1985ab  19January1986  Turkmenistan t 1May1997a  31May1997 e Uganda t 22July1985  21August1985 - Ukraine t 12March1981c  3September1981 K UnitedKingdomofGreat̀BritainandNorthernIreland t 7April1986b  7May1986  UnitedRepublicofTanzania t 20August1985  19September1985 M Uruguay t 9October1981  8November1981 k Uzbekistan t 19July1995a  18August1995 3 Vanuatu t 8September1995a  8October1995  Venezuela t 2May1983b  1June1983 m  VietNam t 17February1982b  19March1982 5! Yemenh t 30May1984ab  29June1984 S" Yugoslavia t 26February1982  28March1982  # Zambia t 21June1985  21July1985 !$ Zimbabwe t 13May1991a  12June1991 U"% $XXR>4< $oa\ t  3  A&T) xdE#!A #s&   33' XXR>'O4O4O4   a0  Accession.3$($$ }}b0  Declarationsandreservations.%q*$$ c0  Reservationsubsequentlywithdrawn.&Y ,$$   }}d  Succession. &A!. e0  BeforebecomingseparateStateson1January1993,theCzechRepublicandSlovakiaformedpartofCzechoslovakia,whichStatehad ')"0 ratifiedtheConventionon16February1982. $$ f  Effective17May1997ZairewasrenamedDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo. a)#3 ~~g0  Witheffectfrom3October1990,theGermanDemocraticRepublic(whichratifiedtheConventionon9July1980)andtheFederalRepublic I*$5 ofGermany(whichratifiedtheConventionon10July1985)unitedtoformonesovereignState,whichactsintheUnitedNationsunderthedesignation Germany. $$ }}h0  On22May1990DemocraticYemenandYemenmergedtoformasingleState,whichactsintheUnitedNationsunderthedesignation },&9  Yemen.#-y':$$ ЇT!iT!j \C A.-6789:   A.-6789:C7dd7  #idid 33          & 2SS55O4~g!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A~  h     O4O4: O4#Sid  3    AnnexIIh q  q #idS 3:  :O4 :          h     O4O4: O4#Sid  3    0 : 0: : MembershipoftheCommitteeontheEliminationof ? DiscriminationagainstWomenh r  s #idS 3:  :O4 :A           (`XG  (0 : 0:O:ONameofmember OO Countryofnationality   30 : 0:O:OCharlotteAbaka*E OO Ghana E  0 : 0:O:OAyseFerideAcar**[ OO Turkey [  0 : 0:O:OEmnaAouij*q OO Tunisia q  0 : 0:O:OTendaiRuthBare*OO Zimbabwe  0 : 0:O:ODesireePatriciaBernard* OO Guyana   0 : 0:O:OCarlotaBusteloGarcadelReal** OO Spain   0 : 0:O:OSilviaRoseCartwright** OO NewZealand   0 : 0:O:OMiriamYolandaEstradaCastillo*5 OO Ecuador 5  0 : 0:O:OIvankaCorti*KOO Italy K 0 : 0:O:OYolandaFerrerG;mez** aOO Cuba  a 0 : 0:O:OAdaGonzlezMartnez**!wOO Mexico !w 0 : 0:O:OSunaryatiHartono*7OO Indonesia 7 0 : 0:O:OAuroraJavatedeDios*MOO Philippines M 0 : 0:O:OSalmaKhan**cOO Bangladesh c 0 : 0:O:OYungChungKim**yOO RepublicofKorea y 0 : 0:O:OLinShangzhen*OO China  0 : 0:O:OAhouaOuedraogo**OO BurkinaFaso  0 : 0:O:OAnneLiseRyel**OO Norway  0 : 0:O:OGinkoSato*'OO Japan ' 0 : 0:O:OHannaBeateSchppSchilling**=OO Germany = 0 : 0:O:OCarmelShalev* SOO Israel  S 0 : 0:O:OKongitSinegiorgis**"iOO Ethiopia "i 0 : 0:O:OMervatTallawy*)#OO Egypt # (`XGOO(0 : 0: : ___________________    d 4! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A4O4 33    g! ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A 4! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A  d 4! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A! ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A 4 *0  Termofofficeexpiresin1998.%     4 **0  Termofofficeexpiresin2000. O4 33e&        d 4! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A 4! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A   & !   \C A.-6789:   A.-6789:C7dd73  #idid 33          & 2SS55O4O4O4O4g!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A 4! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A  h     O4O4: O4#Sid  3       AnnexIIIh   #idS 3:  :O4 :          h     O4O4: O4#Sid  3    0 : 0: : DocumentsbeforetheCommitteeatitseighteenthand ? nineteenthsessionsh    #idS 3:  :O4 :A           S:a    O4O4XXO4#Vid  3    xx :A.0  EighteenthsessionS:aP   XXXXO4XX#idV 3            U" M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A0  Documentnumber  Titleordescriptioni     0  CEDAW/C/1998/I/1  Provisionalagendaandannotations     0  CEDAW/C/1998/I/20  ReportoftheSecretaryGeneralonthestatusof    submissionofreportsbyStatespartiesunderarticle18oftheConvention    0  CEDAW/C/1998/I/30  NotebytheSecretaryGeneralonreportsof ;  specializedagenciesontheimplementationoftheConventioninareasfallingwithinthescopeoftheiractivities    0  CEDAW/C/1998/I/40  ReportoftheSecretariatonwaysandmeansof   improvingtheworkoftheCommittee    o 3  0  CEDAW/C/1998/I/CRP.10  Reportofthepresessionworkinggroup   0  andAdd.14ob  3      0  CEDAW/C/1998/I/INF.1/Rev.10  Listofparticipantse   0  CEDAW/C/1998/I/L.1andAdd.190  DraftreportoftheCommittee{   0  CEDAW/C/1998/I/WG.I/WP.1  ReportofWorkingGroupI    0  CEDAW/C/1998/I/WG.II/WP.10  Draftgeneralrecommendationonarticle12"   0  CEDAW/C/1998/I/WG.II/WP.2  Workingpaperonreservations$   o 3  0  CEDAW/C/1998/I/WG.II/WP.3  ReportofWorkingGroupII)&   0  andAdd.12o  3      e     O4O4O4O4#idid  3    0  ReportsofStatespartiese  b O4O4O4O4#idid 3<*           0  CEDAW/C/AZE/1  InitialreportofAzerbaijanR ,   0  CEDAW/C/BGR/230  Combinedsecondandthirdperiodicreportsof h!. Bulgaria    0  CEDAW/C/CRO/1  InitialreportofCroatiaF#1   0  CEDAW/C/CZE/10  InitialreportoftheCzechRepublic\$3   0  CEDAW/C/DOM/230  Combinedsecondandthirdperiodicreportsofthe r%5 DominicanRepublic    0  CEDAW/C/DOM/40  FourthperiodicreportoftheDominicanRepublicP'!8   0  CEDAW/C/IDN/230  Combinedsecondandthirdperiodicreportsof f(": Indonesia    o 3  0  CEDAW/C/MEX/34andAdd.10  CombinedthirdandfourthperiodicreportsofD*$=   0   "   Mexicoo  3      0  CEDAW/C/ZWE/1  InitialreportofZimbabwe܉  3  ",x&@    ,@'A  \C A.-6789:   A.-6789:C7dd7  #idid 3          & 2SS55O4O4O4O4g!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A" M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A  S:a    O4O4XXO4#Vid  3     :B.0  NineteenthsessionS:a   XXXXO4XX#idV 3           U" M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A0  Documentnumber  Titleordescription)   0  CEDAW/C/1998/II/1  Provisionalagendaandannotations?   0  CEDAW/C/1998/II/20  ReportoftheSecretaryGeneralonthestatusof U submissionofreportsbyStatespartiesunderarticle18oftheConvention    0  CEDAW/C/1998/II/30  NotebytheSecretaryGeneralonreportsof    specializedagenciesontheimplementationoftheConventioninareasfallingwithinthescopeoftheiractivities    o 3  0  CEDAW/C/1998/II/3/Add.1/0  ReportoftheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationi      Part.1andPart.2o[  3  0  CEDAW/C/1998/II/40  ReportoftheSecretariatonwaysandmeansof G  improvingtheworkoftheCommittee    0  o 3  CEDAW/C/1998/II/CRP.1and0  Reportofthepresessionworkinggroup%    0  Add.16o!  3      0  CEDAW/C/1998/II/INF.1/Rev.10  Listofparticipants   0  CEDAW/C/1998/II/L.1andAdd.190  DraftreportoftheCommittee   0  CEDAW/C/1998/II/WG.I/WP.1  ReportofWorkingGroupI/   Лo 3  0  CEDAW/C/1998/II/WG.II/WP.1/0  DraftstatementonreservationsE   0  Rev.1oz  3      o 3  0  CEDAW/C/1998/II/WG.II/WP.1/  Statementonreservations#!   0  Rev.2o~  3      0  CEDAW/C/1998/II/WG.II/WP.2  Draftgeneralrecommendationonarticle12$   0  CEDAW/C/1998/II/WG.II/WP.3  ReportofWorkingGroupII&   e     O4O4O4O4#idid  3    0  ReportsofStatespartiese ]   O4O4O4O4#idid 3b)           0  CEDAW/C/KOR/30  ThirdperiodicreportoftheRepublicofKoreax+   0  CEDAW/C/KOR/40  FourthperiodicreportoftheRepublicofKorea -   0  CEDAW/C/NZL/34andAdd.10  CombinedthirdandfourthperiodicreportsofNew !/ Zealand    0  CEDAW/C/NGA/230  CombinedsecondandthirdperiodicreportsofNigeria#2   0  CEDAW/C/PAN/230  CombinedsecondandthirdperiodicreportsofPanama$4   0  CEDAW/C/PER/340  CombinedthirdandfourthperiodicreportsofPeru% 6   0  CEDAW/C/SVK/1andAdd.10  InitialreportofSlovakia&!8   0  CEDAW/C/ZAF/10  InitialreportofSouthAfrica'0":   0  CEDAW/C/TZA/230  Combinedsecondandthirdperiodicreportsofthe (F#< UnitedRepublicofTanzania    М  *$%?  nTRX3'"Letter (Portrait)X3'"Letter (Portrait)3'"Letter (Portrait)3'"Letter (Portrait)T    XXg!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A" M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A O4O4 O4 O4 33        & 2TRX3'SS7 gT dd711^22^VV  \C A.-6789:   A.-6789:C7d d7  #idid 33          & 2SS55O4 O4O4O4g!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A  h     O4O4: O4#Sid  3    AnnexIVh  onal ɼ #idS 3:  :O4 :          h     O4O4: O4#Sid  3    0 : 0: : Statusofsubmissionandconsiderationofreportssubmittedby ? Statespartiesunderarticle18oftheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomenasat10July1998h ߽   #idS 3:  :O4 : E           yr    O4O4O4O4#ldid 3{ !: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A{  *[u&vVdd }&$$[,K<< ,v<< , << ,<< +  9&](   9Statesparties G&]6%A  &] GDateduea G&]6%A  &] GDateofsubmission G&]6%A  &] GConsideredbyCommittee A   (session(year)) _U0     &] `_ bX3a  `  xb A.0  Initialreports h^=9$$ x   ;xhAlbania C9%K  C10June1995 C9%K  C C9%K  C [Q0K  x ;  ;x[Algeria C9%_  C21June1997 C9%_  C C9%_  C [Q0_  x ;  ;x[Andorra C9%s  C14February1998 C9%s  C C9%s  C [Q0s  x ;  ;x[Angola C9%  C17October1987 C9%  C C9%  C [Q0  x ;  x[AntiguaandBarbuda C9%  C31August1990 C9% ! Co   21September1994  " (CEDAW/C/ANT/13)o    C9%7# CSeventeenth(1997) [Q0 $ x   x[Argentina C9%K% C14August1986 C9%K& C6October1986 K' (CEDAW/C/5/Add.39) C9%) CSeventh(1988) K*  [Q0=+ x   Gx[Armenia C9%, C13October1994 C9%- C30November1994 . 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C9August1996 C9%{@ C11September1996 {A (CEDAW/C/AZE/1) C9%mB CEighteenth(1998) [Q0{C x   ;x[Bahamas C9%+ D C5November1994 C9%+ E C C9%+ F C [Q0+ G x ;  x[Bangladesh C9%?!H C6December1985 C9%?!I C12March1986 ?!J (CEDAW/C/5/Add.34) C9%!1K CSixth(1987) [Q0?!L x   x[Barbados C9%"EM C3September1982 C9%"EN C11April1990 "EO (CEDAW/C/5/Add.64) C9%#P CEleventh(1992) [Q0"EQ x   x[Belarus C9%$R C3September1982 C9%$S C4October1982 $T (CEDAW/C/5/Add.5) C9%;%U CSecond(1983) [Q0$V x   x[Belgium C9%O& W C9August1986 C9%O& X C20July1987 O& Y (CEDAW/C/5/Add.53) C9%&A!Z CEighth(1989) [Q0O& [ x   x[Belize C9%'U"\ C15June1991 C9%'U"] C19June1996 'U"^ (CEDAW/C/BLZ/12) C9%("_ C [Q0'U"` x   ;x[Benin C9%)$a C11April1993 C9%)$b C C9%)$c C [Q0)$d x ;  ;x[Bhutan C9%*%e C30September1982 C9%*%f C C9%*%g C [Q0*%h x ;  x[Bolivia C9%*x C8July1991 C9%*x C8July1991 *x (CEDAW/C/BOL/1)26August1993 (CEDAW/C/BOL/1/Add.1) C9% L CFourteenth(1995) [Q0*x x   x[BosniaandHerzegovina C9% ` C1October1994 C9% `  C C9% `  C [Q0 `  x   ;x[Botswana C9%& t  C12September1997 C9%& t  C C9%& t C [Q0& t x ;  ;x[Brazil C9%:  C2March1985 C9%:  C C9%:  C [Q0:  x ;  x[Bulgaria C9%N C10March1983 C9%N C13June1983 N (CEDAW/C/5/Add.15) C9%8 CFourth(1985) [Q0N x   x[BurkinaFaso C9%L C13November1988 C9%L C24May1990 L (CEDAW/C/5/Add.67) C9% CTenth(1991) [Q0L x   ;x[Burundi C9%  C7February1993 C9%  C C9%  C [Q0 ! x ;  ;x[Cambodia C9% " C14November1993 C9% # C C9% $ C [Q0 % x ;  ;x[Cameroon C9%$ & C22September1995 C9%$ ' C C9%$ ( C [Q0$ ) x ;  x[Canada C9%8 * C9January1983 C9%8 + C15July1983 8 , (CEDAW/C/5/Add.16) C9% - CFourth(1985) [Q08 . x   ;x[CapeVerde C9%/ C3September1982 C9%0 C C9%1 C [Q02 x ;  x[CentralAfricanRepublic C9%3 C21July1992 C9%4 C C9%5 C [Q06 x   ;x[Chad C9%7 C9July1996 C9%8 C C9%9 C [Q0: x ;  x[Chile C9%$; C6January1991 C9%$< C3September1991 $= (CEDAW/C/CHI/1) C9%r> CFourteenth(1995) [Q0$? x   x[China C9%@ C3September1982 C9%A C25May1983 B (CEDAW/C/5/Add.14) C9%"pC CThird(1984) [Q0D x   x[Colombia C9%6E C18February1983 C9%6F C16January1986 6G (CEDAW/C/5/Add.32) C9% H CSixth(1987) [Q06I x   ;x[Comoros C9%4J C30November1995 C9%4K C C9%4L C [Q04M x ;  ;x[Congo C9%HN C25August1983 C9%HO C C9%HP C [Q0HQ x ;  ;x[CostaRica C9%!\R C4May1987 C9%!\S C C9%!\T C [Q0!\U x ;  ;x[C=tedIvoire C9%""pV C17January1997 C9%""pW C C9%""pX C [Q0""pY x ;  x[Croatia C9%6#Z C9October1993 C9%6#[ C10January1995 6#\ (CEDAW/C/CRO/1) C9%# ] CEighteenth(1998) [Q06#^ x   x[Cuba C9%$4_ C3September1982 C9%$4` C27September1982 $4a (CEDAW/C/5/Add.4) C9%%b CSecond(1983) [Q0$4c x   x[Cyprus C9%&d C22August1986 C9%&e C2February1994 &f (CEDAW/C/CYP/12) C9%2'g CFifteenth(1996) [Q0&h x   x[CzechRepublic C9%F( i C24March1994 C9%F( j C30October1995 F( k (CEDAW/C/CZE/1) C9%(0!l CEighteenth(1998) [Q0F( m x   x[DemocraticRepublicof )D"n theCongoa C9%*"o C16November1987 C9%)D"p C1March1994 )D"q (CEDAW/C/ZAR/1) C9%*"r C [Q0)D"s x   x[Denmark C9%+#t C21May1984 C9%+#u C30July1984 +#v (CEDAW/C/5/Add.22) C9%B,$w CFifth(1986) [Q0+#x x   ;x[Dominica C9%V-%y C3September1982 C9%V-%z C C9%V-%{ C [Q0V-%| x ;  x[DominicanRepublic C9%*x C2October1983 C9%*x C2May1986 *x (CEDAW/C/5/Add.37) C9% CSeventh(1988) [Q0*x x   x[Ecuador C9% ( C9December1982 C9% ( C14August1984  ( (CEDAW/C/5/Add.23) C9%v   CFifth(1986) [Q0 (  x   x[Egypt C9%   C18October1982 C9%   C2February1983    (CEDAW/C/5/Add.10) C9%& t CThird(1984) [Q0  x   x[ElSalvador C9%:  C18September1982 C9%:  C3November1983 :  (CEDAW/C/5/Add.19) C9% $ CFifth(1986) [Q0:  x   x[EquatorialGuinea C9%8 C22November1985 C9%8 C16March1987 8 (CEDAW/C/5/Add.50) C9% CEighth(1989) [Q08 x   ;x[Eritrea C9% C5October1996 C9% C C9% C [Q0 x ;  ;x[Estonia C9%  C20November1992 C9%  C C9%  C [Q0 ! x ;  x[Ethiopia C9% " C10October1982 C9% # C22April1993  $ (CEDAW/C/ETH/13)16October1995(CEDAW/C/ETH/13/Add.1) C9% ' CFifteenth(1996) [Q0 ( x   ;x[Fiji C9% ) C27September1996 C9% * C C9% + C [Q0 , x ;  x[Finland C9% - C4October1987 C9% . 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C16August1997 C9%@ C C9%A C [Q0B x ;  ;x[Mauritius C9%C C8August1997 C9%D C C9%E C [Q0F x ;  x[Mexico C9%G C3September1994 C9%H C7March1997b I (CEDAW/C/MEX/34) C9%RJ CEighteenth(1998) [Q0K x   ;x[Mongolia C9%fL C3September1994 C9%fM C C9%fN C [Q0fO x ;  x[NewZealand C9%zP C9February1998 C9%zQ C2March1998 zR (CEDAW/C/NZL/34)15April1998(CEDAW/C/NZL/34) C9%N U CNineteenth(1998) [Q0zV x   x[Nicaragua C9%b!W C26November1994 C9%b!X C16June1998 b!Y (CEDAW/C/NIC/4) C9%!LZ C [Q0b![ x   x[Norway C9%#`\ CЀ3September1994 C9%#`] C1September1994 #`^ (CEDAW/C/NOR/4) C9%#_ CFourteenth(1995) [Q0#`` x   ;x[Panama C9%$a C28November1994 C9%$b C C9%$c C [Q0$d x ;  x[Peru C9%%$e C13October1995 C9%%$f C25November1994 %$g (CEDAW/C/PER/34) C9%r&h CNineteenth(1998) [Q0%$i x   x[Philippines C9%'j C4September1994 C9%'k C22April1996 'l (CEDAW/C/PHI/4) C9%"(p m CSixteenth(1997) [Q0'n x   ;x[Poland C9%6)!o C3September1994 C9%6)!p C C9%6)!q C [Q06)!r x ;  ;x[Portugal C9%J*"s C3September1994 C9%J*"t C C9%J*"u C [Q0J*"v x ;  x[RepublicofKorea C9%^+#w C26January1998 C9%^+#x C27March1998 ^+#y (CEDAW/C/KOR/4) C9%+H$z CNineteenth(1998) [Q0^+#{ x   ;x[Romania C9%-\%| C6February1995 C9%-\%} C C9%-\%~ C [Q0-\% x ;  x[RussianFederation C9%*x C3September1994 C9%*x C31August1994 *x (CEDAW/C/USR/4) C9% CFourteenth(1995) [Q0*x x   ;x[Rwanda C9% ( C3September1994 C9% ( C C9% ( C [Q0 (  x ;  x[SaintKittsandNevis C9% <  C25May1998 C9% <  C C9% <  C [Q0 <  x   ;x[SaintLucia C9% P C7November1995 C9% P C**>* C9% P C [Q0 P x ;  x[SaintVincentand  d theGrenadines C9%  C3September1994 C9% d C C9% d C [Q0 d x   ;x[Senegal C9% C7March1998 C9% C C9% C [Q0 x ;  ;x[Spain C9%( C4February1997 C9%( C C9%( C [Q0( x ;  ;x[SriLanka C9%<  C4November1994 C9%<  C C9%< ! 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