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(G_UNLOGO1.WPG($    1, 2, 3,Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(2c$ x!USUS.,'F` X'...   +@.88Ҁ  0  ڀ4#BV2Quick 1.c  .0 cI., II.,Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5 dTable_A>c$"Small Circle"0 ( 9Z+&Courier Regular  d35$USUS.,'F` X'666  +@%\ 688Ҁ  *  ڀ  SeeOfficialRecordsoftheGeneralAssembly,FiftythirdSession, X SupplementNo.40(A/53/40),vol.II.  d35$USUS.,'F` X'666  +@%\ 688Ҁ  *  ڀ  SeeOfficialRecordsoftheGeneralAssembly,FiftythirdSession, X SupplementNo.40(A/53/40),vol.II. 80ukstyleFormat standard with headers and footers definitionUKUS.,  TRX3'3'3' Letter3'TX  +88*0@2*0 fX fXC A $#zC--p$882 X$  CZ)USUS.,'F` X'   ݛ@n 88r[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AF^r@V  viii  ڄU<9Z &Courier Regularx9 Z6Times New Roman Regular(2V^$ x!USUS.,'F` X'...   @.88Ҁ  0  ڀ  5u{13Right-Aligned Paragraph NumbersI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)3|d) `CG Timesc PE37P<6X9`(Courierd6X@`7@) `CG Times PE37P* `CG Timesxx PE37xP* `CG Times PE37P) `CG TimesO PE37P<6X9`(CourierwZ6X@`7@<6X9`(CourierMP6X@`7@($USUS.,'F` X'*0*0*0  #e37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a))h)VesktU4#C.2Quick I.f  .0 fA, B,Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 54#J62Quick A.  .0 (;$2e  0  .3  0  U<6X9`("Courier 12cpiU&$ d d($$  0  X XdHP LaserJet 5MPCL5EMSLL0vL U 09Z+0Courier (W1) Regulara, b, c,Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 56#O4Quick a.   .0 U6#,^4Quick a)   )0  Table_A dTABLE AUUUTABLE AU  d35$USUS.,'F` X'666  +@%\ 688Ҁ  a  ڀ  AdoptedbytheCommitteeatits1631stmeeting(sixtyfirstsession),on X 29October1997.   H;C<< CLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$   1  88' dxd6@,@9@8@@"@.@4@2@@@ @ @3@0@>@  0@ 4@ 6@   ? 4@ 9@    7@ 9@   &@ &@ 4@ @"@?@@?@7@"@@1@@<@@4@"@6@4@5@:@@?@<@@?@7@?@=@?@@8@?@ @@&@>@ @@  <@ @ !!@!@!""@"*@",@"##2@#$@#?#$$@$@$;@$%%?@%>@%1@%&&?@&0@&''6@'>@'((@(4@())?@);@)**?*@*++"@+@+,,;@,@,--?@-:@-..@.3@.5@.005@03@0;@0TABLE A?@??@N@c@@\@F@L@ c@[@E@Q@`@V@D@(@B@[@R@@@G@`@@X@B@Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5  H"USUS.,'F` X'666   [69826810(E)" US 241098  NX[XNXXN*9826810*XXXXN[XX) `CG Times( Z 6Times New Roman Regular`#<Bar 4.62cpi Code 3 of 9 BC(@ Z 6Times New Roman Regular(3fh$ x!USUS.,'F` X'...    < fh&USUS.,'F` X'...   <>N9826810E<><>A/53/40(Suppl)<><><>  defCMS User x!USUS.,'F` X'...   xX 0"0"U#A/53/40=]QA=z (  ` @@ExOOxO߈ x     _.̀UnitedNations ,0+  ,H+  #aPddx=Ax{^x=Axxx=AReportofthe   HumanRightsCommittee^{x^x=A{^{VolumeI z  #dPaPGeneralAssembly  " {^OfficialRecords^6^6^66^ԀFiftythirdSession # SupplementNo.40(A/53/40)  $ ^6^6^6    MA/53/40      aM{6Reportofthe  a HumanRightsCommitteeVolumeI{^GeneralAssemblyM / OfficialRecords^^^^ԀFiftythirdSession ) SupplementNo.40(A/53/40)**H&=`QA=z (  ` @@Ev*FFv*F--(+B'UnitedNations^^^^ԀNewYork,1998 -(     ^6^6^6'RlF^'44  @  1NOTE  SymbolsofUnitedNationsdocumentsarecomposedofcapitalletterscombinedwith figures.MentionofsuchasymbolindicatesareferencetoaUnitedNationsdocument. + #/#/s*@,ISSN02552353#dddPԈ  #/s*  ?8UKUS.,  TRX3'3'3'"Letter (Portrait)3'TX  +848466@%\ 6 fX fXC A $#zC--B$882 R^$  (+G#[Original:English] X G#[15September1998]   @2  @  @ CONTENTS$ 88t882$Chapter t ParagraphsPage   .38 8 P"88<3H8 8 P"8 8 P"H I.  ORGANIZATIONALANDOTHERMATTERS.....................~~K1!31!!VP"1 X   A.  StatespartiestotheInternationalCovenanton      CivilandPoliticalRights.......................L1!4!!VP"1  @    B.  Sessions.........................................  N5!!VP"1     C.  Elections,membershipandattendance.............  L6!8!!VP"1  @    D.  Solemndeclaration...............................  N9!!VP"2   М̛  E.  Guidelines.......................................  FFM10!!VP"2 @   F.  Workinggroups...................................  J11!14!!VP"2    G.OtherUnitedNationshumanrightsactivities.....J15!17!!VP"2 @ 0  0##0##  H.  Minimumhumanitarianstandards/fundamental## 0  0##0##standardsofhumanity............................  J18!21!!VP"3## М̛  I.Staffresources..................................FFM22!!VP"4 X М̛  J.  PublicityfortheworkoftheCommittee..........  FFM23!!VP"4    K.  Documentsandpublicationsrelatingtothework X      oftheCommittee.................................  J24!29!!VP"4 !   L.  FuturemeetingsoftheCommittee.................  FFM30!!VP"5 @#   M.  Adoptionofthereport...........................  FFM31!!VP"5 % (Ӝ̛ II.  METHODSOFWORKOFTHECOMMITTEEUNDERARTICLE40OF ~&'   THECOVENANT:OVERVIEWOFPRESENTWORKINGMETHODS....J32!40!!VP"7 $ (   A.Recentdecisionsonprocedures....................J33!34!!VP"7 p!* М̛  B.  Linkstootherhumanrightstreatiesandtreaty "d , 0  0##0##bodies...........................................  J35!39!!VP"7b# !-## М̛  C.  Otherissuesrelatingtomethodsofworkunder $V"/     article40.......................................  FFM40!!VP"8 T%"0 44 III.  SUBMISSIONOFREPORTSBYSTATESPARTIESUNDER &H$2   ARTICLE40OFTHECOVENANT...........................J41!44!!VP"9 F'$3 0  A.0##ReportssubmittedbyStatespartiesunder(:&5##     article40oftheCovenant.......................  FFM42!!VP"9 8)&6 0    B.  ObservationsofStatespartiesontheCommittees*,(8## 0  0##  concludingobservations..........................  J43!44!!VP"9*+(9## H8 8 P"8 8 P"H̜  v,*;    @2  @  @ CONTENTS(continued)!3 88t8 8 P"3Chapter t ParagraphsPage L 38 8 P"88<3H8 8 P"8 8 P"Hӛ IV.  STATESTHATHAVENOTCOMPLIEDWITHTHEIROBLIGATIONS    UNDERARTICLE40.....................................J45!48!!UP"10 >  V.  CONSIDERATIONOFREPORTSSUBMITTEDBYSTATESPARTIES  :8  UNDERARTICLE40OFTHECOVENANT.....................I49!412!!UP"13 0 М̛  A.  Senegal..........................................  J50!68!!UP"13 |    B.  Jamaica..........................................  J69!89!!UP"15      C.  Iraq.............................................  I90!111!!UP"18 l     D.  Sudan............................................  RRH112136!!UP"22  `    E.  Belarus..........................................  RRH137!157!!UP"26   J6    J6(F  .0    Lithuania........................................  RRH158!179!!UP"30J6(2)یP ## Ќ  ̛0  0##G.  Cyprus..........................................  RRH180!202!!UP"33D##   H.  Zimbabwe..........................................  RRH203233!!UP"35    I.  Uruguay.........................................  RRH234!250!!UP"38 4   J.  Finland..........................................  RRH251!273!!UP"40 (   K.  Ecuador..........................................  RRH274!296!!UP"43 t   L.  Israel...........................................  RRH297!328!!UP"45     M.  Italy...........................................  RRH329!348!!UP"50 d " М̛  N.  Algeria...........................................  RRH349!367!!UP"52 X$   O.TheformerYugoslavRepublicofMacedonia........RRH368!384!!UP"55 & J6    J60P  .0    UnitedRepublicofTanzania......................  RRH385!412!!UP"57J600یH(## Ќ   VI.  GENERALCOMMENTSOFTHECOMMITTEEUNDERARTICLE40, <*   PARAGRAPH4,OFTHECOVENANT.........................RRH413!417!!UP"61 :+ 44 VII.  CONSIDERATIONOFCOMMUNICATIONSUNDERTHEOPTIONAL .-   PROTOCOL.............................................RRH418!479!!UP"62 , .   A.  Progressofwork.................................  RRH420!427!!UP"62 x! 0   B.  GrowthoftheCommittee'scaseloadunderthe "l 2     OptionalProtocol................................  RRH428!432!!UP"63 j#!3   C.  Approachestoexaminingcommunicationsunderthe $^"5     OptionalProtocol................................  RRH433!435!!UP"64 \%#6   D.  Individualopinions..............................  RRH436!437!!UP"65 &P$8   E.  IssuesconsideredbytheCommittee...............  RRH438!477!!UP"65 '%:   F.  RemediescalledforundertheCommittee'sViews..  RRH478!479!!UP"71 @)&< ̜VIII.  FOLLOWUPACTIVITIESUNDERTHEOPTIONALPROTOCOL.....RRH480!510!!UP"72 *4(> ̜  ~,&*A    @2  @  @ CONTENTS(continued)93 888 8 P"3Chapter  Page L 38 8 P"88l3H8 8 P"8 8 P"Hӛ@/Annexes   I.  STATESPARTIESTOTHEINTERNATIONALCOVENANTONCIVILAND <   POLITICALRIGHTSANDTOTHEOPTIONALPROTOCOLSANDSTATES  0  0##WHICHHAVEMADETHEDECLARATIONUNDERARTICLE41OFTHE ## K"8 8  P"8 8 P"K0  0##COVENANTASAT31JULY1998.................................. 80. ##   A.  StatespartiestotheInternationalCovenantonCivil z "  0  0##0##andPoliticalRights..................................... 80  ##   B.  StatespartiestotheOptionalProtocol.................. 84 l     C.  StatespartiestotheSecondOptionalProtocolaiming  `  0  0##0##attheabolitionofthedeathpenalty.................... 87^  ##   D.  Stateswhichhavemadethedeclarationunderarticle41 R  0  0##0##oftheCovenant.......................................... 88P ##  II.  MEMBERSHIPANDOFFICERSOFTHEHUMANRIGHTSCOMMITTEE, D 0  0##19971998..................................................... 90B##   A.  Membership............................................... 90 6   B.  Officers................................................. 90  ̜III.0  GUIDELINESFORTHEEXERCISEOFTHEIRFUNCTIONSBYMEMBERS&## 0  0##OFTHEHUMANRIGHTSCOMMITTEE................................. 91t##  IV.  SUBMISSIONOFREPORTSANDADDITIONALINFORMATIONBYSTATES   0  0##PARTIESUNDERARTICLE40OFTHECOVENANTDURINGTHEPERIOD ## 0  0##UNDERREVIEW................................................. 93d "##  V.  STATUSOFREPORTSCONSIDEREDDURINGTHEPERIODUNDERREVIEW X$ 0  0##ANDOFREPORTSSTILLPENDINGBEFORETHECOMMITTEE............ 97V%## ̜ VI.  LISTOFSTATESPARTIESDELEGATIONSTHATPARTICIPATEDIN J' 0  0##THECONSIDERATIONOFTHEIRRESPECTIVEREPORTSBYTHEHUMAN ## 0  0##RIGHTSCOMMITTEEATITSSIXTYFIRST,SIXTYSECONDAND ## 0  0##SIXTYTHIRDSESSIONS......................................... 99<*## ̜44 VII.؛0  GENERALCOMMENTSUNDERARTICLE40,PARAGRAPH4,OFTHE,##   INTERNATIONALCOVENANTONCIVILANDPOLITICALRIGHTS......... 102 .- >8̜ VIII.  DOCUMENTONPROCEDUREFORTHECONSIDERATIONOFINITIALAND  z/ 0  0##PERIODICREPORTSUNDERARTICLE40OFTHECOVENANT,ADOPTED ## 0  0##on9APRIL1998.............................................. 103"1## ̜ IX.0  LETTERFROMTHECHAIRPERSONOFTHECOMMITTEETOTHECHAIRMANj#!3## 0  0##OFTHEINTERNATIONALLAWCOMMISSIONANDSPECIALRAPPORTEUR ## 0  0##ONTREATYRESERVATIONS,DATED9APRIL1998* 0 ـ................... 105$^"5## ̜ X.0  LISTOFDOCUMENTSISSUEDDURINGTHEREPORTINGPERIOD......... 106## ̜r%\  @%\USUK ,  N'$9 #@%\  r%\M#UK ,US.,M   @2  @  @ CONTENTS(continued) X N6 88t8 8  P"6Chapter z  L 38 8 P"88<3H8 8 P"8 8 P"HXI.  VIEWSOFTHEHUMANRIGHTSCOMMITTEEUNDERARTICLE5,PARAGRAPH4,    OFTHEOPTIONALPROTOCOLTOTHEINTERNATIONALCOVENANTONCIVIL >   ANDPOLITICALRIGHTSl b  *     כ < ̜  A.0 " CommunicationNo.532/1993,M.Thomasv.Jamaica(adoptedon0"#"# М0  0## " 3November1997,sixtyfirstsession)r%\  @%\ԛ. ## 0  0##0"##Appendix| "#"# 0    B.0"##CommunicationNo.554//1993,R.LaVendev.TrinidadandTobago    (adoptedon29October1997,sixtyfirstsession) "#"# 0  0##0"##Appendixl  "#"# J6  0    J6SC  .0"##  CommunicationNo.555/1993,R.Bickaroov.TrinidadandTobago  `  (adoptedon29October1997,sixtyfirstsession)J6SSی "#"# Ќ  0  0##0"##Appendix "#"# 0    D.0"##CommunicationNo.564/1993,J.Lesliev.Jamaica(adoptedon31July P  1998,sixtythirdsession) "#"# 0    E.0"##CommunicationNo.569/1993,P.Matthewsv.TrinidadandTobago B (adoptedon31March1998,sixtysecondsession) "#"# 0    F.0"##CommunicationNo.577/1994R.EspinozadePolayv.Peru(adoptedon6 4 November1997,sixtyfirstsession) "#"# 0    G.0"##CommunicationNo.585/1994,T.Jonesv.Jamaica(adoptedon6April & 1998,sixtysecondsession) "#"# 0    H.0"##CommunicationNo.591/1994,I.Chungv.Jamaica(adoptedon9April   1998,sixtysecondsession) "#"# ~C.  ݜ0  ~C.IYfI  .0"##  CommunicationNo.609/1995,Williamsv.Jamaica(adoptedon4November  # 1997,sixtyfirstsession)~C.IYYfی "#"# Ќ   J6  ݜ0  J6ZJ  .0"##  CommunicationNo.615/1995,B.Youngv.Jamaica(adoptedon4November & 1997,sixtyfirstsession)J6ZZ ی "#"# Ќ  0  0##0"##AppendixH("#"# J6  0    J6j\K  .0"##  CommunicationNo.617/1995,A.Finnv.Jamaica(adoptedon31July <* 1998,sixtythirdsession)J6j\\ ی "#"# Ќ  0    L.0"##CommunicationNo.619/1995,F.Deidrickv.Jamaica(adoptedon9April .- 1998,sixtysecondsession) "#"# 0    M.0"##CommunicationNo.623624626627/1995,V.P.Domukovsky,Z.Tsiklauri, x! 0 P.GelbakhianiandI.Dokvadzev.Georgia(adoptedon6April1998,sixtysecondsession) "#"# 0    N.0"##CommunicationNo.635/1995,E.Morrisonv.Jamaica(adoptedon27July $!4 1998,sixtythirdsession) "#"# 0  0##0"##Appendix\%#6"#"# 0    O.0"##CommunicationNo.650/1995,Perelv.Latvia(adoptedon30March1998, &P$8 sixtysecondsession) "#"#  J6  0    J6paP  .0"##  CommunicationNo.651/1996,J.Snijders,A.A.WillemenandCh.C.M. (B&; VanderWouw(adoptedon27July1998,sixtythirdsession)J6paaی "#"#    )'= М& >  #@%\  r%\Q#   @2  @  @ CONTENTS(continued) X 9cr%\  @%\̛J6  0    J6cQ  .0"##  CommunicationNo.672/1995,C.Smartv.TrinidadandTobago(adopted L on29July1998,sixtythirdsession)J6ccی "#"# Ќ  '>XcԜ̛0    R.0"##CommunicationNo.676/1996,A.S.YasseenandN.Thomasv.Guyana > (adoptedon30March1998,sixtysecondsession) "#"# 0  0##0"##Appendix#@%\  r%\c#r%\  @%\USUK.,ԛ"#"# 0    S.0"##CommunicationNo.704/1996,S.Shawv.Jamaica(adoptedon2April .  1998,sixtysecondsession) "#"# 0  0##0"##Appendixz " "#"# 0    T.0"##CommunicationNo.705/1996,D.Taylorv.Jamaica(adoptedon2April  n  1998,sixtysecondsession) "#"# 0  0##0"##Appendix "#"# 0    U.0"##CommunicationNo.706/1996,G.T.v.Australia(adoptedon4November ^   1997,sixtyfirstsession) "#"# 0  0##0"##AppendixR "#"# 0    V.0"##CommunicationNo.732/1997,B.Whytev.Jamaica(adoptedon27July   1998,sixtythirdsession) "#"# 0  0##0"##AppendixB"#"# 0    W.0"##CommunicationNo.733/1997,A.Perkinsv.Jamaica(adoptedon30July 6 1998,sixtythirdsession) "#"# 0    X.0"##CommunicationNo.734/1997,A.McLeodv.Jamaica(adoptedon31March ( 1998,sixtysecondsession) "#"# 0  0##0"##Appendixt"#"# 0    Y.0"##CommunicationNo.749/1997,D.McTaggartv.Jamaica(adoptedon31   March1998,sixtysecondsession) "#"# 0  0##0"##Appendixd ""#"# 0    Z.0"##CommunicationNo.750/1997,S.Daleyv.Jamaica(adoptedon31July X$ 1998,sixtythirdsession) "#"# H> >4 V"8 8 P"H0    AA.04##CommunicationNo.813/1998,D.Chadeev.TrinidadandTobago(adopted J' on29July1998,sixtythirdsession) 4#4# 0  0##04##Appendix)4#4# XII.0  DECISIONSOFTHEHUMANRIGHTSCOMMITTEEDECLARINGCOMMUNICATIONS:+## 0  0##INADMISSIBLEUNDERTHEOPTIONALPROTOCOLTOTHEINTERNATIONAL ## 0  0##COVENANTONCIVILANDPOLITICALRIGHTSm b  *     כ.-## 0    A.04##CommunicationNo.640/1995,McIntoshv.Jamaica(adoptedon7November  z/ 1997,sixtyfirstsession) 4#4# 0  0## ## 0    B.04##CommunicationNo.735/1997,Kalabav.Hungary(adoptedon6November "l 2 1997,sixtyfirstsession) 4#4# 0    C.04##CommunicationNo.611/1995,H.Morrisonv.Jamaica(adoptedon31July $^"5 1998,sixtythirdsession).04#4#\%#6## #@%\  r%\af#UK.,US.,f  N'$9 T?o ?8UKUK.,  TRX3'X3'3'"Letter (Portrait)3'"Letter (Portrait)TXX  +8>8:@%\  @%\@%\  @%\ ff ffC A $$AC--آBB֣f9882 > >4 V"9  f&+@ !I.ORGANIZATIONALANDOTHERMATTERS X М̛  @ A.StatespartiestotheInternationalCovenanton | МCivilandPoliticalRights : %\  @%\>8*88u 882*Ӝ2  1  .3  #@%\  %\Qy#ԛAsat31July1998,theclosingdateofthesixtythirdsessionoftheHuman  RightsCommittee,140Stateshadratified,accededormadeadeclarationofsuccession    1      כtotheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights,and 2 92StateshadratifiedoraccededtotheOptionalProtocoltotheCovenant.    2      כBoth H instrumentswereadoptedbytheGeneralAssemblyinresolution2200A(XXI)of16December1966andopenedforsignatureandratificationinNewYorkon19December1966.Theyenteredintoforceon23March1976.Also,asat31July1998,45Stateshadmadethedeclarationenvisagedunderarticle41,paragraph1,oftheCovenant,whichcameintoforceon28March1979.%\  @%\2  2  .3  #@%\  %\}#ԀTheSecondOptionalProtocol,aimingattheabolitionofthedeathpenalty, z "  whichwasadoptedandopenedforsignature,ratificationoraccessionbytheGeneralAssemblyinresolution44/128of15December1989,enteredintoforceon11July1991.Asat31July1998,therewere33StatespartiestotheSecondOptionalProtocol,anincreaseofthreeinthepastyear.%\  @%\2  3  .3  #@%\  %\#ԀAlistofStatespartiestotheCovenantandtotheOptionalProtocols,  indicatingthosewhichhavemadethedeclarationunderarticle41,paragraph1,oftheCovenant,iscontainedinannexItothepresentreport.̜2  4  .3  ԛReservationsandotherdeclarationsmadebyanumberofStatespartiesinrespectoftheCovenantand/ortheOptionalProtocolsaresetoutindocumentϢCCPR/C/2/Rev.4of24August1994andinthenotificationsdepositedwiththeSecretaryGeneral.̛̜@-B.Sessions Z ̜2  5  .3  ԛTheHumanRightsCommitteeheldthreesessionssincetheadoptionofitspreviousannualreport.Thesixtyfirstsession(1616thto1644thmeetings)washeldattheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom20Octoberto7November1997,thesixtysecondsession(1645thto1670thmeetings),atUnitedNationsHeadquartersfrom23Marchto9April1998,andthesixtythirdsession(1671stto1699thmeetings),attheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom13to31July1998.@  C.Elections,membershipandattendance  n) ̜2  6  .3  ԛAttheSeventeenthMeetingofStatesPartiestotheCovenant,heldatUnitedNationsHeadquarterson7October1997,Mr.AbdallahZakhia(Lebanon)waselectedtotheseatleftvacantfollowingthedeathofMrs.LaureMoghaizel(A/52/40,para.7)foratermtoendon31December2000.2  7  .3  ԀByletterof10July1998,theChairpersonnotifiedtheSecretaryGeneraloftheresignationofMr.DaniloTrk(Slovenia),witheffectfrom6July1998.AtitsϢ1671stmeeting,on13July1998,theCommitteeexpresseditsappreciationforMr.ϢTrkscontribution.Mr.Trksmandatewasduetoexpireon31December2000,andthevacancywillbefilledattheelectiontobeheldinNewYorkon10September1998,attheEighteenthMeetingofStatesParties.2  8  .3  ԀAllthemembersoftheCommitteeparticipatedatthesixtyfirstandsixtythirdsessions.Mrs.PilarGaitandePombodidnotattendthesixtysecondsession.  ,N*9 &   @(D.Solemndeclaration X ̜2  9  .3  ԛAtthe1616thmeeting(sixtyfirstsession),on23October1997,Mr.AbdallahϢZakhia,whohadbeenelectedattheSeventeenthMeeting'XofStatesPartiestotheCovenant,madeasolemndeclarationinaccordancewitharticle38oftheCovenantbeforeassuminghisfunctions.   @2  @  @ E.Guidelines H t2   10  .3  ԀAtits1644thmeeting(sixtyfirstsession),theCommitteeadoptedguidelinesfortheexerciseoftheirfunctionsbymembers.Theguidelines(CCPR/C/61/GUI)areannexedtothepresentreport(annexIII).& : @kk*F.Workinggroups z "  2   11  .3  ԀInaccordancewithrules62and89ofitsrulesofprocedure,the':z Committeeestablishedworkinggroupswhichmetbeforeitssixtyfirst,sixtysecondandsixtythirdsessions.WorkinggroupswereentrustedwiththetasksofmakingrecommendationstotheCommitteeregardingcommunicationsreceivedundertheOptionalProtocolandofpreparingconciselistsofissuesconcerningtheinitial,second,thirdandfourthperiodicreportsscheduledforexaminationbytheCommittee.Theworkinggrouponperiodicreportsunderarticle40wasalsomandatedtostudytheCommittee'sworkingmethods,anditsystematicallyhelddiscussionswithrepresentativesofthespecializedagenciesandsubsidiarybodies,particularlytheInternationalLabourOffice,theOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugees,theWorldHealthOrganizationandtheUnitedNationsChildrensFund,inordertoobtainadvanceinformationonthereportstobeconsideredbytheCommittee.Tothatend,theworkinggroupalsometrepresentativesofnon-governmentalorganizationsAmnestyInternational,HumanRightsWatch,theInternationalFederationofHumanRightsLeagues,theInternationalServiceforHumanRights,theLawyersCommitteeforHumanRights,EqualityNowandseverallocalorganizations.TheCommitteenotedwithsatisfactionthegreatinterestshowninitsworkbytheseagenciesandorganizations,andthankedthemfortheinformationprovided.2   12  .3  ԀSixtyfirstsession(1317October1997):theWorkingGrouponCommunications v% andtheWorkingGrouponArticle40werecomposedofMr.Bhagwati,LordColville,Mr.ElShafei,Ms.EvattandMr.Yalden;LordColvillewaselectedChairman/Rapporteur.2   13  .3  ԀSixtysecondsession(1620March1998):theWorkingGrouponCommunications !,* andtheWorkingGrouponArticle40werecomposedofMr.Ando,Mr.Bhagwati,Mr.Buergenthal,Mr.ElShafei,Ms.EvattandMs.MedinaQuiroga;Mr.AndowaselectedChairman/Rapporteur.%\  @%\2   14  .3  #@%\  %\ #ԀSixtythirdsession(610July1998):theWorkingGrouponCommunicationsand :%"/ theWorkingGrouponArticle40werecomposedofMr.Bhagwati,LordColville,Mr.Klein,Mr.ElShafei,Ms.Evatt,Mr.Pocar,Mr.PradoVallejo,Mr.ScheininandMr.Yalden;Mr.YaldenwaselectedChairman/Rapporteur.r%\  @%\USUK.,@ G.OtherUnitedNationshumanrightsactivities )V'5 #@%\  r%\#UK.,US.,%\  @%\2  15  .3  #@%\  %\#ԀAteachoftheCommitteessessions,therepresentativeoftheSecretary *+(7 GeneralinformedtheCommitteeaboutactivitiescarriedoutbyUnitedNationsbodiesdealingwithhumanrightsissues.Inparticular,resultsofsessionsoftheCommitteeontheRightsoftheChild,theCommitteeontheEliminationofRacial d- +: Discrimination,theCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen,theCommitteeonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRightsandtheCommitteeagainstTorturewerepresentedtotheHumanRightsCommittee.RecentactivitiesoftheGeneralAssemblyandtheCommissiononHumanRightsrelevanttotheworkoftheCommitteewerealsodescribed.TheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights,Mrs.MaryRobinson,addressedthesixtyfirstandsixtythirdsessionsoftheCommittee.USUK.,r%\  @%\ t #@%\  r%\#UK.,US.,%\  @%\2  16  .3  #@%\  %\#ԀUSUK.,On24November1997,Mr.AlainPellet,ChairmanoftheInternationalLaw H CommissionandSpecialRapporteurontreatyreservations,wrotetotheChairpersonoftheCommitteetoinvitetheCommitteetocommentontheCommissionsPreliminaryConclusionsonReservationstoNormativeMultilateralTreaties,includingHumanRightsTreaties.ThePreliminaryConclusionswereconsideredatthesixtysecond @   sessioninthelightoftheCommitteesGeneralCommentonissuesrelatingto   reservationsmadeonratificationsoftheCovenantortheOptionalProtocol.On9April1998,theCommitteedecidedthattheChairpersonwouldwritetoMr.PellettoinformhimoftheCommitteesfirstreactionstothePreliminaryConclusions.TheChairpersonsletterof9ApriltoMr.Pelletisannexedtothisreport(annexIX).TheletterindicatedthattheCommitteewouldstudythePreliminaryConclusionsmorecarefullyandformulateitscommentsatalaterstage.AworkinggroupoftheCommitteetookupthematteragainatthesixtythirdsessionandispreparingafurtherresponsefortheCommitteetoconsideratitssixtyfourthsession.UK.,US.,%\  @%\ESUK.,2  17  .3  #@%\  %\~#ԀAttheUK.,ES,.Ԣ1621stmeeting(sixtyfirstsession)on22October1997,a ( representativeoftheOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugees,Ms.CarolBatchelor,addressedtheCommitteeonthesubjectofstatelessness.USUK.,r%\  @%\ L @H.Minimumhumanitarianstandards/fundamentalstandardsofhumanity  #@%\  r%\8#UK.,US.,&%\  @%\2  18  .3  #@%\  %\#ԀTheCommissiononHumanRights,initsresolution1997/21onminimum Z humanitarianstandards,requestedtheSecretaryGeneral,incoordinationwiththeInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCross,toprepareananalyticalreportontheissueoffundamentalstandardsofhumanity,takingintoconsiderationinparticularissuesraisedinthereportoftheInternationalWorkshoponMinimumHumanitarianStandards,heldinCapeTowninSeptember1996.Thestudyshouldidentify,interalia,commonrulesofhumanrightslawandinternationalhumanitarianlaw v% thatareapplicableinallcircumstances.Accordingtotheresolution,theSecretaryGeneralisrequested,inpreparinghisstudy,toseektheviewsofandinformationfrom,interalia,humanrightstreatybodies.  ( %\  @%\2  19  .3  #@%\  %\#ԀAtthe1644thmeeting(sixtyfirstsession),on7November1997, !,* Mr.TomMcCarthyoftheOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights,addressedtheCommitteeconcerningtheaboveresolutionoftheCommissiononHumanRights.Followingthis,theCommitteeestablishedaworkinggrouptodealwithissuesrelatingtofundamentalstandardsofhumanity.Theworkinggroupmetduringthesixtysecondsessionanddiscussedvariousapproachesandargumentsastotherelationshipofhumanrightslawandhumanitarianlawingeneral,andtheinterpretationofarticle4,paragraph1,oftheCovenantinparticular.2  20  .3  ԀThemandateoftheHumanRightsCommitteeistomonitorcompliancewiththeInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights.Whenfacedwithsituationsofarmedconflict,bothexternalandinternal,whichaffectStatespartiestotheCovenant,theCommitteewillnecessarilyexaminewhethertheseStatespartiesarecomplyingwiththeirCovenantobligations.ThecrucialquestioninthesesituationsislikelytorelatetothepoweroftheStatespartiestoderogatefromtheirCovenantobligationsintimesofpublicemergency.TheCommitteetakesnoteofthefactthatarticle4,paragraph1,oftheCovenantestablishesasoneofthe d- +: conditionsforanyderogationfromaStatepartysobligationsundertheCovenantthatsuchmeasuresarenotinconsistentwiththeStatepartysotherobligationsunderinternationallaw.AlthoughthepracticeoftheCommitteeundertheCovenantanditstwoOptionalProtocolshasnotproducedmuchmaterialontheinterpretationofthisclause,itisevidentthattheCommitteehastotaketheStatepartysotherinternationalobligationsintoaccountwhenmonitoringcompliancewitharticle4,paragraph1.TheCommitteeintendstoprepareageneralcommentonthisquestion,revisingitsexistinggeneralcomment5(13)onarticle4oftheCovenant.%\  @%\2  21  .3  #@%\  %\l#ԀTheCommitteesupportstheconductingofafurtherstudyonthematter    identifiedbytheCommissionandlooksforwardtobeingconsultedintheprocess.@99*I.Staffresources   %\  @%\2  22  .3  #@%\  %\#ԀTheCommitteeregretsthatthestaffsituationreferredtointheprevious z "  annualreport(A/52/40,para.19)hascontinuedtodeteriorateinthepastyearandthattherehavebeenfurtherreductionsinthesecretariatstaffavailabletotheCommittee.SomeoftheCommitteesmostexperiencedprofessionalofficerswereassignedtootherduties,leavingtheCommitteewithinsufficientstafffortheeffectiveperformanceofitsfunctionsundertheCovenant.Thisledtodifficulties,especiallyatthesixtysecondandsixtythirdsessions(includinginadequatepreparation,latedocumentationandlackoffollowupactivities).MembersoftheCommitteemetwiththeUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights,Mrs.MaryRobinson,duringthesixtythirdsessiontodiscusstheseproblems.TheCommitteeemphasizedtheneedforsufficientprofessionalandotherstafftobeallocatedwithexperienceintheCommitteesworkandspecificresponsibilitiesforthatwork.TheCommitteeregretsthatitsrepeatedpleasfortheallocationofthenecessarystafffortheeffectiveperformanceofitsfunctions,asrequiredbyarticle36oftheCovenant,havegoneunheededandthatinsteadofimprovementtherehasbeenacontinualdeteriorationofthesituation.@ J.PublicityfortheworkoftheCommittee ~! %\  @%\2  23  .3  #@%\  %\ո#ԀTheChairperson,accompaniedbymembersoftheBureau,metwiththepressat R# eachoftheCommittee'sthreesessions.Someofthesemeetingswereheldinmid-sessiontocreatebetteropportunitiesforthemediatobeinformedabouttheCommitteesactivities.@K.DocumentsandpublicationsrelatingtotheworkoftheCommittee  n) %\  @%\2  24  .3  #@%\  %\#ԀTheCommitteecontinuedtobeseriouslyconcernedaboutthedifficultiesit B"+ facedinregardtotheissuingofCommitteedocuments,particularlyreportsbyStatesparties,asaconsequenceofdelaysintranslationsandthestrictapplicationoftherulerelatingtothesimultaneousdistributionofdocumentsinalllanguages.Aswasalsonotedinthepreviousreport(A/52/40),severalreportsscheduledbytheCommitteefordiscussionateachsessioninthecurrentyearwerenottranslatedintimetobedistributedtoallmembersbeforethebeginningofthosesessions,afactorwhichseriouslyinhibitedtheworkoftheCommittee.Onereportwasnottranslatedintoanyotherlanguage.%\  @%\2  25  .3  #@%\  %\4#ԀTheCommitteeemphasisedthattocarryoutitsmandateeffectively,members )V'5 musthavecopiesofStatereportsinadvanceoftheworkinggrouporsessionatwhichtheyaretobeconsidered.%\  @%\2  26  .3  #@%\  %\#ԀMembersoftheCommitteeexpressedconcernaboutthefactthatthesecond ,N*9 volumeofitsannualreport,containingtheViewsadoptedbytheCommitteeunder d- +: theOptionalProtocol,althoughprepared,hadnotbeenpublishedforthepastthreeyears.Thelasttobepublishedwas19931994.SuchlackofpublicationlimitsthedisseminationoftheCommitteesjurisprudence.2  27  .3  ԀTheCommitteenotedwithconcernthatpublicationofitsOfficialRecordshad P beenatastandstillsincetheproductionof1992/1993,volumeII,andthatresourceshavenotbeenmadeavailablefortheproductionoffurthervolumes.Itrepeateditsseriousconcernexpressedinthepreviousannualreport(A/52/40,para.25).ItnotedthatwhilethedonationfromtheSasakawaFoundationhadmadeitpossibletoreducethebacklog,thefundsofthatdonationwerenearlyexhausted.TheCommitteeurgesthatanalternativesourceoffinancingbesoughtforthisveryimportantpublicationandthatthematterbebroughttotheattentionofthePublicationBoardoftheOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights.%\  @%\2  28  .3  #@%\  %\#ԀTheCommitteewelcomedtheopeningoftheWebsiteoftheOfficeoftheUnited z "  NationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights(http://www.unhchr.ch),inwhichInternetusershaveaccesstothetreatybodiesdatabase,includingsomeViewsundertheOptionalProtocol.TheCommittee,however,notesthatthisopportunityisnotfullyeffective,becausetheinputofmaterialisincomplete,especiallyinregardtotheCommitteesViews.IturgesonceagainthattheworkofpublishingthethirdvolumeoftheSelectedDecisionsadoptedundertheOptionalProtocolbe  speededupsoastoeliminatethebacklogassoonaspossible.ThisisthefifthreportinwhichtheCommitteehasaskedforthepublicationofSelectedDecisions. j 2  29  .3  ԀTheCommitteehasascertainedthatthedocumentaryrecordswhichhavenotyetappearedintheOfficialRecordsoftheCommitteearenotallavailableontheWeb L siteoftheUnitedNationsOfficeoftheHighCommissionerforHumanRights.Inparticular,manyViewsoftheCommitteeundertheOptionalProtocolarenotavailable.TheCommitteeasksthateffortsbemadetoensurethatallmaterialnotyetpublishedintheOfficialRecordsbeputonthedatabase,andthatfundsbe D soughttocompletethisworkassoonaspossible.ItasksthatthesummaryrecordsincludethelistsofissuesinrelationtothediscussionofStatespartiesreports.@ !L.FuturemeetingsoftheCommittee $ 2  30  .3  ԀAtitssixtythirdsession,theCommitteeconfirmedthefollowingscheduleofmeetingsfor1999:thesixtyfifthsession,tobeheldatUnitedNationsHeadquartersfrom22Marchto9April1999;thesixty-sixthsession,attheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom12to30July1999,andthesixtyseventhsession,attheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom18Octoberto5November1999.@&M.Adoptionofthereport #f!- 2  31  .3  ԀAtits1698thand1699thmeetings,on30and31July1998,theCommitteeconsideredthedraftofitstwentysecondannualreport,coveringitsactivitiesatthesixtyfirst,sixtysecondandsixtythirdsessions,heldin1997and1998.Thereport,asamendedinthecourseofthediscussion,wasadoptedunanimously.  (&4 @1Notes X *>>'S 88u* ' 1 S TheCovenantcontinuestoapplybysuccessionintwootherStates, | KazakhstanandTajikistan.Seenoted/toannexI.Seealsonotee/toannexI. :  ' 2 S JamaicawithdrewfromtheOptionalProtocol,witheffectfrom23January  1998.TrinidadandTobagowithdrewfromtheOptionalProtocolandre-accededsubjecttoreservationswitheffectfrom26August1998.TheeffectofthereservationswillbeconsideredbytheCommitteeinduecourseinthecontextofthereportingprocessorinproceedingsundertheOptionalProtocol.     @c c II.METHODSOFWORKOFTHECOMMITTEEUNDERARTICLE400 ' 0S'#'#0 S#S#OFTHECOVENANT:OVERVIEWOFPRESENTWORKINGMETHODS  # # %\  @%\2  32  .3  #@%\  %\{#ԀThepresentchapterisaimedatprovidingaconciseanduptodateoverviewof P themodificationsrecentlyintroducedbytheCommitteeinitsworkingmethodsunderarticle40oftheCovenant.AdetailedaccountofthemethodsofworkappliedbytheHumanRightsCommitteefortheconsiderationofreportssubmittedbyStatespartiesappearsintheCommitteesannualreportsfortheyears19951996and19961997(A/51/40,paras.2634;A/52/40,paras.3139).%\  @%\ESUK.,#@%\  %\#UK.,ES,.@} } #A.Recentdecisionsonprocedures @   %\  @%\2   33  .3  #@%\  %\#ԀTheCommitteesannualreportfortheyear19961997(A/52/40,paras.3239)  d  includedanaccountoftheCommitteesrecentdiscussionsanddecisionsrelatingtoworkingmethods,andasummaryoftheinformalmeetingonproceduresheldon27and28July1996.AreportofthatmeetingwaslaterpublishedasdocumentCCPR/C/133.2!  34  .3  ԀAtthesixtiethsession,inJuly1997,theChairpersonestablishedataskforcetoconsiderallproceduresinrelationtoarticle40.Adocumentonprocedurefortheconsiderationofinitialandperiodicreportsunderarticle40oftheCovenantwasadoptedatthesixtysecondsessionandisannexedtothepresentreport(annexVIII).DraftconsolidatedguidelinesforStatereportsundertheCovenanthasbeenpreparedandwillbeconsideredatthesixtyfourthsession.@B.Linkstootherhumanrightstreatiesandtreatybodies   %\  @%\2"  35  .3  #@%\  %\#ԀTheCommitteekeepsitselfinformedabouttheworkoftheothertreatybodies. D ForthesakeofthemanyStatespartiestoseveralhumanrightscovenantsandconventions,theCommitteeseekstoavoidconflictandtoharmonizeitsworkwiththatofothertreatybodieswhenpossible.%\  @%\2#  36  .3  #@%\  %\#ԀTheChairpersonoftheCommitteeparticipatedintheeighthandninthmeetings R# ofChairpersonsoftheHumanRightsTreatyBodies.TheoutcomeoftheeighthmeetingwasdiscussedatthesixtyfirstsessionandtheoutcomesofbothmeetingswerediscussedatthesixtysecondsessionoftheCommittee.Atthesixtysecondsession,theCommitteeagreedthatitshouldcontributetothefiftiethanniversaryoftheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsbyrequestingthatspecificworkbeundertakentofacilitatetheuniversalratificationofUnitedNationshumanrightscovenantsandconventions,andespeciallythetwoCovenants,whichconstitute,togetherwiththeUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights,theInternationalBillofHumanRights.Suchworkcould,inparticular,seektoexamineandeliminateanyobstaclestouniversalratificationandbringintocloseharmonytheworkofthetreatybodiesandthereportingobligationsofStatesinrespectofoverlappingmandates.%\  @%\2$  37  .3  #@%\  %\;#ԀOtherhumanrightstreatiesarerelevantinthecontextofreservations.There &^$1 isparticularconcernaboutStatesthathavemadereservationstotheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomenwithregardtoobligationsthattheyhadacceptedwithoutreservationundertheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights.Inthiscontext,whilepressingStatestoclarifytheirpositionwithregardtotherightsatissue,theCommitteereaffirmsthatareservationtoanotherhumanrightstreatycannotinanywaydiminishtheobligationsofaStateundertheCovenant. %\  @%\ ,N*9 & :    2%  38  .3  #@%\  %\=#ԀAtits1574thmeeting(fiftyninthsession),on3April1997,Ms.AngelaKing, X AssistantSecretaryGeneral,SpecialAdviseronGenderIssuesandAdvancementof':XqWomen,appearedbeforetheCommitteetodiscussvariousissuesrelatingtoafurtheringofthecooperationbetweentheSecretariat'sDivisionfortheAdvancementofWomenandtheCommittee.Followingthesediscussions,representativesoftheDivisionwereinvitedtoattendthemeetingofthepre-sessionalworkinggrouponarticle40atthesixtysecondsessionandprovidedCommitteememberswithinformationstemmingfromactivitiesoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen.%\  @%\2&  39  .3  #@%\  %\#ԀOn20July1998,duringtheCommitteessixtythirdsession,Ms.Kingwroteto  l  theChairpersontoaskthattheCommitteeconsideradraftstatementontheindivisibilityofhumanrightsandthecentralityofgenderawarenesstothefullenjoymentoftheserights,withaviewtoadoptingitasajointstatementoftheHumanRightsCommittee,theCommitteeonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRightsandtheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen.ThiswasproposedbytheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomenasacontributionofthetreatybodiestothecommemorationofthefiftiethanniversaryoftheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights.DuringitssixtythirdsessiontheCommitteestartedconsiderationofthestatementandproposal,anddecidedtocontinueconsiderationthereofatthesixtyfourthsession.& | @C.Otherissuesrelatingtomethodsofworkunderarticle40 j '|j2'  40  .3  ԀRulesofprocedureadoptedon1August1997havenowbeenpublishedasdocumentϢCCPR/C/3/Rev.5of11August1997.  L ЀIII.SUBMISSIONOFREPORTSBYSTATESPARTIESUNDER̀ARTICLE40OFTHECOVENANT%\  @%\2(  41  .3  #@%\  %\#ԀUnderarticle2,paragraph1,oftheInternationalCovenantonCiviland : PoliticalRights,eachStatepartyundertakestorespectandtoensuretoallindividualswithinitsterritoryandsubjecttoitsjurisdictiontherightsrecognizedintheCovenant.Inconnectionwiththisprovision,article40,paragraph1,oftheCovenantrequiresStatespartiestosubmitreportsonthemeasuresadoptedandtheprogressachievedintheenjoymentofthevariousrightsandonanyfactorsanddifficultiesthatmayaffecttheimplementationoftheCovenant.StatespartiesundertaketosubmitreportswithinoneyearoftheentryintoforceoftheCovenantfortheStatepartyconcernedandthereafterwhenevertheCommitteesorequests.InordertoassistStatespartiesinsubmittingreports,theHumanRightsCommitteeapproved,atitssecondsession,generalguidelinesregardingtheformandcontentsofinitialreports(seeCCPR/C/5/Rev.2)stemmingfromtheworkoftheCommittee.TheCommitteeslaterdecisionsconcerningguidelinesforthesubmissionofreportsunderarticle40aresummarizedinthepreviousreport(A/52/40,paras.4647).AsmentionedinchapterIIabove(para.34),consolidatedguidelinesforStatereportsundertheCovenantarenowinpreparation.@% % A.ReportssubmittedbyStatespartiesunder T 0 ' 0S'#'#0 S#S#article40oftheCovenantj # # %\  @%\2)  42  .3  #@%\  %\#ԀDuringtheperiodcoveredbythepresentreport,theCommitteereceived  14initialorperiodicreports.InitialorperiodicreportsweresubmittedbyArgentina,Cambodia,Chile,CostaRica,Gabon,Israel,Kuwait,Kyrgyzstan,Lesotho,Mongolia,Peru,theRepublicofKorea,theformerYugoslavRepublicofMacedoniaandVenezuela.& 2 @ B.ObservationsofStatespartiesontheCommittee's   0 ' 0S'#'#0 S#S#concludingobservations~! # # %\  @%\2*  43  .3  #@%\  %\#ԀAtthesixtyfirstsession,theCommitteetooknoteofanotedated6May1997 R# fromtheRepublicofGeorgiaincludinga'2ԀcommentontheCommittee'sconcludingobservations(A/52/40,paras.250263)andinformingtheCommitteeaboutstepstakentoputthoseobservationsintoeffectandtodisseminatetheminGeorgia.%\  @%\2+  44  .3  #@%\  %\#ԀDuringtheCommitteessixtythirdsession,on20July1998,commentswere  ( receivedfromPeruontheCommitteesconcludingobservations(A/52/40,paras.146170).Thesewerereferredtotheworkinggroupofthesixtyfourthsessionforexamination.  #f!- @IV.STATESTHATHAVENOTCOMPLIEDWITHTHEIROBLIGATIONS0 ' 0S'#'#0 S#S#UNDERARTICLE40  # # %\  @%\2,  45  .3  #@%\  %\#ԀStatespartiestotheCovenantmustsubmitthereportsreferredtoin : article40oftheCovenantontimesothattheCommitteecandulyperformitsfunctionsunderthatarticle.ThosereportsarethebasisofthedialoguebetweentheCommitteeandStatesparties,andanydelayintheirsubmissionmeansaninterruptionofthatprocess.However,seriousdelayshavebeennotedsincetheestablishmentoftheCommittee.Atitssixtiethsession,inJuly1997,theCommitteedecidedtorequestnineStatespartieswhoseinitialreportswereoverdue(Albania,Angola,Benin,Cambodia,C=tedIvoire,Israel,Grenada,SeychellesandtheformerYugoslavRepublicofMacedonia)tosubmitthosereportsforconsiderationatthesixtysecondsession,inMarch1998.ThreeoftheseStates(Cambodia,IsraelandtheformerYugoslavRepublicofMacedonia)submittedreportsinaccordancewiththeCommitteesrequest.%\  @%\2-  46  .3  #@%\  %\/#ԀOwingtoaseriousreductionintheSecretariatstaffassignedtoworkforthe 8  Committee,itwasnotpossibletofollowtheCommitteesestablishedpracticeoforganizingmeetingswithStateswhosereportswereoverdueformorethanthreeyearsduringtheperiodcoveredbythepresentreport.%\  @%\ESUK.,2.  47  .3  #@%\  %\#ԀUK.,ES,.TheCommitteenotedwithregretthat86StatespartiestotheCovenant,or  nearlytwothirdsofallStatesparties,wereinarrearswiththeirreports.Thisisamatterofseriousconcern,asthefailureofStatestosubmitreportspreventstheCommitteefromperformingitsmonitoringfunctionsunderarticle40oftheCovenant.TheCommitteehasdecidedtolistinitsannualreporttotheGeneralAssemblytheStatespartiesthathaveareportmorethanfiveyearsoverdue,aswellasthosethathavenotsubmittedreportsrequestedbyaspecialdecisionoftheCommittee.TheCommitteewishestoreiteratethattheseStatesareinseriousdefaultoftheirobligationsunderarticle40oftheCovenant.@v6  @%\@*882 >>'S*Statespartiesthathavereportsoverduemorethanfiveyearsor Z @  thathavenotsubmittedareportrequestedbyaspecial   @'decisionoftheCommittee Z! *qhi ddd Xdd Xdd X>#>#q,dd ,dd",dd ,dd",dd"+  3>>"  # 3Stateparty ;>>*:$">> ;Typeofreport ;>>*>&">> ;Datedue ;>>*:'">> ;Yearsoverdue ;>>*>)">> ; LB*:*"   >> xLSyrianArabRepublic  \+ Second A7 - /@30911/@A18August1984 aW,/ /@30911 /@  ,@14,@a14 >4)\0  ,@14 ,@ > 6,\1 x  x6Gambia   2 Second A7  j4 |@31218|@A21June1985 aW, 5 |@31218 |@  *@13*@a13 >4) 6  *@13 *@ > 6, 7 x  x6Suriname  !x8 Second A7 |"$ : @31260@A2August1985 aW,|"$ < @31260 @  *@13*@a13 >4)!x=  *@13 *@ > 6,!x> x  x6Kenya  #2!? Second A7 6$!A @31512@A11April1986 aW,6$!C @31512 @  (@12(@a12 >4)#2!D  (@12 (@ > 6,#2!E x  x6Mali  D%"F Second A7 %#H @31512@A11April1986 aW,%#J @31512 @  (@12(@a12 >4)D%"K  (@12 (@ > 6,D%"L x  x6Guyana  &$M Second A7 'R%O !@31876!@A10April1987 aW,'R%Q !@31876 !@  &@11&@a11 >4)&$R  &@11 &@ > 6,&$S x  x6DemocraticPeople'sRepublicofKorea  d) 'U Second A7 d) 'W ^@32123^@A13December1987 aW,d) 'Y ^@32123 ^@  &@11&@a11 >4)(`&Z  &@11 &@ > 6,(`&[ x  x6EquatorialGuinea  r*(\ Initial A7 +(^ @32500@A24December1988 aW,+(` @32500 @  $@10$@a10 >4)r*(a  $@10 $@ > 6,r*(b x  x6CentralAfricanRepublic  ,*d Second A7 ,*f @32606@A9April1989 `V,,*h @32606 @  "@9"@`9 =3(,,)i  "@9 "@ = 6,,,)j x  x6TrinidadandTobago Togo  | ThirdThird  | 20March199031December1990 >4    U@87U@>87 >4)|  U@87 U@ > 6,x x  x6SomaliaNicaragua    InitialThird    23April199111June1991 >4    @S@77@S@>77 >4)   @S@77 @S@ > 6, # x  x6VietNam   $ Second A7 z H&  U@33449 U@A31July1991 `V,z H(  U@33449  U@  @7@`7 =3( )  @7 @ = 6, * x  x6DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo  4  , Third A7 4  .  U@33449 U@A31July1991 `V,4  0  U@33449  U@  @7@`7 =3( V1  @7 @ = 6, V2 x  x6PortugalNetherlandsSaintVincentandtheGrenadines  J9 ThirdThirdSecond  J@ 1August199131October199131October1991 ?5 l F Є@666Є@?666 ?5* K Є@666 Є@ ? 6,F O x  x6Australia  X&P Third A7 X&Q  b@33553 b@A12November1991 `V,S  b@33553  b@  @6@`6 =3(X&T  @6 @ = 6,X&U x  x6SanMarino  V Second A7 X `j@33619`j@A17January1992 `V,Z `j@33619 `j@  @6@`6 =3([  @6 @ = 6,\ x  x6PanamaRwanda  $_ ThirdThirdSpecial  c 31March199210April199231January1995 >4 g  P@66P@>66 >4)$j  P@66 P@ > 6,k x  x6MadagascarCroatiaGrenadaAlbaniaPhilippinesBenin  #{ ThirdInitialInitialInitialSecondInitial  $l  31July19927October19925December19923January199322January199311June1993 B8 $l  $A655555$AB655555 B8-# $A655555 $A B 6,$l  x  'x6C=tedIvoireAngola  \(*$ InitialInitial/Special  '~# 25June199331January1994 >4 '~#  K@54K@>54 >4)'~#  K@54 K@ >$%z! x '  $ v6  @v6ESUK., )l% &   2/  48  .3  #@v6  v6_"#ԀUK.,ES,.~"TheCommitteenotesthatintheperiodunderreview,twoStatesparties(Ecuadorandthe X LibyanArabJamahiriya)whosereportshadbeenlistedforconsiderationatthesixtysecondandsixtythirdsessionsrespectivelyhadnotifiedtheCommitteeashorttimebeforethesessionthattheycouldnottakepartinit.TheCommitteeexpresseditsconcernthatthefailureofStatestocooperateinthereportingprocessandtheirwithdrawalatalatestagewashamperingtheCommitteeintheeffectivedischargeofitsfunctions.'X"    @  V.CONSIDERATIONOFREPORTSSUBMITTEDBYSTATESPARTIES0 8 0$8#8#0 $#$#UNDERARTICLE40OFTHECOVENANT  # # 20  49  .3  ԀThefollowingsections,arrangedonacountry-by-countrybasisinthesequencefollowedbytheCommitteeinitsconsiderationofthereports,containtheconcludingobservationsadoptedbytheCommitteewithrespecttotheStatesparties'reportsconsideredatitssixtyfirst,sixtysecondandsixtythirdsessions.TheCommitteesdecisionontheformatofthepresentchaptercanbefoundinitsannualreportfortheyear19931994(A/49/40).@.A.Senegal    21  50  .3  ԀTheCommitteeconsideredthefourthperiodicreportofSenegal(CCPR/C/103/Add.1)atitsϢ1618thand1619thmeetings,on21and22October1997,andatits1640thmeeting,on5November1997,adoptedthefollowingobservations.@+1.Introduction  l  22  51  .3  ԀTheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationfortheopportunitytoresumeitsdialoguewiththeStateparty.WhilenotingthatthefourthreporthasbeenpresentedinatimelymannerandprovidessomeusefulinformationontheconstitutionalandlegislativenormsapplicableinSenegalinthefieldofhumanrights,theCommitteereiteratesitspreviouscommentontheStateparty'sthirdperiodicreport,regrettingthelackofinformationinthedocumentonimplementationoftheprovisionsoftheCovenantinpractice.Atthesametime,theCommitteeappreciatesthedetailedandupdatedinformationprovidedorallybythedelegationinthecourseofitsconsiderationofthereport.@ 2.Factorsanddifficultiesaffectingtheimplementation | 0 8 0$8#8#0 $#$#oftheCovenant( # # 23  52  .3  ԀTheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatcontinuingviolenceandunrestintheregionofϢCasamancehaveresultedinpersistentviolationsofrightsguaranteedbytheCovenant.24  53  .3  ԀTheCommitteefurthernotesthecontinuedexistenceintheStatepartyoflawsandcustoms,inparticularthoseaffectingequalitybetweenmenandwomen,whichimpedethefullobservanceoftheCovenant.@kk)3.Positiveaspects 8( 25  54  .3  ԀTheCommitteeobserveswithsatisfactionthattheStatepartyhasstrengthenedthestatusoftheSenegaleseHumanRightsCommittee(lawof10March1997),andinparticularhasensuredparticipationbynon-governmentalorganizations,aswellasitscapacitytoactasanadvisorybodyfordialogue,consultationandpromotionofhumanrights.Theactivitiesoftheombudsman(mdiateur)arealsowelcomed.26  55  .3  ԀTheCommitteeappreciatesthecreationoftheInterministerialCommitteeonHumanRightsandHumanitarianInternationalLaw(Comitinter-ministrieldesdroitsdel'hommeetdudroitinternationalhumanitaire)byDecreeof2July1997,aswellastherecentchangeintheElectoralCodeleadingtotheestablishmentofabodytomonitorandsuperviseelections.27  56  .3  ԀTheCommitteefurtherwelcomestheeffortstoovercometheproblemofilliteracyandtheactivitiesoftheMinistryonWoman,ChildrenandFamilywhichhasinitiatedplansofactionincollaborationwithnon-governmentalorganizations.TheCommitteealsoappreciateseffortsmadetoenhancethepublic'sawarenessofwomen'sissues.28  57  .3  ԀInthefieldoflawreform,theCommitteenoteswithappreciationthecriminalizationoftortureinthePenalCode.29  58  .3  ԀInthecontextoftherighttoremediesforviolationsofhumanrights,theCommitteenoteswithinterestthatanindividualmayappealtotheConstitutionalCounciltochallengetheconstitutionalityofproceedingsbeforetheCouncilofStateortheCourtofCassation. X-+@ TheCommitteewelcomesthewillingnessoftheGovernmentofSenegaltocomplywiththeViewsoftheCommitteeinthecaseofKonv.Senegal(Communication386/1989)andtoprovideforaremedyacceptabletotheauthor,namely,anawardof500,000francs,aplotoflandandadequatemedicaltreatment,allimplementedjustbeforetheconsiderationofthereportbeforetheCommittee.2:  59  .3  ԀInrelationtotheStateparty'saccessiontovariousinternationalhumanrightsinstruments,theCommitteewelcomesitsacceptanceoftheprimacyofinternationalhumanrightsstandardsovernationallegislation.@ 4.SubjectsofconcernandtheCommittee'srecommendations  d  2;  60  .3  ԀInthecontextofeventsinCasamance,theCommitteeexpressesconcernatallegationsithasreceivedofindiscriminatekillingofciviliansbythearmyandpolice,ofdisappearances,andofill-treatmentanduseoftortureagainstpersonssuspectedofbeingsupportersoftheMouvementdesforcesdmocratiquesdeCasamance(MFDC).Therefore:0 8 TheCommitteerecommendsthatmeasuresbetakentoensurethefullobservanceofarticles6and7bymilitarypersonnelandpolice,andtheeffectiveimplementationinpracticeofarticle7oftheCovenantvisvispeoplesuspectedofbeingMFDCsympathizers.TheCommitteealsorecommendsthat,especiallybecauseofthedistancefromthecapitalandtheregion'sproximitytoneighbouringStates,considerationbegiventoestablishinganindependentmechanismtomonitorandinvestigatehumanrightsabusesinCasamance,andthatpersonsfoundresponsibleforviolationsofrightsbebroughttojusticeandthevictimscompensated.TheCommitteealsorecommendsfurthertraininginhumanrightsforallsecurityandlawenforcementpersonnel. 8#8# 2<  61  .3  ԀTheCommitteeregretsthatcertaintraditionalculturalattitudeswithrespecttowomenarenotcompatiblewiththeirdignityashumanbeingsandcontinuetohampertheirequalenjoymentofrightsembodiedintheCovenant.Thepracticeofpolygamy,whichisincompatiblewitharticles2(1),3and26oftheCovenant,isofparticularconcern.TheCommitteecontinuestobeespeciallydisturbedatthepersistentcustomoffemalegenitalmutilation,whichviolatesarticles6and7oftheCovenant,andthehighrateofmaternalmortalitywhichresultsfromthatpractice,fromearlychildbirthandfromthestrictprohibitionofabortion.Itrecommendsthatjudgesandlawyersmakeuseofordinarycriminallawprovisionstodealwithinstancesoffemalegenitalmutilationuntilaspecificlawforthisoffence,theadoptionofwhichtheCommitteestronglysupports,isenacted.Inthisregard:0 8 TheCommitteeencouragestheStatepartytolaunchasystematiccampaigntopromotepopularawarenessofpersistentnegativeattitudestowardswomenandtoprotectthemagainstallformsofdiscrimination;iturgestheStatepartytoabolishpracticesprejudicialtowomen'shealthandtoreducematernalmortality.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyindicate,initsnextperiodicreport,theoutcomeofproposalsonthematterofpolygamymadebytheWorkingGroupontheNationalActionPlanforSenegaleseWomen(1996-2000).Inthelightoftheseconcerns,theCommitteefurtherrecommendsthattheStatepartybringitslegislation,includingfamilyandinheritancelaws,intoconformitywitharticles2(1),3,6,7,23and26oftheCovenant. 8#8# 2=  62  .3  ԀAlthoughthePenalCodeprovideslegalredressforoffencessuchasassault,theCommitteeisconcernedatthepersistenceofviolenceagainstwomen,includingspousalabuse.Therefore:0 8 TheCommitteerecommendsthatspecificattentionbegiveninthelawtotheproblemofdomesticviolence,andstressestheneedforinformationandeducationcampaignstopreventandcombatanyformofphysicalviolenceagainstwomen. 8#8# 2>  63  .3  ԀTheCommitteenotesthatthecriteriaenablingajudgetoholdanarrestedpersoninpre-trialdetentionarenotdefinedunderthelaw.Itexpressesitsconcernattheextensivediscretionarypowergiventojudgesinsuchsituations.Furthermore,incasesofoffencesagainstthesecurityoftheState,theCommitteenoteswithconcerntheprovisionsoftheCodeofCriminalProcedureallowingspecialdetentioninpolicecustody,andinparticularallowingthePublicProsecutortoauthorizeextensionofthelengthofdetention. X-+@ TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedaboutthelackofaccesstocounselbydetainees.Therefore:0 8 TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartysetoutinitsCodeofCriminalProcedurecriteriaestablishinggroundsonwhichpersonsawaitingtrialmaybeheldindetentionwhichareinconformitywitharticle9(3)oftheCovenant.Furthermore,theCommitteerecommendstherepealofprovisionsdealingwithspecialdetentionincasesofoffencesagainstthesecurityoftheState,ortheprovisionoffurtherlegalsafeguardsinsuchcases. 8#8# 2?  64  .3  ԀAlthoughmeasureshavebeentakentoimprovetheconditionofprisoners,theCommitteeexpressesitsconcernatrecurringproblemsofovercrowdingandpoorhealthandsanitaryconditionsinmanyprisons,whichareincompatiblewitharticle10,paragraph1,oftheCovenant.Therefore:0 8 TheCommitteerecommendsthatmeasuresbetakentoreduceovercrowdingandtoupgradeprisonfacilitiesasquicklyaspossible. 8#8# 2@  65  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedaboutthelackoffullenjoymentoffreedomofassociation,inparticularthefactthatforeignworkersarebarredfromholdingofficialpositionsintradeunions,andthattradeunionsmaybedissolvedbytheexecutive.Therefore:0 8 TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytakeallnecessarymeasurestopermitforeignworkerstoholdofficialpositionsintradeunions,andprovideguaranteesandlegalredresstotradeunions,inaccordancewitharticle22oftheCovenant,againstdissolutionbyadministrativemeasures. 8#8# 2A  66  .3  ԀTheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernatthestatementinthereportthat"therearenominoritiesinSenegal",andatthefailureoftheStatepartytoprovideinformationontherecognitionandprotectionofreligiousandethnicminoritiesinSenegal.Inthatregard:0 8 TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytakelegalandpracticalstepstorecognizeandprotectreligiousandethnicminorities,withaviewtoensuringtherightsguaranteedunderarticle27oftheCovenant.TheCommitteefurthersuggeststhattheGovernmentofSenegaltakeintoconsiderationtheCommittee'sGeneralCommentNo.23onthismatter. 8#8# 2B  67  .3  ԀTheCommitteerecommendsthatfullandcomprehensiveinformationontheimplementationoftheprovisionsoftheCovenantinlawandinpractice,aswellasonfactorsanddifficultieswhichaffectitsimplementation,beincorporatedintheStateparty'snextperiodicreport.2C  68  .3  ԀTheCommitteedrawstheattentionoftheGovernmentofSenegaltotheprovisionsoftheguidelinesregardingtheformandcontentsofperiodicreportsfromStatesparties,andrequeststhatitsnextperiodicreport,dueon4April2000,containmaterialwhichrespondstoallthepresentconcludingobservations.TheCommitteefurtherrequeststhattheseconcludingobservationsbewidelydisseminatedamongthepublicatlargeinallpartsofSenegalandinallrecognizedlanguages.@.B.Jamaica #!2 2D  69  .3  ԀTheCommitteeexaminedthesecondperiodicreportofJamaica(CCPR/C/42/Add.15)atitsϢ1622ndto1624thmeetings,on23and24October1997,andatits1641stmeeting,on5November1997,adoptedthefollowingobservations.@+1.Introduction (L&9 2E  70  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomesthesecondperiodicreportsubmittedbytheStatepartyandappreciatesthedelegation'sreadinesstoresumeitsdialoguewiththeCommittee,althoughitdeploresthedelayofmorethan15yearsinreporting.TheCommitteeregretsthatwhile thereportprovidedusefulinformationonthegenerallegislativeframeworkofJamaica,it ,)> didnotaddressconsistentlytheactualstateof&   implementationoftheCovenant,nordiditalwaysaddress,onanarticle-by-articlebasis,difficultiesencounteredinthecourseofitsimplementation.'X [@ 2.Factorsanddifficultiesaffectingtheimplementation \ 0 8 0$8#8#0 $#$#oftheCovenant` # # 2F  71  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisawareofthedifficulteconomicsituationofJamaicaduringmuchoftheperiodcoveredbythesecondperiodicreport,aswellasofthehighrateofcrimesofviolence.@kk)3.Positiveaspects    2G  72  .3  ԀTheCommitteeappreciatesthatintheenvisagedreviewoftheJamaicanConstitution,anyprovisionsincontradictionwiththeCovenantwhichmightappearfromtheapplicationofsection24ofthepresentConstitutionwouldbeeliminated.ItexpressesthehopethattherecommendationoftheConstitutionalCommissiontotheeffectthatthenewBillofRightsshouldexplicitlyrefertoprohibitionofdiscriminationonthegroundsofsexwillbeimplementedaspartofthislegislation.2H  73  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomestheestablishmentin1993ofthePolicePublicComplaintsAuthority,whichallowsJamaicancitizenstoseekredressiftheyhavebeenabusedbypoliceofficers,andtherequirementforthisbodytoreportpubliclyonitsactivities.TheCommitteefurtherwelcomestheestablishmentofaPublicCommissionofInquiryintotheprisondisturbanceswhichoccurredinseveralcorrectionalfacilitiesinAugust1997,resultinginthelossoflifeof16inmates.Atthesametime,theCommitteewishestoemphasizethattheresultsoftheinvestigationsofandtheactiontakenbythesebodiesshouldbedisseminatedaswidelyaspossibleandmadeavailabletotheCommittee.2I  74  .3  ԀTheCommitteeappreciatesthattheimpositionofcapitalpunishmenthasbeenreviewedbytheJamaicanauthoritiesduringtheperiodunderreview,leadingtotheadoptionoftheOffencesagainstthePerson(Amendment)Act,1992andtheconcomitantadoptionofproceduresforlegalrepresentation,classificationofoffences,minimumperiodstobeservedandanappellatesystem.2J  75  .3  ԀTheCommitteeappreciatesthatonthebasisoftheclassificationofcapitaloffencesundertheOffencesagainstthePerson(Amendment)Act,judicialdecisionsandanumberofViewsadoptedbytheCommitteeundertheOptionalProtocol,numerousdeathsentenceswerecommuted,leadingtoaconsiderablereductioninthenumberofinmatesundersentenceofdeath.2K  76  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomesthefactthatdraftlegislationiscurrentlybeingfinalizedwithaviewtoimprovingthesystemoflegalaidinJamaica:undertheproposedsystem,legalaidwouldbeextendedtoallaspectsofcriminalproceedingsandappeals,toconstitutionalmotions,toprerogativewritsandtothewritofhabeascorpus,aswellastoothercivilproceedings.TheCommitteeexpressesthehopethatthenewLegalAidBillwillbepassedandwillenterintoforceassoonaspossible,andthatsufficientresourceswillbeallocatedforitseffectiveoperation.2L  77  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomesthecurrentimplementationofaprogrammeforthemodernizationandtherebuildingoftheprisonestate.Onthebasisoftheinformationprovidedbythedelegation,suchprojectsashavealreadybeenapprovedandarebeingimplemented,suchasthelong-overduemodernizationofSt.CatherineDistrictPrisonandthebuildingofafacilitytoreplacetheoutdatedTowerStreetAdultCorrectionalCentre,willimproveconditionsofdetention,overcrowdingofprisonsandotherunsatisfactoryconditions.TheCommitteewelcomestheintentionexpressedbythedelegationtoamendadministrativeregulationslistingobjectsthatinmates,whatevertheirsentence,maykeepintheirpossession,totheeffectthataprisonerwillbeallowedtoretaininhiscellcorrespondenceandwillbeassuredaccesstolegaldocumentsrelatingtohiscase.  ,)> &   @ 4.SubjectsofconcernandtheCommittee'srecommendations X 2M  78  .3  ԀTheCommitteenoteswiththeutmostregretJamaica'snotificationofdenunciationoftheOptionalProtocol.Unlesswithdrawn,thisdenunciationwillbecomeeffectiveon23January1998.TheCommitteeaffirmsthat:'Xl 8 (a) $ ViewsoftheCommitteealreadyadoptedoncommunicationsundertheOptional ` Protocolwillretaintheirvalidityandwillrequireimplementation; 8 (b) $ Communicationsalreadypending,orsubmittedbefore23January1998,willnotbe d   affectedbyJamaica'snotificationandwillbeconsideredbytheCommitteeinduecourse; 8 (c) $ JamaicawillcontinuetobeboundbytheprovisionsoftheCovenant,andbe h   subjecttoothermonitoringfunctionsoftheCommittee.2N  79  .3  ԀTheCommitteeconsidersthattheGovernor-General'snotificationof7August1997,unilaterallyimposingtimetablesfortheexaminationofcommunicationsundertheOptionalProtocolbytheCommittee,cannotbeinvokedasjustificationforanymeasurethatwoulddeviatefromtheCovenant,theOptionalProtocolorrequestsbytheCommitteeforinterimmeasuresofprotection.2O  80  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedattheincidenceofdomesticviolenceagainstwomen.Therefore:0 8 TheCommitteerecommendsthatincreasedeffortsbemadetosensitizethepopulationtotheneedtorespectwomen'sdignityandthatlegislationshouldensurereadyaccesstoremediesforviolationsofwomen'shumanrights,andthatsocialandeducationalprogrammesbepursuedtoensuretheupholdingofwomens'rightsbywayofabolishingalldiscrimination. 8#8# 2P  81  .3  ԀTheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatseriousdeficienciespersistintheadministrationoftheStateparty'sprisonsystem.TheseincludeconditionsofimprisonmentwhichtheCommitteeconsidersincompatiblewiththeUnitedNationsStandardMinimumRulesfortheTreatmentofPrisonersandarticle10oftheCovenant;attentionshouldbepaidtothelackofsanitaryfacilities,lightingincells,adequatediet,adequatetrainingofprisonstaff,adequatefacilitiesforvisitsofconvictedprisoners(byrelativesandbytheirlegalrepresentatives)andrecurrentill-treatmentofinmates.Inthisregard:0 8 Effectivemeansofredress,withoutreprisals,shouldbeavailablefordetaineesandprisonersregardingcomplaintsofill-treatmentbypoliceorprisonwarders;theBoardsofVisitorsshouldexamineallsuchcomplaintsandreporttotheprisongovernor.TheCommitteerecommendsthatanindependentprisoninspectoratebeestablishedwhichwouldreportpubliclyonitsfindings. 8#8# 2Q  82  .3  ԀWhilenotingcurrentendeavourstoreformthesystemoflegalaid,theCommitteeremainsconcernedaboutthestateofcurrentlegalaidrepresentation.Thisisparticularlydisturbingforcasesinvolvingcapitalpunishment,whereunavailabilityoflegalaidamountstoaviolationofarticle6junctoarticle14oftheCovenant.Therefore:0 8 TheCommitteeurgestheStatepartytomonitoronacontinuingbasistheavailabilityandqualityoflegalaidrepresentation,andtoensurethatexperiencedcounselisassignedtoindividualsaccusedofcapitalandotherseriousoffences.TheCommitteeemphasizesthatadequateremunerationoflawyersactingunderthePoorPrisoners'DefenceActatallstagesofarrestandsubsequentproceedingswouldgreatlyassistinprovidingaproperdefenceofclientsinapropermanner.Legalaidshouldbeavailableforobtainingthepresenceofdefencewitnessesforthepurposesoftrials. 8#8# 2R  83  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisdeeplyconcernedaboutthefactthattheFloggingRegulationAct,1903andtheCrime(preventionof)Act,1942arestillinforce,whichprovideforandregulatecorporalpunishmentbothasapenaltyforcertaincrimesandasapenaltyforbreachofprisonrulesofotherregulations.Inthisregard:0 8 TheCommitteerecommendsthatbothActsberepealed,astheyarecontrarytoarticle7oftheCovenant. 8#8#  X-+@ 2S  84  .3  ԀTheCommitteeregretsthelackofpublishedinformationaboutthealarminglyhighincidenceoftheuseoffirearmsbythepoliceandsecurityforces.Therefore:0 8 TheCommitteeurgestheStatepartytoinvestigateallsuchincidentsandtomakeavailabletothepublictheoutcomeofsuchinvestigations;inparticular,aninquiryshouldbecompletedontheTivoliGardensincidentinMarch1997anditsresultspublished. 8#8# 2T  85  .3  ԀWithrespecttothesystemofadministrationofjusticeandtheconductofcriminaltrials,especiallyincapitalcases,theCommitteeisconcernedthat,whiletherehasrecentlybeensomeprogressinreducingdelaysinhearingsofcasesatallstagesofjudicialprocedurebetweentheinitialchargeandthefinalappeal,furthereffortsshouldbemadetoreducedelaysinthehearingofcases.ThisappliesinparticulartothedelaysbetweendismissalofcapitalappealsbytheCourtofAppealofJamaicaandthehearingofapetitionforspecialleavetoappealbytheJudicialCommitteeofthePrivyCouncil.Therefore:0 8 TheCommitteerecommendsthatappropriatelegalprovisionsbeadoptedtoensurepromptissueofareasonedjudgementbytheCourtofAppeal. 8#8# 2U  86  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedthattheStatepartyhasfailedtoadherestrictlytoarticle9,paragraph3,oftheCovenantandtodomesticstatutorytimelimitsonpre-trialdetention.Therefore:0 8 TheCommitteeurgesthatsuchtimelimitsbecloselyobserved,soastoreducetheopportunityforbeatingsandotherformsofpolicebrutalitysuchashavebeenalleged. 8#8# 2V  87  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedthatnotallcasesofdeathatthehandsofthepoliceorsecurityforcesaresubjecttoacoroner'sinquest.Therefore:0 8 TheCommitteeemphasizesthatallsuchdeathsshouldbeinquiredintoandthatinquestsorderedundertheCoronersActwhichareadjournedpendingtheconsiderationbytheDepartmentofPublicProsecutionsofpotentialchargesmustbereopenedifnoprosecutionensues. 8#8# 2W  88  .3  ԀTheCommitteehasnotedthedelegation'sinformationthatwire-tappingremainsanexceptionaladministrativemeasure.Itconsidersthatcurrentadministrativerulesareinsufficienttosecurecompliancewitharticle17oftheCovenant.Therefore:0 8 TheCommitteeurgestheJamaicanauthoritieseithertodiscontinuewire-tappingortoadoptpreciselegislationgoverningitsadministration,whichshouldincludeappropriatemechanismsforjudicialoversight. 8#8# 2X  89  .3  ԀTheCommitteedrawstheattentionoftheGovernmentofJamaicatotheprovisionsoftheguidelinesregardingtheformandcontentsofperiodicreportsfromStatespartiesandrequeststhatitsnextperiodicreport,dueon7November2001,containmaterialwhichrespondstoallthepresentconcludingobservations.TheCommitteefurtherrequeststhattheseconcludingobservationsbewidelydisseminatedamongthepublicatlargeinallpartsofJamaica.@/C.Iraq H%"4 2Y  90  .3  ԀTheCommitteeconsideredthefourthperiodicreportofIraq(CCPR/C/103/Add.2)atitsϢ1626thand1627thmeetings,on27October1997,andatits1640thmeeting,on5November1997,adoptedthefollowingobservations.@+1.Introduction )'; 2Z  91  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomestheStateparty'sfourthperiodicreport,andnotesitstimelysubmissionandthewillingnessofIraqtohaveacontinueddialoguewiththeCommittee.TheCommitteeregretsthatwhilethereportprovidedinformationonIraq'slegislativeframework,itdidnotdealwiththeactualstateofimplementationofdomesticlawsandof X-+@ theCovenant,norwiththedifficultiesencounteredinthecourseoftheirimplementation.Thepresenceofadelegationfromthecapital,whichansweredquestionsaskedbymembersoftheCommitteeandprovidedclarificationonthesituationinIraq,isalsowelcomedbytheCommittee.@ 2.Factorsanddifficultiesaffectingtheimplementation ` 0 8 0$8#8#0 $#$#oftheCovenant  # # 2[  92  .3  ԀTheCommitteerecognizesthateightyearsofwarwiththeIslamicRepublicofIranandtheconflictfollowingIraq'sinvasionofKuwaitcausedthedestructionofpartofthecountry'sinfrastructureandconsiderablehumansuffering,andproducedaverydifficulteconomicandsocialsituationinIraq.2\  93  .3  ԀTheCommitteenotesthattheeffectofsanctionsandblockadeshasbeentocausesufferinganddeathinIraq,especiallytochildren.TheCommitteeremindstheGovernmentofIraqthat,whateverthedifficulties,theStatepartyremainsresponsibleforimplementingitsobligationsundertheCovenant.@kk)3.Positiveaspects p  2]  94  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomestheadoptionofRevolutionaryCommandCouncilDecreeNo.91of1996,whichrepealstheapplicationofthedeathpenaltyandamputationincertaincases.2^  95  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomestherepealofRevolutionaryCommandCouncilDecreeNo.111of1990,whichexemptedfromprosecutioncertain"crimesofhonour"involvingthekillingoffemalerelatives.@ 4.SubjectsofconcernandtheCommittee'srecommendations ( 2_  96  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisdeeplyconcernedthatallgovernmentpowerinIraqisconcentratedinthehandsofanexecutivewhichisnotsubjecttoscrutinyoraccountability,eitherpoliticallyorotherwise.ItoperateswithoutanysafeguardsorchecksandbalancesdesignedtoensuretheproperprotectionofhumanrightsandfundamentalfreedomsinaccordancewiththeCovenant.ThisappearstobethemostsignificantfactorunderlyingmanyviolationsofCovenantrightsinIraq,bothinlawandinpractice.2`  97  .3  ԀTheCommitteeregretsthatmanyofitsquestionsrelatingtoallegationsofseriousviolationsofrightswerenotanswered.Inparticular,theCommitteenoteswithgraveconcernreportsfrommanysourcesconcerningthehighincidenceofsummaryexecutions,arbitraryarrestsanddetention,tortureandill-treatmentbymembersofsecurityandmilitaryforces,disappearancesofmanynamedindividualsandofthousandsofpeopleinnorthernIraqandinthesouthernmarshes,andforcedrelocations.Inthisrespect,theCommitteeexpressesitsregretatthelackoftransparencyonthepartoftheGovernmentinrespondingtotheseconcerns.TheCommitteealsonotesthestatementbythedelegationthatanon-governmentalcommitteehasbeenestablishedtodealwithdisappearances,andregretsthatitwasnotabletoobtaininformationonitsfunctionsoronitspowerstoinvestigatecasesofinvoluntarydisappearance,tobringthosefoundresponsibletojusticeandtootherwisepreventandcombatdisappearancesinIraq.Therefore:0 8 TheCommitteerecommendsthatallallegationsmentionedabovebefully,publiclyandimpartiallyinvestigated,thattheresultsofsuchinvestigationsbepublishedandthattheperpetratorsofthoseactsbebroughttojustice.Informationonthepowers,functionsandactivitiesofthecommitteeresponsiblefordealingwithdisappearancesshouldbeprovidedintheStateparty'snextperiodicreport. 8#8# 2a  98  .3  ԀTheCommitteeregretsthattemporarydecreesadverselyaffectingtheimplementationofcertainCovenantrightshaverecentlybeenenactedbytheRevolutionaryCommandCouncil.Inaddition,theCommitteeexpressesitsconcernthatcertainprovisionsofthesedecrees,whichtheStatepartyhassoughttojustifyonthegroundthattheyareprovisional,areincompatiblewithcertainnon-derogableCovenantrights,suchastherighttolife,theprohibitionoftortureandtheprincipleofnon-retroactivityofcriminallaws.Therefore: X-+@ 0 8 TheCommitteerecommendsthatathoroughreviewofexistingtemporarylawsanddecreesbeundertakenwithaviewtoensuringtheircompliancewiththeprovisionsoftheCovenant.Inthisregard,theCommitteestressesthatCovenantrightsmaybederogatedfromonlyinaccordancewitharticle4oftheCovenant. 8#8# 2b  99  .3  ԀTheCommitteealsonoteswithgreatconcerntheincreaseinthecategoriesofcrimespunishablebythedeathpenalty,pursuanttoRevolutionaryCommandCouncilDecreesNo.13of1992,No.9of1993,Nos.86,95,179and118of1994,andNo.16of1995,andthatthenewcategoriesincludenon-violentandeconomicinfringements.ThesemeasuresareincompatiblewithIraq'sobligationsundertheCovenanttoprotecttherighttolife.Therefore:0 8 TheCommitteerecommendsthatIraqabolishthedeathpenaltyforcrimeswhicharenotamongthemostseriouscrimes,inaccordancewitharticle6,paragraph2,oftheCovenant,andthattotalabolitionofthedeathpenaltybeconsidered.Inthisregard,theStatepartyshouldgivecarefulconsiderationtotheobservationsintheCommittee'sGeneralCommentNo.6ontherighttolife,andinparticularthoseconcerningtherestrictedscopeoftheexpression"mostseriouscrimes". 8#8# *>>u$ 882*2c  100  .3  ԀTheCommitteeexpressesconcernthatRevolutionaryCommandCouncilDecreeNo.115of25August1994violatestheprovisionsofarticle6,paragraph2,oftheCovenant,whichrestrictstheapplicationofthedeathpenaltytothe"mostseriouscrimes",bystipulatingthatthedeathpenaltywillbeimposedonpersonswhohaveevadedmilitaryserviceseveraltimes,andthatitcontainsretroactiveprovisions,contrarytoarticle15oftheCovenant.TheCommitteethereforerecommendedthat:0 u Theapplicationofthisdecreeshouldbesuspendedwithoutdelayandstepsshouldbetakentorepealit. u#u# 2d  101  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisdeeplyconcernedthatIraqhasresortedtotheimpositionofcruel,inhumananddegradingpunishments,suchasamputationandbranding,whichareincompatiblewitharticle7oftheCovenant.Similarly,theCommitteeisdeeplyconcernedbyRevolutionaryCommandCouncilDecreeNo.109of18August1994,whichstipulatesthatanypersonwhosehandhasbeenamputatedforacrimethuspunishablebylawshallbebrandedbetweentheeyebrowswithan"X"symbol,bytheapplicationofthisdecreeretroactivelytopersonswhosehandshavealreadybeenamputated,andbytheexplanationgivenbythedelegationthatthispunishmentwasimposedtodistinguishconvictedoffendersfrompersonsmutilatedinthewar.Inthisregard:0 u Theimpositionofsuchpunishmentsshouldceaseimmediately,andalllawsanddecreesprovidingfortheirimposition,includingRevolutionaryCommandCouncilDecreeNo.109of1994,shouldberevokedwithoutdelay. u#u# 2e  102  .3  ԀTheCommitteeexpressesconcernaboutthecontinuedoperationoffamilyandinheritancelawswhichareincompatiblewiththeprincipleofgenderequalityunderarticles2,paragraph1,3,23and26oftheCovenant.Therefore:0 u Stepsshouldbetakentopromoteandensurefullequalitybetweenmenandwomeninthepolitical,economic,socialandculturallifeofthecountry,andtoeliminateallformsoflegalanddefactodiscriminationagainstwomen. u#u# 2f  103  .3  ԀTheCommitteenoteswithconcernreportsofarbitraryrestrictionsimposedbytheauthoritiesontherighttofreedomofmovementwithinIraqandfreedomtoleavetheterritoryoftheStateparty,inbreachofIraq'sobligationsunderarticle12oftheCovenant.Therefore:0 u Measuresshouldbetakentoensurethatarticle12iscompliedwithand,amongotherthings,thatadministrativecostsfortheissueofpassportsbereduced. u#u# 2g  104  .3  ԀTheCommitteefurthernoteswithconcernthatspecialcourts,whichmayimposethedeathpenalty,donotprovideforallproceduralguaranteesrequiredbyarticle14oftheCovenant,andinparticulartherightofappeal.Italsonotesthatinadditiontothelistofoffenceswhichareunderthejurisdictionofthespecialcourts,theMinisteroftheInteriorandtheOfficeofthePresidentoftheRepublichavediscretionaryauthoritytoreferanyothercasestothesecourts.Inthatregard: X-+@ Ї0 u Courtsexercisingcriminaljurisdictionshouldnotbeconstitutedotherthanbyindependentandimpartialjudges,inaccordancewitharticle14,paragraph1,oftheCovenant.Thejurisdictionofsuchcourtsshouldbestrictlydefinedbylawandallproceduralsafeguardsprotectedbyarticle14,includingtherightofappeal,shouldbefullyrespected. u#u# 2h  105  .3  ԀWithrespecttoarticle19oftheCovenantontherighttofreedomofexpression,theCommitteeisconcernedaboutsevererestrictionsontherighttoexpressoppositiontoorcriticismoftheGovernmentoritspolicies.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedthatthelawimposeslifeimprisonmentforinsultingthePresidentoftheRepublic,andincertaincasesdeath.Italsoimposesseverepunishmentsforvaguelydefinedcrimeswhichareopentowideinterpretationbytheauthorities,suchaswritingsdetrimentaltothePresident.Suchrestrictionsonfreedomofexpression,whicheffectivelypreventthediscussionofideasortheoperationofpoliticalpartiesinoppositiontotherulingBa'athparty,constituteaviolationofarticles6and19oftheCovenantandimpedetheimplementationofarticles21and22oftheCovenant,whichprotecttherightstofreedomofpeacefulassemblyandassociation.Therefore:0 u Penallawsanddecreeswhichimposerestrictionsontherightstofreedomofexpression,peacefulassemblyandassociationshouldbeamendedsoastocomplywitharticles19,21and22oftheCovenant. u#u# 2i  106  .3  ԀTheCommitteeexpressesconcernaboutrestrictions,prohibitionsandcensorshipimposedonthecreationandfunctioningofindependentbroadcastingmedia,aswellasonthedisseminationandbroadcastingofforeignmedia,whicharenotinconformitywiththerequirementsofarticle19,paragraph3,oftheCovenant.Therefore:0 u Lawsanddecreesdealingwiththepressandothermediashouldbeamendedtocomplywitharticle19,paragraph2,oftheCovenant,whichprotectstherighttofreedomofexpression,includingthe freedomtoseek,receiveandimpartinformationandideasofallkinds,regardlessoffrontiers,eitherorally,inwritingorinprint,intheformofart,orthroughanyothermediaof(one's)choice. u#u# 2j  107  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedthatunderarticle38(c)oftheConstitution,themembersoftheRevolutionaryCommandCouncilarenotelectedbyuniversalandequalsuffrage.Thisisincompatiblewiththerightofcitizenstotakepartintheconductofpublicaffairs,underarticle25(a)and(b)oftheCovenant.Therefore:̀0 u TheCommitteerecommendsthatstepsbetakenwithaviewtoensuringcitizensthe & rightandtheopportunitytotakepartintheconductofpublicaffairs,eitherdirectlyorthroughfreelychosenrepresentatives. u#u# 2k  108  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisalsoconcernedthatarticle42oftheConstitutiongivespowertotheRevolutionaryCommandCounciltoissuelaws,decreesanddecisionswithoutbeingsubjecttoindependentscrutinyorreviewtoensuretheircompliancewiththeprovisionsoftheCovenant.Therefore:0 u Provisionshouldbemadetoensurethatindividualswhoserightsmaybeviolatedbysuchlaws,decreesordecisionshaveaneffectiveremedyasrequiredbyarticle2,paragraph3,oftheCovenant. u#u# 2l  109  .3  ԀTheCommitteeexpressesconcernaboutthesituationofmembersofreligiousandethnicminorities,aswellasothergroupswhicharethesubjectofdiscriminationinIraq,inparticulartheShi'itepeopleinthesouthernmarshesandtheKurds.TheCommitteealsoregretsthelackofinformationonthesituationofotherminorities,suchastheTurkeman,Assyrian,ChaldeanandChristianminorities,andontheenjoymentoftheirrightsunderarticles26and27oftheCovenant.Inthisconnection,theCommitteecallsattentiontoitsGeneralCommentNo.23(50)onarticle27oftheCovenant.Further:0 u TheCommitteerecommendsthatmeasuresbetakentoensurefullequalityofrightsformembersofallreligiousgroupsaswellasethnicandlinguisticminorities,andthatinformationbeprovidedintheStateparty'snextperiodicreportontheimplementationofarticles26and27oftheCovenant. u#u#   ,T*? &   2m  110  .3  ԀTheCommitteenoteswithconcernreportsconcerningthedifficultiesfacedbynon-governmentalorganizationsinregardtotheirestablishmentandfunctioning.Therefore:'Xz0 u TheCommitteerecommendsthatstepsbetakenwithoutdelaytofacilitatetheestablishmentandfreeoperationofindependentnon-governmentalorganizations,withparticularreferencetothoseworkinginthefieldofhumanrights. u#u# 2n  111  .3  ԀTheCommitteedrawstotheattentionoftheGovernmentofIraqtheprovisionsoftheguidelinesregardingtheformandcontentsofperiodicreportsfromStatespartiesandrequeststhatitsnextperiodicreport,dueon4April2000,containmaterialwhichrespondstoallthepresentconcludingobservations.TheCommitteefurtherrequeststhattheseconcludingobservationsbewidelydisseminatedamongthepublicatlargeinallpartsofIraq.@ZZ/D.Sudan l   2o  112  .3  ԀTheCommitteeconsideredthesecondperiodicreportoftheSudan(CCPR/C/75/Add.2)atits1628thand1629thmeetings,on28October1997,andatits1642ndmeeting,on5November1997,adoptedthefollowingobservations.@+1.Introduction   2p  113  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomesthereportsubmittedbytheGovernmentoftheSudan.Itnotesthatthedialoguewiththehigh-leveldelegationoftheStatepartywasfrank,constructiveandopen,anditisalsogratefulforthefurtherdocumentssubmittedbytheGovernmenton3November1997.ThispermittedtheCommitteetohaveaclearerideaofthesituationintheSudan.Whilethesecondperiodicreportanditsannexescontainsubstantiallymoreinformationthanthepreviousreport,itisnonethelessregrettedthattheStatepartydidnotprovideanswerstoalloftheCommittee'swrittenlistofquestions,andthatanumberofquestionsaskedorallyalsoremainedunanswered.TheCommitteeacknowledgesreceiptofthereportsby(a)theindependentjudicialcommissionwhichinvestigatedeventsinJubain1992;and(b)reportsbytheAdvisoryCouncilonHumanRightsintoallegationsofslaveryinsouthernKordofanandofdisappearances.@ 2.Factorsanddifficultiesaffectingtheimplementation 4% 0 u 0$u#u#0 $#$#oftheCovenant& # # 2q  114  .3  ԀItisnotedthatthearmedconflictoriginatinginthesouthernpartoftheSudanisanobstacletothefullimplementationoftheCovenant.2r  115  .3  ԀThelackofreconciliationbetweendifferentracial,religious,culturalandlegaltraditionsinthenorthandthesouthoftheSudanappearstobeafactoraffectingtheimplementationoftheCovenant.@kk)3.Positivefactors "@ 0 2s  116  .3  ԀInviewofthefactthatmanyviolationsofhumanrightshavebeencausedinrecentyearsinthecontextoftheinternalconflictintheSudan,theCommitteewelcomesallinitiativesdirectedtowardsapeacefulresolutionoftheconflict,includingtheFourteenthConstitutionalDecreewhichprovidesformeasurestoimplementthePeaceAgreementofApril1997;stepstakentogiveeffecttothisDecree;andcontinuingnegotiationsinNairobitoresolvetheconflict.2t  117  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomestheprogressivestepswhichhavebeentakentoreducetheimpactofthedeclaredstateofemergency;theexistenceofcommitteeswhichareformulatinganewConstitution;andstepswhicharebeingtakentoestablishaformalsystemofpluralisticdemocracy.2u  118  .3  ԀInthelightofthesignificantdisplacementofpersonsasaresultoftheinternalconflict,theCommitteenotestheeffortsmadetoresettlesuchpersonsandtoassistthemtoreturntotheirplacesoforigin. X-+@ @ 4.SubjectsofconcernandtheCommittee'srecommendations X 2v  119  .3  ԀTheimpositionintheStatepartyofthedeathpenaltyforoffenceswhichcannotbecharacterizedasthemostserious,includingapostasy,committingathirdhomosexualact,illicitsex,embezzlementbyofficials,andtheftbyforce,isincompatiblewitharticle6oftheCovenant.Moreover,someformsofexecutionfailtocomplywiththeprohibitionagainstcruel,inhumanordegradingtreatmentorpunishment,especiallyforwomen,containedinarticle7oftheCovenant.Therefore:0 u Thedeathpenalty,ifusedatall,shouldbeapplicableonlytothemostseriouscrimes,inaccordancewitharticle6,andshouldberepealedforallothercrimes.Anyimpositionofthedeathpenaltyshouldcomplywiththerequirementsofarticle7.Initsnextreport,theStatepartyisaskedtofurnishinformationonthenumberofexecutionswhichhavetakenplace,thetypeofoffenceforwhichthedeathpenaltyhasbeenimposed,andthemannerinwhichtheexecutionhasbeencarriedout. u#u# 2w  120  .3  ԀFlogging,amputationandstoning,whicharerecognizedaspenaltiesforcriminaloffences,arenotcompatiblewiththeCovenant.Inthatregard,theCommitteenotesthat:0 u ByratifyingtheCovenant,theStatepartyhasundertakentocomplywithallitsarticles;penaltieswhichareinconsistentwitharticles7and10mustbeabolished. u#u# 2x  121  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedaboutthehighmaternalmortalityrateintheSudan,whichmaybetheconsequenceofearlymarriage,clandestineabortionsandfemalegenitalmutilation.TheCommitteeisdeeplyconcernedaboutthepracticeoffemalegenitalmutilationintheSudan,particularlybecauseitispractisedonfemaleminors,whomaysuffertheconsequencesthroughouttheirlives.Thispracticeconstitutescruel,inhumananddegradingtreatmentandviolatesarticles7and24oftheCovenant.Therefore:0 u TheStatepartyshouldforbid,asamatteroflaw,thepracticeoffemalegenitalmutilation,makingitadiscretecriminaloffence.Socialandeducationalcampaignsshouldbepursuedtoeliminatethepractice. u#u# 2y  122  .3  ԀTheCommitteenotesthatundercustomaryarrangementsawoman'sconsenttomarriageismediatedbyaguardian,andthatrecoursehastobemadetothecourtstooverrideanyprohibitionwithinthefamilyonawoman'schoiceofahusband.Suchrestrictions,whetherbypracticeorlegislation,areincompatiblewitharticles3,16,23and26oftheCovenant.Therefore:0 u TheStatepartyshouldrepealalllegalprovisionshinderingwomen'sfreechoiceofspouse,aswellasallotherrulesdifferentiatingbetweenmen'sandwomen'srightstomarryandwithinmarriage.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedabouttheabsenceofalegalprovisiononaminimumageformarriage,andstronglyrecommendsthatsuchaprovisionbeadoptedforthwith. u#u# 2z  123  .3  ԀTheCommitteeistroubledbythenumberofreportsofextrajudicialexecutions,torture,slavery,disappearances,abductionsandotherhumanrightsviolationsfromUnitedNationsandnongovernmentalorganizationssources,andbythedelegation'sassertionsthatsuchhumanrightsviolationsarerelativelyinfrequent.Inthisconnection,theCommittee'sconcernextendstoreportsofabductionbysecurityforcesofchildren,particularlyintheSouth.ItwelcomestheStateparty'sdeclarationthatitwillinvestigateanyreportsofhumanrightsabusesbypolice,securityforces,thePopularDefenceForcesorothersunderitsresponsibility.TheCommitteethereforerecommendsthat: u (a) $ Permanentandindependentmechanismsbesetuptoinvestigateallegedabusesof &H$6 powerbypolice,securityforcesandthePopularDefenceForces; u (b) $ Themethodologyofsuchinvestigationsandtheiroutcomeshouldbemadepublic; (L&9  u (c) $ Suchinvestigationsshouldleadtothereleaseofanypersonimproperlydetained, )'; withpropercompensation,andtodisciplinaryorcriminalproceedingsagainstthosefoundresponsible; u (d) $ TheGovernmentoftheSudanshouldcontinuetocooperatewithUnitedNations ,T*? bodiesandnon-governmentalorganizationsonthesematters; X-+@ Ї u (e) $ Completeinformation,includingstatistics,aboutsuchinvestigationsandtheir X outcomeshouldbeincludedintheStateparty'snextperiodicreport.2{  124  .3  ԀWithrespecttolibertyandsecurityoftheperson,theCommitteeisparticularlyconcernedthatthevagueandlegallyundefinedconceptof nationalsecurity,asappliedintheSudan,isinconsistentwiththeprovisionsofarticle9oftheCovenantandcanbeusedasabasisforarrestanddetentionofpersonswithoutamorespecificcharge,creatinganatmosphereoffearandoppressionforanyonecriticaloftheGovernment.Moreover,theCommitteeisoftheviewthattheproceduresforpre-trialdetentiondescribedinparagraph88ofthereportallowtheNationalSecurityCouncil,chairedbythePresidentoftheRepublic,thepowertodetainpersonsforexcessivelylongperiodsoftime.Therefore:0 u TheCommitteerecommendsthattheconceptof"nationalsecurity"beclearlydefinedbylawandthatpoliceandsecurityofficersberequiredtostateinwritingwhyapersonhasbeenarrested.Suchinformationshouldbeavailabletothepublicandshouldbereviewablebythecourts.TheprovisionsoftheNationalSecurityAct1994,asamended,allowingdetentionbytheNationalSecurityCouncil,shouldberepealed. u#u# 2|  125  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedthatvisasforforeigntravelmaybearbitrarilyrefused,incontraventionofarticle12oftheCovenant,thatimmigrationofficersmayarbitrarilyrequirewomentoshowthatamalerelativeconsentstotheirleavingtheSudan,andthatlistsofnamesdrawnupbyvariousexecutiveagencieswithoutmeetinganydefinedlegalcriteriaareapparentlyusedtorestrictthefreedomofmovementofpersons,includingtoleavethecountry.Therefore:0 u AnylimitationsonthefreedomofmovementmustbeestablishedbylawandbecompatiblewiththeprovisionsoftheCovenant.Thegroundsforrestrictingapersonsfreedomofmovement,includingtoleavethecountry,mustcomplywiththeCovenantandshouldbecommunicatedtotheindividualpromptlyaftersuchactionistakenandshouldfurthermorebeopentopromptjudicialreviewinallcases,includingthatofnationalsecurity. u#u# 2}  126  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedatreportsofinadequateprisonconditionsand"ghosthouse"detentioncentres.ItnotesthatthedelegationoftheStatepartyadmittedthatprisonsintheSudandonotconformtointernationalstandardsandthatimprovementisnecessary.Therefore:0 u TheGovernmentoftheSudanshouldbringallplacesofdetentionunderthecontrolofthePrisonService,takethenecessarymeasurestobringprisonconditionsintolinewitharticle10oftheCovenantandwiththeUnitedNationsStandardMinimumRulesfortheTreatmentofPrisoners,andcooperatewiththeinternationalcommunityandnongovernmentalorganizationsinthisregardasappropriate. u#u# 2~  127  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisoftheviewthatasystemofprompttrialforpettyoffencesmaybecompatiblewiththeprovisionsoftheCovenant,butcontinuestobeconcernedatthesystemoftrialinthePublicOrderCourts.Therefore:0 u Trainingshouldbegiventojudgesonappropriatepenaltiesandonproceduralsafeguardswhichmustbeobserved.Lashesshouldbeexcludedasapunishment,andanappellateprocedureshouldbeintroducedtoreviewconvictionsandsentences. u#u# 2  128  .3  ԀTheCommitteenotestheexplanationthatprosecutionofsecuritypersonnelundertheNationalSecurityAct1994,asamended,isrestrictedwhensuchpersonsactinthecourseoftheirduties.Itisalsoconcernedthatpermissionmustbeobtainedforanysuchprosecution.Therefore:0 u Membersofthepoliceandsecurityforcesshouldbesubjecttoprosecutionandcivilsuitsforabuseofpowerwithoutanylegalrestriction;theprovisionsoftheNationalSecurityAct1994,asamended,areinconsistentwiththatconceptandshouldberepealed.Moreover,statisticsoncomplaintsfiled,prosecutions,convictionsandsentencesofmembersofthepoliceandsecurityforcesforabuseofpowershouldbeincludedinthenextreport.Statisticsonthenumberofrequestsforcompensationandtheamountofcompensationactuallyawardedtovictimsofhumanrightsviolationsshouldalsobeincluded. u#u#  X-+@ 2  129  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedatthesystemoflicensingthepressandothermedia,andtherequirementtoregisterthenamesandaddressesofeditors,journalistsandprinters.TheCommitteequestionstheindependenceoftheNationalPressandPublicationCouncil.Therefore:0 u Currentlawsanddecreesshouldberevisedsoastoremovealldisproportionatelimitationsonthemedia,whichhavetheeffectofjeopardizingfreedomofexpressionitself. u#u# 2  130  .3  ԀTheCommitteeconsidersthatunnecessaryrestrictionsshouldberemovedfromfreedomofexpressionandassociation.Therightofpeacefulassemblyshouldberespectedbylawenforcementofficers.2  131  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedthatthereisnorecognitioninlawoftherighttouselocallanguagesinofficialcommunicationsoradministrativeorcourtproceedings,andthatreligiousminoritiescanbeadverselyaffectedbyarangeofdiscretionaryadministrativeactionswhichcanincludethedestructionofschoolsandeducationalfacilitiesundertownplanningregulations.Therefore:0 u Emphasisshouldbegiventotheneedofethnicandreligiousminorities,wherevertheyresideintheSudan,topursueanddeveloptheirtraditions,cultureandlanguage,asrequiredbyarticle27oftheCovenant. u#u# 2  132  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedthatinappearanceaswellasinfactthejudiciaryisnottrulyindependent,thatmanyjudgeshavenotbeenselectedprimarilyonthebasisoftheirlegalqualifications,thatjudgescanbesubjecttopressurethroughasupervisoryauthoritydominatedbytheGovernment,andthatveryfewnon-Muslimsorwomenoccupyjudicialpositionsatalllevels.Therefore:0 u Measuresshouldbetakentoimprovetheindependenceandtechnicalcompetenceofthejudiciary,includingtheappointmentofqualifiedjudgesfromamongwomenandmembersofminorities.Traininginhumanrightslawshouldbegiventoalljudges,lawenforcementofficersandmembersofthelegalprofession. u#u# 2  133  .3  ԀTheCommitteeexpressesconcernatofficialenforcementofstrictdressrequirementsforwomeninpublicplaces,undertheguiseofpublicorderandmorality,andatinhumanpunishmentimposedforbreachesofsuchrequirements.RestrictionsonthelibertyofwomenunderthePersonalStatusofMuslimsAct,1992aremattersofconcernunderarticles3,9and12oftheCovenant.Therefore:0 u ItisincumbentontheStatepartytoensurethatallitslaws,includingthosedealingwithpersonalstatus,arecompatiblewiththeCovenant. u#u# 2  134  .3  ԀTheCommitteeregretsthedocumentedcasesofofficialactionwhichinterfereswiththerightsofnon-Muslimreligiousdenominationsandgroupstopractisetheirreligionandtocarryoutpeacefuleducationalactivities.Therefore:0 u Amechanismshouldbeestablishedtoprotectminorityreligiousgroupsfromdiscriminationandactionseekingtoimpedetheirfreedomtoteachandpractisetheirreligiousbeliefs. u#u# 2  135  .3  ԀTheCommitteetakesnotethattheGovernmentoftheSudanappearstoconsiderthatparticipationbycitizensintheconductofpublicaffairsismetbyasystemofdirectdemocracy.Inthatregard:0 u TheCommitteeemphasizesthattheenjoymentoftherightsprotectedbyarticle25oftheCovenantrequiresfullrecognitionoffreedomofexpressionandtherighttoimpartandreceiveideasofallkinds,includingthoseinoppositiontotheGovernment. u#u# 2  136  .3  ԀTheCommitteedrawstheattentionoftheGovernmentoftheSudantotheprovisionsoftheguidelinesregardingtheformandcontentsofperiodicreportsfromStatespartiesand requeststhatitsnextperiodicreport,dueon7November2001,containmaterialwhich ,)> respondstoallthepresentconcludingobservations.TheCommitteefurtherrequeststhat&   theseconcludingobservationsbewidelydisseminatedamongthepublicatlargeinallpartsoftheSudan.'@.E.Belarus \ 2  137  .3  ԀTheCommitteeconsideredthefourthperiodicreportofBelarus(CCPR/C/84/Add.4andAdd.7)atits1632ndand1633rdmeetings,on30October1997,andatits1643rdmeeting,on6November1997,adoptedthefollowingobservations.@+1.Introduction h   2  138  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomesthesubmissionofthefourthperiodicreportofBelarus,althoughitnotesthatthereportdidnotcomplywithitsguidelinesconcerningtheformandcontentofperiodicreports.WhileregrettingthatthereportlackssufficientinformationontheenjoymentofhumanrightsbythepeopleandtheimplementationoftheprovisionsoftheCovenantinlawandinpractice,theCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtothedelegationfortheanswersitprovidedtoitsquestions,whichtosomeextentenabledittoobtainaclearerpictureofthehumanrightssituationinthecountry,aswellasfortheadditionalwritteninformationsubmittedbytheStateparty.2  139  .3  ԀTheinformationsubmittedbyanumberoflocalnon-governmentalorganizationsassistedtheCommitteeinitsunderstandingofthehumanrightssituationintheStateparty.@ 2.Factorsanddifficultiesaffectingthe |$ 0 u 0$u#u#implementationoftheCovenant($#$# 2  140  .3  ԀTheCommitteenotesthat20percentofthenationalbudgethastobedevotedtoalleviatingtheconsequencesoftheChernobyldisaster,anditsparticularlyharsheffectsonchildren.@kk)3.Positiveaspects # 2  141  .3  ԀTheCommitteenotesthevariousstepstakentoimprovethesituationofwomeninBelarus,particularlyinthelabourmarket,anditwelcomesthecreationofaWomensCrisisCentretoshelterwomenvictimsofrapeordomesticviolence.TheCommitteealsowelcomesthestatisticsprovidedbythedelegationontheparticipationofwomeninthelabourforceintheprivateandpublicsectors,althoughitregretsthattheywerenotdisaggregatedsoastorevealthenumberofwomenoccupyingseniorposts.2  142  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomesthedecisionoftheconstitutionalCourt,recognizingthesupremacyoftheCovenantoverdomesticlawbydeclaringtheretroactiveapplicationofacriminallawinvalid,inaccordancewitharticle15oftheCovenant.@ 4.SubjectsofconcernandtheCommittee'srecommendations D# 1 2  143  .3  ԀTheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatremnantsoftheformertotalitarianrulepersistandthatthehumanrightssituationinBelarushasdeterioratedsignificantlysincetheCommittee'sconsiderationoftheStateparty'sthirdperiodicreportin1992.TheCommitteenotesinparticularthepersistenceofpoliticalattitudesthatareintolerantofdissentorcriticismandadversetothepromotionandfullprotectionofhumanrights,thelackoflegislativelimitsonthepowersoftheexecutive,andthegrowingconcentrationofpowers,includinglegislativepowers,inthehandsoftheexecutive,withoutjudicialcontrol.2  144  .3  ԀTheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatthenumberofcrimesforwhichthedeathpenaltyisapplicableundertheCriminalCodeisstillveryhigh,andthatdecreesdefiningnewcrimespunishablebydeath,suchasPresidentialDecreeNo.21of21October1997,haverecentlybeenenacted.TheCommitteeexpressesitsseriousconcernattheveryhighnumberofdeathsentencesactuallycarriedout.Furthermore,theCommitteeisalsoconcernedatthesecrecysurroundingtheproceduresrelatingtothedeathpenaltyatallstages.Therefore: X-+@ Ї0 u TheCommitteerecommendsthattheapplicationofthedeathpenaltyberestrictedtothemostseriouscrimes,asprovidedforinarticle6,paragraph2,oftheCovenant,andthatitsabolitionbeconsideredbytheStatepartyatanearlydate.TothatendtheCommitteerecommendsthatathoroughreviewofrelevantlegislationanddecreesbeundertakentoensuretheircompliancewiththeCovenantand,indoingso,dueaccountbetakenoftheCommittee'sGeneralCommentNo.6(16)andoftheCommittee'sjurisprudenceestablishingthattheimpositionofthedeathpenaltyfollowingatrialwhichdoesnotcomplywiththerequirementsofarticle14oftheCovenantviolatesarticle6. u#u# 2  145  .3  ԀTheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernaboutnumerousallegationsofill-treatmentofpersonsbypoliceandotherlawenforcementofficialsduringpeacefuldemonstrationsandonarrestanddetention,andaboutthehighnumberofcasesinwhichpoliceandothersecurityofficialsresorttotheuseofweapons.Notingthatinvestigationsofsuchabusesarenotconductedbyanindependentmechanismandthatthenumberofprosecutionsandconvictionsinthesecasesisverylow,theCommitteeexpressesconcernthatthesephenomenamayleadtoimpunityformembersofthepoliceandothersecurityofficials.Therefore:0 u TheCommitteerecommendsthat,inordertocombatimpunity,stepsbetakentoensurethatallallegationsofill-treatmentandunlawfuluseofweaponsbysecurityandpoliceofficialsbepromptlyandimpartiallyinvestigatedbyanindependentbody,thattheperpetratorsbeprosecutedandpunished,andthatthevictimsbecompensated.Moreover,inaccordancewithparagraph10oftheCommittee'sGeneralCommentNo.20(44)onarticle7oftheCovenant,"enforcementpersonnel,(...)policeofficersandanyotherpersonsinvolvedinthecustodyortreatmentofanyindividualsubjectedtoanyformofarrest,detentionorimprisonmentmustreceiveappropriateinstructionandtraining"concerningthebanontortureandothercruel,inhumanordegradingtreatmentprohibitedbyarticle7andtheobservanceofotherhumanrightsnorms. u#u# 2  146  .3  ԀTheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatpre-trialdetentionmaylastupto18months,andthatthecompetencetodecideuponthecontinuanceofpre-trialdetentionlieswiththeProcuratorandnotwithajudge,whichisincompatiblewitharticle9,paragraph3,oftheCovenant.TheCommitteealsonoteswithregretthatithasnotbeenclarifiedinthereportorinthecourseofthediscussionwhetherproceedingsbeforeacourtchallengingthelawfulnessofthedetention,inaccordancewitharticle9,paragraph4,oftheCovenant,areavailabletopersonsthusdetained.Inthisregard:0 u TheCommitteerecommendsthatthelawsandregulationsrelatingtopre-trialdetentionbereviewedasamatterofprioritysoastocomplywiththerequirementsofarticle9oftheCovenant. u#u# 2  147  .3  ԀTheCommitteefurthernoteswithconcernthatthesupervisionofplacesofdetention,byvirtueoftheLawoftheProcurator'sOffice,isunderthecompetenceoftheProcurator'sOffice,andthatthereexistsnoindependentmechanismcompetenttoreceiveandinvestigatecomplaintsbydetainees.Moreover,theCommitteeexpressesitsconcernattheoverallconditionsofdetentioninprisons,inparticularwithrespecttoovercrowding,andwishestoemphasizethattheexistenceof"punishmentcells"andthefactthatfoodrationsarereducedfordetaineesplacedinsuchcells,thepressovchikiinprisoncells,andtheconditionsofdetentionofprisonerssentencedtodeath,aremattersofparticularconcern.Therefore:0 u TheCommitteerecommendsthatstepsbetakentoimproveprisonconditions,includingconditionsforprisonersondeathrow,andthatinsodoingaccountbetakenoftheCommittee'sGeneralCommentNo.21(44)onarticle10oftheCovenantandtheUnitedNationsMinimumStandardRulesfortheTreatmentofPrisoners.TheCommitteerecommendsinparticularthatthepracticeof"punishmentcells",inwhichparticularlyharshconditionsareimposedonprisoners,andtheuseofpressovchiki,arecontrarytotheCovenant,andrecommendsthattheirusebeabolished. u#u# 2  148  .3  ԀWithrespecttothefreedomofmovementandtherighttochooseone'sresidence,theCommitteereiteratestheconcernsitexpressedduringtheconsiderationoftheStateparty'sthirdperiodicreportinregardtotheretentionofthePropiska(residents'permit)systemusedunderthepreviousregime.TheCommitteealsoexpressesitsconcernaboutthenumberofunreasonablerestrictionsimposedbyarticle5oftheProcedureforEntrytoandExitfromtheRepublicofBelarusbyCitizensoftheRepublicofBelarusActonthefreedomof X-+@ citizenstoleavethecountry,someofthembeingvaguelydefinedandopentowideinterpretationbytheauthoritiesandthereforesusceptibleofabuse,suchaspossessionofStatesecrets,refusaltodischargeobligations,orongoingproceedingsincaseofacivilsuit.Therefore:0 u TheCommitteerecommendsthatmeasuresbetakentoensurethatarticle12oftheCovenantisfullycompliedwith,anditurgestheStatepartytorepealthePropiskasystem. u#u# 2  149  .3  ԀTheCommitteenoteswithconcernthattheproceduresrelatingtotenure,disciplininganddismissalofjudgesatalllevelsdonotcomplywiththeprincipleofindependenceandimpartialityofthejudiciary.TheCommitteeisparticularlyconcernedthatthejudgesoftheConstitutionalCourtandSupremeCourtcanbedismissedbythePresidentoftheRepublicwithoutanysafeguards.TheCommitteealsonoteswithconcerntheallegationthattwojudgesweredismissedbythePresidentoftheRepubliconthegroundthatinthedischargeoftheirjudicialfunctionstheyfailedtoimposeandcollectafineimposedbytheexecutive.Furthermore,theCommitteeisconcernedatthefailureofthePresidentoftheRepublictorespectthedecisionsoftheConstitutionalCourtandtoobservetheruleoflaw.2  150  .3  ԀTheCommitteealsonoteswithconcerntheadoptionofthePresidentialDecreeontheActivitiesofLawyersandNotariesof3May1997,whichgivescompetencetotheMinistryofJusticeforlicensinglawyersandobligesthem,inordertobeabletopractise,tobemembersofacentralizedCollegiumcontrolledbytheMinistry,thusunderminingtheindependenceoflawyers.Inthisregard:0 u TheCommitteestressesthattheindependenceofthejudiciaryandthelegalprofessionisessentialforasoundadministrationofjusticeandforthemaintenanceofdemocracyandtheruleoflaw.TheCommitteeurgestheStatepartytotakeallappropriatemeasures,includingreviewoftheConstitutionandthelaws,inordertoensurethatjudgesandlawyersareindependentofanypoliticalorotherexternalpressure.TheattentionoftheStatepartyisdrawninthisconnectiontothe1985BasicPrinciplesontheIndependenceoftheJudiciaryandthe1990BasicPrinciplesontheRoleofLawyers,adoptedbytheUnitedNationsGeneralAssembly. u#u# 2  151  .3  ԀTheCommitteeexpressesconcernaboutreportsofarbitraryinfringementsoftherighttoprivacy,inparticularofabusesbytheauthoritiesinregardtowire-tappingandhousesearches.Moreover,theCommitteenoteswithconcernthat,underarticle20oftheLawonInvestigativeActivities,decisionsonthelegalityofsuchactivitiesareinthecompetenceoftheGeneralProcurator,withoutacourtreview.Therefore:0 u TheCommitteerecommendsthatinvestigativeactivitiesaffectingtherighttoprivacybeconductedinaccordancewitharticle17oftheCovenant,andthatthecompetencetodecideuponrequestsforandthelegalityofsuchactivitiesbetransferredtothecourts. u#u# 2  152  .3  ԀTheCommitteenotesthestatementofthedelegationofBelarusthatlegislationonconscientiousobjectiontomilitaryserviceisenvisaged.Inthisregard:0 u TheCommitteerecommendsthatalawexemptingconscientiousobjectorsfromcompulsorymilitaryserviceandprovidingforalternativecivilserviceofequivalentlengthbepassedatanearlydateincompliancewitharticle18oftheCovenantandtheCommittee'sGeneralCommentNo.22(48). u#u# 2  153  .3  ԀTheCommitteeexpressesitsdeepconcernaboutthenumerousandseriousinfringementsoftherighttofreedomofexpression.Inparticular,thefactthatmostpublishing,distributionandbroadcastingfacilitiesareStateowned,andthateditors-in-chiefofState-supportednewspapersareStateemployees,effectivelyexposesthemediatostrongpoliticalpressureandunderminesitsindependence.Themanyrestrictionsimposedonthemedia,inparticularthevaguelydefinedoffences,areincompatiblewitharticle19,paragraph3,oftheCovenant.TheCommitteealsonotesthatasaresultoftheprovisionsofPresidentialDecreeNo.218of18March1997,thefreedomtoimportandexportinformation,eitherthroughtheprintoraudio-visualmedia,isseverelyrestricted.Furthermore,theCommitteeexpressesconcernaboutreportsofharassmentandintimidationoflocalandforeignjournalistsbytheauthoritiesandthedenialofaccesstopublicbroadcastingfacilitiesbypoliticalopponentstotheGovernment.Therefore: X-+@ Ї0 u TheCommitteeurgestheStatepartytotakeallnecessarymeasures,legislativeaswellasadministrative,inordertoremovetheserestrictionsonfreedomofexpression,whichareincompatiblewithitsobligationsunderarticle19oftheCovenant,asamatterofpriority. u#u# 2  154  .3  ԀTheCommitteealsoexpressesitsconcernaboutsevererestrictionsimposedontherighttofreedomofassemblywhicharenotincompliancewiththeCovenant.TheCommitteenotesinparticularthatapplicationsforpermitstoholddemonstrationsarerequiredtobesubmitted15dayspriortothedemonstrationandareoftendeniedbytheauthorities,andthatDecreeNo.5of5March1997imposesstrictlimitsontheorganizationandpreparationofdemonstrations,laysdownrulestobeobservedbydemonstrators,andbanstheuseofposters,bannersorflagsthat"insultthehonouranddignityofofficialsofStateorgans"orwhich"areaimedatdamagingtheStateandpublicorderandtherightsandlegalinterestsofcitizens".Theserestrictionscannotberegardedasnecessaryinademocraticsocietytoprotectthevaluesmentionedinarticle21oftheCovenant.Therefore:0 u TheCommitteerecommendsthattherightofpeacefulassemblybefullyprotectedandguaranteedinBelarusinlawandinpracticeandthatlimitationsthereonbestrictlyincompliancewitharticle21oftheCovenant,andthatDecreeNo.5of5March1997berepealedormodifiedsoastobeincompliancewiththatarticle. u#u# 2  155  .3  ԀWithrespecttoarticle22oftheCovenant,theCommitteeisalsoconcernedaboutthedifficultiesarisingfromtheregistrationprocedurestowhichnon-governmentalorganizationsandtradeunionsaresubjected.TheCommitteealsoexpressesconcernaboutreportsofcasesofintimidationandharassmentofhumanrightsactivistsbytheauthorities,includingtheirarrestandtheclosureoftheofficesofcertainnon-governmentalorganizations.Inthisregard:0 u TheCommittee,reiteratingthatthefreefunctioningofnon-governmentalorganizationsisessentialfortheprotectionofhumanrightsanddisseminationofinformationinregardtohumanrightsamongthepeople,recommendsthatlaws,regulationsandadministrativepracticesrelatingtotheirregistrationandactivitiesbereviewedwithoutdelayinorderthattheirestablishmentandfreeoperationmaybefacilitatedinaccordancewitharticle22oftheCovenant. u#u# 2  156  .3  ԀTheCommittee,whilenotingthatundertheCitizens'CommunicationsActof6June1996communicationsmaybeaddressedtoStateorgans,expressesconcernthatthereisnoindependentmechanismcompetenttoinvestigateandmonitorallegationsofhumanrightsviolationsinBelarus.ItalsoexpressesconcernatthelackofpublicityinregardtotheavailabilityoftheprocedureundertheOptionalProtocoltotheCovenanttovictimsofviolationsoftheirrightsundertheCovenant,thoughtherighttohaverecoursetointernationalcomplaintsprocedureshasbeengivenconstitutionalprotectioninBelarus.Therefore:0 u TheCommitteerecommendsthatstepsbetakentoexpeditetheplannedestablishmentofanOmbudsman'sOfficeandtoensurethathe/shehaseffectivepowerstoinvestigatecomplaintsofviolationsofhumanrights.InformationontheindividualcommunicationsprocedureundertheOptionalProtocolshouldbedisseminatedamongthepublicatlarge,andinparticularamongprisoners(includingprisonersondeathrow)andotherdetaineesandmembersofthelegalprofession,andeducationonthefullextentoftheirhumanrightsshouldbemadeavailabletothepopulationatlarge.AmechanismshouldbeestablishedtoensuretheimplementationoftheViewsexpressedbytheCommitteeundertheOptionalProtocoltotheCovenant. u#u# 2  157  .3  ԀTheCommitteedrawstheattentionoftheGovernmentofBelarustotheprovisionsoftheguidelinesregardingtheformandcontentsofperiodicreportsfromStatesparties,andrequeststhatitsnextperiodicreport,dueon7November2001,containmaterialwhichrespondstoallthepresentconcludingobservations.TheCommitteefurtherrequeststhattheseconcludingobservationsbewidelydisseminatedamongthepublicatlargeinallpartsofBelarus.  T+(= &   @-F.Lithuania X 2  158  .3  ԀTheCommitteeconsideredtheinitialreportofLithuania(CCPR/C/81/Add.10)atitsϢ1634thand1635thmeetings,on30October1997,andatits1643rdmeeting,on6November1997,adoptedthefollowingobservations.'X[@+1.Introduction   2  159  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomestheinitialreportofLithuaniaandsubsequentamendments,butregretsitslatesubmission.TheCommitteealsoregretsthatwhileprovidingdetailedinformationonprevailinglegislationinthefieldofhumanrightsinLithuania,thereportdoesnotcontainsufficientspecificinformationontheimplementationoftheCovenantinpractice.However,theCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationfortheanswersprovidedbythedelegationtoquestionsraisedinthecourseofthediscussion,whichdemonstratedtheStateparty'swillingnesstoengageinanopenandconstructivedialoguewiththeCommitteeandenabledittoobtainaclearerpictureoftheactualhumanrightssituationinthecountry.@ 2.Factorsanddifficultiesaffectingthe   0 u implementationoftheCovenantp u#u# 2  160  .3  ԀTheCommitteenotesthatLithuaniaisstillintheprocessoftransitiontodemocracyaftermanyyearsofauthoritarianruleandthatthereremainoutdatedlegislationandanumberofinstitutionswhichmaybedetrimentaltotheimplementationofhumanrightsandwhichwilltaketimetoreform.@kk)3.Positiveaspects ( 2  161  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomesLithuania'saccessiontotheCovenantandotherhumanrightsinstrumentssoonaftertherestorationofitsindependenceon11March1990.2  162  .3  ԀTheCommitteeexpressesitssatisfactionthatthenewCriminalCodecurrentlybeingdraftedwillcontainnodeathpenaltyprovisions,andwelcomesLithuania'sintentiontoaccedetotheSecondOptionalProtocolinthenearfuture.ThefactthattheClemencyCommission,headedbythePresidentofLithuania,hasinpracticesuspendedexecutionsofpersonssentencedtodeathisalsowelcomedbytheCommittee.2  163  .3  ԀTheCommitteenoteswithgreatinterestthatLithuaniahasundertakenmajorreformsofthelegalsystem,includingrepealofpreventivedetentionlaws,abolitionofthePressControlBoard,subjectingadministrativedetentiontocourtreview,andtheenactmentofnewlawsonprivacy,onthemediaandbroadcasting,onfreedomofinformation,onnon-refoulement,onchildwelfareandontheintegrationofdisabledpeople.TheCommitteewelcomesnewlegislationrequiringjudicialauthorizationforpre-trialdetention.TheCommitteealsowelcomestheestablishmentofinstitutionstodealwithhumanrightsissues,suchastheCommitteeonHumanandCivilRightsandEthnicMinoritiesAffairs,theDepartmentofInternationalandHumanRightsaswellastheSeimasOmbudsman'sOffice,whichinvestigatescitizens'complaintsconcerningabuseofofficialpositionbynationalandlocalgovernmentofficials.Inregardtotheforegoing:0 u TheCommitteerequeststhatspecificinformationabouttheoperationofthesenewlawsandinstitutionsbeprovidedinthenextperiodicreportofLithuania. u#u# 2  164  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomestheinformationprovidedbythedelegationonprogrammesforeducationinhumanrightsandonactiontakentodisseminateinformationabouttheCovenanttothepeopleofLithuania.2  165  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomestherecognitionbyLithuaniaofthecompetenceoftheCommitteetoreceiveandconsidercommunicationsundertheOptionalProtocoltotheCovenant.Inthisregard:0 u AspecificmechanismshouldbeestablishedtoensurethattheViewsexpressedbytheCommitteeonindividualcommunicationsundertheOptionalProtocoltotheCovenantaresystematicallyimplemented.X-+@u#u# Ї@ 4.SubjectsofconcernandtheCommittee'srecommendations X 2  166  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedabouttheunclearlegalstatusoftheCovenantwithinthedomesticlegalorderandtheapparentlackofopportunityforindividualstochallengetheapplicationoflawswhichaffecttheirrightsandfreedomsundertheCovenantinthecourts.Therefore:0 u TheStatepartyshouldensurethatCovenantrightsarenotrestrictedbylegislationinconsistentwithitandtakeallnecessarystepstoallowindividualstochallengetheapplicationoflawswhichaffecttheirrightsandfreedomsundertheCovenantinthecourts. u#u# 2  167  .3  ԀWhilewelcomingtheprogressmadeinensuringtheequalenjoymentofrightsbywomen,whichincludestheinitiationoftheActionPlan1998-2000fortheImplementationoftheProgrammeforAdvancementofWomen,theCommitteeisconcernedthatwomenstillsufferfromdiscrimination,especiallyintheareaofemploymentandinaccesstoleadershippositionsinpoliticsandsociety,andthattheproposedlawongenderequalityhasnotyetbeenenacted.Therefore:0 u Concretemeasuresshouldbetakentoeliminatealldiscriminationagainstwomenandtoenhanceandreinforcethepositionofwomeninsocietybyprovidinglegalremediesfordiscriminationinallareas,includingemploymentandcommercialadvertising.Mechanismsshouldbeestablishedtomonitornon-discriminationlaws,toreceiveandinvestigatecomplaintsfromvictims,andtoawardcompensationwhereappropriate. u#u# 2  168  .3  ԀWhilenotingthemeasuresadoptedrecentlytoprovideassistancetowomenvictimsofviolenceandforcedprostitutionandtoprosecutepersonsinvolvedinprocuring,theCommitteeisextremelyconcernedabouttheextentoftheseproblems.Itisalsoconcernedabouttheproblemsofchildabuse,includingsexualabuse.Therefore:0 u Additionalmeasuresshouldbetakentoprevent,investigateandprosecutecasesofviolenceagainstwomen,includingdomesticviolence,andabuseofchildren,includingsexualabuse,andtopromotetherightofwomenandchildrentopersonalsecurity.Programmesfortherehabilitationoftraumatizedchildrenandadequatelegalandsocialproceduresandmechanismstodealwithcomplaintsofbothphysicalandmentalill-treatmentneedtobedeveloped. u#u# 2  169  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedatreportedcasesofharassmentanduseofexcessiveforcebymembersofthearmyagainstconscriptsandofpolicebrutalityagainstdetainees.Therefore:0 u Anindependentinvestigationmechanismshouldbeestablishedtoinquireintoallcasesofallegedbrutalitycommittedbymembersofthepoliceorthearmy.IntensivetrainingandeducationprogrammesinthefieldofhumanrightsformembersofthearmyandlawenforcementofficialsarealsorecommendedtoensuretheirobservanceoftheCovenant,especiallyitsarticles7,9and10. u#u# 2  170  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedthatthepowerofthepolicetodetainpeopleforuptofivehourscouldbeusedforthepurposeofharassmentorintimidation,inviolationoftherightunderarticle9oftheCovenanttopersonallibertyandsecurity.Therefore:0 u TheprovisionsonpolicedetentionshouldbereviewedtobringthemintoconformitywiththeCovenant. u#u# 2  171  .3  ԀWhilerecognizingtheeffortsundertakenbytheStatepartytoimproveprisonconditions,theCommitteeisconcernedthatmostprisons,especiallyplacesofpre-trialconfinement,areovercrowded.Therefore:0 u TheStatepartyshouldtakethenecessarymeasurestoensurethattheconditionsofdetentionofpersonsdeprivedoftheirlibertycomplywitharticle10oftheCovenant,takingintoaccounttheCommittee'sGeneralCommentNo.21(44)andtheUnitedNationsStandardMinimumRulesfortheTreatmentofPrisoners. u#u# 2  172  .3  ԀTheCommitteeexpressesconcernthattherightofforeignnationalstofreedomofmovementmayberestrictedongroundsnotcompatiblewiththeCovenantandthatrestrictions X-+@ ontherighttoleaveLithuaniaareimposedonpersonswho,becauseoftheiremployment,mayhaveinformationrelatingtoStatesecrets.Furthermore,theCommitteeexpressesitsconcernthatrestrictionsareimposedonthefreedomofmovementofasylum-seekerswithtemporaryrefugeestatusandthatfailuretoobservethoserestrictionsmayresultintherejectionoftheclaimforasylum.Moreover,theCommitteeisconcernedthatthelawappearstoprotectagainstexpulsionordeportationincaseswherepersonsmaybeexposedto"persecution"butnotwherethereisathreattotheirrighttolifeorofinhumananddegradingtreatmentorpunishment.Therefore:0 u Provisionswhichrestrictfreedomofmovementinamannerincompatiblewitharticle12oftheCovenantshouldberepealed.ProvisionshouldbemadetoensurethatpersonsarenotdeportedtoStateswheretheymayfacearealriskofviolationoftheirrightsunderarticles6and7oftheCovenant. u#u# 2  173  .3  ԀWithregardtoarticle14oftheCovenant,theCommitteeisconcernedthat,althoughtherearenewprovisionsaimedatensuringtheindependenceofthejudiciary,DistrictCourtjudgesmuststillundergoareviewbytheexecutiveafterfiveyearsofserviceinordertosecurepermanentappointment.Inthisregard,theCommitteerecommendsthat:0 u Anysuchreviewprocessshouldbeconcernedonlywithjudicialcompetenceandshouldbecarriedoutonlybyanindependentprofessionalbody. u#u# 2  174  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisparticularlyconcernedabouttheextensivepowersexercisedbyimmigrationofficersinrespectofillegalimmigrantsinborderareas.Therefore:0 u Thepowersofentryandsearchexercisedbyimmigrationofficersshouldbeclearlydefinedandjudiciallycontrolledinordertoensurecompliancewitharticle17andotherprovisionsoftheCovenant. u#u# 2  175  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedthatregistrationrequirementsforreligiousorganizations,aswellasdistinctionsmadebetweendifferentreligiousgroupsinthisconnection,couldresultindiscriminationonreligiousgroundsinviolationoftherighttofreedomfromdiscriminationonthegroundofreligion.TheCommitteerecommendsthat:0 u Thereshouldbenodiscriminationinlaworinpracticeinthetreatmentofdifferentreligionsinviolationofarticles18and26oftheCovenant. u#u# 2  176  .3  ԀTheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernovertheconditionsforalternativeserviceavailabletopersonswhohaveaconscientiousobjectiontomilitaryservice,inparticularthegroundsforestablishingtherighttoperformalternativeserviceanditslength.Therefore:0 u TheCommitteerecommendstheStatepartyclarifythegroundsandeligibilityforperforming,withoutdiscrimination,alternativeserviceongroundsofconscienceorreligiousbelieftoensurethattherighttofreedomofconscienceandreligionisrespected. u#u# 2  177  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedthatassociationsororganizationsmustcomplywithregistrationrequirementsinordertooperateinLithuania,andthatthereareoverlybroadprohibitionsontheiractivities.Therefore:0 u TheCommitteerecommendsthatlimitationsontheoperationofassociationsandorganizationsnotexceedthosepermittedunderarticle22oftheCovenant. u#u# 2  178  .3  ԀTheCommitteenotesthatcertainrightsprovidedforintheConstitutionofLithuaniaarelimitedtocitizens,althoughthedelegationstatedthat,inpractice,theserightsareenjoyedbyallpersons.Inthisregard:0 u TheCommitteerecommendsthatrelevantlegislationbereviewedinordertoensurethatthereisnoarbitrarydiscriminationagainstaliens,whichisincompatiblewiththeprovisionsofarticles2(1)and26oftheCovenant. u#u# 2  179  .3  ԀTheCommitteedrawstheattentionoftheGovernmentofLithuaniatotheprovisionsoftheguidelinesregardingtheformandcontentsofperiodicreportsfromStatespartiesandrequeststhatitsnextperiodicreport,dueon7November2001,containmaterialwhich X-+@ respondstoallthepresentconcludingobservations,andespeciallyontheimplementationoftheprovisionsoftheCovenant.TheCommitteefurtherrequeststhattheseconcludingobservationsbewidelydisseminatedamongthepublicatlargeinallpartsofLithuania.@--.G.Cyprus \ 2  180  .3  ԀTheCommitteeconsideredthethirdperiodicreportofCyprus(CCPR/C/94/Add.1)atitsϢ1647thand1648thmeetingson24March1998,andatits1663rdmeeting,on3April1998,adoptedthefollowingobservations.@+1.Introduction h   2  181  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomesthetimelyandcomprehensivereportsubmittedbytheGovernmentofCyprus,aswellastheinformationprovidedinthesupplementaryreporttothethirdperiodicreport.TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthattheconcludingobservationsmadeinconnectionwiththesecondperiodicreporthavebeenlargelytakenintoaccountbytheGovernmentofCyprusinthereportunderconsideration.TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationfortheconstructivedialoguewiththedelegationwhichenabledittogainadeeperunderstandingofthehumanrightssituationinCyprus,inparticularofthemandatesandfunctioningofthenationalmachineriesinplacetoprotectandpromotehumanrightsinthecountry.@  2.Factorsanddifficultiesaffectingtheimplementation $ 0 u 0$u#u#0 $#$#oftheCovenantx # # 2  182  .3  ԀTheCommitteenotesthattheStateparty,asaconsequenceofeventsthatoccurredin1974andresultedintheoccupationofpartoftheterritoryofCyprus,isstillnotinapositiontoexercisecontroloverallofitsterritoryandconsequentlycannotensuretheapplicationoftheCovenantinareasnotunderitsjurisdiction.TheCommitteealsonotesthat,asaconsequenceofthesameevents,anumberofcitizensofbothGreekandTurkishcommunitiescontinuetobemissing,makingitimpossiblefortheStatepartytoprovideanyinformationabouttheprotectionoftheirrights.@kk)3.Positiveaspects 4% 2  183  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomestheestablishmentofaCommissionerforAdministrationwiththemandatetoinvestigate,interalia,alledgedcasesofilltreatment,inhumanand/or 8( degradingtreatmentandtorture.TheCommitteealsonotesthedecisionbytheCouncilofMinisterstoestablishaNationalInstitutionforHumanRights,whichshouldbeanindependentbodychargedwithmonitoringthecompliancebytheGovernmentofCypruswithitsobligationsunderinternationalhumanrightsinstruments.2  184  .3  ԀTheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationfortherevisionofthelegislationconcerningprisonsandofitsregulationswhichhave,inparticular,facilitatedtheestablishmentofaregisterfordetainees.ItalsowelcomesthecreationofanindependentPrisonCouncil.2  185  .3  ԀTheCommitteealsonoteswithsatisfactiontheincorporationofahumanrightscourseelementintothecoretrainingprogrammeforpoliceofficersandforgovernmentofficials.2  186  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomestheestablishmentofaFamilycourtwithjurisdictionovercivilandreligiousmarriage.2  187  .3  ԀTheCommitteealsowelcomestherecentagreementbetweentheGovernmentofCyprusandtherepresentativesoftheTurkishCypriotauthoritiestoresolvethefateofthepersonswhohavedisappearedandaremissingsince1974andencouragesbothsidestocontinuetheireffortswiththeassistnceofinternationalmediation.  T+(= &   @((4.PrincipalsubjectsofconcernandtheCommittsesrecommenations X 2  188  .3  ԀTheCommitteenotesasageneralconcernthelongdelaysandobstaclesexperiencedinenactingintolawmanydesirableproposalsfornewlegislationonanumberofmattersandstronglyurgestheStatepartytotakeallnecessarystepstoremedythissituationinorder'XqtoimplementtheprovisionsoftheCovenantmorecomprehensivelyatthenationallevel.2  189  .3  ԀTheCommitteeregretsthepersistenceofinequalitybetweenmenandwomeninlawandinpracticeinCyprus.Itisconcernedthatdiscriminatoryprovisionsonthebasisofsexcontinuetoinhibitthefullenjoymentbywomenoftheirhumanrights,inparticularinlawsrelatingtomarriage,nationality,immigration,employmentandeducation.TheCommitteeurgestheStatepartytoadoptlegislativemeasurestoeliminatesexbaseddiscriminationinallrelevantareas.2  190  .3  ԀTheCommitteenoteswithconcernthediscriminatorylegalprovisionswhichpenalizehomosexualactsandurgestheStatepartytorepealthem.2  191  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedthatthenewlawonpreventionofviolencewithinthefamilyhasnotproducedtheexpectedpositiveresultsandurgestheStatepartytoadoptappropriatemeasurestoimprovethesituation.Areformofthelawonevidenceshouldtakeintoaccountthepossibilityofeliminatingobstaclestoaspouseprovidingtestimonyagainstanotherspouseondomesticviolence.2  192  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedthattheadoptionofaproposednewlawregulatingcivildebthasbeenunreasonablydelayedandrecommendstheStatepartytoensurethattherequirementsofarticle11oftheCovenantbefullymet.2  193  .3  ԀTheCommitteereiteratesitsconcernthat,whiletheCovenanthassuperiorforcetodomesticlawundertheConstitutionandmaybeinvokedinthecourts,thereremainuncertaintiesastowhichprovisionsoftheCovenantareselfexecutingwithindomesticlawoftheStatepartyandwhichrequirespecificlegislation.2  194  .3  ԀWhiletheCommitteenotestheenactmentofanewlawregulatingpublicassembliesandprocessions,itisconcernedabouttheconditionswhichtheappropriateauthoritiesmayimposeregardingtheconductofassembliesandprocessionsuponreceivingtherequiredadvancenotification.TheCommitteealsonotesthattheadvancenoticerequiredtobegivenistooearlyandmayundulycurtailfreedomofassembly.TheCommitteereiteratesthatrestrictionsonfreedomofassemblymustbelimitedonlytothosewhichareinconformitywitharticle21oftheCovenant.2  195  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedthattheageofcriminalresponsibilityisstillfixedatsevenyears,andthatmarriageableageisdefinedastheonsetofpuberty.2  196  .3  ԀTheCommitteefurtherreaffirmsitspositionthatcorporalpunishmentisprohibitedundertheCovenant.2  197  .3  ԀTheCommitteeremainsconcernedaboutthediscriminatorytreatmentaccordedtoconscientiousobjectorsinCyprus,whomaybesubjecttopunishmentononeormoreoccasionforfailuretoperformmilitaryservice.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheproposednewlawconcerningconscientiousobjectorsensuretheirfairtreatmentunderthelawanderadicatelengthyimprisonmentasaformofpunishment.2  198  .3  ԀConsideringtherepeatedallegationsofdiscriminationagainstCypriotcitizensofTurkishorigin,includingissuesofemploymentandidentitycards,theCommitteeregretsthelackofconcreteinformationonthesituationofthosecitizens,andrequeststheGovernmentofCyprustoprovidedetailedinformationonthismatterinthefourthperiodicreport.2  199  .3  ԀInrelationtocasesofallegedbrutality,illtreatmentandtorturebythepolice,theCommitteeurgestheStatepartytotakefirmmeasurestoensureaneffectiveremedytoanyvictimofsuchhumanrightsviolation.Inthisconnection,theCommitteeisconcernedabouttheapparentreluctanceofvictimsofviolenceandilltreatmenttotestifybeforetherelevantinstancesandrecommendsthattheStatepartytakeeverypossiblemeasuretocorrectthesituation,includingincreasedpublicinformationactivitiestoeducatethepubliconredressmechanismsavailableatthenationallevel,theirmandatesandtheirfunctioning. X-+@ Ї2  200  .3  ԀTheCommitteerecommendsthatthelegalprofessionaswellasthelegislative,judicialandadministrativeauthoritiesbeprovidedwithadequateinformationontheprovisionsoftheCovenantanditsoptionalprotocols.2  201  .3  ԀTheCommitteealsorecommendsthatappropriatepublicitybegiventothethirdperiodicreportanditsconsiderationbytheCommittee,includingtheseobservations.2  202  .3  ԀTheCommitteefixedthedateforthesubmissionofthefourthperiodicreportofCyprusasJune2002.@-H.Zimbabwe  d  2  203  .3  ԀTheCommitteeconsideredtheinitialreportofZimbabwe(CCPR/C/74/Add.3)atits1650thand1651stmeetings,on25and26March1998,andatits1664thmeeting,on3April1998,adoptedthefollowingobservations.@+1.Introduction p  2  204  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomestheinitialreportofZimbabwe,whichwaspreparedinpartialconformitywiththeCommittee'sguidelines.TheCommitteeregretstheconsiderabledelayinthesubmissionofthereportandnotesthat,whileprovidingdetailedinformationonprevailinglegislationinthefieldofhumanrightsinZimbabwe,thereportdoesnotcontainsufficientspecificinformationontheimplementationoftheCovenantinpractice.Moreover,intheoralpresentationbythedelegation,onlyanincompletepictureregardingconstitutionalamendmentsemerged.TheCommitteeappreciatesthewillingnessoftheStatepartytoengageinafrankandopendialogueandwelcomesitsoffertofurnishfurtherandmoredetailedwritteninformation.@kk)2.Positiveaspects , 2  205  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomestheongoingreviewofdomesticlegislationandcustomarylawinordertoensuretheircompatibilitywiththeCovenant,particularlyintheareaofwomen'srights.TheCommitteewelcomestherecentconstitutionalamendmentwhichincludesgenderasaprohibitedgroundofdiscrimination.2  206  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomesthedecisionsoftheSupremeCourtupholdingrightsprotectedbytheCovenant.2  207  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomestheestablishmentoftheOfficeoftheOmbudsman,withpowertoinvestigatecitizens'complaintsconcerningallegedviolationsofhumanrightsbyofficialsandtheestablishmentofanInter-MinisterialCommitteeonHumanRightsandInternationalHumanitarianLaw.2  208  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomespolicetrainingbynon-governmentalorganizations,andnotestheeffortsundertakenbyZimbabwetointegratehumanrightseducationintheschoolcurricula.2  209  .3  ԀTheCommitteecommendstheprovisionofstatisticsonAIDSandtheeffortsundertakentoincorporateHIV/AIDSawarenesscampaignsintheschoolcurricula.@D D 3.SubjectsofconcernandCommittee'srecommendations %#5 2  210  .3  ԀTheCommitteenoteswithconcernthepersistenceofbehaviouralattitudesinthesocietyaswellasculturalandreligiouspracticeswhichimpedethefullenjoymentofhumanrights.TheCommitteeencouragestheStatepartytotakenecessarylegislativeandothermeasurestocorrectthissituation.2  211  .3  ԀTheCommitteenotesthatnotalloftherightsintheCovenanthavebeenmadepartofdomesticlawandcannotbeinvokeddirectlybeforedomesticcourts.NotwithstandingtheStateparty'sstatedpolicyofthoroughlegislativereviewinordertoensurecompatibilityofdomesticlegislationwiththeCovenant,theCommitteenotestheabsenceofeffectiveinstitutionalmechanismstoensuresystematicimplementationandmonitoringofits X-+@ provisions.TheCommitteeisconcernedabouttheincreasingtrendtoenactparliamentary&  legislationandconstitutionalamendmentstofrustratedecisionsoftheSupremeCourtthatupholdrightsprotectedundertheCovenantandoverturncertainlawsincompatiblewithit.'2  212  .3  ԀTheCommitteeregretsthattheOmbudsmanhasnopowertoinitiateinvestigationsuo  Тmotubutonlywhereacomplainthasbeenlodged.TheCommitteealsoregretsthatthe \ President,thePresident'sOffice,theAttorney-GeneralandSecretaryforJustice,LegalandParliamentaryAffairsandanymemberoftheirstaffarespecificallyexcludedfrominvestigationbytheOmbudsman.TheCommitteeemphasizestheimportanceandnecessityofsettingupaneffectiveindependentinstitutionalmechanismformonitoringtheimplementationoftheCovenant.2  213  .3  ԀTheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyundertakeacomprehensivereviewofitsdomesticlegislation,includingtheConstitution,withaviewtoensuringitsfullcompatibilitywiththeprinciplesandprovisionsoftheCovenant.TheStatepartyisurgedtoensurethattheCovenantrightsarenotrestrictedoroverridenbyincompatiblelegislationandthatindividualsareabletochallengeinthecourtstheapplicationoflawswhichaffecttheirrightsundertheCovenant.TheCommitteerecommendstheestablishmentofinstitutionalmechanismstoensuretheintegrationofCovenantrightsinlawandpractice.2  214  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedaboutthedualityofthelegalstatutorylawandcustomarylaw,whichpotentiallyleadstounequaltreatmentbetweenindividuals,particularlyintheareaofmarriageandinheritancelaws.TheCommitteeexpressesconcernthatwherecustomarylawcontravenestheCovenantorthestatutorylaw,thecustomarylawcontinuestobeupheldandapplied.TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutcontinuedpractices,inviolationofvariousprovisionsoftheCovenant,includingarticles3and24,suchaskuzvarita(pledgingof x girlsforeconomicgain),kuripangozi(appeasementtothespiritsofamurderedperson), |$ lobola(brideprice),femalegenitalmutilation,earlymarriage,thestatutorydifference ( intheminimumageofgirlsandboysformarriage.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheseandotherpracticeswhichareincompatiblewiththeCovenant(articles3,7,23,24andothers)beprohibitedbylegislation.Moreover,theCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoadoptadequatemeasurestopreventandeliminateprevailingsocialattitudesandculturalandreligiouspracticeshamperingtherealizationofhumanrightsbywomen.2  215  .3  ԀWhilewelcomingtheDeceasedEstateSuccessionAct1997,underwhichawidowmayinheritpartofherdeceasedhusband'sestate,theCommitteewouldappreciatefurtherinformationonthestepstakentoensurethatwidowsaremadeawareofthisrightandthatlegalassistancebeprovidedfortheirbenefit.2  216  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedabouttheextentandpersistenceofdomesticviolenceagainstwomen.Legislationshouldbepassedtomakemaritalrapeacriminaloffence.Educationalcampaignsshouldbeundertakenandinstitutionalmechanismsshouldbeestablishedtoaddressallformsofviolenceagainstwomen,andtoprovideassistancetovictimsofviolence.2  217  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedaboutthesubordinatestatusofwomeninZimbabweansociety.Measuresshouldbetaken,inaccordancewitharticles3and26oftheCovenant,toeliminatediscriminationagainstthemandpromotetheirroleinsociety.Thereshouldbemechanismstoreceivecomplaints,awardappropriateremediesandreportpubliclyonproblemsandprogress.2  218  .3  ԀTheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernatrecentreportsofexcessiveuseofforcebythepoliceandthearmyduringfoodriotsin1998.TheCommitteeurgesthatallcasesofallegedexcessiveuseofforcecommittedbymembersofthepoliceorthearmybeinvestigatedbyanindependentandimpartialbody,thatactionbetakenagainstthoseofficersfoundtohavecommittedabusesandthatcompensationbepaidtothevictims;theStatepartyshouldreporttotheCommitteethereon.Intensivetrainingandeducationprogrammesinthefieldofhumanrightsformembersofthearmyandlawenforcementofficialsarerecommended.TheCommitteeurgesthatthelistofsituationsinwhichtheuseoflethalforceisallowedunderdomesticlawbereduced.2  219  .3  ԀWithregardtopre-trialdetention,theCommitteeexpressesconcernthatundertheCriminalProcedureandEvidenceActthemaximumperiodofdetentionof48hoursbeforebeingbroughttoajudgeormagistratemaybeextendedto96hoursbyaseniorpoliceofficer,a X-+@ practicewhichisincompatiblewitharticle9oftheCovenant.TheCommitteeisespeciallyconcernedthatthispracticeprovidesopportunityforilltreatmentandintimidationofdetainees.Thelawrelatingtoarrestanddetentionshouldbereviewedtobringitintoconformitywitharticle9oftheCovenantandtoensurethatindividualsarenotheldinpre-trialcustodyforlongerthan48hourswithoutcourtorder.TheCommitteerequestsfurtherinformationontheauthorityoftheAttorney-Generaltodenybailtoindividualsinpre-trialdetention.2  220  .3  ԀWhilerecognizingtheeffortsundertakenbytheStatepartytoimproveprisonconditions,theCommitteeisconcernedabouttheconditionsofovercrowdinganddiseaseinmostprisons,resultinginahighincidenceofdeath.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheseconditionsberemediedincompliancewitharticle10oftheCovenantandthattheStatepartyprovidequalitativeandquantitativestatisticaldataonthestateofprisonsinitsnextreport.2  221  .3  ԀTheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatthedecisionoftheSupremeCourtinRattiganandOthersv.ChiefImmigrationOfficerandOthershasbeennullifiedbyanamendmenttotheconstitution,theeffectofwhichistodeprivebothwomenandmenoftherighttohavetheirspousesregisteredascitizens,whoasaconsequencemaynotbeallowedtoresideinorentertheterritoryofZimbabwe.TheCommitteeconsidersthatthisamendmentisincompatiblewitharticles17and23oftheCovenant.TheCommitteerecommendsthatstepsbetakentobringthelawintocompliancewiththeCovenant.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedthatchildrenborntoZimbabweansabroadmaynotacquireZimbabweancitizenship.2  222  .3  ԀTheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyreviewitslawswithaviewtoreducingthenumberofoffencesforwhichcapitalpunishmentcanbeimposed,incompliancewitharticle6oftheCovenantandwiththeCommittee'sgeneralcommentthereon.2  223  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedaboutrecentamendmentsofsection15oftheConstitutionwhich,interalia,authorizecorporalpunishment.TheCommitteereaffirmsitspositionthat | corporalpunishmentisincompatiblewitharticle7oftheCovenant.2  224  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedthatthemassmediaaswellasmanyotherformsofexpression,includingartisticexpression,aresubjecttocensorshipandarelargelycontrolledbytheGovernment.TheCommitteeisfurtherconcernedthatthemassmediaaswellasthelawoncivilandcriminaldefamationareusedbygovernmentofficialstolimitthefreedomofthepress.TheCommitteerecommendsthattherestrictionsonfreedomofexpressionandthepressbebroughtintostrictcompliancewitharticle19(3)oftheCovenant.2  225  .3  ԀTheCommitteeexpressesconcernthatimmunityhasbeenextendedtoindividualscommittingactsofpoliticalviolenceagainstgovernmentopponents.Moreover,thelackofpoliticalpluralismthreatenstheenjoymentofdemocracyinZimbabwe.TheCommitteerequeststheStatepartytoprovidewritteninformationonthefunctioningoftheelectoralsystem,includingabreakdownofthesizeofconstituencies.2  226  .3  ԀTheCommitteenoteswithconcernthathomosexualsaresubjectedtodiscrimination,e.g.,thataliensdeemedtobehomosexualsmaybedefinedas"prohibitedpersons"forimmigrationpurposesandaresubjecttodeportation.TheCommitteerecommendsthatsuchlegislationbebroughtintoconformitywiththeCovenant.2  227  .3  ԀTheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatthePostmaster-GeneralisauthorizedtointerceptanypostalarticlesortelegramsongroundsofpublicsecurityorthemaintenanceoflawandtodelivertheseitemstoaspecifiedStateemployee.TheCommitteerecommendsthatstepsbetakentoensurethatinterceptionbesubjecttostrictjudicialsupervisionandthattherelevantlawsbebroughtintocompliancewiththeCovenant.2  228  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedaboutlegalprovisionswhichrestrictfreedomofmovementinamannerincompatiblewitharticle12oftheCovenant.Itrecommendsthatappropriateeffortsbeundertakentoensurethatallpersonsareabletomoveoutofthecountryfreelyandwithoutunduedelayobtainingthenecessarydocuments.2  229  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedaboutsafeguardingtheculturalheritageofminoritiesinZimbabweandrecommends,interalia,thateducationbeprovidedinminoritylanguages. ,T*?  X-+@ 2  230  .3  ԀTheCommitteerecommendstheintroductionofappropriateawarenesscampaignstocreateadeeperunderstandingoftheCovenantandoftheneedtorespectandprotecthumanrights.Trainingprogrammesshouldbedevelopedinordertoacquaintpublicofficialsandprofessionalgroupsworkingintheareaofhumanrights,includingpublicofficials,law-enforcementandcorrectionalofficials,membersofthejudiciary,membersofthedefenceforces,teachers,socialworkersandhealthcarepersonnel.TheCommitteefurtherencouragestheStatepartytoincludetheCovenantinschoolcurriculaandtogiveconsiderationtoreflectingitinthetrainingcurricula.2  231  .3  ԀTheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty'snextperiodicreportbecomprehensiveincharacterandthatitaddressallthepointsraisedintheseconcludingobservations.2  232  .3  ԀTheCommitteerequeststheStatepartytoensurethewidedisseminationinZimbabweoftheCovenant,theStatepartyreportandtheCommittee'sconcludingobservations.2  233  .3  ԀTheCommitteefixedthedateforthesubmissionofZimbabwessecondperiodicreportasJune2002.@.I.Uruguay   2  234  .3  ԀTheCommitteeconsideredthefourthperiodicreportofUruguay(CCPR/C/95/Add.9)atitsϢ1653rdand1654thmeetings,on27March1998,andatits1665thmeeting(sixtysecondsession),on6April1998,adoptedthefollowingobservations.  1.Introduction x   2  235  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomesthetimelysubmissionofthefourthperiodicreportofUruguayandtakesnoteoftheusefulinformationcontainedinthereportconcerningrecentlegislativechanges.Itappreciates,inparticular,thatthereportingeneraltakesintoaccountanumberofcommentsmadebytheCommitteeduringtheconsiderationoftheStateparty'sthirdperiodicreport.2  236  .3  ԀTheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtothedelegationforitsthoroughintroductionofthereportandresponsestoquestionsraisedbymembersoftheCommittee.ThevaluableadditionalinformationprovidedbytheStatefacilitatedanopen,frankandfruitfuldialoguebetweentheCommitteeandtheStateparty.  2. @u Positiveaspects 8(   2  237  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomestheachievementsduringtheperiodunderreviewinbringingdomesticlawintoconformitywiththeprovisionsoftheCovenant.Considerableprogresshasalsobeenrealizedwiththeenactmentofnewlawsandcodesandwiththestrengtheningofdemocraticinstitutionsandprocessesaimedatpromotingandprotectinghumanrights.NotableamongtheselegislativeachievementsistheenactmentofthenewCodeofCriminalProcedure(ActNo.16.893).2  238  .3  ԀItalsowelcomestheconstitutionalamendmentofJanuary1997,whichmakestheelectoralsystemmoretransparentandbringsitinlinewithinternationalnorms,aswellasvariouslegislativeactstoensureequalitybetweenmenandwomenandtopreventdomesticviolence,includingthatagainstwomen,childrenandoldpeople.2  239  .3  ԀItfurtherwelcomesthestepstakentoimprovethetrainingoflawenforcementofficersandwardensindetentioncentres,aswellastheagreementsbetweentheMinistryoftheInteriorandtheuniversitiesinordertoimprovepolicetraining.  3. @ Principalsubjectsofconcernandrecommendations )';   2  240  .3  ԀTheCommitteeexpressesonceagainitsdeepconcernabouttheLeydeCaducidaddelaϢPretensi;nPunitivadelEstado(ExpiryLawofthePunitivePowersoftheState)anditsprofoundanxietyabouttheimplicationsoftheLawwithregardtocompliancewiththeCovenant.Inthisregard,theCommitteeemphasizestheobligationofStatesparties,under X-+@ article2,paragraph3,oftheCovenant,toensurethatallpersonswhoserightsorfreedomshavebeenviolatedshallhaveaneffectiveremedythroughrecoursetothecompetentjudicial,administrative,legislativeorotherauthority.TheCommitteenoteswithdeepconcernthatinanumberofcasesthemaintenanceoftheExpiryLaweffectivelyexcludesthepossibilityofinvestigationintopasthumanrightsabusesandtherebypreventstheStatepartyfromdischargingitsresponsibilitytoprovideeffectiveremediestothevictimsofthoseabuses.TheCommitteealsoconsidersthattheExpiryLawviolatesarticle16oftheCovenantinrespectofthedisappearedpersonsandarticle7inrespectoftheirfamilymembers.Therefore:0 u Inthelightoftheinformationprovidedbythedelegation,theCommitteeencouragestheStatepartytopromoteandfacilitateeveryopportunitytodiscussthisissuewithinthecountry,inordertofindasolutionthatisinfullcompliancewithUruguaysobligationsundertheCovenant. u#u# 2  241  .3  ԀTheCommitteereiteratesitsconcernabouttheconstitutionalprovisionsrelatingtothedeclarationofastateofemergency.Inparticular,theCommitteenotesthatthegroundsfordeclaringanemergencyaretoobroadandthattherangeofrightswhichmaybederogatedfromdoesnotconformwitharticle4oftheCovenant.Additionally,theConstitutionfailstomakereferencetononderogablerights.Therefore:0 u TheCommitteereiteratesitsobservationsonUruguaysthirdperiodicreport,thattheStatepartyrestrictitsprovisionsrelatingtothepossibilitiesofdeclaringastateofemergency,andconstitutionallyspecifythoseCovenantrightswhicharenonderogable. u#u# 2  242  .3  ԀTheCommitteeappreciatesthenewCodeofCriminalProcedurethatwillcomeintoforceinJulyof1998.However,itnoteswithconcernthatthefollowingaspectsthereofarenotinconformitywiththeCovenant: u (a) $ TheCommitteeisparticularlyconcernedwitharticle55oftheCodeinaccordance ( withwhichasuspectmaybeplacedin incommunicadodetentionuntiladecisionistakenastowhetherheshouldbecommittedtostandtrial,andwiththefactthatduringthisperiodthejudgemayrestrictcontactbythesuspectwithalawyer.TheCommitteerecommendsthatthisprovisionisbroughtintoconformitywiththeCovenant; u (b) $ TheCommitteeisconcernedthattheregulationsrelatingtopretrialdetention 0$ bothinrespectofsuspects(imputados)andaccusedarenotinconformitywitharticle9oftheCovenant.Inthisregard,itunderlinesthat,inaccordancewiththeprincipleofpresumptionofinnocence,pretrialdetentionshouldnotbemandatory.Itisalsoconcernedwiththewidepossibilitieswhichexisttorestrictasuspectslibertyassetforthinarticle185oftheCode,inthelightofthebroaddefinitionof imputado,containedinarticle51(1)oftheCode.TheCommitteerecommendsthatdetentionproceduresandotherrestrictionsonthelibertyofsuspectsandaccusedshouldberevisedwithaviewtofacilitatingfullapplicationoftherightsprovidedforundertheCovenant,havingparticularregardtotheprincipleofthepresumptionofinnocence; u (c) $ TheCommitteeisconcernedthat,inaccordancewiththenewCode,thetrialjudge !/ isthesamejudgewhohassupervisedand/ororderedinvestigations,andwhosubsequentlychargedthedefendant.Thisraisesseriousconcernsaboutpossibleimpartialityofthetrial.TheCommitteerecommendsthatthenewCodeensuretrueimpartialityinaccordancewiththeCovenant; u (d) $ TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutarticles89and90oftheCodewhichprovide %#5 thatthemarriagetotheaccusedofavictimofrape,evenstatutoryrape,andofothercriminaloffences,extinguishesthecriminaloffenceorthesentencehandeddownatthetrial,tothebenefitofaperpetratorwhohassubsequentlymarriedthevictim,andparticularlyofallotherparticipantsintheoffence.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheseprovisionsbemodifiedtoconformtotheCovenant.2  243  .3  ԀAlthoughthenewPressLaw(ActNo.16,099)isingeneralapositiveachievement,theCommitteeisconcernedthatitstillincludesprovisionsthatmightimpedethefullexerciseoffreedomofexpression.Foremostamongthesearecertainprovisionsrelatingtooffencescommittedbythepressorothermedia,inparticulararticles19and26ofthelaw,relatingtofalseinformationandtoslanderthroughthemedia.Therefore: X-+@ 0 u Withrespecttofreedomofexpression,thereshouldbegreaterfreedomtoseekinformation,asprovidedforunderarticle19(3)oftheCovenant.Additionally,thesanctionsprovidedforunderchapterIVofthePressLawaretoowideandmayhinderthefullenjoymentofarticle19oftheCovenant.Inthisregard,thelawisnotadequate. u#u# 2  244  .3  ԀTheCommittee,whilerecognizingtheprogressmadebytheStatepartyinrespectofchildrensrightsandinparticularthefutureCodeRelatingtoMinors(CodigodelMenor),remainsconcernedwiththeinformationprovidedbythedelegation,thatthefutureCodediscriminatesagainstfemaleminorsandfailstoprotectfullythenewbornchild,asunmarriedminormothersmayregistertheirchildrenatanyage,whereasminorfathersmayonlydosofromtheageof16onwards.Inthisregard:0 u TheCommitteeurgestheStatepartyinthecourseofdraftingthisCodetobringthewholeofitintofullconformitywitharticles3and24oftheCovenant.ItwishestoreceivethetextoftheCodewhenitisenacted. u#u# 2  245  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedaboutthestatementoftheStatepartythatnominoritygroupexistsinUruguayandrecommendsthattheStatepartycontinuetodevelopitseffortsinidentifyingtheminoritygroupswithinthecountryandadoptthepertinentmeasurestoensurethattherightsunderarticle27arerespected.2  246  .3  ԀTheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyproceedasrapidlyaspossiblewiththeBillbeforeParliamentontheOmbudsman(DefensordelPueblo),andthattheOfficeshouldbeindependentoftheGovernment,havejurisdictiontodealwithhumanrightsviolations,andbeadequatelystaffedtodealwithcomplaintsofabuse.2  247  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedwiththeinformationprovidedbytheStateparty,inrespectofthefollowupontheCommitteesdecisionsinindividualcases,wheretheCommitteehasestablishedaviolationoftheCovenant.Inparticular,theCommitteedoesnotconsideritappropriatetoexpectapersonfoundtobeavictimofahumanrightsviolationtohavetoinitiatenewproceduresbeforethedomesticcourtstoestablishtheviolation,andconsidersthatthestatuteoflimitationsshouldnotapply.Therefore:0 u TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyprovidearemedyinaccordancewiththeviewsadoptedbytheCommitteeonindividualcasesconsideredundertheOptionalProtocol. u#u# 2  248  .3  ԀTheCommitteefurtherrecommendsthatgreaterpublicityshouldbegiventotheCovenantandtheOptionalProtocoltoensurethattheprovisionsoftheseinstrumentsaremadewidelyknowntothelegislature,theexecutive,thejudiciary,lawenforcementofficialsandmembersofthelegalprofession,aswellastothegeneralpublic.2  249  .3  ԀTheCommitteedrawstheattentionoftheGovernmentofUruguaytotheprovisionsoftheguidelinesregardingtheformandcontentsofperiodicreportsfromStatesparties,andrequeststhatitsnextperiodicreport,dueon21March2003,containmaterialwhichrespondstoalloftheseconcludingobservations.TheCommitteefurtherrequeststhattheseconcludingobservationsbewidelydisseminatedamongthepublicatlargeinallpartsofUruguay.2  250  .3  ԀTheCommitteefixedthedateforthesubmissionofUruguaysfifthperiodicreportasJune2003.@.J.Finland &H$6 2  251  .3  ԀTheCommitteeconsideredthefourthperiodicreportofFinland(CCPR/C/95/Add.6)atitsϢ1659thand1660thmeetings,on1April1998,andatits1666thmeeting,on6April1998,adoptedthefollowingobservations.  *P(< &     @+1.Introduction X 2  252  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomesthefourthperiodicreportofFinland,andnotesitstimelysubmissionandthoroughdiscussionofissuesinaccordancewiththeCommittee'sguidelines.TheCommitteealsoacknowledgesthecomprehensiveoralresponsesbythehigh-levelFinnish'X;%delegation.@kk)2.Positiveaspects ` 2  253  .3  ԀTheCommitteenoteswithappreciationFinland'sactionstoadvancehumanrightssinceconsiderationofitsthirdperiodicreportinOctober1990.ForemostamongthesedevelopmentsareFinland'sratificationoftheSecondOptionalProtocoltotheCovenantin1991,thereformoftheFinnishConstitutionin1995toincorporatetheprovisionsoftheCovenantandotherhumanrightsinstrumentsintotheConstitutionandtoextendtheapplicationoffundamentalrightstonon-citizensasrequiredbyarticle2(1)oftheCovenant.2  254  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomestherecentreformofFinnishcriminalprocedurewhich,interalia,ensuresthatdetaineesarebroughttocourtwithoutdelay,andhavetheright   tospeedytrialandcommunicationwithfamilyandcounsel.AlsowelcomeisFinland'swithdrawalofitsreservationtoarticle9(3)oftheCovenant.2  255  .3  ԀTheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactiontherecognitionintheConstitutionoftheSamiandRomapeopleandoftheirrights,alongwithothergroups,todeveloptheirlanguageandculture.TheCommitteewelcomestheexistenceofAdvisoryBoardsforbothSamiandRomaniaffairs,mandatedtoadvancetheinterestsoftheseminoritypopulations,andtherightofϢSamissince1992tocommunicatewiththeauthoritiesintheirnativelanguageandtobeconsultedthroughtheirrepresentativesonmattersaffectingthemclosely.ItalsowelcomesthatprimaryandsecondaryeducationlevelstudentsmaybetaughtintheirmothertongueofSamiorRomani.2  256  .3  ԀTheCommitteecommendstheeffortstopromoteracialtolerancebytheestablishmentoftheParliamentaryOmbudsman,theChancellorofJustice,theOmbudsmanforAliens,andtheAdvisoryBoardforRefugeeandMigrantAffairs,aswellastheimplementationofahumanrightscurriculumintheschools.2  257  .3  ԀTheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactiontherecenteffortstosafeguardthewell-beingofwomenandchildrenindomesticabusesituationsbytheestablishmentofnationwidecrisisϢcentresandsheltersandthetreatmentofmenwhoabuse,aswellaslegislationin1994tooutlawrapeinmarriageandnewmeasurestocombattraffickinginwomenandchildren.2  258  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomestheimplementationoftheAliensActin1991andotherlegislativemeasureswhichbroadenthecriteriafortheissuanceofresidencypermits,createproceduresforreviewofdeportationdecisionsandgivetheOmbudsmanforAliensaroleintheseproceedings,andgivealienresidentstherighttovoteinlocalelections.2  259  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomestheactiontakenbyFinlandtodisseminateinformationabouttheCovenantandtoconsultwithnongovernmentalorganizationsaboutthereport.@ 3.SubjectsofconcernandCommitteerecommendations $D"3 2  260  .3  ԀWhilenotingthatarecentreformofthePenalCodemakespunishabletheviolationofseveralrightsandfreedoms,includingthoseprotectedbyarticles21and22oftheCovenant,theCommitteeisconcernedthatcriminallawmaynotalonebeappropriatetodetermineappropriateremediesforviolationsofcertainrightsandfreedoms.ItrecommendsthattheFinnishauthoritiescontinuetogiveprioritytopositivemeasuresandtocivilprocesseswhichareabletodetermineissuesofcompensationorotherremedies,especiallyincasesofdiscrimination.2  261  .3  ԀTheCommitteenotesthattheproposedSamiAct,bywhichforestswithintheSamihomelandwouldbeturnedintocommonsownedbytheSamivillages,hasnotpassedtheParliamentandthattheissueoflandrightsoftheSamihavenotbeenresolved. X-+@ 2  262  .3  ԀTheCommitteenotesthat"important"UnitedNationsandEuropeanconventionsaretranslatedintoSamilanguagesanddisseminatedtotheSami,andrecommendsthateffortsshouldbemadetoprovidetotheSamiandRomaminorityprintedtextsofallavailablehumanrightsdocuments,translatedintotheSamiandRomalanguages,wherepossible.2  263  .3  ԀWhilerecognizingtheState'seffortstoextendtheprohibitionofsexdiscriminationandachieveequality,particularlyintheworkplace,theCommitteeremainsconcernedatthecontinuingdisparityinremunerationbetweenthesexesandtherelativelylowproportionofwomeninhigherlevelsofthepublicservice.Furthereffortsarenecessarytoreducethesedifferentials.2  264  .3  ԀTheCommitteeregretsthecontinuingdefactodiscriminationagainstmembersoftheRomaminority,especiallyintheareaofprivatehousing,employmentandservices;itrecommendsthatgovernmentagenciesbetrainedtointervenepositivelytohelptoovercomeracistattitudesandtoinitiateproceedingswhereanypatternofdiscriminationisidentified.2  265  .3  ԀTheCommitteeexpressesconcernatitsunderstandingthat,afterduenotice,apersonchargedbeforetheFinnishcourtswithcertainoffencesmaybetriedinabsentia,ifhisorherpresencewasnotnecessary,andsentencedtoafineoruptothreemonthsimprisonmentwithnopossibilityforretrialafter30days.TheCommitteeconsidersthatunlessthepersonhasclearlyagreedtothisprocedureandthecourtisfullyinformedoftheoffender'scircumstances,thismethodoftrialcouldraisequestionsofcompatibilitywitharticle14(3)(d)and(e)oftheCovenant.TheCommitteesuggeststhatthisprocedurebereviewed.2   266  .3  ԀTheCommitteeexpressesseriousconcernabouttheincreaseinnegativeattitudesanddefactodiscriminationtowardsimmigrantsamongsomeoftheFinnishpopulation,andalsoofinstancesofviolence.WhileappreciatingFinland'sacknowledgmentofthesituationandthestepsFinlandhastakentominimizetheproblem,theCommitteerecommendsthatfurtherpositivemeasuresbetakentoovercomediscriminatoryandxenophobicattitudesandprejudice,andtofostertolerance.2   267  .3  ԀTheCommitteenotesthatthereservationsenteredbyFinlanduponratificationoftheCovenantwithrespecttoarticles10(2)(b)and(3),14(7)and20(1)arestillinforceandrecommendsthatconsiderationbegiventothewithdrawalofthesereservations.2   268  .3  ԀTheCommitteeexpressesitscontinuingconcernthatthereisstilllegalprovisionforpreventivedetentionofcertainconvictedpersons("dangerousrecidivists")tobedeterminedbythePrisonCourtandrecommendsthatearlyconsiderationbegiventoimplementingthecurrentproposalsforthereformofindefiniteimprisonmentasoutlinedinparagraph52ofFinland'sfourthperiodicreport.2   269  .3  ԀTheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatSwedishspeakingpersonsdonotalwayshavethepossibilityofusingtheirlanguageindealingwithauthoritiesandrecommendsthatpossibilitybeputintopractice.2   270  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedthatasylumseekersandalienswithirregularstatusareheldinpublicprisonsandpolicedetentionplacespendinginquiryastotheirstatusandrecommendsimplementationoftheproposaltoestablishseparateareas.2  271  .3  ԀTheCommitteereiteratesitsconcern,expressedduringtheconsiderationofFinland'sthirdreport,thatJehovah'sWitnessesaregrantedbydomesticlawpreferentialtreatmentascomparedwithothergroupsofconscientiousobjectorsandrecommendsthattheStatepartyreviewthelawtobringitintofullconformitywitharticle26oftheCovenant.2  272  .3  ԀTheCommitteerecommendsthatthelaudableeffortsalreadymadeinconnectionwiththepromotionofgreaterpublicawarenessoftheprovisionsoftheCovenantandtheOptionalProtocolsshouldbefurtherpursuedandthatappropriatepublicitybegiventotheseconcludingobservations.2  273  .3  ԀTheCommitteefixedthedateforthesubmissionofFinlandsfifthperiodicreportasJune2003. X-+@ @.K.Ecuador X 2  274  .3  ԀTheCommitteeconsideredthefourthperiodicreportofEcuador(CCPR/C/84/Add.6)atitsϢ1673rdand1674thmeetings,on14July1998,andatits1692ndmeeting,on27July1998,adoptedthefollowingobservations.@+A.Introduction   2  275  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomesthefourthperiodicreport,aswellastheaddendumtothereport,updatinginformationsubmittedbytheStateparty.TheCommitteeappreciatesthepresenceofahighleveldelegationandthefrankexchangewiththeCommittee,enablingittoobtainaclearerviewofthepresenthumanrightssituationinEcuador.2  276  .3  ԀTheCommittee,whileappreciatingtheaddendumtothereportprovidedbytheStateparty,regretsthatitdidnotreceiveacoredocument,whichwouldhavehelpedtheCommitteetobetterunderstandtheproblemsexistinginEcuador.TheCommitteealsoregretstheoveralllackofreliablestatistics.@kk)B.Positiveaspects p  2  277  .3   u TheCommitteetakesnoteofthepromulgationofthenewConstitutioninMay1997,   whichwillenterintoforceinAugust1998,andwelcomestheexpandedlistofprovisionsfortheprotectionofhumanrights.2  278  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomestheadoptionoflegislationwhichestablishesmeasuresforthecompensationofvictimsofhumanrightsviolations.ItalsoexpressesitssatisfactionwiththeinformationthatthenextMofMkinoftwoparticularlyseriouscasesofhumanrights ( violationshavebeencompensatedbytheStateparty.2  279  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomestheNationalHumanRightsPlan,aswellastheestablishmentoftheConsejoNacionaldelaMagistratura.Italsonotesthedecisiontoappointanew   Ombudsmanandwelcomesthecreationoftheremediesofamparoandhabeasdata,aswellas ,! theexpansionoftheremedyofhabeascorpus.2  280  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomestheinformationthatarticle23oftheConstitutionprohibitstheenactingofamnestylegislationorgrantingpardonsforhumanrightsviolations;thattorture,enforceddisappearancesandextrajudicialexecutionshavenostatuteoflimitation;andthatobediencetosuperiororderscannotbeinvokedasanextenuatingcircumstance.Italsowelcomestheinformationthatthejurisdictionofthemilitarytribunalshasbeenlimitedtomembersofthearmedforcesintheexerciseoftheirofficialfunctions;thatthesetribunalshavenojurisdictionovercivilians;andthatcasesofhumanrightsviolationsbymembersofthearmyandthesecurityforcesfallunderthejurisdictionofciviliancourts.2  281  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomestheinformationthattheConstitutionalCourthasdeclaredunconstitutionalthecriminalizationofprivatehomosexualrelationsbetweenconsentingadultsandthelawexcludingpersonschargedundertheNarcoticsandPsychotropicSubstancesActfromtheapplicationofthenewprovisionsondetentionpendingtrial.2  282  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomestheinformationthataseriesofeducationalprogrammeshavebeendevisedincollaborationwithinternationalinstitutions,toenableallsegmentsofthepopulation,inparticularmembersofthearmy,securityforcesandthepolice,andmembersofthejudiciaryandlawyers,tobebetteracquaintedwithinternationalstandardsfortheprotectionandobservanceofhumanrightsandhumandignity.@UUC.Principalsubjectsofconcern,suggestionsandrecommendations P)&: 2  283  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedatthemanyinstancesofviolenceagainstwomenandtheveryfewjudicialdecisionsthereon.TheCommitteestressesthatallreportedactsofviolenceagainstwomenshouldbeinvestigatedandappropriatejudicialproceedingsinstituted.  ,T*? &     2  284  .3  ԀTheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernabouttheveryhighnumberofsuicidesofyoungfemalesreferredtointhereport,whichappearinparttoberelatedtotheprohibitionofabortion.Inthisregard,theCommitteeregretstheStateparty'sfailuretoaddressthe'X\resultingproblemsfacedbyadolescentgirls,inparticularrapevictims,whosuffertheconsequencesofsuchactsfortherestoftheirlives.Suchsituationsare,fromboththelegalandpracticalstandpoints,incompatiblewitharticles3,6and7oftheCovenant,andwitharticle24whenfemaleminorsareinvolved.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyadoptallnecessarylegislativeand&  othermeasurestoassistwomen,andparticularlyadolescentgirls,facedwiththeproblemofunwantedpregnanciestoobtainaccesstoadequatehealthandeducationfacilities.' _2  285  .3  ԀNotwithstandingthepostiveinformationprovidedinrespectofthemeasurestakentoamendcriminalproceedings,toestablishoralhearingsandtointroducealternativewaysofdealingwithcivilmatters,theCommitteecontinuestobeconcernedabouttheunreasonablylongjudicialdelays.TheCommitteeencouragestheStatepartytoexpeditetheprocessinviewoftheseverebackloginthecourts.2  286  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisparticularlyconcernedthataccusedpersonsmaybeheldindetentionpendingtrialforamaximumdurationofathirdofthepossiblesentencefacingthem,irrespectiveoftheriskthattheymayfailtoappearfortrialandthattheStateparty'sownstatisticsindicatethatcloseto70percentoftheprisonpopulationisawaitingtrial.Thissituationisincompatiblewiththepresumptionofinnocenceandtherighttobetriedwithinareasonabletimeortobereleasedonbailasprovidedforinarticles9and14oftheCovenant.Therefore:0 u TheCommitteerecommendsthatbaillegislationbebroughtintoconformitywiththeprovisionsoftheCovenantandthatresorttopreventivedetentionbetheexceptionandnottherule. u#u# 2  287  .3  ԀTheCommitteeexpressesconcernaboutthelongdelaysinjudicialproceedingswhichareincompatiblewiththerequirementsofarticles9and14oftheCovenant.ItisalsoconcernedatthesevereshortageofpublicdefendersforthepoorinQuitoandGuayaquilandtheirtotalunavailabilityinmanypartsofthecountry.ThissituationisparticularlygravesinceEcuadorianlawrequiresmandatorylegalassistanceincourtproceedings.Therefore:0 u TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyaddressthequestionofthelongjudicialdelays,andinparticularthatitcomplywiththeprovisionsoftheCodeofCriminalProcedure,whichstipulatesthattheinitialtrialshouldbecompletedwithin60days.TheCommitteeencouragestheStatepartytoincreasethenumberofpublicdefendersandtoextendtheirpresencethroughoutthewholeofitsterritory. u#u# 2  288  .3  ԀTheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernthattheprovisionsofLawNo.10282onthestateofemergencyandthosecontainedinarticle103(6)(h)oftheConstitution,enumeratingtheconstitutionalarticleswhichmaybederogatedfromduringastateofemergencyarenotinconformitywiththeCovenant.TheCommitteeregretsnothavingreceivedsufficientinformationonwhicharticlesmaybederogatedfromduringastateofemergencyandwhethertheyareinconformitywiththeCovenant.2   289  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedthat,despitethePlanforEqualOpportunity1996M2000and D# 1 theconstitutionalguaranteesoftherightsofwomenandlawsdesignedtoenddiscrimination,womencontinuetoreceiveunequaltreatmentinEcuadorowinginparttothecontinuationoftraditionalattitudesandobsoletelaws.Thissituationandtheaforementionedlawsgiverisetoproblemsunderarticles3,23,24and26oftheCovenant.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyfullyimplementthePlanforEqualOpportunity.ItalsorecommendsthattheStatepartyabrogatethoseprovisionsoftheCodeofCriminalProcedurewhichpreventaprostitutefrombeingconsideredasasuitablewitnessintrials.TheCommitteerequeststheStatepartytoinformitofthemeasuresadoptedandoftheresultsachievedunderthePlanforEqualOpportunityinitsnextperiodicreport.2!  290  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisalsoconcernedthat,despitethelegalrequirementofjudicialauthorizationfortheemploymentofchildrenunder14yearsofage,therecontinuestobeexploitationofchildreninemployment.Therefore:  ,T*? &   0 u TheCommitteerecommendsthattheComitNacionalparalaEradicaci;nProgresivadel X ТTrabajoInfantilbeprovidedwiththenecessarymeanstocarryoutitsmandateto  eliminatethepracticeofchildlabour. u#u# 'Xp2"  291  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedthatthebirthsofchildrenborninEcuadortoundocumentedrefugeesarefrequentlynotregisteredduetotheparents'fearofdeportation.ThissituationpreventsthechildrenfromclaimingEcuadoriannationality,towhichanychildborninEcuadorisentitledunderEcuadorianlaw.Inthisregard:0 u TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyadoptmeasuresguaranteeingtoallchildrenofundocumentedrefugeesborninEcuadortherighttoanationality. u#u# 2#  292  .3  ԀTheCommitteeexpressesconcernattheimpactofoilextractionontheenjoymentbymembersofindigenousgroupsoftheirrightsunderarticle27oftheCovenant.Inthisconnection,theCommitteeisconcernedthat,despitethelegislationenactedtoallowindigenouscommunitiestoenjoythefulluseoftheirtraditionallandsinacommunalway,thereremainobstaclestothefullenjoymentoftherightsprotectedunderarticle27oftheCovenant.Therefore:0 u TheCommitteerecommendsthatfurthermeasuresbetakentoensurethatmembersofindigenousgroupsbeprotectedagainsttheadverseeffectsoftheoilexploitationwithinthecountryandbeenabledtoenjoyfullytheirrightsunderarticle27oftheCovenant,particularlywithregardtopreservationoftheirculturalidentityandtraditionallivelihood. u#u# 2$  293  .3  ԀTheCommitteeappreciatestheassurancesprovidedbytheStatepartythattheviewsoftheCommitteeexpressedincommunicationsNos.480/1991and481/1991arebeingdealtwith.However,theCommitteehasnotbeeninformedoftheactualimplementationoftheviewsandtheredressthatthevictimsmayhaveobtained.TheCommitteeawaitsthereceiptoftherelevantinformation.2%  294  .3  ԀTheCommitteeurgesthatrespectforhumanrightsbeinstitutionalizedatalllevelsofgovernment,andrecommendsthathumanrightseducationbeprovidedinschoolsatalllevelsandthatthepresentconcludingobservationsbewidelydisseminated.2&  295  .3  ԀTheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartygivethewidestdisseminationtothepresentconcludingobservations,inparticularbybringingthemtotheattentionofofficialsresponsiblefortheadministrationofjustice,nonMgovernmentalorganizationsand 4% themedia.2'  296  .3  ԀTheCommitteedrawstheattentionoftheGovernmentofEcuadortotheprovisionsofparagraph6(a)oftheGuidelinesRegardingtheFormandContentsofPeriodicReportsfromStatesParties,andrequeststhatitsnextperiodicreport,dueinJune2001,shouldincludematerialwhichaddressesallthepresentconcludingobservations.@--.L.Israel @!. 2(  297  .3  ԀTheCommitteeconsideredtheinitialreportofIsrael(CCPR/C/81/Add.13)atits1675thto1677thmeetings,on15and16July1998,andatits1694thmeeting,on28July1998,adoptedthefollowingobservations.@+A.Introduction %#5 2)  298  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomestheinitialreportsubmittedbytheGovernmentofIsrael,andnoteswithsatisfactionthatitwaslargelypreparedinaccordancewiththeCommittee'sguidelinesconcerningtheformandcontentsofinitialreports.TheCommitteeregrets,however,theconsiderabledelayinthesubmissionofthereport,whichwasreceivedfiveyearsafterthedateonwhichitwasdue.2*  299  .3  ԀTheCommitteenotesthatthereport,whileprovidingextensiveinformationonprevailinglegislationinthefieldofhumanrightsinIsrael,lackssufficientinformationontheimplementationoftheCovenantinpracticeandonthefactorsanddifficultiesimpedingitseffectiveimplementation.Thiswaspartlyrectifiedbytheoralinformation X-+@ providedbythedelegationduringtheexaminationofthereport,whichenabledtheCommitteetoembarkonafrankandconstructivedialoguewiththeStateparty.TheCommitteeexpressessatisfactionthattheGovernmenthadwidelydisseminatedthereportamong X nonMgovernmentalorganizationspriortoitsconsiderationbytheCommittee. \   B.FactorsanddifficultiesaffectingtheimplementationoftheCovenant `   2+  300  .3  ԀTheCommitteenotesthesecurityconcernsoftheStateparty,thefrequentattacksonthecivilianpopulation,theproblemslinkedtoitsoccupationofterritoriesandthefactthattheStatepartyisofficiallyatwarwithanumberofneighbouringStates.However,theCommitteedrawsattentiontoarticle4oftheCovenant,whichpermitsnoderogationfromcertainbasicrightsevenintimesofpublicemergency.@kk)C.Positivefactors l   2,  301  .3  ԀTheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthatIsraelisocietyisademocraticoneinwhichsensitiveissuesareopenlydebatedandthatanactivenonMgovernmentalcommunityhastaken p  firmroot.ItexpressesappreciationforthewidedisseminationoftheinitialreportofIsraelamongprofessionalsinthejusticesystemwhoworkdirectlyinmattersrelatingtothepromotionandprotectionofhumanrightsandamongnonMgovernmentalorganizations.It t welcomesindicationsthattheinterMministerialnetworkofpersonsthathaveworkedtogether   onthedraftingofthepresentreportmaysoonbeinstitutionalized.2-  302  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomesthefactthatthereportincludesmanyreferencestodecisionsoftheSupremeCourtupholdingrightsprotectedundertheCovenant.2.  303  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomestherecentestablishmentofthePublicDefender'sOffice.ItalsowelcomeseffortstoimplementtherecommendationsoftheKremnitzerCommittee,whichaddressquestionsofpoliceviolence,andoftheGoldbergCommitteeregardingrulesofevidence.ItwelcomestheprogressivestepswhichhaveledtotheamendmentoftheCriminalCodeandtotheestablishmentoftheDepartmentforInvestigationofPoliceMisconductwithintheMinistryofJusticetoreviewcomplaintsofmaltreatmentbymembersofthepoliceandsecurityforces.TheCommitteetakesnotethattheStateComptroller'sOfficeisresponsibleforactingasOmbudsman,andwouldwelcomefurtherinformationonitsactivities,particularlyasregardsmeasurestocombatdiscrimination.2/  304  .3  ԀTheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactiontheestablishmentofbodiesinvariousministriestoaddressquestionsrelatingtothestatusofwomen,andparticularlywelcomestheactivitiesoftheKnessetCommitteefortheAdvancementoftheStatusofWomen.Italsonoteswithsatisfactiontheestablishmentofanationalauthorityontheadvancementofwomenwithawiderangeofresponsibilities,theamendmentoftheEqualEmploymentOpportunitiesLawplacingtheburdenofproofontheemployerincivilsexualharassmentsuits,andtheenactmentoftheEqualPay(MaleandFemaleEmployees)Law.@ D.Principalsubjectsofconcernandrecommendations !/ 20  305  .3  ԀTheCommitteenoteswithregretthat,althoughsomerightsprovidedforintheCovenantarelegallyprotectedandpromotedthroughtheBasicLaws,municipallaws,andthejurisprudenceofthecourts,theCovenanthasnotbeenincorporatedinIsraelilawandcannotbedirectlyinvokedinthecourts.ItrecommendsearlyactioninrespectofrecentlegislativeinitiativesaimedatenhancingtheenjoymentofanumberoftherightsprovidedforintheCovenant,includingproposalsfornewdraftBasicLawsondueprocessrightsandonfreedomofexpressionandassociation.ItalsorecommendsthatconsiderationbegiventoenactingfurtherlawstogiveeffecttoanyrightsnotalreadycoveredbytheBasicLaws.21  306  .3   u TheCommitteeisdeeplyconcernedthatIsraelcontinuestodenyitsresponsibility P)&: tofullyapplytheCovenantintheoccupiedterritories.Inthisregard,theCommitteepointstothelongMstandingpresenceofIsraelintheseterritories,Israel'sambiguous *P(< attitudetowardstheirfuturestatus,aswellastheexerciseofeffectivejurisdictionbyIsraelisecurityforcestherein.Inresponsetotheargumentspresentedbythedelegation,theCommitteeemphasizesthattheapplicabilityofrulesofhumanitarianlawdoesnotbyitselfimpedetheapplicationoftheCovenantortheaccountabilityoftheStateunder X-+@ article2,paragraph1,fortheactionsofitsauthorities.TheCommitteeisthereforeoftheviewthat,underthecircumstances,theCovenantmustbeheldapplicabletotheoccupiedterritoriesandthoseareasofsouthernLebanonandWestBekaawhereIsraelexerciseseffectivecontrol.TheCommitteerequeststheStatepartytoincludeinitssecondperiodicreportallinformationrelevanttotheapplicationoftheCovenantinterritorieswhichitoccupies.22  307  .3  ԀTheCommitteeexpressesitsdeepconcernatthecontinuedstateofemergencyprevailinginIsrael,whichhasbeenineffectsinceindependence.ItrecommendsthattheGovernmentreviewthenecessityforthecontinuedrenewalofthestateofemergencywithaviewtolimitingasfaraspossibleitsscopeandterritorialapplicabilityandtheassociatedderogationofrights.Inthisregard,theCommitteedrawsattentiontoarticle4oftheCovenant,whichpermitsnoderogationfromarticles6,7,8(paras.1and2),11,15,16and18,andrequiresthatpermittedderogationsbelimitedtotheextentstrictlyrequiredbytheexigenciesofthesituation.23  308  .3  ԀTheCommitteeexpressesseriousconcernaboutdeeplyimbeddeddiscriminatorysocialattitudes,practicesandlawsagainstArabIsraelisthathaveresultedinalowerstandardoflivingcomparedwithJewishIsraelis,asisevidentintheirsignificantlylowerlevelsofeducation,accesstohealthcare,accesstohousing,landandemployment.ItnoteswithconcernthatmostArabIsraelis,becausetheydonotjointhearmy,donotenjoythefinancialbenefitsavailabletoIsraeliswhohaveservedinthearmy,includingscholarshipsandhousingloans.TheCommitteealsoexpressesconcernthattheArabiclanguage,thoughofficial,hasnotbeenaccordedequalstatusinpractice,andthatdiscriminationagainstmembersoftheArabminorityappearstobeextensiveintheprivatesector.Inthisregard,theCommitteeurgestheStatepartytotakestepswithoutdelaytoensureequalitytoArabsandtoproceedassoonaspossiblewiththeplannedformulationofadraftlawondiscriminationintheprivatesectorandtoadoptitatanearlydate.24  309  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedthatPalestiniansintheoccupiedterritorieswhoremainunderthecontrolofIsraelisecurityforcesdonotenjoythesamerightsandfreedomsasJewishsettlersinthoseterritories,inparticularinregardtoplanningandbuildingpermitsandaccesstolandandwater.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedatthepoliciesofconfiscationoflandsandsettlementintheoccupiedterritories.TheCommitteerecommendsthatcoordinatedandtargetedeffortsbemadetoestablishbasicstandardsthatareapplicableequallytoallpersonsunderthejurisdictionofIsrael.25  310  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisalsoconcernedatthediscriminationfacedbyBedouins,manyofwhomhaveexpressedadesiretocontinuetoliveinsettlementsintheNegevwhicharenotrecognizedbytheIsraeliGovernmentandwhicharenotprovidedwithbasicinfrastructureandessentialservices.TheCommitteerecommendsthatmembersofBedouincommunitiesshouldbegivenequalityoftreatmentwithJewishsettlementsinthesameregion,manyofwhicharealsodispersedandpopulatedbysmallnumbersofpeople.26  311  .3  ԀTheCommitteeexpressesconcernaboutthesituationofwomenwho,despitetheadvancesnotedinparagraph304,continuetofacediscriminationinmanyaspectsoflife,includinginmilitaryserviceandinreligiousinstitutions,andthattheyareunderrepresentedintheconductofpublicaffairs.TheCommitteenotesthatnoclearplanofactionexistswhichaddressesthesituationofthemostdisadvantagedgroupofwomen,namely,thosebelongingtotheArabminority.TheCommitteerecommendsthattargetedmeasuresbeconsideredtoaccelerateprogresstowardsequality,inparticularforArabwomen.27  312  .3  ԀTheCommitteeregretsthatwomenbroughttoIsraelforpurposesofprostitution,manyunderfalsepretencesorthroughcoercion,arenotprotectedasvictimsoftraffickingbutarelikelytobepenalizedfortheirillegalpresenceinIsraelbydeportation.Suchanapproachtothisproblemeffectivelypreventsthesewomenfrompursuingaremedyfortheviolationoftheirrightsunderarticle8oftheCovenant.TheCommitteerecommendsthatseriouseffortsbemadetoseekoutandpunishthetraffickers,toinstituterehabilitationprogrammesforthevictimsandtoensurethattheyareabletopursuelegalremediesagainsttheperpetrators.28  313  .3  ԀWithrespecttoarticle6oftheCovenant,theCommitteeisconcernedaboutthenumberofPalestinianswhohavebeenkilledbythesecurityforces,aswellasallpersonswhohavebeenthevictimsofterroristattacks.TheCommitteeexpressesconcernattheuseofrubbercoatedmetalbulletsbythesecurityforcesintheoccupiedterritoriesindispersing X-+@ demonstrations.ThistypeofrubberbulletisreportedtohavekilledmanyPalestinians,includingchildren.TheCommitteeurgestheStatepartytoenforcerigorouslythestrictlimitationsontheoperationalrulesastotheuseoffirearmsandtheuseofrubberbulletsagainstunarmedcivilians.Itrequeststhatthenextperiodicreportincludepreciseinformationonthenumberofdeaths,includingthosecausedbyrubberbullets,thenumberofcomplaintsarisingfromtheiruseandthenumberofdefenceandsecuritypersonnelthathavebeenpunishedordisciplinedasaresult.29  314  .3  ԀTheCommitteeregretstheintroductionbytheGovernmentofadraftlawwhichwoulddenyvictimscompensationforexcessescommittedbymembersofthesecurityforcesagainstPalestinianresidentsoftheoccupiedterritories.ItrequeststhatdetailedinformationonthesemattersbeincludedinthenextperiodicreportoftheStateparty.2:  315  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisdeeplyconcernedthatundertheguidelinesfortheconductofinterrogationofsuspectedterroristsauthoritymaybegiventothesecurityservicetouse moderatephysicalpressuretoobtaininformationconsideredcrucialtothe protectionoflife.TheCommitteenotesthatthepartofthereportoftheLandauCommissionthatlistsanddescribesauthorizedmethodsofapplyingpressureremainsclassified.TheCommitteenotesalsotheadmissionbytheStatepartydelegationthatthemethodsofhandcuffing,hooding,shakingandsleepdeprivationhavebeenandcontinuetobeusedasinterrogationtechniques,eitheraloneorincombination.TheCommitteeisoftheviewthattheguidelinescangiverisetoabuseandthattheuseofthesemethodsconstitutesaviolationofarticle7oftheCovenantinanycircumstances.TheCommitteestressesthatarticle7oftheCovenantisanonMderogableprohibitionoftortureandallformsofcruel,inhuman t ordegradingtreatmentorpunishment.TheCommitteeurgestheStatepartytoceaseusingthemethodsreferredtoabove.Iflegislationistobeenactedforthepurposeofauthorizinginterrogationtechniques,suchalawshouldexplicitlyprohibitallformsoftreatmentprohibitedbyarticle7.2;  316  .3  ԀFurtherinrelationtoarticle7oftheCovenant,theCommitteenotesthatprisonersmaybesegregatedinIsraelasapreventivemeasurefortheprotectionofsecurity,themaintenanceoforderortoguaranteethesafetyoftheprisoner.Notingthatsegregationinvolvessubstantialisolationandmaybeextendedoverlongperiodsoftime,theCommitteerecallsitsGeneralComment20(44)inwhichitnotedthatprolongedsolitaryconfinementofadetainedorimprisonedpersonmayviolatearticle7.TheCommitteerecommendsthateffortsbemadetoavoidprolongedisolationofsegregatedprisoners.2<  317  .3  ԀTheCommitteeremainsconcernedthatdespitethereductioninthenumberofpersonsheldinadministrativedetentiononsecuritygrounds,personsmaystillbeheldforlongandapparentlyindefiniteperiodsoftimeincustodywithouttrial.ItisalsoconcernedthatPalestiniansdetainedbyIsraelimilitaryorderintheoccupiedterritoriesdonothavethesamerightstojudicialreviewaspersonsdetainedinIsraelunderordinarylaw.AspecificconcernoftheCommitteeisthatatleastsomeofthepersonskeptinadministrativedetentionforreasonsofStatesecurity(andinparticularsomeLebanese)donotpersonallythreatenStatesecuritybutarekeptas bargainingchipsinordertopromotenegotiationswithotherpartiesonreleasingdetainedIsraelisoldiersorthebodiesofdeceasedsoldiers.TheCommitteeconsidersthepresentapplicationofadministrativedetentiontobeincompatiblewitharticles7and16oftheCovenant,neitherofwhichallowsforderogationintimesofpublicemergency.TheCommitteetakesduenotethatIsraelhasderogatedfromarticle9oftheCovenant.TheCommitteestresses,however,thataStatepartymaynotdepartfromtherequirementofeffectivejudicialreviewofdetention.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheapplicationofdetentionbebroughtwithinthestrictrequirementsoftheCovenantandthateffectivejudicialreviewbemademandatory.2=  318  .3  ԀWhileacknowledgingthesecurityconcernsthathaveledtorestrictionsonmovement,theCommitteenoteswithregretthecontinuedimpedimentsimposedonmovement,whichaffectmostlyPalestinianstravellinginandbetweenEastJerusalem,theGazaStripandtheWestBank,andwhichhavegraveconsequencesaffectingnearlyallareasofPalestinianlife.TheCommitteeconsidersthistoraiseseriousissuesunderarticle12.Inregardtopersonsintheseareas,theCommitteeurgesIsraeltorespecttherighttofreedomofmovementprovidedforunderarticle12,includingtherighttoreturntoone'scountry.2>  319  .3  ԀInregardtoPalestinianswhoareresidentinEastJerusalem,theCommitteeisconcernedthattheincreasinglyrestrictiveconditionsformaintainingtherighttopermanentresidence,thedenialofrequestsforfamilyreunificationandthedifficulty X-+@ experiencedbynonMJewsinobtainingbuildingpermitsandaccommodationhaveresultedin X increasingnumbersbeingforcedtomovetotheoccupiedterritories.TheCommitteeexpressesitsprofoundconcernattheeffectoftheunpublisheddirectiveoftheMinistryoftheInterior,underwhichPalestiniansmaylosetheirrighttoliveinthecityiftheycannotprovethatEastJerusalemhasbeentheir centreoflifeforthepastsevenyears.TheCommitteenotesthatthispolicyisbeingappliedretroactivelytobothPalestinianswholiveabroadandtothosewholiveintheWestBankorinnearbyJerusalemsuburbs,butnottoIsraeliJewsortoforeignJewswhoarepermanentresidentsofEastJerusalem.TheCommitteerecommendsthattherulesandproceduresrelatingtopermanentresidencystatusbeappliedwithoutdiscrimination.2?  320  .3  ԀTheCommitteedeploresthedemolitionofArabhomesasameansofpunishment.Italsodeploresthepracticeofdemolitions,inpartorinwhole,of illegallyconstructedArabhomes.TheCommitteenoteswithregretthedifficultiesimposedonPalestinianfamiliesseekingtoobtainlegitimateconstructionpermits.TheCommitteeconsidersthedemolitionofhomestoconflictdirectlywiththeobligationoftheStatepartytoensurewithoutdiscriminationtherightnottobesubjectedtoarbitraryinterferencewithone'shome(art.17),thefreedomtochooseone'sresidence(art.12)andequalityofallpersonsbeforethelawandequalprotectionofthelaw(art.26).2@  321  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisalsoconcernedthattheIsraelLandsAdministration(ILA),responsibleforthemanagementof93percentoflandinIsrael,includesnoArabmembersandthatwhileILAhasleasedortransferredlandforthedevelopmentofJewishtownsandsettlements,fewArablocalitieshavebeenestablishedinthiswayuntilrecentyears.TheCommitteerecommendsthaturgentstepsbetakentoovercometheconsiderableinequalityanddiscriminationwhichremaininregardtolandandhousing.2A  322  .3  ԀTheCommitteeregretsthattheauthoritiesappeartobeplacingobstaclesinthewayoffamilyreunioninthecaseofmarriagesbetweenanIsraelicitizenandanonMcitizenwho ( isnotJewish(andthereforenotentitledtoenterundertheLawofReturn).Theseobstacles,whichincludelongwaitingperiodsforentrypermits,a probationperiodofoverfiveyears'residencetoestablishthatthemarriageisgenuineandafurtherwaitingperiodforcitizenship,areappliedevenmorerigorouslyinthecaseofArabcitizens,particularlythosewhomarrypersonsresidentintheoccupiedterritories.TheCommitteeconsiderssuchobstaclestobeincompatiblewitharticles17and23.ItisrecommendedthattheGovernmentreconsideritspolicieswithaviewtofacilitatingfamilyreunionofallcitizensandpermanentresidents.2B  323  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedthatArabwomencitizensofIsraelhaveinsomecasesbeenrequiredtorelinquishtheircitizenshipshouldtheymarryaPalestinianandapplyforresidenceintheoccupiedterritories.ItwelcomestheIsraeliGovernment'sresponsethatthispolicynolongerappliesandrecommendsthatthosealreadyaffectedbemadefullyawareoftherelevantlegalprovisionsandthattheirstatusberestored.2C  324  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedatthepreferencegiventotheJewishreligionintheallocationoffundingforreligiousbodies,tothedetrimentofMuslims,Christians,Druzeandotherreligiousgroups.TheCommitteerecommendsthatregulationsandcriteriaforfundingbepublishedandappliedtoallreligiousgroupsonanequalbasis.2D  325  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedthattheapplicationofreligiouslawtodeterminemattersofpersonalstatus,includingmarriageanddivorce,andtheabsenceofprovisionforcivilmarriageeffectivelydenysomepersonstherighttomarryinIsrael,andresultininequalitybetweenmenandwomen.Itisalsoconcernedthattheminimumageofmarriageforgirls,fixedbylawat17,maybereducedbythereligiouscourts,andthatnominimumageisfixedformen.Thelackofprovisionforcivilburialisalsoamatterofconcern.TheCommitteeurgesearlyimplementationofmeasurescurrentlyunderconsiderationtofacilitatecivilmarriagesandcivilburialforthosewhodonotbelongtoareligion.ItrecommendsthattheStatepartytakeintoaccountinternationalstandardsfortheageofmajorityinitscurrentreviewoftheminimummarriageableageformenandwomen.2E  326  .3  ԀTheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmentconsiderratifyingtheOptionalProtocoltotheCovenant.2F  327  .3  ԀTheCommitteerequeststhattheGovernmentofIsraelsubmititssecondperiodicreportbyJune2000.Italsorequeststhatthenextreportincludeinformationonthe X-+@ implementationoftheCovenantinalllandsoverwhichIsraelexerciseseffectivecontrolduringtheperiodcoveredbythereport.2G  328  .3  ԀTheCommitteerecommendsthepublicationanddistributionoftheconcludingobservationsoftheCommitteetopublicbodies,mediaagencies,andnonMgovernmental  organizationsworkingintheareaofhumanrights.@ZZ/M.Italy ` 2H  329  .3  ԀTheCommitteeconsideredthefourthperiodicreportofItaly(CCPR/C/103/Add.4)atitsϢ1679thand1680thmeetings,on17July1998,andatits1693rdmeetingon28July1998,adoptedthefollowingobservations.@+A.Introduction l   2I  330  .3  ԀTheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtotheStatepartyforitsreportandfortheprovision,byitsdelegation,offurtherinformationaboutdevelopmentsofthehumanrightssituationinItalyuptothetimeoftheexamination.ItnotesthatthedialoguebetweentheCommitteeandthedelegationproceededinasatisfactorymannerinthecourseoftheexaminationitself.TheanswersandexplanationsgivenbythedelegationhaveenabledtheCommitteetograspnotonlythelegalnormsandenactmentsgoverningtheobligationssetoutintheCovenant,butalsotheextenttowhichtheserightsmayactuallybeenjoyedbythepeopleofthecountry.@kk)B.Positiveaspects |$ 2J  331  .3  ԀTheCommitteeispleasedtonotethatItalyhasratifiedtheSecondOptionalProtocoltotheCovenantandthatin1996theConstitutionalCourtreinforcedtherighttolifebydeclaringunconstitutionalthelawratifyingatreatyofextraditiononthegroundsthattherewasnoabsoluteguaranteeinlawthatthepersonconcernedwouldnotbeexecuted.2K  332  .3  ԀTheCommitteecommendstheactiontakentoreducethelengthofanominallifesentencetoamaximumfinitesentence.2L  333  .3  ԀItisnotedwithappreciationthatthejudiciaryhasbeguntotreatoffencesconcerningtraffickingofwomenandothersforthepurposeofprostitutionasactswhichcanbeassimilatedtoslaveryandcontrarytointernationalandnationallaw.2M  334  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomestheinstitutionoftheMinistryofEqualOpportunitiesandthe1997plantoimplementtheresultsoftheFourthWorldConferenceonWomen.2N  335  .3  ԀTheCommitteeappreciatestherecentchangesinlegislationconcerningcontrolsappliedtoillegalimmigrants,whichimprovetheirrightswhileawaitingadecisiononadmissionandthepossibilityoffamilyreunioninthecaseofadmissionandwhichbringmoreintolinewitharticle13theguaranteesforsuchpersonsbeforetheymaybedeported.2O  336  .3  ԀLegislationhasbeenpassedtoregulatethecollectionanduseofpersonalcomputerizeddataalongwithanothermeasuresubjectingwireMtappingtostrictcontrol,bothofwhich, #!2 intheCommittee'sopinion,assistintheimplementationofarticle17oftheCovenant.2P  337  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomestheestablishmentoftheNationalObservatoryonReligiousFreedomandthefactthatitsactivitiesincludedealingwithcomplaintsaboutconstraintsonreligiousfreedom.2Q  338  .3  ԀTheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthatwithregardtoitsconcerns,expressedonconcludingitsexaminationofItaly'sthirdperiodicreport,abouttheexcessiveconcentrationofcontrolofthemassinformationmediainthehandsofasmallgroupofpeople,newlawsregulatingtheextentofcontrolofsuchmediahavebeenpassedtoovercomethissituation.  ,T*? & \  @ C.Principalsubjectsofconcernandrecommendations X 2R  339  .3  ԀTheCommitteereiteratesitsregretthatItalyhasstillnotwithdrawnanyofitsreservationstotheCovenant;itrecommendsthatallthereservationsshouldbereconsidered'\Xwiththeobjectiveofdeterminingwhethertheircontinuanceisreallynecessary.2S  340  .3  ԀTheCommitteeregretsthatthereremainstructuralandculturalproblemspreventingthefullenjoymentbywomenofequalopportunitiesinpublicandpoliticallifeandinemploymentandthatequalpayisoftennotgivenforworkofequalvalue.Itrecommendsthaturgentstepsbetaken,bywayofeducation,encouragementandlegalmeans,toreduceoreliminatetheseinequalities.TheCommitteewouldliketoreceiveinformationonthedefactosituationofwomen,includingstatistics,inthenextreport.2T  341  .3  ԀTheCommitteeremainsconcernedattheinadequacyofsanctionsagainstpoliceandprisonofficerswhoabusetheirpowers.Itrecommendsthatduevigilancebemaintainedovertheoutcomeofcomplaintsmadeagainstmembersofthecarabinieriandagainstprisonofficers.2U  342  .3  ԀTheCommitteerecommendsthatthemaximumperiodduringwhichapersonmaybeheldincustodyfollowingarrestonacriminalchargebereduced,eveninexceptionalcircumstances,tolessthanthepresentfivedaysandthatthearrestedpersonbeentitledtoaccesstolegaladviceassoonasheorsheisarrested.2V  343  .3  ԀTheCommitteehasagainpaidcloseattentiontotheItaliansystemofholdingoffenders,beforeandaftertrial,in preventivedetentionuntilthefinalstagesofanypossibleappealhavebeenexhaustedandthesentencehasbeenfinalized.Itnotesthatthemaximumperiodforsuchdetentionissetbyreferencetothepenaltyfortheoffenceofwhichthepersonstandsaccused,andcanlastuptosixyears;thiscouldconstituteaninfringementofthepresumptionofinnocence(art.14,para.2)andtherighttotheprincipleofafairtrialwithinareasonabletimeortorelease(art.9,para.3).TheCommitteethereforerecommendsthat(i)thelinkagebetweentheoffencewithwhichapersonhasbeenchargedandthelengthofdetentionfromthetimeofarrestuptofinalsentenceshouldnotbemaintained;and(ii)thatthegroundsforpreventivedetentionberestrictedtothosecasesinwhichsuchdetentionisessentialtoprotectlegitimateinterests,suchastheappearanceoftheaccusedatthetrial.2W  344  .3  ԀTheCommitteenotesthatchangesintheCodeofCriminalProcedurehaveresultedinsomereductioninthenumbersofpersonsheldin preventivedetention.Itisconcerned,however,thatprisonovercrowdingremainsaseriousproblemandrecommendsthaturgentattentionbepaidtotherectificationofthissituation(art.10).2X  345  .3  ԀTheCommittee'sattentionhasbeendrawntostepstakentospeedupbothcriminalandciviltrials,butitisconcernedthat,sofar,noresulthasbecomeapparent.Itthereforerecommendsthatfurthermeasuresbetakentoincreasetheefficiencyandpromptnessoftheentiresystemofjustice(art.14,para.3(c)).2Y  346  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedattheincreaseinincidentsofracialintolerance.Itrecommendsthatallmeasuresbyway,forexample,oflegalconstraintandeducationbecontinuedtoeradicatethisphenomenon(arts.3and26).2Z  347  .3  ԀItisnotedthatdelayscontinuetooccurwithrespecttopassinglegislationconcerningthefollowing:theintroductionintotheCriminalCodeoftheoffenceoftortureasdefinedininternationallaw(art.7);theprovisionofbothcriminalandcivilsanctionsagainstthosewhoperpetratedomesticviolence(arts.3,23and24);theintroductionofmeasuresgivingeffecttofurtherimprovementoftherightsofpersonsbelongingtoethnic,religiousandlinguisticminoritiesandfortheprotectionoftherightsoftheSlovenianminority(art.27).2[  348  .3  ԀTheCommitteerequeststheStatepartytoensurethewidedisseminationinItalyoftheStateparty'sreportandtheCommittee'sconcludingobservations,andtoinformtheCommitteeofstepstakentoimplementtheobservationsinitsfifthperiodicreport,dueinJune2002.  ,T*? &   @.N.Algeria X 2\  349  .3  ԀTheCommitteeconsideredthesecondperiodicreportofAlgeria(CCPR/C/101/Add.1)atits1681stto1684thmeetings,on20and21July1998,'Xandatits1696thmeeting,on29July1998,adoptedthefollowingobservations.@+A.Introduction   2]  350  .3  ԀTheCommitteecommendstheStatepartyforaddressingsomeoftheissuesraisedintheCommittee'sconcludingobservations(CCPR/C/79/Add.1)followingtheexaminationofAlgeria'sinitialreport(CCPR/C/62/Add.1)in1992.ItnotesthatAlgeria'ssecondperiodicreportwassubmittedwithadelayofmorethantwoyears.WhileacknowledgingthatthereportandsubsequentsubmissionsprovidedinformationastothelawsandregulationsadoptedbytheAlgerianGovernmenttoimplementtheprovisionsoftheCovenant,theCommitteeobservesthatitdoesnotprovidesufficientspecificdataontheprevailinghumanrightscrisis.TheCommitteeregretsthatmanyofitsquestionswerenotfullyansweredbythedelegationandwelcomesAlgeria'sundertakingtosubmitadditionalwritteninformationinresponsetoquestionsraisedbyCommitteemembersduringtwodaysofdialogue,whichwascharacterizedbyasenseofsolidaritybytheCommitteewiththesufferingoftheAlgerianpeople.@B.FactorsanddifficultiesaffectingtheimplementationoftheCovenant   2^  351  .3  ԀWidespreadandindiscriminateattacksagainstthecivilianpopulation,involvingthelossofinnumerablehumanlives,andageneralclimateofviolenceheightentheresponsibilitiesoftheStatepartytoreMestablishandmaintaintheconditionsnecessary x fortheenjoymentandprotectionoffundamentalrightsandfreedomsinAlgeria.@kk)C.Positivefactors ( 2_  352  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomestheestablishmentoftheNationalObservatoryforHumanRights,andtheMdiateurdelaRpublique(OmbudsmanoftheRepublic),withcompetencetoreceivecomplaintsfromindividualsabouthumanrightsviolations.2`  353  .3  ԀTheCommitteecommendstheestablishmentoftheNationalCommitteeforthePreservationandthePromotionofWomen,andtheincreasedparticipationofwomeninpubliclife.@ D.Principalsubjectsofconcernandrecommendations 8( 2a  354  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisappalledatthewidespreadmassacreofmen,womenandchildreninagreatnumberofvillagesandtowns.TheCommitteeisalsoseriouslyconcernedthatwomenhavebeenthevictimsofnotonlykillings,butalsoofabduction,rapeandsevereviolence.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedatthelackoftimelyorpreventivemeasuresofprotectiontothevictimsfrompoliceormilitaryofficialsinthevicinityandatthepersistentallegationsofcollusionofmembersofthesecurityforcesinterroristattacks.Therefore:0 u TheCommitteeurgestheStatepartytoadopteffectivemeasures: u#u#  u (a) $ Topreventthoseattacksand,iftheyneverthelessoccur,tocomepromptlytothe $D"3 defenceofthepopulation; u (b) $ Toensurethatproperinvestigationsareconductedbyanindependentbodyto &H$6 determinewhotheoffendersareandtobringthemtojustice;and u (c) $ Inallcasesofmassacres,toconductanindependentenquiryintotheconductof (L&9 thesecurityforces,fromthelowesttothehighestlevels,and,whereappropriate,tosubjectthemtopenalanddisciplinarysanctions.2b  355  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisfurtherconcernedatthelessthansatisfactoryresponsesfromthedelegation,withregardtoinnumerablereportsofarbitraryorextrajudicialexecutionsofindividuals,somewhileincustody,othersundersuspicionofbeingassociatedinonewayoranotherwithterroristgroups.Inregardtotheforegoing: X-+@ Ї0 u TheStatepartyshouldurgentlyensurethat: u#u#  u (a) $ Independentmechanismsbesetuptoinvestigateallviolationsoftherightto X lifeandsecurityoftheperson; u (b) $ Theoffendersbebroughttojustice; \  u (c) $ AccessbegivenassoonaspossibletotheInternationalCommitteeoftheRed   Crossandotherindependentobservers.2c  356  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedaboutthemeagreinformationprovidedbytheGovernment,bothinitsreportanditsoralpresentationandinitsresponsestoquestionsraisedbytheCommittee,regardingtheorganizationof legitimatedefencegroups,theirofficialrecognition,competence,supervisionandtraining.SeriousquestionsariseastothelegitimacyofthetransferofsuchpowerbytheStatetoprivategroups,especiallyinviewofthepowerwhichtheStateitselfconfersonthemandtheveryrealrisktohumanlifeandsecurityentailedbytheexerciseofthatpower,coupledwiththerisksofunsanctionedabuse.Therefore:0 u TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmenturgentlytakemeasurestomaintainwithinitspoliceanddefenceforcestheresponsibilityofmaintaininglawandorderandtheprotectionofthelifeandsecurityofthepopulationand,inthemeantime,toensurethatthesedefencegroupsarebroughtunderthestrictandeffectivecontrolofresponsibleStateorgans,andthattheyarepromptlybroughttojusticeinthecaseofabuse. u#u# 2d  357  .3  ԀNotwithstandingthedenialbytheAlgeriandelegationthattortureisnotpractisedbycertainauthorities,theCommitteeisdeeplyconcernedaboutpersistentallegationsofsystematictorture.TheCommitteedeplorestheapparentroutineacceptancebytrialcourtjudgesofconfessionsextractedunderduress,evenwhenthereismedicalevidenceoftorture,andcallsontheStatepartytotakeallnecessarymeasurestoredressthissituation.Inthisregard:0 u TheCommitteeurgestheStatepartytoensure: u#u#  u (a) $ Acrediblesystemformonitoringtreatmentofalldetaineessoastoensurethat # theyarenotsubjecttotortureortocruel,inhumanordegradingtreatment; u (b) $ Thatallspecificallegationsbeinvestigatedbyanimpartialbodyandthatthe & resultsofsuchinvestigationsbepublished; u (c) $ Thatofficialsinvolvedintorturebeprosecutedand,ifconvicted,severely ) punished.2e  358  .3  ԀGiventheunsatisfactoryresponsesofthedelegationandthenumberofcomplaintsfromfamilymembers,theCommitteeisgravelyconcernedatthenumberofdisappearancesandatthefailureoftheStatetorespondadequately,orindeedatall,tosuchseriousviolations.Disappearancesmayinvolvetherighttolifeconsecratedunderarticle6oftheCovenant,andwherethedisappearedindividualsarestillaliveandarekeptincommunicado,disappearancesmayinvolvetherightguaranteedunderarticle16oftheCovenantwhichprovidesthateveryindividualshallhavetherighttorecognitioneverywhereasapersonbeforethelaw.Inthissituationtheseindividualsarealsodeprivedoftheircapacitytoexercisealltheotherrights,withoutanyrecourse,recognizedundertheCovenant.Furthermore,disappearancesviolatearticle7withregardtotherelativesofthedisappeared.Therefore:0 u TheCommitteeurgestheStatepartytoadoptmeasurestoestablishacentralregistertorecordallreportedcasesofdisappearancesanddayMtoMdayactiontakentoretrace (L&9 thedisappeared,andtoassistthefamiliesconcernedtoretracethedisappeared. u#u# 0 u TheCommitteefurtherrequeststheStateparty,initsnextperiodicreport,togiveanaccountofthenumberofcasesreported,theinvestigationsconductedandtheresultsachieved. u#u#   ,T*? &     2f  359  .3  ԀTheCommitteehasnotedthat,whiletheEmergencyDecreeof1992relatingto subversionofterrorismhasbeenrepealed,someofitsprovisionshavebeenincorporated'Xninthenormalpenallaws.Thoseprovisionsprescribeanincreasednumberofoffencesforwhichthedeathpenaltymaybeimposed;aloweringoftheageto16forwhichapersonmaybeliabletosuchapenalty;anextensionfrom2to12daysforwhichasuspectmaybeadministrativelydetainedincommunicado;andadefinitionof terroristor subversiveactivitieswhichlendsitselftoabuse.Therefore:0 u TheCommitteerecommendsthattheamendmentstothePenalLawbebroughtintostrictcompliancewitharticles6and9oftheCovenant. u#u# 2g  360  .3  ԀTheNationalObservatoryforHumanRightshasconcededinitsannualreportfor1996thatplacesofdetentionexistwhichareoutsidethecontrollegallystipulatedbylaw.Thisreinforcesallegationsfrommanysourcesondetentionofpeoplewhoarenotregisteredandbroughtbeforethecourts,asrequiredbothbyAlgerianlawandarticle9oftheCovenant.Therefore:0 u TheStatepartymustensurethat: u#u#  u (a) $ Nobodymaybearrestedordetained outsidethelaw;    u (b) $ Complaintsaboutsucharrestordetentionbegivenimmediateattentionand t relatives,friendsorlawyersofpersonsdetainedareabletoreceiveaneffectiveremedy,whichincludesreviewingthelegalityofthedetention; u (c) $ Allpersonsarrestedbekeptatofficiallydesignatedplacesofdetention;their $ familiesbeimmediatelyinformed;theyhaveimmediateaccesstoalawyer;andtheyarepromptlychargedandbroughttotrial; u (d) $ Theirdetentionshouldnotexceedthelimitprovidedbylawandtheyhavearight | tomedicalexaminationonarrestandattheendoftheirdetention.2h  361  .3  ԀWithregardtotheguaranteeofequaltreatmentofwomenintheenjoymentofalltherightsguaranteedtothem,theCommitteenotesthestatementmadebythedelegationthattheinterpretativedeclarationconcerningarticle23,paragraph4,oftheCovenantmadebyAlgeriaonratificationoftheCovenantwouldbecomeobsoletewithtime.TheCommitteealsonotesthatprogresshasbeenachievedbywomeninpubliclifeandcivilsociety.Nevertheless,theFamilyCodestillcontainsimportantareasofinequalitywhicharenotinconformitywitharticles3,16,23and26oftheCovenantinrespectofwhichAlgeriahasmadenoreservations.Inthisregard,theCommitteenotesthatundertheFamilyCode,awoman'sconsenttoherfirstmarriageisgenerallymediatedbyamaleguardian,andthatthisguardiancandenythewomanherchoiceofahusband.ItnotesalsothattheFamilyCodeprovidesforthehusbandtobetheheadofthefamilyandforthepossibilityofpolygamousmarriage,andthatitprecludesawomanfrommarryinganonMMuslimwhilethesame <+ restrictiondoesnotapplytoaman.Therefore:0 u TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyshouldbringitslegislationintoconformitywithalltherightstowhichwomenareentitledunderarticles3,16,23and26oftheCovenant. u#u# 2i  362  .3  ԀWithregardtothejudiciary,theCommitteeisconcernedthattheapplicationofcertainexecutivedecreesof1992regulatingnomination,promotionanddismissalofjudges,compromisesitsindependence.Itisalsoconcernedatthefactthatjudgesenjoyimmovabilityonlyafter10yearsofwork.Inthisregard:0 u TheCommitteeshouldliketoreceiveadditionalinformationontheprocedurefordesignating,electinganddismissingjudges.TheCommitteerecommendsthatappropriatemeasuresbetakentoensurethefullindependenceofthejudiciary. u#u# 2j  363  .3  ԀTheCommitteenotesthestatementofthedelegationthattheintentionunderlyingtheArabicLanguageDecreewhichcameintoforceon5July1998wastoreinforcethestatuswhichthatnationallanguageshouldpossess.TheCommitteenotes,however,thatthe compulsory,immediateandexclusiveuseofthatlanguageinallareasofpublicactivity ,)> wouldineffectimpedelargesectionsofthepopulationwhouseBerberorFrenchinthe&   enjoymentoftherightsguaranteedunderarticles19,25,26and27oftheCovenant.Therefore:'W00 u TheCommitteerecommendsthatthelawshouldbeurgentlyreviewedsoastoremovethenegativeconsequencesthatitproduces. u#u# 2k  364  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomestheabolitionoftheStateMcontrolled readingcommittees   stationedatpublishingestablishments,aswellastheformaldirectivesprohibitingthepublicationofunauthorizedinformationrelatingto securityissues.TheCommitteenotes,however,thatinpracticenumerousrestrictionsstillpersistwithregardtofreedomofexpressiondealingwith,forexample,coverageofallegationsanddiscussionofcorruptionandcriticismofgovernmentofficialsandofmaterialregardedasanexpressionofsympathyorencouragementofsubversion,allofwhichgravelyprejudicetherightofthemediatoinformthepublicandtherightofthepublictoreceiveinformation.TheCommitteeisalsodeeplyconcernedatthethreatsagainstandassassinationsofjournalists,humanrightsdefendersandlawyers.Inthisregard:0 u TheCommitteerecommendsthatcurrentlegislationshouldbereviewedsoastoprotectfullytherighttofreedomofthoughtandopinionandfreedomofexpressionasguaranteedunderarticles18and19oftheCovenant. u#u# kv6  @v6k 0 kv6USUK.,2l  365  .3  #@ 0k 016##@v6 @ 0P6#UK.,US.,o6ԀTheCommitteeremainsconcernedthattheStateparty'srestrictionunderLaw97M09on   therighttoformpoliticalpartieseffectivelyprohibitspoliticalactiviststherighttoassociatewithoneanotherortovoteforrepresentativesoftheirchoice,inviewofthewiderangeofproscribedcategories(religious,linguistic,racial,genderrelated,regional,corporatist).Sincetakingeffect,thislawhasbeeninvokedtobanorpreventthelegalizationofmorethan30parties.Therefore:0 u TheCommitteerecommendsthattheconditionsrequiredbytheCovenantwithrespecttorestrictionsontherighttofreedomofassociationbemetandthatcurrentlegislationbeamendedsoastobringitintoconformitywiththerequirementsoftheCovenantandtheobligationsenteredintobyAlgeriauponitsaccessiontoit. u#u# 2m  366  .3  ԀTheCommitteeobservesthat,althoughAlgeriabecameapartytotheOptionalProtocolin1989,veryfewcommunicationshavebeenaddressedtotheCommittee,inspiteofthewidespreadhumanrightscrisisandconsequentviolationswhichhaveoccurredinthepastdecade.ThissituationindicatesthatthepeopleinAlgeriamaynotbeawareoftheirrighttoaddresscommunicationstotheCommittee.Therefore:0 u TheCommitteerecommendsthaturgentstepsbetakenbyAlgeriatomakeknowntothepublic,theuniversities,thelegalcommunityand,particularly,thenongovernmentalhumanrightsorganizations,therightsprotectedundertheCovenantandthefactthatindividualswhoserightshavebeenviolatedmaysubmitcommunicationstotheCommittee. u#u# 2n  367  .3  ԀTheCommitteedrawstotheattentionoftheGovernmentofAlgeriatheprovisionsofparagraph6(a)oftheGuidelinesRegardingtheFormandContentsofPeriodicReportsfromStatesParties,andrequeststhatitsnextperiodicreport,dueinJune2000,shouldcontainmaterialwhichrespondstoallthepresentconcludingobservations.TheCommitteefurtherrequeststhatAlgeria'ssecondperiodicreportandtheseconcludingobservationsbewidelydisseminatedamongthepublicatlargeinallpartsofAlgeria.@  O.TheformerYugoslavRepublicOfMacedonia &W$6 2o  368  .3  ԀTheCommitteeconsideredtheinitialreportoftheformerYugoslavRepublicofMacedonia(CCPR/C/74/Add.4)atits1685thto1687thmeetings,on22and23July1998,andatits1696thmeeting,adoptedthefollowingobservations.  *_(< &     @+A.Introduction X 2p  369  .3  ԀTheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtotheStatepartyforitscomprehensiveinitialreport,preparedlargelyinaccordancewiththeCommittee'sguidelines.Atthesametime,itnotesthattheinformationprovidedinthereportdealsprimarilywithlegaland'XAinstitutionalissuesanddoesnotcontainsufficientdataonthepracticalapplicationoftheCovenant.@B.FactorsanddifficultiesimpedingtheapplicationoftheCovenant d   2q  370  .3  ԀTheCommitteetakesnoteofthestatementofthedelegationthattheprincipaldifficultyinensuringeffectiveimplementationoftheCovenantliesinthecomplexanddifficultprocessoftransitionfromapoliticalandsocialenvironmentshapedfordecadesbytheconceptofcollectiverightstoarespectfortherightsofindividuals.ItalsonotesthatthesametraditioninhibitsindividualsfromimpugningStateactionsthroughthecourtsandotheragenciesestablishedforthepurpose,andthroughtheOptionalProtocol.Continuingethnictensions,particularlyconcerningtheAlbanianminority,alsoremainamatterofmajorconcern.@kk)C.Positiveaspects t 2r  371  .3  ԀTheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthattheGovernmentoftheformerYugoslavRepublicofMacedoniaisattemptingtoensuretheprotectionaccordedundertheCovenanttoitspopulationinaperiodoffundamentalchangeofpoliticalandeconomicsystemsandaredefinitionofStateinstitutions.ItobservesthatthelevelofthatprotectionhasbeenfurtherreinforcedbytheratificationofthetwoOptionalProtocolstotheCovenant.2s  372  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomesthefactthat,byvirtueofarticle118oftheConstitution,theCovenantisapartoftheinternallegalorderwhichcannotbechangedbydomesticlegislation,andthatitsprovisionsmaybedirectlyinvokedbeforethecourts.2t  373  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomesthecommitmentmadebytheStatepartytoproceedwiththereformofthejudicialsystemandofthesystemofpenitentiaryinstitutions.2u  374  .3  ԀTheCommitteeconsidersthepassageoftheLawontheOmbudsman,inFebruary1997,andthesubsequentappointmentbytheParliamentoftheOmbudsmanasanimportantelementinthebuildingofaneffectivesystemofinstitutionalprotectionofCovenantrights.2v  375  .3  ԀTheCommitteecommendstheStatepartyfortheenactmentoflegislationdesignedtocomplywiththeantiMdiscriminationprovisionsoftheCovenant(arts.2,20,26and27), ) includingtheActonPublicInformation,theActonTelecommunicationsandtheLawonBroadcasting,whichprohibittheuseofmassmediatoincitenational,racialorreligioushatredorintolerance;theActonPoliticalParties,whichprohibitstheestablishmentofpartieswhoseaimistheincitementtonational,racialorreligioushatredandintolerance;theActonSocialOrganizationsandCitizens'Associations,whichalsoprohibitsactivitiesthatviolatehumanrightsorencouragenational,racialorreligioushatredorintolerance;andtheAssemblyDeclarationof1997onthepromotionofinterMethnicrelations. "@ 0 2w  376  .3  ԀTheCommitteealsocommendstheStatepartyforitscooperationwithnonMgovernmental #!2 organizationsandfoundations,includingtheMacedoniaCentreforInternationalCooperation,theOpenSocietyInstitute,andwomen'sorganizations.ItfurtherwelcomesthedisseminationgiventotheCovenantandtheOptionalProtocolintheMacedonianlanguageandinthelanguagesoftheethnicminorities.@D.PrincipalsubjectsofconcernandtheCommittee'srecommendations (L&9 2x  377  .3  ԀTheCommitteeexpressesseriousconcernatethnicviolenceinvolvingthepoliceinϢGostivaron7July1997,inthecourseofwhichthreepersonslosttheirlivesandhundredswerewounded.ItisalsoconcernedatindicationsthatallfairMtrialguaranteeswerenot T+(=  metindealingwithlocalofficials.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheseeventsbe ,)> thoroughlyinvestigatedbyanindependentbody,thatthosefoundresponsiblebesubjected&   toappropriatepenalordisciplinarysanctions,andthatallnecessarymeasuresbetakentopreventtheirrecurrenceanywherewithinthecountry.'U2y  378  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedbyreportedcasesofabuseofpoliceauthority,includingunlawfularrestanddetention,excessiveuseofforceMespeciallyagainstmembersof \ minoritygroupsMandphysicalillMtreatmentofdetainees.TheCommitteerecommendsthat ` thepersonsresponsiblebesubjectedtoappropriatedisciplinaryorpenalsanctionsand,further,thattheGovernmentstrengthentrainingprogrammesonhumanrightsforthepoliceandestablishpermanentmechanismsforongoinginstructionwiththeparticipationofinternationalagenciesandexpertsinthefield.2z  379  .3  ԀTheCommitteealsonoteswithconcernthecontinuedapplicationofrestrictivelegislationinheritedfromthepreviousregimeinvariousfields,includingconcerningtheimportationofforeignprintedmaterials.TheexistenceandapplicationinpracticeofsuchlawsmayviolatetheCovenant'sprovisionsand,inmoregeneralterms,makethedegreeofitsincorporationintothedomesticlegalsystemuncertain.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyensurethatpersonsunderitsjurisdictionenjoytherighttoseekandimpartinformation,asprovidedforinarticle19oftheCovenant,andrepealanylegislationwhichrunscountertothoserights.2{  380  .3  ԀTheCommitteeconsidersthattheprincipleofequalitybetweenmenandwomenisfarfrombeingimplementedinpractice,particularlyinthespheresofemploymentandeducation,inspiteofprogressinsomeareassuchasthejudiciary.IttakesnoteoftheactivitiesoftheDepartmentforthePromotionofGenderEqualityandothergovernmentalinitiativestoovercomedeeplyrootedstereotypesandtraditions,andrecommendsthatfurthermeasurestoensuregenuineequalitybeundertakenwithoutdelay.2|  381  .3  ԀWhilenotingthatmaritalrapehasbeenconsideredacrimesince1996,theCommitteeregretsthatdomesticviolenceagainstwomenisreportedtobewidespread.Itrecommendsthatconcertedactionbetakenbyallpublicauthoritiestoreducetheincidenceofdomesticviolenceandtostrengthentheremedieswhichareopentowomenwhoaresubjectedtoit.2}  382  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedatthecontinuationofthepracticeofforcingcitizenstoattendsoMcalled informativetalksinspiteofadecisionoftheConstitutionalCourtand 0" theenactmentofthenewLawonCriminalProcedures,bothofwhichprovidethatpolicemaynotcompelsuchattendancewithoutacourtorder.SuchpracticesandthefailuretogivefulleffecttothenewLawareincompatiblewithprovisionsofarticle9oftheCovenant.2~  383  .3  ԀTheCommitteenotestheincreasesince1990inminorityparticipationinpolitical,administrative,culturalandotherinstitutions,butexpressesitsconcernatthefactthatitisstillwellbelowalevelcommensuratewiththeirproportionofthepopulation.TheCommitteeencouragestheStatepartytostrengthenitsprogrammestoincreasetherepresentationoftheAlbanianandotherethnicminoritiesinpubliclife,includingthecivilservice,armyandpolice.TheRomapopulationareamatterofparticularconcern.TheCommitteefurtherrecommendsthattheStatepartycontinuetoencourageminorityparticipationinthedesign,organizationandfunctioningoftheeducationalsystem,inparticularatthesecondaryandhighereducationallevels,andprovideforthetrainingofteachersofminoritylanguagesinpublicestablishments.2  384  .3  ԀTheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartydisseminatewidelythetextofitsinitialreport,aswellasthepresentconcludingobservations.Itfurtherrequeststhatitssecondperiodicreport,dueinJune2000,includematerialwhichaddressesitselftothoseobservations.@$P.UnitedRepublicOfTanzania '%8 2  385  .3  ԀTheCommitteeconsideredthethirdperiodicreportoftheUnitedRepublicofTanzania(CCPR/C/83/Add.2)atits1689thand1690thmeetings,on24July1998,andatits1697thmeeting,on30July1998,adoptedthefollowingobservations.  ,)> &     @+A.Introduction X 2  386  .3  ԀTheCommitteewelcomesthethirdperiodicreportsubmittedbytheGovernmentoftheUnitedRepublicofTanzaniaandnotesthatcertainfurtherinformationwasprovidedbythedelegation;itregrets,however,thatthereportdidnotfullycomplywiththeCommittee's'XgguidelinesandthatthedelegationaddressedonlyinparttheCommittee'slistofissuesandwasnotinapositiontoanswerfullymembers'oralquestions.@B.FactorsanddifficultiesaffectingtheimplementationoftheCovenant d   2  387  .3  ԀSincetheconsiderationofthelastperiodicreporttherehasoccurredanenormousinfluxofrefugeesintotheUnitedRepublicofTanzaniafromneighbouringcountriesandfromSomalia.Thevolumehasbeensuchthatindividualassessmenthasbeenimpossibleexceptinafewcases;alltherestofthesepersonshaveconsequentlyeitherbeenconfinedtocampswheretheconditionsareprimitiveandwhichtheStatepartyhasinsufficientresourcesproperlytopolice,orotherwiselefttofendforthemselvesamongthelocalvillagers.@kk)C.Positivefactors   2  388  .3  ԀTherestorationofpoliticalpluralism,bymeansofamendingtheConstitution,hasenabledthewholepopulationtoparticipateinallaspectsofpublicaffairs(art.25).2  389  .3  ԀThecourtshavedemonstratedawillingnesstoexaminetheactionsoftheGovernmentanditsagenciesforcompliancewiththeConstitution,asexemplifiedintheinteriminjunctionsuspendingthederegistrationofBarazalaWanawakewaTanzania(BAWATA),animportantwomen'sorganization.2  390  .3  ԀManylimitationsonfreedomofexpressionhavebeeneasedontheTanzanianmainlandforthepress,radioandtelevision(art.19).2  391  .3  ԀTheCommitteenoteswithapprovalthatalargereductionhasbeenachievedintheemploymentofchildreninthegemstoneindustry,butmakesarecommendationinthatregard(seepara.409below).2  392  .3  ԀTheCommitteecommendstheproposaltoestablishaConstitutionalCourttooversee,amongotherthings,fullrespectforhumanrights.@ D.SubjectsofconcernandtheCommittee'srecommendations 8( 2  393  .3  ԀTheNyalaliCommissionsubmittedareportin1992.Althoughitsmajorconstitutionalproposalshavebeenimplemented,thereremaininforcenumerousactsandordinanceswhichitrecommendedforrepealoramendment.TheCommissionrecommendedtherepealof:theEmergencyPowersAct1986(art.4);certainaspectsoftheHumanResourcesDeploymentAct1983whichledtoforcedlabouroncommunalprojects(art.8);powersofthePresidenttodetainpersons(incommunicadoforaperiod)withouttrial,underthePreventiveDetentionAct1962(art.9);punishmentundertheWitchcraftOrdinance1928(arts.7and10).TheCommissionfurtherrecommendedthatregistrationofsocietiesundertheSocietiesOrdinance1954beamendedtoprovideforaseparateRegistrarandforappealfromhisdecisions(arts.18and22).TheCommitteeregretsthatnoneoftheseproposalshasbeenimplementedandexpressestheviewthattheCommissionhasaccuratelyidentifiedalltheseprovisionsasinfringinghumanrightswhicharealsoprotectedbytheCovenant;itsproposalsreinforceanumberoftheCommittee'srecommendationsmadeontheexaminationofthesecondperiodicreportandreflectmanyoftheCommittee'scurrentconcerns.TheCommitteethereforerecommendsthatprioritybegiventoimplementingtheproposedreforms.2  394  .3  ԀWhiletheCommitteeisencouragedtohearthatthecourtsarebeginningtorefertotheCovenantinjudgements,itrecommendsthattheCovenantbegivenformalrecognitionandapplicabilityindomesticlaw(art.2).2  395  .3  ԀTheCommitteeappreciatesrecentchangesinthelawsoastocriminalizerapebetweenseparatedspousesandthepracticeoffemalegenitalmutilation,aswellasthepowerofacourttohearsexualabusecasesinprivate;however,itisconcernedthattraditional X-+@ customsinhibitcomplaintsonthesematters,andthatmaritalrapeassuchisnotrecognizedasacriminaloffence.TheCommitteerecommendsthatinformationbepromulgatedabouttheseremediesandthattheStatepartytakeactiontosupportwomenwhoareentitledtotakeadvantageofthem(arts.3and26).2  396  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedattheapplicationofpersonallawswhichdiscriminateagainstwomenwithrespect,interalia,tomarriage,divorce,landandinheritance.The ` Committeeisalsoconcernedthatcustomaryattitudesdiscouragewomenfrompursuingtheirfulleducationalrightsandthat,asaresult,theytendtolackthequalificationsneededtoreachhigherlevelsofachievementinallaspectsofactivity,suchastheseniorjudiciary,andareunderMrepresentedinpoliticalspheres.TheCommitteerecommendsthat    theStatepartyputanendtothesediscriminatorylawsandpractices;thatactionbetakentoincreasethenumberofgirls'schools;thatpersuasionbeexertedonsocietytoinsistongirls'attendanceatschool;andthatsupportbegiventoyoungwomenwhowishtopursuehighereducation(arts.3,25and26).2  397  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedthat: u (a) $ TheLawofMarriageActdiscriminatesagainstwomenwithregardtotheminimum p  ageformarriage; u (b) $ Section138(6)ofthePenalCodeallowsanypersonofAfricanorAsiandescent t tomarry,orpermitthemarriageofagirlundertheageof12,providedthatthereisnointentiontoconsummatethemarriageuntilsheattainsthatage.Itrecommendsthatthesediscriminatoryfeaturesbeeliminatedfromthelaw(arts.3and26).2  398  .3  ԀTheCommitteeurgestheStatepartytopublishdetailsonsentencestothedeathpenalty,onthemainlandandinZanzibar;suchsentenceshavenotbeencarriedoutrecentlyineitherpartofthecountry,andtheCommitteerecommendsthatthispenaltybeabolished(art.6).2  399  .3  ԀTheCommitteedeploresthelawinforceinZanzibarwhichallowsfortheimprisonmentofbothmotherandfatherintheeventofanunmarriedwomanbecomingpregnant.IntheCommittee'sview,thiscarriesriskstotherighttolife(art.6)(throughresorttoillegalabortion)andtotherightsofthechild(arts.23and24)ifborninsuchcircumstances.ItrecommendstheabolitionofthislawinZanzibarand,notinginthisconnectionthatillegalabortionisamajorcauseofmaternalmortality,thatanationalreviewbecarriedoutontherestrictionsonabortions(arts.3,6and26).2  400  .3  ԀTheCommitteenoteswithapprovaltheNyalaliCommission'srecommendationtoabolishcorporalpunishmentasajudicialsentence;suchpenaltyshouldalsobeprecludedforoffencesagainstprisonregulationsandchildrenshouldnolongerbesubjectedtocorporalpunishmentinschools(art.7).2  401  .3  ԀDespitetheproblemsconcerningthevolumesofrefugeesenteringandremaininginthecountry,theCommitteeurgesthatnorefugeebereturnedtoanotherStateunlessitiscertainthat,oncethere,heorsheshallnotbeexecutedorsubjectedtotortureorotherformofinhumantreatment(arts.6,7and13).2  402  .3  ԀTheCommitteeregretstheabsenceoftrainingforthepoliceinhumanrightsandintheproperuseofriotequipment,suchas rubberbullets.Ittakesnoteofactionsbythepoliceresultinginhomicide,andisgenerallyconcernedthatinvestigationofcomplaintsagainstthepoliceiscarriedoutbythepolicethemselves.Itrecommendsthatthoroughtrainingforthepolicebeprovidedandthatanindependentmechanismbesetupforinvestigatingcomplaints(arts.7and9).2  403  .3  ԀTheCommitteeisconcernedaboutreportsofarmedgroups( sunguMsungu)whichactas '%8 vigilantesandmaycommitabusesofhumanrights.ItnoteswithapprovaltheNyalaliCommission'srecommendationthatnomilitiabeallowedtooperatewithoutspecificlegislativeapprovalandrecommendsthat,inanyevent,anysuchmilitiabeproperlytrainedandthattheiractivitiesbesubjecttofullsupervisionbythecourts(arts.7and9).2  404  .3  ԀTheCommitteenotesthatitisacceptedthatprisonconditionshavedeteriorated;thereisreportedovercrowding,rapeandothersexualabuseoffemaleprisoners,andafailuretocomplywithminimumstandards.Itrecommendsthatresourcesbemadeavailabletoremedythis X-+@ situationandthattraininginhumanrightsbegiventoprisonofficers,asufficientnumberoffemaleofficersberecruitedtoensurethatonlysuchofficersareinchargeoffemaleprisoners.Italsourgesthatalternativestoasentenceofimprisonmentbemademorewidelyavailabletothecourtsandthatthejudiciarybeencouragedtousethesealternatives,inappropriatecases,whenpassingsentence(art.10).2  405  .3  ԀTheCommitteeurgestheabolitionofimprisonmentforinabilitytopayadebtandthatastudybecarriedoutofalternativemeansofenforcingjudgementdebts,suchasarecurrentlyinoperationinothercountries(art.11).2  406  .3  ԀTheCommitteeregretsthatthelargenumberofelectionpetitionscurrentlybeforetheHighCourthassocloggedthesystemthatotherproceedings,includingtrialsforhomicide,havebeeninordinatelydelayed.Itisconcernedthatsometwoandahalfyearsafteranelection,adjudicationontherightofapersontositinParliamentisstillawaited.Itisalsoconcernedthatcaseconferences(toexpediteproceedings)convenedbythecourtsthemselveshaveofferednosolution.TheCommitteerecommendsthatsuitablemeasuresbeadoptedtoextinguishthebacklogofpendingcases,andthatamoreexpeditiousprocedurebeadoptedtodetermineelectoraldisputes(arts.14and25).2  407  .3  ԀTheCommitteecallsontheStatepartytoprotectthefreedomofanadultindividual'ssexualconductandtobringitslawsintoconformitywitharticle17oftheCovenant.2  408  .3  ԀTheCommitteenoteswithconcernthehighlevelofdomesticviolence.Itrecommendsthatspecificrevisionsbeintroducedinlegislationtoprovidecivilandcriminalremediesforsuchactionsagainstthepersonresponsible(art.23).2  409  .3  ԀTheCommitteeremainsconcernedabouttheemploymentofchildreninindustrialandagriculturalactivities.IturgestheStatepartytotakefurtherstepstocounterthiscontinuingviolationofchildren'srights(art.24).2  410  .3  ԀTheCommitteerecommendstheestablishmentofanindependentbodytooverseerespectforandtodisseminateknowledgeofhumanrights,whetherbyanexpansionofthepowersoftheexistingPermanentMissionofEnquiryorbythecreationofanothermechanism.2  411  .3  ԀThereremainunansweredseveralconcernsoftheCommittee,whichwerenotedbythedelegation,anditisanticipatedthatfull,upMtoMdateanswerswillbeprovidedinthe # fourthperiodicreport.2  412  .3  ԀTheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmentoftheUnitedRepublicofTanzaniasubmititsfourthperiodicreportbyJune2002.ItrequeststheGovernmenttoensurethewidespreaddisseminationoftheseconcludingobservationsthroughoutthepopulation,inSwahiliaswellasinotherlanguages.ItfurtherrecommendsthatpublicitybegiventotherightofindividualstomakeuseoftheOptionalProtocolandthemeansofsodoing.   <- @  VI.GENERALCOMMENTSOFTHECOMMITTEEUNDERARTICLE40,0 u 0$u#u#0 $#$#PARAGRAPH4,OFTHECOVENANT  # # 2  413  .3  ԀFollowingthenotificationoftheGovernmentoftheDemocraticPeoplesRepublicofKorea,dated27August1997,purportingtodenouncetheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights,theCommitteeconsideredthequestionwhetherdenunciationispermissibleundertheCovenant.Atits1631stmeeting,on29October1997,theCommitteeadoptedGeneralCommentNo.26(61)(CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.8)onissuesrelatingtothecontinuityofobligationsundertheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights(annexVII).1 d   2  414  .3  ԀAtitssixtysecondsession,Mr.EckartKleinsubmittedtotheCommitteeadraftgeneralcommentonarticle12.Therewasageneraldiscussionofthedraftinplenary.Theworkinggroupofthesixtythirdsessiondiscussedandamendedthereviseddraftandsubmittedittotheplenary.TheCommitteecontinueditsdiscussionandagreedtopartofthetextatits1678thmeeting,on16July1998.TheCommitteewillcontinueconsiderationofthedraftatitssixtyfourthsession.2  415  .3  ԀAworkinggroupwasestablishedatthesixtyfirstsessiontoreviewtheletterdated25June1997fromMr.LouisJoinet,Chairman/RapporteuroftheWorkingGroupontheAdministrationofJusticeoftheSubcommissiononPreventionofDiscriminationandProtectionofMinorities,requestingtheCommitteetoconsiderpreparinganamendmenttoitsgeneralcommentonarticle4.Atitssixtysecondsession,theCommitteenotedthecommentsinMr.JoinetsletterandagreedthatthesewouldbetakenintoaccountbytheCommitteeinduecoursewhenamendingitsgeneralcomment5(13)onarticle4oftheCovenant.TheCommitteewouldalsotakeaccountofissuesreferredtoinCommissiononHumanRightsresolution1997/21onminimumhumanitarianstandards,referredtoinparagraph18above.2  416  .3  ԀAtitssixtysecondsession,Mrs.CeciliaMedinaQuirogasubmittedtotheCommitteeadraftgeneralcommentonarticle3oftheCovenant,revisingandreplacinggeneralcomment4(3).2  417  .3  ԀOthergeneralcommentswhichtheCommitteehasagreedtopreparewilldealwitharticles2,21and22.  Notes #    u 1 $ On29October1997,theChairpersonwrotetotheAmbassadoroftheDemocratic 4% PeoplesRepublicofKoreaemphasizingthattheHumanRightsCommitteeistheonlycompetentbodyestablishedbytheCovenanttoaddressquestionsrelatingtoStatespartiesreportssubmittedunderarticle40oftheCovenant.Theletterenclosedacopyofthegeneralcomment,andexpressedthehopethattheGovernmentoftheDemocraticPeoplesRepublicofKoreawouldreconsideritspositionandcontinueitscooperationwiththeCommitteeinaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheCovenant.  <+ @VII.CONSIDERATIONOFCOMMUNICATIONSUNDERTHEOPTIONALPROTOCOL2  418  .3  ԀIndividualswhoclaimthatanyoftheirrightsundertheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRightshavebeenviolatedbyaStateparty,andwhohaveexhaustedallavailabledomesticremedies,maysubmitwrittencommunicationstotheHumanRightsCommitteeforconsiderationundertheOptionalProtocol.NocommunicationcanbeconsideredunlessitconcernsaStatepartytotheCovenantthathasrecognizedthecompetenceoftheCommitteebybecomingapartytotheOptionalProtocol.Ofthe140Statesthathaveratified,accededorsucceededtotheCovenant,92haveacceptedtheCommittee'scompetencetodealwithindividualcomplaintsbybecomingpartiestotheOptionalProtocol(seeannexI,sect.B).2  419  .3  ԀConsiderationofcommunicationsundertheOptionalProtocolisconfidentialandtakesplaceinclosedmeetings(art.5,para.3,oftheOptionalProtocol).Underrule96oftherulesofprocedure,allworkingdocumentsissuedfortheCommitteeareconfidentialunlesstheCommitteedecidesotherwise.However,theauthorofacommunicationandtheStatepartyconcernedmaymakepublicanysubmissionsorinformationbearingontheproceedingsunlesstheCommitteehasrequestedthepartiestorespectconfidentiality.TheCommittee'sfinaldecisions(Views,decisionsdeclaringacommunicationinadmissible,decisionstodiscontinueacommunication)aremadepublic;thename(s)oftheauthor(s)is(are)disclosedunlesstheCommitteedecidesotherwise.@kk)A.Progressofwork x  2  420  .3  ԀTheCommitteestarteditsworkundertheOptionalProtocolatitssecondsession,in1977.Sincethen,823communicationsconcerning56StatespartieshavebeenregisteredforconsiderationbytheCommittee,including58placedbeforeitduringtheperiodcoveredbythepresentreport(2August199731July1998).2  421  .3  ԀThestatusofthe823communicationsregisteredforconsiderationbytheHumanRightsCommitteethusfarisasfollows: u (a) $ ConcludedbyViewsunderarticle5,paragraph4,oftheOptionalProtocol:293, 0" including223inwhichviolationsoftheCovenantwerefound; u (b) $ Declaredinadmissible:245; 4%  u (c) $ Discontinuedorwithdrawn:124; 4'  u (d) $ Notyetconcluded,161ofwhich46havebeendeclaredadmissible. ) 2  422  .3  ԀInaddition,thesecretariatoftheCommitteehashundredsofcommunicationsonfileinrespectofwhichtheauthorshavebeenadvisedthatfurtherinformationwouldbeneededbeforetheircommunicationscouldberegisteredforconsiderationbytheCommittee.TheauthorsofaconsiderablenumberofadditionalcommunicationshavebeeninformedthattheircaseswillnotbesubmittedtotheCommittee,astheyfallclearlyoutsidethescopeoftheCovenantorappeartobefrivolous.Othercases,notyetregistered,arementionedinsectionBbelow.2  423  .3  ԀDuringthesixtyfirsttosixtythirdsessions,theCommitteeconcludedconsiderationof30casesbyadoptingViewsthereon.ThesearecasesNos.532/1993(Thomasv.Jamaica), H%"4 554/1993(Lavendev.TrinidadandTobago),555/1993(Bickaroov.TrinidadandTobago), %#5 564/1993(Lesliev.Jamaica),569/1993(Matthewsv.Trinidad&Tobago),577/1994(Polay &H$6 Camposv.Peru),585/1994(Jonesv.Jamaica),591/1994(Chungv.Jamaica),609/1995 L'$7 (Williamsv.Jamaica),615/1995(Youngv.Jamaica),617/1995(Finnv.Jamaica),619/1995 '%8 (Deidrickv.Jamaica),623/1995(Domukhovskyv.Georgia),624/1995(Tsiklauriv.Georgia), (L&9 626/1995(Gelbakhianiv.Georgia),627/1995(Dokvadzev.Georgia),635/1995(E.Morrisonv. P)&: Jamaica),650/1995(Perelv.Latvia),651/1995(Snijdersv.Netherlands),672/1995(Smart )'; v.TrinidadandTobago),676/1996(YasseenandThomasv.Guyana),704/1996(Shawv. *P(< Jamaica),705/1996(D.Taylorv.Jamaica),706/1996(T.v.Australia),732/1997(Whytev. T+(= Jamaica),733/1997(A.Perkinsv.Jamaica),734/1997(McLeodv.Jamaica),749/1997 ,)> (McTaggartv.Jamaica),750/1997(Daleyv.Jamaica),813/1998(Chadeeetal.v.Trinidadand ,T*? Tobago).ThetextoftheViewsinthese30casesarereproducedinannexXI. X-+@ Ї2  424  .3  ԀTheCommitteealsoconcludedconsiderationofthreecasesbydeclaringtheminadmissible.ThesearecasesNos.611/1995(H.Morrisonv.Jamaica),640/1995(McIntoshv.  Jamaica),735/1997(Kalabav.Hungary).Thetextofthesedecisionsarereproducedin X annexXII.2  425  .3  ԀDuringtheperiodunderreview,15communicationsweredeclaredadmissibleforexaminationonthemerits.DecisionsdeclaringcommunicationsadmissiblearenotpublishedbytheCommittee.Proceduraldecisionswereadoptedinanumberofpendingcases(underarticle4oftheOptionalProtocolorunderrules86and91oftheCommittee'srulesofprocedure).TheCommitteerequestedsecretariatactioninotherpendingcases.2  426  .3  ԀTheCommitteedecidedtodiscontinuetheconsiderationofninecommunications,Nos.551/1993(Espinozav.Ecuador),620/1995(Fernandesv.Canada),622/1995(Bertillov.Canada), h   629/1995(Sahliv.France),652/1995(Richardsonv.Canada),703/1996(Rossv.Guyana),    715/1996(rv6  @v6ԢOlaskoagav.France),738/1997(Garciav.Canada)and745/1997(Nunesv.#@v6  rv6y#rv6  @v6Jamaic#@v6  rv6#a).1  h  2  427  .3  ԀUndertheCommittee'snewrulesofprocedure,inforceasof1August1997,theCommitteewillasaruledecideontheadmissibilityandmeritsofacommunicationtogetherinordertoexpediteitsworkundertheOptionalProtocol.OnlyinexceptionalcircumstanceswilltheCommitteerequestaStatepartytoaddressadmissibilityonly.AStatepartywhichhasreceivedarequestforinformationonadmissibilityandmeritsmaywithintwomonthsapplyforthecommunicationtoberejectedasinadmissible.Sucharequest,however,willnotabsolvetheStatepartyfromtherequirementtosubmitinformationonthemeritswithinthesettimelimitunlesstheCommittee,itsWorkingGrouporitsdesignatedSpecialRapporteurdecidestoextendthetimeforsubmissionofinformationonthemeritsuntilaftertheCommitteehasruledonadmissibility.Intheperiodunderreview,theCommitteedecidedinonecasetodealfirstwiththeadmissibilityofthecommunication.Communicationsreceivedbeforethenewrulesofprocedurecameintoforcewillbedealtwithundertheoldrules,accordingtowhichadmissibilityisconsideredatthefirststage.  B.GrowthoftheCommittee'scaseloadundertheOptionalProtocol ,   2  428  .3  ԀAstheCommitteehasstatedinpreviousreports,theincreasingnumberofStatespartiestotheOptionalProtocolandbetterpublicawarenessoftheprocedurehaveledtoagrowthinthenumberofcommunicationssubmittedtotheCommittee.ThetablebelowsetsoutthepatternoftheCommitteesworkoncommunicationsoverthepastfivecalenderyearsto31December1997.Thetableshowsthatthenumberofpendingcaseshasincreasedeachyearsince1994(whentheJulysessionwasextended).Communicationsdealtwith,19931997*>dddd dd"dd dd"dd"hi>#>#,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +   8*  5+ +  -15Ѐ(1) UK),  -1   -2UЀ(2) UK)-  -2   -3UЀ(3) UK).  -3   -4UЀ(4) UK)/  -4   -5UЀ(5) 5+)0  -5  5Yearto31December   r2 Newcasesregistered   r4 Casesconcludeda  r6 1January31December  "v 9 Pendingcasesat31December(4+5)  ""= Preadmissiblecases  v!@ Admissiblecases 7-  rB 4@19974@71997 WM+#!C 4@1997 4@  N@60N@WЀ60 UK)#!D  N@60 N@  L@56L@UЀ56 VL)#!E  L@56 L@ c@157c@VЀ157 WM*#!F c@157 c@ @\@113@\@WЀ113 VL*#!G @\@113 @\@  F@44F@VЀ44 WM)#!H  F@44 F@ 0@19960@W1996 WM+"%"I 0@1996 0@  L@56L@WЀ56 UK)"%"J  L@56 L@  A@35A@UЀ35 VL)"%"K  A@35 A@  c@153 c@VЀ153 WM*"%"L  c@153  c@ [@111[@WЀ111 VL*"%"M [@111 [@  E@42E@VЀ42 WM)"%"N  E@42 E@ ,@1995,@W1995 WM+L&#O ,@1995 ,@  Q@68Q@WЀ68 UK)L&#P  Q@68 Q@  F@44F@UЀ44 VL)L&#Q  F@44 F@ `@132`@VЀ132 VL*L&#R `@132 `@  V@91V@VЀ91 UK)L&#S  V@91 V@  D@41D@UЀ41 5+)L&#T  D@41 D@ 51994b 5+ v'%U  B@37B@5Ѐ37 UK)v'%V  B@37 B@  O@63O@UЀ63 VL)v'%W  O@63 O@ [@108[@VЀ108 VL*v'%X [@108 [@  R@75R@VЀ75 UK)v'%Y  R@75 R@  @@33@@UЀ33 WM)v'%Z  @@33 @@ $@1993$@W1993 WM+(H&[ $@1993 $@  G@46G@WЀ46 UK)(H&\  G@46 G@  F@45F@UЀ45 VL)(H&]  F@45 F@ `@134`@VЀ134 VL*(H&^ `@134 `@  @X@97@X@VЀ97 UK)(H&_  @X@97 @X@  B@37B@UЀ379/-(H&`  B@37  B@ 9*>>r >>u$*  a r Totalnumberofallcasesdecided(bytheadoptionofViews,inadmissibilitydecisions *'a andcasesdiscontinued).  b r OneadditionalweekforcommunicationswasheldduringtheJulysessionowingtothe ,)d increaseinbacklog. n-+f 2  429  .3  ԀTheincreaseincommunicationsisnotfullyreflectedinthenumberofnewcasesthathavebeenregisteredformallyundertheOptionalProtocol,asshowninthetableabove.Thatfigurewouldbeconsiderablyhigherwereitnotforthefactthatmanycommunicationshavebeenwaitingforregistrationforaconsiderableperiod,uptoayearinsomecases.Inadditiontothedelayinregisteringnewcases,otherthanthoseconsideredurgent,thereisagrowingbacklogofcorrespondenceawaitingreplywhichrelatestomattersotherthancasesforregistration.Muchofthecorrespondencegoesbackto1997.2  430  .3  ԀThemainreasonforthosedelaysisthatwhiletheactualnumberofcommunicationshasincreased,thenumberofprofessionalstaffdealingwithcommunicationsundertheOptionalProtocolhasdecreasedineachofthepastthreeyears.ThecomplexityofsomecomplaintsandtheobligationofstafftoensurethatasufficientnumberofcasesispreparedfortheCommittee'sconsiderationateachsessionmeansthatithasnotbeenpossibletoallocatescarceresourcestoclearthebacklogofunregisteredcasesandcorrespondence.AfurtherreductioninthenumberofprofessionalstaffassignedtotheCommitteesworkundertheOptionalProtocolinthepastyearmeantthattherewereinsufficientresourcestocarryouttheCommitteesusualfollowupactivitiesinrespectofthe223casesinwhichtheCommitteehasfoundviolationsundertheCovenant.2  431  .3  ԀThemeasurestakenbytheCommitteetoexpediteitsworkoncommunications,describedinearlierreports,areunlikelytoenabletheCommitteetoovercomeallthedelaysmentionedunlessitissupportedbyasufficientnumberofprofessionalSecretariatstaffassignedtotheOptionalProtocolwork.TheCommitteenotes,inthisconnection,thatanincreasingnumberofcommunicationsarebeingsubmittedinlanguagesthatarenotamongtheworkinglanguagesoftheSecretariat,andexpressesitsconcernthatthelackofSecretariatstafffluentinthoselanguageshascontributedtodelaysintheexaminationofthem.ThesituationwithrespecttocommunicationssubmittedinRussianisamatterofparticularconcern.2  432  .3  ԀTheCommittee,whilefullyawareofthefinancialcrisisbesettingtheOrganization,neverthelessemphasizesthatinaccordancewitharticle36oftheCovenant,itshouldbeguaranteedthenecessaryresourcesfortheeffectiveperformanceofallitsfunctions,includingtheconsiderationofcommunications,andthatithasaparticularneedforstaffexperiencedinthevariouslegalsystemsandwithknowledgeofthelanguagesofStatespartiestotheOptionalProtocol.̀C.Approachestoexaminingcommunicationsunderthe 4% ЀOptionalProtocol & @3 3 1.SpecialRapporteuronnewcommunications 8( 2  433  .3  ԀAtitsthirtyfifthsession,theCommitteedecidedtodesignateaSpecialRapporteurtoprocessnewcommunicationsastheywerereceived,i.e.,betweensessionsoftheCommittee.AttheCommittee'sfiftythirdsession,in1995,Mr.FaustoPocarwasdesignatedasSpecialRapporteur.Intheperiodcoveredbythepresentreport,theSpecialRapporteurtransmitted57newcommunicationstotheStatespartiesconcernedunderrule91oftheCommittee'srulesofprocedure,requestinginformationorobservationsrelevanttothequestionsofadmissibilityandmerits.Inothercases,theSpecialRapporteurissuedrequestsforinterimmeasuresofprotectionpursuanttorule86oftheCommittee'srulesofprocedure.ThecompetenceoftheSpecialRapporteurtoissue,andifnecessarytowithdraw,requestsforinterimmeasuresunderrule86oftherulesofprocedureisdescribedinthepreviousannualreport(A/52/40,para.467).@ 2.CompetenceoftheWorkingGrouponCommunications L'$7 2  434  .3  ԀAtitsthirtysixthsession,theCommitteedecidedtoauthorizetheWorkingGrouponCommunicationstoadoptdecisionsdeclaringcommunicationsadmissiblewhenallfivememberssoagreed.Failingsuchagreement,theWorkingGroupwouldreferthemattertotheCommittee.ItcouldalsodosowheneveritbelievedthattheCommitteeitselfshoulddecidethequestionofadmissibility.WhiletheWorkingGroupcouldnotadoptdecisionsdeclaring communicationsinadmissible,itmightmakerecommendationsinthatrespecttotheCommittee. ,)> Pursuanttothoserules,theWorkingGrouponCommunicationsthatmetpriortothesixty&   first,sixtysecondandsixtythirdsessionsoftheCommitteedeclared13communicationsadmissible.'I2  435  .3  ԀAtitsfiftyfifthsession,theCommitteedecidedthateachcommunicationwouldbeentrustedtoamemberoftheCommittee,whowouldactasrapporteurforitintheWorkingGroupandintheplenaryCommittee.Theroleoftherapporteurisdescribedinthepreviousreport(A/52/40,para.469).@(D.Individualopinions    2  436  .3  ԀInitsworkundertheOptionalProtocol,theCommitteestrivestoarriveatitsdecisionsbyconsensus.However,pursuanttorule94,paragraph4,oftheCommittee'srulesofprocedure,memberscanaddtheirindividualconcurringordissentingopinionstotheCommittee'sViews.Pursuanttorule92,paragraph3,memberscanappendtheirindividualopinionstotheCommittee'sdecisionsdeclaringcommunicationsinadmissible.2  437  .3  ԀDuringtheperiodunderreview,individualopinionswereappendedtotheCommittee'sViewsincasesNos.532/1993(Thomasv.Jamaica),554/1993(Lavendev.TrinidadandTobago),   555/1993(Bickaroov.TrinidadandTobago),615/1995(Youngv.Jamaica),635/1995(E. p  Morrisonv.Jamaica),732/1997(Whytev.Jamaica),704/1996(Shawv.Jamaica),705/1996 t (D.Taylorv.Jamaica),706/1996(T.v.Australia),732/1997(Whytev.Jamaica),734/1997   (McLeodv.Jamaica),749/1997(McTaggartv.Jamaica)and813/1998(Chadeeetal.v.Trinidad t andTobago).AnindividualopinionwasalsoappendedtotheCommittee'sdecisiondeclaring x  communicationNo.640/1995(McIntoshv.Jamaica)inadmissible. $ @A A E.IssuesconsideredbytheCommittee ( 2  438  .3  ԀAreviewoftheCommittee'sworkundertheOptionalProtocolfromitssecondsessionin1977toitssixtiethsessionin1997canbefoundintheCommittee'sannualreportsfor1984to1997,which,interalia,containsummariesoftheproceduralandsubstantiveissues   consideredbytheCommitteeandofthedecisionstaken.ThefulltextsoftheViewsadoptedbytheCommitteeandofitsdecisionsdeclaringcommunicationsinadmissibleundertheOptionalProtocolarereproducedinannexestotheCommittee'sannualreportstotheGeneralAssembly.TheCommitteeregrets,withseriousconcern,thatvolumeIIofitsannualreportcontainingtheseannexeshasnotbeenpublishedforthepastthreeyears(see,also,chap.I).2  439  .3  ԀTwovolumescontainingselecteddecisionsoftheHumanRightsCommitteeundertheOptionalProtocol,fromthesecondtothesixteenthsessions(1977-1982)andfromtheseventeenthtothethirtysecondsessions(19821988),havebeenpublished(CCPR/C/OP/1and2).2  440  .3  ԀThefollowingsummaryreflectsfurtherdevelopmentsonissuesconsideredduringtheperiodcoveredbythepresentreport.@>>)1.Proceduralissues D# 1 (a) r Claimnotsubstantiated,underarticle2oftheOptionalProtocol $D"3 2  441  .3  ԀArticle2oftheOptionalProtocolprovidesthat"individualswhoclaimthatanyoftheirrightsenumeratedintheCovenanthavebeenviolatedandwhohaveexhaustedallavailabledomesticremediesmaysubmitawrittencommunicationtotheCommitteeforconsideration".2  442  .3  ԀAlthoughanauthordoesnotneedtoprovetheallegedviolationattheadmissibilitystage,hemustsubmitsufficientevidencesubstantiatinghisallegationforpurposesofadmissibility.A"claim"is,therefore,notjustanallegation,butanallegationsupportedbyacertainamountofsubstantiatingevidence.IncaseswheretheCommitteefindsthattheauthorhasfailedtosubstantiateaclaimforpurposesofadmissibility,theCommitteehasheldthecommunicationinadmissible,underrule90(b)ofitsrulesofprocedure,declaringthattheauthor"hasnoclaimunderarticle2oftheOptionalProtocol". X-+@ Ї2  443  .3  ԀCasesdeclaredinadmissible,interalia,forlackofsubstantiationoftheclaimor X failuretoadvanceaclaimarecommunicationsNos.611/1995(H.Morrisonv.Jamaica)and  640/1995(McIntoshv.Jamaica). X (b)0 r ClaimsnotcompatiblewiththeprovisionsoftheCovenant(OptionalProtocol,art.3)r#r# 2  444  .3  ԀCommunicationsmustraiseanissueconcerningtheapplicationoftheCovenant.InitsworkundertheOptionalProtocol,theCommitteehasonseveraloccasionshadtopointoutthatitisnotanappealinstanceintendedtorevieworreversedecisionsofdomesticcourtsandthatitcannotbeusedasaforumforpursuingacomplaintonthebasisofdomesticlaw.CommunicationsbasedonaclearlyerroneousinterpretationoftheCovenant,orwherethefactsaspresenteddonotraiseissuesunderthearticlesoftheCovenantinvokedbytheauthor,aredeclaredinadmissibleunderarticle3oftheOptionalProtocolasincompatiblewiththeprovisionsoftheCovenant.2  445  .3  ԀAcasedeclaredinadmissible,interalia,forincompatibilitywiththeprovisionsof l   theCovenantiscommunicationNo.640/1995(McIntoshv.Jamaica).   (c)0 r Therequirementofexhaustionofdomesticremedies(OptionalProtocol,art.5, p  para.2(b)) r#r# 2  446  .3  ԀPursuanttoarticle5,paragraph2(b),oftheOptionalProtocol,theCommitteeshallnotconsideranycommunicationunlessithasascertainedthattheauthorhasexhaustedallavailabledomesticremedies.However,theCommitteehasalreadyestablishedthattheruleofexhaustionappliesonlytotheextentthatthoseremediesareeffectiveandavailable.TheStatepartyisrequiredtogive"detailsoftheremedieswhichitsubmittedhadbeenavailabletotheauthorinthecircumstancesofhiscase,togetherwithevidencethattherewouldbeareasonableprospectthatsuchremedieswouldbeeffective"(caseNo.4/1977(TorresRamrezv.Uruguay)).TherulealsoprovidesthattheCommitteeisnotprecluded ( fromexaminingacommunicationifitisestablishedthattheapplicationoftheremediesinquestionisunreasonablyprolonged.Incertaincases,aStatepartymaywaivebeforetheCommitteetherequirementofexhaustionofdomesticremedies.2  447  .3  ԀIntheperiodcoveredbythepresentreport,communicationNo.735/1997(Kalabav. ,! Hungary)wasdeclaredinadmissibleforfailuretopursueavailableandeffectivedomestic 0" remedies.(d) r Interimmeasuresunderrule86 4% 2  448  .3  ԀUnderrule86oftheCommittee'srulesofprocedure,theCommitteemay,afterreceiptofacommunicationandbeforeadoptingitsViews,requestaStatepartytotakeinterimmeasuresinordertoavoidirreparabledamagetothevictimoftheallegedviolations.TheCommitteehasappliedthisruleonseveraloccasions,mostlyincasessubmittedbyoronbehalfofpersonswhohavebeensentencedtodeathandareawaitingexecutionandwhoclaimthattheyweredeniedafairtrial.Inviewoftheurgencyofthecommunications,theCommitteehasrequestedtheStatespartiesconcernednottocarryoutthedeathsentenceswhilethecasesareunderconsideration.Staysofexecutionhavespecificallybeengrantedinthisconnection.Rule86hasalsobeenappliedinothercircumstances,forinstanceincasesofimminentdeportationorextraditionwhichmayinvolveorexposetheauthortoarealriskofviolationofrightsprotectedbytheCovenant.FortheCommittee'sreasoningwhetherornottoissuearequestunderrule86,seetheCommittee'sViewsincommunicationNo.558/1993(Canepav.Canada)(A/52/40).Casesinwhicharequestunderrule86was $D"3 issued,are,interalia,casesNos.676/1996(YasseenandThomasv.Guyana),706/1996(T.v. H%"4 Australia)and813/1998(Chadeeetal.v.TrinidadandTobago).P %#5 @(2.Substantiveissues '%8 (a) r Righttolife(Covenant,art.6) P)&: 2  449  .3  ԀArticle6,paragraph2,providesthatasentenceofdeathmaybeimposedonlyforthemostseriouscrimesandifnotcontrarytotheprovisionsoftheCovenant.Thus,anexusisestablishedbetweentheimpositionofasentenceofdeathandobservancebyStateauthoritiesofguaranteesundertheCovenant.Accordingly,incaseswheretheCommitteefoundthattheStatepartyhadviolatedarticle14oftheCovenant,inthattheauthorhad X-+@ PM e   beendeniedafairtrialandappeal,theCommitteeheldthattheimpositionofthesentenceofdeathalsoentailedaviolationofarticle6.Havingconcludedthatthefinalsentenceofdeathhadbeenimposedafteratrialthatfailedtocomplyfullywiththerequirementsofarticle14,theCommitteefoundthattherightprotectedbyarticle6hadbeenviolated,incasesNos.704/1996(Shawv.Jamaica),705/1996(D.Taylorv.Jamaica),734/1997(McLeod  v.Jamaica)and750/1997(Daleyv.Jamaica). \ 2  450  .3  ԀIncaseNo.706/1996(T.v.Australia),theCommitteehadtodeterminewhetherthe   author'sdeportationfromAustraliatoMalaysia,afterhavingservedasentenceofimprisonmentinAustraliaforillegalimportationof240gramsofheroin,exposedhimtoarealriskofaviolationofhisrightsundertheCovenant.TheauthorhadarguedthathewouldfacethedeathpenaltyinMalaysia,whendeportedbyAustralia.Onthebasisoftheinformationbeforeit,theCommitteefoundthattheauthor'sdeportationwouldnotentailaviolationofarticle6.TwomembersoftheCommitteeappendedadissentingopiniontotheCommitteesViews,findingaviolationofarticle6.rv6  @v6#@v6  rv6#2  451  .3   r Article6,paragraph5,prohibitstheimpositionofthedeathsentenceforcrimes   committedbypersonsbelow18yearsofage.IncaseNo.733/1997(Perkinsv.Jamaica),the  l  authorhadclaimedthathewasbelow18whenthecrimeforwhichhewassentencedtodeathwascommitted.TheCommitteeobservedthatitwasincumbentontheStatepartytomakeenquiriesifanydoubtisraisedastowhethertheaccusedinacapitalcaseisaminorornot,butfoundthatthefactsbeforeitdidnotshowthattheauthorhadbeenunderageatthetimeoftheoffence.(b)0 r Therightnottobesubjectedtotortureortocruel,inhumanordegradingtreatment x  (Covenant,art.7)$r#r# 2  452  .3  ԀArticle7oftheCovenantprovidesthatnooneshallbesubjectedtotortureortocruel,inhumanordegradingtreatmentorpunishment.2  453  .3  ԀIncaseNo.577/1994(PolayCamposv.Peru),Mr.Polay,theleaderoftheMovimiento ( ТRevolucionarioTpacAmaru,hadbeendisplayedtothepressinacage.TheCommitteefound , thatthisamountedtodegradingtreatmentwithinthemeaningofarticle7oftheCovenant.Mr.Polaywasalsokeptinisolationforaperiodofayearafterhisconviction,havingbeendeniedvisitsandcorrespondence.TheCommitteeconcludedthatthisconstitutedinhumantreatmentwithinthemeaningofarticle7.TheCommitteealsofoundthattheuncontestedclaimthatMr.Polaywaskeptinsolitaryconfinementinacellmeasuringtwometresbytwo,withoutnaturallightsavefor10minutesaday,showedaviolationofarticle7oftheCovenant.2  454  .3  ԀIncasesNos.623/,624/,626/,627/1995(Domukovskyetal.v.Georgia),allfour 8( authorshadcomplainedaboutilltreatmentandtorture,andgivenspecificdetails.TheCommitteeconsidered:0  TheStatepartyhasdeniedthattorturehastakenplace,andstatedthatthejudicialexaminationfoundthattheclaimswereunsubstantiated.Ithas,however,notindicatedhowthecourthasinvestigatedtheallegations,norhasitprovidedcopiesofthemedicalreportsinthisrespect.Inparticular,withregardtotheclaimmadebyMr.ϢTsiklauri,theStatepartyhasfailedtoaddresstheallegation,simplyreferringtoaninvestigationwhichallegedlyshowedthathehadjumpedfromamovingvehicleandthathehadspilledhotteaoverhimself.NocopyoftheinvestigationreporthasbeenhandedtotheCommittee,andMr.Tsiklaurihascontestedtheoutcomeoftheinvestigation,whichaccordingtohimwasconductedbypoliceofficerswithoutacourthearingeverhavingbeenheld.Inthecircumstances,theCommitteeconsidersthatthefactsbeforeitshowthattheauthorsweresubjectedtotortureandtocruelandinhumantreatment,inviolationofarticles7and10,paragraph1,oftheCovenant(annexXI,sect.M,para.18.6). ## 2  455  .3  ԀIncaseNo.591/1994(Chungv.Jamaica),thecomplainanthadgivenadetailedaccount P)&: ofhowhehadbeenbeatenondeathrowandhadwrittentotheOmbudsman.TheStatepartyhadrejectedtheallegation,buthadnotindicatedhowtheclaimwasinvestigated.TheCommitteerecalledthataStatepartyisunderanobligationtoinvestigateseriously allegationsofviolationsoftheCovenantmadeundertheOptionalProtocolprocedure,and ,)> toforwardtheoutcomeofinvestigationstotheCommittee,indetailandwithoutundue&   delay.IntheabsenceofadetailedreplyfromtheStateparty,theCommitteefoundthataviolationofarticle7hadoccurred.'Y+2  456  .3  ԀSimilarfindingsweremadeincasesNos.564/1993(Lesliev.Jamaica),615/1995(Young  v.Jamaica),617/1995(Finnv.Jamaica),635/1995(E.Morrissonv.Jamaica),749/1997 \ (McTaggartv.Jamaica)and750/1997(Daleyv.Jamaica).IncasesNos.619/1995(Deidrickv. ` Jamaica),704/1996(Shawv.Jamaica)and732/1997(Whytev.Jamaica),theCommitteefound   violationsofarticle7inrespectoftheconditionsofdetention.2  457  .3  ԀInitsjurisprudenceregardingclaimsthataprolongedstayondeathrowconstitutescruel,inhumananddegradingtreatment,theCommitteehasconsistentlyheldthatthefactsandcircumstancesofeachcasemustbeexaminedtoseewhetheranissueunderarticle7arisesandthat,intheabsenceoffurthercompellingcircumstances,prolongedjudicialproceedingsdonotperseconstitutethatkindoftreatment.FollowingitsViewsincaseNo.588/1994(ErrolJohnsonv.Jamaica),(adoptedattheCommittee'sfiftysixthsession), l   theCommitteeexaminedoncemoretheimplicationsofholdingthelengthofdetentionondeathrow,perse,tobeinviolationofarticles7and10incasesNos.554/1993(LaVende  l  v.TrinidadandTobago)and555/1993(Bickaroov.TrinidadandTobago)andfoundthatno p  violationofarticle7hadoccurredbecauseofthelengthoftimeondeathrow.FivemembersoftheCommitteeappendedanindividualopinion,dissentingfromtheCommitteesfinding.SimilarfindingsweremadeincasesNos.704/1996(Shawv.Jamaica),705/1996 t (D.Taylorv.Jamaica)and750/1997(Daleyv.Jamaica).   2  458  .3  ԀIncaseNo.609/1995(Williamsv.Jamaica),theCommittee,whilereferringtoits x  jurisprudencereflectedintheprecedingparagraph,consideredthataviolationofarticle7hadoccurredinthespecificcircumstancesofMr.Williams'case,sincetheevidencebeforetheCommitteeindicatedthathismentalconditionseriouslydeterioratedwhileondeathrow,andthathehadreceivednoadequatemedicaltreatment.2  459  .3  ԀIncaseNo.706/1996(T.v.Australia),theCommitteefoundthattheauthors ( deportationfromAustraliatoMalaysiawouldnotviolatetheStatepartysobligationsunderarticle7sincetheinformationbeforetheCommitteedidnotindicatethatitwastheforeseeableandnecessaryconsequenceofhisdeportationthathewouldbetreatedinviolationofarticle7.(c) r Libertyandsecurityofperson(Covenant,art.9) 0$ 2  460  .3  ԀArticle9,paragraph1,oftheCovenantguaranteestoeveryonetherighttolibertyandsecurityofpersonandprovidesthatnooneshallbesubjectedtoarbitraryarrestordetentionorbedeprivedofhislibertyexceptonsuchgroundsandinaccordancewithsuchprocedureasestablishedbylaw.2  461  .3  ԀIncasesNos.623/1995(Domukovskyv.Georgia)and626/1995(Gelbakhianiv.Georgia), <+ thecomplainantsclaimedthattheyhadbeenillegallyarrestedbyGeorgianspecialforceswhileresidingintheterritoryofAzerbaijan,aneighbouringcountry.AlthoughtheStatepartyarguedthatthearrestwaspursuanttoanagreementwiththeAzerbaijanauthorities,ithadprovidednospecificinformationabouttheagreement,whereasthecomplainantshadproducedaletterfromtheAzerbaijanMinistryforInternalAffairstotheeffectthatitwasnotawareofanyrequestfortheirarrest.Inthecircumstances,theCommitteeconsideredthatdueweightshouldbegiventotheallegationandfoundthatthearrestwasinviolationofarticle9,paragraph1,oftheCovenant.2  462  .3  ԀParagraph2ofarticle9providesthatanyonewhoisarrestedshallbeinformed,atthetimeofarrest,ofthereasonsforhisarrestandshallbepromptlyinformedofanychargesagainsthim.IncaseNo.624/1995(Tsiklauriv.Georgia),theapplicantclaimedthathehad L'$7 beenarrestedwithoutawarrant,andthathewasnotshownawarrantforhisarrestuntilafteroneyearofdetention.TheStatepartydeniedtheallegation,butdidnotprovideanydetailsastowhenthearrestwarrantwaspresentedtotheapplicant.TheCommitteeconsequentlyfoundaviolationofarticle9,paragraph2.2  463  .3  ԀAviolationofarticle9(2)wasalsofoundincaseNo.635/1995(E.Morrissonv. T+(= Jamaica). ,)>   ,T*? &     2  464  .3  ԀArticle9,paragraph3,provides,interalia,thatanyonearrestedonacriminalcharge X shallbebroughtpromptlybeforeajudgeorotherofficerauthorizedbylawtoexercise'XO@judicialpower.TheCommitteefoundviolationsofthisprovisionincasesNos.585/1994(Jonesv.Jamaica),635/1995(E.Morrissonv.Jamaica),704/1996(Shawv.Jamaica)and \ 750/1997(Daleyv.Jamaica).  2  465  .3  rv6  @v6ԀArticle9,paragraph3,providesalsothatanyonedetainedonacriminalchargeshall ` beentitledtotrialwithinareasonabletimeortorelease.TheCommitteefoundaviolationofthisprovisionincaseNo.617/1995(Finnv.Jamaica)(twoyearsandfive ` monthsofpretrialdetention),672/1995(Smartv.TrinidadandTobago)(overtwoyearsof d   pretrialdetention),#@v6  rv6B#rv6  @v6705/1996(D.Taylorv.Jamaica)(27monthsofpretrial    detention),#@v6  rv6D#732/1997(Whytev.Jamaica)(threeyearsofpretrialdetention)and733/1997  d  (Perkinsv.Jamaica)(oneyearandninemonthsofpretrialdetention). h   (d) r Treatmentduringimprisonment(Covenant,art.10)  h  2  466  .3  ԀArticle10,paragraph1,prescribesthatallpersonsdeprivedoftheirlibertyshallbetreatedwithhumanityandwithrespectfortheinherentdignityofthehumanperson.TheCommitteefoundthattheconditionsunderwhichprisonerswereheldamountedtoaviolationofarticle10,paragraph1,incasesNos.564/1993(Lesliev.Jamaica),569/1993(Matthews   v.TrinidadandTobago),577/1994(PolayCamposv.Peru),585/1994(Jonesv.Jamaica), p  591/1994(Chungv.Jamaica),609/1995(Williamsv.Jamaica),617/1995(Finnv.Jamaica), t 619/1995(Deidrickv.Jamaica),623/1995(Domukovskyv.Georgia),624/1995(Tsiklauriv.   Georgia),626/1995(Gelbakhianiv.Georgia),627/1995(Dokvadzev.Georgia),635/1995 t (E.Morrisonv.Jamaica),676/1996(YasseenandThomasv.Guyana),704/1996(Shawv. x  Jamaica),705/1996(D.Taylorv.Jamaica),732/1997(Whytev.Jamaica),733/1997(Perkins $ v.Jamaica),734/1997(McLeodv.Jamaica),749/1997(McTaggartv.Jamaica)and750/1997 x (Daleyv.Jamaica). |$ (e) r Guaranteesofafairtrial(Covenant,art.14) | 2  467  .3  ԀArticle14,paragraph1,providesfortherighttoequalitybeforethecourtsandtherighttoafairandpublichearingbyacompetent,independentandimpartialtribunalestablishedbylaw.IncaseNo.577/1994(PolayCamposv.Peru),Mr.Polayhadbeenjudged ,! byaspecialtribunalofanonymousjudgesinaremoteprison.TheCommitteeconsidered:0   r "Inthissituation,thedefendantsdonotknowwhothejudgestryingthemareandunacceptableimpedimentsarecreatedtotheirpreparationoftheirdefenceandcommunicationwiththeirlawyers.Moreover,thissystemfailstoguaranteeacardinalaspectofafairtrialwithinthemeaningofarticle14oftheCovenant:thatthetribunalmustbe,andbeseentobe,independentandimpartial.Inasystemoftrialby facelessjudges,neithertheindependencenortheimpartialityofthejudgesisguaranteed,sincethetribunal,beingestablishedadhoc,maycompriseservingmembersofthearmedforces(annexXI,sect.F,para.8.8). ## TheCommitteefoundthatarticle14,paragraph1,hadbeenbreached.2  468  .3  ԀIncasesNos.704/1996(Shawv.Jamaica)and705/1996(D.Taylorv.Jamaica),the !/ CommitteerecalledthatthedeterminationofrightsintheConstitutionalCourtmustconformwiththerequirementsofafairhearinginaccordancewitharticle14,paragraph1.Inthecasesunderexamination,thecomplainantshadbeensentencedtodeathandnolegalaidwasavailabletothemforthefilingofaconstitutionalmotiontoseekreviewofirregularitiesduringtheirtrial.Inthecircumstances,theCommitteeconsideredthattherequirementoffairhearingshouldbeconsistentwiththeprinciplesinarticle14,paragraph3(d),andconcludedthattherehadbeenaviolationofarticle14.FourmembersoftheCommitteeappendedadissentingindividualopiniontotheCommitteesViews.2  469  .3  ԀIntheperiodcoveredbythereporttheCommitteeexaminedincasesNos.591/1994(Chungv.Jamaica),749/1997(McTaggartv.Jamaica)and813/1998(Chadeeetal.v.Trinidad P)&: andTobago),thequestionofwhetherthetrialsagainsttheaccusedwerefairorwhether )'; theyviolatedthepresumptionofinnocence(guaranteedinparagraph2ofarticle14)becauseofpretrialpublicityandexpressionsofhostilityfrommembersofthepublic.InallthreecasestheCommitteefoundthatthecircumstancesinwhichthetrialwashelddidnotviolatearticle14,paragraphs1and2,oftheCovenant. X-+@ 2  470  .3  ԀAviolationofthepresumptionofinnocencewasfoundincaseNo.577/1994(Polay X Camposv.Peru)(seepara.467above).  2  471  .3  ԀArticle14,paragraph3(b),providesthat,inthedeterminationofanycriminalchargeagainsthim,everyoneisentitledtohaveadequatetimeandfacilitiestopreparehisdefenceandtocommunicatewithcounselofhisownchoosing.Intheperiodunderreview,theCommitteefoundviolationsofthisprovisionincasesNos.577/1994(PolayCamposv.Peru) ` and676/1996(YasseenandThomasv.Guyana).   2  472  .3  ԀArticle14,paragraph3(c),giveseveryaccusedpersontherighttobetriedwithoutunduedelay.ViolationsofthisprovisionwerefoundincasesNos.532/1993(Thomasv.    Jamaica)(31monthsfromarresttoconviction,plusafurtherthreeyearsbeforethe  d  completionoftheappealproceedings),564/1993(Lesliev.Jamaica)(29monthsbetweenarrest h   andtrial),617/1995(Finnv.Jamaica)(twoyearsandfivemonthsbetweenarrestandtrial),    635/1995(E.Morrisonv.Jamaica)(twoandahalfyearsbetweenchargeandtrial),672/1995  h  (Smartv.TrinidadandTobago),(twoyearsbetweenarrestandtrial),676/1996(Yasseenand l   Thomasv.Guyana)(twoyearsbetweenthedecisionbytheCourtofAppealtoorderaretrial   andtheoutcomeoftheretrial),704/1996(Shawv.Jamaica)and705/1996(D.Taylorv.  l  Jamaica)(27monthsbetweenarrestandtrial),732/1997(Whytev.Jamaica)(threeyears p  betweenarrestandtrial),750/1997(Daleyv.Jamaica)(twoyearsandsevenmonthsbetween   convictionandhearingofappeal).2  473  .3  ԀParagraph3(d)ofarticle14providesthateveryoneisentitledtobetriedinhispresenceandtodefendhimselfinpersonorthroughlegalassistance,whichshouldbeprovidedfreeofchargewheretheinterestsofjusticesorequire.IncaseNo.585/1994(Jonesv.Jamaica),counselfortheaccusedhadconcededattheappealhearingthathis $ client'scasehadnomerit.TheCommitteeconsideredthatunderarticle14,paragraph3(d),theCourtshouldensurethattheconductofacasebyalawyerisnotincompatiblewiththeinterestsofjustice.Inacapitalcase,whencounselfortheaccusedconcedesthatthereisnomeritintheappeal,theCourtshouldascertainwhethercounselhasconsultedwiththeaccusedandinformedhimaccordingly.Ifnot,theCourtmustensurethattheaccusedissoinformedandgivenanopportunitytoengageothercounsel.Inthecircumstances,theCommitteefoundaviolationofarticle14,paragraph3(d)(seeannexXI,sect.G,para.9.5).2  474  .3  ԀIncasesNos.623/,624/,626/and627/1995(Domukovskyandothersv.Georgia),itwasrv6  @v6 # uncontestedthattheauthorswereforcedtobeabsentduringlongperiodsofthetrial,andthatMr.Domukovskywasunrepresentedforpartofthetrial,whereasbothMr.TsiklauriandMr.Gelbakhianiwererepresentedbylawyerswhoseservicestheyhadrefused,andwerenotallowedtoconducttheirowndefenceortoberepresentedbylawyersoftheirchoice.TheCommitteeaffirmedthat0  atatrialinwhichthedeathpenaltycanbeimposed,whichwasthesituationforeachauthor,therighttoadefenceisinalienableandshouldbeadheredtoateveryinstanceandwithoutexception.Thisentailstherighttobetriedinone'spresence,tobedefendedbycounselofone'sownchoosing,andnottobeforcedtoacceptexofficiocounsel.Intheinstantcase,theStatepartyhasnotshownthatittookallreasonablemeasurestoensuretheauthorscontinuedpresenceatthetrial,despitetheirallegeddisruptivebehaviour.NordidtheStatepartyensurethateachoftheauthorswasatalltimesdefendedbyalawyerofhisownchoosing(annexXI,sect.M,para.18.9). ## Accordingly,theCommitteeconcludedthatthefactsdisclosedaviolationofarticle14,paragraph3(d),inrespectofeachauthor.#@v6  rv6d#2  475  .3  ԀOtherviolationsofarticle14,paragraph3(d),werefoundincasesNos.532/1993(Thomasv.Jamaica)and554/1993(LaVendev.TrinidadandTobago)(refusaloflegalaidfor L'$7 applicationforleavetoappealtoPrivyCouncil),577/1994(PolayCamposv.Peru)(trial '%8 byanonymousjudges),676/1996(YasseenandThomasv.Guyana)(absenceoflegal (L&9 representationduringfirstfourdaysoftrial).2  476  .3  ԀParagraph5ofarticle14providesthateveryoneconvictedofacrimeshallhavetherighttohisconvictionandsentencebeingreviewedbyahighertribunalaccordingtolaw.TheCommitteefoundaviolationofthisprovisionincasesNos.623/,624/,626/and627/1995(Domukovskyandothersv.Georgia),becauseitappearedfromtheinformation ,T*? submittedthattheapplicantscouldnotappealtheirconvictionandsentence,andthatthe X-+@ lawprovidedonlyforajudicialreview,whichtookplacewithoutahearingandwasonmattersoflawonly.(f)0 r Therighttoequalitybeforethelawandtheprohibitionofdiscrimination @  \ (article26)r#r# 2  477  .3  ԀIncaseNo.651/1995(Snijdersetal.v.theNetherlands)theauthors,singlepersons ` whosufferedfromlongtermillnesses,complainedthattheywereavictimofdiscriminationsincetheyhadtopayanincomerelatedcontributiontowardsthecostsoftheirstayinanursinghome,andtheceilingfortheircontributionwasthesameasthatofcouplesbothpartnersofwhichwerestayinginanursinghome.TheCommitteefoundthatthepaymentofanincomerelatedcontributionassuchwasnotdiscriminatory,andfurtherconsideredthat,sincenoneoftheauthorspaidthemaximumamountofcontribution,theauthorshadfailedtoshowthattheywerevictimsofdiscrimination.@ F.RemediescalledforundertheCommittee'sViews   2  478  .3  ԀAftertheCommitteehasmadeafindingonthemeritsits"Views"underarticle5,paragraph4,oftheOptionalProtocolofaviolationofaprovisionoftheCovenant,itproceedstoasktheStatepartytotakeappropriatestepstoremedytheviolation,suchascommutationofsentence,releaseorprovidingadequatecompensationfortheviolationssuffered.Whenrecommendingaremedy,theCommitteeobservesthat:0  "Bearinginmindthat,bybecomingapartytotheOptionalProtocol,theStatepartyhasrecognizedthecompetenceoftheCommitteetodeterminewhethertherehasbeenaviolationoftheCovenantornotandthat,pursuanttoarticle2oftheCovenant,theStatepartyhasundertakentoensuretoallindividualswithinitsterritoryandsubjecttoitsjurisdictiontherightsrecognizedintheCovenantandtoprovideaneffectiveandenforceableremedyincaseaviolationhasbeenestablished,theCommitteewishestoreceivefromtheStateparty,within90days,informationaboutthemeasurestakentogiveeffecttotheCommittee'sViews"(seeforinstance,theCommittee'sViewsincasesNos.532/1993(Thomasv.Jamaica),555/1993(Lavende @ v.TrinidadandTobago),   569/1993(Matthewsv.TrinidadandTobago),577/1994(PolayCamposv.Peru),585/1994 ,! (Jonesv.Jamaica),609/1995(Williamsv.Jamaica),615/1995(Youngv.Jamaica), 0" 623/1995(Domukhovskyv.Georgia),624/1995(Tsikhlauriv.Georgia),626/1995 # (Gelbakhianiv.Georgia),627/1995(Dokvadzev.Georgia),672/1995(Smartv.Trinidad 0$ andTobago),676/1996(YasseenandThomasv.Guyana).4%## 2  479  .3  ԀThecompliancebyStateswiththeserequestsforinformationismonitoredbytheCommitteethroughitsfollow-upprocedure,asdescribedinchapterVIIIofthepresentreport.  Notes <+     1 r Atits1625thmeeting,on24October1997(61stsession),theCommitteedecidedto  <- discontinueitsconsiderationofcommunication703/1996(RockliffeRossv.Guyana).The @!. communication,dated2June1996andreceivedbytheSecretariaton3June1996,concernedtheexecutionoftheauthor,scheduledtotakeplaceon4June1996at8a.m.localtime(2p.m.Genevatime).DespitearequestofastayofexecutionauthorizedbytheChairmanoftheCommitteeandcommunicatedthroughallavailablechannelstotheGuyananauthorities,includingatelefaxtothePresidency,atelephonecalltothesuperintendentoftheStatePrisoninGeorgetownwheretheauthorwasbeingheldandthedictationofthetextoftherequesttotheassistantoftheSuperintendent,theauthorwashangedonthemorningof4June1996.InareplytoaChairmansletterauthorizedbytheCommitteeandexpressingdismayattheauthorsexecution,theStatepartyindicatedthattheCommitteesrequestforastayofexecutionhadnotreachedtheattentionofcompetentauthoritiesintimetostoptheexecution.AstheoriginalcommunicationtotheCommitteewasinsufficientforthepurposeofproceedingwiththecaseandasthelawyeroftheauthordidnotreplytotheCommitteesrequestforinformationonwhetherheintendedtopursuewiththecommunication,theCommitteedecidedtodiscontinueitsconsiderationofthecaseandtomakethisdecisionpublicinitsnextannualreport.  T+(= @D D VIII.FOLLOWUPACTIVITIESUNDERTHEOPTIONALPROTOCOL2  480  .3  ԀFromitsseventhsession,in1979,toitssixtythird,inJuly1997,theHumanRightsCommitteehasadopted293ViewsoncommunicationsreceivedandconsideredundertheOptionalProtocol.TheCommitteehasfoundviolationsin223 ofthem. \ 2  481  .3  ԀDuringitsthirtyninthsession,inJuly1990,theCommitteeestablishedaprocedurewherebyitcanmonitorthefollowuptoitsViewsunderarticle5,paragraph4,oftheOptionalProtocol,anditcreatedthemandateofaSpecialRapporteurfortheFollow-UponViews.1AttheCommittee'sfiftyninthsession,Mr.PrafullachandraNatwarlalBhagwati    assumedthedutiesofSpecialRapporteurfortheFollow-UponViews.2  482  .3  ԀThemandateoftheSpecialRapporteurisspelledoutinrule95oftheCommitteesrulesofprocedure.2  483  .3  ԀTheSpecialRapporteurbegantorequestfollowupinformationfromStatespartiesin1991.FollowupinformationhassystematicallybeenrequestedinrespectofallViewswithafindingofaviolationoftheCovenant.AtthebeginningoftheCommittee'ssixtythirdsession,followupinformationhadbeenreceivedinrespectof133Views.Noinformationhadbeenreceivedinrespectof70Views.In13cases,thedeadlineforreceiptoffollowupinformationhadnotyetexpired.Inmanyinstances,theSecretariathasalsoreceivedinformationfromauthorstotheeffectthattheCommittee'sViewshadnotbeenimplemented.Conversely,insomerareinstances,theauthorofacommunicationhasinformedtheCommitteethattheStatepartyhadgiveneffecttotheCommittee'srecommendations,althoughtheStatepartyhadnotitselfprovidedthatinformation.2  484  .3  ԀAttemptstocategorizefollowuprepliesarenecessarilyimprecise.Bythebeginningofthesixtythirdsession,roughly30percentoftherepliesreceivedcouldbeconsideredsatisfactoryinthattheydisplaytheStateparty'swillingnesstoimplementtheCommittee'sViewsortooffertheapplicantanappropriateremedy.Manyrepliessimplyindicatethatthevictimhasfailedtofileaclaimforcompensationwithinstatutorydeadlinesandthat,therefore,nocompensationcanbepaidtothevictim.OtherrepliescannotbeconsideredsatisfactoryinthattheyeitherdonotaddresstheCommittee'srecommendationsatallormerelyrelatetooneaspectofthem.2  485  .3  ԀTheremainderofthereplieseitherexplicitlychallengetheCommittee'sfindings,oneitherfactualorlegalgrounds,constitutemuchbelatedsubmissionsonthemeritsofthecase,promiseaninvestigationofthematterconsideredbytheCommitteeorindicatethattheStatepartywillnot,foronereasonoranother,giveeffecttotheCommittee'srecommendations.2  486  .3  ԀTheCommitteespreviousreport(A/52/40)containedadetailedcountrybycountrybreakdownoffollowuprepliesreceivedorrequestedandoutstandingasof30June1997.ThelistthatfollowsshowstheadditionalcasesinrespectofwhichfollowupinformationhasbeenrequestedfromStates(Viewsinwhichthedeadlineforreceiptoffollowupinformationhadnotyetexpiredhavenotbeenincluded).Italsoindicatesthosecasesinwhichrepliesareoutstanding.Inmanyofthesecasestherehasbeennochangesincethepreviousreport.ThisisbecausetheresourcesavailablefortheCommitteesworkwereconsiderablyreducedinthecurrentyear,preventingitfromundertakingacomprehensivesystematicfollowupprogramme.->>8$ >>r-Argentina:0 $ 0 $#$#Onedecisionfindingviolations:see1996Report( @L  @L A/51/40),para.455.H%"4 # # Australia:0 $ 0 $#$#TwoViewsfindingviolations:488/1992Toonen(1994Report &H$6 (A/49/40));forfollowupreply,see1996Report(A/51/40),para.456;thelawsinquestionhavenowbeenrepealed;560/1993A(1997Report '%8 (A/52/40));followupreply,dated16December1997(seepara.491below).  # # Austria:0 $ 0 $#$#Onedecisionfindingviolations:see1997Report(A/52/40),para.524.*P(< # # Bolivia:0 $ 0 $#$#TwoViewsfindingviolations:see1997Report(A/52/40),para.524.,)> # #   ,T*? &   0>>8$>>8$ 0Cameroon:0 $ 0$#$#Onedecisionfindingviolations:458/1991Mukong(1994Report X (A/49/40));Statepartyfollowupreplyremainsoutstanding;see1997Report(A/52/40),paras.524and532. ## 'Xה0>>8$>>8$0Canada:0 $ 0$#$#SixViewsfindingviolations:24/1978Lovelace(Selected  decisions,vol.1);2forStatepartyfollowupreply,see \ Selecteddecisions,vol.2,annexI);327/1978Pinkney ` (Selecteddecisions,vol.1);noStatepartyfollowupreply   received;167/1984Ominayak(1990Report(A/45/40));State ` partyfollowupreply,dated25November1991,unpublished;359/1989and385/1989DavidsonandMcIntyre(1993Report    (A/48/40));Statepartyfollowupreply,dated2December1993,unpublished;469/1991Ng(1994Report(A/49/40));Stateparty h   followupreply,dated3October1994,unpublished. ## CentralAfricanRepublic:0  Onedecisionfindingviolations:see1996Report(A/51/40), l   para.457. ## Colombia:0 $ 0$#$#NineViewsfindingviolations:forthefirsteightcases,see p  1996Report(A/51/40),paras.439441,and1997Report(A/52/40),paras.533535;612/1995Arhuacos(1997Report);no p  followupreply.t## CzechRepublic:0  TwoViewsfindingviolations:516/1992Simuneketal.(1995 t Report(A/50/40));586/1994Adam(1996Report(A/51/40)). x  ForStateparty'sfollowupreplies,see1996Report,para.458.Oneauthor(incaseNo.516/1992)hasconfirmedthattheCommittee'srecommendationswereimplemented,theotherscomplainthattheirpropertywasnotrestoredtothemorthattheywerenotcompensated.Followupconsultationswereheldduringthesixtyfirstsession(seepara.492below). ## DemocraticRepublicofthe0  10Viewsfindingviolations:16/1977Mbengue, ## Congo(formerlyZaire):0  90/1981Luyeye,124/1982Muteba,138/1983Mpandanjilaet ,! al.,157/1983MpakaNsusu;and194/1985Miango(Selected 0" decisions,vol.2);3241/1987and242/1987Birindwaand # ТTshisekedi(1990Report(A/45/40));366/1989Kanana(1994 0$ Report(A/49/40));542/1993Tshishimbi(1996Report 4% (A/51/40)).NoStatepartyfollowupreplyhasbeenreceivedinrespectofanyoftheabovecases,inspiteoftworemindersaddressedtotheStateparty. ## DominicanRepublic:0  ThreeViewsfindingviolations:188/1984Portorreal(Selected 8* decisions,vol.2);3forStateparty'sfollowupreply,see1990 <+ Report(A/45/40),vol.II,annexXII;193/1985Giry(1990 , Report);449/1991M;jica(1994Report(A/49/40));State  <- party'sfollowupreplyinthelattertwocaseshasbeenreceivedbutisincompleteinrespectofcaseNo.193/1985.Follow-upconsultationswiththePermanentMissionoftheDominicanRepublicwereconductedduringthefiftyseventhandfiftyninthsessions(see1997Report(A/52/40),para.538). ## Ecuador:0 $ 0$#$#FiveViewsfindingviolations:238/1987Bolanos(1989Report H%"4 (A/44/40));forStateparty'sfollowupreply,see1990Report(A/45/40),vol.II,annexXII,B;277/1988TeranJijon(1992 &H$6 Report,A/47/40);followupreply,dated11June1992,unpublished;319/1988CanonGarcia(1992Report);nofollow '%8 upreplyreceived);480/1991Fuenzalida(1996Report (L&9 (A/51/40));481/1991Ortega(1996Report);0@ ԀAfte0@8#8#0@$#$#0@##Stateparty'sfollowupreplyinthelattertwocases,dated9January1998(seepara.497below).FollowupconsultationswiththePermanentMissionofEcuadorwereconductedduringthesixtyfirstsession(seepara.493below). ##   ,T*? &     EquatorialGuinea:0  TwoViewsfindingviolations:414/1990PrimoEssonoand X 468/1991Ol;𣀢Bahamonde(1994Report(A/49/40)).Stateparty's  followupreplyremainsoutstandinginbothcases,inspiteof'X|followupconsultationswiththePermanentMissionofEquatorialGuineaduringthefiftysixthandfiftyninthsessions(see1996Report(A/51/40),paras442444,and1997Report(A/52/40),para.539). ## Finland:0 $ 0$#$#FourViewsfindingviolations:265/1987Vuolanne(1989 ` Report(A/44/40));forStateparty'sfollowupreply,see1989Report,para.657andannexXII;291/1988Torres(1990Report    (A/45/40));forStateparty'sfollowupreply,see1990Report,vol.II,annexXII;387/1989Karttunen(1993Report h   (A/48/40));nofollowupreplyreceivedinrespectofthiscase;412/1990Kivenmaa(1994Report(A/49/40));State  h  party'spreliminaryfollowupreply,dated13September1994,unpublished. ## France:0 $ 0$#$#TwoViewsfindingviolations:196/1985Gueyeetal.(1989 p  Report(A/44/40));forStateparty'sfollowupreply,see1996Report(A/51/40),para.459;549/1993Hopu(1997Report p  (A/52/40));Statepartysfollowupreply,dated29January1998(seepara.495below). ## Hungary:0 $ 0$#$#TwoViewsfindingviolations:forStateparty'sfollow-up x  reply,see1997Report(A/52/40),para.540. ## Jamaica:0 $ 0$#$#57Viewsfindingviolations:9detailedfollow-upreplies |$ received,allindicatingthatStatepartywillnotimplementtheCommittee'srecommendations;26follow-upreplies,or"standardized"replies,indicatingmerelythatauthor'sdeathsentencehasbeencommutedonthebasisofreclassificationoftheoffenceorasaresultofthePrivyCounciljudgementof2November1993inthePrattandMorgancase.Nofollow-uprepliesin22cases.Follow-upconsultationswiththeStateparty'srepresentativestotheUnitedNationswereconductedduringthefiftythird,fiftyfifth,fiftysixthandsixtiethsessions.PriortotheCommittee'sfiftyfourthsession,theSpecialRapporteurfortheFollow-uponViewsconductedafollow-upfactfindingmissiontoJamaica(see1995Report(A/50/40),paras.557-562). ## LibyanArabJamahiriya:0  Onedecisionfindingviolations:440/1990ElMegreisi(1994 8* Report(A/49/40));Stateparty'sfollowupreplyremainsoutstanding.AuthorhasinformedtheCommitteethathisbrotherwasreleasedinMarch1995.Compensationremainsoutstanding. ## Madagascar:0  FourViewsfindingviolations:49/1979Marais,115/1982 !/ Wight,132/1982MonjaJaonaand155/1983EricHammel(in "@ 0 Selecteddecisions,vol.2).3Stateparty'sfollow-upreply D# 1 remainsoutstandinginallfourcases;theauthorsofthetwofirstcasesinformedtheCommitteethattheywerereleasedfromdetention.Follow-upconsultationswiththePermanentMissionofMadagascarwereheldduringthefiftyninthsession(see1997Report(A/52/40),para.543). ## Mauritius:0 $ 0$#$#Onedecisionfindingviolations:35/1978AumeeruddyCziffra '%8 (Selecteddecisions,vol.1);2forStateparty'sfollow-up (L&9 reply,seeSelecteddecisions,vol.2,3p.237).P)&:## Netherlands:0  FourViewsfindingviolations:172/1984Broeks(1987Report *P(< (A/42/40));Stateparty'sfollow-upreply,dated23February1995,unpublished;182/1984ZwaandeVries(1987Report); ,)> Stateparty'sfollow-upreplywasnotpublished;305/1988 ,T*? vanAlphen(1990Report(A/45/40));forStateparty'sfollow-up X-+@ reply,dated15May1991,see1991Report(A/46/40),paras.707and708;453/1991CoerielandAurick(1995Report(A/50/40));  Stateparty'sfollow-upreply,dated28March1995,unpublished. ## Nicaragua: $ 0  Onedecisionfindingviolations:328/1988ZelayaBlanco(1994 \ Report(A/49/40));Statepartyfollowupreplyremainsoutstanding,inspiteofreminderaddressedtoStatepartyinJune1995,andfollowupconsultationswiththePermanentMissionofNicaraguaduringthefiftyninthsession(see1997Report(A/52/40),paras.524and544). ## Panama: $ 0  TwoViewsfindingviolations:289/1988DieterWolf(1992 h   Report(A/47/40));473/1991Barroso(1995Report(A/50/40)).    Statepartysfollowupreply,dated22September1997(seeparas.496and497below). ## Peru:0 $ 0$#$#SixViewsfindingviolations:forfourcases,see1997Report  l  (A/52/40),paras.524,545546;540/1993CelisLaureano(1996 p  Report(A/51/40));Statepartysfollowupreplyremainsoutstanding;577/1994(Polay)(annexXI,sectionF);State p  partysfollowupreplies,dated14Apriland2June1998(seepara.501below). ## RepublicofKorea:0  Onedecisionfindingviolations:518/1992Sohn(1995Report x  (A/50/40);Stateparty'sfollowupreplyremainsoutstanding(see1996Report(A/51/40),paras.449and450;1997Report(A/52/40),paras.547and548). ## Senegal: $ 0  Onedecisionfindingviolations:386/1989FamaraKon(1995 | Report(A/50/40));forStateparty'sfollowupreply,see1996Report(A/51/40),para.461.Byletterof29April1997,authorconfirmsthatcompensationwasofferedtohimbutrejectsitasinadequate.Atthesixtyfirstsession,theStatepartyinformedtheCommitteethatthecompensationofferedhadbeenincreased,seesummaryrecord(CCPR/C/SR.1619)of21October1997. ## Spain: $ 0  TwoViewsfindingviolations:493/1992G.J.Griffin(1995 & Report(A/50/40));Stateparty'sfollow-upreply,dated30June1995,unpublished,infactchallengesCommittee'sfindings;526/1993(Hill)(1997Report(A/52/40));Statepartysfollow ) upreply,dated9October1997(seepara.499below). ## Suriname: $ 0  EightViewswithfindingsofviolations:146/1983and148 , 154/1983Baboerametal.(seeSelecteddecisions,vol.2);3  <- consultationsduringthefiftyninthsession(see1996Report(A/51/40)and1997Report(A/52/40));Statepartysfollowupreply,dated2September1997(seeparas.500and501below). ## Togo: $ 0  TwoViewswithfindingsofviolations:422-424/1990Aduayom #!2 etal.and505/1992K.Ackla(1996Report(A/51/40)).State $D"3 party'sfollowuprepliesonbothViewsremainoutstanding. ## TrinidadandTobago:0  EightViewsfindingviolations:232/1987and512/1992Daniel &H$6 Pinto(1990Report(A/45/40)and1996Report(A/51/40)); L'$7 362/1989Soogrim(1993Report(A/48/40));447/1991Leroy '%8 ТShalto(1995Report(A/50/40));434/1990LalSeerattanand (L&9 523/1992ClydeNeptune(1996Report(A/51/40));533/1993 P)&: (Elahie)and555/1003(LaVende)(seeannexXI,sectionB). )'; StatepartyfollowuprepliesreceivedinrespectofthecasesofPinto,Shalto(unpublished),NeptuneandSeerattan.FollowuprepliesonthecasesofSoogrim,ElahieandLaVendeareoutstanding.Followupconsultationswereconductedduringthesixtyfirstsession(seeparas.505509below;see,also,1996 X-+@ Report(A/51/40),paras.429,452and453,1997Report(A/52/40),paras.550,551and552). ## Uruguay: $ 0  45Viewsfindingviolations:43followuprepliesreceived, \ dated17October1991,unpublished.FollowuprepliesontwoViewsremainoutstanding:159/1983Cariboni(Selected \ decisions,vol.2);1322/1988Rodriquez(1994Report ` (A/49/40));seealso1996Report(A/51/40),para.454. ## Venezuela: $ 0  Onedecisionfindingviolations:156/1983Solorzano(Selected d   decisions,vol.2);3Stateparty'sfollow-upreply,dated    21October1991,unpublished. ## Zambia: $ 0  ThreeViewsfindingviolations:314/1988Bwalyaand    326/1988Kalenga(1994Report(A/49/40),390/1990Lubuto  h  (1996Report(A/51/40));Statepartysfollowupreply,dated3April1995,unpublished,receivedinrespectofthefirsttwodecisions;followupreplyinrespectofcaseNo.390/1990remainsoutstanding. ## 2  487  .3  ԀForfurtherinformationonthestatusofalltheViewsinwhichfollowupinformationremainsoutstandingorinrespectofwhichfollowupconsultationshavebeenorwillbescheduled,referenceismadetothefollowupprogressreportpreparedforthesixtysecondsessionoftheCommittee(CCPR/C/62/R.1,dated28February1998).AnoverviewoftheCommittee'spastexperiencewiththefollow-upprocedurecanbefoundintheCommittee's1996Report(A/51/40,paras.430-433),andits1997Report(A/52/40,paras.518557) .  $ OverviewoffollowuprepliesreceivedandoftheSpecialRapporteur'sfollow-up |$ consultationsduringthereportingperiod ( 2  488  .3  ԀTheSpecialRapporteurfortheFollowUponViewsheldconsultationswiththerepresentativesofthreeStatespartiestotheCovenantandtheOptionalProtocolduringthereportingperiod.HemetwithrepresentativesoftheGovernmentsoftheCzechRepublicandEcuadorduringthesixtyfirstsession.Moreover,theSpecialRapporteur,togetherwiththeChairpersonoftheCommittee,Mrs.ChristineChanet,andtheSpecialRapporteurforNewCommunications,Mr.FaustoPocar,metwithrepresentativesofTrinidadandTobagoduringthesixtyfirstsession.2  489  .3  ԀTheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationfortheavailabilityofStatespartydelegationsforfollowupconsultations.ItwelcomesthefollowuprepliesthathavebeenreceivedduringthereportingperiodandexpressesitsappreciationforallthemeasurestakenorenvisagedtoprovidevictimsofviolationsoftheCovenantwithaneffectiveremedy.ItencouragesallStatespartieswhichhaveaddressedpreliminaryfollowuprepliestotheSpecialRapporteurtoconcludetheirinvestigationsinasexpeditiousamanneraspossibleandtoinformtheSpecialRapporteuroftheirresults.2  490  .3  ԀTheresultsoftheSpecialRapporteur'sconsultationsaresummarizedbelow,togetherwiththeoverviewoffollowuprepliesreceivedduringtheperiodunderreview.2  491  .3  ԀAustralia.Bysubmissionof16December1997,Australiasubmittedfollowupinformation D# 1 inrespectofcaseNo.560/1993(A.v.Australia),adoptedon3April1997.TheStateparty #!2 indicatesthatitsharestheCommittee'sconcernsthatprolongedorindefinitedetentionisundesirable,butitdoesnotaccepttheCommittee'sViewsthatA'sdetentionwasarbitraryorthattheGovernmenthadnotprovidedsufficientjustification.Asaconsequence,itrejectstheCommittee'srecommendationtopaycompensation.Moreover,theStatepartytakesissuewiththeCommittee'sinterpretationofarticle9(4)andconteststhattheterm"lawfulness"means"lawfulatinternationallaw"or"notarbitrary";accordingtotheStateparty,"lawfulness"onlyreferstodomesticlaw.2  492  .3  ԀCzechRepublic.On27October1997,theSpecialRapporteurmetwiththePermanent )'; RepresentativeoftheCzechRepublictotheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevainrespectoftheCommittee'sViewsoncases516/1992(Simuneketal.)and566/1994(Adam).TheState T+(= party'srepresentativeindicatedthat,althoughthelegalbasisforthecaseswasidentical,thefactualdetailsineachcaseweredifferent,andthatasaconsequencecaseswerependingbeforedifferentcourts.Heexplainedthatincasesrelatingtotherestitutionof X-+@ property,thecourtsproceededslowlybecauseofthesheernumberofcomplaints.HeassuredtheRapporteurthatthecaseswerenotbeingdelayeddeliberatelybutwerecausedbythedifficultiesofestablishingtitletoproperty,particularlywithregardtothecaseofMr.Adam.Inthisconnection,therepresentativestatedthatMr.Adamhadfailedtofileaclaimforrestitutioninthecourt.Withregardtotherequirementofcitizenship,whichwasfoundbytheCommitteetobediscriminatory,theConstitutionalCourtwasnotexpectedtoaddressthisissueinthenearfuture,sincenoformalclaimtohaveitsvaliditytestedhadbeenfiled.Inconclusion,therepresentativestatedthattheStatepartydidnotdisagreewiththeCommittee'sfindings,butpointedoutthatMrs.SimunekandMr.AdamwouldberequiredtopursuetheirclaimforcompensationandrestitutionbeforetheCzechcourts,withinthestatutorydeadlines.2  493  .3  ԀEcuador.On30October1997,theSpecialRapporteurmetwiththePermanent h   RepresentativeofEcuadortotheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevatodiscusstheStateparty'sfailuretoimplementtheCommittee'srecommendationsformulatedinitsViewsoncaseNo.480/1991(Fuenzalida),andtorequestareplyinrespectoftheCommittee'sViewsin l   caseNo.481/1991(Ortega).Withregardtothecompensationwhichwasrecommendedbythe   Committee,theSpecialRapporteurexplainedthattheprincipleofcompensationcouldnotbechallengedbytheStateparty,butthatitwasfreetodeterminethelevelofcompensation.Ifnolegalbasisexistedforcompensation,theStatepartyshouldmakeexgratiapayments.   TherepresentativepromisedtoconveytheRapporteur'sconcernstohisGovernment.2  494  .3  ԀInasubmissionof9January1998,theStatepartyprovidesinformationinrespectofthetwocases,whichreadsasabelatedsubmissiononthemerits.Noinformationisprovidedaboutthemeasurestaken,ifany,bytheStatepartytoimplementtheCommittee'srecommendations.2  495  .3  ԀFrance.Bysubmissionof29January1998,Francesubmittedfollowupinformationin |$ relationtotheCommittee'sViewsincaseNo.549/1993(Hopu).TheStatepartyprovides ( informationaboutrecentlegalmeasurestakentoprotectculturalsitesandprovidesexamplesoftheirsuccessfulapplication.InrespectofthesiteatissueintheHopucase,theStatepartysubmitsthatanarchaeologicalreportofJuly1996determinedthesitewithprecision,andthat,afterascientificstudy,itwasdecidedtomodifytheoriginalbuildingplantoprotectthegravesnexttothesea.Aretainingwallhasbeenbuilttopreservethem.2  496  .3  ԀPanama.Bysubmissionof22September1997,Panamaprovidedinformationinrespectof 0$ theCommittee'sViewsincasesNos.289/1988(Wolf)and473/1991(DelCid).Withregardto 4% thecaseofMr.Wolf,theStatepartyexplainsthefactualsituationandrecallsthatatthetimethepenalprocesswasentirelyawrittenprocedure,butthatin1990thelawhadbeenamendedinordertoreincorporateoralproceedings,publichearingsandtheguaranteeofpublicdefenceforthosewhohavenosufficientmeanstopayforit.InrelationtotherecommendationoftheCommitteetopaycompensation,theStatepartynotesthatthelawrequiresthefixationoftheamountandthespecificationofthedamagescaused.ItisnotclearfromtheStateparty'sobservationswhetherMr.Wolfwouldberequiredtostartacourtactioninordertoobtainthesaidcompensation.2  497  .3  ԀWithregardtothecaseofMr.DelCid,theStatepartystatesthatitacceptsthelegalconsequencesofhavingratifiedtheCovenantandtheOptionalProtocolthereto,butrecallsthatthecriminaljusticesystemsuffersfromfinancialpressurescausedbytheStatesforeigndebt,whichhinderstheestablishmentofmoretribunals,whereastheincreaseofcriminalityleadstooverpopulationofprisons.AccordingtotheStateparty,takingintoaccounttheactualsituation,thethreeyearsittooktobringMr.DelCid'scasetotrialarethusjustified.TheStatepartynotesthatMr.DelCidwasassistedbyspecialistlawyersduringhistrial,andthattheselawyersshouldinitiateactionstoclaimthecompensationrecommendedbytheCommittee.Inthiscontext,theStatepartyreferstoarticles1033and1034oftheJudicialCode,andtoarticle178ofLawNo.65of24December1996,concerningcourtordersforcompensation.2  498  .3  ԀPeru.Insubmissions,dated14Apriland2June1998,Peruprovidedinformationin )'; relationtotheCommittee'sViewsincaseNo.577/1994(PolayCampos).TheStateparty *P(< conteststheCommittee'sfindingsofviolationsinMr.PolayCampos'case.InrespectoftheCommittee'srecommendationthatMr.PolayCamposberetriedincompliancewiththerequirementsoffairtrialsetforthintheCovenant,theStatepartysubmitsthatasentencecanbereviewedbyanextraordinaryappealmeasure,therecourseofrevision X-+@ foreseeninarticle361oftheCodeofCriminalProcedure.Anapplicationforrevisionhastobefiledbytheaccused,orbyhisrelatives,withtheSupremeCourttogetherwiththedocumentsjustifyingtherevision.TheSupremeCourthasthepowertoannultheimposedsentenceandorderaretrial.2  499  .3  ԀSpain.Bysubmissionof9October1997,Spainprovidedinformationinrelationtothe \ Committee'sViewsincaseNo.526/1993(Hill).TheStatepartyclarifiesthattheapplicants ` havetherighttoinitiateaneffectiveremedy,eitherthroughanadministrative,judicial,constitutional(amparo)oreveninternational(undertheEuropeanConvention)recourse.In ` thisconnection,theStatepartyreferstoarticles24(1),106(2)and121oftheConstitutionconcerningcompensationfordamagescausedbyviolationofrightsofindividuals.2  500  .3  ԀSuriname.Bynoteof27August1997,Surinamereiteratesitsdeterminationtoobserve    fundamentalhumanrights,whicharebestservedbyanintegratedsetofmeasuresthatwouldtakeintoaccountallaspectsoftheserights.TheStatepartyacknowledgesthatappropriatecompensationshouldbegiventothefamiliesofvictimsofhumanrightsviolations.Atpresent,theStatepartyisengagedinseekingurgentsolutionstothediresocialandeconomiccircumstancesprevailinginthecountry,anditenvisagesnationwidediscussionsonallaspectsofhumanrights,bothpoliticalandeconomic.TheStatepartywillpresenttheresultofthesediscussionstotheHumanRightsCommitteeassoonastheyareavailable.2  501  .3  ԀNomentionismadeinthereplyaboutanyconcretemeasurestakeninthelightoftheCommittee'sViewsoncommunicationsNos.146and148154/1983(Baboerametal.). t 2  502  .3  ԀTrinidadandTobago.On21October1997,theChairperson,Mrs.Chanet,theSpecial $ RapporteurforFollowUpofViews,Mr.Bhagwati,andtheSpecialRapporteurforNewCommunications,Mr.Pocar,metwiththePermanentRepresentativeofTrinidadandTobagototheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevatodiscussthefollowuptoViews.TherepresentativeindicatedthatarecentreplyconcerningcommunicationNo.447/1991(Shalto),informingthe | Committeethattheapplicanthadbeenreleasedfollowingapresidentialpardon,hadapparentlynotbeenreceivedbytheSecretariat.Acopyofthisreplywasforwarded.Attheendofthemeeting,itwasagreedthataformalrequestforamissiontoTrinidadandTobagobytheCommitteewouldbedirectedtotheStateparty'srepresentatives.2  503  .3  ԀInasubmission,dated15October1997,theStatepartyprovidedinformationinrespectofcaseNo.512/1992(Pinto).ItinformedtheCommitteethattheAdvisoryCommitteeonthe 0$ PowerofPardonhadnotrecommendedMr.Pinto'searlyreleasesince,accordingtoareportsubmittedbyaWelfareOfficer,hisattitudeappearedtomilitateagainsthisreleasefromprison.TheCommissionerofPrisonshasrecommendedthatMr.Pinto'scasebereviewedagainon3November2000.2  504  .3  ԀBysubmissionof27November1997,theStatepartyprovidedinformationinrespectofcaseNo.434/1992(Seerattan).ItexplainsthatthecaseofMr.Seerattanwasreferredto <+ theMinisterofNationalSecurity,whoisresponsibleforadvisingthePresidentonthepowerofpardon.TheMinisterconsultedwiththeAdvisoryCommitteeonthePowerofPardon,whichhadbeforeit,interalia,theHumanRightsCommittee'srecommendation,a @!. psychologicalassessmentandreportsfromtheCommissionerofPrisonsandtheChiefProbationOfficer.Afterdueconsideration,theMinisterwasunabletorecommendtothePresidentthataremissionofsentencebegrantedatthistime.Inaccordancewiththeprisonrules,Mr.Seerattan'slifesentencewillbereviewedagaininJanuary1998.2  505  .3  ԀBysubmissionof14January1998,theStatepartyprovidedinformationconcerningthefollowuptotheCommittee'sViewsinrespectofcaseNo.523/1992(Neptune).TheState %#5 partyexplainsthatfollowingtheCommittee'srecommendationofMr.Neptune'searlyrelease,hiscasehasbeenreferredtotheMinisterofNationalSecurity.TheMinisterwillconsultwiththeAdvisoryCommitteeonthePowerofPardonwhichwillhavebeforeit,interalia, '%8 theHumanRightsCommittee'srecommendation,apsychologicalassessmentofMr.NeptuneandreportsfromtheCommissionerofPrisonsandtheChiefProbationOfficer.RegardingtheimprovementofthecircumstancesofMr.Neptune'sdetention,theStatepartyisoftheviewthatthedescriptiongivenbyMr.Neptuneofhisdetentionwasexaggerated.AccordingtotheStateparty,theCommissionerofPrisonshasinvestigatedthespecificcomplaintsnotedbytheCommitteeandissatisfiedthatappropriatestandardsarebeingmaintained.  ,T*? &     2  506  .3  ԀWithregardtostepstakentoensurethatviolationsofarticles9(3),10(1)and14(3)(c)and(5)donotoccurinthefuture,theStatepartyassurestheCommitteethatit'X willintroducelegislativeandproceduralreformswherenecessarytoensurecompliancewithitsobligationsundertheCovenant.Inthisconnection,theStatepartyexplainsthatithasallocatedadditionalresourcestothejudiciarytohelpremovepretrialdelay.TwelvenewpostshavebeencreatedinthemagistracyandafurtherfourpuisnejudgeshavebeenappointedtotheHighCourt.Acasemanagementunithasbeenestablishedtoensurethatstricttimeframesaremetincaseswherebailisnotgrantedandtheaccusedisremandedincustodytoawaittrial.Legislativereformshavealsobeenintroducedandfurtherlegislationisbeingcontemplated.Withregardtothedelayinhearingappeals,theStatepartyexplainsthatfollowingthePrivyCouncil'sjudgementinthePrattandMorgancase,threefurtherjusticesofappealhavebeenappointed.Acomputeraidedtranscriptionunithasbeenestablishedtofacilitatethespeedypreparationofthecourtrecordsothatappealsmaybeheardexpeditiously.Asaresultofthesemeasures,thebackloghasbeencleared.Inrespectoftheconditionsofdetention,theStatepartyexplainsthatstepshavebeentakentoalleviateprisonovercrowdingbygrantingremissionofsentenceandbyreviewinganddischargingprisonersservinglongsentences.Anewmaximumsecurityprisonhasbeenconstructedwithanestimatedaccommodationof2,100inmates.2  507  .3  ԀTheCommitteedecidedthatinviewoftherepliesreceived,furtherfollowupconsultationsarerequiredinrespectofAustralia,Panama,Spain,SurinameandTrinidadandTobago.Publicityoffollowupactivities t 2  508  .3  ԀDuringthefiftiethsession,inMarch1994,theCommitteeformallyadoptedanumberofdecisionsconcerningtheeffectivenessofandpublicityforfollow-upprocedure.Thosedecisions,whicharesetoutindetailinparagraphs435-437oftheCommittee's1996Report(A/51/40),provideforpublicitytobegiventofollowupactivitiesandtothecooperationornon-cooperationofStatespartieswiththeSpecialRapporteur.& X Concernoverthefollowupmandate , 'X,U2  509  .3  ԀTheCommitteereconfirmsthatitwillkeepthefunctioningofthefollow-upprocedureunderregularreview.2  510  .3  ԀTheCommitteeagainexpressesitsregretthatitsrecommendations,formulatedinits1995,1996and1997Reports,totheeffectthatatleastonefollow-upmissionperyearbebudgetedbytheOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights,havestillnotbeenimplemented.Similarly,theCommitteeconsidersthatstaffresourcestoservicethefollowupmandateremaininadequate,despitetheCommitteesrepeatedrequests,andthatthispreventstheproperandtimelyconductoffollowupactivities,includingfollowupmissions.Inthiscontext,theCommitteeexpressesseriousconcernthat,becauseofthelackofstaff,nofollowupconsultationscouldbeorganizedduringitssixtysecondsessionoratitssixtythirdsession.ItisforthisreasonthattheCommitteeisunabletoincludeinthepresentreportacompletelistofStateswhichhavefailedtocooperateunderthefollowupprocedure.Stateslistedinthepreviousyearsreportforwhichrepliesarestilloutstandingare:Cameroon,DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo,EquatorialGuinea,Jamaica,LibyanArabJamahiriya,Madagascar,Nicaragua,Togo,UruguayandZambia.  Notes $D"3   0>>>>8$0  1  ThemandateisspelledoutintheCommittees1990ReporttotheGeneralAssembly. %#5 SeeOfficialRecordsoftheGeneralAssembly,Fortyfifthsession,SupplementNo.40 &H$6 (A/45/40),annexXI.̚    2  InternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights.HumanRightsCommittee. (L&9 SelecteddecisionsundertheOptionalProtocol(CCPR/C/OP/1)(UnitedNationspublication, P)&: SalesNo.84.XIV.2),vol.1.  3  Ibid.(CCPR/C/OP/2)(UnitedNationspublication,SalesNo.89.XIV.1),vol.2. T+(=   ,)> @%\  @v6ԛ@0ANNEXI X @StatespartiestotheInternationalCovenantonCiviland | @PoliticalRightsandtotheOptionalProtocolsandStates : @1 1 whichhavemadethedeclarationunderarticle41ofthe P @&Covenantasat31July1998  ' 8>>'  Dateofreceiptofthe H   instrumentofratification  Dateofentry    Stateparty  oraccessionorsuccession  intoforce  l  ̀A.StatespartiestotheInternationalCovenant @   ЀonCivilandPoliticalRights(142)   ̜Afghanistan  24January1983a  24April1983 z "  Albania  4October1991a  4January1992 8  Algeria  12September1989  12December1989   Angola  10January1992a  10April1992 \  Argentina  8August1986  8November1986 r ̢Armeniab  23June1993  23September1993  Australia  13August1980  13November1980 T Austria  10September1978  10December1978 j ТAzerbaijanb  13August1992a  13November1992 ( Barbados  5January1973a  23March1976  ̜Belarus  12November1973  23March1976 b  Belgium  21April1983  21July1983   Belize  10June1996a  10September1996  Benin  12March1992a  12June1992 D Bolivia  12August1982a  12November1982 Z BosniaandHerzegovina  1September1993c  6March1992 ~! Brazil  24January1992a  24April1992 <" Bulgaria  21September1970  23March1976 R# Burundi  9May1990a  9August1990 $ Cambodia  26May1992a  26August1992 v% Cameroon  27June1984a  27September1984 J' Canada  19May1976a  19August1976  ( CapeVerde  6August1993a  6November1993  n) CentralAfricanRepublic  8May1981a  8August1981 !,* Chad  9June1995a  9September1995 B"+ Chile  10February1972  23March1976 #f!- Colombia  29October1969  23March1976 |$$". Congo  5October1983a  5January1984 :%"/ CostaRica  29November1968  23March1976  %#0   Dateofreceiptofthe X   instrumentofratification  Dateofentry  Stateparty  oraccessionorsuccession  intoforce | C=ted'Ivoire  26March1992a  26June1992 P Croatia  12October1992c  8October1991  Cyprus  2April1969  23March1976 t CzechRepublic  22February1993c  1January1993 2 DemocraticPeople's̀RepublicofKorea  14September1981a  14December1981    DemocraticRepublic̀oftheCongo  1November1976a  1February1977 @   Denmark  6January1972  23March1976   Dominica  17June1993a  17September1993  d  DominicanRepublic  4January1978a  4April1978 z "  Ecuador  6March1969  23March1976 8  Egypt  14January1982  14April1982   ElSalvador  30November1979  29February1980 r EquatorialGuinea  25September1987a  25December1987 0 ТEstoniab  21October1991a  21January1992  Ethiopia  11June1993a  11September1993 T Finland  19August1975  23March1976 j France  4November1980a  4February1981  Gabon  21January1983a  21April1983 L Gambia  22March1979a  22June1979 b  ТGeorgiab  3May1994a  3August1994   Germany  17December1973  23March1976  Greece  5May1997a  5August1997 Z Grenada  6September1991a  6December1991   Guatemala  6May1992a  5August1992 ~! Guinea  24January1978  24April1978 <" Guyana  15February1977  15May1977 R# Haiti  6February1991a  6May1991 v% Honduras  25August1997  25November1997 4& Hungary  17January1974  23March1976 J' Iceland  22August1979  22November1979  ( India  10April1979a  10July1979  n) Iran,IslamicRepublicof  24June1975  23March1976 B"+ Iraq  25January1971  23March1976 # , Ireland  8December1989  8March1990 #f!- Israel  3October1991a  3January1992 |$$". Italy  15September1978  15December1978 :%"/   %#0   Dateofreceiptofthe X   instrumentofratification  Dateofentry  Stateparty  oraccessionorsuccession  intoforce | Jamaica  3October1975  23March1976 P Japan  21June1979  21September1979  Jordan  28May1975  23March1976 t ТKazakhstand 2 Kenya  1May1972a  23March1976 H Kuwait  21May1996a  21August1996  l  ТKyrgyzstanb  7October1994a  7January1995  *  ТLatviab  14April1992a  14July1992 @   Lebanon  3November1972a  23March1976   Lesotho  9September1992a  9December1992  d  LibyanArabJamahiriya  15May1970a  23March1976 z "  ̢Lithuaniab  20November1991a  20February1992   Luxembourg  18August1983  18November1983 \  Madagascar  21June1971  23March1976 r Malawi  22December1993a  22March1994 0 Mali  16July1974a  23March1976  Malta  13September1990a  13December1990 j Mauritius  12December1973a  23March1976 ( Mexico  23March1981a  23June1981  МMonaco  28August1997  28November1997 L Mongolia  18November1974  23March1976   Morocco  3May1979  3August1979  Mozambique  21July1993a  21October1993 D Namibia  28November1994a  28February1995 Z Nepal  14May1991  14August1991   Netherlands  11December1978  11March1979 <" NewZealand  28December1978  28March1979 R# Nicaragua  12March1980a  12June1980 $ Niger  7March1986a  7June1986 v% Nigeria  29July1993a  29October1993 4& Norway  13September1972  23March1976  ( Panama  8March1977  8June1997  n) Paraguay  10June1992a  10September1992 !,* Peru  28April1978  28July1978 B"+ Philippines  23October1986  23January1987 # ,   #f!-   Dateofreceiptofthe X   instrumentofratification  Dateofentry  Stateparty  oraccessionorsuccession  intoforce | Poland  18March1977  18June1977 P Portugal  15June1978  15September1978  RepublicofKorea  10April1990a  10July1990 t МRepublicofMoldovab  26January1993a  26April1993 2 #@v6  @%\m#@%\  @v6Romania  9December1974  23March1976 H RussianFederation  16October1973  23March1976    Rwanda  16April1975a  23March1976  l  SaintVincentand̀theGrenadines  9November1981a  9February1982   SanMarino  18October1985a  18January1986  d  Senegal  13February1978  13May1978 z "  Seychelles  5May1992a  5August1992 8  SierraLeone  23August1996a  23November1996   Slovakia  28May1993c  1January1993 r Slovenia  6July1992c  25June1991  Somalia  24January1990a  24April1990 T Spain  27April1977  27July1977 j SriLanka  11June1980a  11September1980 ( Sudan  18March1986a  18June1986  Suriname  28December1976a  28March1977 b  Sweden  6December1971  23March1976   Switzerland  18June1992a  18September1992  SyrianArabRepublic  21April1969a  23March1976 D ТTajikistand     Z Thailand  29October1996a  29January1997 ~! TheformerYugoslav̀RepublicofMacedoniab  18January1994c  17September1991 R# Togo  24May1984a  24August1984 $ TrinidadandTobago  21December1978a  21March1979 v% Tunisia  18March1969  23March1976 4& ТTurkmenistanb,  1May1997a  1August1997 J' Uganda  21June1995a  21September1995  ( Ukraine  12November1973  23March1976  n) UnitedKingdomofGreat̀BritainandNortherǹIreland  20May1976  20August1976 # , UnitedRepublicof̀Tanzania  11June1976a  11September1976 |$$". UnitedStatesofAmerica  8June1992  8September1992 :%"/ Uruguay  1April1970  23March1976 &^$1   t'%2   Dateofreceiptofthe X   instrumentofratification  Dateofentry  Stateparty  oraccessionorsuccession  intoforce | ̢Uzbekistanb  28September1995  28December1995 P Venezuela  10May1978  10August1978  VietNam  24September1982a  24December1982 t Yemen  9February1987a  9May1987 2 Yugoslavia  2June1971  23March1976    Zambia  10April1984a  10July1984  l  Zimbabwe  13May1991a  13August1991  *  InadditiontotheStatespartieslistedabove,theCovenantcontinuestoapplyinHongKong,SpecialAdministrativeRegionofChina.e  d  @ B.StatespartiestotheOptionalProtocol(92)   Algeria  12September1989a  12December1990 r Angola  10January1992a  10April1992 0 Argentina  8August1986a  8November1986  Armenia  23June1993  23September1993 T Australia  25September1991a  25December1991 j Austria  10December1987  10March1988  Barbados  5January1973a  23March1976 L МBelarus  30September1992a  30December1992 b  Belgium  17May1994a  17August1994   Benin  12March1992a  12June1992  Bolivia  12August1982a  12November1982 Z МBosniaandHerzegovina  1March1995  1June1995   Bulgaria  26March1992a  26June1992 ~! Cameroon  27June1984a  27September1984 <" Canada  19May1976a  19August1976 R# CentralAfricanRepublic  8May1981a  8August1981 v% Chad  9June1995  9September1995 4& Chile  28May1992a  28August1992 J' Colombia  29October1969  23March1976  ( Congo  5October1983a  5January1984  n) CostaRica  29November1968  23March1976 B"+ C=ted'Ivoire  5March1997  5June1997 # , Croatia  12October1995  12January1996 #f!- Cyprus  15April1992  15July1992 |$$". CzechRepublic  22February1993c  1January1993 :%"/   %#0   Dateofreceiptofthe X   instrumentofratification  Dateofentry  Stateparty  oraccessionorsuccession  intoforce | DemocraticRepublic̀oftheCongo  1November1976a  1February1977  Denmark  6January1972  23March1976 t DominicanRepublic  4January1978a  4April1978 2 Ecuador  6March1969  23March1976 H ElSalvador  6June1995  6September1995    EquatorialGuinea  25September1987a  25December1987  *  Estonia  21October1991a  21January1992 @   Finland  19August1975  23March1976   France  17February1984a  17May1984  d  Gambia  9June1988a  9September1988 z "  Georgia  3May1994a  3August1994   Germany  25August1993  25November1993 \  Greece  5May1997a  5August1997 r Guinea  17June1993  17September1993 0 Guyana  10May1993a  10August1993  Hungary  7September1988a  7December1988 j Iceland  22August1979a  22November1979 ( Ireland  8December1989  8March1990  Italy  15September1978  15December1978 L МJamaicaf  3October1975  23March1976 b  ̢Kyrgyzstan  7October1994a  7January1995  Latvia  22June1994a  22September1994 D LibyanArabJamahiriya  16May1989a  16August1989 Z Lithuania  20November1991a  20February1992   Luxembourg  18August1983a  18November1983 ~! Madagascar  21June1971  23March1976 R# Malawi  11June1996  11September1996 $ Malta  13September1990a  13December1990 v% Mauritius  12December1973a  23March1976 4& Mongolia  16April1991a  16July1991 J' Namibia  28November1994a  28February1995  n) Nepal  14May1991a  14August1991 !,* Netherlands  11December1978  11March1979 B"+ NewZealand  26May1989a  26August1989 # , Nicaragua  12March1980a  12June1980 #f!-   |$$".   Dateofreceiptofthe X   instrumentofratification  Dateofentry  Stateparty  oraccessionorsuccession  intoforce | Niger  7March1986a  7June1986 P Norway  13September1972  23March1976  Panama  8March1977  8June1977 t Paraguay  10January1995a  10April1995 2 Peru  3October1980  3January1981 H Philippines  22August1989a  22November1989  l  Poland  7November1991a  7February1992  *  Portugal  3May1983  3August1983 @   RepublicofKorea  10April1990a  10July1990   Romania  20July1993a  20October1993  d  RussianFederation  1October1991a  1January1992 8  SaintVincentand̀theGrenadines  9November1981a  9February1982 \  SanMarino  18October1985a  18January1986 r Senegal  13February1978  13May1978 0 Seychelles  5May1992a  5August1992  SierraLeone  23August1996a  23November1996 j Slovakia  28May1993  1January1993 ( Slovenia  16July1993a  16October1993  Somalia  24January1990a  24April1990 L Spain  25January1985a  25April1985 b  SriLankaa  3October1997  3January1998   Suriname  28December1976a  28March1977 D Sweden  6December1971  23March1976 Z TheformerYugoslav̀RepublicofMacedonia  12December1994a  12March1995 ~! Togo  30March1988a  30June1988 <" TrinidadandTobagog  14November1980a  14February1981 R# ̢Turkmenistanb  1May1997a  1August1997 v% Uganda  14November1995  14February1996 4& Ukraine  25July1991a  25October1991 J' Uruguay  1April1970  23March1976  ( Uzbekistan  28September1995  28December1995  n) Venezuela  10May1978  10August1978 B"+ Zambia  10April1984a  10July1984 # ,   |$$".   Dateofreceiptofthe X   instrumentofratification  Dateofentry  Stateparty  oraccessionorsuccession  intoforce | ̀C.StatespartiestotheSecondOptionalProtocolaiming