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C!!# v  ##K#3 v  :::  A. Generalrecommendation24(twentiethsession)!!H!.zzA   ##K#3   :::  B.0 Decisions#!!H!.= =  ! !# $  ##K#7 $  :::  0 Decision20/1#!!H!.V V ! ! !# P ##K#7 P  =g!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A7@x !!7   :II.0  Organizationalandothermatters#((@(.1((# &|   Cp!1!25 &| ##K#7 &| :::  A.0 StatespartiestotheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsof R DiscriminationagainstWomen#((@(.0 ( (# p n n Dp!1!2 p ##K#7 p  :::  B.0 Openingofthesession#((@(.* ( (# F    Cp!3!12 F  ##K#8 F  :::  C.0 Attendance#((@(.  ( (# r  Bp!13!14 r  ##K#9 r  :::  D.0 Solemndeclaration#((@(.& ( (#    Ep!15   ##K#9   :::  E. Electionofofficers((@(.(     Ep!16    ##K#9    :::  F.0 Adoptionoftheagendaandorganizationofwork#((@(.C ( (# L   Ep!17 L  ##K#9 L  :::  G.0 Reportofthepresessionworkinggroup#((@(.{{; ( (# "x  Bp!18!21 "x  ##K#9 "x  :::  H. Compositionandorganizationofworkoftheworkinggroups((@(.N N  Bp!22!25 N  D#D#J#10 N  __ :III.0  ReportoftheChairpersonontheactivitiesundertakenbetweenthenineteenth z   andtwentiethsessionsoftheCommittee#((@(.8((# B!  Bp!26!38 B!  D#D#J#10 B!  XX :IV.0  ConsiderationofreportssubmittedbyStatespartiesunderarticle18ofthe n"  Convention#((@(.' ' ((# 6#  llAp!39!401 6# D#D#J#11 6# :::  A.0 Introduction#((@(. ( (# b$ Bp!39!40 b$ D#D#J#11 b$ :::  B.0 ConsiderationofreportsofStatesparties#((@(.> ( (# % llAp!41!401 % D#D#J#12 % :::   1. ! Initialreports((@(.& &! llAp!41!171 &! D#D#J#12 &! :::    ! Algeria((@(.( (  '<" Bp!41!94 '<" D#D#J#12 '<" :::    ! Kyrgyzstan((@(.==! )h# llAp!95!142 )h# D#D#J#15 )h# :::0  0 ((0! ( (Liechtenstein#((@(.$! (! (# >*$ @p!143!171 >*$ D#D#J#18 >*$ :::0  j+%((    j+%    j+%   :::  0 2.0! ( (Combinedsecondandthirdperiodicreports#((@(.A! (! (# , @p!172!250 , D#D#J#21 ,  =g!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A=@@ ((=  :::0  0 ((0! ( (Greece#((@(. ! (! (# X @p!172!212 X D#D#J#21 X 0 : 0:(:(0 ((0! ( (Thailand#((@(. ! (! (# .  @p!213!250 .  D#D#J#24 .  :::   3.0 ! Thirdandfourthperiodicreports#((@(.8! (! (# Z  @p!251!336 Z  D#D#J#27 Z  :::0  0 ((0! ( (China#((@(. ! (! (#   @p!251!336   D#D#J#27   :::   4.0 ! Fourthperiodicreports#((@(.[[.! (! (#   @p!337!401   D#D#J#34   :::0  0 ((0! ( (Colombia#((@(. ! (! (#  4 @p!337!401  4 D#D#J#34  4  :V.  WaysandmeansofexpeditingtheworkoftheCommittee((@(.G  `  @p!402!429  `  D#D#J#39  `  0 : 0:(:(ActiontakenbytheCommitteeonthereportofWorkingGroupI#((@(.O((# 6  @p!404!429 6  D#D#J#39 6  XX :VI.0  Implementationofarticle21oftheConvention#((@(.?((# b  @p!430!436 b  D#D#J#42 b  0 : 0:(:(ActiontakenbytheCommitteeonthereportofWorkingGroupII#((@(.P((#   @p!432!436   D#D#J#42    :VII.0  Provisionalagendaforthetwentyfirstsession#((@(.@((#  n n Dp!437  D#D#J#43   :VIII.0  Adoptionofthereport#((@(.  '((# < n n Dp!438 < D#D#J#43 <  *a-      /x/x/x/x7x@ ((7g!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A  0 : 0:!:!Parttwoh!! 0 : 0:!:!ReportoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomenonitstwentyfirstsession#!!H!.< < !!#  D#D#J#45  :::  Letteroftransmittal!!H!.i i & $ D#D#J#46 $  :I.  MattersbroughttotheattentionofStatesparties!!H!.  C P D#D#J#47 P :::  A. Decisions!!H!.= =  &| D#D#J#47 @  &| 0 : 0:!:!0 !!Decision21/I#!!H!.: : ! ! !# R D#D#J#47 R :::0  0 !!Decision21/II#!!H!.t t " ! !# ~ D#D#J#47 ~ :::  B. Suggestions!!H!.   D#D#J#47  0 : 0:!:!0 !!Suggestion21/1#!!H!. # ! !# , D#D#J#47 ,  =g!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A7@x !!7   :II.  Organizationalandothermatters((@(.1 !X   Cp!1!21 !X D#D#J#47 !X :::  A.0 StatespartiestotheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsof ." DiscriminationagainstWomen#((@(.0 ( (# "L n n Dp!1!2 "L D#D#J#47 "L :::  B.0 Openingofthesession#((@(.* ( (# "$x   Cp!3!10 "$x D#D#J#47 "$x :::  C.0 Attendance#((@(.  ( (# N% Bp!11!12 N% D#D#J#48 N% :::  D.0 Adoptionoftheagendaandorganizationofwork#((@(.C ( (# z&   Ep!13 z&  D#D#J#48 z&  :::  E. Reportofthepresessionworkinggroup((@(.{{; '! Bp!14!20 '! D#D#J#49 '! :::  F.0 Compositionandorganizationofworkoftheworkinggroups#((@(.N ( (# ((#  Ep!21 ((# D#D#J#49 ((# __ :III.0  ReportoftheChairpersononactivitiesundertakenbetweenthetwentiethand )T$ twentyfirstsessionsoftheCommittee#((@(.kk7((# *% Bp!22!28 *%  D#D#J#50 *%  XX :IV.0  ConsiderationofreportssubmittedbyStatespartiesunderarticle18ofthe +H&  Convention#((@(.' ' ((# ,'  llAp!29!318 ,'  D#D#J#51 ,'  :::  A. Introduction((@(.   Bp!29!30  D#D#J#51  :::  B. ConsiderationofreportsofStatesparties((@(.> , llAp!31!318 , D#D#J#51 , :::   1. ! Initialreports((@(.& X llAp!31!160 X D#D#J#51 X :::    ! Belize((@(.  .  Bp!31!69 .  D#D#J#51 .  :::    ! Georgia((@(.M M  Z  llAp!70!116 Z  D#D#J#55 Z  :::    ! Nepal((@(.    @p!117!160   D#D#J#59   :::   2.0 ! Combinedsecondandthirdperiodicreports#((@(.A! (! (#   @p!161!201   D#D#J#62   :::    ! Ireland((@(.   4 @p!161!201  4 D#D#J#62  4 :::   3. ! Secondandthirdperiodicreports((@(.8  `  @p!202!235  `  D#D#J#66  `  :::    ! Chile((@(.  6  @p!202!235 6  D#D#J#66 6  :::   4. ! Thirdandfourthperiodicreports((@(.8 b  @p!236!318 b  D#D#J#70 b  0 : 0:(:(0 ((0! ( (Spain#((@(. ! (! (#   @p!236!277   D#D#J#70   :::0  0 ((0! ( (UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland#((@(.K! (! (#  @p!278!318  D#D#J#74   :V.  WaysandmeansofexpeditingtheworkoftheCommittee((@(.G < @p!319!328 < D#D#J#78 < 0 : 0:(:(ActiontakenbytheCommitteeunderagendaitem6#((@(.B((# h @p!321!328 h D#D#J#78 h XX :VI.0  Implementationofarticle21oftheConvention#((@(.?((# > @p!329!332 > D#D#J#79 > :::  ActiontakenbytheCommitteeunderagendaitem5((@(.B j @p!331!332 j D#D#J#79 j  :VII.  Provisionalagendaforthetwentysecondsession((@(.VVA  n n Dp!333  D#D#J#80   :VIII.0  Adoptionofthereport#((@(.  '((#  n n Dp!334  D#D#J#80   *a-      /x/x/x/x7x@ ((7g!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A  :Annexes D  D  :I.0  StatespartiestotheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainst p Womenasat1August1999#!!H!.*!!# 8 D#D#J#81 8  :II.0  StatespartieswhichhavedepositedwiththeSecretaryGeneralinstrumentsoftheacceptance d oftheamendmenttoarticle20,paragraph1,oftheConvention#!!H!.O!!# , D#D#J#85 , __ :III.0  DocumentsbeforetheCommitteeatitstwentiethandtwentyfirstsessions#!!H!.Z!!# !X D#D#J#86 !X XX :IV.0  MembershipoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen#!!H!._!!# ." D#D#J#88 ."  :V.0  StatusofsubmissionandconsiderationofreportssubmittedbyStatespartiesunderarticle18of Z# theConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomenasat1August1999#!!H!. !!# $@ D#D#J#89 $@ XX :VI.0  Listofspeakerswhoaddressedthecommemorationofthetwentiethanniversaryofthe &l  ConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen#!!H!.??[!!# &4!  ""I#111 &4!   :VII.0  Statespartieswhichsubmittedtheirobservationsontheconcludingcommentsadoptedbythe  (`"  CommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen#!!H!.ssM!!# ((#  ""I#113 ((#  (x!!(  )T$  T! !TRX3'"Letter (Portrait)X3'"Letter (Portrait)3'"Letter (Portrait)3'"Letter (Portrait)T    XXg!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A /x/x /x /x 3        & 2TRX3'SS7  d d7^^VVC NH-6789:   A.-6789:C   /x /x /x /x#idid 33          (##(d x& e3q !?&'^) ./,15k78=9?!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A& 2SS55  (( C A.-6789:   NH-6789:C7Kd d7  #idid 33          & 2SS55/x /x/x/xg!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A x& e3q !?&'^) ./,15k78=  7    3T/x^#]Sid    PartoneReportoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomenonitstwentiethsession7^x 3ӹ    /xT^#id]S      $  X B/x/xj /xLetteroftransmittal  B z w j  j/x j  620April1999 z  0 : 0::Sir,  0 : 0:: Ihavethehonourtorefertoarticle21oftheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen,accordingtowhichtheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen,establishedpursuanttotheConvention, shall,throughtheEconomicandSocialCouncil,reportannuallytotheGeneralAssemblyoftheUnitedNationsonitsactivities.  0 : 0:: TheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomenhelditstwentiethsessionfrom19Januaryto5February1999atUnitedNationsHeadquarters.Itadopteditsreportonthesessionatits424thmeeting,on5February1999.ThereportoftheCommitteeisherewithsubmittedtoyoufortransmissiontotheGeneralAssemblyatitsfiftyfourthsession.  o 3  rr$(Signed)Ada GonzlezMartnez   8ChairpersonccCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomenoݍ 3  ݈o 3  HisExcellencyMr.Kofi Annan  +%6 SecretaryGeneraloftheUnitedNationsNewYorko" 3   3-'8  4+C NH-6789:   A.-6789:C   /x/x /x /x#idid 33          (##(d x& e3q !?&'^) ./,15k78=9?!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A& 2SS55  &  h     /x /xj /x#Sid  3    ChapterI  0  0xMattersbroughttotheattentionofStatespartiesh  #idS 3 j  j /x  jxx         S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    RRA.0 x Generalrecommendation24 x  (twentiethsession)S:a*  XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3Z xx         S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    0  0xArticle12oftheConventiononthe  d  EliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen" xx 0  0xwomenandhealthS:a[  XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3 xx         1.  x TheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscrimination h  againstWomen,affirmingthataccesstohealthcare,' ߒincludingreproductivehealth,isabasicrightundertheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen,decidedatitstwentiethsession,pursuanttoarticle21,toelaborateageneralrecommendationonarticle12oftheConvention.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3      x Backgrounde  u /x/x /x /x#idid 3          2.  x Statespartiescompliancewitharticle12ofthe % Conventioniscentraltothehealthandwellbeingofwomen.ItrequiresStatestoeliminatediscriminationagainstwomenintheiraccesstohealthcareservicesthroughoutthelifecycle,particularlyintheareasoffamilyplanning,pregnancyandconfinementandduringthepostnatalperiod.TheexaminationofreportssubmittedbyStatespartiespursuanttoarticle18oftheConventiondemonstratesthatwomenshealthisanissuethatisrecognizedasacentralconcerninpromotingthehealthandwellbeingofwomen.ForthebenefitofStatespartiesandthosewhohaveaparticularinterestinandconcernwiththeissuessurroundingwomenshealth,thepresentgeneralrecommendationseekstoelaboratetheCommitteesunderstandingofarticle12andtoaddressmeasurestoeliminatediscriminationinordertorealizetherightofwomentothehighestattainablestandardofhealth.3.  x RecentUnitedNationsworldconferenceshavealso e%, consideredtheseobjectives.Inpreparingthisgeneralrecommendation,theCommitteehastakenintoaccountrelevantprogrammesofactionadoptedatUnitedNationsworldconferencesand,inparticular,thoseofthe1993WorldConferenceonHumanRights,the1994InternationalConferenceonPopulationandDevelopmentandthe1995FourthWorldConferenceonWomen.TheCommitteehasalsonotedtheworkoftheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO),theUnitedNationsPopulationFund(UNFPA)andotherUnitedNationsbodies.Ithascollaboratedwithalarge 5-'6 numberofnongovernmentalorganizationswithaspecialexpertiseinwomenshealthinpreparingthisgeneralrecommendation.4.xx-x  TheCommitteenotestheemphasisthatotherUnited P: Nationsinstrumentsplaceontherighttohealthandtotheconditionsthatenablegoodhealthtobeachieved.AmongsuchinstrumentsaretheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights,theInternationalCovenantonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRights,theInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights,theConventionontheRightsoftheChildandtheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination.5.xx-x  TheCommitteerefersalsotoitsearliergeneral  D recommendationsonfemalecircumcision,humanimmunodeficiencyvirus/acquiredimmunodeficiencysyndrome(HIV/AIDS),disabledwomen,violenceagainstwomenandequalityinfamilyrelations,allofwhichrefertoissuesthatareintegraltofullcompliancewitharticle12oftheConvention.6.xx-x  Whilebiologicaldifferencesbetweenwomenandmen lL mayleadtodifferencesinhealthstatus,therearesocietalfactorsthataredeterminativeofthehealthstatusofwomenandmenandcanvaryamongwomenthemselves.Forthatreason,specialattentionshouldbegiventothehealthneedsandrightsofwomenbelongingtovulnerableanddisadvantagedgroups,suchasmigrantwomen,refugeeandinternallydisplacedwomen,thegirlchildandolderwomen,womeninprostitution,indigenouswomenandwomenwithphysicalormentaldisabilities.7.xx-x  TheCommitteenotesthatthefullrealizationof W womensrighttohealthcanbeachievedonlywhenStatespartiesfulfiltheirobligationtorespect,protectandpromotewomensfundamentalhumanrighttonutritionalwellbeingthroughouttheirlifespanbymeansofafoodsupplythatissafe,nutritiousandadaptedtolocalconditions.Tothisend,Statespartiesshouldtakestepstofacilitatephysicalandeconomicaccesstoproductiveresources,especiallyforruralwomen,andtootherwiseensurethatthespecialnutritionalneedsofallwomenwithintheirjurisdictionaremet.&  e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    xx-x  Article12e Gand  /x/x /x /x#idid 3 3& c         8.xx-x  Article12readsasfollows: I'!e 0 x 0x#x# 1. l StatesPartiesshalltakeallappropriatemeasures _("g toeliminatediscriminationagainstwomeninthefield'3&;ofhealthcareinordertoensure,onabasisofequalityofmenandwomen,accesstohealthcareservices,includingthoserelatedtofamilyplanning. ##    ,`&l 0  0x 2.  Notwithstandingtheprovisionsofparagraph1   ofthisarticle,StatesPartiesshallensuretowomenappropriateservicesinconnectionwithpregnancy,confinementandthepostnatalperiod,grantingfreeserviceswherenecessary,aswellasadequatenutritionduringpregnancyandlactation. xx Statespartiesareencouragedtoaddresstheissueofwomenshealththroughoutthewomanslifespan.Forthepurposesofthepresentgeneralrecommendation,therefore, womenincludesgirlsandadolescents.ThegeneralrecommendationwillsetouttheCommitteesanalysisofthekeyelementsofarticle12.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3      x Keyelementse and  /x/x /x /x#idid 3 1          e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3      x Article12(1)e ܵand  /x/x /x /x#idid 3 G          9.  x Statespartiesareinthebestpositiontoreportonthe ]  mostcriticalhealthissuesaffectingwomeninthatcountry.Therefore,inordertoenabletheCommitteetoevaluatewhethermeasurestoeliminatediscriminationagainstwomeninthefieldofhealthcareareappropriate,Statespartiesmustreportontheirhealthlegislation,plansandpoliciesforwomenwithreliabledatadisaggregatedbysexontheincidenceandseverityofdiseasesandconditionshazardoustowomenshealthandnutritionandontheavailabilityandcosteffectivenessofpreventiveandcurativemeasures.ReportstotheCommitteemustdemonstratethathealthlegislation,plansandpoliciesarebasedonscientificandethicalresearchandassessmentofthehealthstatusandneedsofwomeninthatcountryandtakeintoaccountanyethnic,regionalorcommunityvariationsorpracticesbasedonreligion,traditionorculture.10.  x Statespartiesareencouragedtoincludeintheirreports +$ informationondiseases,healthconditionsandconditionshazardoustohealththataffectwomenorcertaingroupsofwomendifferentlyfrommen,aswellasinformationonpossibleinterventioninthisregard.11.  x Measurestoeliminatediscriminationagainstwomen a#* areconsideredtobeinappropriateifahealthcaresystemlacksservicestoprevent,detectandtreatillnessesspecifictowomen.ItisdiscriminatoryforaStatepartytorefusetoprovidelegallyfortheperformanceofcertainreproductivehealthservicesforwomen.Forinstance,ifhealthserviceprovidersrefusetoperformsuchservicesbasedonconscientiousobjection,measuresshouldbeintroducedtoensurethatwomenarereferredtoalternativehealthproviders.12.  x Statespartiesshouldreportontheirunderstandingof +%5 howpoliciesandmeasuresonhealthcareaddressthehealthrightsofwomenfromtheperspectiveofwomensneedsand -e'7 interestsandhowitaddressesdistinctivefeaturesandfactorsthatdifferforwomenincomparisontomen,suchas:xx-x  (a) l Biologicalfactorsthatdifferforwomenin : comparisonwithmen,suchastheirmenstrualcycle,theirreproductivefunctionandmenopause.Anotherexampleisthehigherriskofexposuretosexuallytransmitteddiseasesthatwomenface;xx-x  (b) l Socioeconomicfactorsthatvaryforwomenin  @ generalandsomegroupsofwomeninparticular.Forexample,unequalpowerrelationshipsbetweenwomenandmeninthehomeandworkplacemaynegativelyaffectwomensnutritionandhealth.Theymayalsobeexposedtodifferentformsofviolencewhichcanaffecttheirhealth.Girlchildrenandadolescentgirlsareoftenvulnerabletosexualabusebyoldermenandfamilymembers,placingthematriskofphysicalandpsychologicalharmandunwantedandearlypregnancy.Someculturalortraditionalpracticessuchasfemalegenitalmutilationalsocarryahighriskofdeathanddisability;xx-x  (c) l Psychosocialfactorsthatvarybetweenwomen lM andmenincludedepressioningeneralandpostpartumdepressioninparticularaswellasotherpsychologicalconditions,suchasthosethatleadtoeatingdisorderssuchasanorexiaandbulimia;xx-x  (d) l Whilelackofrespectfortheconfidentialityof S patientswillaffectbothmenandwomen,itmaydeterwomenfromseekingadviceandtreatmentandtherebyadverselyaffecttheirhealthandwellbeing.Womenwillbelesswilling,forthatreason,toseekmedicalcarefordiseasesofthegenitaltract,forcontraceptionorforincompleteabortionandincaseswheretheyhavesufferedsexualorphysicalviolence.13.xx-x  ThedutyofStatespartiestoensure,onabasisof 0 \ equalityofmenandwomen,accesstohealthcareservices,informationandeducationimpliesanobligationtorespect,protectandfulfilwomensrightstohealthcare.Statespartieshavetheresponsibilitytoensurethatlegislationandexecutiveactionandpolicycomplywiththesethreeobligations.Theymustalsoputinplaceasystemthatensureseffectivejudicialaction.Failuretodosowillconstituteaviolationofarticle12.14.xx-x  TheobligationtorespectrightsrequiresStatesparties '!f torefrainfromobstructingactiontakenbywomeninpursuitoftheirhealthgoals.Statespartiesshouldreportonhowpublicandprivatehealthcareprovidersmeettheirdutiestorespectwomensrightstohaveaccesstohealthcare.Forexample,Statespartiesshouldnotrestrictwomensaccesstohealthservicesortotheclinicsthatprovidethoseservicesonthegroundthatwomendonothavetheauthorizationof ,T'm husbands,partners,parentsorhealthauthorities,becausetheyareunmarried O#  1      ׀orbecausetheyarewomen.Other r barrierstowomensaccesstoappropriatehealthcareincludelawsthatcriminalizemedicalproceduresonlyneededbywomenandthatpunishwomenwhoundergothoseprocedures.15.  x Theobligationtoprotectrightsrelatingtowomens   healthrequiresStatesparties,theiragentsandofficialstotakeactiontopreventandimposesanctionsforviolationsofrightsbyprivatepersonsandorganizations.Sincegenderbasedviolenceisacriticalhealthissueforwomen,Statespartiesshouldensure:  x (a)  Theenactmentandeffectiveenforcementoflaws   andtheformulationofpolicies,includinghealthcareprotocolsandhospitalprocedurestoaddressviolenceagainstwomenandsexualabuseofgirlchildrenandtheprovisionofappropriatehealthservices;  x (b)  Gendersensitivetrainingtoenablehealthcare 2 workerstodetectandmanagethehealthconsequencesofgenderbasedviolence;  x (c)  Fairandprotectiveproceduresforhearing  complaintsandimposingappropriatesanctionsonhealthcareprofessionalsguiltyofsexualabuseofwomenpatients;  x (d)  Theenactmentandeffectiveenforcementoflaws (~ thatprohibitfemalegenitalmutilationandmarriageofgirlchildren.16.  x Statespartiesshouldensurethatadequateprotection $  andhealthservices,includingtraumatreatmentandcounselling,areprovidedforwomeninespeciallydifficultcircumstances,suchasthosetrappedinsituationsofarmedconflictandwomenrefugees.17.  x ThedutytofulfilrightsplacesanobligationonStates  Z& partiestotakeappropriatelegislative,judicial,administrative,budgetary,economicandothermeasurestothemaximumextentoftheiravailableresourcestoensurethatwomenrealizetheirrightstohealthcare.StudiessuchasthosethatemphasizethehighmaternalmortalityandmorbidityratesworldwideandthelargenumbersofcoupleswhowouldliketolimittheirfamilysizebutlackaccesstoordonotuseanyformofcontraceptionprovideanimportantindicationforStatespartiesofpossiblebreachesoftheirdutiestoensurewomensaccesstohealthcare.TheCommitteeasksStatespartiestoreportonwhattheyhavedonetoaddressthemagnitudeofwomensillhealth,in d)#2 particularwhenitarisesfrompreventableconditions,suchastuberculosisandHIV/AIDS.TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutthegrowingevidencethatStatesarerelinquishingtheseobligationsastheytransferStatehealthfunctionstoprivateagencies.Statespartiescannotabsolvethemselvesofresponsibilityintheseareasbydelegatingortransferringthesepowerstoprivatesectoragencies.Statespartiesshouldthereforereportonwhattheyhavedonetoorganizegovernmentalprocessesandallstructuresthroughwhichpublicpowerisexercisedtopromoteandprotectwomenshealth.Theyshouldincludeinformationonpositivemeasurestakentocurbviolationsofwomensrightsbythirdpartiesandtoprotecttheirhealthandthemeasurestheyhavetakentoensuretheprovisionofsuchservices.18.xx-x  TheissuesofHIV/AIDSandothersexuallytransmitted > A diseasesarecentraltotherightsofwomenandadolescentgirlstosexualhealth.Adolescentgirlsandwomeninmanycountrieslackadequateaccesstoinformationandservicesnecessarytoensuresexualhealth.Asaconsequenceofunequalpowerrelationsbasedongender,womenandadolescentgirlsareoftenunabletorefusesexorinsistonsafeandresponsiblesexpractices.Harmfultraditionalpractices,suchasfemalegenitalmutilation,polygamy,aswellasmaritalrape,mayalsoexposegirlsandwomentotheriskofcontractingHIV/AIDSandothersexuallytransmitteddiseases.Womeninprostitutionarealsoparticularlyvulnerabletothesediseases.Statespartiesshouldensure,withoutprejudiceordiscrimination,therighttosexualhealthinformation,educationandservicesforallwomenandgirls,includingthosewhohavebeentrafficked,eveniftheyarenotlegallyresidentinthecountry.Inparticular,Statespartiesshouldensuretherightsoffemaleandmaleadolescentstosexualandreproductivehealtheducationbyproperlytrainedpersonnelinspeciallydesignedprogrammesthatrespecttheirrighttoprivacyandconfidentiality.19.xx-x  Intheirreports,Statespartiesshouldidentifythetest !W bywhichtheyassesswhetherwomenhaveaccesstohealthcareonabasisofequalityofmenandwomeninordertodemonstratecompliancewitharticle12.Inapplyingthesetests,Statespartiesshouldbearinmindtheprovisionsofarticle1oftheConvention.Reportsshouldthereforeincludecommentsontheimpactthathealthpolicies,procedures,lawsandprotocolshaveonwomenwhencomparedwithmen.20.xx-x  Womenhavetherighttobefullyinformed,by (J#a properlytrainedpersonnel,oftheiroptionsinagreeingtotreatmentorresearch,includinglikelybenefitsandpotentialadverseeffectsofproposedproceduresandavailablealternatives.  ,&f 21.  x Statespartiesshouldreportonmeasurestakento   eliminatebarriersthatwomenfaceinaccesstohealthcareservicesandwhatmeasurestheyhavetakentoensurewomentimelyandaffordableaccesstosuchservices.Barriersincluderequirementsorconditionsthatprejudicewomensaccess,suchashighfeesforhealthcareservices,therequirementforpreliminaryauthorizationbyspouse,parentorhospitalauthorities,distancefromhealthfacilitiesandtheabsenceofconvenientandaffordablepublictransport.22.  x Statespartiesshouldalsoreportonmeasurestakento    ensureaccesstoqualityhealthcareservices,forexample,bymakingthemacceptabletowomen.Acceptableservicesarethosethataredeliveredinawaythatensuresthatawomangivesherfullyinformedconsent,respectsherdignity,guaranteesherconfidentialityandissensitivetoherneedsandperspectives.Statespartiesshouldnotpermitformsofcoercion,suchasnonconsensualsterilization,mandatorytestingforsexuallytransmitteddiseasesormandatorypregnancytestingasaconditionofemploymentthatviolatewomensrightstoinformedconsentanddignity.23.  x Intheirreports,Statespartiesshouldstatewhat  measurestheyhavetakentoensuretimelyaccesstotherangeofservicesthatarerelatedtofamilyplanning,inparticular,andtosexualandreproductivehealthingeneral.Particularattentionshouldbepaidtothehealtheducationofadolescents,includinginformationandcounsellingonallmethodsoffamilyplanning. O#  2       ^ 24.  x TheCommitteeisconcernedabouttheconditionsof t healthcareservicesforolderwomen,notonlybecausewomenoftenlivelongerthanmenandaremorelikelythanmentosufferfromdisablinganddegenerativechronicdiseases,suchasosteoporosisanddementia,butbecausetheyoftenhavetheresponsibilityfortheirageingspouses.Therefore,Statespartiesshouldtakeappropriatemeasurestoensuretheaccessofolderwomentohealthservicesthataddressthehandicapsanddisabilitiesassociatedwithageing.25.  x Womenwithdisabilities,ofallages,oftenhave $* difficultywithphysicalaccesstohealthservices.Womenwithmentaldisabilitiesareparticularlyvulnerable,whilethereislimitedunderstanding,ingeneral,ofthebroadrangeofriskstomentalhealthtowhichwomenaredisproportionatelysusceptibleasaresultofgenderdiscrimination,violence,poverty,armedconflict,dislocation B)#0 andotherformsofsocialdeprivation.Statespartiesshouldtakeappropriatemeasurestoensurethathealthservicesaresensitivetotheneedsofwomenwithdisabilitiesandarerespectfuloftheirhumanrightsanddignity.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    xx-x  Article12(2)e |advi 2 /x/x /x /x#idid 3  6         26.xx-x  ReportsshouldalsoincludewhatmeasuresStates  8 partieshavetakentoensurewomenappropriateservicesinconnectionwithpregnancy,confinementandthepostnatalperiod.Informationontheratesatwhichthesemeasureshavereducedmaternalmortalityandmorbidityintheircountries,ingeneral,andinvulnerablegroups,regionsandcommunities,inparticular,shouldalsobeincluded.27.xx-x  Statespartiesshouldincludeintheirreportshowthey  @ supplyfreeserviceswherenecessarytoensuresafepregnancies,childbirthandpostpartumperiodsforwomen.Manywomenareatriskofdeathordisabilityfrompregnancyrelatedcausesbecausetheylackthefundstoobtainoraccessthenecessaryservices,whichincludeantenatal,maternityandpostnatalservices.TheCommitteenotesthatitisthedutyofStatespartiestoensurewomensrighttosafemotherhoodandemergencyobstetricservicesandtheyshouldallocatetotheseservicesthemaximumextentofavailableresources.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    xx-x  OtherrelevantarticlesintheConventione advi r /x/x /x /x#idid 3 FM         28.xx-x  Whenreportingonmeasurestakentocomplywith \O article12,StatespartiesareurgedtorecognizeitsinterconnectionwithotherarticlesintheConventionthathaveabearingonwomenshealth.Thosearticlesincludearticle5(b),whichrequiresStatespartiestoensurethatfamilyeducationincludesaproperunderstandingofmaternityasasocialfunction;article10,whichrequiresStatespartiestoensureequalaccesstoeducation,thusenablingwomentoaccesshealthcaremorereadilyandreducingfemalestudentdropoutrates,whichareoftenaresultofprematurepregnancy;article10(h),whichrequiresthatStatespartiesprovidetowomenandgirlsaccesstospecificeducationalinformationtohelpensurethehealthandwellbeingoffamilies,includinginformationandadviceonfamilyplanning;article11,whichisconcerned,inpart,withtheprotectionofwomenshealthandsafetyinworkingconditions,includingthesafeguardingofthereproductivefunction,specialprotectionfromharmfultypesofworkduringpregnancyandwiththeprovisionofpaidmaternityleave;article14,paragraph2(b),whichrequiresStatespartiestoensureaccessforruralwomentoadequatehealthcarefacilities,includinginformation,counsellingandservicesinfamilyplanning,and(h),whichobligesStatespartiestotakeallappropriatemeasurestoensureadequate ,T'f livingconditions,particularlyhousing,sanitation,electricityandwatersupply,transportandcommunications,allofwhicharecriticalforthepreventionofdiseaseandthepromotionofgoodhealthcare;andarticle16,paragraph1(e),whichrequiresStatespartiestoensurethatwomenhavethesamerightsasmentodecidefreelyandresponsiblyonthenumberandspacingoftheirchildrenandtohaveaccesstotheinformation,educationandmeanstoenablethemtoexercisethoserights.Article16,paragraph2proscribesthebetrothalandmarriageofchildren,animportantfactorinpreventingthephysicalandemotionalharmwhicharisefromearlychildbirth.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3      x Recommendationsforgovernmentactione %and  /x/x /x /x#idid 3 9          29.  x Statespartiesshouldimplementacomprehensive O  nationalstrategytopromotewomenshealththroughouttheirlifespan.Thiswillincludeinterventionsaimedatboththepreventionandtreatmentofdiseasesandconditionsaffectingwomen,aswellasrespondingtoviolenceagainstwomen,andwillensureuniversalaccessforallwomentoafullrangeofhighqualityandaffordablehealthcare,includingsexualandreproductivehealthservices.30.  x Statespartiesshouldallocateadequatebudgetary,  humanandadministrativeresourcestoensurethatwomenshealthreceivesashareoftheoverallhealthbudgetcomparablewiththatformenshealth,takingintoaccounttheirdifferenthealthneeds.31.  x Statespartiesshouldalso,inparticular:    x (a)  Placeagenderperspectiveatthecentreofall )! policiesandprogrammesaffectingwomenshealthandshouldinvolvewomenintheplanning,implementationandmonitoringofsuchpoliciesandprogrammesandintheprovisionofhealthservicestowomen;  x (b)  Ensuretheremovalofallbarrierstowomens  !_' accesstohealthservices,educationandinformation,includingintheareaofsexualandreproductivehealth,and,inparticular,allocateresourcesforprogrammesdirectedatadolescentsforthepreventionandtreatmentofsexuallytransmitteddiseases,includingHIV/AIDS;  x (c)  Prioritizethepreventionofunwantedpregnancy &] . throughfamilyplanningandsexeducationandreducematernalmortalityratesthroughsafemotherhoodservicesandprenatalassistance.Whenpossible,legislationcriminalizingabortionshouldbeamended,inordertowithdrawpunitivemeasuresimposedonwomenwhoundergoabortion;  B+%5 xx-x  (d) l Monitortheprovisionofhealthservicesto 5 womenbypublic,nongovernmentalandprivateorganizations,toensureequalaccessandqualityofcare; xx-x  (e) l Requireallhealthservicestobeconsistentwith P9 thehumanrightsofwomen,includingtherightstoautonomy,privacy,confidentiality,informedconsentandchoice;xx-x  (f) l Ensurethatthetrainingcurriculaofhealth  > workersincludescomprehensive,mandatory,gendersensitivecoursesonwomenshealthandhumanrights,inparticulargenderbasedviolence.S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    +xB.  DecisionsS:a and   XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3 B E         S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    0 x 0x#x#Decision20/IL H## 0 x 0x#x#NongovernmentalorganizationsS:a edd  XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3. I##         xx-x  Recallingitsdecisions18/Iand18/II,adoptedatits L eighteenthsession,theCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomendecidedthatrepresentativesofnationalandinternationalnongovernmentalorganizationsshouldbeinvitedtoprovidecountryspecificinformationonStatespartieswhosereportsarebeforetheCommitteeinaninformalmeetingoftheWorkingGroupoftheWhole.h     /x /xj /x#Sid  3    ChapterII hV xx-x  Organizationalandothermattersh  #idS 3 j  j /x  j jW         S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    +xA.0  StatespartiestotheConventiononthe 4Z EliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomenS:a5  XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3N\##         1.xx-x  On5February1999,theclosingdateofthetwentieth !_ sessionoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen,therewere163StatespartiestotheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen,whichwasadoptedbytheGeneralAssemblyinitsresolution34/180of18December1979andopenedforsignature,ratificationandaccessioninNewYorkinMarch1980.Inaccordancewitharticle27,theConventionenteredintoforceon3September1981.2.xx-x  AlistofStatespartiestotheConventioniscontained )X#i inannexI.AlistofStatespartieswhichhaveacceptedtheamendmenttoarticle20(1)oftheConventioniscontainedinannexII. ,Q'o &   S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    ]]B. x OpeningofthesessionS:a  XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3          3.  x TheCommitteehelditstwentiethsessionatUnited ^ NationsHeadquartersfrom19Januaryto5February1999.' TheCommitteeheld21plenarymeetings(404th424th),anditsworkinggroupsheld16meetings.AlistofthedocumentsbeforetheCommitteeiscontainedinannexIII,sectionA.4.  x ThesessionwasopenedbytheChairpersonofthe    Committee,SalmaKhan(Bangladesh),whohadbeenelectedatthesixteenthsessionoftheCommitteeinJanuary1997.5.  x SpeakingonbehalfoftheSecretaryGeneral,the :  DeputyDirectoroftheDivisionfortheAdvancementofWomenwelcomedthemembersoftheCommitteetothetwentiethsessionandcongratulatedthefivenewCommitteememberswhohadbeenelectedatthetenthmeetingofStatespartiesinFebruary1998andthefourmemberswhohadbeenreelectedatthatmeeting.6.  x TheAssistantSecretaryGeneralandSpecialAdviser V totheSecretaryGeneralonGenderIssuesandAdvancementofWomenalsowelcomedmembersoftheCommittee,includingthenewlyelectedmembers,andcongratulatedthosewhohadbeenelectedbytheCommitteeasitsofficers.ShesaidthatthetwentiethsessionwastakingplaceatthebeginningoftheyearduringwhichthetwentiethanniversaryoftheadoptionoftheConventionwouldoccur,andsuggestedthattheCommitteemightwishtoreflectonwaystocommemoratethatimportantanniversary.Sheaddedthat1999alsomarkedthetenthanniversaryoftheadoptionoftheConventionontheRightsoftheChild.7.  x TheSpecialAdviserindicatedthatseveralofthe " activitiesoftheDivisionfortheAdvancementofWomensincethenineteenthsessionhadcontributedtothegrowingvisibilityoftheConventionandtheCommittee.Thoseincludedthepreparationofastudyanalysingwhatthevarioustreatybodieshaddoneandshoulddotointegrateagenderperspectiveintotheirwork,whichincludedrecommendationsaimedatincreasingcooperationbetweentheCommitteeandothertreatybodies.8.  x From29Septemberto2October1998,theDivision, %Z, incollaborationwithWHO,UNFPA,theCommonwealthSecretariatandtheTunisianMinistryofWomenandFamily,convenedanexpertgroupmeetinginTunisiaonwomenandhealth.InadditiontoformingpartofthepreparationsforthefortythirdsessionoftheCommissionontheStatusofWomen,whichwouldconsiderthecriticalareaofwomenandhealth,theconclusionsofthemeetingwererelevanttotheCommitteesongoingworkonitsgeneralrecommendationonwomenandhealth.  ,&6 9.xx-x  OnbehalfoftheInterAgencyCommitteeonWomen 6  andGenderEquality,theDivisionorganizedaworkshoponarightsbasedapproachtowomensadvancementandempowermentandgenderequality.Animportantfocusoftheworkshop,whichsoughttoreviewandclarifytherightsbasedapproachtogenderequalityanditsimplicationsforpolicyandoperationsbybilateralandmultilateralentities,wasthevalueoftheConventionasatoolforrightsbasedprogramming.10.xx-x  WiththeUnitedNationsChildrensFund(UNICEF),  V@ theUnitedNationsDevelopmentFundforWomen(UNIFEM),InternationalWomensRightsActionWatchandSavetheChildren,theDivisionorganizedanexpertconsultationonviolenceinfamilies,whichwasattendedbyseveralmembersoftheCommittee.TheconsultationwasfollowedbyahalfdaydialogueamongseveralmembersoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomenandtheCommitteeontheRightsoftheChild,duringwhichproposedjointstrategiestoaddressfamilyviolencewereaddressed.11.xx-x  TheSpecialAdviserinformedtheCommitteethatin <L itsresolution53/118of9December1998,theGeneralAssemblyhadurgedStatestoratifyoraccedetotheConventionassoonaspossible.TheAssemblyemphasizedtheimportanceoffullcompliancebyStatespartieswiththeirobligationsundertheConvention,urgedStatespartiestowithdraworlimitanyreservationstheyhadlodgedtotheConventionandinvitedStatespartiestogivedueconsiderationtothestatementregardingreservationstotheConventionadoptedbytheCommitteetomarkthefiftiethanniversaryoftheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights.TheAssemblycommendedtheCommitteeonitseffortstocontributetotheeffectiveimplementationoftheConventionandforreducingthebacklogofreports,includingthroughimprovedinternalmethodsofwork.ItencouragedstrengthenedcoordinationbetweentheCommitteeandotherhumanrightstreatybodiesandinvitedtheCommitteetodrawupjointgeneralcommentswithothertreatybodies,withintheirrespectivemandates,ontheuniversality,indivisibility,interdependenceandinterrelatednessofhumanrights.12.xx-x  TheSpecialAdviserinformedtheCommitteethatin & b December1998DjiboutihadbecometheonehundredsixtythirdStatepartytotheConvention.ShenotedthatalthoughthenumberofStatespartiestotheConventionwasgratifying,imaginativestrategiesandconcertedeffortswererequiredtoreachthetargetofuniversalratificationby2000establishedbytheBeijingPlatformforActionoftheFourthWorldConferenceonWomen.Inthatregard,sheindicatedthatattheirtenthmeeting,thepersonschairingthehuman ,2'j rightstreatybodieshadrecommendedthedevelopmentofacomprehensiveactionprogrammetopromoteuniversalratificationofthesixcorehumanrightstreaties.&   S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    RRC. x AttendanceS:aA3 3 XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3 f          13.  x AllmembersoftheCommitteeattendedthetwentieth  p  session,withtheexceptionofCarlotaBustelo,Silvia' f 53CartwrightandKongitSinegiorgis.AnneLiseRyelattendedfrom25Januaryto3February1999;AhouaOuedraogoattendedfrom19to29January1999;RosarioManaloattendedfrom19Januaryto2February1999;andMaviviMyakayakaManziniattendedfrom19Januaryto2February1999.14.  x AlistofthemembersoftheCommittee,indicating   theirtermsofoffice,iscontainedinannexIV.S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    RRD. x SolemndeclarationS:a7 S8 XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3          15.  x Attheopeningofthetwentiethsession,before P assumingtheirfunctions,thenewlyelectedmembers,CharlotteAbaka(Ghana),IvankaCorti(Italy),FengCui(China),NaelaGabr(Egypt),SavitriGoonesekere(SriLanka),RosalynHazelle(SaintKittsandNevis),RosarioManalo(Philippines),MaviviMyakayakaManzini(SouthAfrica),ZelmiraRegazzoli(Argentina),CarmelShalev(Israel)andChikakoTaya(Japan),madethesolemndeclarationasprovidedforunderrule10oftherulesofprocedureoftheCommittee.S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    ]]E. x ElectionofofficersS:a; < XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3 '         16.  x Atits404thmeeting,on19January1999,the 8!* Committeeelectedthefollowingofficersforatermoftwoyears(19992000)byacclamation,inaccordancewitharticle19oftheConventionandrules13and14oftheCommitteesrulesofprocedure:AdaGonzlezMartnez(Mexico),Chairperson;YungChungKim(RepublicofKorea),AhouaOuedraogo(BurkinaFaso)andHannaBeateSchppSchilling(Germany),ViceChairpersons;andAyseFerideAcar(Turkey),Rapporteur.& & S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    hhF.0 x Adoptionoftheagendaandorganization )#6 ofworkS:a? @ XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3*$7xx         17.  x TheCommitteeconsideredtheprovisionalagendaand :,&: '&)?organizationofwork(CEDAW/C/1999/I/1)atits404th -X'; meeting,on19January1999.Theagendaasadoptedwasasfollows:xx-x  1. l Openingofthesession. > xx-x  2.0 l Solemndeclarationbythenewmembersofthe @ Committee. l#l# xx-x  3. l Electionofofficers. | C xx-x  4.0 l Adoptionoftheagendaandorganizationof  E work. l#l# xx-x  5.0 l ReportoftheChairpersonontheactivities p H undertakenbetweenthenineteenthandtwentiethsessionsoftheCommittee. l#l# xx-x  6.0 l ConsiderationofthereportssubmittedbyStates l L partiesunderarticle18oftheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen. l#l# xx-x  7.0 l Implementationofarticle21oftheConvention  Q ontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen. l#l# xx-x  8.0 l Waysandmeansofexpeditingtheworkofthe *U Committee. l#l# xx-x  9. l Provisionalagendaforthetwentyfirstsession. ^X xx-x  10.0 l AdoptionofthereportoftheCommitteeonits tZ twentiethsession. l#l# &  S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    +xG.  ReportofthepresessionworkinggroupS:a#I I XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3 h_         18.xx-x  TheCommitteehaddecided,atitsninthsession, O#  3      ׀to b conveneapresessionworkinggroupforfivedaysbeforeeachsessiontopreparelistsofissuesandquestionsrelatingtoperiodicreports'IԀthatwouldbeconsideredbytheCommitteeatthesession.19.xx-x  Thefollowingfourmembers,representingdifferent !Rh regionalgroups,participatedintheworkinggroup:EmnaAouij(Africa),IvankaCorti(Europe),YolandaFerrerGomez(LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean)andSalmaKhan(AsiaandthePacific).20.xx-x  Theworkinggrouppreparedlistsofissuesand 2& n questionsrelatingtothereportsoffourStatesparties,namelyChina,Colombia,GreeceandThailand.  M("q 21.  x Atthe404thmeeting,on19January1999,the  Chairpersonofthepresessionworkinggroupintroducedthereportofthegroup(CEDAW/C/1999/I/CRP.1andAdd.14). &  S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    FFH.0 x Compositionandorganizationofworkof f  theworkinggroupsS:aO P XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3H xx         22.  x Atits404thmeeting,on19January1999,the  R  Committeeagreedonthecompositionofitstwostanding'f Oworkinggroups:WorkingGroupI,toconsiderwaysandmeansofexpeditingtheworkoftheCommittee,andWorkingGroupII,toconsiderwaysandmeansofimplementingarticle21oftheConvention.23.  x WorkingGroupIwascomposedofthefollowing P  membersoftheCommittee:AyseFerideAcar,EmnaAouij,IvankaCorti,FengCui,YolandaFerrerGomez,SalmaKhan,YungChungKim,CarmelShalev,ChikakoTaya,HannaBeateSchoppSchillingandZelmiraRegazzoli.24.  x WorkingGroupIIwascomposedofthefollowing 0 membersoftheCommittee:CharlotteAbaka,RosalynHazelle,NaelaGabr,SavitriGoonesekere,RosarioManalo,MaviviMyakayakaManziniandAhouaOuedraogo.25.  x ThespecificissuesaddressedbyWorkingGroupsI  andIIwerethefollowing:  x (a)  WorkingGroupI .Workingmethodsofthepre | sessionworkinggroup,includingthenumberofissuesandquestions,analysisprovidedbytheSecretariatandimplicationsofnewtiming;receiptofreportsbyexperts;relationshipbetweentheCommitteeandotherUnitedNationsagencies;mattersraisedatthetenthmeetingofthechairpersonsofhumanrightstreatybodies;universalratification;focusedperiodicreports;commentsoftheCommitteeonthepreliminarystatementofAlainPellet,RapporteuroftheInternationalLawCommission,onreservations;genderperspectivesintheworkoftheUnitedNationstreatybodies;inputintotheworkoftheexpertmemberoftheSubcommissiononPreventionofDiscriminationandProtectionofMinoritiesonreservations;theCommitteesreportontheimplementationoftheBeijingPlatformforActionpreparedforthefortythirdsessionoftheCommissionontheStatusofWomen;theCommitteesrulesofprocedure;reportstobeconsideredatthetwentyfirst,twentysecondandtwentythirdsessionsoftheCommittee;andtheroleofnongovernmentalorganizations;  x (b)  WorkingGroupII .Draftgeneral j*$4 recommendationonarticle12;theCommitteeslongtermprogrammeofworkwithregardtogeneralrecommendations;publicityfortheCommitteeandthe ,'7 Convention;andthetwentiethanniversaryoftheadoptionoftheConvention.& * h     /x /xj /x#Sid  3    ChapterIII < 0 x 0x#x#ReportoftheChairpersonontheactivitiesundertakenbetweenthenineteenthandtwentiethsessionsoftheCommitteeh V\  ]#idS 3 j  j /x  j @##         26.xx-x  SalmaKhan,theoutgoingChairpersonofthe pC Committee,welcomedalltheCommitteememberstothe'*J\twentiethsession.SheextendedhercongratulationstothenewmemberselectedatthetenthmeetingofStatesparties,statingthattheyhadjoinedthehumanrightstreatybodyresponsibleforpromotinganddefendingtherightsofhalfofhumanity.27.xx-x  Ms.Khanindicatedthatduringtheintersessional 6K period,shehadsoughttomaintainregularcontactwiththeexperts,andthathadfacilitatedherworkandcontributedtotheachievementoftheircommongoals.28.xx-x  Inregardtoheractivitiesbetweenthenineteenthand P twentiethsessionsoftheCommittee,Ms.KhanreportedthatshehadattendedseveralSouthAsianregionalmeetingstocommemoratethe1995FourthWorldConferenceonWomen,includingameetingheldatKathmandu,whichhadsoughttodeveloparegionalstrategyforimplementationoftheBeijingPlatformforActionandtoidentifychallengesandgapsinthatregard.29.xx-x  Ms.Khanindicatedthatshehadparticipatedina 2Y commemorationofthefiftiethanniversaryoftheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsinParisfrom14to16September1998.HerstatementatthateventhighlightedthefactthattheDeclarationhadestablishedtheequalrightsofwomenandmen,aprincipleelaboratedintheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen.30.xx-x  ReportingonherattendanceattheThirdCommittee $b oftheGeneralAssemblyatitsfiftythirdsession,Ms.KhannotedthatseveralGovernmentshadcommendedtheworkoftheCommitteeanditseffortstoreinforcetheimplementationmechanismsoftheConvention.SeveralhadwelcomedthedevelopmentofanoptionalprotocolandthestatementonreservationsadoptedatthenineteenthsessionoftheCommitteeasacontributiontothefiftiethanniversaryoftheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights.31.xx-x  Ms.KhanunderlinedtheCommitteesgrowinglinks ,l&l withspecializedagenciesandotherbodiesoftheUnited ,4'm NationsanddrewattentiontotheeffortsoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights,MaryRobinson,todevelopapartnershipbetweenherofficeandtheCommittee.Inthisregard,Ms.KhannotedthattheHighCommissionerhadsoughtinputsfromtheCommitteepriortoherrecentmissiontoChinaandthatMrs.Robinsonhadprovidedherwithadetailedaccountofhermission,highlightingprogressachievedandchallengesinaletterdated3December1998.32.  x Ms.KhanremindedtheCommitteethat18December  V  1999wouldmarkthetwentiethanniversaryoftheadoptionoftheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen,while20November1999wouldmarkthetenthanniversaryoftheConventionontheRightsoftheChild.Shenotedthatthoseanniversarieswouldprovideopportunitiestoemphasizetheimportanceofinternationalnormativeinstrumentsintheestablishmentoffullandequalrightsforwomenandgirlchildren.33.  x Ms.KhannotedthatalthoughthemajorityofMember V StateshadsubscribedtotheConvention,thegoalofuniversalratificationsetbytheBeijingPlatformforActionhadyettobereached.OnbehalfoftheCommittee,shehadwrittentothosecountriesthathadnotyetratifiedoraccededtotheConvention,whiletheAssistantSecretaryGeneralandSpecialAdvisertotheSecretaryGeneralonGenderIssuesandAdvancementofWomenhadalsowrittentotheAdministratoroftheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP),requestinghimtoencourageGovernmentstoratifyoraccedetotheConvention.Ms.Khanindicatedthatshehadalsorequestedanumberofnongovernmentalorganizationstoencourageratification.Asaresultofthoseefforts,severalStates,includingDjibouti,hadacceptedtheConvention.34.  x Inconcludingherremarks,Ms.Khanoutlinedprogress \ $ intheCommitteesworkduringthetwoyearsofherchairpersonship.ShenotedthattherehadbeenasteadyincreaseinratificationandaccessionandthattheCommitteewasnowmeetingtwiceyearly.Ithadreviewedthereportsof35Statespartiesovertheperiod,andpositivestepstowardsdejureequalityofwomenhadbeenmade.Some  %b* StatespartieshadmodifiedorwithdrawntheirreservationstotheConvention,andsignificantprogresshadbeenmadeintheelaborationofanoptionalcomplaintsmechanismtotheConvention.WorkingrelationshipshadbeenestablishedwithspecializedagenciesandotherbodiesoftheUnitedNationssystem,aswellasnongovernmentalorganizations.Sheindicated,however,thatstillmoreprogresswasrequiredbeforewomenwouldachievedefactoequalitywithmen.Ms.KhanthankedthemembersoftheCommitteefortheirsupportduringherchairpersonshipandpaidparticular ,2'4 tributetotheoutgoingbureaumember.ShecongratulatedAdaGonzlezMartnez,theincomingChairperson,andtheothermembersofthebureauontheirelection,andwishedthemwellintheirfuturework.35.xx-x  Inthelightofherparticipationinthecommemoration  n9 ofthefiftiethanniversaryoftheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsinParisfrom14to16September1998,Ms.KhanhadrequestedMs.Abakatoattendthetenthmeetingofpersonschairinghumanrightstreatybodies.36.xx-x  InherreporttotheCommittee,Ms.Abakaindicated N ? thatthechairpersonshadexpressedappreciationfortheworkoftheSubcommissiononPreventionofDiscriminationandProtectionofMinorities,particularlywithregardtoreservationstohumanrightstreatiesandaffirmativeaction.ThechairpersonsrecommendedthattheexpertiseoftreatybodiesshouldbedrawnuponbytheSubcommissionwithrespecttotheseandfuturestudies.Ms.AbakanotedthatthechairpersonshadtakennoteoftheCommitteesstatementonreservationswithappreciation.37.xx-x  Ms.Abakaindicatedthatthechairpersonshad lJ emphasizedtheimportanceoftheworkofthethematicrapporteursandtheneedforclosecollaborationbetweenthemandthetreatybodies.ShenotedthatshehadexpressedtheCommitteesdisappointmentthatithadnotbenefitedfromtheexpertiseoftheSpecialRapporteuronViolenceagainstWomenandhadreiteratedthisduringthechairpersonsmeetingwiththeUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights.38.xx-x  Thechairpersonshadstressedtheimportanceof T publicityfortheworkofthehumanrightstreatybodies,andemphasizedthatconcludingcommentsandobservationsandgeneralrecommendations,aswellasotheroutputsofthetreatybodies,shouldbemadewidelyknownatthenational,regionalandsubregionallevelsbytheUnitedNationsinformationoffices.Inaddition,theystressedthatregionalhumanrightscommissionsshouldalsobemadeawareoftheworkoftreatybodies.&  h     /x /xj /x#Sid  3    ChapterIV .%` 0 x 0x#x#ConsiderationofreportssubmittedbyStatespartiesunderarticle18oftheConventionh Z|nth }#idS 3 j  j /x  j4("c##         S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    +xA.0  IntroductionS:a~nth u XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3)T$f##         39.xx-x  Atitstwentiethsession,theCommitteeconsideredthe +&i '.%N|reportsofsevenStatespartiessubmittedunderarticle18of z,&j theConvention:threeinitialreports;twocombinedsecondandthirdperiodicreports;onethirdandfourthperiodicreports;andonefourthperiodicreport.40.  x Asdecidedatitsthirteenthsession,in1994,the P Committeepreparedconcludingcommentsoneachreportconsidered.TheCommitteesconcludingcommentsonthereportsofStatesparties,aspreparedbythemembersoftheCommittee,andasummaryoftheintroductorypresentationbytherepresentativesoftheStatespartiesareprovidedbelow.& t S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    ]]B.0 x ConsiderationofreportsofStatespartiesS:a̓e  XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3, xx         S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    ~~1.0 x InitialreportsS:an,w  XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 36 xx         S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    0  0xAlgeriaS:an,w  XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3 xx         41.  x TheCommitteeconsideredtheinitialreportofAlgeria H (CEDAW/C/DZA/1andCorr.1andAdd.1)atits406th,'t,407thand412thmeetings,on21and26January1999(seeCEDAW/C/SR.406,407and412).& n e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    JJ(a)0 x IntroductionbytheStatepartye e  /x/x /x /x#idid 3Axx         42.  x Inintroducingthereport,therepresentativeofAlgeria W underlinedthathiscountryhadsubmitteditsinitialreport'nAonlytwoyearsafteritsaccessiontotheConvention,despitethecurrentdifficultsituationitwasfacing.ThatwasanindicationofthesincerecommitmentoftheGovernmenttohumanrightsandtotheadvancementofwomen.43.  x TherepresentativenotedthatAlgeriassecond U& Constitutionof1976,proclaimed13yearsafterindependence,guaranteedforthefirsttimeequalitybeforethelaw.TheConstitutionof1989,revisedin1996,reinforcedprinciplesofuniversalhumanrights,suchasfreedomofspeechandfreeelections.Article123alsoconfirmedtheprimacyofallinternationaltreatiesratifiedbyAlgeriaovernationallaw,adecisionconfirmedbytheConstitutionalCouncilon20August1998.Allcivil,penal,administrativeandcommercialcodesconformedtotheConstitutionandtheprinciplesofequalitybetweenmenandwomen.However,despitetherapidprogresswithregardto &C!1 dejureequality,defactoequalityhadnotbeenachieved ' "2 becauseofstereotypicalattitudesthatexistedinsociety.44.  x Anumberofmeasureshadbeentakenbypublic )#5 authoritiesaspartoftheoverallpolicyonwomen,inparticularaftertheFourthWorldConferenceonWomen(Beijing,1995).ApermanentcommitteehadbeenestablishedundertheauspicesoftheMinistryofNational , '9 SolidarityandFamily;andtostrengthenthenationalmechanismsfortheadvancementofwomen,asecretariatofStateupgradedtoaMinistryandheadedbyawomanMinisteractedasafocalpointfortheadvancementofwomen.TheCouncilforthePreservationandPromotionoftheFamilyandtheNationalWomensCouncilwerecreatedin1996and1997respectively,toensurethecoherenceofallpoliciesfortheadvancementofwomen.AspartoftheimplementationoftheBeijingPlatformforAction,AlgeriahadadoptedanationalactionplanandrecentlypresentedareportonthemanyactionsundertakensincetheFourthWorldConferenceonWomen.45.xx-x  TherepresentativerecalledthatAlgerianwomenhad X F alreadyplayedanactiveroleinthestruggleforindependence,butstereotypicalattitudes,exacerbatedbyilliteracy,wereobstaclestoachievementofequalitywithmen.Agreatnumberofpoliticalpartiesandnongovernmentalorganizationshademergedsincetheintroductionofapluralistdemocracyin1984,butfundamentalistmovementsandterrorismthreatenedadvancesmade,particularlywherewomenwereconcerned.46.xx-x  Therepresentativepointedoutthateducation,which P wasfree,hadbeendecisiveinwomensemancipation,providingaccesstoemployment,medicalandsocialservicesandbreakingdownstereotypicalattitudesandsocialobstacles.Certainsectorsofemploymentwerenowdominatedbywomen,includingthemagistrature,educationandhealth.47.xx-x  Therepresentativenotedthatdomesticviolence tX againstwomenwasconsideredaseverecrimebytheConstitutionandpenalcode.Manynongovernmentalorganizationsalsoexistedtoassistbatteredwomen.Severalinitiativeshadbeentakentocareforvictimsofrapeandabduction,includingcentrestotreatwomenandchildrentraumatizedbyterroristviolence.48.xx-x  TherepresentativeinformedtheCommitteethat :"` progresshadbeenachievedwithregardtoequalityinpoliticalandpubliclifeatthenationallevel,althoughonlyafewwomenhadreacheddecisionmakingpositions.Manywomenwereactive,includinginleadershippositions,inpoliticalparties,unionsandnongovernmentalorganizations.Thereformofvotingproceduresin1995,whichlimitedvotingbyproxytoexceptionalsituations,returnedtherighttovotetomanywomenwhoseguardianorhusbandhadcustomarilyvotedontheirbehalf.49.xx-x  TheeconomiccrisisaffectingAlgeriasince1986had X*$k resultedinadeclineinjobsandhadhadanegativeimpactontheemploymentofwomen.Womensparticipationinthelabourforcewaslowandinformalworkathomewas ,'n increasing.However,therepresentativenotedthatunderthecurrentsocialsecuritysystemwomenreceivedspecificbenefitsrelatedtomaternityandretirement,including14weeksofmaternityleaveatfullpay.50.  x Familyplanningserviceswereanintegralpartofthe  n healthprogrammeandhadexpandedsince1974.Today99percentofwomenwereawareofmethodsoffamilyplanning,andthefertilityrate,inparticularamongtheyoungeragegroups,hadbeensignificantlyreduced.51.  x Inconcludinghispresentation,therepresentativeof N   AlgeriaemphasizedthattheratificationoftheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomenhadtobeviewedinthecontextofthepoliticalwilltoencouragethegradualemancipationofwomen.AccessiontotheConventionhadraisedadebateinthecountryandalthoughaccessionwasaccompaniedbyreservations,itshouldbeseenasasteptowardssocialandnormativedevelopmentsleadingtowithdrawalofthereservations.Inparticular,asaresultoftheaccessiontotheConvention,theFamilyCodeof1984wascurrentlybeingrevisedandsuggestedamendments,whichcouldresultinremovalofreservations,hademerged,asaresultbothofclaimsbywomensgroupsandoftheevolutionofAlgeriansociety.& L e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    AA(b)0 x ConcludingcommentsoftheCommitteee >  /x/x /x /x#idid 3mxx         e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3      x Introductione R  /x/x /x /x#idid 3 -         52.  x TheCommitteecongratulatestheGovernmentof C Algeriaontheexcellentpresentationofitsinitialreport,whichisinaccordancewiththeCommitteesguidelines.The'L2factthattheGovernmentofAlgeriasubmitteditsinitialreportonlytwoyearsafteritaccededtotheConventionandnotwithstandingthedifficultcircumstancesthecountryisexperiencing,testifiestoitspoliticalwilltoimprovethestatusofwomenanditsinterestintheiremancipation.53.  x TheCommitteecongratulatestheGovernmentforthe !'( highlevelandlargesizeofitsdelegation,headedbythePermanentRepresentativetotheUnitedNations,whichestablishedaconstructive,openandsinceredialoguewithmembersoftheCommittee,andinitsoralpresentationgaveadditionalspecificandobjectiveinformationaswellasstatisticaldataenablingtheCommitteetounderstandtheϜdejureanddefactosituationofAlgerianwomen. I'!/ 54.  x TheCommitteeexpressesitssolidaritywiththe _("1 struggleofAlgerianwomenagainstallformsoffundamentalismandterrorism.Notwithstandingtheextremeviolencetheyhaveendured,theyhavemanaged,withthehelpofaveryactivecommunityorganization,toputrespectfortherightsofwomenandrevisionoftheFamilyCodehighonthenationalpoliticalagenda. -e'7 Ї&  e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Positiveaspectse 4The  /x/x /x /x#idid 37##         55.xx-x  TheCommitteewelcomesthewillingnessofthe 9 GovernmentofAlgeriatoreviewreservationstotheConventioninthelightoftheevolutionofAlgeriansociety.56.xx-x  TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthatthe1996 f = AlgerianConstitution,whichgivesinternationaltreaties,includingtheConvention,whichhavebeenratifiedandgazetted,primacyoverdomesticlaw'(.57.xx-x  TheCommitteenotesthattheAlgerianConstitution  *B guaranteesequalitybetweenmenandwomeninallspheresoflife.58.xx-x  TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthatthe z F ratificationoftheConventionhashadapositiveimpactonthelivesofAlgerianwomenandAlgeriansociety.Institutionalmeasures,includingtheestablishmentofaNationalWomensCouncil,aCouncilforthePreservationandPromotionoftheFamilyandaministerialdepartmentresponsiblefornationalsolidarityandthefamily,havealsobeentakenbytheGovernment.Thisdepartment,whichisheadedbyawoman,isthefocalpointforallactivitiesundertakenintheareasoftheadvancementofwomenandfamilyaffairs.TheCommitteenotesthattheGovernmentisalsoconsideringlegalmeasures,includingtheamendmentoftheFamilyCode.59.xx-x  TheCommitteewelcomestheeffortsoftheAlgerian FT womensnongovernmentalorganizationsinraisingpublicawarenessandfosteringtheinterestoftheGovernmentandlegislatorsinwomensissues.TheinvaluablecontributionofwomensnongovernmentalorganizationstotheelaborationoftheFamilyCodeisalsocommended.60.xx-x  TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthatAlgerian D[ labourlegislationcontainsspecificprovisionsrelatingtomaternityleaveandbreastfeedingbreaksthatprotectwomenfromdiscriminationbecauseoftheirparentalresponsibilities.61.xx-x  TheCommitteerecognizesthestepstakenbytheState $#za partywithrespecttovictimsofterroristviolencethroughprovisionoftreatmentcentresforvictims,theestablishmentofanationalintersectoralprogrammetoaddresstheneedsofthosetraumatizedbyterroristviolence,aswellastheprovisionofcompensationforthebeneficiariesofvictimswhohavedied,forpersonswhohavesufferedbodilyandmaterialinjuriesandforvictimsofaccidentsoccurringwithinthecontextofterroristviolence.TheCommitteealsonotestheworkofcommunityorganizationsinprovidingpsychologicalandotherassistanceforsuchvictims.  +%l 62.  x TheCommitteewelcomestheeliminationofproxy  voteswhichhadenabledahusbandtovoteinplaceofhiswife. 63.  x TheCommitteenotedwithsatisfactionthatwomen P haveaccesswithoutdejurediscriminationtopublicand  n politicallifeandarewellrepresentedinthesespheres.Itnoteswithsatisfactionthelargenumberofwomenatalllevelsofthejudiciary,andthatmorethanaquarterofthejudgesarewomen.64.  x TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthatthe N   numerousspecificmeasurestakenbytheGovernmenttogivewomenequalaccesstoeducationandtraininghavebeenadecisivefactorintheemancipationofwomen.65.  x TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthatwomens   healthisidentifiedasapriorityinthecountryshealthpoliciesandprogrammes.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0  0xFactorsimpedingimplementationofthe C Conventione 2anw  /x/x /x /x#idid 3 xx         66.  x TheCommitteenotesthattheemergenceof ! fundamentalismandtheterroristviolencethataccompaniesithaveaffectedalllayersofsociety,includingwomenandchildren,andhaveimpededeffectiveimplementationoftheConvention.67.  x TheCommitteealsonotesthatthereservationsofthe W Statepartytoarticles2,9,paragraph2,15,paragraph4,and16areobstaclestotheConventionsfullimplementation.68.  x TheCommitteenotesthat,althoughtheConstitution " guaranteestheequalityofmenandwomenandprovidesthattheConventionprevailsovernationallegislation,thenumerousdiscriminatoryprovisionsoftheFamilyCodeandthepersistenceofprejudiceandpatriarchalpracticesconflictdefactowiththeprinciplesoftheConvention.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0  0xPrincipalareasofconcernandrecommendationse    /x/x /x /x#idid 30"*xx         69.  x TheCommitteereiteratesitsconcernatthe F#, reservationstotheConventionenteredbytheStateparty.70.  x TheCommitteeurgestheStatepartytoexpeditethe $%z/ stepsnecessaryforwithdrawalofitsreservations.71.  x TheCommitteeisconcernedbytheStatepartys 'X!2 constantcitingofreligiousprinciplesandculturalspecificitiestojustifywhythestatusofwomenhasnotkeptupwiththeoveralladvancesofsociety.72.  x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytake p*$7 measurestoensurethatreligiousandculturalpatternsdonotinhibitthedevelopmentofwomenspositioninAlgeriansociety. ,': Ї73.xx-x  TheCommitteeisconcernedbythesocialconstraints : thatexistwithinAlgeriansocietywhichkeepwomeninalowerstatusthanmenandarenotconducivetotheeliminationofallformsofdiscriminationagainstwomen.74.xx-x  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttocontinueits  n? effortstorepealinegalitarianlawsinordertobringitslegislationintolinewiththeprovisionsoftheConvention.TheCommitteealsourgestheGovernment,nongovernmentalorganizations,intellectualsandthemassmediatoencourageenlightenedattitudesandacceleratewomensemancipationthroughpublicityandpublicawarenesscampaigns.75.xx-x  TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthepersistenceof  H culturalstereotypesandpatriarchalvaluesaswellaspolygamy,whichviolatewomensrights.76.xx-x  NotingtheGovernmentsintentiontointroduce L L legislativechangestoimplementtheConvention,theCommitteerecommendsdevelopmentandimplementationofalegalliteracystrategyandtrainingforalllevelsofsocietyinordertoaddressdiscriminatoryculturalnormsandattitudes.77.xx-x  TheCommitteeisdeeplyconcernedbythelarge JS numberofwomenmurdered,raped,abductedandsubjectedtoseriousphysicalabusebyterroristgroupsinrecentyears.78.xx-x  TheCommitteecallsupontheGovernmenttoprotect FW womeninaccordancewiththeprovisionoftheConstitutionthatstatesthattheStateisresponsibleforthesafetyofpersonsandproperty.TheCommitteerecommendsthatbettercarebetakenofallwomenandgirlswhoarevictimsofterroristviolence.79.xx-x  TheCommitteeisconcernedbytheabsenceoflegal D^ textsthatspecificallyprotectwomenwhoarevictimsofdomesticandsexualviolence.80.xx-x  TheCommitteerecommendstotheGovernmentthat !b ittakespecificlegislativeandstructuralstepstoshelterwomenfromsuchattacksandprovidewomenwhoarevictimsofviolencewithcomfort,assistance,advice,guidanceandinformationconcerninglegalredress.TheCommitteealsorecommendsthateducationandawarenesstrainingondomesticandsexualviolencebemadeavailabletopoliceofficers,judges,doctorsandthemassmediatomaketheirinterventionmoreeffective.81.xx-x  TheCommitteeisconcernedbythesituationofwives (@#l ofdisappearedpersonswhocanneitherlegallyprovethattheirhusbandsaredead,owingtothelengthanddifficultyoftheprocedure,norenjoytheirstatusasmarriedwomen.Thisresultsinhumanandmaterialinjuriestothesewomenandtheirchildren. ,('q Ї82.  x TheCommitteecallsupontheGovernmentofAlgeria  tohelpthisgroupofwomenandtheirfamiliesbysimplifying,evenonatemporarybasis,thelegalprocedureforcertificationofdeathsothattheycanclarifytheirstatus,obtaincustodyoftheirchildrenandlegallydisposeofpropertytowhichtheyareentitled.83.  x TheCommitteeisconcernedbythefactthatmothers   cannottransmittheirnationalitytotheirchildreninthesamewaythatfatherscan.Citizenshipisafundamentalrightwhichmenandwomenmustbeabletoenjoyequally.84.  x TheCommitteerecommendstherevisionoflegislation l  governingnationalityinordertomakeitconsistentwiththeprovisionsoftheConvention.85.  x Notingthesignificantprogressthathasbeenmadein   regardtowomenseducationandtheenrolmentofgirlsinschoolsinruralandurbanareas,theCommitteeisconcernedthatthereformoftheAlgerianeducationalsystemhasnotbeencompleted.86.  x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheAlgerian H Governmentcontinueitsrevisionofbothcurriculaandtextbookstoridthemofstereotypesandnegativeimagesofwomeninordertohelpchangeattitudesmorequicklyandtoremoveobstaclestoequality.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyensurethatwomenteachersandwomensnongovernmentalorganizationsareconsultedintherewritingoftextbooks.87.  x TheCommitteeisconcernedatthelowrateof  participationofwomenintheworkplace,whichposesamajorproblemforwomenseconomicindependence.88.  x TheCommitteerecommendsthatarticle4, &|# paragraph1,oftheConventionbeimplementedthroughtemporaryincentiveswithquantitativetargetsaimedatincreasingwomensemploymentinboththepublicandprivatesectors.TheCommitteerecommendsthecreationofϜchildcarecentresandkindergartensinsufficientnumberstoallowwomentoreconciletheirfamilyandprofessionalresponsibilities.TheCommitteealsorecommendsthatunemployedwomenberequiredtoparticipateintraineeshipsandretrainingprogrammes,includinginnontraditionalareas,andbenefitfromjobcreationmeasurestoadegreeproportionaltotheunemploymentrateforwomen.89.  x TheCommitteeisconcernedthattheinformation '*"0 containedinthereportonruralwomenandthebenefitstheyobtainedfromruraldevelopmenteffortswasinsufficient.90.  x TheCommitteeencouragestheGovernmenttopaydue z*$4 attentiontotheneedsofruralwomenbyreinforcingtheiractiveandparticipatoryroleintheformulation,implementationandmonitoringofpoliciesandprogrammes ,('7 thataffectthem,particularlyintheareasofhousingcredit,incomegeneratingprojectsandsocialsecurity.91.xx-x  TheCommitteeisseriouslyconcernedbythefactthat : theFamilyCodestillcontainsmanydiscriminatoryprovisionswhichdenyAlgerianwomentheirbasicrights,suchasfreeconsenttomarriage,equalrightstodivorce,sharingoffamilyandchildrearingresponsibilities,sharedchildcustodyrightswithfathers,therighttodignityandselfrespectand,aboveall,theeliminationofpolygamy.92.xx-x  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoconsiderthe N B proposedamendmentsthatmodifysomeoftheprovisionsoftheFamilyCodetobeaninitialstepintheprocessthatneedstobeundertakentoharmonizetheprovisionsoftheFamilyCodewiththetextoftheConventionandwiththeprincipleofequalitythatissetoutintheAlgerianConstitution.93.xx-x  TheCommitteerequeststheGovernmentofAlgeria j J toprovideinformationaddressingtheconcernsraisedintheseconcludingcommentsinitsnextperiodicreportrequiredunderarticle18oftheConvention.94.xx-x  TheCommitteerequeststhatitsconclusionsbebroadly O disseminatedinAlgeriatomakethepopulationofthecountry,andparticularlythoseworkinginthecivilserviceandinpoliticalcircles,awareofthemeasuresthathavebeentakentoensurewomensactualequalityandofthefurthermeasuresthatareneededinthisregard.ItalsorequeststheGovernmentofAlgeriatocontinuetodisseminatewidely,especiallytowomensandhumanrightsorganizations,thetextoftheConvention,theCommitteesgeneralrecommendationsandtheBeijingDeclarationandPlatformforAction.S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    0 x 0x#x#KyrgyzstanS:aD   XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3~ ]##         95.xx-x  TheCommitteeconsideredtheinitialreportof 2"` Kyrgyzstan(CEDAW/C/KGZ/1)atits408th,409thand413thmeetings,on22and27January1999(seeCEDAW/C/SR.408,409and413).e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    *x(a)0  IntroductionbytheStatepartye $mass  /x/x /x /x#idid 3+& f##         96.xx-x  Inherintroduction,therepresentativeofKyrgyzstan A'!h informedtheCommitteethattheinitialreporthadbeenpreparedbyaspecialcommissionestablishedforthatpurposethatincludedgovernmentalandlegalofficials.Thereportwasalsopreparedthroughaprocessofconsultationandparticipationwithnongovernmentalorganizations.97.xx-x  Therepresentativedescribedthepolitical,economic ?,&o andsocialconditionsofthecountrysinceitsdeclarationof -]'p independenceon31August1991.Shenotedthatthecurrentsituationwascharacterizedbythetransitiontoamarketeconomy,whichhadhadanegativeimpactonthesituationofwomen.Shehighlightedincreasingpovertyamongwomen,highratesofunemployment,thegrowthofallformsofviolenceagainstwomen,thedecreaseofwomensparticipationindecisionmakingandthelackofequalrightsandaccesstolandandcredit.Shenotedthatthesituationofruralwomenwasexacerbatedbylimitedinfrastructureandmarketsforsaleofagriculturalproducts,anincreaseindomesticviolenceanddifficultworkingconditions.Therepresentativenotedthatamongthepositivefactorswasthehighlevelofwomenseducation.98.  x Therepresentativedescribedthemeasuresand  v  initiativesthathadbeenundertakenbytheGovernmenttoguaranteetheequalrightsofwomenandtoensuretheiradvancement.Twentytwointernationalhumanrightstreaties,includingtheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen,hadbeenadopted,andthecentralprinciplesandstandardsofinternationallawhadbeenreflectedindomesticlegislation.Thecurriculaofmanyuniversitiesandschoolsincludedhumanrightseducation.99.  x Therepresentativedescribedtheroleandfunctionsof > thenewlyestablishedGenderAnalysisCouncil.TheCouncilhadanalysedsixlawsfromagenderperspectiveandhadplanstoreviewmorethan20lawsandregulations.AsaresultoftheCouncilswork,theNationalGenderPolicyCouncilhadbeencreatedintheofficeofthePresidentinJuly1998.TheCouncilwouldmonitorthenationalimplementationofinternationalhumanrightstreatiesandagreements,includingtheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen.100. x ToaccelerateimplementationoftheConvention, \ $ concretenationalprogrammesrelatingtotheeconomy,education,healthcareandpovertythatareaimedattheadvancementofwomenandtheeliminationofdejureand " ' defactodiscriminationagainstwomenhadbeendesignedandwerebeingimplemented.101. x TherepresentativenotedthattheFourthWorld Z%+ ConferenceonWomenhadhadacatalyticroleinKyrgyzstanandhadbeenanimportantfactorintheratificationoftheConvention.TheimpactoftheBeijingPlatformforActionhadbeenpositive,andtheGovernmentwascommittedtoitsimplementation.Shedescribedthenationalprogramme Ayalzatfor19962000,whichconstitutedthenationalactionplanfortheimplementationofthePlatformandincorporated11criticalareasofconcernastheprioritiesforwomensadvancement.Shenotedthattheprogrammewasfinancedfromthenationalbudget. *-'5 Ї102.  Therepresentativenotedthatbypresidentialdecree, 5 1996hadbeenproclaimedwomensyear,andinMarchofthatyeartheStateCommissionfortheFamily,WomenandYouthhadbeenestablished.Sheindicatedthat,incoordinationwithregionalaffiliates,theCommissionwasresponsibleforimplementingthenationalactionplaninallsixregionsofthecountry.103.  TherepresentativeindicatedthatherGovernmentwas p = payingincreasedattentiontocollaborationwithnongovernmentalorganizationsintheeliminationofdiscriminationagainstwomen.Therepresentativedrewattentiontothecontributionofnongovernmentalorganizationsinvariouscontexts,particularlywithregardtoviolenceagainstwomen,andacknowledgedtheirimportantroleinestablishingcrisiscentresinallregionsofthecountry.104.  Therepresentativenotedthedecreasingnumberof  G womenindecisionmakingpositions,andindicatedthattherewasdebateinrelationtothereinstitutionofquotasthathadexistedinthepast.105.  Therepresentativeconcludedwithananalysisof 4L experiencesandproposalsformeasuresandinitiativestopromotetheadvancementofwomeninallsectors.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    *x(b)0  ConcludingcommentsbytheCommitteee    /x/x /x /x#idid 3eQ##         e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Introductione 3   /x/x /x /x#idid 3{S##         106.  TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtothe U GovernmentofKyrgyzstanforsubmitting,inatimelymanner,awellstructuredandcomprehensiveinitialreport.ItcommendstheGovernmentonitscomprehensiveoralpresentationandfortherepliestothequestionsposedbytheCommittee.107.  TheCommitteeappreciatesthehighleveldelegation,  \ headedbythechairpersonoftheStateCommissionfortheFamily,WomenandYouth,whichpresentedthereport.ItnotesthatthereportdescribedmeasurestakenbytheGovernmenttoimplementtheBeijingPlatformforAction.108.  TheCommitteecommendsKyrgyzstanforratifying $b alargenumberofinternationalhumanrightstreaties,includingtheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen,whichwasratified,withoutreservations,duringadifficulttimeoftransitiontoamarketeconomyandofrapidsocialandpoliticalchange.&  e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Positiveaspectse .     /x/x /x /x#idid 3N*$j##         109.  TheCommitteecommendsthefactthatthetextsofthe d+%l 'N*" treatiesratifiedbyKyrgyzstanhavebeentranslatedintotheKyrgyzlanguageandotherlanguagesusedinKyrgyzstan, ,J'n includingRussianandUzbek.Inthiscontext,theCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationoftheGovernmentswilltoimplementtheConvention.TheCommitteealsocommendsKyrgyzstanforintegratingtheprovisionsoftheratifiedtreatiesintoitsbasicdomesticlaws,includingthecriminalcode,thecivilcode,thelabourcodeandthelawonprotectingconsumersrights.Itisalsopleasedtolearnthatthereareplanstoreviewotherlawsfromagenderperspective.110. x TheCommitteeappreciatesthefactthathumanrights  V  arepartofthecurriculumofmanyuniversitiesandschools.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0  0xFactorsanddifficultiesaffectingthe i  implementationoftheConventione   O /x/x /x /x#idid 31 xx         111. x TheCommitteeviewstheprevailingconditionsof G  povertyandunemploymentaswellasthenegativeeffectsofrapidsocialandpoliticalchangeonwomentobemajorimpedimentstotheimplementationoftheConvention.112. x Thepersistenceofastrongpatriarchalculture,which   emphasizestraditionalrolesofwomenandmen,isalsoseenasahindrancetotheimplementationoftheConvention.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0  0xPrincipalareasofconcernandrecommendationse   g /x/x /x /x#idid 3<xx         113. x TheCommitteeisconcernedatthelackof R understandingofdiscriminationagainstwomenasamultifacetedphenomenonthatentailsindirectandunintentionalaswellasdirectandintentionaldiscrimination.Thisunderstandingisasinequanonofcomprehensiveanalysesandforpolicyanalysisfortheeffectiveeliminationofdiscriminationagainstwomeninbothdejureanddefacto # terms.114. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheprincipleofthe & equalityguaranteedbylawshouldalsorefertonondiscriminationonthegroundsofsex.Italsorecommendstheintroductionofaprocedureforenforcingrightsthrougheffectivejudicialandothermeans.Policies,includingeducational,massmediaandawarenessraisingcampaignsshouldalsobeintroducedandeffortsshouldbedirectedatcounteringbothintentionalandunintentionaldiscrimination.115. x TheCommitteeexpressesconcernwithregardtothe &n / extentandnatureofthepowerofthenationalmachinery,aswellastheambiguitysurroundingtherelationshipbetweentheStateCommissionandtheMinistry.Italsonotestheinadequacyoftheexistingbudgetandpersonnelfortheadvancementofwomen.116. x TheCommitteerecommendsenhancingthenational +l%6 machinerybyclarifyingitsfunctionsandtherelationsbetweenitsvariousorgansandtheorgansofGovernment, ,&8 aswellasthroughtheallocationofgreaterbudgetaryandhumanresourcessoastoensureitseffectivefunctioningatthenationalandregionallevels.117.  TheCommitteealsorecommendsthatallnational P< programmestopromotetheadvancementofwomenincludemechanismsfortheassessmentoftheoutcomesoftheirimplementationandtheevaluationoftheireffectivenessandtheextentoftheiroutreach.118.  TheCommitteeexpressesconcernthatnoeffortshave  B beenmadetousetemporaryspecialmeasuresasenvisagedinarticle4,paragraph1,oftheConventiontoimprovethesituationofwomeninvariousareas;andtoensurewomensparticipationindecisionmakingbodiesandwomensemploymentinnontraditionalareas.119.  TheCommitteerecommendstheintroductionofa  I broadrangeoftemporaryspecialmeasuresinaccordancewitharticle4,paragraph1,includingquotas,toimprovetherepresentationofwomeninpoliticsandatalllevelsofdecisionmakingandinnontraditionalfieldsofemployment.120.  TheCommitteeisconcernedabouttheprevalenceof P patriarchalcultureandthecontinuingemphasisonthetraditionalrolesofwomenexclusivelyasmothersandwives.TheCommitteenoteswithparticularconcernthattheinitialreport,inreferringtotheroleofmanasthebreadwinner,maylegitimizeexistingstereotypes.121.  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttointroducea W rangeofmeasures,includingcomprehensivepubliceducationandmassmediacampaigns,toeliminatetraditionalstereotypesoftherolesofmenandwomen.122.  TheCommitteeisalarmedattheincreaseinallforms D\ ofviolenceagainstwomen,includinggangrape.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedthattheemphasisoftheinitialreportisonsexualviolenceratherthanongenderbasedviolenceasaninfringementoftherighttopersonalsecurity.123.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatallformsofgender $#zb basedviolencebeafocusofseriousconcern.Itrecommendstheenhancementofcomprehensivemeasurestopreventviolenceandtosupportwomenvictims,includinggendersensitizationandthetrainingoflawenforcementofficials.Itrecommendsthecollectionofcomprehensivesexdisaggregateddataandinformationontheissueofviolenceagainstwomen.Inthelightofthelinkageofviolencewithpoverty,theCommitteerecommendstheintroductionofmeasuresaimedatimprovingtheeconomicstatusofwomen,includingretrainingforincomegeneratingoccupations.124.  TheCommitteerecommends,inbothurbanandrural  ,`&n areas,theexpansionofthenetworkofcrisiscentresandthe ,('o establishmentofconsultativeservicestoprovidenecessarymedicalassistancetowomenvictimsofviolence.125. x TheCommitteeisconcernedabouttheincreasein  alcoholismanddrugaddiction,totheextentthatthesearecausesofhealthproblems,aswellasviolenceagainstwomeneverywhere.126. x TheCommitteerecommendsthatprogrammesbeput  L inplacetocreateawarenessaboutthenegativeimpactofalcoholismanddrugaddictiononindividualsandonsocietyingeneral.Italsorecommendstheintroductionofrehabilitationprogrammesforvictimsofsuchaddictions.127. x TheCommitteeisconcernedthatlesbianismis ,  classifiedasasexualoffenceinthePenalCode.128. x TheCommitteerecommendsthatlesbianismbe  `  reconceptualizedasasexualorientationandthatpenaltiesforitspracticebeabolished.129. x TheCommitteeisconcernedabouttheincreasein  prostitutionandthetraffickingofwomen,whichitviewsasbeingrelatedtopoverty,lackofemploymentandlackofeffectivenationalmeasurestosuppressthegrowthofthesepractices.130. x TheCommitteerecommendsthatincreasedeffortsin < cooperationwithothercountriesbetakentoarrestandpunishperpetratorsoftrafficking.Italsorecommendsthatdomesticmeasuresbelaunchedtocombatthenegativeeffectsofstructuraladjustmentprogrammesonwomenandtoprovidejobopportunitiesandtrainingtovulnerablewomen.131. x TheCommitteeisconcernedattheeconomicsituation # ofwomen,characterizedbyanincreaseinthenumberofwomeninpovertyandamongtheunemployed.132. x TheCommitteerecommendsthatthegenderdimension R ' ofpovertybeconsideredinthedesignandimplementationofallpoliciesandprogrammesaimedattheeliminationofpoverty.133. x TheCommitteeisconcernedabouttheconditionsof #, workandjobsecurityofthegrowingnumberofwomenwhoareenteringtheinformalsectorasagentsinwhatisreferredtoasthe womenssuitcaseeconomyor womensshuttleeconomy.134. x TheCommitteerecommendstheintroductionof 'L"2 comprehensivemeasuresaimedattheimprovementofwomenseconomicstatus,particularlythroughareviewofthetaxationlegislationrelatingtosmallbusinessesandtheexpansionofmicrocreditprogrammesinvolvingcommercialandagriculturalbanksinordertoensuregainfulandsecureemploymentforwomen.Italsorecommendsthatstepsbe ,&8 takentointegratewomenintoallsectorsofthenationaleconomy.135.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatinternational ; cooperationbesoughttopromotetheeconomicpositionofwomen.136.  TheCommitteeisconcernedatthesituationof . ? womenshealth,inparticulartheincreaseintheincidenceofmaternalmortalityandmorbidity,aswellasthehighratesofinfantmortalityandtheuseofabortionasamethodofcontraception.137.  TheCommitteerecommendstheintroductionof dE comprehensivefamilyplanningprogrammesbasedontherighttoreproductivechoice,aswellasmeasurestoensurethatabortionisnotperceivedasamethodofcontraception.138.  TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatalthough ( J polygamyisillegal,itisnonethelesspractisedinsomeregionswithoutlegalorsocialsanctions.139.  TheCommitteerecommendsthateffectivemeasures xN betakenwithrespecttotheimplementationofexistinglaws,theimprovementofwomenseconomicsituationandtheimplementationofpubliceducationprogrammestochangetraditionalvaluessupportiveofpolygamyinordertoeradicatethispracticealtogether.140.  TheCommitteerecommendsthateffective vU participationofnongovernmentalorganizationsbesecuredinthepreparationofthenextreportofKyrgyzstanandthatthereportbemadewidelyavailabletothecommunityofnongovernmentalorganizations.141.  TheCommitteerequeststheGovernmentof [ Kyrgyzstantoprovideinformationaddressingtheconcernsraisedinthepresentconcludingcommentsinthenextperiodicreportrequiredunderarticle18oftheConvention.142.  TheCommitteerequeststhewidedisseminationin !p` KyrgyzstanofthepresentconcludingcommentsinordertomakethepeopleofKyrgyzstan,andparticularlygovernmentadministratorsandpoliticians,awareofthestepstobetakentoensuredejureanddefactoequalityforwomen.Italso :$d requeststheGovernmenttocontinuetodisseminatewidely,inparticular,towomensandhumanrightsorganizations,theConvention,theCommitteesgeneralrecommendationsandtheBeijingDeclarationandPlatformforAction.S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    0 x 0x#x#LiechtensteinS:a:dej : XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3)#l##         143.  TheCommitteeconsideredtheinitialreportof :+%o  Liechtenstein(CEDAW/C/LIE/1)atits410th,411thand ,X&p 414thmeetings,on25and27January1999(seeCEDAW/C/SR.410,411and414). e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    & n JJ(a)0 x IntroductionbytheStatepartye = = /x/x /x /x#idid 3ixx         144. x Inintroducingthereport,therepresentativeof )  Liechtensteinnotedthatdejureequalitybetweenwomen  G 'n=andmeninLiechtensteinhadbeenachievedlaterthaninmanyothercountries.In1992,aconstitutionalamendmentstatingthatwomenandmenhadequalrightsprovidedthebasisfora1996lawthatguaranteedgenderequality.145. x Therepresentativeindicatedthatsince1996thefocus '}  oftheGovernmenthadbeenonachievingdefactoequalitybetweenwomenandmeninallspheresoflife.ImplementationoflegalandothermeasuresincompliancewiththeConventionformedpartofanoverallstrategythatalsoincorporatedimplementationoftheBeijingPlatformforAction.LiechtensteinhadsubmittedtotheUnitedNationsthenationalactionplanfortheimplementationofthePlatformandhadratifiedseveralregionalandinternationalhumanrightstreaties,includingtheEuropeanConventiononHumanRightsandtheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights.LiechtensteinhadalsoacceptedthecommunicationsproceduresofthefirstoptionalprotocoltotheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights,theConventionagainstTortureandOtherCruel,InhumanorDegradingTreatmentorPunishment,andstronglysupportedtheadoptionofanoptionalprotocoltotheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen.146. x Therepresentativeindicatedthattherehadbeenan M! increaseintheproportionofwomenrepresentedatalllevelsofeducation,butthatatthetertiarylevelmalestudentsstillconstitutedtwothirdsofallstudents.Malestudentsalsopredominatedinsuchdisciplinesaslawandeconomicsandintechnicalstudies,includingcomputerstudies.Femalestudentswerewellrepresentedinthehumanities.147. x Therepresentativereportedthatwhiletherehadbeen #i) anincreaseinthenumberofwomeninpositionsofleadershipincommunesandcommissionssinceacquiringtherighttovotein1984,womenwerestillunderrepresentedatalllevelsofgovernance.Shenotedthatalthoughtherewasnosystemofquotas,theGovernmentremainedcommittedtoachievingequalrepresentationofwomeninseniorleadershippositions.148. x TherepresentativeinformedtheCommitteethatnon )#2 governmentalorganizations,manyofwhichreceivedfinancialsupportfromtheGovernment,playedanactiveroleinmeasurestopromotetheadvancementofwomen.Theywereinvolvedinsuchactivitiesasthefacilitationof ,'6 networkingandtheprovisionofdaycarecentresforchildrenaswellasawomensshelterforbatteredwomenandchildren.149.  TherepresentativenotedthattheGovernmentsfocus P: wasnowontheachievementofdefactoequalityforwomenthroughavarietyofprogrammes.Thesehadincludeda1997exhibitiononthetheme: Girlswithaheadontheirshouldersgetdowntowork,whichhadsoughttomotivategirlstoexpandtheirchoiceofoccupations.Currently,theeducationalcurriculumwasbeingrevisedtoincorporatetheprincipleofequalityandthepracticalinvolvementofwomenandmenintheachievementofthatprinciple.150.  Therepresentativeindicatedthattheproposedequal  D rightsactwouldprohibitdiscriminationattheworkplace,provideprotectionagainstretaliatorydismissalandtherighttobringlegalclaims,includingclassactioncomplaints,andreducetheburdenofproof.TheproposedactwouldalsoprovidetheGovernmentwithalegalbasistogivefinancialsupporttocompaniesinordertoenablethemtoenactpositivemeasuresforthepromotionofwomenattheworkplace.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    *x(b)0  ConcludingcommentsoftheCommitteee jNena  O /x/x /x /x#idid 3O##         e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Introductione ~Pena 4Q /x/x /x /x#idid 3Q##         151.  TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentof  S Liechtensteinforthetimelysubmissionofitsinitialreport,oneyearafteritsaccessiontotheConvention.Itwelcomesthereport,especiallythewellstructuredandinformativeoralupdate,whichprovidedfrankandclearinformationonthesituationofwomen.TogetherwiththeexhaustiverepliesprovidedtotheCommitteesnumerousquestions,thepresentationprovidedacomprehensiveviewoftheeffortsundertakenbytheGovernmentinordertoachievefullcompliancewithitsobligationsundertheConvention.152.  TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtothe !'^ GovernmentofLiechtensteinforitshighleveldelegation,headedbytheMinisterforForeignAffairs,whoisalsotheMinisterforFamilyAffairsandEqualitybetweenMenandWomen.ThisenabledtheCommitteetoobtainarealisticpictureoftheprogressmadeandofchallengesthatlayaheadintheachievementofequalrightsofwomenandmen.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Positiveaspectse Vena P womensparticipationinthelabourmarket,includingtheincreasedparticipationofwomeninthelabourforce,anincreaseinwomenseconomicactivityrateandthefactthatthreequartersofnewlycreatedjobswereoccupiedbywomen.178.  Whilewomenhadbeguntoparticipatemoreactively <W inpoliticallife,thepercentageofwomeninthehigherechelonsofpoliticalpowerremainedsmall.Variouspoliciesandaffirmativeactionmeasuresweresoughttoincreasethenumberofwomeninpubliclife,includingthroughϜawarenessraisingandtraining.179.  TherightofGreekwomentohealthcarewas :"^ guaranteedintheConstitutionandwasrealizedthroughauniformanddecentralizednationalhealthsystem,asconfirmedbyvariousindicatorsanddemographicdata.Specializedhealthcarewasavailabletoallwomen,includingimmigrantsandrefugees,butmoreprogrammesarealsoplannedtoaddresswomensspecialhealthproblems,includingteenageabortion,andhealthissuesrelatedtomenopause.AdropinAIDScasesamongwomenhadbeenreported.  X*$i &   e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    AA(b)0 x ConcludingcommentsbytheCommitteee ߌhten  /x/x /x /x#idid 3xx         e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0  0xIntroductione   /x/x /x /x#idid 3xx         180. x TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtothe , GovernmentofGreeceforsubmittingawellwrittenand'Ɍcomprehensivecombinedsecondandthirdperiodicreport.ItcommendstheGovernmentforitsoralpresentationofthereportandfortheextensiveandfrankrepliestothequestionsposedbytheCommittee,whichenabledittoobtainaclearpictureofthesituationofwomeninGreece.181. x TheCommitteenotesfavourablythattheGovernment    ofGreececonsidersthattheimplementationofthePlatformforActionadoptedattheFourthWorldConferenceonWomenissubstantiallylinkedtotheimplementationoftheConvention.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0  0xPositiveaspectse  r /x/x /x /x#idid 3] xx         182. x TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentfor s  creatingacomprehensiveconstitutionalandlegislativeframeworkforachievingequalitybetweenwomenandmen.ItnotesinparticularthattheConstitutionof1975enshrinestheprincipleofequalitybetweenwomenandmenandthataseriesoflawsandpolicieshavebeenputinplaceovertheyearstotranslatethisprincipleintopractice.TheCommitteenotesthefavourablelegalsituation,includingwithregardtoemployment,vocationaltrainingandhealth.ItalsonotesthatGreecehasratifiedthemajorconventionsoftheInternationalLabourOrganization(ILO)concerningwomenworkersandworkerswithfamilyresponsibilities.183. x TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentin !w" particularforitsimportantnewlegislativemeasuresconcerningfamilylaw.184. x TheCommitteenotesthattheGeneralSecretariatfor & Equality,thenationalmachineryfortheadvancementofwomen,continuestofunctionasasectionoftheMinistryofthePresidency.Italsonotestheexistenceofadditionalinstitutionsthatworkonequalityissues,suchastheResearchCentreforEqualityMatters.185. x TheCommitteewelcomesthefactthatalargenumber $- ofwomensnongovernmentalorganizationsareactiveinthecountry,andthatgoodrelationshipsexistbetweenthoseorganizationsofcivilsocietyandthegovernmentalmachineryfortheadvancementofwomen.Inthiscontext,itwelcomesthefactthatanationalcommittee,withtheparticipationofgovernmentrepresentativesandcivilsociety,wasestablishedforthepreparationofthecombinedsecondandthirdperiodicreports.186. x TheCommitteewelcomestheeffortsundertakenby ,q&7 theGovernmenttocreateequalopportunitiesforwomenin ,9'8 thelabourmarketandthepositivetrendsconcerningthewomensemploymentsituation.ItcommendstheGovernmentofGreeceforconductingapilotsurveyontimeusethataimsatquantifyingtheunpaidhouseholdworkofwomen.ItalsocommendstheGovernmentforitsstrategiestousethemassmediatoimprovetheimageofwomen.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Factorsanddifficultiesaffectingthe 3 @ implementationoftheConventione nsiv A /x/x /x /x#idid 3 QA##         187.  TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthattheprevailing  gC patriarchalstructuresandsocietalattitudesconcerningtherolesofwomenandmenperpetuatediscriminationagainstwomeninallspheresofpublicandprivatelifeandconstituteanobstacletoachievingequality.188.  TheCommitteenotesthattheimpactoftheprevailing G I globalandregionaleconomicpoliciesandtrendsisanimpedimenttotheimplementationoftheConvention.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Principalareasofconcernandrecommendationse ͢nsiv  /x/x /x /x#idid 3xN##         189.  TheCommitteeexpressesconcernatthecontinuing P existenceofviolenceagainstwomenandnotestheabsenceofcomprehensivelegislativemeasurestoaddressviolence.Itisalsoconcernedabouttheattitudeoflawenforcementpersonnel,especiallythepolice,towardswomenvictimsofviolence.Itisalsoconcernedthat,notwithstandingahighincidenceofsexualharassmentintheworkplace,itslegalregulationremainsunclear,andwomendonotavailthemselvesofavailablecomplaintmechanisms.190.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment :Z strengthenthelegislativeandpolicyframeworktoprevent,eliminateandprosecuteviolenceagainstwomen,inaccordancewithitsgeneralrecommendation19,andtheDeclarationontheEliminationofViolenceagainstWomen.Itrecommendsthatdataandinformationontheprevalenceandtypesofviolenceinthefamilyingeneral,andagainstwomeninparticular,begatheredasamatterofpriority.Urgentmeasuresshouldbetakentoinstitutionalizethetrainingofpoliceandlawenforcementpersonneltoensuretheappropriatehandlingofcasesofviolenceagainstwomen.Effortsshouldalsobemadetoimprovetheaccessibilityandeffectivenessofcomplaintsmechanismsagainstsexualharassmentintheworkplace.191.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthattherevisionofthe "(x"i lawsonrapehasnotledtotherecognitionofrapeasaseriousinfringementofawomanshumanrighttopersonalsecurity.192.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatthelawonrape, +%n includingmaritalrape,bereformed,andthatforensicinvestigationbeintroducedinthelightofgeneral  -v'p recommendation19,theDeclarationontheEliminationofViolenceagainstWomenandrecentdevelopmentsinthelawsofotherEuropeancountriesthatfacesimilarproblemsofviolenceagainstwomen.193. x TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthat,followinga  n numberofrecentcourtcases,thelegalityofaffirmativeactionandtemporaryspecialmeasuresinaccordancewitharticle4.1oftheConventionisunclear.194. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment    clarifythecompatibilityofitslegislativeprovisionswitharticle4.1oftheConventiontoensureitsimplementation.195. x TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthat, ,  notwithstandingtheavailabilityoflegalremediestoseekredressfordiscriminationandthefactthatsomecourtcaseshavebeenfiledtochallengediscrimination,veryfewwomenavailthemselvesofthisrightandareoftenreluctanttodoso.196. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment * developprogrammestoraiseawarenessoftheconstitutionalremedyamongwomenandwomensgroupssothatindividualactsofdiscriminationwillbeconsistentlychallengedandsothattheConstitutionwillhaveanimpactongovernmentactionandpolicyandontheprivatesector.197. x Whilenotingpositivelythefactthatprostitutionis (~ decriminalizedandinsteadisdealtwithinaregulatorymanner,theCommitteeisconcernedthatinadequatestructuresexisttoensurecompliancewiththeregulatoryframework.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedabouttheincreaseintraffickinginwomen.Inthisregarditnotesthatinsufficientattentionisgiventopossiblelinksbetweenlackofenforcementandtraffickinginandmigrationofwomen.198. x TheCommitteerecommendsthatcompliancewiththe  % regulationsgoverningprostitutionbemonitoredeffectivelyandadequatemeasurestoaddresstraffickinginwomenbeintroduced.199. x Notingthealreadylowlevelofparticipationofwomen $#z* inpoliticalandpubliclife,theCommitteevoicesitsconcernattheapparentdecreaseinthepercentageofwomeninelectedoffice.Itpointstotheconsequencesofthissituationfortheadoptionofgendersensitivelegislativeandpolicymeasures.200. x TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoadopt "(x"1 innovativemeasurestoraisethepercentageofwomeninallpublicbodies,includinginthelegislature,theexecutiveandthejudiciary.Effortsshouldalsobemadetoencourageotherentities,suchaspoliticalpartiesandtheprivatesector,toincreasethenumberofwomenatsenioranddecisionmakinglevels. ,('7 Ї201.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthatthereisarelatively 7 highleveloffunctionalilliteracyinGreece,inparticularamongelderlyandruralwomen.202.  TheGovernmentisurgedtointensifyitseffortsto P; preventandtoremedyfunctionalilliteracyamongwomen.TheGovernmentshouldalsoconductacomprehensivereviewofalleducationalcurriculaattheprimary,secondaryandtertiarylevelswithaviewtoeliminatingremainingdiscriminatoryaspects,remedyingthestereotypicalportrayalofwomenandgirlsandcreatinganeducationalenvironmentthatisconducivetogirlsandwomenseducationandlearning.TheGovernmentshouldincludetheachievementofequalitybetweenwomenandmenandbetweengirlsandboysasasocietalgoalinitseducationalpolicy.TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoestablishdegreegrantingwomensstudiesprogrammestoprovideacademicsupporttopoliticalandpracticalchangesaimedatcreatinganonpatriarchalsociety.203.  Notingthattherearepositivetrendsintheemployment VK situationofwomen,theCommitteeremainsconcernedaboutthesituationofwomenintheformalandinformallabourmarket,includingthehighpercentageofunemployedwomenandthecontinuingpaygapbetweenwomenandmen.Itisalsoconcernedthatmanyofthenewjobsoccupiedbywomenmightprovideonlylowpayandlimitedcareerprospects.TheCommitteeisfurtherconcernedthattheemploymentprospectsforwomeninruralareas,forwomenwhoaremigratingfromtheagriculturalsectorintootheremploymentareasandforimmigrantwomenremainprecarious,especiallyforthosewithlowskillsorwhoarefunctionallyilliterate.204.  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoassess,ina "Y comprehensivemanner,thechangingrealitiesofwomensworkandtodeveloppoliciesthataimatstructuralandlongtermimprovementsintheemploymentsituationofwomen.Particularattentionshouldbepaidtosupportingwomenwhoworkwithoutpayinfamilyenterprisesandonfamilyfarms.ItalsourgestheGovernmenttoaddresstheissueofwomenmigrantworkers.205.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthatinsufficientattention Z%b isgiventogenderspecificcausesandconsequencesofillnessanddiseaseandthat,consequently,thecountryshealthpolicyisinsufficientlyrespondingtogenderfactorsassociatedwithhealth.206.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatallhealthrelateddata )#h andstatisticsbedisaggregatedbysexandagesothathealthpolicies,servicedeliveryandallocationofresourcescanbeassessedintermsoftheiroutcomesforwomenandmen.Italsorecommendsthatgovernmentalhealthpolicies,research ,'l andresourcesbeadjustedsoastorespondadequatelytotherightsofwomenandmentoahighstandardofhealthcareandtothegenderfactorsassociatedwithhealth.207. x TheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernaboutthehigh P rateofabortioninGreece,andespeciallyofabortionsbyteenagers.Thenumbersareindicativeofinsufficientuseofcontraceptives,alackofsexeducationandinformationaboutcontraceptives,aswellasinsufficientorunfocusedϜfamilyplanningefforts.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedinthisrespectabouttheextentoffundingforcontraception,giventhecomprehensivecoverageofhealthinsuranceandfundingforhealthservicesinGreece.208. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment   introducesexeducationaspartoftheschoolcurriculum.Italsorecommendstheimprovementoffamilyplanningpoliciesandmeasuressothatallwomenandmenhaveaccesstoinformationaboutandmeasuresofcontraception.ItalsourgestheGovernmenttotargetmeninitsfamilyplanningeffortsandtostressthesharedresponsibilitiesofwomenandmeninthisregard.209. x Giventhesometimestraumaticflowofimmigrantsand 4 refugeesintheregionandconstantchangesintheircomposition,theCommitteeisconcernedatthelowlevelofcontinuousattentiongiventothembytheGovernment.Likewise,theCommitteenotesthatwhileattentionisgiventothesituationofcertaingroupsofminoritywomen,suchasgypsies,insufficientinformationisavailableconcerningthesituationofotherethnicandreligiousminoritywomen,suchasTurksandAlbanians.210. x TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttodevelopa ! generalpolicytoaddresstheparticularneedsofimmigrantandmigrantwomenwithregardtotheirprotection,health,employmentandeducationalneeds.TheCommitteealsourgestheGovernmenttoensurethatrepatriationeffortsareconsistentwithwomenssafetyandprotectionneeds.TheGovernmentshouldalsoconsiderenteringintobilateralagreementswithwomenmigrantscountriesoforigintoensureadequateprotectionofwomensrightsandsafety.TheCommitteeencouragestheGovernmenttoassessthesituationofallminoritywomenwithaviewtoensuringadequatesupportforthem.211. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment, 8'!. whenpreparingitsnextreport,engageinconsultationswithgroupsthatrepresentminoritywomen.212. x TheCommitteerequeststhewidedisseminationin )4$2 GreeceofthepresentconcludingcommentsinordertomakethepeopleofGreece,andinparticularitsgovernmentadministratorsandpoliticians,awareofthestepsthathavebeentakentoensuredejureanddefactoequalityandthe ,T'6 furtherstepsrequiredinthisregard.TheCommitteealsorequeststheGovernmenttocontinuetodisseminatewidely,inparticulartowomensandhumanrightsorganizations,theConvention,theCommitteesgeneralrecommendationsandtheBeijingDeclarationandPlatformforAction.S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    0 x 0x#x#ThailandS:arove R XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3 L>##         213.  TheCommitteeconsideredthecombinedsecondand  A thirdperiodicreportsofThailand(CEDAW/C/THA/23)atits417thand418thmeetings,on29January1999(seeCEDAW/C/SR.417and418).e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    *x(a)0  IntroductionbytheStatepartye swom ) /x/x /x /x#idid 3 G##         214.  Inheropeningstatement,arepresentativeofthe  I GovernmentofThailandnotedthatatthetimeofitsaccessiontotheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomenin1985,Thailandhadmadesevenreservations,fiveofwhichhadbeenwithdrawnby1995.Therepresentativeindicatedthateffortshadbeenmadetoamendlawstoallowforthewithdrawalofthereservationtoarticle16oftheConvention,whichdealswithfamilylifeandmarriage.However,severallawsrelatingtofamilylifediscriminatedagainstwomen,andtraditionalattitudesimpededattemptstoamendthoselaws.215.  Therepresentativenotedthatantidiscrimination U legislationhadbeenproposedbutrejectedbyThailandslegislatorsbecausetheConstitution,promulgatedin1998,alreadystipulatedequalitybetweenwomenandmenandprohibiteddiscriminationonthebasisofsex.Otherlawsalsoincludedtheprincipleofgenderequality.216.  TherepresentativedrewattentiontotheNational \ CommissiononHumanRights,anindependentbodythatcouldreceiveinformationonviolationsofhumanrights.Itcouldalsorecommendtheamendmentoflawsandmakeproposalsforotherremedialmeasures.SheindicatedthattheϜ20YearPerspectivePolicyandPlanforWomen(19922011)andtheBeijingPlatformforActionhadformedthebasisofthefiveyeardevelopmentplanforwomen,whichwaspartoftheeighthnational,socialandeconomicdevelopmentplan.TheNationalCommissionforWomensAffairs(NCWA),establishedin1989,hadresultedfromtheϜfiveyeardevelopmentplan,andamongitsgoalswasthepromotionoftheadvancementofwomenandthecreationofgenderawareness.TheCommissionwasalsoresponsibleformonitoringandevaluatingprogrammesforwomenandinitiatinggendersensitiveresearch.217.  TherepresentativeindicatedthattheBeijingPlatform k,&m forActionhadbeentranslatedintoThaiandthatfive 3-'n regionalmeetingshadbeenorganizedbytheGovernmenttomakethepublicawareofitsterms,particularlyinregardtoviolenceagainstwomenandthegirlchildandtraffickinginwomenandchildren.218. x Therepresentativeacknowledgedthatstereotypingof  n womenandmenstillexistedinThaisociety,buttherewasgrowingawarenessoftheimpactofgenderstereotypes.NCWAhadconductedaresearchprojectwithregardtostereotypesintextbooks,andtheMinistryofEducationwasrevisingtextbooks.Therehadbeenincreasingenrolmentofwomenintraditionallymaledominatedfields.Themediahadalsobeguntoaddressstereotypesinprogrammesthatpresentedwomensviewsandgenderperspectives,butthemassmediainThailandsometimesportrayedwomenandgirlsinaccordancewithtraditionalstereotypes.219. x Therepresentativenotedthatsincethesubmissionof T  thepreviousreport,significanteffortshadbeenmadetoaddressthesexualexploitationofandtraffickinginwomenandchildren.Newlegislationhadbeenintroduced,andNCWAwascurrentlyformulatinganationalplanofactionfortraffickingofwomenandchildren.Domesticviolenceagainstwomenandchildrenhadalsobeenthefocusofgovernmentactivity,whilecomprehensivemeasurestopreventchildlabourhadalsobeenintroduced.220. x Therepresentativenotedthat,althoughtherehadbeen T someprogressinthatregard,theparticipationofwomeninpoliticalandpublicliferemainedlow.Shenotedthatwomenusuallyenteredtraditionaloccupationsandboreprimaryresponsibilityforfamilyobligations.221. x Therepresentativeindicatedthatthe1998labour ! protectioncodeprovidedforgenderequalityinemploymentandprohibitedsexualharassment.NCWA,incollaborationwiththeMinistryofLabourandSocialWelfare,wouldestablishasystemtomonitorthatlegislationsothatitcouldbeenforcedeffectively.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    AA(b)0 x ConcludingcommentsoftheCommitteee wom k /x/x /x /x#idid 3#i)xx         e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0  0xIntroductione wom  /x/x /x /x#idid 3)$+xx         222. x TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtothe ?%- GovernmentofThailandforitscandidandcomprehensivereport,asupplementaryreport,aswellastheadditionalinformationandwrittenresponsestothenumerousquestionsputforwardbythepresessionworkinggroup,aswellastheclearresponsesprovidedintheoralpresentationmadebytherepresentativeofThailand.TheCommitteealsonotesthattheinteractivenatureofthecountryspresentationwasusefulforthepurposeofsustainingaconstructivedialoguewithitsmembers. ,('7 223.  TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentfor 7 withdrawingfivereservationstotheConvention,andencouragesittocontinueitsefforttowithdrawthetworemainingreservations.Itparticularlycommendseffortstowithdrawthereservationtoarticle16relatingtofamilylifeandmarriage.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Positiveaspectse a   /x/x /x /x#idid 33 ?##         224.  TheCommitteecommendstheeffortsundertakenby I A NCWA,inparticularinformulatingnewlawsandresearchbasedpolicyrecommendations.TheCommitteenotesϜthecooperationwithNCWAandnongovernmentalorganizationsinthatregard.225.  TheCommitteeispleasedtonotethattheConvention  G andtheBeijingPlatformforActionhavehadavisibleimpactonthepoliciesandlawsofThailandandintherealizationofgenderequalityinthecountry.TheCommitteewelcomesthenewConstitution,whichguaranteesequalitybetweenwomenandmenandincludesprovisionstopromotetheequalemploymentofwomenandmen.226.  TheCommitteewelcomeslegislativemeasureson EO trafficking,prostitution,nationality,employmentandchildlabourintroducedfrom1992to1998,aswellasthecompulsoryeducationpoliciesthathavebeenadopted,whichindicatethattheGovernmentofThailandhasmadeseriouseffortstointegratethestandardsoftheConventionintodomesticlawsandpolicies.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Factorsanddifficultiesaffectingthe X implementationoftheConventione   V /x/x /x /x#idid 3^Y##         227.  TheCommitteenotesthattherecentfinancialcrisishas t[ beenaffectingthecountryseconomicandsocialdevelopmentandisanimpedimenttotheimplementationoftheConvention.228.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthattraditionalattitudes !8` thatfosterdiscriminationagainstwomenandgirlscontinuetoprevailandtohinderthefullimplementationoftheConvention.229.  TheCommitteeisconcernedwiththecontinued P%e existenceofThailandsreservationtoarticle16oftheConventionwhichrelatestomarriageandfamilylife.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Principalareasofconcernandrecommendationse f   /x/x /x /x#idid 3("j##         230.  TheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernatthelackof )#l effectivelawenforcementmechanismsandthelackofcasesfiledbywomeninthecourtsonthebasisofconstitutionalguarantees.TheCommitteeurgesNCWAtostudyconstitutionaldevelopmentsinothercountriesandpractical , 'p waysofstrengtheningthecapacityofwomentousetheConstitutiontoensuregenderequality.231. x TheCommitteeremainsconcernedthattheConvention  isnotdirectlyapplicableinthecourtsinThailandandthatthereisnoseparatelawexclusivelydealingwithdiscriminationagainstwomen.TheabsenceofadefinitionofdiscriminationcongruentwiththeConventionintheConstitutionisalsoofseriousconcern.232. x TheCommitteerecommendstheintroductionof    specificantidiscriminationlegislationincompliancewitharticle1oftheConvention.233. x Notingtheprevailingtraditionalattitudesaffectingthe ,  advancementofThaiwomen,theCommitteerecommendsthatsensitizationprogrammesforpolicymakers,administrators,legalpersonnelandotherprofessionalsinvolvedinthehealthandeducationsectorbeprovided.TheCommitteerecommendsthatschooltextbooksberevisedtoeliminatestereotypedimagesofwomenandgirlsandtoincludewomenshumanrightsissues.234. x TheCommitteeisconcernedabouttheunder  representationofwomeninpoliticsanddecisionmakingstructures,includingthejudicialsystem.Itemphasizestheimportanceoffosteringapoliticalandsocialenvironmentconducivetowomenspromotioninallsectorsofpublicandprivatelife.TheCommitteerecommendstheintroductionofaffirmativeactionpoliciesortemporaryspecialmeasuresinaccordancewitharticle4,paragraph1,oftheConvention,withgoalsandtimetablestoaddressthesituation.235. x RecognizingthattheGovernmenthassuccessfully f! raisedthelegalemploymentagefrom12to15yearsbyextendingcompulsoryeducationfrom6to9years,theCommitteecontinuestobeconcernedabouttheearlydropoutofgirlsfromschoolandtheirearlyentryintothelabourforce.TheCommitteetakesnoteoftheproposaltointroduceachildrensrightslawandrecommendsthattheGovernmentensurethatitsprovisionsconformwiththeConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomenandtherelevantprovisionsoftheConventionontheRightsoftheChild.236. x TheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernaboutthestatus %L - ofwomenmigrantworkers.Inparticular,theCommitteeisconcernedaboutcrossbordertraffickinginwomenandgirls,forcedprostitutionandthecommercialsexindustry.237. x TheCommitteestronglyrecommendsthatthe d)#2 Governmentconsidertheissueofmigrationandcommercialsexworkasacriticalhumanrightsissue.238. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment  ,`&6 explorethepossibilityofcooperationwithothercountries ,('7 andcoordinationwithnongovernmentalorganizationswhenintroducingmeasurestoaddresstheissue.239.  TheCommitteeexpressesconcernabouthilltribe : womenandgirls,whoserightsmaynotbeeffectivelyprotectedbynationallaws.240.  TheCommitteerecommendstheintroductionof . > legislationandothermeasurestoprotecteffectivelytherightsofhilltribewomenandgirls.241.  TheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernatthehigh  *B suiciderate,aswellastheprevalenceofmentalillness,amongwomen.242.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment z F conductresearchintothesemattersandincludeinformationontheminthenextreport.243.  Recognizingthatsexualharassment,rape,domestic  v J violenceandmaritalrape,whetherinthefamily,thecommunityortheworkplace,constituteviolationsofwomensrighttopersonalsecurityandbodilyintegrity,theCommitteeurgestheGovernmentofThailandtoamendthepenalcodeinthelightoftheDeclarationontheEliminationofViolenceagainstWomenandgeneralrecommendation19oftheCommittee.244.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthattraditional S stereotypesofwomenandmenarereflectedinsomelawsandportrayedinschooltextbooksandthroughthemedia,therebyunderminingpositivepoliciesrelatingtogenderequality.245.  TheCommitteeurgesthatareviewbemadeoflaws :Y andpoliciesandschooltextbooksinordertoremovegenderstereotypes.Italsorecommendsthatthemediabeencouragedtoportraygirlsandwomeninnonstereotypedways.246.  TheCommitteeencouragestheGovernmenttogive !p_ fullattentiontotheneedsofruralwomenandtoensurethattheybenefitfrompoliciesandprogrammesinallareas,inparticularaccesstodecisionmaking,health,educationandsocialservices.247.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthatthecurrentName P%e Lawandotherlawsoperatesoastorestrictwomensaccesstocreditandlandownershipwhentheymarryforeigners.248.  TheCommitteestronglyrecommendsthetimely 'L"i introductionoftheproposedamendedNamesActandtheNationalityLaw.249.  TheCommitteerequeststheGovernmentofThailand *$m toprovideinformationaddressingtheconcernsraisedinthepresentconcludingcommentsinitsnextperiodicreportrequiredunderarticle18oftheConvention. ,J'p Ї250. x TheCommitteerequeststhewidedisseminationin  ThailandofthepresentconcludingcommentsinordertomakethepeopleofThailand,andinparticulargovernmentadministratorsandpoliticians,awareofthestepsthathavebeentakentoensuredejureanddefactoequalityforwomen   andthefurtherstepsthatarerequiredinthatregard.ItalsorequeststheGovernmenttocontinuetodisseminatewidely,andinparticulartowomensandhumanrightsorganizations,theConvention,theCommitteesgeneralrecommendationsandtheBeijingDeclarationandPlatformforAction.S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    ~~3.0 x ThirdandfourthperiodicreportsS:acess  XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 34 xx         S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    0  0xChinaS:a cess  XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3 xx         251. x TheCommitteeconsideredthecombinedthirdand F  fourthperiodicreportsofChina(CEDAW/C/CHN/34andCorr.1andAdd.1and2)atits419thto421stmeetings,on1and2February1999(seeCEDAW/C/SR.419421).Addendum2tothethirdandfourthperiodicreportscoveredtheimplementationoftheConventionbytheGovernmentoftheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegion,overwhichtheGovernmentofChinaresumedtheexerciseofsovereigntyon1July1997.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    JJ(a)0 x IntroductionbytheStatepartye   /x/x /x /x#idid 3'}xx         252. x TherepresentativeofChina,inhisintroduction,noted =  thattheGovernmentofChinahadalwaysattachedgreatimportancetotheimplementationoftheConvention.Thepresentreport,coveringtheyears1989to1995,hadbeendraftedundertheleadershipoftheNationalCommitteeonWomenandChildrenundertheStateCouncil,abodycomposedof23ministriesandcommissionsoftheGovernment,andfivenongovernmentalorganizations.253. x Therepresentativehighlightedthegradual !!) improvementinthesituationofwomeninpoliticalparticipation,education,healthcareandemploymentduringthereportingperiod.Atthesametime,henotedthattheequalrightsofwomenhadnotbeenfullyrealized.Theeliminationofdiscriminationagainstwomenwasbeingpursuedthroughthedevelopmentofthenationaleconomyandthestrengtheningofthelegalsystem.254. x TheLawofthePeoplesRepublicofChinaonthe Y("2 ProtectionoftheRightsandInterestsofWomen(theWomensLaw),adoptedin1992,constitutedthefirstbasiclawtoprotectwomensrightsandinterestsinacomprehensiveandsystematicmanner.Itdefinedfour principlesandsetouttherightsofwomeninthepolitical, A,&7 cultural,educational,labourandeconomicsphere,aswellasinmarriageandthefamilyandwithregardtotheperson. 255.  TheProgrammefortheDevelopmentofChinese : Women,formulatedin1995inthelightoftheBeijingPlatformforAction,constitutedthefirstcomprehensiveprogrammeontheoverallplanofactionforwomensdevelopment.TheProgrammewasaimedatencouraginggovernmententitiesatvariouslevelstotakeconcretestepsforwomenspoliticalparticipation,employment,educationandhealthcare,thusfurtherimplementinginpracticetheconceptofgenderequalityasstipulatedinthelaw.AmongthemainmeasurestakentoensureimplementationoftheWomensLawweretheestablishmentofspecializedagencies,theformulationofimplementationmeasuresbythevariouslevelsofadministrationinthelightoflocalconditions,nationwidelegalawarenesscampaigns,andreviewandmonitoringofimplementation.256.  Therepresentativenotedthatthereportalsodiscussed  J thestepstakenbytheGovernmentofChinatoimplementtheBeijingDeclarationandPlatformforAction.AdditionalinformationhadbeensubmittedtotheCommitteeconcerningmeasurestakenfrom1996tomid1998,includingtherevisionoflaws,improvedactionagainstcriminalactivitiestargetedatwomenandchildren,andreemploymentmeasuresforworkerslaidoffintheeconomicrestructuring.FollowupactiontakenbyrelevantgovernmentinstitutionstoimplementtheBeijingDeclarationandPlatformforActionwerealsocovered.Activitiesofnongovernmentalorganizationsinprotectingwomensrightsandinterestswerealsoincludedinthereport.257.  Inconclusion,therepresentativenotedthatdespitethe "Y tremendousamountofworkdonetopromotewomensfullparticipationindevelopment,quiteanumberofwomeninruralareaslivedinpoverty,morethan100millionwomenwerestillilliterate,andinthetransitionfromaplannedeconomytoamarketeconomyandthereformprocess,largenumbersofwomenworkershadbeenlaidoffandwereexperiencingdifficultiesfindingnewemployment.Theparticipationofwomeninpoliticallifewasstilllow,incidentsofviolationsofwomensrightscontinuedtooccurandcertainsocialevilspersisted.Heemphasized,however,thathisGovernmentwasdeterminedtocontinueitsefforts,andwelcomedthesupportoftheinternationalcommunityinthatregard.258.  TherepresentativeoftheHongKongSpecial  *`$h AdministrativeRegion,inintroducingtheinitialreportoftheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionϜ(CEDAW/C/CHN/34/Add.2),notedthattheGovernmentofChinahadresumedtheexerciseofsovereigntyoverHong *-'l Kong,witheffectfrom1July1997,undertheprincipleof onecountry,twosystems.TheConventionhadbeenextendedtoHongKongon14October1996andhadremainedinforcesincethereunificationon1July1997.259. x TherepresentativenotedthattheBasicLawofthe  n HongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionofthePeoplesRepublicofChina,theconstitutionaldocumentoftheRegion,includedalistoffundamentalrightsandfreedomsofresidentsandotherpersonsintheRegion,applicabletowomenandmen.TheBasicLawalsoprovidedforthecontinuingapplicationoftheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRightsandtheInternationalCovenantonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRights,andtheHongKongBillofRightsOrdinance.260. x Therepresentativeexplainedthatintheperiodbetween 6  1996and1998,alegislativereviewhadbeenundertakenleadingtotheenactmentofanumberofamendmentsandordinancestoeliminatediscriminatoryorunfairtreatmentofwomen.TherightsofwomenwerealsoprotectedbylegislationthatincludedtheSexDiscriminationOrdinance(1995)andtheFamilyStatusDiscriminationOrdinance(1997).TheEqualOpportunitiesCommission,anindependentstatutoryorganizationestablishedin1996,wasresponsiblefortheeliminationofdiscriminationandthepromotionofequalitybetweenwomenandmen,forenforcingtheantidiscriminationordinancesandforhandlingcomplaints.261. x TheGovernmentsPolicyGroups,chairedbytheChief  SecretaryforAdministrationandattendedbyseniorrepresentativesofthepolicybureaux,ensuredcoordinationamongthevariousbureauxonallmattersconcerningwomen.262. x Theimprovementofthepositionandstatusofwomen 8$ inHongKongwasapparentindifferentareas.In1997,womenaccountedfor39percentofthetotalworkingpopulationandmadeup33percentofthecivilservice.Womenalsooccupiedtwooutofthethreehighestrankinggovernmentposts.AlmostathirdofthemembersoftheExecutiveCouncilwerewomen.Womenmadeupbetween21and36percentofthelegal,accountingandmedicalprofessions.263. x TheGovernmentoftheHongKongSpecial 8'!. AdministrativeRegionwascommittedtoprovidingequalaccesstoandopportunitiesineducation,whichincludednineyearsoffreeanduniversalbasiceducation.Morethanhalftheuniversitygraduatesin1997werewomen.264. x Womenshealthremainedagovernmentpriority,and n+%4 arangeofhealthcareserviceswasavailabletowomen,includingwithregardtoreproductivehealth.HongKongs ,T'6 infantmortalityratewasamongthelowestintheworld,andwomenslifeexpectancywas82.2years.265.  TherepresentativenotedthatChinahadenteredseven 9 reservationsanddeclarationsinrespectoftheapplicationoftheConventiontoHongKong.Thesewouldbekeptunderreview.266.  Inconclusion,therepresentativewelcomedthe  L> CommitteesviewsandsuggestionsinsupportofthefullimplementationoftheConvention.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    *x(b)0  ConcludingcommentsbytheCommittee:Chinae S7com  8 /x/x /x /x#idid 3'}C##         e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Introductione n9com $: /x/x /x /x#idid 3= E##         267.  TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtothe S G GovernmentofChinaforsubmittingitscombinedthirdandfourthperiodicreports.However,theCommitteenotesthatthereportinsufficientlyfollowstheCommitteesguidelinesforthepreparationofperiodicreports.Inparticular,thereportdoesnotincorporatesufficientstatisticaldatadisaggregatedbysex,comparingthecurrentsituationtothatatthetimeofthepreviousreport.268.  TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentforitsoral 7P presentationofthereport,andforthedetailedoralandwrittenreplies,includingstatisticalinformation,tothequestionsposedbytheCommittee.269.  TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentforhaving OU sentahighlevelandlargedelegationthatincludedspecialistsfromdifferentdepartmentsofthecentralGovernment,aswellastheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegion,headedbythePermanentRepresentativeofChinatotheUnitedNations.270.  TheCommitteenotesthatChinesewomenconstitute M\ morethanonefifthoftheworldswomen.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Positiveaspectse @com @ /x/x /x /x#idid 3! `##         271.  TheCommitteeacknowledgeswithappreciationthe ""b comprehensiveeffortsundertakenbytheGovernmentofChinatoimplementtheConventionsincetheconsiderationofitssecondperiodicreportin1992.TheseeffortsareindicativeofthepoliticalwilloftheGovernmenttoeliminatediscriminationandtoadvanceequalitybetweenwomenandmen.TheCommitteereaffirmsthattheConventionrecognizesthatwomensrightsincludecivil,political,economic,socialandculturalrightsandthattheyareaninalienable,integralandindivisiblepartofuniversalhumanrights.272.  TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentforfurther +&n strengtheningthelegislativeframeworktoensureequality z,&o betweenwomenandmen.Itnotesinparticularthe1992LawontheProtectionoftheRightsandInterestsofWomen(theWomensLaw),the1995MotherandChildHealthLaw,the1996and1997amendmentstothecriminallawwithregardtotraffickinginwomen,the1996LawontheProtectionoftheRightsandInterestsoftheElderlyconcerningsocialsecurityprovisionsfortheelderly,andtherecentrevisionofthelawonadoption.273. x TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentforthe 8   elaborationofprogrammestoensureimplementationofthoselaws,andespeciallytheProgrammefortheDevelopmentofChineseWomen(19952000).ItnotestheachievementsoftheGovernmentinensuringsocialandeconomicrightsforhundredsofmillionsofpeople.Italsonotesthateconomicreformsinrecentyearshavebroughtaboutstrongandsteadyeconomicgrowth.TheCommitteecommendstheeffortsoftheGovernmenttocombineeconomicrestructuringwithconcernforthesocialwellbeingofChinascitizens.Itcommends,inparticular,theGovernmentseffortstoalleviatepoverty,toaddresstheunemploymentofwomen,tomodifygenderstereotypes,includinginthemassmedia,toinitiatelegalawarenesscampaignsandtoreduceilliteracyofwomeninruralareas.TheCommitteealsocommendstheworkoftheAllChinaWomensFederationinimplementinggovernmentpolicyforgenderequality.274. x TheCommitteewelcomestheoverallincreaseof  facilitiesandpersonnelformaternalhealthcare,thegreateraccesstofamilyplanningservicesandtoprimaryhealthcare.ItcommendstheGovernmentforitscollaborationwithUNFPAtoinitiateapilotfamilyplanningprogramme,basedonvoluntaryparticipation,informationandfreedomofchoice.TheCommitteewelcomesinparticulartheGovernmentsstrongandunequivocalobjectiontotheuseofcoercivemeasuresinimplementationofitspopulationpolicy.275. x TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentfor " ' hosting,inSeptember1995,theFourthWorldConferenceonWomenandforitssubsequenteffortstoimplementtheBeijingDeclarationandPlatformforAction.TheCommitteeemphasizesthattheConventionconstitutesthelegalbasisandframeworkfortheimplementationofthePlatformforAction.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    & n 0  0xFactorsanddifficultiesaffectingthe )[#0 implementationoftheConventione SNmic  O /x/x /x /x#idid 3)#$1xx         276. x TheCommitteenotesthatthegreatsizeanddiversity *9%3 'n)$OofChinaposespecialchallengestotherealizationofequalitybetweenwomenandmen. ,T'6 277.  TheCommitteenotesthatthepersistenceofprejudice 6 andstereotypicalattitudesconcerningtheroleofwomenandmeninthefamilyandinsociety,basedonviewsofmalesuperiorityandthesubordinationofwomen,constitutesaseriousimpedimenttothefullimplementationoftheConvention.278.  TheCommitteeconsidersthatthegapbetweenthe  = situationofwomeninurbanareasandthoseinruralandremoteareasconstitutesamajorobstacletothefullimplementationoftheConvention.279.  TheCommitteenoteswithconcerntheadverseimpact lB ofeconomicrestructuringonwomeninthetransitionfromaplannedeconomytoamarketeconomy,andinparticularthegenderspecificconsequencesforwomensemploymentandreemployment.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Principalareasofconcernandrecommendationse Tmic U /x/x /x /x#idid 3- I##         280.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthattheGovernments CK approachtotheimplementationoftheConventionhasanapparentfocusontheprotectionofwomenratherthanontheirempowerment.Thus,thecentralmachineryresponsibleforgovernmentpolicyistheNationalWorkingCommitteeonWomenandChildren,perpetuatingtheidentificationofwomenwithchildren.Similarly,intheareaofwomenshealth,thereisafocusonmotherchildhealth,limitedtowomensreproductivefunction.Likewise,labourlawsandregulationsoveremphasizetheprotectionofwomen.281.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmentre  aV examineitsapproachtorealizinggenderequality,withanemphasisonthehumanrightsframeworkoftheConventionandtheempowermentofwomen.TheGovernmentshouldencourageacountrywidesocialdialoguethatadvocatesequalitybetweenwomenandmen,andacomprehensivepubliccampaignaimedatchangingtraditionalattitudes.282.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment !'^ examineandenhancethestructure,authorityandresourcesofthenationalmachineryfortheadvancementofwomen.283.  AlthoughtheConventionisanintegralpartofChinese w$b law,theCommitteeisconcernedthattheWomensLawdoesnotcontainadefinitionofdiscriminationagainstwomen.ItisalsoconcernedthattheWomensLawdoesnotprovideforeffectiveremediesincasesofviolationofthelaw.ItisunclearwhethertheConventioncanbe,oreverhasbeen,invokedinacourtoflaw,andwhattheoutcomeofsuchcasesmighthavebeen.284.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment +[%k adoptlegislationthatexpresslyprohibitsgenderdiscrimination,includingunintentionalandindirect ,&m discrimination,inaccordancewiththedefinitioninarticle1oftheConvention.ItalsorecommendsthattheGovernmentimprovetheavailabilityofmeansofredress,includinglegalremedies,undertheWomensLaw.TheGovernmentshouldprovidelegalaidtowomenwhosufferdiscriminationinitsvariousforms,toassistthemintherealizationoftheirrights.Itshouldalsowidelypublicizeallthesemeasuressothatadequateenforcementofthelawcanbeensured.TheCommitteerecommendsfurtherthattheGovernmentadoptmeasuresandallocateresourcesatboththecentralandprovinciallevelstomonitorimplementationofthevariouslawsongenderequality.285. x TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutthediverseforms X  ofviolenceagainstwomeninChina,includingcustodialviolence,sexualabuse,domesticviolence,sexualviolenceandsexualharassmentintheworkplace.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedthateconomicconditionsmaycontributetoanincreaseinviolenceagainstwomen.286. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment V examineandreviseitslawsandpoliciesonviolenceagainstwomeninthelightoftheCommitteesgeneralrecommendation19.Thisshouldincludeadoptionofaspeciallawondomesticviolenceandprovisionofservicesforsurvivors,suchassheltersandhotlines.Thehandlingofdomesticviolencecasesshouldbesystematicallyincludedinthetrainingoflawenforcementofficialsandhealthcarepersonnel.TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoregulatesexualharassmentandtoprovidelegalremediesforwomenvictimsofsexualharassmentintheworkplace.TheCommitteerequeststheGovernmenttoprovideinformationinitsnextreportonproceduresforensuringtherightsofwomenincustodytoprotectionfromsexualabuseandforsanctioningprisonofficersresponsibleforsuchabuse.287. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment \ $ considerthepossibilityofextendinganinvitationtotheSpecialRapporteuronViolenceagainstWomen,includingitscausesandconsequences,tovisitChinaandallitsprovinces.288. x TheCommitteeisconcernedthatprostitution,which $* isoftenaresultofpovertyandeconomicdeprivation,isillegalinChina.289. x TheCommitteerecommendsdecriminalizationof 8'!. prostitution.GiventheHIV/AIDSpandemic,theCommitteealsorecommendsthatdueattentionbepaidtohealthservicesforwomeninprostitution.TheGovernmentisalsourgedtotakemeasuresfortherehabilitationandreintegrationofprostitutesintosociety.290. x NotwithstandingtheseriouseffortsoftheGovernment 6,&5 tocombattraffickinginwomen,theCommitteeexpresses ,T'6 itsconcernaboutreportsinsomelocalitiesofcorruptofficialswhoareinvolvedorcolludinginthetradeinwomen,includingthroughpaymentsfromprostitutes.291.  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoinvestigate P: reportsoflocalofficialsinvolvementintraffickingandtheexploitationofprostitution,andtoprosecuteallpersonsengagedinsuchpractices.292.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthattheproportional  ? representationofwomeninallspheresofpubliclife,andespeciallyatthehigherdecisionmakinglevels,hasincreasedonlyminimallysincetheconsiderationofChinassecondreport.293.  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoadopt J E temporaryspecialmeasureswithinthemeaningofarticle4,paragraph1oftheConventiontoincreasethenumberofwomenatthehigherechelonsofGovernment.ThewomenstalentbankoftheAllChinaWomensFederationshouldbeusedextensivelytoincreasethepercentageofwomeninallpublicbodies.TheGovernmentshouldalsoencouragegenderbalanceinthecompositionofvillagecommittees.294.  NotwithstandingtheGovernmentspositiveeffortsand N achievementsinreducingilliteracy,theCommitteeisconcernedaboutthedisproportionatepersistenceofilliteracyamongwomen,especiallywomeninruralandremoteareas,andamongethnicandreligiousminoritywomen.TheCommitteealsonotesalackofinformationconcerningthesituationofwomeninscienceandtechnology.295.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment HV adoptaspecifictimeframe,withbudgetaryandresourceallocation,fortheachievementofuniversalliteracyandprimaryeducation.Itshouldalsoabolishofficialandunofficialschoolfees,whichoftenresultintheexclusionofgirlsfromenjoyingtheirrighttoeducation,particularlyinpoorruralareas.Specialmeasuresandincentivesshouldbeintroducedtoensurethatgirlsareabletofullyutilizeaccesstoprimaryeducation,andaregivenopportunitiesforsecondaryandhighereducationandvocationaltraining.Likewise,theCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoreviseschooltextbooksandcurriculatoeliminategenderstereotypesandtoincludetheachievementofgenderequalityasasocietalgoalinitseducationpolicy.296.  TheCommitteeisconcernedabouttheeconomic '!e situationofwomeninthetransitionfromacentrallyplannedtoamarketeconomy.Therisingunemploymentofwomen,difficultiesinfindingnewemployment,thelackofenforcementoflabourlawsforwomenworkersandthecontinuingcategorizationofcertainjobsasunsuitableforwomenareofparticularconcern.TheCommitteeisconcernedthatretrainingofunemployedwomenforjobsin ,T'l theservicesectormayleadtofurthergendersegregationofthelabourmarket,withwomenbeingtrappedinlowwagesectors.TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatwomenarefacedwithagediscriminationastheyseekreemployment.Itisalsoconcernedthatanoveremphasisontheprotectionof,ratherthanequalopportunitiesfor,womeninthelabourmarketperpetuatesstereotypesandcreatesadditionalobstaclesforwomencompetinginamarketeconomy.TheCommitteenotesthatthesituationofwomenworkersinspecialeconomiczonesalsoremainsaconcern.297. x TheCommitteeisconcernedabouttheconsequences    ofwomenslossofemployment,orofinterruptedemployment,onwomensrightstohousing,healthcareandsocialsecurity.298. x TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoanalyse,from 6  agenderperspective,theeffectsofitseconomicpolicies,andtotakestepstomitigateandcounteracttheirnegativeeffectsonwomen.Inadditiontoenforcingexistinglabourlaws,theCommitteeinvitestheGovernmenttoincreasewomensmeansofredressagainstdiscriminationandinequalityatwork,includingbypromotingtherecognitionofwomensrighttoparticipateinworkersorganizationsandtheirrighttostrike.299. x TheCommitteerecognizesthatpopulationgrowthis  agenuineandsevereproblemandthatconsiderableprogresshasbeenmadeinprovidingfamilyplanningservices,butexpressesconcernaboutvariousaspectsoftheimplementationofChinaspopulationpolicy,includingthefollowing:  x (a)  TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatonly14 ! percentofmenusecontraceptives,thusmakingcontraceptionandfamilyplanningoverwhelminglyawomansresponsibility.Inthelightofthefactthatvasectomyisfarlessintrusiveandcostlythantuballigation,targetingmainlywomenforsterilizationmayamounttodiscrimination;  x (b)  NotwithstandingtheGovernmentsclear P#) rejectionofcoercivemeasures,thereareconsistentreportsofabuseandviolencebylocalfamilyplanningofficials.Theseincludeforcedsterilizationsandabortions,arbitrarydetentionandhousedemolitions,particularlyinruralareasandamongethnicminorities;  x (c)  TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutthegrowing N("0 disparityinthemale/femalesexratioatbirthasanunintendedconsequenceofthepopulationpolicy,owingtothediscriminatorytraditionofsonpreference.Theshortageoffemalesmayalsohavelongtermimplicationsregardingtraffickinginwomen; ,'6 xx-x  (d) l TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutillegal 6 practicesofsexselectiveabortion,femaleinfanticideandthenonregistrationandabandonmentoffemalechildren.TheCommitteeexpressesparticularconcernaboutthestatusof outofplanandunregisteredchildren,manyofthemgirls,whomaybeofficiallynonexistentandthusnotentitledtoeducation,healthcareorothersocialbenefits.300.  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoexaminethe p > waysinwhichitspopulationpolicyisimplementedatthelocallevelandinitiateanopenpublicdebatethereon.IturgestheGovernmenttopromoteinformation,educationandcounselling,inordertounderscoretheprincipleofreproductivechoice,andtoincreasemaleresponsibilityinthisregard.TheGovernmentshouldmakeclearthatcoerciveandviolentmeasuresareprohibitedandenforcesuchprohibitionthroughfairlegalproceduresthatsanctionofficialsactinginexcessoftheirauthority.TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttointroducegendersensitivitytrainingforfamilyplanningofficials.301.  Recognizingthatmalechildren,especiallyinruraland tK remoteareas,remainresponsibleforsupportingpeopleinoldage,theGovernmentshouldexplicitlyaddressthelinkagesbetweeneconomicsecurityinoldageanditsfamilyplanningpolicies.Itshouldtakeallappropriatemeasurestomodifyandeliminatesonpreference,interalia,by \P expandingeducationalandemploymentopportunitiesforwomeninruralareas.TheGovernmentshouldenforcelawsagainstsexselectiveabortion,femaleinfanticideandabandonmentofchildrenandremovealllegaldisabilitiesfrom outofplanandunregisteredchildren.302.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthattraditionalattitudes ZW andprejudicesagainstwomenremainparticularlypronouncedinruralareas.Itnotes,inparticular,thelackofopportunitiesforruralwomentobenefitfullyfromtheeconomicprogressofChina,andthatruralwomenfacelossofpropertyrightsasaresultofchangeinmaritalstatus.Inthisregard,itnotesthatsome70percentofagriculturalworkersarewomenandthatthisrequiresparticularattention.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedaboutthehighratesofsuicideamongruralwomen.303.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatallgovernment "&x b policyandplanningforruralareas,includingmicrocredit,smallenterprisedevelopmentandotherincomegeneratingprojects,bedevelopedwiththefullandactiveparticipationofruralwomen.Urgentattentionshouldbegiventoaddressingwomenssuicideratesthroughmeasuressuchastheprovisionofmentalhealthservicesandabetterunderstandingofthecausesofthesesuicides.Womensstudiescentrescouldbeencouragedtoundertakethenecessaryresearch.TheGovernmentisurgedtoensurethat *-'k womenhaveequalenjoymentoflandrightsindependentoftheirmaritalstatus.304. x TheCommitteenotesthatthereisnodiscussioninthe  reportofwomensparticipationintheinformalsectoroftheeconomy.TheCommitteerequeststhatthisissuebeaddressedintheGovernmentsnextreport.305. x TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttointegrate,in  L itsnextreport,statisticalinformationundereacharticleoftheConvention,toprovideanalysisofthesituationofwomenovertime,aswellasincomparisontothesituationofmen,sothatanassessmentcanbemadeofthefactualprogressmadeinimplementationoftheConvention.306. x Inthelightofthediversityofthecountryandits J  population,theCommitteerepeatstherequestitmadeinitsconcludingcommentsonChinassecondperiodicreport,thattheGovernmentprovideinitsreportsabreakdownofinformationbyprovincesandautonomousregionsandalsoincludeinformationonethnicminoritiesparticularlytheUyghurandTibetanpeoples.307. x TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttotranslatethe  ConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomenintolocallanguages.ItrecommendsacomprehensivepubliccampaigntoimprovelegalliteracyoftheConventionandtoraiseawarenessofgenderequalityasasocietalgoalandofwomensrightsashumanrights.ItalsorecommendsgendersensitizationtrainingonthebasisoftheConventionforallgovernmentofficialsandcadres.TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoinitiatebroadpublicdiscussionsinthevariousprovincesandautonomousregionsinthepreparationofitsfifthperiodicreportunderarticle18oftheConvention.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    SS(c)0 x ConcludingcommentsbytheCommittee:I%xx 0  0xHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegione elc  /x/x /x /x#idid 3 &xx         e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0  0xIntroductione celc  /x/x /x /x#idid 3!'(xx         308. x TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtothe "=* GovernmentofChina,HongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegion,forsubmitting,inatimelymanner,anextremelywellstructuredandinformativeinitialreport.ItcommendstheGovernmentonitsoralpresentationofthereportandforthedetailedoralandwrittenreplies,includingstatisticalinformation,tothequestionsposedbytheCommittee.309. x TheCommitteenotesthattherearemanynon (#2 governmentalorganizationsworkingactivelyinHongKongforthefullimplementationoftheConvention.  S+%6 e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    &   0 x 0x#x#Positiveaspectse elc  /x/x /x /x#idid 36##         310.  TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentofChina 8 'forthecontinuingapplicabilityoftheConventiontotheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionfollowingresumptionofChinesesovereigntyoverHongKongonϜ1July1997undertheprincipleof onecountry,twosystems.ItnotesthattheGovernmenthasdisseminatedtheConvention,includingthroughtheInternet.311.  TheCommitteewelcomestheguaranteeofhuman  @ rightsandfundamentalfreedomsofwomenandmen,containedintheHongKongBasicLawandintheBillofRightsOrdinance.Italsonotestherecentadoptionandrevisionoflawstoeliminatediscriminationagainstwomen.TheCommitteecommends,inparticular,theSexDiscriminationOrdinanceof1995andtheestablishmentthereunderoftheEqualOpportunitiesCommissionasanindependentstatutorybodyandwithadequateresources,responsibleforaddressingcomplaintsondiscriminationandpromotinggenderequalitythroughpubliceducationandothermeans.312.  TheCommitteewelcomestherecentjudicialdecision 4M whichhasenforcedtherighttonondiscriminationbyrecognizingthatanonmaritalchildcanclaimresidenceintheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegiononthebasisoftheresidencerightsofeitherhermotherorfather.313.  TheCommitteeexpressessatisfactionatthehighlevel jS ofliteracyandtheuniversalsystemoffreeeducation.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    & n 0 x 0x#x#Factorsanddifficultiesaffectingthe )W implementationoftheConventione suic  /x/x /x /x#idid 3X##         314.  TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatChinahas Z 'nѢenteredsevenreservationsanddeclarationsinrespectoftheprovisionsoftheConventionasappliedtoHongKong.Ofparticularconcernisthereservationexempting theaffairsofreligiousdenominationsorordersfromthescopeoftheConvention.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    &  0 x 0x#x#Principalareasofconcernandrecommendationse suic v /x/x /x /x#idid 3:$b##         315.  TheCommitteeexpressesconcernthattheBasicLaw P%d ':$doesnotcontainaprohibitionofdiscriminationagainstwomen.316.  TheCommitteerecommendstheadoptionofa 'L"h constitutionaldefinitionofdiscrimination,bothdirectandindirect,tocomplementtheprohibitionofdiscriminationincivillawundertheSexDiscriminationOrdinance.317.  Notwithstandingtheimportantmandateandvaluable d+%m workoftheEqualOpportunitiesCommission,theCommitteeisconcernedabouttheabsenceofagovernmental ,J'o mechanismfortheadvancementofwomeninHongKongchargedwiththeproactivedevelopmentofpolicyandlongtermstrategiesongenderequality.318. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmentof P theHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionestablishahighlevelcentralmechanismwithappropriatepowersandresourcestodevelopandcoordinateawomenfocusedpolicyandlongtermstrategytoensureeffectiveimplementationoftheConvention.319. x TheCommitteeexpressesconcernthattheelectoral N   systemoftheRegioncontainsstructuralobstaclestotheequalpoliticalparticipationofwomen,whichisindirectdiscriminationagainstwomen,especiallywithrespecttothefunctionalconstituencies.320. x TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttotakeall   measuresnecessarytoensuretheequalrepresentationofwomeninallconstituencies,includingruralcommittees,onthebasisoftheprincipleofuniversalandequalsuffrage,inaccordancewiththeCommitteesgeneralrecommendation23.321. x TheCommitteenotesthelowrepresentationofwomen  ingovernmentaladvisoryboardsandstatutorycommittees,aswellasinthecivilserviceandthejudiciary.322. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment (~ makeuseofaffirmativeactionandtemporaryspecialmeasuresinaccordancewitharticle4,paragraph1,oftheConventiontorealizewomensrighttoparticipationinallareasofpubliclifeandparticularlyathighlevelsofdecisionmaking.ItalsorecommendsthattheGovernmentstudytheexperienceofothercountriesinusingquotas,timetablesforachievingspecifiedgoalsanddatabasesonwomencandidates,withaviewtoapplyingtheminHongKong.323. x TheCommitteeisconcernedthattheDomestic F!' ViolenceOrdinanceappliesonlytophysicalabuseinmaritalrelations,andthatitdoesnotprovideforcounsellingandtreatmentofoffenders.ItalsonoteswithconcernthatthereportdoesnotcontaininformationonrapeandthatmaritalrapeisnotconsideredacriminaloffenceintheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegion.324. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment  'b!/ enhanceservicesforsurvivorsofdomesticviolence,includingdomesticworkers,withaviewtotheirempowermentandrehabilitation,includingthroughpsychologicalcounselling,legalaid,temporaryshelterandappropriatehealthservices.TheCommitteealsourgestheamendmentofexistinglegislationtoincludemaritalrapeasacriminaloffence.ItrequeststheGovernmenttoprovide ,&6 informationonsexualcrimes,includingrapeandmaritalrape,initsnextreportunderarticle18oftheConvention.325.  TheCommitteenotesthatwhileprostitutionitselfis 9 notunlawful,provisionstoensurethehealthandsafetyofsexworkersareunclear,andtheremaybediscriminationagainstwomenintheenforcementofrelatedcrimes.326.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatadequateregulations  L> toprotectwomensexworkersbeputinplaceandenforced.ItalsorecommendsthattheGovernmentmonitorthelinksbetweenthepresenceofmigrantwomen,aregulatoryapproachtoprostitutionandtraffickinginwomen.327.  TheCommitteecommendseffortstodevelopa , D standardlabourcontractformigrantworkerswithprovisionforminimumwages,butitisconcernedthattheseworkerscanbeexposedtoabuseandcustodialviolence.328.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment  I monitorandtakeactiontoprotectwomenmigrantworkersfromabuseandviolence,aswellastopreventsuchviolence.329.  Notingthatover50percentofrecentuniversity @M graduateswerewomen,theCommitteeisneverthelessconcernedatthedegreeofsegregationintheeducationalspecializationofwomenandmenandatthelowpercentageofwomeninthehigherlevelsoftheteachingprofessionsandacademia.330.  TheCommitteerecommendstheadoptionoftemporary >T specialmeasuresaimedatincreasingdefactoequalitybetweenwomenandmenwithinthemeaningofarticle4,paragraph1oftheConvention,toincreasethenumberofwomeninnontraditionalareasofeducation,especiallyinscience,technologyandengineering,andtopromotewomenfromjuniorandauxiliarypositionsinteachingandacademiatoseniorpositions.IturgestheGovernmenttoaddresstheperpetuationofgenderstereotypesandtoallocateadequateresourcesforgenderstudiesprogrammes.331.  Notingthegrowingparticipationofwomeninthe \"_ formaleconomyandthelowlevelofunemploymentofwomen,theCommitteeisnonethelessconcernedaboutthelargediscrepanciesinwagesearnedbymenandwomen.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedaboutthehighlydisproportionatenumberofwomeninthelowestwagelevels,especiallygiventheabsenceofminimumwagelaws.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedthatthecontractionofthemanufacturingsectoraffectsparticularlylowskilledwomen.332.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheprincipleofequal )$i payforworkofequalvaluebeincludedinrelevantlegislationandthatcriteriabeestablishedtodeterminethemeasureofequalvalueinalargelygendersegregatedlabourmarket. ,('m Ї333. x TheCommitteeencouragestheGovernmenttoreview  regularlythereservationsenteredtotheConvention.IturgestheGovernmenttoamendalllawsthatareincompatiblewiththeConvention,includingthoserelatingtoimmigrationandtopensionschemes,withaviewtoremovingtherelevantreservations.Inparticular,itencouragestheGovernmenttoeliminatediscriminationagainstindigenouswomenfollowingitsreviewofthesmallhousepolicy.TheCommitteealsoencouragestheGovernmenttoreexaminethereservationrelatingtothefavourabletreatmentofwomeninrespectoflabourlawprotectionofpregnancyandmaternity,whichmightwellbeinaccordancewitharticles4,paragraph1,and11,paragraph2,oftheConvention,aswellasthatregardingreligiousdenominations.334. x TheCommitteeinvitestheGovernmenttoholdpublic >  consultationswithnongovernmentalorganizationsintheprocessoftheimplementationoftheConventionandwhenpreparingitssecondperiodicreport.335. x TheCommitteerequeststheGovernmentofChinaand V theGovernmentoftheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegiontoprovideinformationaddressingtheconcernsraisedinthepresentconcludingcommentsinthenextperiodicreportrequiredunderarticle18oftheConvention.336. x TheCommitteerequeststhewidedisseminationin  ChinaandtheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionofthepresentconcludingcomments,inordertomakethepeopleofChinaandtheRegion,andparticularlyitsgovernmentadministrators,politiciansandseniorlevelcadresawareofthestepsthathadbeentakentoensuredejureanddefactoequalityforwomenandfurthersteps <  thatarerequiredinthatregard.ItalsorequeststheGovernmenttocontinuetodisseminatewidely,andinparticulartowomensandhumanrightsorganizations,theConvention,theCommitteesgeneralrecommendationsandtheBeijingDeclarationandPlatformforAction.&  S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    ~~4.0 x FourthperiodicreportsS:aion. b XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3P#)xx         S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    0  0xColombiaS:aid i XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3%Z,xx         337. x TheCommitteeconsideredthefourthperiodicreport &!/ ofColombia(CEDAW/C/COL/4)atits422ndand423rd'P#meetings,on3February1999(seeCEDAW/C/SR.422and423).&  e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    JJ(a)0 x IntroductionbytheStatepartye   G /x/x /x /x#idid 3*%5xx         338. x Inintroducingthereport,therepresentativeunderlined +&7 '*thecommitmentoftheGovernmentofColombiatothegoal ,&8 ofgenderequality.ShenotedthatthatcommitmentwasmanifestedinthePlanforEqualOpportunitiesbetweenWomenandMen,whichwasintheprocessofbeingadoptedandwhichwaspartoftheNationalPlanforDevelopment.ThecoordinatinginstitutionfortheplanwouldbetheNationalOfficeforEqualityforWomen,thegovernmentagencyresponsibleforcoordinatingactivitiestopromotetheequalityandparticipationofwomen.ThePlanwouldbeasignificantpartoftheimplementationoftheinternationalcommitmentsfortheadvancementofwomen,includingtheBeijingPlatformforAction.339.  Therepresentativeindicatedthatarticle13ofthe1991 D Constitutionincorporatedtheconceptofequalitybetweenwomenandmenasafundamentalright.Shealsonotedthatarticle93oftheConstitutionprovidedthattreatiestookprecedenceoverdomesticlegislationandweredrawnontheinterpretationoftheBillofRights.340.  Amongtheconstitutionalmechanismstoensurethe  K effectiveexerciseofhumanrightsinColombiawasacci;n VL detutela,whichallowedindividualstoseekprotectionof tM fundamentalhumanrightsinthecourts.Lawscouldalsobebroughtbeforethecourtsanddeclaredunconstitutional.Therepresentativenotedthatalargebodyofjurisprudencewithregardtohumanrightshaddevelopedovertheeightyearssincetheadoptionofthe1991Constitution.341.  TherepresentativeinformedtheCommitteethatrecent rT activitiesoftheNationalOfficeforEqualityforWomenhadincludedsupporttowomensorganizationsinactivitiestopromotepoliticalparticipationandcitizenship,thestrengtheningofwomensnetworks,aswellasthediscussionwithwomensorganizationsontheNationalDevelopmentPlan,19982002.342.  TherepresentativeindicatedthatLaw294onviolence 8\ inthefamilyhadbeenadoptedin1996andthattheInterAmericanConventionforthePrevention,PunishmentandEradicationofViolenceagainstWomenhadalsobeenratified.ShealsodescribedLaw360,adoptedin1997,whichincreasedpenaltiesforviolence.Inaddition,thetitleofthechapterofthePenalCoderelatingtosexualcrimeshadbeenamendedtoemphasizesuchcrimesastheviolationofpersonalfreedomanddignity,ratherthanmorals.343.  Therepresentativenotedthatdisplacedwomenfaced 8'!f significantproblems,includingviolence,andthattheGovernmenthadintroducedtheNationalPlanforAttentiontotheDisplacedPopulationtogivepriorityattentiontotheirneeds.Shealsodescribedtheeffectsofarmedconflictonwomen.344.  TherepresentativeinformedtheCommitteethat 6,&m womensrepresentationinpubliclifeinColombiawasstill ,T'n low,butthatthePresidenthadrecentlyappointedtwowomenministers.Whiletherehadbeensomeincreaseintheenrolmentofgirlsattheprimarylevel,theireducationallevelwasstilllowerthanboys.Initiativestoimprovegirlsaccesstoeducationincludedaprojecttoaddressstereotypedtextbooksandpromotecoeducation.345. x Therepresentativenotedthatanincreasingnumberof   womenwereenteringthelabourmarket,inparticularinurbanareas.However,despitetheirlevelofeducation,theyreceivedlowerwagesthanmenandoccupiedfewerdecisionmakingpositions.Inaddition,womenwereaffectedbyunemployment.346. x Therepresentativeindicatedthatlifeexpectancywas   64.3yearsformenand73.24yearsforwomen.TheGovernmenthadadoptedaseriesofmeasureswithregardtosexualandreproductivehealthintheGeneralSystemofSocialSecurityinHealthandhadlaunchedseveralinformationcampaigns,includingonHIV/AIDSprevention.347. x Therepresentativeemphasizedthatimportantadvances  hadbeenmadetointegratethegenderperspectiveintheruralsector.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    AA(b)0 x ConcludingcommentsoftheCommitteee   P /x/x /x /x#idid 3+xx         348. x TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtothe A GovernmentofColombiaforitsfourthreport,whichcontainsacomprehensive,candidandcriticalaccountoftheprogressthathasbeenachievedsincethesubmissionofthepreviousreport.ThereportdescribesthedifficultiesandobstaclesthatstillimpedetheimplementationoftheConventionandtheprogrammesthathavebeenimplementedtopromotetheadvancementofwomenandtheexerciseoftheirrights.349. x ThepresenceofthedelegationheadedbytheDirector A & oftheNationalOfficeforEqualityforWomen,atatimewhenthecountryissufferingtheconsequencesofadisastercausedbyanearthquakethathasplungedthenationintoaterribletragedy,istestimonytotheimportancethattheGovernmentofColombiaattachestotheConvention.TheCommitteedeeplyappreciatesthisgesture,whichunderscoresthepoliticalwilloftheGovernmenttoimprovethestatusofwomeninColombia.350. x TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationforthe '!0 comprehensiverepliestothequestionsthathavebeenaskedandforthefruitfuldialogue,whichhascontributedtoabetterunderstandingofthesituationofwomeninColombiaandtoanindepthreviewoftheimplementationofeacharticleoftheConvention.   ,`&6 351.  TheCommitteeappreciatesthefactthatthe 6  GovernmentofColombiasupportstheadoptionofanoptionalprotocoltotheConvention.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    &  0 x 0x#x#Positiveaspectse    /x/x /x /x#idid 31;##         352.  TheCommitteenotesthattheConventioncanbe  G= 'invokedinnationalcourts,sinceitenjoysprecedencewithinthedomesticlegalorderandthusprevailsinsituationsofconflictoflaws.353.  TheCommitteetakesnoteofthesignificantprogress _ B thathasbeenachievedwiththeadoptionoflegislativemeasuresfortheprotectionofwomen.The1991Constitutionprovidesfortheequalityofmenandwomenbeforethelawanddefinesdiscrimination.InaccordancewiththeConstitution,importantsociallegislationhasbeenenacted,includinglegislationoneducation,socialsecurity,dissolutionofreligiousmarriages,protectionofwomenheadsofhouseholdandpunishmentofsexualabuseanddomesticviolence.354.  TheCommitteenotesthattheacci;ndetutelaor }M amparohavebeenincreasinglyusedbywomenasaconstitutionalmeansofprotectingtheirrights.TheOmbudsmansOfficehasalsobeencreatedalongwithaspecialunitfortheprotectionoftherightsofchildren,womenandtheelderly,whichassiststheOmbudsmansOfficebyplayingapositiveroleinrequestingreviewsofacci;ndetutela. KT 355.  TheCommitteewelcomesthecreationbythe  aV Governmentofnationalmachinery,namely,theNationalOfficeforEqualityforWomen,whichisattachedtotheOfficeofthePresidentoftheRepublicandadvisestheGovernmentinthatfield.TheNationalOfficecanalsoproposepoliciesandprogrammesandworksincoordinationwithvariouswomensnongovernmentalorganizations.356.  TheCommitteenotesthatprimaryschoolenrolment !'^ rateshaveincreased,thattherateoffemaleilliteracyhasdeclinedandthattheTenYearEducationPlan,19962005,hasplacedspecialemphasisontheobjectiveofeliminatingallsituationsofgenderdiscriminationorexclusion,includingtheintroductionofthegenderdimensionintheeducationsystem.Researchandconsultationhavealsobeencarriedouttodocumenttheissueofequalityofmenandwomen,andastrategyofawarenessraisingisbeingdevelopedforpublishersofschooltextbooks,withaviewtoeradicatinggenderstereotypes.  * %j e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    & n   0  0xFactorsanddifficultiesaffectingthe  implementationoftheConventione    /x/x /x /x#idid 3rxx         357. x ThesocialandeconomicrealityofColombiaremains   'naseriousobstacletothefullparticipationandadvancementofwomeninsociety,aswellastotheimplementationoftheConvention.Asaresultofeconomicrestructuringandadjustmentpolicies,whichtakelittleaccountofsocialdevelopment,overhalfofthepopulationofColombialivesbelowthepovertyline.Inaddition,inequitablepatternsofincomedistributionaswellassubstantialdifferencesbetweentheurbanandruralareas,impedetheimplementationoftheConvention.358. x TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthepersistenceof   widespreadviolenceasaresultofthearmedconflictinthecountry.Womenaretheprincipalvictimsandtherearetensofthousandsofdisplacedwomenandfemaleheadsofhouseholdwholacktheresourcesneededfortheirsurvivalinasituationinwhichtheyarecalledupontoassumegreaterresponsibilities,bothreproductiveandproductive,towardstheirfamiliesandcommunities.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    &  0  0xPrincipalareasofconcernandrecommendationse   x /x/x /x /x#idid 3xx         359. x TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatlittlehasbeen + 'donetodisseminatethetextoftheConvention,asrequiredundertheconstitutionalprovisionsgoverningtherightsofwomen,andofthesupplementarylegislationthathasbeenenacted.360. x TheCommitteerecommendsthatstepsbetakento  a  disseminatethosenormsandtoeducatethegeneralpopulation,particularlywomen,aboutthelawasanessentialsteptowardsenablingthemtolearnaboutanddefendtheirrights.361. x TheCommitteecallsattentiontothegapsthatexistin A & followupandcontrolmechanismsinthecurrentlegislation.Thereisnoeffectivemachinerytoenforcecompliancewithcourtrulings,norarethereanystudiesorassessmentsrelatingtocompliancewithlegislationonwomen.362. x TheCommitteerecommendsthatpracticalmeasures w$, onthefollowupandmonitoringoflegislationbetaken,thatassessmentsoftheireffectivenessbecarriedoutandthatmechanismsguaranteeingcompliancewithcourtrulingsbecreated.363. x TheCommitteepointsoutthattherehasbeenno (#2 systematicdevelopmentoftrainingprogrammesforgovernment,StateorcourtofficialsorforpoliceforcesresponsiblefortheimplementationoftherulesandproceduresrelatingtocompliancewiththelawandtheimplementationoftheConvention.  -v'8 364.  TheCommitteerecommendstheintroductionof 8 trainingprogrammesforallthoseofficiallyresponsibleforensuringcompliancewithcurrentlegislation.365.  TheCommitteeisconcernedatthelevelofauthority P< andrankaccordedtotheGovernmentsnationaladvisorymachinery,whichlimitsitsfunctionstoproposingpoliciesandprogrammes.366.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment  A considerstrengtheningtheroleoftheNationalOfficeforEqualityforWomen,bymeansofanationallawraisingitsstatustothatofanautonomousbodywithalltherequisitepowersandresourcestobeabletoexercisemoreeffectiveinfluenceinColombiansociety.367.  TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthat,although  H variousprogrammesforthebenefitofwomenareinplace,theeconomicadjustmentprogrammesrestrictpublicexpenditure,thuslimitingtheavailabilityofresources,whichinturnhinderstheincorporationofwomensinterestsinStatepoliciesandprogrammes.368.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatintheallocationof O budgetaryresourcesprioritybegiventotheneedsofwomen,especiallywomenoflimitedmeans,includingaccesstoemployment,educationandpublicservices,sincesocialinvestmentinwomenconstitutesoneofthemosteffectivemeansofcombatingpovertyandpromotingsustainabledevelopment.369.  TheCommitteenotesthatdespitetheeffortsmadeit W hasnotprovedpossibletoincorporateinlegislationtemporaryspecialmeasuresaimedatacceleratingdefactoequalitybetweenwomenandmenwithinarticle4,Ϝparagraph1,oftheConventionsoastoensurewomenspoliticalparticipation,undertheConstitution,becauseitisseenasdiscriminatoryandthereisclearlyresistanceonthepartoflegislative,executiveandjudicialbodiestotheirbeingputintoeffect.370.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatconsiderationbe ",a giventothepossibilityofadoptingtemporaryspecialmeasuresinaccordancewitharticle4,paragraph1,oftheConvention,topromotetheincreasedintegrationofwomenindecisionmakinginthecountrysadministrativeandpoliticallife.371.  TheCommitteerecognizesthedifficultiesfacedbythe '*"h Governmentinputtinglawandorderintoeffectinasituationofinternalconflictandparamilitaryviolence.Ittakesnoteoftheincidenceofviolencedirectedagainstwomenincustody,includingcasesofkidnappinganddisappearances.Moreover,itnoteswithconcerntheincreasingdangerinwhichtheindividualsforming ,&n organizationspromotinghumanrightsinColombiafindthemselves.372. x TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmentofColombiato  establishaneffectivenationalmechanism,includingcomplaintsprocedures,thatwillensurethatthoseguiltyofcriminalconduct,bothStateofficialsandprivateindividuals,standtrial.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmentstepupsecuritymeasuresforallthosewhopromoteanddefendhumanrights,especiallyinviewofkidnappingsandotheractsthatconstituteanassaultonphysicalintegrity,withparticularattentiontothesituationofwomen.373. x TheCommitteeisconcernedthat,despitetheefforts 4  thathavebeenmade,theGovernmentsabilitytoensurecompliancewiththerulesprovidingforpunishmentfordomesticviolenceisrestricted.Moreover,thefamilycommissionsdonothavethenecessaryhumanorfinancialresourcestocarryouttheirmandateandthereisnosystematicsupervisionoftheirworkbytherelevantgovernmentbody.Asaresult,effortstohelpvictimsareinadequate.TheCommitteestressesthat,sinceahumanrightsissueisinvolved,itistheGovernmentsresponsibilitytoacttoreduceviolenceagainstwomen,investigatecasesandgivetreatmentandsupporttothevictimsofviolence.374. x TheCommitteerecommendsthateffectivemeasures  betakentoensurecompliancewiththelawandthatdueattentionbepaidtothefamilycommissionstoenablethemtocarryouttheirfunctions.375. x TheCommitteeisconcernedthatthereiscurrently P beforeCongressabilltodecriminalizedomesticviolenceatboththecivilandcriminallevel,passingresponsibilityfordealingwiththesehumanrightsviolationstoanadministrativecourt.376. x TheCommitteerecommendsthatthebillbereassessed, 0 % sinceitrepresentsastepbackwardsfromtheprogressachievedbythecountryinlegislativetermsintacklingandconfrontingtheproblemofdomesticviolenceandsexualabuse.377. x TheCommitteeisconcernedthat,althoughnational f$+ legislationcondemnsinhumananddegradingtreatment,manywomenareforcedtobecomeprostitutesinordertosurviveandthereistrafficinwomen.PreventivemechanismsarelackingandtheStatehaslittlecapacitytoconfrontthenationalandinternationalcriminalorganizationsengagedinprocurement,whichoperatewithahighdegreeofimpunity.378. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheInterinstitutional *J%4 Committeethathastakenvariousmeasurestopreventandpunishtrafficinwomenshouldorganizeamoreenergetic ,&6 andeffectiveworkstrategyinordertodealwiththisseriousphenomenon.379.  TheCommitteeisextremelyconcernedatthesituation 9 ofstreetchildren,inparticulargirls,withrespecttotheirhumanrightsandphysicalintegrity.380.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheneedsofstreet . = children,especiallygirls,beintegratedsystematicallyintoallpovertyeradication,socialdevelopmentandantiviolenceplansandprogrammes.381.  TheCommitteenotesthatnosystematiceffortisbeing  B madetocounterdiscriminatoryculturaltraditionsandchangesexiststereotypesandthatthemediacontinuetoprojectstereotypedimagesofwomen.382.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatasystematiceffort  ` G bemadetoeducatethepopulationongenderissuesbyallpossiblemethodsandinallsectorsandthatprogrammesbedevelopedwiththeaimofraisingtheawarenessofmediapersonnelwithrespecttoequalityofmenandwomen,withaviewtoeradicatingsexiststereotypesinallmedia.383.  TheCommitteenotesthatthereislittleparticipation ^N bywomeninmanagementanddecisionmakingbodiesandthatthereisalackofspecificmeasurestopromotetheirparticipation.384.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatstatisticsbe vS disaggregatedbysex,inasystematicmanner,andincludedinthenextperiodicreportandthatstepsbetakentoguaranteegreaterinvolvementofwomenindecisionmaking.385.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthattheschooldropout Y rateofgirlsandyoungwomenremainshighandthatthecausesofthishighratearelinkedtosexiststereotypesandthat,inaddition,thevocationalchoicesmadebywomenwhentheyenterhighereducationarestillgenderdifferentiated.386.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatregulations, "` programmesandothermeasures,includingcareercounselling,beputinplacetopreventgirlsandyoungwomenfromdroppingoutofschoolandtoreversethetrendofhighfemaledropoutrates.Itrecommendstheintroductionofvocationalprogrammestopromotetheaccessofwomenandmentoallcareers.387.  TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatwomen p("h constitutethemajorityoftheunemployedandthatthemajorityofwomenworkintheinformalandservicesectors,frequentlyasdomesticworkers.Itnotesthatwithinthesegroups,womenreceivethelowestwages,andthattherearegapsinthelevelofpayreceivedbywomenandmenforequalworkandworkofequalvalue.  -v'n Ї388. x TheCommitteerecommendsthatappropriatemeasures  betakentoimprovethestatusofworkingwomen,includingthroughtheestablishmentofchildcarecentresandtheintroductionoftrainingprogrammestopromotetheintegrationofwomenintothelabourforceandtodiversifytheirparticipation,throughtheimplementationoflegislativemeasuresandthroughgreatereffortstoachieveequalpayforworkofequalvalue.389. x TheCommitteeisconcernedthat,althoughmaternity 8   protectionisensuredbylawandprovisionismadeformaternityleaveintherelevantlegislation,thelawissometimesbrokenandwomenmustmeetcertainrequirementsinordertohaveaccesstojobs,suchasundergoingpregnancytests.390. x TheCommitteerecommendsthatstepsbetakento 6  ensurecompliancewiththelawandthatthosewhoengageinsuchdiscriminatorypracticesarepunished.Italsoreiteratesthatwomenmustbemadeawareoftheirrightsthroughwiderdisseminationoflegislationprovidingprotectionforthemasworkers.391. x Whilewelcomingthepreventivemeasurestakenby 4 theGovernment,includingthefactthatithassetaminimumageforemployment,theCommitteenoteswithconcernhowwidespreadchildlabourisinColombia,sinceitleadstotheexploitationofgirlsandtheviolationoftheirrightstohealth,educationandfutureopportunities.392. x TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoadoptand 2 implementacompulsoryeducationpolicy,sincesuchapolicyisoneofthemosteffectivewaysofensuringthatgirlsdonotworkduringschoolhours.393. x TheCommitteenoteswithgreatconcernthatabortion, # whichisthesecondcauseofmaternaldeathsinColombia,ispunishableasanillegalact.Noexceptionsaremadetothatprohibition,includingwherethemotherslifeisindangerortosafeguardherphysicalormentalhealthorincaseswherethemotherhasbeenraped.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedthatwomenwhoseektreatmentforinducedabortions,womenwhoseekanillegalabortionandthedoctorswhoperformthemaresubjecttoprosecution.TheCommitteebelievesthatlegalprovisionsonabortionconstituteaviolationoftherightsofwomentohealthandlifeandofarticle12oftheConvention.394. x TheCommitteecallsupontheGovernmenttoconsider N("0 takingimmediateactiontoprovideforderogationsfromthislegislation.Furthermore,itaskstheGovernmenttoprovideregularstatisticsonmaternalmortalitybyregion.395. x TheCommitteeisconcernedthatsterilizationisthe +&5 mostwidelyusedfamilyplanningmethod.Itbelievesthat ,&6 itmightbeunnecessarytomakesuchwidespreaduseofsterilizationifcoupleswerebetterinformedandinstructedintheuseoffamilyplanningmethodsandhadreadyaccesstocontraceptives.396.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatinformationonthe  n; useofcontraceptivesbemorewidelydisseminated,thatthenecessaryeffortbemadetoensurethatwomen,includingwomeninthemostvulnerablepopulationsegments,haveaccesstoaffordablecontraceptives,andthatactionbetakentopromotetheuseofcontraceptionbymen,particularlyvasectomy.397.  TheCommitteeisconcernedatthesituationofwomen 4 C inruralareas,wherethereisaconsiderablelaginbasicservicesinfrastructure,lowhealthandeducationcoverage,andlowerqualityoflifeformostofthepopulation.Thesefactorsareanobstacletointegratingwomenindevelopmentandendingtheirdifficultlivingconditions,which,togetherwithviolence,areresponsibleforruralwomenbeingoneofthepopulationgroupsthataremostvulnerableandsubjecttodiscrimination.398.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatexistingprogrammes 4M beexpandedwithaviewtoimprovingthestatusofruralwomen,particularlyamongdisplacedpopulations,andthatattentionbefocusedasamatterofpriority,onruralwomenwithaviewtoimprovingtheirhealth,educationandqualityoflifeindicators.399.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatthoseinvolvedin 2T planningandprogrammeimplementationreceivegendersensitivetraining.Itrecommendstheintroductionofmicrocreditprogrammestoimprovetheeconomicsituationofwomen,aswellasprogrammestoimprovetheenjoymentbyruralwomenanddisplacedwomenoftheirhumanrightstohealthandeducation.400.  TheCommitteerequeststheGovernmentofColombia  N\ toprovideinformationaddressingtheconcernsraisedinthepresentconcludingcommentsinthenextperiodicreportrequiredunderarticle18oftheConvention.401.  TheCommitteerequeststhewidedisseminationin f$a Colombiaofthepresentconcludingcomments,inordertomakethepeopleofColombia,andinparticulargovernmentadministratorsandpoliticians,awareofthestepsthathavebeentakentoensuredejureanddefactoequalityforwomen '!e andthefurtherstepsthatarerequiredinthatregard.ItalsorequeststheGovernmenttodisseminatewidely,andinparticulartowomensandhumanrightsorganizations,theConvention,theCommitteesgeneralrecommendationsandtheBeijingDeclarationandPlatformforAction. -e'm & & h     /x /xj /x#Sid  3    ChapterV  0  0xWaysandmeansofexpeditingtheworkoftheCommitteeh D9 9#idS 3 j  j /x  jxx         402. x TheCommitteeconsideredwaysandmeansof x  expeditingtheworkoftheCommittee(agendaitem8)atits405thmeeting,on19January1999.'&89403. x TheitemwasintroducedbytheChiefoftheWomens  t  RightsUnitoftheDivisionfortheAdvancementofWomen,whointroducedthereportoftheSecretariat(CEDAW/C/1999/I/4)andaworkingpapercontainingdraftrulesofprocedure(CEDAW/C/1997/WG.I/WP.1).S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    0  0xActiontakenbytheCommitteeonthe j  reportofWorkingGroupIS:as= )> XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3L xx         404. x Atits424thmeeting,on5February1999,the V CommitteeconsideredtheitemonthebasisofthereportofWorkingGroupI(CEDAW/C/1999/I/WG.I/WP.1)andtookthefollowingdecisions.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    1.0 x Statespartiespresentationofinitialreportse @ GA /x/x /x /x#idid 3Oxx         405. x TheCommitteedecidedthat,inintroducingtheirinitial e reports,Statespartiesshouldprovideanoralpresentationupdatingtheirwrittenreportsthatshouldbenolongerthanthetimeallottedforpresentation(i.e.,45minutes)indicatedintheCommitteesprogrammeofworkandintheJournal /! oftheUnitedNations. M" 406. x TheCommitteereiterateditsdecision16/III,inwhich  c$ itdecided,onanexceptionalbasisandasatemporarymeasure,toinviteStatespartiestocombineamaximumoftworeports.WhenaStatepartysinitialreportislongoverdue,theCommitteedecidedtoconsiderarevisedreportingschedulewithregardtothatStatepartysperiodicreportsatthesessionatwhichitpresentsitsinitialreport,andtoinformtheStatepartyaccordingly.& n e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    2.0 x Statespartiespresentationofperiodicreportse  ontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen. l#l# 0 x 0x#x#6.0l##Waysandmeansofexpeditingtheworkofthe dB Committee. l#l# 0 x 0x#x#7.0l##Provisionalagendaforthetwentysecond B E session. l#l# 0 x 0x#x#8.0l##AdoptionofthereportoftheCommitteeonits  v H twentyfirstsession. l#l# & $ h     /x /xj /x#Sid  3    ChapterVIII jM 0 x 0x#x#Adoptionofthereporth  ?#idS 3 j  j /x  jlN##         438.  Atits424thmeeting,on5February1999,the 6Q Committeeadoptedthereportonitstwentiethsession(CEDAW/C/1999/I/L.1andAdd.18,asorallyamended).'$}  QT ((    T7    3 T /x^#]Sid    Parttwo ReportoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomenonitstwenty-firstsession7# 3ӹ     /x T^#id]S      $  X B/x /xj /xLetteroftransmittal  B z w j  j/x j  C A.-6789:   NH-6789:C7Kdd7  #idid 33          & 2SS5z 5/x/x/x/xg!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A x& e3q !?&'^) ./,15k78=  512August1999 z  0 : 0::Sir,  0 : 0:: Ihavethehonourtorefertoarticle21oftheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen,accordingtowhichtheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen,establishedpursuanttotheConvention, shall,throughtheEconomicandSocialCouncil,reportannuallytotheGeneralAssemblyoftheUnitedNationsonitsactivities.  0 : 0:: TheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomenhelditstwentyfirstsessionfrom7Juneto25June1999atUnitedNationsHeadquarters.Itadopteditsreportonthesessionatits444thmeeting,on25June1999.ThereportoftheCommitteeisherewithsubmittedtoyoufortransmissiontotheGeneralAssemblyatitsfiftyfourthsession.  o 3  rr$(Signed)Ada GonzlezMartnez   8ChairpersonccCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomeno 3  ݈o 3  HisExcellencyMr.Kofi Annan  +%6 SecretaryGeneraloftheUnitedNationsNewYorko 3   3-'8 W5" 4+C NH-6789:   A.-6789:C   /x/x /x /x#idid 33          (##(d x& e3q !?&'^) ./,15k78=9?!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A& 2SS55  h     /x /xj /x#Sid  3    ChapterI  0  0xMattersbroughttotheattentionofStatespartiesh  c#idS 3 j  j /x  jxx         S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    RRA. x DecisionsS:a  XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3 x          e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3      x Decision21/I ,  0  0xExceptionalreportse   /x/x /x /x#idid 3 J xx           x TheCommitteedecidedthatitmaysometimesbe  `  necessarytorequestexceptionalreportsfromStatesparties,underarticle18.1(b)oftheConvention,inordertoobtainandexaminetheinformationonanactualorpotentialviolationofwomenshumanrights,wherethereisspecialcauseforconcernaboutsuchviolation.Inthisrespect,theCommitteedecidedtoadoptthefollowingstandardsandguidelines:  x (a)  Thereshouldbereliableandadequate   informationindicatinggraveorsystematicviolationsofwomenshumanrights;  x (b)  Suchviolationsarethosethataregenderbased > ordirectedatwomenbecauseoftheirsex;  x (c)  Reportsshouldfocusonaparticularissueor r issuesidentifiedbytheCommittee;  x (d)  Statespartiesshallsubmittheirreportsfor P considerationatsuchsessionastheCommitteedetermines.& 6 e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3     0 x Decision21/IIc"xx 0  0xObservationsbyStatespartiesonconcludingcommentse  M /x/x /x /x#idid 3I$xx           x TheCommitteedecidedthatobservationsbyStates'6cpartiesonconcludingcommentswillbecirculatedtomembersoftheCommitteeandtheirreceiptacknowledgedinanannextotheCommitteesnextannualreporttotheGeneralAssembly.TheCommitteemaydecidetomakeavailablesuchobservationsindependentlyofitsannualreport.& z S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    ]]B.0 x SuggestionsS:a M XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3%; 0xx         e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3     0 x Suggestion21/1'!3xx 0  0xReportoneffortstowardsuniversalratification,timelyreportingandtheacceptanceoftheamendmenttoarticle20.1oftheConventione  J /x/x /x /x#idid 3)G$6xx           x TheCommitteesuggestedthatareportbeprovidedat +]%8 eachsessionoftheCommitteeoneffortsbytheSpecial'z%AdviseronGenderIssuesandAdvancementofWomenand ,&: theDivisionfortheAdvancementofWomenwithregardtouniversalratification,timelyreportingandacceptanceoftheamendmentofarticle20.1oftheConvention.&  h     /x /xj /x#Sid  3    ChapterII f @ 0 x 0x#x#Organizationalandothermattersh  #idS 3 j  j /x  jh A##         S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    +xA.0  StatespartiestotheConventiononthe 2 D EliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomenS:a8  XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3 LF##         1.xx-x  On25June1999,theclosingdateofthetwentyfirst  I sessionoftheCommitteeontheEliminationof'f DiscriminationagainstWomen,therewere163StatespartiestotheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen,whichwasadoptedbytheGeneralAssemblyinitsresolution34/180of18December1979andopenedforsignature,ratificationandaccessioninNewYorkinMarch1980.Inaccordancewitharticle27,theConventionenteredintoforceon3September1981.2.xx-x  AlistofStatespartiestotheConventioniscontained VS inannexI.&   S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    +xB.0  OpeningofthesessionS:a_  XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3JX##         3.xx-x  TheCommitteehelditstwentyfirstsessionatUnited [ NationsHeadquartersfrom7to25June1999.The' SCommitteeheld20plenarymeetings(425thto444th).AlistofthedocumentsbeforetheCommitteeiscontainedinannexIII,sectionB.TheCommitteedecidedtotakeupagendaitems5and6inaworkinggroupofthewhole,whichheld13meetings.4.xx-x  ThesessionwasopenedbytheChairpersonofthe n!c Committee,AdaGonzlezMartnez(Mexico).5.xx-x  Beforetakinguptheregularworkofthesession,the L#f twentiethanniversaryoftheadoptionoftheConventionwascommemorated.Thecommemorationconsistedoftwoparts:asolemncommemorationoftheadoptionoftheConvention,withthepresenceofanumberofpastandpresentmembersoftheCommittee,andaroundtableontheimpactoftheConventionatthedomesticlevel.6.xx-x  StatementsbythecurrentandfirstChairpersonsofthe )h#n Committee,AdaGonzlezMartnezandLuvsandanzangynIder,respectively,weremadeatthesolemncommemoration.StatementswerealsomadebytheDeputySecretaryGeneraloftheUnitedNations,LouiseFrchette,theUnderSecretaryGeneraloftheDepartmentofEconomicand ,P's SocialAffairs,NitinDesai,theSpecialAdviseronGenderIssuesandAdvancementofWomen,AngelaE.V.King,andtheDirectoroftheDivisionfortheAdvancementofWomen,YakinErtrk.AmessagefromtheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRightswasreadbyBacreWalyNdiaye,DirectoroftheNewYorkOfficeoftheHighCommissioner.7.  x Statementsemphasizedthecatalyticroleofthe p  Conventionanditscriticalcontributiontothequestforequalitybetweenwomenandmen.ItwasnotedthattherootsoftheConventioncanbetracedthroughthewholehistoryoftheUnitedNationsanditseffortstoproclaimandcodifyhumanrights.Internationalcodes,suchastheConvention,werenotselfimplementingandtrueequalityforwomenrequiredworkonmanyfronts,includingbuildingpoliticalwill,thecreationofanenablingenvironment,awarenessraisingandadvocacy.Programmesandprojectstoleveltheplayingfieldforwomenintheiraccesstoresources,theiropportunitiesinpubliclife,includinginpoliticsandtheeconomy,theartsandsciencesandtheworkplace,wererequired,aswereprogrammestoensureequalityincommunitiesandthehome.8.  x Speakersemphasizedthatmuchprogresshadbeen v madetowardstheachievementofwomensequality,particularlyinregardtoequalfranchiseandpoliticalparticipation.Nonetheless,muchmoreremainedtobedoneaswomenshumanrightsweredisregardedandviolatedinmanywaysinallcountriesoftheworld.StatementsemphasizedtheimportantcontributionofpastandpresentmembersoftheCommittee,particularlyitsChairpersons,inensuringtheimplementationoftheConvention.Inthisregard,theCommitteesroleasanagentforchangeforwomencollectivelyandindividuallywashighlighted.ItwasalsostressedthatgenderequalitywasnotsimplytheconcernoftheCommitteeandtheCommissionontheStatusofWomenbutwasalsoimportanttootherbodiesoftheUnitedNationsaswellasofallMemberStates,communitiesandindividuals.9.  x Participantsintheroundtableontheimpactofthe D$) ConventionincludedpastandpresentmembersoftheCommittee.RepresentativesofUnitedNationsentities,includingtheUnitedNationsDevelopmentFundforWomen,theUnitedNationsPopulationFund,theWorldHealthOrganization,theUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme,theUnitedNationsChildrensFund,theFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations,andtheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganizationalsoparticipated.Inaddition,otherspecialguests,CeciliaMedinaQuiroga,Chairperson,HumanRightsCommittee(Chile),theFounderofInternationalWomens ,2'4 RightsActionWatch(IWRAW),ArvonneFraser,andShantiDairiam,Director,InternationalWomensRightsActionWatchAsiaPacific,madestatements.10.xx-x  Alistofspeakerswhoaddressedthecommemoration P8 andtheroundtableiscontainedinannexVI.&  S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    +xC.0  AttendanceS:aj   XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3D =##         11.xx-x  TwentyonemembersoftheCommitteeattendedthe  N@ session:NaelaGabrattendedfrom8to26June,AdaGonzlezMartnezfrom5to13and16to25June,SavitriGoonesekerefrom7to17June,RosarioManalofrom7to11and21to24June,AnneLiseRyelfrom10to17JuneandCarmelShalevfrom7to16June1999.NotinattendancewereCarlotaBusteloGarciadelRealandMaviviMyakayakaManzini.'D ^12.xx-x  AlistofthemembersoftheCommittee,indicating  I theirtermsofoffice,iscontainedinannexIV.&  S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    +xD.0  Adoptionoftheagendaandorganization zN ofworkS:a     XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3\O##         13.xx-x  TheCommitteeconsideredtheprovisionalagendaand fR organizationofwork(CEDAW/C/1999/II/1)atits426th'z meeting,on8June1999.Theagendaasadoptedwasasfollows:xx-x0  1. l Openingofthesession.~W## xx-x  0 l Commemorationofthetwentiethanniversaryof Y theadoptionoftheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen. l#l# xx-x0  2.0l##Adoptionoftheagendaandorganizationof !X^ work. l#l# xx-x0  3.0l##ReportoftheChairpersononactivities "6a undertakenbetweenthetwentiethandtwentyfirstsessionsoftheCommittee. l#l# xx-x0  4.0l##ConsiderationofreportssubmittedbyStates %e partiesunderarticle18oftheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen. l#l# xx-x0  5.0l##Implementationofarticle21oftheConvention (J#j ontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen. l#l# xx-x0  6.0l##Waysandmeansofexpeditingtheworkofthe +%n Committee. l#l#  ,C'p  0 x 7.0xxProvisionalagendaforthetwentysecond  session.   0 x 8.0xxAdoptionofthereportoftheCommitteeonits  twentyfirstsession.  & S S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    ]]E.0 x ReportofthepresessionworkinggroupS:az  0 XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3| xx         14.  x TheCommitteehaddecided,atitsninthsession, O#  4      ׀to 0   conveneapresessionworkinggroupforfivedays'S| nbeforeeachsessiontopreparelistsofquestionsrelatingtosecondandsubsequentperiodicreportsthatwouldbeconsideredbytheCommitteeatthesession.15.  x Atitsnineteenthsession,theCommitteedecidedthat f  fromitstwentiethsession,in1999,thepresessionworkinggroupwouldbeconvenedattheendofthesessionpriortotheoneatwhichselectedStatespartiesweretoreport.Inordertomakeasmoothtransitiontothispatternofwork,theCommitteedecidedthatthepresessionworkinggroupforthetwentyfirstsessionwouldmeetduringthetwentiethsessionandforaperiodofuptothreedaysinordertofinalizethelistsofissuesandquestionswithregardtotheperiodicreportstobeconsideredbytheCommitteeatitstwentyfirstsession.16.  x Thefollowingfourmembers,representingdifferent L regionalgroups,participatedintheworkinggroup:CharlotteAbaka(Africa),AdaGonzlezMartnez(LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean),YungChungKim(Asia)andHannaBeateSchppSchilling(Europe).17.  x Theworkinggrouppreparedlistsofissuesand # questionsrelatingtotheperiodicreportsoffourStatesparties,namely,Chile,Ireland,Spain,andtheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.18.  x Atits433rdmeeting,on14June1999,theChairperson  F( ofthepresessionworkinggroupintroducedthereportofthegroup(CEDAW/C/1999/II/CRP.1andAdd.14).SheinformedtheCommitteethatthepresessionworkinggrouphadbeforeitdraftlistsofissuesandquestionspreparedbytheSecretariatinaccordancewithdecision19/IIIoftheCommittee,basedonananalyticalcomparisonofcurrentreportsofStatespartieswithpreviousreports,theCommitteesdiscussionthereonandotherrelevantinformation,includingconcludingobservationsofothertreatybodies.Otherreferencematerialsincludedtheconcludingcommentsofothertreatybodieswithregardto )#3 theStatespartiesunderconsideration.ThepresessionworkinggroupalsoreceivedcountryspecificinformationonthoseStatespartieswhosereportswerebeforetheworkinggroupfromarepresentativeofoneentityoftheUnitedNations,aswellasfromarepresentativeofonenongovernmentalorganization.19.xx-x  TheChairpersonofthepresessionworkinggroup  : notedthatthereportsreviewedfollowedthereportingguidelinesoftheCommittee,includinginformationontheimplementationoftheBeijingPlatformforActionanddescribedthemajorsocial,economicandpoliticalchangesthathadoccurredsincetheStatepartylastreportedtotheCommittee.StatespartieshadmadesignificanteffortstoimplementtheConventionthroughthepassageoflegislationandothermeasures,anddejureequalitybetweenwomen > B andmenhadlargelybeenachievedinthoseStatesparties.However,itnotedthatwomenineachStatepartyhadyettoachievedefactoequalitywithmenandthatstereotypicalattitudespersisted.20.xx-x  TheCommitteetooknoteofthereportofthepre tH sessionworkinggroup,andurgedtheSecretariattotakeallpossiblestepstomakeentitiesoftheUnitedNationsandnongovernmentalorganizationsawareofitschangedpatternofworksoastoencouragethesebodiestoprovideinputsinthefuture.&  S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    +xF.0  Compositionandorganizationofworkof 2Q theworkinggroupsS:a$rtic k% XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3jR##         21.xx-x  Atits426thmeeting,on8June1999,theCommittee U decidedtotakeupissuesunderagendaitems5'2$(Implementationofarticle21oftheConvention)and6(WaysandmeansofexpeditingtheworkoftheCommittee)asaworkinggroupofthewhole.Theissuesitagreedtoconsiderwere:xx-x  (a) l Criteriaforexceptionalreports; "\ xx-x  (b) l ResponsestoobservationsofStatespartieson #2^ concludingcomments;xx-x  (c) l Rulesofprocedure; % a xx-x  (d) l Theimplicationsoftheoptionalprotocoltothe &&!c ConventionfortheworkoftheCommittee;xx-x  (e) l TheCommitteescontributiontothereviewand (#f appraisaloftheprogressmadeinachievingthegoalsandobjectivesoftheProgrammeofActionoftheInternationalConferenceonPopulationandDevelopment;xx-x  (f) l Reportstobeconsideredatthetwentysecond ,r&k andtwentythirdsessionsoftheCommittee; ,:'l Ї  x (g)  Membersofthepresessionworkinggroupfor  thetwentythirdsessionoftheCommittee.& * h     /x /xj /x#Sid  3    ChapterIII  0  0xReportoftheChairpersononactivitiesundertakenbetweenthetwentiethandtwentyfirstsessionsoftheCommitteeh ,  ^-#idS 3 j  j /x  j  xx         22.  x Reportingonheractivitiessincethelastsessionofthe p  Committee,theChairpersonindicatedthatshehadattended'*,thefortythirdsessionoftheCommissionontheStatusofWomen,includingmeetingsoftheOpenendedWorkingGroupontheElaborationofanOptionalProtocoltotheConvention,whichwereheldinparallelwiththeCommissionsession.ShehadalsoattendedthemeetingoftheCommissionactingaspreparatorycommitteeforthespecialsessionoftheGeneralAssembly,entitled Women2000:genderequality,developmentandpeaceforthetwentyfirstcentury.23.  x ShereportedthatinherstatementtotheCommission, V shehadhighlightedthefactthatDecember1999markedthetwentiethanniversaryoftheadoptionoftheConventionandthat,althoughsignificantprogresshadbeenmadeintheimplementationoftheConvention,moreremainedtobedone.ShenotedthatshehadurgedthoseMemberStateswhichhadnotratifiedtheConventiontodosoandtoaccepttheamendmenttoarticle20.1oftheConventionrelatingtoitsmeetingtime.SheindicatedthatshehaddrawntheCommissionsattentiontotheadoptionbytheCommitteeofgeneralrecommendation24onarticle12, Womenandhealth,andhadhighlightedtheCommitteessuggestionthattheDepartmentofPublicInformationconveyinformationontheCommitteesworktoitsinformationcentresworldwide.24.  x Ms.GonzlezMartnezinformedtheCommitteethat \#( theCommissionhadadoptedthedraftoptionalprotocoltotheConventionbyconsensus,andindicatedthatshelookedforwardtoitsadoptionbytheGeneralAssemblyatitsfiftyfourthsession,latein1999.SheexpressedsatisfactionthattheCommissionhadcompleteditsconsiderationoftheremainingcriticalareasofconcernoftheBeijingPlatformforAction"womenandhealth,andinstitutionalmechanismsfortheadvancementofwomen.ActingaspreparatorycommitteeforthespecialsessionoftheGeneralAssembly,theCommissionhadconsidered,interalia,the ,+%2 reportoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomenonprogressinthe ,'4 implementationofthePlatformforActionbasedonthereviewofthereportsofStatesparties(E/CN.6/1999/PC/4).ThepreparatorycommitteehadadoptedadraftresolutionforsubmissiontotheGeneralAssemblythatdealt,interalia, X7 withthepreparatoryprocess,documentationandtheparticipationofnongovernmentalorganizations,andalsoaddressedtheCommitteesroleinthisprocess.TheChairpersonalsoreportedonhermeetingswiththeExecutiveDirectoroftheUnitedNationsPopulationFund,NafisSadik,andtheExecutiveDirectoroftheUnitedNationsChildrensFund,CarolBellamy,atwhichstrengthenedrelationshipsbetweentheseentitiesandtheCommitteewerediscussed.25.xx-x  Ms.GonzlezMartnezindicatedthatfrom26to28  v B May1999,shehadparticipatedinaveryvaluableworkshopongenderintegrationintotheUnitedNationshumanrightssystem,whichhadbeenjointlyorganizedbytheOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissioneronHumanRights,theUnitedNationsDevelopmentFundforWomenandtheDivisionfortheAdvancementofWomen.Theworkshopaimedtodeveloptoolsforhumanrightsmechanisms,includingspecialrapporteurs,workinggroupsandtreatybodies,whichwouldstrengthentheirabilitytotakegenderissuesmorefullyintoaccount.26.xx-x  Shealsonotedthatshehadattendedthemeetingof \N personschairingthehumanrightstreatybodies,whichwasheldfrom31Mayto4June1999atGeneva.27.xx-x  HannaBeateSchppSchilling,ViceChairpersonof R theCommittee,reportedontheCommissiononHumanRightswhichshehadattendedonbehalfoftheChairperson.Shenotedthatforthefirsttime,theCommissionhaddevotedaspecificagendaitemtothehumanrightsofwomen.InherstatementtotheCommissionunderthisitem,shehadurgeduniversalratification,theremovalofreservationsandacceptanceoftheamendmenttoarticle20.1oftheConventionrelatingtomeetingtime.ShehadalsodrawnattentiontotheCommitteesstatementonreservationsadoptedatitsnineteenthsessioninJuly1998,anditsrecentlyconcludedgeneralrecommendation24onarticle12, Womenandhealth.ShehadalsohighlighteddevelopmentsintheCommitteesworkingmethods,itsincreasingopennesstonongovernmentalorganizationsandtheadoptionofthedraftoptionalprotocoltotheConventionbytheCommissionontheStatusofWomen.28.xx-x  Ms.SchppSchillingconcludedherreportby B)#d describingtheroundtabletocommemoratethetwentiethanniversaryoftheadoptionoftheConvention,heldduringtheCommissionontheStatusofWomen,chairedbyMaryRobinson,theUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights,withtheparticipationofAnneAnderson, *-'i ChairpersonoftheCommissionofHumanRights,PatriciaFlor,ChairpersonoftheCommissionontheStatusofWomen,AngelaE.V.King,SpecialAdvisertotheSecretaryGeneralonGenderIssuesandAdvancementofWomen,andMs.SchppSchilling.̛̜̜&  h     /x /xj /x#Sid  3    ChapterIV  L 0  0xConsiderationofreportssubmittedbyStatespartiesunderarticle18oftheConventionh E E#idS 3 j  j /x  j R xx         S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    RRA.0 x IntroductionS:alG "H XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3 xx         29.  x Atitstwentyfirstsession,theCommitteeconsidered z  thereportssubmittedbysevenStatespartiesunderarticle' D18oftheConvention:twoinitialreports;onecombinedinitialandsecondreport;onecombinedsecondandthirdperiodicreport;thesecondandthirdperiodicreportsofoneStateparty;andthethirdandfourthreportsoftwoStatesparties.30.  x Asdecidedatitsthirteenthsession,in1994,the @ CommitteepreparedconcludingcommentsonthereportsofStatesparties.TheCommitteesconcludingcomments,aspreparedbythemembersoftheCommittee,andasummaryoftheintroductorypresentationsbytherepresentativesoftheStatespartiesareprovidedbelow.ThesummaryrecordsprovidemoredetailedinformationontheCommitteesconsiderationofthereportsoftheStatesparties.&  S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    ]]B.0 x ConsiderationofreportsofStatespartiesS:aM M XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3:$xx         S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    ~~1.0 x InitialreportsS:a9O O XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3 'xx         + /xw /x+/ /xXXXw /x6Q/+ /xXXXw /x+S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    0  0xBelizeS:aQ sR XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3L"*xx         31.  x TheCommitteeconsideredthecombinedinitialand $V- secondperiodicreportsofBelize(CEDAW/C/BLZ/12)at'Mits432nd,433rdand438thmeetings,on14and18June1999.&  e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    JJ(a)0 x IntroductionbytheStatepartye T eU /x/x /x /x#idid 3'O"3xx         32.  x Inintroducingthecombinedinitialandsecondperiodic )e#5 reports,therepresentativenotedthattheratificationofthe''TConventionin1990hadbeenacatalystinbringingchangestoachievegenderequalityinBelize.Sincethatdate,smallbutconsistentstepshadbeentakentocomplywiththearticlesoftheConvention.Shealsonotedthatthereport ,M': reflectedthecombinedeffortoftheGovernmentandnongovernmentalorganizations.33.xx-x  Therepresentativeplacedtheimplementationofthe = ConventioninthecontextoftheStatepartysethnicdiversity,notingthatBelizesmulticulturalrealityimpactedsignificantlyonthedevelopmentandimplementationoflawsandpoliciestoenddiscriminationagainstwomen.ThemajorityofthepopulationofBelizelivedinurbanareas,and14percentofthepopulationwereestimatedtobeimmigrants.Thecountrysfertilityratewas4.6birthsperwoman,makingitoneofthehighestintheregion,withapproximately19percentofchildrenborntoteenagemothers.Fiftyninepercentofchildrenwerebornoutofwedlock,reflectingawiderangeofacceptedgenderrelationships,andrequiringpoliciesandlawsthatwereeffectiveintheseculturalsettings.Thecountryseconomicgrowthratehadbeendecliningfromahighof10.9percentbetween1987and1990to1.4percentin1996.ShenotedthatBelizeoperatedaChurchStateeducationsystem,andthattheChurchsroleininfluencinggenderattitudeswasimportant.34.xx-x  Inpresentingthestatusofimplementationofthe Q Convention,therepresentativenotedthattheConstitutionprovidedprotectionagainstdiscriminatorytreatmentandrequiredStatepoliciestoeliminateeconomicandsocialprivilegeanddisparityamongcitizensongroundsthatincludedsex.SheunderlinedthatthecurrentGovernmentwasthefirsttohaveawomensagenda.Nonationallawsorpoliciesonaffirmativeaction,temporaryspecialmeasuresorquotasexistedinthecountry,andwomencontinuedtoexperienceunequalaccesstoopportunitiesandresources.TheGovernmentaimedatachievingarateofatleast30percentwomeninseniorlevelpositionsinthepublicservice.ThePoliticalReformCommissionwasexpectedtosubmitrecommendationsonpoliticalreforminBelizebytheendoftheyear,includingonaffirmativeactionandspecialtemporarymeasures.35.xx-x  TherepresentativedrewattentiontotheNational |#b StrategicPlanonGenderEquityandEquality,whichhadbeendevelopedtopromoteimplementationoftheGovernmentscommitmentsundertheBeijingDeclarationandPlatformforAction.Itfocusedonfivepriorityareas:familyviolence;employment;health;decisionmaking;andpoverty.BelizewouldsoonadopttheCommonwealthgendermanagementsystem,asamajorcomponentofthePlan.Adomesticviolencetaskforcehadbeenestablishedandwasdevelopinganationalplantoaddressdomesticviolenceandfamilyviolenceinanintegratedandcoordinatedmanner.Legislationonsexualharassmentanddomesticviolenceexistedandalegislativebillonmaritalrapewasbeing ,2'n introducedintheHouseofRepresentatives.Aplanofactionhadbeendevelopedforinstitutingthegendermanagementsysteminthehealthsector.ShenotedthattherewasgrowingconcernaboutthelevelofprostitutioninthelightofthefactthatBelizehadthehighestrateoftransmissionofthehumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV)andacquiredimmunodeficiencysyndrome(AIDS)inCentralAmerica.36.  x Whilewomencomprised52percentofregistered p  voters,andincreasinglywerecandidatesforpublicoffice,womensrepresentationattheparliamentarylevelandlocalgovernmentlevelremainedlow.Forexample,outof29electedmembersoftheHouseofRepresentatives,twowerewomen,andoutof58municipalrepresentatives,eightwerewomen.Thenumberofwomeninappointedpositionswasalsobelowthatofmen.TheNationalWomensCommissionhadconductedastudyonopportunitiesforwomenspoliticalparticipation,andrecommendationswouldbesubmittedtotheCabinetandtoothergovernmentalandnongovernmentalbodies.37.  x EducationinBelizewasmandatoryattheprimarylevel t forchildrenbetweentheagesof5and14.Whilechildrenunder14showedahighermaleenrolmentrate(70.1percent)thanfemale(67.2percent),thefemaletransitionratefromprimarytosecondaryschoolwas,ingeneral,higher(90percent)thanformalestudents(78.8percent).Thispatternwasreversedinruralareas,andregionaldifferenceswerenoted.Morefemalestudentsenrolledintertiaryeducation,with65percentofthestudentsattheUniversityCollegeofBelizebeingwomen.Itwasnotedthatpregnancywasamajorcauseofgirlsdiscontinuingtheireducation.WithindividualschoolsundertheChurchStatesystemofeducationfreetoexpelgirlsfromschoolbecauseofpregnancy,theGovernmentrecognizedtheneedtodevelopanationalpolicyonteenagepregnancy.38.  x Whiletherewerenodiscriminatorylabourlaws, $!z% discriminatoryattitudespersisted,resultinginafemaleworkforcethatwasbettereducatedthanthemaleworkforcebutearnedlessonaverage.Womensparticipationinthelabourforcewaslowerthanmens,andwomenwereconcentratedinlowerpayingjobs,sufferedtwicetheunemploymentrateofmenandweremorelikelytoexperiencelongtermunemployment.Differentminimumwageregulationsappliedtodifferenttypesofjobs,andcertaintypesoffemaledominatedworkwerenotcoveredbyminimumwageregulations.Effortswereunderwaytoimprovetheemploymentsituationofwomen,includingthroughtraininginnontraditionaljobs.Incontraventionofexistinglabourregulations,schoolsoperatingundertheChurchStatesystemwereallowedtodismissunwedpregnantwomenbeforetheyqualifiedformaternityleave. ,2'4 Ї39.xx-x  Therepresentativenotedthatteenagepregnancywas 4 high,with23percentofbirthshavingbeentowomenunder19yearsofage.AbortionwasillegalinBelize,andwhiletheuseofcontraceptionwasnotprohibited,datasuggestedthattheunmetneedforcontraceptionwashigh.WomensHIV/AIDSinfectionratewashigherthanmens,andwomenaffectedbyAIDSwereamajortargetgroupoftheawarenessandpreventionprogrammesoftheGovernmentsAIDStaskforce.40.xx-x  Belizehadahighnumberofconsensualandcommon  V> lawunionsasopposedtomaritalunions,butdefactospousescouldnotclaimmaintenanceafterthebreakupofarelationship,andtheirclaimstofamilypropertywerelimited,includingonthedeathofthedefactospouse.41.xx-x  Therepresentativenotedthatsexualharassment, 6 D accesstocontinuingeducationforyoungmothers,equalpayforworkofequalvalue,genderneutralteachingmaterialsandhealthservicesforwomenrequiredgreatereffort.Increasedcompliancewithexistinglawsandpolicieswasalsorequiredinanumberofareas,includingdomesticviolenceandsexualoffences.ThevarietyoffamilytypesandstructuresinBelizerequiredthatallsegmentsofsocietytakeresponsibilityfornarrowingthegapinfamilylawsandpractice.Concludingthepresentation,therepresentativeindicatedthatthereportingprocesshadenabledtheStatepartytoidentifyareasofpriorityactiontoeliminateallformsofdiscriminationagainstwomen.&  e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    *x(b)0  ConcludingcommentsoftheCommitteee vd19 v /x/x /x /x#idid 37S##         e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Introductione x x /x/x /x /x#idid 3MU##         42.xx-x  TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtothe cW GovernmentofBelizeforratifyingtheConventionin1990'7uwithoutreservations,andforsubmittingitsinitialandsecondperiodicreports,aswellassupplementalinformationupdatingthereportsto1999.ItcommendstheGovernmentforitsoralpresentation,andforthecomprehensiverepliestotheCommitteesquestions.Itappreciatestheopenmannerinwhichthereportwaspreparedandpresented,andinparticulartheconsultativeprocesswithnongovernmentalandotherorganizationsduringthepreparationofthereport.43.xx-x  TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentofBelize & b forhavingsentalargedelegation,headedbytheMinisterofHumanDevelopment,WomenandYouth,andincludingtheFirstLadyasPresidentoftheNationalWomensCommission,andarepresentativeoftheWomensIssuesNetwork.TheirparticipationinpresentingthereportandinreplyingtotheCommitteesquestionsenhancedthequalityoftheconstructivedialoguebetweentheStatepartyandtheCommittee.TheCommitteenotesthatthereportrefersto ,'j stepstakenbytheGovernmenttoimplementtheBeijingPlatformforAction.&  e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0  0xPositiveaspectse Idpo  /x/x /x /x#idid 3ixx         44.  x TheCommitteenotesthattheConstitutionofBelize )  contains,initschapterontheprotectionofthefundamental'=rightsandfreedoms,protectionagainstdiscriminatorytreatmentonthebasisofsex.ItcommendstheGovernmentonitscommitmenttoachievingequalityforwomenandthefullimplementationoftheConvention,asreflectedinitsWomensAgenda1998onthelegal,sociopoliticalandeconomicstatusofwomen.ItwelcomestheGovernmentstargetofrealizingatleast30percentwomeninthetoppositionsofthecivilservice.45.  x TheCommitteecommendsthefactthatresponsibility G  forwomensequalityissuesrestswithaCabinetMinister.ItwelcomestheappointmentoftheNationalWomensCommission,anadvisorybodytotheGovernmentMinisterresponsibleforwomen,asthemainmechanismformonitoringgovernmentalcompliancewiththeConvention.ItalsocommendsthecooperationbetweengovernmentalmachineryandnongovernmentalorganizationsintheimplementationoftheConvention.46.  x TheCommitteewelcomesthelegislativeandpolicy  measuresalreadyundertaken,aswellasthosethatarebeingplannedtotranslateitscommitmenttogenderequalityintopractice.ItwelcomesthepreparationoftheNationalStrategicPlanonGenderEquityandEqualitytoimplementtheGovernmentscommitmentsundertheBeijingPlatformforAction.ItalsowelcomestheDomesticViolenceAct(1993),theProtectionfromSexualHarassmentAct(1996)andtheFamiliesandChildrensAct(1998).Itnoteswithappreciationtheestablishmentofadomesticviolencetaskforce,andtheGovernmentsongoingdevelopmentofamultisectoralnationalfamilyviolenceplan.47.  x TheCommitteecongratulatestheGovernmentonthe K"( highlevelofeducationalachievementbygirlsandwomen,asreflectedinthefemaletransitionratefromprimarytosecondaryschool,andinthehighenrolmentrateofwomen(65percent)attheUniversityCollegeofBelize.& n e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0  0xFactorsanddifficultiesaffectingthe  'b!/ implementationoftheConventione dpo  /x/x /x /x#idid 3'*"0xx         48.  x TheCommitteeisoftheviewthattheChurchState (@#2 systemofeducationperpetuatesaninterminglingofthe'n 'secularandreligiousspheres,whichisaseriousimpedimenttothefullimplementationoftheConvention.The consequencesofthissystemseriouslyaffectgirlsand  ,`&6 womensrighttoeducationandtohealth,includingreproductivehealth,protectedundertheConvention. 49.xx-x  TheCommitteenotesthatthemultiethnicand 9 multiculturalcharacterofthepopulationofBelizeandtheinfluenceofreligioninpublicaffairsrepresentaparticularchallengetotheGovernmentintheadoptionandimplementationoflegislationfortheachievementofequalityforallwomeninBelize,andfullimplementationoftheConvention.&  e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Principalareasofconcernandrecommendationse яdpo  /x/x /x /x#idid 3 /B##         50.xx-x  TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutthelackof E D legislationimplementingtheconstitutionalprovisionof' ŏprotectionagainstdiscriminationintothecivilcode.Inparticular,theCommitteeisconcernedthatarticle1oftheConvention,providingadefinitionofdiscrimination,coveringbothdirectandindirectdiscriminationbypublicaswellasprivateactors,isnotfullyreflectedinlegislation.51.xx-x  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoensurethat  L theConventionsdefinitionofdiscriminationisfullyincorporatedinBelizeslegislation,andinparticulartoensurethatwomenhaveeffectiveremediesagainstindirectdiscriminationanddiscriminationbynonStateactors.52.xx-x  TheCommitteeisseriouslyconcernedaboutthe AR consequencesoftheChurchStatesystemofeducationongirlsandyoungwomensrighttoeducation.Inthisregard,theCommitteeisconcernedthatschoolsarefreetoexpelgirlsfromschoolbecauseofpregnancy,andthatonlyafewsecondaryschoolsallowgirlstocontinuetheireducationafterpregnancy.TheCommitteenotesthatthisviolatesnotonlytheConventionbutalsotheConstitutionofBelize.TheCommitteeisfurtherconcernedthatunderthesamesystem,schoolsareallowedtodismissunwedteacherswhobecomepregnant.TheCommitteeconsidersthisalsotobeinviolationoftheConvention.WhilenotingwithappreciationtheMinisterscommitment,expressedduringthedialogue,toworkforchangeinthisregard,theCommitteenotestheabsenceofanykindofpolicyorlegislativeinitiativetoreversethissituation.53.xx-x  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoplacethe % c highestpriorityoneliminatingdiscriminationagainstwomenandgirlsineducationbecauseofpregnancy,throughbothlegislativeprovisionsandadequatepolicymeasures.ItcallsontheGovernmenttostrengthentheroleoftheNationalCouncilofEducationinprotectinggirlsandteachersrightsineducation.IturgestheGovernmenttoformulateneededpolicyandlegislativemeasurestoensuredefactoadherencetoarticles10,11and12oftheConvention.  ,&l 54.  x WhilewelcomingtheGovernmentscommitmentto   establishingasingleminimumwage,theCommitteeexpressesitsconcernthatfemaledominatedjobscurrentlyhaveasubstantiallylowerminimumwagethanjobsheldpredominantlybymen.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedabouttheeconomicsituationofwomenand,especially,theirlowandfallinglabourforceparticipationrate,whichisindicativeofthedenialofequalopportunitiestowomeninthelabourforce.Sixtypercentofwomenarenotinthelabourforce,andtheunemploymentrateofwomenisdoublethatofmen.Thelackofchildcareincreaseswomensdisadvantageinthelabourmarket.55.  x TheCommitteeencouragestheGovernmentto X  implementasingleminimumwage.Itrecommendsthatanationalchildcarepolicybedevelopedtosupportworkingmothers.ItalsourgestheGovernmenttoassessthereasonsforwomenslowerearnings,andfortheirvoluntarydeparturefromthelabourmarketwithaviewtoadoptingadequatemeasurestoreversethistrend.TheCommitteealsoencouragestheGovernmenttointensifyitsprogrammesforwomenentrepreneurs,includingaccesstoloans,creditsandskilldevelopment,aswellastoensurethateducationalandvocationaltrainingopportunitiesforgirlsincludenontraditionalandemergingareasoftheeconomy,suchastheinformationandcommunicationsfield.TheCommitteealsoinvitestheGovernmenttoensurethatwomencanfullyexercisetheirrighttounionize,andthatallapplicablelegislationinthisregardisenforced,includinginspecialeconomiczones.TheCommitteeurgestheMinistryofWomensAffairstoinitiatedialoguewiththeMinistryofLabour,withaviewtoensuringproperimplementationandmonitoringofexistinglabourlaws,toenablewomentobenefitfromtheemploymentprotectionfoundintheselaws.56.  x TheCommitteeisconcernedatthehighincidenceof  d# teenagepregnancy,with23percentofbirthsin1998beingtowomenunder19yearsofage,which,incombinationwiththepreventionofteenagemothersfrompursuingtheireducation,ispredestinedtoreducewomenseconomicopportunitiesandthusincreasetheirlevelofpoverty.Thefactthat60percentofbirthstoyoungwomenareunplannedisindicativeofthelackofadequatefamilyplanninginformationandcontraceptiveuse.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedattherestrictiveabortionlawsinplaceintheStateparty.Itisconcernedthat,in1998,socalled unspecifiedabortions(abortionsinitiatedoutsidetheformalhealthsector)werethefifthcauseofhospitalization,andhospitalsdiscriminateagainstthesewomenintheprovisionofservicesandcare.Inthisregard,theCommitteenotesthatthelevelofmaternalmortalityduetoclandestineabortionsmayindicatethattheGovernmentdoesnotfully ,&3 implementitsobligationstorespecttherighttolifeofitswomencitizens.TheCommitteeisconcernedthat,whiletherearenolegalbarriers,theneedforcontraceptionremainsunmet.57.xx-x  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoreviseits  n8 abortionlaws,inparticularsinceaccordingtotheinformation,existinglegislationpenalizingabortionisnotstrictlyenforced.ItalsourgestheGovernmenttoincludeageappropriatesexeducationinschoolcurriculaandtoconductawarenesscampaignssoastoreduceteenagepregnancyratesandtoincreasegirlsandwomenslifechoices.TheCommitteealsourgestheGovernmenttoimplementprogrammesandpoliciesaimingtoincreaseknowledgeabout,andavailabilityof,varioustypesofcontraceptives,withtheunderstandingthatfamilyplanningisajointresponsibilityofbothpartners.58.xx-x  TheCommitteeisconcernedatthehighincidenceof  E HIV/AIDSinfectioninthecountry.59.xx-x  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment H implementawarenessraisingprogrammesandpoliciesaboutthepreventionofHIV/AIDSandencouragetheuseofcondoms.60.xx-x  TheCommitteeinvitestheGovernmenttoassessthe hM mentalhealthstatusofwomeninBelize,andtoincludeinformationthereoninitsnextreport.61.xx-x  NotingtherecentrevisionoftheCriminalCodewith Q regardtorepealingtheneedforcorroboratingevidenceinsexualoffencecases,includingrape,theCommitteeremainsconcernedthattheexistingprovisiondemandshigherevidentiaryrequirementsinthesecasesthanforothercrimes.TheCommitteeisconcernedthatthisconstitutesaseriousimpedimenttowomenseekingjusticeinsexualoffencecases,andthustotheeliminationofdiscrimination.62.xx-x  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheCriminalCode F!Z bekeptunderreviewwithaviewtoplacingsexualoffenceandviolenceonaparwithothercriminaloffences.ItalsourgestheGovernmenttoensurethatinvestigationandprosecutionofrapeandsexualoffencecasesareconductedasrigorouslyasinothercriminalcases.TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoseek,asapriority,therepealintheCriminalCodeofthemaritalimmunityrelatingtorape.63.xx-x  TheCommitteeisconcernedatthedifferential '*"c treatmentofmarried,commonlaw,and visitingspousesundercommonlawwithregardtothedistributionofmatrimonialpropertyfollowingthebreakupoftherelationship.  +%h 64.  x TheCommitteerecommendsarevisionofthis  situation,takingintoaccounttheexamplesofcivillawsystemsandcommunityofmatrimonialpropertyapproaches. 65.  x TheCommitteenotesalackofdatadisaggregatedby P sexandage,includingabreakdownbyurbanandruralcategories,onhealthissues,illiteracyratesandthesituationofimmigrantwomen.66.  x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment    improvedatacollectionthroughitscensustocreateabetterbasisforgendersensitivepolicymaking,andtothatendthatitseektechnicalandfinancialsupportfrominternationalagencies.67.  x TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentforthe J  introductionoftheCommonwealthgendermanagementsystemtoensurethatagenderperspectiveisreflectedinallgovernmentalpoliciesandprogrammes,andrequeststhatanassessmentofprogressmadeinthisregardbeincludedinthenextreport.68.  x TheCommitteerequeststhattheGovernmentrespond H initsnextperiodicreporttothespecificissuesraisedintheseconcludingcomments.69.  x TheCommitteerequeststhewidedisseminationin  Belizeofthepresentconcludingcomments,inordertomakethepeopleofBelize,andparticularlygovernmentadministratorsandpoliticians,awareofthestepsthathavebeentakentoensuredejureanddefactoequalityforwomen  andthefurtherstepsthatarerequiredinthatregard.ItalsorequeststheGovernmenttocontinuetodisseminatewidely,andinparticular,towomensandhumanrightsorganizations,theConvention,theCommitteesgeneralrecommendationsandtheBeijingDeclarationandPlatformforAction.& D S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    0  0xGeorgiaS:a  r XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3!(xx         70.  x TheCommitteeconsideredthefirstperiodicreportof H#+ Georgia(CEDAW/C/GEO/1,Add.1andCorr.1)atits427th'D!and430thmeetings,on8and11June1999(seeCEDAW/C/SR.427and430).&  e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    JJ(a)0 x IntroductionbytheStatepartye  t /x/x /x /x#idid 3A'!1xx         71.  x TherepresentativeofGeorgiadescribedthepolitical, W("3 economicandsocialsituationofhercountry,whichisinthe'A'processoftransitiontoamarketeconomy.Shenotedthatinspiteofthedifficultiesthatthispresented,theGovernmentofGeorgiaattachedgreatimportancetotheinternationalhumanrightstreaties,includingtheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainst -]'9 Women,towhichGeorgiahadaccededin1994,withoutreservations.SheindicatedthatbeforeandafteraccedingtotheConvention,GeorgiahadenactedlawstofacilitatetheimplementationoftheprovisionsoftheConvention.72.xx-x  TherepresentativeindicatedthattheprincipalState  n> institutionsresponsibleforimplementationofpoliciesintheareasaddressedintheConventionweretheMinistriesofEducation,Health,InternalAffairs,SocialProtection,LabourandEmployment,RefugeesandResettlementIssues.ConcernsofwomenandchildrenweredealtwithbyagrouplocatedintheOfficeoftheOmbudsman.73.xx-x  Therepresentativehighlightedinitiativesthathadbeen 4 F undertakenafterthesubmissionoftheinitialreportin1998,including,inparticular,theestablishment,byPresidentialdecreeof20February1998,oftheCommissionfortheElaborationofaStatePolicyfortheAdvancementofWomenandtheadoption,on18June1998,oftheNationalPlanofActionfortheAdvancementofWomenfor19982000.Therepresentativenotedthattheestablishmentofthenationalmachinery,theincreaseofwomensparticipationindecisionmaking,theprotectionofwomenfromviolenceandtheimprovementofwomenshealthhadbeenidentifiedasimportantnationalprioritiesandwerenecessaryfortheimplementationoftheBeijingPlatformforAction.74.xx-x  Therepresentativeemphasizedthatowingtothe TT complexfinancialsituationinthecountrytherewerelimitedresourcesfortheimplementationoftheNationalPlanofAction.Effortswerebeingundertakentofindadditionalsourcesforitsfinancing.75.xx-x  TherepresentativeinformedtheCommitteethatthere Z werecurrentlyapproximately70nongovernmentalorganizationsconcernedwithwomensissues.NGOshadpublishedthetextoftheConventioninGeorgian,whilerepresentativesof52womensNGOshadtakenanactivepartintheworkoftheCommissionfortheElaborationofaStatePolicyfortheAdvancementofWomenduringApril1999.NGOshadalsoissuedanappealtopoliticalpartiestoincludemorewomenamongstthecandidatesforparliamentaryelection,whichwilltakeplaceinNovember1999,sothatatleast30percentofthenewParliamentwouldbecomposedofwomen.76.xx-x  Therepresentativenotedthatthecurrenteconomicand 8'!g socialconditionshadbroughtaboutadeclineinthestandardofliving,highratesofunemployment,continuinghighratesofinfantandmaternalmortality,increasedprostitution,especiallyamongstyounggirls,andanincreasednumberofwomendrugaddicts.Toaddressthedeclineinhealthcareservices,theGovernmentadoptedthelawontheprotectionofthehealthofthepopulationin1997,andhaddeveloped ,'n adraftnationalpolicyintheareaofhealthcaretotheyear2010.Thedraftemphasizedspecialmeasurestoimprovethehealthofwomenandchildren.Shealsonotedthatsinglemotherswithunderagedchildrenwereentitledtofreemedicalinsuranceandthattheirincomewastaxexempt.77.  x Therepresentativealsonotedthatwomenssituation  6 atthelabourmarketwasaseriousconcern.Attheendof1998,womenconstituted55percentoftheunemployedinthepublicsector.Amongtheexplanationsforwomensunemploymentwastheclosingoflight,foodandchemicalindustryenterprisesthathadtraditionallybeenspheresoffemaleemployment.Womenhadalsolosttheirjobsasaresultofreformsinthehealthandeducationsectors.Inaddition,aseriesofsociologicalsurveyshadrevealedanextremelylowleveloffemaleparticipationinentrepreneurialactivities.TheGovernmenthadelaboratedadraftnationalemploymentprogramme,whichincorporatedacomprehensiveprogrammerelatingtofemaleemployment,toaddresstheseproblems.78.  x TherepresentativenotedthattheGovernmenthad t recognizedthatgreatereffortswererequiredtoaddressviolence,includingdomesticviolence,againstwomen.Persistenttraditionalstereotypeswereobstaclestotheestablishmentofeffectivemonitoringsystemsandsystemstogatherdataandinformationabouttheincidenceofviolence.Aconfidential hotlinehadbeenestablished,butsheltersandservicesforbatteredwomenwerelimited.79.  x Therepresentativementionedsevereconditionsinthe  penitentiarysystemofGeorgiaandthenecessityfortheallocationofadditionalfinancialresourcesforitsimprovement.Nevertheless,thepositionofwomenconvictscanbedescribedas positivediscrimination.Theconditionsinwomensfacilitiesarebetterwithrespecttosanitaryconditions,foodandhealthcare.80.  x In1998,thePresidentofGeorgiaexercisedhis r!& constitutionalrighttopardon90womenconvictedforminorcriminaloffences.Therepresentativenotedthattherewerenocasesofexecutionofwomensincetherepressionsof1937.81.  x TherepresentativeindicatedthattheGovernmentof %, Georgiawasparticularlyconcernedaboutthelargenumberofrefugeesanddisplacedpersonsinthecountry,ofwhomthemajoritywerewomen,childrenandtheelderly.RefugeesreceivedStatesubsidies,andwereexemptfromincometaxandutilitybills.82.  x Therepresentativeconcludedbyassuringthe *$3 CommitteeofthewillingnessoftheGovernmentofGeorgiatocontinueinitseffortstoimplementtheprinciplesoftheConvention. ,T'6 Ї&  e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    *x(b)0  ConcludingcommentsoftheCommitteee   /x/x /x /x#idid 36##         e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Introductione 1  /x/x /x /x#idid 38##         83.xx-x  TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtothe ,: GovernmentofGeorgiaforsubmittingacomprehensiveand'frankinitialreportwhichfollowstheguidelinesoftheCommitteeandincludesinformationtheGovernmentreceivedfromwomensNGOs.ItalsocommendstheGovernmentonitsoralpresentationofadditionalinformationtoupdateitssubmissionandfortherepliestothequestionsposedbytheCommittee,includingtheprovisionofsomedatadisaggregatedbysex.84.xx-x  TheCommitteecommendsthefactthatGeorgia , D accededtotheConventionwithoutreservations,aswellasitseffortstopublicizetheConvention,suchasthroughthetranslationanddisseminationoftheConventionintheGeorgianlanguage.85.xx-x  TheCommitteealsocommendstheGovernmentof b J Georgiaforsendingahighleveldelegation,whichwasheadedbytheDeputySecretaryoftheNationalSecurityCouncilandChairpersonoftheCommissionfortheElaborationofStatePolicyfortheAdvancementofWomen,accompaniedbytwodeputyministers.&  e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Positiveaspectse   /x/x /x /x#idid 3AR##         86.xx-x  TheCommitteecommendstheeffortsmadebythe WT GovernmentofGeorgiatoformulateanewconstitution,'which,interalia,providesfortheequalityofallpeople V regardlessofsex,forratifyinganumberofhumanrightsconventions,aswellasforbeingengagedinanongoinglegislativereforminmanyareas,includingtheCivilCode,theLawonNationalityandthePatientsRightsAct.Italsocommendsthefactthatsometrainingofofficialsinthefieldofhumanrightshasstarted,thatthenewlegislationhasbeeninstitutedandthatnewjudgeshaveassumedoffice.Thesenewlegalinstrumentsaswellasthenewpersonnelareexpectedtohelpsecurethedejureequalityofwomenand "_ men.87.xx-x  TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentofGeorgia w$b forsettingupvariousinstitutionalmechanismstoadvanceandstrengthenthestatusofwomen,suchastheestablishmentofagroupwithintheofficeoftheOmbudsmanforHumanRightsdealingspecificallywiththeissuesofwomenandchildren,includingtheestablishmentofaconfidentialhotlineforwomenvictimsofviolence,andoftheCommissionfortheElaborationofaStatePolicyfortheAdvancementofWomenincollaborationwiththeUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgrammeandtheWorldBank.It alsoapplaudsthefactthatacommitmenthasbeenmadeto G,&l setupadepartmentofwomensaffairsafterthenextelectioninthespringof2000. 88.  x TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentofGeorgia  fortherecentadoptionoftheNationalActionPlanfortheAdvancementofWomenfor19982000inordertoimplementtheGovernmentscommitmentstotheBeijingPlatformforAction.89.  x TheCommitteecommendseffortsoftheGovernment    ofGeorgiainaddressingthesituationofrefugeeanddisplacedwomenthroughsuchmeasuresasStatesubsidiesandexemptionfrompayingtaxesandutilitybills.90.  x TheCommitteeappreciatestheeffortsofthe ,  GovernmentofGeorgiaforhavingbegunagenderanalysisoftextbooksusedinprimaryeducation.91.  x TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentsefforts (  atimprovingthesituationofruralwomenthroughlandreform,creditunionsandspecialprogrammesforthemountainousregions.92.  x TheCommitteewelcomestheactiveinvolvementof @ NGOsintheimplementationofmanyofthegovernmentaleffortstoimprovethesituationofwomen.& n e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0  0xFactorsanddifficultiesaffectingthe q implementationoftheConventione   /x/x /x /x#idid 39xx         93.  x TheCommitteeconsidersthatongoingeconomic O 'nqrestructuringcreatesanobstacletothefullimplementationoftheConvention.Italsonotesthatthecivilwarhashadaseriousimpactinsomepartsofthecountry,andthatasaconsequencetherearelargenumbersofinternallydisplacedpeople,themajorityofwhomarewomenandchildren.&  e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0  0xPrincipalareasofconcernandrecommendationse   /x/x /x /x#idid 3.'xx         94.  x TheCommitteeexpressesconcernatthelackofreal  D) 'understandingofdiscriminationagainstwomenascontainedintheConvention,whichincludesbothdirectandindirectdiscrimination.Suchindirectdiscriminationisreflected,inparticular,inthesexsegregationofthelabourmarketandinthehighmaternaldeathrate.Itfurthernotestheabsenceofcomprehensivestrategiesandpoliciesdirectedatindirectdiscriminationandthelackofpoliciesandstrategiestocombatdiscriminationintheprivatesector.95.  x TheCommitteerecommendsincorporationofthe D("3 principleoftheequalityofwomenandmenintheconstitution.Itfurtherrecommendsthateducationandawarenessraisingcampaignsbeinitiatedutilizing,interalia, *$6 thelargenumberofwomeninmassmediaandeducation.Effortsshouldbemadetoobtainaclearunderstandingofindirectdiscriminationsoastoaccelerateitseliminationand ,J'9 toputinplacenewlegislationaddressingtheissueofindirectdiscrimination.Trainingoflawmakersandthejudiciary,healthprofessionalsandthemassmediainthisrespectisalsorecommended.96.xx-x  TheCommitteeisconcernedthattheNationalAction  n> Planhasnotyetbeenimplemented.ThisPlanaddressesmajorareasfortheimprovementofwomenssituation,includingtheissuesofgenderevaluationofalllegislation;thecollectionofsexdisaggregrateddata;theenhancementoftheroleofwomenindecisionmakingprocesses;strengtheningwomensroleintheeconomyandtheirpositionintheurbanandagriculturallabourmarketsinordertoreducecurrentpovertylevels;includingwomeninpeacenegotiationsandmakingspecialeffortsforwomenrefugeesandvictimsofarmedconflicts;effortstoprotectwomenshealth;andsecuringthehumanrightsofwomenthroughinformation,trainingandpublicationofrelevanttexts.TheCommitteerecommendsthatmeasuresbeputinplacetoinitiateimplementationofthisplan.97.xx-x  TheCommitteeexpressesconcernthatanumberof tN conceptsandprovisionsthatarebeneficialtotheadvancementoftheequalityofwomenwhichwereformerlyinusearecurrentlybeingdisregarded.98.xx-x  TheCommitteerecommendsthereviewofthenegative S attitudestowardssuchconceptsandprovisionssuchas,forexample,temporaryspecialmeasures,includingquotasintheareasofpoliticalparticipationandinemployment.99.xx-x  TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthepersistenceof PX apatriarchalculture,theprevalenceofstereotypedrolesofwomeninGovernmentpoliciesinthefamilyandinpubliclifebasedonpatternsofbehaviourandattitudesthatoveremphasizetheroleofwomenasmothers.Italsonoteswithconcernthatthereportitselfpromotestheroleofmanasbreadwinner.100.  TheCommitteerecommendscomprehensivemeasures !` toeliminategenderstereotypesthroughanumberofefforts,includingthereviewoftextbooksbeyondprimaryeducation,thesensitizationofteachers,thecreationofawarenessandunderstandingthroughresearchintotherichheritageofwomenspositiveroleinGeorgianhistoryforpolicyplanningandasrolemodels,andtheformulationofpositivesymbolicmessagesatthehighestpoliticallevelconcerningtheequalityofwomeninallareasoflife.101.  TheCommitteenotesthatthereportprovidesvery )l#j littleinformationontheissueofviolenceandongenderbasedviolenceinparticular.ItexpressesconcernthattheremaywellbeahighlevelofviolenceagainstwomeninGeorgia.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedthatthecurrentpolicyofnotcriminalizingprocuringforthepurposeof ,T'o prostitutionhascreatedanenvironmentinwhichwomenandyoungchildrenarenotprotectedfromsexualexploitationinsextourism,crossbordertrafficking,andpornography.Itisalsoconcernedattheincreaseinprostitutionandtraffickingofwomen,especiallyamonggirls,whichislargelyduetotheirpoverty.102. x TheCommitteerecommendsthatlawsspecifically   addressingviolenceagainstwomenandcriminalizingrapeinmarriagebeputinplace.ItalsorecommendsthatGeorgiaconsideramendmentofthePenalCodetoimposeseverepenaltiesforsexualviolenceandabuseofwomenandgirls.Italsorecommendsthedesignandimplementationofpoliciesandprogrammestoaddressviolenceagainstwomen.Inparticular,itrecommendstheestablishmentofanetworkofcrisiscentresandtheexpansionofconsultativeservicessoastorenderthenecessaryassistancetowomenvictims,especiallygirls,bothinurbanandruralareas.Programmesofrehabilitationandreintegrationshouldbedevelopedforthevictimsofsexualexploitationinprostitutionandcrossbordertrafficking.TheCommitteeurgesgendersensitivetrainingforlawenforcementofficialsandagenciesandcollectionofinformationandstatisticaldata.Italsorecommendsthatadvantagebetakenofthefactthatwomenmakeupthemajorityofjudgesandjournalists.Inalltheseefforts,activecollaborationwithnationalandinternationalNGOsshouldbesought,inviewoftheirextensiveexperiencesinaddressingtheseissues.103. x TheCommitteeisconcernedthattherehavebeenno ^ effortstoemploytemporaryspecialmeasurestoimprovethesituationofwomeninvariousareas.104. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment Z! considerintroducingabroadrangeofmeasureswithintheframeworkofarticle4.1oftheConventiontoacceleratetheimprovementofthepositionofwomeninallareasandparticularlyinregardtopoliticalrepresentation.105. x TheCommitteeexpressesconcernatthenumberof :"' womenlivinginpoverty,andtheincreasingrepresentationofwomenamongtheunemployed,duetothedifferentialimpactonwomenoftherestructuringandprivatizationoftheeconomy,towomenbeingclusteredincertainsectorsofthelabourmarketandthepersistenceofsexrolestereotypesinthelabourmarket.Itisconcernedthatpovertyandunemploymentofwomenwillalsohavealongtermnegativeimpactonthehealthofwomenandchildren.106. x TheCommitteerecommendstheimplementationof )#1 comprehensivemeasuresaimedattheimprovementofwomenseconomicstatusthroughtrainingandretraining,aswellastheintroductionofquotasforwomeninthegovernmentaljobcreationschemes.Italsorecommends ,'5 programmestoencouragewomentoparticipateinmodernsectorsofthenationaleconomy,aswellasinentrepreneurship.107.  TheCommitteeisconcernedatthepersistenceofagap P9 betweenthewagesofwomenandmen,eveninthepublicsector.108.  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmentofGeorgiato  L= identifythecausesofthewagegap,particularlybetweenfemaleandmaledominatedpubliclabourmarketsectors,andrecommendsconsiderationofinnovativemeasures,suchastheintroductionofprovisionsforequalpayforworkofcomparablevalue.109.  TheCommitteeexpressesconcernthatexisting J D occupationalhealthstandardsrelatingtowomenwillresultindiscriminationagainsttheminalabourmarketthatisbasedonamarketeconomy.110.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatexistingoccupational b I healthstandardsbeamendedandthatallsuchstandardsthatdirectlyorindirectlydiscriminateagainstwomenberepealed.111.  TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutthesituationwith &N regardtowomenshealthandhealthcare,includingthehighrateofinfantandmaternalmortalityandthehighnumberofabortions,whichareusedasameansofcontraception.Italsoexpressesconcernthattheprivatizationofhealthcarehasnegativelyaffectedwomenbyrestrictingtheiraccesstothenecessarymedicalservicesandreducingjobsforwomenasnursesanddoctors.112.  TheCommitteerecommendstheenhancementof ^W familyplanningprogrammesandthedisseminationofvariousformsofcontraceptives,andthatGeorgiatakeadvantageofassistanceavailablefrominternationalagenciesinthisregard.Italsorecommendsthecreationofinsuranceplansthatsufficientlycoverwomenpatientsinhospitalsandinambulatorymedicalcare.113.  TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthelackof $#z_ statisticaldatainthereport,aswellasthelackofreferencetothegeneralrecommendationsoftheCommittee.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmentofGeorgiadevotespecialattentiontotheachievementoflastingpeace,andtothisendthatitensurethatwomenarefullyinvolvedinthepeaceprocess.Italsorecommendsthattheneedsofinternallydisplacedpeople,particularlywomenandchildren,begivenspecialattention.114.  TheCommitteerecommendsthecollectionofsex z*$i disaggregateddataasthebasisforanyplanningfortheadvancementofwomenandasksthattheybeincludedinthenextreport.Italsorecommendsathoroughstudyofthe ,('l Committeesgeneralrecommendationsandtheincorporationoftheircontentsinfuturepolicyplanning.115. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmentof  Georgiaprovidefurtherinformationinitsnextperiodicreport,describingmeasurestakentoaddresstheconcernsoutlinedintheseconcludingcomments.116. x TheCommitteerequeststhewidedisseminationin  L GeorgiaofthepresentconcludingcommentsinordertomakeGeorgianpeople,andparticularlytheGovernment,administratorsandpoliticians,awareofthestepsthathavebeentakentoensuredejureanddefactoequalityforwomen l  andthefurtherstepsrequiredinthatregard.TheCommitteealsorequeststheGovernmenttocontinuetodisseminatewidely,andinparticulartowomensandhumanrightsorganizations,theConvention,theCommitteesgeneralrecommendationsandtheBeijingDeclarationandthePlatformforAction.&   S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    0  0xNepalS:a  XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3Hxx         117. x TheCommitteeconsideredtheinitialreportofNepal  (CEDAW/C/NPL/1)atits434thand439thmeetings,on15' and18June1999(seeCEDAW/C/SR.434and439).& n e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    JJ(a)0 x IntroductionbytheStatepartye  b! /x/x /x /x#idid 3-xx         118. x TherepresentativeofNepalinformedtheCommittee C  thattherewasanaddendumtotheinitialreportofNepal,'n whichhighlighteddevelopmentssincethesubmissionofthereportinMay1997.Henotedthatinthepastnineyears,Nepalhadratifiedseveralinternationaltreaties,includingthosedealingwithhumanrights.Inconformitywiththeprovisionsofthoseinstruments,Nepalhadabolishedthedeathpenalty.TheNepalTreatiesActof1990providedthattheprovisionsofaninternationaltreatytowhichNepalwasaparty,whichwasinconsistentwithanationallaw,shouldsupersedethenationallawtotheextentofsuchinconsistency.SeveraldecisionsoftheSupremeCourthadalsodeterminedthatsuchinconsistenciesshouldberesolvedinaccordancewithtreaties.119. x TherepresentativeinformedtheCommitteethathuman +& / rightsinNepalhaddevelopedonthebasisofequality.HenotedthatpartthreeoftheConstitutionofNepaladdressesfundamentalhumanrights.Despitethoseconstitutionalprovisions,bothdejureanddefactodiscriminationstill K)#3 existedinNepal.StatutesbasedontraditionalpracticesandcustomsthatwerediscriminatoryandinconsistentwiththepresentConstitutionstillexisted,includingtheMulukiAin, +%6 whichrestrictedwomenfromindependentuseoftheirpropertyandinheritanceofparentalproperty. 3-'8 Ї120.  Therepresentativenotedthatalthoughwomen 8 constituted9.2million,or50.13percentofthetotalpopulationof18.5million,NepalesewomenfacedsocioculturalandeconomicdiscriminationandtherewerenofemaleministersinthepresentcabinetofNepal.HeinformedtheCommitteethatNepalwasmultiethnic,multilingualanddiverse,thusthestatusofwomenvariedbetweenethniccommunities.However,thetraditionalsystemofmostcommunitiesinNepalwaspatriarchal.Therepresentativenotedthatinequalitybetweenwomenandmenarosebecauseofpoverty,illiteracy,traditionalnormsandstereotypesnurturedbythepatriarchalsystem.HeinformedtheCommitteethathalfofthetotalpopulationofNepalstilllivedinabjectpovertyandnearly90percentlivedinruralareas.121.  Therepresentativedrewattentiontotheeighthplan  H oftheNationalPlanningCommissionandtheprovisionsofarticle11(2)(3)oftheConstitution,whichprovidedfortemporaryspecialmeasuressothatwomenspecifictargeteddevelopmentpoliciescouldbeadoptedinordertointegratewomeninthenationaldevelopmentprogrammesandensureparticipationinsocioeconomicandpoliticalsectors.Someoftheprogrammesestablishedundertheeighthplanincludethehiringof4,150teachersaswellasfreeeducationforfemales.Intheareaofhealth,trainingprogrammesgearedtowardstheimprovementofthelocaldeliverysystemwereorganizedformaternalandchildhealthcareworkers,femalehealthvolunteersandtraditionalbirthattendants.Recognizingthat57percentofNepalesewomenwereengagedinagriculture,theGovernmentestablishedaWomenFarmersDivisionwithintheMinistryofAgriculture.Womentargetedincomegeneratingprogrammeswerealsosetupintheareaofforestryandindustry.Intheareaoftrafficking,therepresentativenotedthatNepalhadestablishedaselfrelianceandrehabilitationprogrammeforvictimsoftraffickingandvulnerablegirls.Thevictimsunderwentasixmonthtrainingprogramme.122.  Therepresentativenotedthatdespiteeffortstoimprove .#_ thesituationofwomeninNepal,challengesremainedwithregardtopoliciesandprogrammes.Theseincludedthelackofaneffectivemonitoringandevaluationsystem,ahighmaternalmortalityrateof53.9toevery10,000births.HealsonotedthattheaveragelifeexpectancyofNepalesewomenwas53.4years,whilethatofthemenwas55.9years.ThefemaleliteracyrateinNepalwasabout30percent,comparedwith66percentformen.123.  TherepresentativeinformedtheCommitteeofNepals *$i longtermconcept,whichdealtwiththecreationofadevelopedsocietyonthebasisofgenderequality,womensempowermentandparticipationthroughgender ,2'l mainstreaminginallsectorsofnationaldevelopment.Theninthplan,19972002,wasdirectedatgendermainstreaming,includingthroughtheassessmentofwomenscontributiontohouseholdlabourwithinthenationalaccountingsystem,developmentofgenderdisaggregatedindicatorstomeasurewomensparticipationindevelopmentandeffectivecoordinationbetweenagenciesandbodiesengagedinthefieldofwomensdevelopment.124. x Withregardtotheeliminationofgenderinequality, 8   therepresentativeinformedtheCommitteethatlawsandregulationsthatdiscriminatedbetweenwomenandmenwouldbereviewedbyataskforcesetupundertheMinistryofWomenandSocialWelfare.TheMinistryhadformulatedanationalplanofactionfortheempowermentofNepalesewomen.Theplanofactionwasdesignedtocreateawarenessamongplanners,policymakersandpoliticiansongenderanddevelopmentissues.TheMinistrywouldincreasethenumberofwomeninGovernmentandpublicservicesectorsthroughclassesorganizedbytheGovernmentandnongovernmentalorganizations(NGOs).125. x InreviewingtheBeijingPlatformforAction,the < GenderEquityandWomensEmpowermentNationalWorkPlan1997,whichaddressedthe12criticalareasofthePlatform,wasformulated.TherepresentativeinformedtheCommitteethatanationalfund,whichwouldprovideaccesstocreditforNepalesewomen,wouldalsobeestablished.Concludingthepresentation,therepresentativenotedthatNepalesewomenstillsuffereddiscrimination,butNepalwascommittedtothegoalofeliminatingallformsofdiscrimination.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    &  AA(b)0 x ConcludingcommentsoftheCommitteee :mort b; /x/x /x /x#idid 3"xx         e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3      x Introductione <mort = /x/x /x /x#idid 3 $         126. x TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtothe  & GovernmentofNepalforsubmittingitsinitialreport,which'};followstheguidelinesoftheCommittee.ItalsocommendstheGovernmentontheaddendumtotheinitialreport,whichupdatesthereportandfortheoralpresentationofadditionalinformation.TheCommitteenotes,however,thatthereportdoesnotincludesufficientreliablestatisticaldatadisaggregatedbysex,andprovidesinsufficientinformationrelatingtotheimplementationofanumberofarticlesintheConvention.127. x TheCommitteewelcomesthefactthatNepalratified (/#1 theConventionwithoutreservationsin1990shortlyafteritestablishedasystemofmultipartydemocracy.128. x TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentofNepal +%5 forsendingahighleveldelegation,headedbytheSecretaryofMinistryofLawandJustice. -e'7 Ї& n e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    xx-x  Positiveaspectse Bmort XC /x/x /x /x#idid 3 7         129.  TheCommitteecommendstheeffortsmadebythe 9 GovernmentofNepaltoenactthenew1990Constitution,'nBprohibitingdirectandindirectdiscriminationbasedonsex,andestablishinganindependentjudiciary.130.  TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthatasaresult . > ofthe1997SelfGovernanceAct,approximately40,000womenarenowinvolvedinlocalgovernment.131.  TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentforthe  *B BasicPrimaryEducationProgramme,launchedin1992,whichisdirectedattheimprovementofwomensandgirlseducationandcontributestotheadvancementofwomenssocialstatus,aswellasplayingakeyroleinstrategiesforpovertyalleviation.132.  TheCommitteewelcomesthecreationoftheWomen ( I DevelopmentDivisionundertheMinistryofLocalDevelopmentto,interalia,executetwocentralmicrocredit b K programmesforwomenandtoimplementprogrammesonincomegenerationandcommunitydevelopment.133.  TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentofNepal ^O fortheadoptionoftheninthplanwhichplaceswomensissuesinthemainstreamofdevelopment.ItalsowelcomesNepalscommitmentstoreviewingexistinglegislationandenactingappropriatelawsinaccordancewithinternationalinstruments.TheCommitteealsocommendsthenationalplanofactionforgenderequalityandtheempowermentofwomenformulatedbytheMinistryofWomenandSocialWelfareandendorsedbytheninthplan.134.  TheCommitteenoteswithappreciationthatmany ^Y NGOsplayanactiveroleintheimplementationoftheConvention.& n e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Factorsanddifficultiesaffectingthe  ^ implementationoftheConventione Kores YL /x/x /x /x#idid 3W!_##         135.  TheCommitteenotesthatdifferentculturalpractices m"a 'n KandtraditionsandpersistinghighlypatriarchalvaluesandnormsaffectingallspheresoflifeareimpedimentstothefullimplementationoftheConvention.136.  TheCommitteenotesthatterroristinsurgenciesand %1 f thefrequentgovernmentalchangescausingpoliticalinstabilityintheyoungdemocracyofNepalhavealsobeenobstaclestothefullimplementationoftheConvention.137.  TheCommitteeconsidersthatthewidespreadpoverty I)#k inruralandremoteareasandthegapbetweenthesituationofwomeninurbanareasandthoseinruralandremoteareasasamajorobstacletothefullimplementationoftheConvention. ,J'p Їe     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    &  0  0xPrincipalareasofconcernandrecommendationse !Qores Q /x/x /x /x#idid 3xx         'Q138. x TheCommitteeisconcernedthattheGovernmenthas  nottakensufficientactiontoreflecttheprovisionsoftheConventionindomesticlaws,ortoamendprevailingdiscriminatorylaws.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedabouttheinterpretationofdiscriminatorylawsbytheSupremeCourtandtheCourtsviewthatifanylawsdonotconformwithcultureandtradition,societywillbedisrupted.139. x TheCommitteerecommendsthatadefinitionof    discriminationincompliancewitharticle1oftheConventionbeincludedintherelevantlaws.TheCommitteealsourgestheGovernmenttoamend,asamatterofpriority,discriminatorylawsonpropertyandinheritance,thelawsonmarriage,nationalityandbirthregistration,theBonusAct,anddiscriminatorycriminallaws,includingthenewlawonabortion.140. x TheCommitteeisconcernedattheverylowliteracy j  rateamongstwomen,especiallyinruralandremoteareas,andthepersistenceofbothaquantitativeandqualitativegendergapatalllevelsofeducation.ItisalsoconcernedthattheBasicPrimaryEducationProgrammecoversonlyasmallnumberofgirlsandwomen,andthatilliteratewomenaresystematicallybarredfromvocationaltrainingbecauseoftheminimumeducationalrequirementsforentryintovocationalcentres.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedthatschoolcurriculaandtextbooksconveygenderstereotypesandentrenchavisionofmalesuperiority.141. x TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttointroduceand P implementpoliciesandprogrammesforfreeandcompulsoryeducationforallgirlsattheprimarylevel;vocationalandskilldevelopmenttrainingforincomegeneration,especiallyformarginalizedruralwomen;andthefacilitationofwomensaccesstonontraditionalandnonstereotypicaleducation.TheCommitteealsorecommendsthattheGovernmenttakeconcretemeasurestoincreasethenumberofwomeninhighereducation,inparticularinnontraditionalfields.TheCommitteealsorecommendsthatschoolcurriculaandtextbooksbereviewedinordertoeliminategenderstereotypes.142. x TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttotakeeffective %, measures,includingincentives,toensurethatparentscomplywiththeobligationofcompulsoryeducation.Itrecommendsthatmassivesocialawarenesscampaignsbeundertakentoencouragewomenseducation.143. x TheCommitteeisconcernedthatthereisaneedto )4$2 ensuregreatergendersensitivity,knowledgeandtrainingingenderrelatedissuesamonggroupschargedwithimplementationofpoliciesandprogrammestoachieveequalityforwomen. ,T'6 Ї144.  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttolaunchgender 6 sensitizationandadvocacyprogrammesaimedatthecivilserviceandopinionleaders,politicaldecisionmakers,healthprofessionalsandlawenforcementofficialssoastoensurethataclearunderstandingoftheobligationsundertheConventionisachieved.145.  TheCommitteenotesthatthereportdoesnotinclude  = sufficientreliablestatisticaldatadisaggregatedbysex,andprovidesinsufficientinformationrelatingtotheimplementationofanumberofarticlesintheConvention.146.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatstatisticaldata lB disaggregatedbysexbeincludedinthenextreportandthatinformationbeprovidedwithregardtoallarticlesoftheConvention.147.  TheCommitteeexpressesconcernatthecurrentlaw,  G whichcriminalizesabortion,includingincasesofpregnancythroughrapeorincest.TheCommitteeconsidersthatthecurrentlawonabortioncontributesbothtothehighmaternalmortalityrateinNepalandthehighernumberofwomenprisonersinthatState.Itisalsoconcernedthattheproposedamendmentstothecurrentlawcontinuetoberestrictive,allowingabortiononlywhenthemothershealthisindanger.148.  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttorevise 0Q existinglegislationandtoreconsidertheproposedamendmentssoastoprovideservicesforsafeabortions.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmentprioritizepreventionofunwantedpregnancythroughfamilyplanningservicesandsexeducation.Intheseefforts,theCommitteesuggeststhattheGovernmenttakeaccountofgeneralrecommendation24onarticle12, Womenandhealth.149.  TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutthehighincidence hZ ofprostitutionandtheincreaseintraffickinginwomenandgirls,inparticularforthepurposeofprostitution.Itexpressesconcernthatgirlchildrenaretakenacrosstheborderforthepurposeofchildmarriage.150.  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttotakeeffective #` stepstoreviewexistinglegislativeprovisionsonprostitutionandtraffickinginwomenandtheircompatibilitywiththeConvention,andtoensuretheirfullimplementationandcompliance.ItalsocallsupontheGovernmenttoinitiateregionalandbilateralcooperation,takingintoaccountsubregional,regionalandinternationalagreementsandstandardsonthisissue.IturgestheGovernmenttoreviewitscriminalcode,topunishpersonswhoprocurewomenforprostitutionorfortrafficking,toestablishrepatriationandrehabilitationprogrammes,andtosupportservicesforvictimsoftrafficking. ,'l 151. x TheCommitteeisconcernedthat,althoughthe  Constitutionguaranteesthatpoliticalpartiesshouldreserveforwomenatleast5percentofplacesonelectorallistsofcandidatesforelectionstotheHouseofRepresentatives,andthatatleastthreeseatsshouldbereservedforwomenintheNationalAssembly,representationofwomenintheNationalLegislatureremainsverylow.Itisalsoconcernedwiththeverylowparticipationofwomeningovernmentadministration.152. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmenttake  V  appropriatesteps,includingtheintroductionoftemporaryspecialmeasuresinaccordancewitharticle4.1oftheConvention,toensuregreaterparticipationbywomenatalllevelsofdecisionmaking.153. x TheCommitteeexpressesconcernthattraditional 6  customsandpracticesdetrimentaltowomenandgirls,suchaschildmarriage,dowry,polygamy,deuki(atraditionof   dedicatinggirlstoagodorgoddess,whobecome templeprostitutes,whichpersists,despitetheprohibitionofthepracticebytheChildrensAct)badi(theethnicpracticeof t forcingyounggirlstobecomeprostitutes)anddiscriminatorypracticesthatderivefromthecastesystemarestillprevalent.154. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment,in  coordinationwithcivilsociety,includingwomensgroupsandnongovernmentalorganizations,initiatepoliciesandprogrammestoeliminatediscriminatoryculturalattitudestowardswomenandgirls.ItrecommendsimplementationofanextensivepublicawarenesscampaigninordertoincreasetheunderstandingofgenderissuesandhumanrightsofwomenamongstthepeopleofNepal.155. x TheCommitteeisconcernedthatwomenare p# concentratedinlowskilljobs.Itisconcernedaboutboththegenderdisparityinwagesandtheunequalincomedistributioncausedbytheconcentrationofthevastmajorityofwomeninunpaidfamilywork.156. x TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoadoptlabour P#) legislationprohibitingwagediscrimination.ItalsorecommendsthattheGovernmentintroducespecialmeasurestoencouragewomentoparticipateinallsectorsofemployment,anddevelopspecialcreditfacilitiesforwomentoenablethemtoestablishsmallenterprisesandthatitintroducespecialmeasurestoencouragewomentoparticipateinallsectorsofemployment.157. x TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatthereislittle )4$2 informationonthesituationofwomenintheruralareas,wherethemajorityofthepopulationlivesandwherethemajorityofwomenareengagedintheagriculturalsector. ,'6 158.  TheCommitteerequeststheGovernmenttoinclude 6 initsnextreportmoreinformationanddataonthesituationofruralwomen,aswellasminoritywomen,inparticularwithrespecttotheiraccesstopublicservices.159.  TheCommitteerequeststheGovernmenttorespond  n; totheconcernsintheseconcludingcommentsinitsnextreport.160.  TheCommitteerequeststhewidedisseminationin  ? Nepalofthepresentconcludingcommentsinordertomakethepeople,andinparticulargovernmentadministratorsandpoliticians,awareofthestepsthathavebeentakentoensure lB dejureanddefactoequalityofwomen,aswellasthefurther 4 C stepsthatarerequiredinthisregard.ItalsorequeststheGovernmenttocontinuetodisseminatewidely,andinparticulartowomensandhumanrightsorganizations,theConvention,theCommitteesgeneralrecommendations,andtheBeijingDeclarationandPlatformforAction.&  S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    +x2.0  CombinedsecondandthirdHL## 0 x 0x#x#periodicreportsS:ax y XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3*M##         S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    0 x 0x#x#IrelandS:a){publ { XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3P##         161.  TheCommitteeconsideredthecombinedsecondand <S thirdperiodicreportsofIreland(CEDAW/C/IRL/23)atits440th'xand441stmeetings,on21June1999(seeCEDAW/C/SR.440and441).& n e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    *x(a)  IntroductionbytheStatepartye ~asw ~ /x/x /x /x#idid 3 5Y         162.  TherepresentativeofIrelandbeganhisintroduction K[ byemphasizingIrelandsinvolvementofwomeninpolitics,'n5 ~givingtheexampleoftheelectionoftheirsecondsuccessivewomanPresident,whichfollowedanelectioninwhichfourofthefivecandidateswerewomen.AlthoughthenumberofwomeninParliamentwasstilllowerthandesired,theSecondCommissionontheStatusofWomenhadmadeseveralrecommendationstotheGovernmentandpoliticalpartieswereseekingtoincreasewomensrepresentation.Therepresentativeexplainedthatthe1998EmploymentEqualityActoutlaweddiscriminationonninegrounds,includinggender,maritalstatus,familystatus,sexualorientationandmembershipinthe travellercommunity.163.  Therepresentativedescribedtheroleofwomeninthe (#i labourforce,notingtheparticipationofwomeninthecivilserviceandpolicieswithregardtosexualharassment,childcare,parentalleave,worksharingandparttimework.Henotedthatchildcarewasseenasoneofthemostimportantwaysofreconcilingworkandfamilylife,anda ,&n workinggrouphadbeenestablishedtoreportonthat.Hedescribedthenationaldevelopmentplanonequalopportunitiesbetweenwomenandmen.164. x Therepresentativenotedthattheeducationalsystem P enabledeachpersontofulfilherorhispotential,andwasreinforcedbytheEducationActof1998,whichmadespecificprovisionsforthepromotionofequalityofaccesstoandparticipationineducation.TheEqualityCommitteeoftheDepartmentofEducationandSciencehadbeenestablishedtomonitorandcoordinateactivitiesrelatingtoequalityofopportunityforgirlsandboysineducation.Itwasalsodevelopingstrategiesformainstreaminggenderequalityandhadalsoaddressedtheunderrepresentationofwomenindecisionmakingpositionsineducation.Followingresearchandaseriesofpilotcoursesdesignedspecificallyforwomeninterestedinseekingpromotiontodecisionmakingpositions,morewomenhadbeenappointedtoseniorpositions,buttheGovernmentrecognizedthatmorewomenintopmanagementpositionswerestillrequired.165. x TherepresentativedescribedtheNationalAntiPoverty t Strategyanditskeyobjectiveofreducinginequalitiesandfocusingonthegenderdimensionsofpoverty.SingleparentandsingleadulthouseholdsweregivenparticularattentionintheStrategy.Therepresentativenotedthatwomeninbothurbanandruralareasexperiencedproblemsarisingfrompovertyandmarginalization,andthatwomensandcommunitygroupshadanimportantroleintacklingthoseproblems.166. x TheCommitteewasinformedthatIrelandsfive t reservationstotheConventionwerebeingkeptunderregularreview.Thereservationtoarticle13(b)and(c)concerningaccesstofinancialcreditandrecreationalfacilitieswouldbeliftedwhenanequalstatusbill,whichwouldprohibitdiscriminationinareasotherthanemployment,wasenacted.Theremovalofthereservationrelatingtocontractsenteredintobywomenwasalsoexpected.167. x TherepresentativeinformedtheCommitteethatin #X( 1993,theGovernmenthadestablishedataskforcetoexaminetheneedsof travellers,whichhadresultedinareportcontainingover300recommendations.Thereportrecommendedtheexaminationofgenderimplicationsinordertoascertainhowpoliciesandpracticescontributedtoorhamperedprogressfor travellerwomen.Proposalsforfutureinitiativeswouldbemonitoredandresourceswouldbemadeavailableforthecollectionandcollationofdata.Therepresentativenotedthatthehealthof travellerwomenwasapriorityarea,thatoutreachservicesandonsiteandspecialclinicshadbeenintroducedorwereintheplanning stagesandthatthePrimaryHealthCareforTravellers b,&4 Projectestablishedin1994trained travellerwomeninthedeliveryofprimaryhealthcareservices. 168.  Therepresentativeindicatedthatmeasures,including 7 theRefugeeActof1996,hadbeenintroducedtodeterdiscriminationagainstrefugeesandasylumseekers.Measurestoaddressvulnerablecategoriesofrefugees,suchasvictimsoftrauma,tortureorrape,hadalsobeenintroduced.169.  TherepresentativeinformedtheCommitteeaboutthe  > newwomensprisonthathadbeenbuilttoreplaceexistinginadequateaccommodation.Education,worktrainingandphysicaleducationfacilitiesforfemaleprisonershadalsobeenintroduced.170.  TherepresentativeindicatedtotheCommitteethatin  D ordertomeetwomenshealthneedsfully,thePlanforWomensHealth,19971999,hadbeendeveloped.ItsfourmainobjectivesincludemaximizingthehealthandsocialgainsforIrishwomen;creatingawomanfriendlyhealthservice;increasingconsultationwith,andrepresentationof,womeninhealthservices;andenhancingthecontributionofthehealthservicestopromotingwomenshealthinthedevelopingworld.TheplanhadbeensupplementedbytheestablishmentofaWomensHealthCouncil,whichprovidedforwomensparticipationinthepolicymakingprocesses.171.  Therepresentativenotedthatviolenceagainstwomen P continuedtobeofgraveconcerntotheGovernment,andhadledtotheestablishmentin1997oftheNationalSteeringCommitteeonViolenceagainstWomen.Itsobjectivesincludedthedevelopmentofpublicawarenesscampaigns,criminaljusticeintervention,servicesandsupport.RegionalCommitteesonViolencehadbeenformedintheeightHealthBoardregionsandweredesignedtodrawtogethertheservicesavailabletowomentoprovideasympatheticandconsolidatedapproachtothetreatmentofvictimsofviolence.Rapecrisiscentreswereregardedasvitalforthevictimsofrapeandsexualabuse.172.  Inconcluding,therepresentativeindicatedthatIreland P#] hadsupportedastrongoptionalprotocolduringnegotiations,andexpectedtoratifyitassoonastheprotocolwasadoptedandopenedforsignature,accessionorratification.&  e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    *x(b)  ConcludingcommentsoftheCommitteee uasw + /x/x /x /x#idid 3 I'!c         e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    xx-x  Introductione publ 5 /x/x /x /x#idid 3 _("e         173.  TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtothe u)#g GovernmentofIrelandforsubmittingitscombinedsecond'I'iandthirdperiodicreport,containingdatadisaggregatedbysex.ItcommendstheGovernmentforthecomprehensivewrittenrepliestotheCommitteesquestionsanditsoral ,&k presentationwhichprovidedadditionalinformationonthecurrentsituationoftheimplementationoftheConvention.ItappreciatesthemannerinwhichtheStatepartyidentifiedareasforfurtherprogress.174. x TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentofIreland  n forhavingsentalargedelegation,headedbytheSecondSecretaryoftheDepartmentofJustice,EqualityandLawReform,andincludingofficialsfromvariousbranchesofGovernment.TheirparticipationenhancedthequalityoftheconstructivedialoguebetweentheStatepartyandtheCommittee.TheCommitteenotesthatinformationwasprovidedinthecombinedsecondandthirdperiodicreport,aswellasinthewrittenreplies,onIrelandsfollowuptotheBeijingDeclarationandPlatformforAction.&  e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3      x Positiveaspectse publ  /x/x /x /x#idid 3           175. x TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentonits -  steadyprogressinwithdrawingreservationsenteredtothe'Conventionuponratification,andonthefactthatremainingreservationsarekeptunderreview.176. x TheCommitteewelcomeslegislativechangessincethe E considerationoftheinitialreportin1989,includingtheadoptionoftheCriminalLaw(Rape)(Amendment)Act(1990),theCriminalJusticeAct(1993),theDomesticViolenceAct(1996),theParentalLeaveAct(1998),theEducationAct(1998)andtheEmploymentEqualityAct(1998)andtheforthcomingentryintoforceoftheEqualStatusBill,publishedinApril1999.Inparticular,theCommitteewelcomestheamendmenttotheConstitutionallowingfortheintroductionofdivorce,andthesubsequentadoptionoftheFamilyLaw(Divorce)Actof1996.TheCommitteealsonotesthependingestablishmentofanindependentstatutorybasedHumanRightsCommission,aswellasconsiderationoftheincorporationoftheEuropeanConventionfortheProtectionofHumanRightsandFundamentalFreedomsintoIrishlaw.177. x TheCommitteenoteswithappreciationthe #i) appointment,in1993,ofaCabinetMinisterforJustice,EqualityandLawReform,responsibleforinstitutional,administrativeandlegalreformandforcoordinatingandmonitoringgovernmentpolicieswithregardtowomensequality.ItwelcomestheGovernmentscommitmenttomainstreamingagenderperspectiveintoallpoliciesandprogrammes,andtheregularscrutinyofallgovernmentalproposalsfortheirimpactonwomen.Italsowelcomestheissuanceofguidelinesfordealingwithsexualharassmentinthecivilservice,andtheadoptionofaplanofactiononelderlywomen.  6,&5 178.  TheCommitteenoteswithappreciationthatwomen 5  havebenefitedfromastrongeconomicgrowthrateinrecentyearsandhaveenteredthelabourmarketinunprecedentednumbers.TheCommitteewelcomestheGovernmentscommitmenttoreachingthetargetofaminimumof40percentofwomenoneachStateboard,andtheincreasetoover33percentofIrishwomenintheelectionstotheEuropeanParliamentinJune1999.& 6 e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Factorsanddifficultiesaffectingthe  ? implementationoftheConventione acc ͭ /x/x /x /x#idid 3 @##         179.  TheCommitteeconsidersthatthepersistenceofthe B emphasisontheroleofwomenasmothersandcaregivers'6 tendstoperpetuatesexrolestereotypesandconstitutesaseriousimpedimenttothefullimplementationoftheConvention.Thelackofemphasis,inpublicperceptionandinStatepolicy,onthesharedresponsibilityofmenforfamilyandcaringworkfurthercompoundsthesituationofdefactoinequalityofwomen.& n e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    xx-x  Principalareasofconcernandrecommendationse Macc  /x/x /x /x#idid 3 L         180.  TheCommitteenotesthatalthoughIrelandisasecular &N State,theinfluenceoftheChurchisstronglyfeltnotonly'nAinattitudesandstereotypesbutalsoinofficialStatepolicy.Inparticular,womensrighttohealth,includingreproductivehealth,iscompromisedbythisinfluence.TheCommitteenotesthatIrelanddidnotenterareservationtoarticle12uponratificationoftheConvention.TheCommitteerecommendsimplementationofthisarticleinfull.181.  TheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernthat, ^W notwithstandingrecentfavourableeconomicgrowth,whichhasledtowomenslabourforceparticipationreaching40percent,thereisaconsiderableagegapinthatparticipation,withalmostnowomenovertheageof50yearsinpaidemployment.Itisalsoconcernedthatwomenholdthemajorityofparttimejobsandearnlessthanmen,andthatlittleprogressisbeingmadeinassessingandvaluingworkofcomparablevalue.182.  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoensurethat $ a legislationandpoliciescreatethestructuralandsystemicframeworkthatwillleadtowomenslongtermparticipationinthelabourforceonabasisofequalitywithmen.Inparticular,theCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttotakefurthermeasurestoreducethepaygapinwomensearnings,takingintoaccountdevelopmentsthathaverefinedtheconceptsofequalpayforworkofcomparablevalue,andtoassesstheimpactofculturalstereotypesandwomensreproductiveresponsibilitiesonthecontinuingpaygap.  G,&k 183. x WhilewelcomingtheGovernmentsrecentfocuson   developingandadoptingfamilyfriendly,childcareandparentalleavepoliciestofacilitatewomensparticipationinthelabourmarket,theCommitteeexpressesitsconcernthatthesepoliciescontinuetoplaceprimaryresponsibilityforfamilyworkandchildcareonwomen,ratherthanemphasizingthesharedresponsibilityofmenandwomen.184. x TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttomonitorand p  reviewitsworkandfamilylifepoliciesandlegislationsoastoensurethattheycreateincentivesandopportunitiesforwomenandmentoshare,equally,paidworkoutsidethehomeandunpaidfamilywork.Inparticular,theCommitteerecommendsthatsuchregulationsandpoliciesbeaccompaniedbyawarenessraisingandeducationaleffortsaimedatchangingattitudesconcerningwomenstraditionalrolesandresponsibilitiesforchildandfamilycare.Italsorecommendsthatparentalleaveregulationsbeassessedwithaviewtoprovidingforpaidparentalleavesoastocreateanincentiveformentotakeadvantageoftheirlegalentitlements.185. x WhilenotingwithappreciationtheexistenceofaPlan < forWomensHealth,19971999,andtheestablishmentofaWomensHealthCouncil,aswellasthewideavailabilityofvariousprogrammestoimprovewomenshealth,theCommitteeisconcernedthat,withverylimitedexceptions,abortionremainsillegalinIreland.Womenwhowishtoterminatetheirpregnanciesneedtotravelabroad.Thiscreateshardshipforvulnerablegroups,suchasfemaleasylumseekerswhocannotleavetheterritoryoftheState.186. x TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttofacilitatea <  nationaldialogueonwomensreproductiverights,includingontherestrictiveabortionlaws.ItalsourgestheGovernmenttofurtherimprovefamilyplanningservicesandtheavailabilityofcontraception,includingforteenagersandyoungadults.ItalsourgestheGovernmenttopromotetheuseofcondomstopreventthespreadofHIV/AIDS.187. x NotingthataNationalSteeringCommitteeon #X( ViolenceagainstWomenhasbeenestablishedtodevelopanationalstrategytothisissue,theCommitteeisconcernedthatnocomprehensiveandmultidimensionalstrategyhasyetbeenadoptedtopreventandeliminateviolenceagainstwomen.188. x TheCommitteerequeststheinclusioninthenext (V"/ reportofcomprehensivestatisticalinformationonthetypesandfrequencyofviolenceagainstwomen,includingdomesticviolence,thenumberofcomplaintsbroughtbywomenandtheresultsofinvestigations.TheCommitteealso requestsdetailedinformationonsexualharassmentagainst +>&4 womenintheworkplace,andonmeansofredressavailabletoandusedbywomenandtheresultsthereof. 189.  TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatwomen 7 continuetobeunderrepresentedinpublicandpoliticallife,andthatstructuralandattitudinalreasons,includinglimitingculturalandsocialvalues,difficultiesinreconcilingfamilylife,paidemploymentandpoliticaltasks,havebeenidentifiedamongthereasonsforthislowrepresentation.190.  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttomakefulluse  > oftemporaryspecialmeasuresinaccordancewitharticle4.1oftheConventiontoincreasewomensparticipationinpoliticsanddecisionmaking.ItalsorecommendsthattheEqualStatusBill(1999)beimplementedtoprovidefortemporaryspecialmeasurestoovercomesystemicandindirectdiscriminationagainstwomen.TheCommitteerecommendsawarenessraisingandeducationalmeasurestoredressculturalstereotypes,increasemenssharingofdomesticworkandencouragementoring,networkingandsupportsystemstofacilitatewomensentryintopubliclife.191.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheimpactofsuch lJ legislationandpoliciesonachievingequalityforwomenberigorouslymonitoredandregularlyassessedandevaluatedwithaviewtotakingcorrectiveactionwhenandifnecessary.TheCommitteerequeststhatdetailedinformationonthesepolicies,includingdatadisaggregatedbysex,adiscussionofmethodologiesandofindicatorsusedandoftheirimpactonwomensequality,beincludedinthenextreport.192.  TheCommitteeencouragestheGovernmenttoensure T thattheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomenisincludedinthetermsofreferenceoftheHumanRightsCommission,andthattheCommissionismadeupofabalancednumberofwomenandmen.193.  TheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernaboutthe ![ continuingexistence,inarticle41.2oftheIrishConstitution,ofconceptsthatreflectastereotypicalviewoftheroleofwomeninthehomeandasmothers.ItisawarethatamendmentstothisarticlearebeingconsideredbytheParliamentaryCommitteeonConstitutionalReform.TheCommitteealsonoteswithconcernthattheconstitutionalguaranteeofnondiscriminationdoesnotextendtoprivate,nonStateactors.194.  TheCommitteeemphasizesthatarticle5ofthe )l#e Conventionstipulatesthatallappropriatemeasurestomodifythesocialandculturalpatternsofconductofmenandwomenbetaken,withaviewtotheeliminationofprejudicesandcustomaryandallotherpracticesthatarebasedonstereotypedrolesformenandwomen.The ,T'j CommitteecallsupontheGovernmenttoensurethattheParliamentaryCommitteeonConstitutionalReformisfullyawareofIrelandsobligationsundertheConvention,includingarticle5.195. x TheCommitteerequeststhatthenextreportprovide  n comprehensiveinformation,includingstatisticaldatacoveringlifeexpectancy,literacyrates,employmentandpropertyrights,onthesituationofruralwomen.Notingwithconcernthatarecentpovertysurveydidnotprovidedatadisaggregatedbysex,theCommitteerequeststhatadetailedanalysisbeincludedinthenextreportofthecauses,formsandextentofwomenspovertyanditsintergenerationalperpetuation,aswellasoftheimpactofmeasurestoreduceandeliminatewomenspovertyingeneralandthatofvulnerablegroupsofwomeninparticular.196. x TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutthelackofsex T  disaggregateddataonmembersoftheacademicprofessionwithrespecttodifferentfieldsandlevels.Thisisnecessarytoassesswomensadvancementinhighereducation.ItisalsoconcernedabouttheinadequacyofinformationprovidedonwomensstudiesintertiaryeducationinIreland.197. x TheCommitteerequeststhatthenextreportprovide R sexdisaggregateddataonacademicpersonnelintheuniversities,aswellasinformationontheactivitiesandprogrammesonwomensstudiescentres,particularlywithrespecttowhetherornottheygrantdegreesandtowhatextentgenderandwomensstudiescoursesareintegratedintothecurriculaofconventionaldisciplinesintertiaryeducation.198. x Notingtherecentandextensivelegislative ! developmentsinIrelandastheypertaintowomensequality,theCommitteealsonotesthatthereisaneedforcontinuingandongoingtrainingofthejudiciary,includingmagistrates,ongendersensitivity.199. x TheCommitteeencouragestheGovernmenttoensure, !' throughvariousmeansandchannels,thatgendertrainingisnotonlyanintegralpartofLawSchoolcurriculabutthatitisalsopartofthecontinuingeducationoflegalprofessionalsandthejudiciary.ItalsoencouragestheGovernmenttoensurethatanadequatenumberofwomenareselectedforappointmenttospecializedcourts,suchasfamilycourts.200. x TheCommitteerequeststhattheGovernmentresponds '!/ initsnextperiodicreporttothespecificissuesraisedintheseconcludingcomments.201. x TheCommitteerequeststhewidedisseminationin ,*$3 Irelandofthepresentconcludingcomments,inordertomakethepeopleofIreland,andinparticulargovernmentadministratorsandpoliticians,awareofthestepsthathave ,&6 beentakentoensuredejureanddefactoequalityforwomen 6 andthefurtherstepsthatarerequiredinthatregard.ItalsorequeststheGovernmenttocontinuetodisseminatewidely,andinparticulartowomensandhumanrightsorganizations,theConvention,theCommitteesgeneralrecommendationsandtheBeijingDeclarationandPlatformforAction.&  S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    +x3.0  SecondandthirdperiodicreportsS:a*  XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3 ?##         S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    0 x 0x#x#ChileS:a;  XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3r B##         202.  TheCommitteeconsideredthesecondandthird &| E periodicreportsofChile(CEDAW/C/CHI/2and' CEDAW/C/CHI/3)atits442ndand443rdmeetings,heldon22June1999(seeCEDAW/C/SR.442and443).& n e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    *x(a)0  IntroductionbytheStatepartye 2  /x/x /x /x#idid 3u K##         203.  Inherstatement,therepresentativeoftheGovernment 5M ofChiledescribedthesocial,culturalandpoliticalcontext'n&inwhichtheGovernmentofChilewasimplementingtheConventionandinformedtheCommitteeoftheinstitutionalarrangementsmadesincetherestorationofdemocracy.SherecalledthatChilehadestablishedthefirstgovernmentalmechanismforwomenintheOfficeofthePresidentoftheRepublicin1949.ShestressedthattheestablishmentoftheNationalOfficeforWomensAffairs(SERNAM)in1991hadbeenadecisivefactorinincorporatingagenderperspectiveintopublicpolicyandconsolidatingtheprincipleoftheequalityofChileanwomen,witheffectthroughoutthecountrythroughregionaloffices.204.  ReferringtotheactivitiescarriedoutbySERNAMin [ thelegislativesphere,therepresentativestressedthatoneofthemilestonesofthecenturyintermsofthestatusofChileanwomenwastherecentlyapprovedreformoftheConstitutionwhichestablishedthelegalequalityofwomenandmenatthehighestlegislativelevelbyamendingarticles1and19.Withregardtofamilylaw,shereferredtotheadoptionoftheDomesticViolenceActof1994;inordertofacilitatetheimplementationofthatAct,aninterministerialcommissiononthepreventionofdomesticviolence,coordinatedbySERNAM,hadbeenestablished.ShedrewattentiontotheActissuedinOctober1998which,inanimportantreformforthefutureoftheboysandgirlsoftoday,amendedtheCivilCodeandotherpiecesoflegislationwithrespecttofiliation.205.  Therepresentativesaidthat,inordertoguarantee *%k equalitybetweenhusbandsandwivesatthepersonallevel andinrespectofproperty,the1994Actestablishedthe A,&m sharingofassetsacquiredduringamarriageasanalternativemaritalpropertyregime. 206. x Therepresentativedrewattentiontothe  implementationoftheEqualOpportunityPlanforWomen,19941999,whichhadbeenincorporatedintotheGovernmentsprogrammein1995andhadbecomethemaintoolforimplementingtheConventionandthePlatformforActionadoptedattheFourthWorldConferenceonWomen,Beijing,in1995.ShealsosingledoutformentiontheproposalsforpoliciesonequalopportunitiesforruralwomenwhichSERNAMhaddrawnupinconjunctionwithcivilsociety.207. x TherepresentativeofChilestressedthecommitment   ofthedemocraticGovernmentstoovercomeextremepovertyinChileandinthatrespectreportedthatSERNAMhadinitiatedavocationaltrainingprogrammeforlowincomewomen,particularlywomenheadsofhousehold,whichhadhelpedtoreducethenumberofpoorhouseholdsinChile,throughtheeconomiccontributionofwomen.208. x Therepresentativealsostressedthatsignificantlegal l changeshadbeenmadeandmajorprogrammaticactioncarriedoutinthelaboursphere,bothinrespectofaccessandimprovementoftheconditionsfortheentryofwomenintothelabourmarket,andinthepromotionofsharedfamilyresponsibilitiesandtheprotectionofmaternity.ShesaidthatSERNAMwascontinuingtocarryouttheprogrammefortemporarywomenworkersinordertobringthepublicsectorsintolinewiththeirneedsandprovidethemwithleadershiptrainingsoastoincreasetheirvisibility.Amongthelegislativeadvances,shementionedtheamendmentoftheLabourCodetoprovidedaycareservicestoworkingwomenandtheprotectionofmaternityleavefordomesticworkers.209. x Therepresentativedrewattentiontotheconsiderable  % progressmadeasregardsthehealthofChileanwomenandgirls,stressingthereductioninmaternalmortalityto0.2per100,000livebirths.Sheacknowledgedtheincidenceofteenagepregnancyandmentionedthespecialdaysforcommunitydialogueonemotionalhealthandsexuality,basedonaneweducationalapproach,whichSERNAMhadlaunched,incooperationwithotherStatebodies,forthepurposeofpreventingsuchsituations.ShealsosaidthatinducedabortionwasapublichealthprobleminChile,whereitwasestimatedthatoneabortionwasperformedforeveryfourpregnancies,andwhereabortionwasthesecondleadingcauseofmaternalmortality,eventhoughChileanlawprohibitedandpenalizedalltypesofabortions.210. x TherepresentativealsoinformedtheCommitteeofthe +>&4 progressmadeinthepoliticalparticipationofwomenin ,'5 variousbodiesandinstitutionsinthethreeareasofStatepower,especiallythegrassrootslevel,althoughthatparticipationremainedverylimitedindecisionmakingbodies,suchastheSupremeCourtortheSenate.ShereferredtotheeffortsmadebyvariousgroupswithaviewtoensuringtheincreasedparticipationofwomenintheCongress.Shealsoreportedthatthecriteriaofequalityofopportunitiesformaleandfemaleemployeeshadbeenincorporatedinvariousgovernmentministries.211.  Therepresentativereferredtotheeffortsmadeby  V? SERNAMtoachievetheinstitutionalizationofthegenderdimensioninthepublicpoliciesoftheState.Inthatrespect,sheindicatedthatSERNAMhadcarriedoutagrowingtaskofsensitizationandtraininginthegenderperspectiveforpublicofficialsandhadimplementedprogrammesforthedisseminationofwomensrightsbyestablishingwomensrightsinformationcentresinallregionsofChile.212.  Inconclusion,therepresentativepointedoutthatthe  H GovernmentofChilewasintheprocessofelaboratinganotherEqualOpportunityPlanforWomen,whichwouldcoverthe10yearperiod20002010,inordertoensurethatpoliciesonequalitywerenotdependentontheGovernmentinofficebutratherbecamepoliciesofState.ShestressedthatthePlanwouldbepreparedwiththeparticipationofallsectorsofChileansociety.&  e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    *x(b)0  ConcludingcommentsoftheCommitteee }hea 3 /x/x /x /x#idid 3R##         e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    xx-x  Introductione  G /x/x /x /x#idid 3 T         213.  TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtothe )V GovernmentofChileforitssecondandthirdperiodic'qreports,and,inparticular,forincludinginthethirdperiodicreportdatarequestedbytheCommitteeduringitsconsiderationoftheinitialreport.TheCommitteecommendsthecomprehensiveanddetailedrepliestoitsquestions,whichwereaccompaniedbystatisticaldatapreparedwithinputfromtheministriesandgovernmentofficesresponsiblefortheareasinquestionandfromagroupofwomensnongovernmentalorganizationsandthematicnetworks.TheCommitteealsoappreciatedtheoralpresentation,whichdemonstratedwithtransparencyandsinceritytheprogressachieved,theobstaclesencounteredandtheconstraintswhichhavestilltobeovercomebeforethedejureandde &Q!c factoequalityofChileanwomenisachieved.Inbothcases,theCommitteegainedabroaderpictureoftheoverallstatusoftheimplementationoftheConvention.214.  TheCommitteepaystributetotheGovernmentof i*$h ChileforitsdecisiontosendadelegationheadedbytheDirectorMinisteroftheNationalOfficeforWomensAffairsandcomposedofexpertsintheareasofthe ,'k Convention.TheCommitteenotesthatboththethirdperiodicreportandtheanswersgiventoCommitteemembersquestionsincludeinformationonfulfilmentofthecommitmentsundertheBeijingPlatformforAction.& n e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3      x Positiveaspectse the < /x/x /x /x#idid 3           215. x TheCommitteecongratulatestheGovernmentofChile   ontheadoptionofanumberoflegislativereforms,including'n ztheamendmentofarticles1and19oftheConstitutionoftheRepublicontheequalityofwomenandmen;theDomesticViolenceAct;reformstoimprovetheconditionsofaccesstoemploymentandtraining,workinghoursandsocialbenefitsforfemaleworkers,includingdomesticworkers;andreformsoftheCivilCodepertainingtofamilylaw.Thesereformsimprovelegalequalitybetweenhusbandandwifebyestablishingaregimeofsharedassets,introduceajointfamilyestateandprovideforequaltreatmentofchildren,whetherornottheyareborninwedlock.216. x TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentforthe g politicalwillithasdisplayedinimplementingtheConvention;instrengtheningSERNAMbycontinuingitsprogrammesasadecentralizedgovernmentofficeinthecountrys13regionsandgrantingit,inaddition,budgetaryautonomy;andinadoptingtheEqualOpportunityPlanforWomenandimplementingitnationally.217. x TheCommitteealsocommendstheadoptionof - policiesandtheimplementationofanumberofgovernmentactionsandprogrammeswithaviewtoensuringtheequalityofthegirlchildandofwomenineducation,resultinginanationalliteracyrateof94.6percent.TheCommitteecommendspoliciesaimedatimprovingthelivingconditionsoftemporaryfemaleworkersandprovidingjobtrainingtoyouthofbothsexes;thescholarshipprogrammeforwomenheadsofhousehold;andthehighlevelofprimaryhealthcarecoverage.TheCommitteewelcomestheGovernmentsdecisiontomainstreamthegenderperspectiveinallsocialprogrammesinordertointegrateitinthedefinitionandadoptionofgovernmentpoliciesandtoincorporatetheprincipleofequalityinvariousspheres,therebycreatingasolidbasisforgenderequity.218. x TheCommitteecommendstheeffortsmadebythe 3& - GovernmentofChilebothtodisseminateinformationconcerningwomenshumanrightsinthevarioussocialspheresandtoupholdthoserights.ItalsonoteswithsatisfactiontheactionstakenwiththeparticipationofallgovernmentalsectorsandcivilsocietyaimedatpreventingandcombatingdomesticviolenceandwhichincludetheestablishmentofaspecialunitintheDepartmentofPoliceandthecreationof17specializedofficesinthejudiciary. ,T'6 219.  TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthefollowup 6 totheimplementationoftherecommendationsanddecisionsoftheworldconferencesofthe1990s,includingtheFourthWorldConferenceonWomen,heldinBeijing.& n e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Factorsanddifficultiesaffectingthe  < implementationoftheConventione the B /x/x /x /x#idid 3k =##         220.  TheCommitteenotesthatdespitetheimportantrole  ? Chileanwomenhaveplayedinthedefenceofhumanrights'n andintherestorationofdemocracyintheircountry,thepersistenceofstereotypesandtraditionalattitudesthatwereaggravatedbytheaftereffectsof20yearsofmilitarydictatorshiphassloweddownthefullimplementationoftheConvention.& n e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Principalareasofconcernandrecommendationse the 6 /x/x /x /x#idid 3( H##         221.  TheCommitteeisconcernedatthefailuretoprotect > J womenunderfamilylaw,whichrestricts,interalia, K 'ntwomensabilitytoadministertheirownorjointproperty.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedattheabsenceofanyprovisionfordissolutionofmarriage.Theseareseriouslydiscriminatoryofwomenbothintheirfamilyrelationsandinthefullexerciseoftheireconomicandsocialrights.222.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment R introduceandsupportvigorouslylegislationwhichpermitsdivorce,allowswomentoremarryafterdivorce,andgrantswomenandmenthesamerightstoadministerpropertyduringmarriageandequalrightstopropertyondivorce.Italsorecommendsthatwomenbegrantedtherighttoinitiatedivorceonthesametermsasmen.223.  TheCommitteeisconcernedatthepersistent tZ stereotypesoftheroleofwomenandmeninsociety.Itnoteswithconcernthatsuchprevailingsocialpatterns,includingadolescentgirlsdroppingoutofschoolbecauseofearlypregnancy,domestictasksallottedtogirlsandwomenandthedifferentialobligationsassignedtowomenandmen,revealthatdeeprootedsocialandculturalprejudicespersistsoastonegativelyaffecttheachievementofequalityforwomen.TheCommitteeisconcernedthatchangesinlegislation,althoughpositive,havebeeninsufficienttobringaboutfulldefactoequalitybetweenwomenandmen.224.  TheCommitteeisconcernedatthelowlevelof Z'!f participationbywomeninpoliticsandgovernmentaladministration,especiallyatthedecisionmakinglevel.225.  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttostrengthen *V$j actionsundertakenthroughcomprehensivestrategies,includingtemporaryspecialmeasures,inaccordancewitharticle4.1oftheConvention,intendedtoencouragegreaterparticipationofwomeninpubliclife,particularlyinpolitical  -v'n decisionmaking,andtopromotechangesinattitudesandperceptionsbothofwomenandofmen,withregardtotheirrespectiverolesinthehome,thefamily,theworkplaceandsocietyasawhole.Inparticular,theCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmenttakeintoaccountgeneralrecommendations21and23onequalityinmarriage,familyrelationsandpubliclife,andthatitstrengthenandintensifyactionsaimedatraisingawarenessoftheimportanceofthemultipleroles,activitiesandcontributionsofwomeninthecommunityandfamily,andingeneraltopromoteequalityofrightsandopportunitiesbetweenwomenandmen.226. x TheCommitteeexpressesconcernatthehighrateof   teenagepregnancyandthefactthatalargepercentageofthoseyoungwomenaresinglemothersandmanyofthesegirlsareinearlyadolescence.TheCommitteenotesthatasubstantialnumberofteenagepregnanciescanbelinkedtoactsofsexualviolenceagainstadolescentgirls.Italsonotesthatmanygirlsaremadepregnantbyadolescentboys.TheCommitteefurthernoteswithconcernthatonlypregnantgirlsareexpelledfromprivateschoolsatthesecondaryandpreparatorylevels.227. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmentand  SERNAMgiveprioritytoanexaminationofthesituationofadolescents,andurgestheGovernmenttoadoptvariousmeasurestoaddresseffectivelythesexualandreproductivehealthservicesandinformationneedsofadolescents,includingthroughthedisseminationoffamilyplanningandinformationoncontraceptivemethods,through,interalia, ^ theintroductionofeffectivesexeducationprogrammes.ItalsourgestheGovernmenttomakealleffortstoensurethepassageofalawexplicitlyprohibitingthatadolescentgirlsbeexpelledfromprivateandpublicschoolsbecauseofpregnancy.228. x TheCommitteeisconcernedattheinadequate \ $ recognitionandprotectionofthereproductiverightsofwomeninChile.TheCommitteeisespeciallyconcernedatthelawsprohibitingandpunishinganyformofabortion.Thislawaffectswomenshealth,increasesmaternalmortality,andcausesfurthersufferingwhenwomenareimprisonedforviolationofthelaw.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedthatwomencanonlyundergosterilizationinapublichealthinstitution.Itisalsoconcernedthatahusbandsconsentisrequiredforsterilizationandawomanwhowishestobesterilizedmustalreadyhavefourchildren.TheCommitteeconsiderstheseprovisionstoviolatethehumanrightsofallwomen.229. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment *(%2 considerreviewofthelawsrelatingtoabortionwithaviewtotheiramendment,inparticulartoprovidesafeabortionandtopermitterminationofpregnancyfortherapeutic *-'5 reasonsorbecauseofthehealth,includingthementalhealth,ofthewoman.TheCommitteealsourgestheGovernmenttoreviselawswhichrequirehealthprofessionalstoreportwomenwhoundergoabortionstolawenforcementagenciesandwhichimposecriminalpenaltiesonthesewomen.ItalsorequeststheGovernmenttostrengthenitsactionsandeffortsaimedatthepreventionofunwantedpregnancies,includingbymakingallkindsofcontraceptivesmorewidelyavailableandwithoutanyrestriction.TheCommitteerecommendsgrantingwomentherighttoundergosterilizationwithoutrequiringtheirhusbands"oranyoneelses"priorconsent.Inthatconnection,theCommitteesuggeststhattheGovernmenttakenoteofgeneralrecommendations21onmarriageandfamilyrelationsand24onarticle12, Womenandhealth.230.  TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatmanywomen  E employedbysmallbusinessesandintheinformalsectorearnlowwages,whichmakesitdifficultforthemtoenterthecurrentsocialinsurancesystem.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedthatdespitetheeffortsofSERNAM,womenseasonalworkersfindthemselvesinaparticularlyprecarioussituationasregardsworkingconditions,remunerationandchildcare.231.  TheCommitteerequeststheGovernmenttoinclude >N initsnextreportdataonthecontentandimplementationofthenewplanforequalopportunity20002010,whichisunderpreparation,aswellasstatisticsonthestatusofwomenworkers,improvementsintheirlivingconditions,childcarefacilitiesandtheproblemofsexualharassmentintheworkplace.232.  TheCommitteerequeststheGovernmenttoinclude ZV initsnextreportdataonprogressinthesituationofruralandindigenouswomen,especiallyasregardstheirhealth,employmentandeducationalstatus.233.  TheCommitteerequestsinformationontheincidence r![ amongwomenofallagesoftobaccouse,andonabuseofalcoholandothersubstancesinthenextreport.234.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmentof $n_ Chiledescribeinitsnextperiodicreportthemeasuresitadoptstomeettheconcernsexpressedintheseconcludingcomments.235.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheseconcluding '!d commentsbewidelydisseminatedinChilesothatChileansocietyasawhole,andtheGovernment,administratorsandpoliticians,inparticular,areawareofthemeasurestakentoguaranteedejureanddefactoequalityforwomenandthe *$h furthermeasuresnecessaryinthatrespect.TheCommitteealsorequeststheGovernmenttocontinueitswidedisseminationoftheConvention,thegeneral ,T'k recommendationsoftheCommitteeandtheBeijingPlatformforAction,particularlyamongwomensandhumanrightsorganizations.&  S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    ~~4. x ThirdandfourthperiodicreportsS:a8chil 9 XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3 f          S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    0  0xSpainS:a:chil ; XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3 p xx         236. x TheCommitteeconsideredthethirdandfourth  $  periodicreportsofSpain(CEDAW/C/ESP/3and'f 8CEDAW/C/ESP/4)atits436thand437thmeetings,on17June1999.& n e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    JJ(a)0 x IntroductionbytheStatepartye =chil }> /x/x /x /x#idid 3 xx         237. x Inintroducingthereport,therepresentativeofSpain 3  pointedoutthatthebenchmarksforSpainsnational'n=programmesonequalityofopportunitieshadbeenderivedfromtheplatformsandplansofactionwhichhadbeenapprovedatthevariousglobalconferences,fromearlierregionalpreparatorymeetingsandfromtheEuropeanUnion.AnumberoflegalreformshadbeenadoptedtoguaranteeequalityintheentirebodyofSpanishlaws.238. x TherepresentativeinformedtheCommitteeofthe k variousinstitutionalmechanismswhichhadbeenestablished.TheConstitutionprovidedforcompetenciesintheareaofequalityofopportunitiestobedistributedbetweentheState,autonomouscommunitiesandtowncouncilsand,asaresult,administrationsforthepromotionofequalityexistedinallautonomouscommunitiesandwomensaffairsunitshadbeenestablishedinnumeroustowncouncils.Atthenationallevel,theInstituteforWomensIssues,whichwasattachedtotheMinistryofLabourandSocialAffairs,wastheagencychargedwithpromotinggovernmentpoliciesintheareaofequality.TheMinisterofLabourandSocialAffairschairedtheInstitutesGoverningCouncil,whichwasresponsibleforimplementingpoliciestocoordinatetheworkofthedifferentministerialdepartmentsconcernedwithwomen.TheobjectiveoftheDirectorateGeneraloftheInstitutewastoensuremaximumcoherenceinthevariousequalopportunitypolicieselaboratedbythenationalGovernmentandtheautonomouscommunities.NongovernmentalorganizationsparticipatedintheworkoftheGoverningCouncilandreceivedtechnicalandfinancialassistancefortheimplementationofspecificprogrammes.239. x Therepresentativeoutlinedtheprioritiesofthe *%5 differentPlansofActionforEqualOpportunities.ThemainobjectiveoftheFirstPlan(19881990)wastoenactlegislationthatwouldensureconsistencybetweenthe  -_'8 domesticlegalorderandtheprovisionsoftheConstitutionwithrespecttotheprotectionandguaranteeofequality.TheSecondPlan(19931995)wasfocusedprimarilyoneducation,vocationaltrainingandhealth.TheThirdPlan(19972000)hadfollowedthelinesofEuropeanpoliciesinthatarea,withaviewtopromotingacommonpolicyandensuringgendermainstreaminginallprogrammesandpolicies.240.  TherepresentativeinformedtheCommitteeofthe 8 A progressthathadbeenmadeinthefieldofeducation,inwhichwomenhadmadesignificantstrides.Forexample,inonlysevenyears,thenumberofwomenwhohadsubmitteddoctoraltheseshadrisenby202percent.Genderbasedinequalitiesinvocationaltrainingandhighereducationhadbeenreducedconsiderably,eventhoughsomegenderbaseddifferencesremainedinthechoiceoffieldsofstudy.Areviewofteachingmaterialsandcurriculahadbeenbegunincollaborationwiththeuniversitiesandastarthadalsobeenmadeonthemainstreamingofgenderintrainingcourses.TheMinistryofEducationandtheSpanishConfederationofAssociationsofParentsofStudentsjointlypromotednonsexistteaching,sexeducationandsharedfamilyresponsibilities.AcommissionhadundertakenacriticalreviewofthedictionaryoftheSpanishRoyalAcademyandhadpublishedvariousproposalsforinclusioninaneweditionofthedictionary.241.  Theemploymentrateforwomenhadgoneupduring T the1990s,followingtheadoptionofavarietyofmeasures.TheSpanishKingdomsActionPlanforEmploymentpromoted,interalia,entrepreneurshipamongwomenand DW theirinsertionintotheworkforce.TheInstituteforWomensIssues,incollaborationwiththeFederationofChambersofCommerceofSpain,providedtechnicalandfinancialassistancetoalargenumberofwomenentrepreneurs.Thedraftlegislationaimedatreconcilingthefamilyandworkinglivesofwomen,whichhadbeensubmittedtoParliament,containedprovisionsformaternityorpaternityleave.242.  Despitetherecentadvancesmade,participationin |#` decisionmaking,whichwasanotherareaofkeyimportancefortheadvancementofwomen,continuedtobelimited.Thepercentageofwomenparliamentarianshadincreasedfrom15percentin19891993to22percentinthenationalParliamentandfrom7percentto20percentintheparliamentsoftheautonomouscommunities.Thenumberofwomenemployedinministries,Statesecretariatsandthepublicservicehadincreasedconsiderably,to45percent.Studiesandcampaignshadbeencarriedouttoensuremoreactiveparticipationbywomeninpoliticalandsociallife,butthestructuresandorganizationsofpower,whichweremaledominated,continuedtobeanobstacle. ,2'l Ї243. x HerGovernmenthadadoptednumerousmeasuresto  eliminateviolenceagainstwomen.In1998,ithadapprovedthe19982000PlanofActiononviolenceagainstwomen,whichhadbeenpreparedincollaborationwithministerialdepartments,autonomouscommunities,localmunicipalcouncilsandnongovernmentalorganizations.ThePlancontainedelementsforacomprehensiveresponsetotheproblemofviolenceagainstwomen,includingawarenessraisingandprevention,educationandtraining,socialresources,health,legislationandjudicialpractice,andinvestigation.244. x Therepresentativehighlightedtheimportantroleof   theinformationmediaandinformedtheCommitteeoftheworkbeingdonebytheAdvertisingMonitoringUnit,whichhadmadeanimportantcontributiontotheeliminationofdiscriminationintheportrayalofwomeninthemedia.245. x Thesituationofwomeninruralareashadchanged   considerably,sinceyoungruralwomensoughtemploymentoutsideofagricultureandthehome.Only25percentofrurallandownerswerewomen,whiletheaveragesizeoftheirpropertieswasonlyathirdofthatofmalelandowners.246. x Priorityareasinthefieldoftheadvancementof R womenandhealthwerethepreventionofgynaecologicalcancer,careforpregnantwomen,menopause,informationonandfollowupofcontraceptiveuse,andthepreventionofunwantedpregnancies,especiallyamongadolescents.247. x Sheconcludedbystressingthatinequalityhadceased 2 tobeaproblemthataffectedonlywomenandhadbecomeasocialproblem.&  e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    AA(b)0 x ConcludingcommentsbytheCommitteee Z Z /x/x /x /x#idid 3c#xx         e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3      x Introductione \ \ /x/x /x /x#idid 3 y%         248. x TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtothe  ' GovernmentofSpainforsubmittingdetailedthirdandfourth'cYperiodicreports,containingdatadisaggregatedbysex.ItcommendstheGovernmentforthecomprehensivewrittenrepliestotheCommitteesquestionsanditsoralpresentation,whichprovidedadditionalinformationonthecurrentsituationoftheimplementationoftheConvention.ItappreciatesthefrankandopenmannerinwhichtheStatepartysharedwiththeCommitteeitsanalysisofthesituationofwomenandtheidentificationofareasforfurtherprogress.249. x TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentofSpain (#2 forhavingsentalargedelegation,headedbytheDirectorGeneraloftheInstituteforWomensIssues.TheCommitteenotesthatrecentgovernmentalaction,andinparticularthe ThirdPlanofActionforEqualOpportunities,areplaced +#&6 withinthecontextoftheimplementationoftheBeijingPlatformforAction. & n e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    xx-x  Positiveaspectse Eb b /x/x /x /x#idid 3 i:         250.  TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentonits ) < strongcommitmenttoachievingequalityandequal'n9bopportunitiesforwomen,reflectedinthesustainedprogressithasachievedinimplementingtheConventionsincetheconsiderationofthesecondperiodicreportin1992.251.  TheCommitteewelcomestheadoptionoftheThird _ B PlanofActionforEqualOpportunities(19972000).ItwelcomestheintroductionofgendermainstreamingasastrategyinvolvingallStatebodies,theautonomouscommunitiesandcivilsociety,aswellastheviewthattheachievementofgenderequalityisasocietalconcern,ratherthanawomensissue,andistheresponsibilityoftheStateanditsauthorities.252.  TheCommitteecommendstheworkoftheInstitutefor CK WomensIssuesandcommendstheGovernmentontheestablishmentoftheSectoralWomensConferenceasaconsultativeanddeliberativebodytoensureconsistencybetweentheStatesequalityandequalopportunitiespolicyandthoseoftheautonomouscommunities.253.  TheCommitteenoteswithappreciationtheuseof AR affirmativeactionmeasures,especiallyinthefieldofemployment,toovercomeobstaclestowomensdefactoequality.ItalsocommendstheGovernmentontheadoption,inApril1998,ofaPlanofActiononviolenceagainstwomenwithspecificbudgetaryallocationsforeachoftheareascoveredbythePlan.Itnotesthehighlevelofwomenseducationalachievement,especiallyatthetertiarylevel.TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentforrecognizing,andaddressingbydifferentmeans,stereotypicalattitudesasamajorsourceofwomenscontinuingdisadvantage.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    &  0 x 0x#x#Factorsanddifficultiesaffectingthe \"_ implementationoftheConventione Dk k /x/x /x /x#idid 3$#z`##         254.  TheCommitteenotesthattherearenosignificant :$b factorsordifficultieswhichpreventtheeffectiveimplementationoftheConventioninSpain.'\"l&  e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    xx-x0  Principalareasofconcernandrecommendationsk'!g## e on %o /x/x /x /x#idid 3        255.  TheCommitteenotesthattheSpanishConstitution (#i allowsforahighdegreeofdecentralizationandthat'k'cncompetenceinrespectofequalopportunitieshasbeentransferredtotheautonomouscommunities.Whilenotingthatsuchdecentralizationmayfacilitategreaterinvolvementofcitizens,inparticularwomen,indecisionmaking ,&n processes,theCommitteeexpressesitsconcernthatintheabsenceofeffectivemonitoringmechanismsofthenationalGovernment,suchdecentralizationmayleadtoanunevenenjoymentbywomenoftherightsprotectedundertheConventionintheStateparty.256. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment  6 carefullymonitorequalitymeasurestakenattheleveloftheautonomouscommunitiesandtheircoherenceandaccountabilitywithnationalequalitypolicies.ItalsourgestheGovernmenttoensurestronglinksbetweenthecentralandlocalGovernmentsandfullsupporttotheWomensSectoralConferencesoastoenableittoimplementfullyitsroleasamechanismforcollaborationbetweenthecentralandregionalgovernments.257. x TheCommitteeexpressesconcernthatnotwithstanding 6  theGovernmentsactivepolicyandconcretemeasurestoeliminatethem,stereotypicalgenderbasedattitudespersistwithregardtotherolesofwomenandmeninthehome,intheworkplaceandinsociety.TheCommitteeisparticularlyconcernedthatwhilewomenaregraduallybecomingintegratedintotheworldofwork,menarenotbecominginvolvedinparentalandhouseholdtasksinacomparablerateandmanner.258. x TheCommitteerecommendsthathighprioritybe  placedoneffortstoeradicatetraditionalstereotypesthatperpetuatedirectandindirectdiscriminationagainstwomen.TheCommitteeencouragestheStatepartytostrengtheneducationalmeasures,beginningataveryearlyage,andtoincreaseitscollaborationwithcivilsocietyorganizations,themediaandtheprivatesectorsoastoachievegreaterbalanceintherolesandresponsibilitiesofwomenandmen,particularlyinthesharingoffamilyresponsibilities.Inpromotingthispolicy,itisalsonecessarysimultaneouslytoencouragegreaterparticipationofwomenindecisionmakinginpubliclife.259. x TheCommitteenotesthatwomensparticipationinthe :"' labourmarketisoneofthepriorityareasintheThirdPlanofAction,andthattheEmploymentPlanfor1998isalsocontributingtoachangeinthesituationofwomeninthelabourmarket.Thesemeasuresnotwithstanding,theCommitteeisconcernedthatwomensoverallparticipationinthelabourmarketisoneofthelowestamongWesternEuropeancountries,withonly32percentofwomenholdingfulltimeemployment,whiletherateofwomeninparttimeemploymentremainsat76percent.Womensunemploymentrateisalmostdoublethatofmenand,onaverage,womenearnabout30percentlessthanmen.Whilenewlegislationprotectingparttimeworkerswasintroducedin1998topromotesuchemployment,theCommitteeexpressesconcernthatthesemeasuresmayleadtoshort *-'5 termgainsinwomensemployment,withoutaddressinglongtermstructuralissuesofwomensdoubleburdenofpaidandunpaidwork.Thesemeasuresmayalsoleadtotheperpetuationandreinforcementofstereotypicalattitudesaboutwomensfamilyresponsibilities,ratherthanincreasingtheirparticipationinthelabourmarket.260.  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttomonitor  < carefullytheimpactoflegislationgoverningparttimeworkanditspotentialforunintentionallytrappingwomeninthistypeofemployment.TheCommitteealsourgestheGovernmenttoassesscontinuouslytheadequacyofitsincentiveprogrammesforwomenentrepreneursandtomonitortheneedforcomprehensiveprogrammesprovidinginformation,training,economicincentivesandskillsdevelopmenttoensuresuccessforwomeninsmallandmediumsizedenterprises.261.  Whilewelcomingwomenshighlevelofeducational  G achievement,especiallyattheuniversitylevelwherewomenareinthemajority,theCommitteeexpressesconcernthatthoseachievementsarenotyetreflectedinwomensequivalentaccessto,andrepresentationin,thelabourmarket.Inparticular,whilemensandwomensshareinpublicsectoremploymentisbalanced,menholdtwothirdsofalljobsintheprivatesector.262.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment TP studythecausesforwomenremainingunderrepresentedinemploymentcommensuratewiththeireducationallevel,andexamine,inparticular,recruitmentpractices,trainingandprofessionaldevelopmentopportunitiesofferedintheprivatesectorwithaviewtoassessingtheirpotentialforindirectdiscriminationagainstwomen.263.  WhilewelcomingtheadoptionofaPlanofActionon pX violenceagainstwomen(19982000)coveringsixareasofactivityandwithspecificresourceallocationforeacharea,andtheamendmenttothePenalCodein1999concerningoffencesagainstsexualfreedom,aswellasontrafficking,theCommitteeisconcernedabouttheapparentincreaseindomesticviolence.264.  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoensurethat $6` rigorousattentionispaidtodomesticviolenceintheimplementationofthePlanofAction.Theeffectivenessofthestepstakenshouldbemonitoredonaregularbasis,andacomprehensiveimpactassessmentundertakenattheendoftheperiodcoveredbythePlan.TheCommitteealsorecommendsthatasexperienceisgainedfromimplementationofthePlanbasedongoodpracticestheGovernmentcontinuetointroduceappropriatemeasurestoeliminatedomesticviolence.Itfurtherurgesthatdomesticviolenceissuesbeincludedasamandatorypartofthebasic ,'j trainingoflawenforcementpersonnel,andthatinvestigationandprosecutionofdomesticviolencecomplaintsbeundertakenonaparwithothercriminaloffences.265. x TheCommitteeisconcernedatthesignificantincrease P inabortionsamongadolescentsaged15to19yearsold.266. x TheCommitteerecommendsthatabortionsamong .  adolescentsbeaddressedbyamultiplicityofmeans,includingageappropriatesexeducationinprimaryandsecondaryschools.267. x Notwithstandingtheexistenceofagoodpreventive    policyonHIV/AIDS,theCommitteeisconcernedattheincreaseinwomensinfectionratewithHIV/AIDS.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedatthehighlevelofwomensdrugandtobaccoconsumptionandothersubstanceabuses.268. x TheCommitteerecommendsthatawarenessraising (  campaignsbeundertakenconcerningthepreventablehealthhazardsstemmingfromtobaccoconsumption,andthattheneedbeassessedforadditionalregulatoryandeducationmeasurestopreventandreducesmokingbywomen,especiallyamongadolescentsandyoungwomen.TheCommitteealsocallsforfurtherstudyofthecausesfortheincreaseindrugandalcoholuseamongwomen.TheCommitteeinvitestheStatepartytoprovideinitsnextreportdetailedinformationontheprovisionofhealthservicesandhealthinsurancetowomen,andinparticularthepotentialandactualimpactonwomenofanystepsconsideredortakentowardsprivatizationofthehealthsector.269. x WhiletheCommitteeappreciatestheGovernments H  declaredintentiontoapplythegendermainstreamingstrategyinallpoliciesandprogrammes,itnotestheabsenceofanysystematicattentionto,orpolicydirectedatthechangesinthedemographiccompositionoftheStateparty.Itnotesalackofattentiontothesituationofolderwomenandtheimplicationsofdemographicchangesforwomenshealth,poverty,pensionentitlementsandelderabuse.TheCommitteeisparticularlyconcernedthat,accordingtotheoralrepliesoftheStateparty,womensdomesticworkandcareforolderpersonsarethetwomostimportantobstaclestowomensequalparticipationinpubliclife,andthat83percentofthosecaringforolderpersonsarewomen.270. x TheCommitteerecommendsthatthesituationofolder &!. womenbeaddressedinacomprehensivemannerinthenextPlanonEqualOpportunitiesasamatterofpriority,andinacrosscuttingandcrosssectoralmanner,withemphasisonolderwomenspensionentitlements.Italsorecommendsthatthecarerequirementsforolderpersonsbeaddressedthroughpublicpolicymeasuresinordertoestablishsocietalresponsibilityfortheirwellbeing,ratherthanallowingittoremainpredominantlyaswomensunpaidresponsibility. ,T'6 Ї271.  WhiletheCommitteenotestheeffortsdeployedto 6 reducetheilliteracyrateamongwomen,iturgestheGovernmenttostrengthenthispolicyinordertoreducewomensilliteracyandtherebyenablethemtohaveaccesstoinformationconcerningtheirrightsundertheConvention.272.  TheCommitteeisconcernedatthelackofinformation  6< onthenumberandtypeofwomensstudiescoursesatinstitutionsofhigherlearning.ItrecommendsthattheGovernmentprovidethisinformationinitsnextperiodicreport.273.  TheCommitteenoteswithappreciationthattheissue lB ofwomeninruralsettingsisoneofthe10areasofconcernintheThirdPlanofActionforEqualOpportunities.Atthesametime,theCommitteeisconcernedaboutthelackofdatawithregardtoruralwomenspoverty,employmentrate,healthsituation,andeducationalachievement.Italsonotesalackofdataandinformationonthesituationofothergroupsofparticularlyvulnerablewomen,suchasdisabledwomen.274.  TheCommitteeisconcernedatthesituationofforeign lL womenworkersindomesticservice,asylumseekersandwomenwhomaybelivingclandestinelyinSpain.TheCommitteeisconcernedthatthesewomenmaylackadequateprotectionfromviolenceandabuse.275.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatthesituationofthese R womenworkersbeassessedingreaterdepth,withparticularemphasisonthetypesofwork,legislativeprovisionsgoverningtheiremployment,anddefactosituation.Italsorecommendsthatmeasuresbetakentoimprovetheirlevelofliteracy,includinglegalliteracy.276.  TheCommitteerequeststhattheGovernmentrespond Y initsnextperiodicreporttothespecificissuesraisedintheseconcludingcomments.277.  TheCommitteerequeststhewidedisseminationin F!] Spainofthepresentconcludingcomments,inordertomakethepeopleofSpain,andparticularlygovernmentadministratorsandpoliticians,awareofthestepsthathavebeentakentoensuredejureanddefactoequalityforwomen f$a andfurtherstepsthatarerequiredinthatregard.ItalsorequeststheGovernmenttocontinuetodisseminatewidely,andinparticular,towomensandhumanrightsorganizations,theConvention,theCommitteesgeneralrecommendationsandtheBeijingDeclarationandPlatformforAction.  * %j &     S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3     0 x UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainand  NorthernIrelandS:aktee ! XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3xx         278. x TheCommitteeconsideredthethirdandfourth @ periodicreportsoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainand'ANorthernIreland(CEDAW/C/UK/3andAdd.1and2;andCEDAW/C/UK/4andAdd.14)atits429thand430thmeetings,on10June1999.& n e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    JJ(a) x IntroductionbytheStatepartye Сpub  /x/x /x /x#idid 3  W          279. x Inintroducingthethirdandfourthperiodicreports,the m  representativenotedthatsincethesubmissionofthethird'n ġperiodicreport,andfollowingtheelectionsin1997,substantialpolicychangeshadoccurred.ThefourthperiodicreportrepresentedthecurrentsituationintheStateparty.ShealsodrewattentiontothepresenceinthedelegationofexpertstoaddressthesituationofwomeninScotlandandNorthernIreland,whereresponsibilitywasdevolved,andofrepresentativesofdifferentpartsoftheGovernmentwithresponsibilityforwomensissues.Emphasiswasplacedontheclearvisionforequalityforwomen,representedbyanewrangeofpolicies,andofnewinstitutionsandstructureswithinGovernment.280. x TherepresentativestressedtheGovernments  commitmenttoequalityofopportunityandfairnessforallandtotheeliminationofdiscriminationagainstwomen.Thisencompassedthepositivegoalofimprovingwomensoverallpositioninsocietyandincludedacommitmenttogivingmenthechancetotakeonrolestraditionallyassumedbywomen.TheobligationsundertheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomenandthepolicyrecommendationsoftheBeijingDeclarationandthePlatformforActionwerecatalystsforhelpingtheGovernmenttodeliveritsgoals.Throughaprocessofgendermainstreaming,themajordepartmentsofStatehadpolicyandprogrammeresponsibilitytopromotethewomensagendaasanintegralpartoftheirwiderresponsibilities.Otherpartnersalsoplayedacriticalroleinachievingthegoalofequalityforwomen,includingtheprivatesector,nongovernmentalorganizationsandcivilsociety.ClosecooperationwasmaintainedwiththeEqualOpportunitiesCommissionandwithnongovernmentalorganizations.TheEqualOpportunitiesCommissionandtheWomensNationalCommissioncontributedtothepreparationofthefourthperiodicreport.281. x Inhighlightingkeypolicydevelopmentsrelatingtothe  *a$2 Convention,therepresentativenoted,inparticular,theNationalChildcareStrategy,budgetaryreformssuchasanincreasedchildbenefit,workingfamiliestaxcredit,theintroductionofthenationalminimumwage,pensionreform, +-'6 employmentprogrammes(theNewDeals),includingthoseϜbenefitingwomen,implementationoftheSocialChapteroftheEuropeanUnionandfamilyfriendlyemployment.282.  Therepresentativestressedthecommitmentto joined P: upandmoreopenGovernment,whichwasreflectedintheestablishmentofnewmachineryandprocesses.TheappointmentoftwoMinistersforWomen,thecreationoftheWomensUnitintheCabinetOfficeandnewcrosscuttingmechanismssuchasaCabinetSubcommitteeonwomenandawomenspolicygroupallowedforfocusedattentiontowomensissues.ItwaspointedoutthatthenumberofwomeninParliamentandintheCabinethadreachedthehighestlevelever.Therepresentativeidentifiedanumberofcontinuingchallenges,includingtheimplicationofthedecisiontomainstreamwomensissuesandtherelatedrelativelylowprofileofthewomensmachinery,aswellaswomenslackofinformationaboutgovernmentactionontheirbehalf.283.  Theprocessofdevolutionreflectingthediversityin VJ theStatepartyrepresentedamajorconstitutionalchange.WhiletheGovernmentoftheUnitedKingdomretainedoverallresponsibilityforimplementationoftheConvention,certainresponsibilitieswerebeingdevolvedtotheScottishParliament,theNorthernIrelandAssemblyandtheNationalAssemblyforWales,respectively.Therepresentativesprovidedanoverviewofthelegislativepowersandinstitutionalstructuresandofmechanismsresponsibleforwomensissuesandofplannedaswellasongoingactivities.ItwasnotedthatdetailedpostdevolutionworkingarrangementswouldbedecidedbyMinistersinduecourse.284.  WomeninNorthernIrelandhadplayedaveryactive ZW roleinthepeaceprocessand14womenhadbeenelectedtothenewNorthernIrelandAssembly,whichhadatotalof108seats.Transferredresponsibilitiesincludedresponsibilityforequalitylegislation,includingsexdiscriminationandequalpaylegislation,forwomensissuesgenerally,andfortheadministrationofthenewEqualityCommission.TherepresentativestressedthecommitmenttoacontinuingandeffectiveprocessonwomensissuesinNorthernIreland.285.  Acommitmenttopromotingequalopportunities Z%a underpinnedthedevolutionsettlementwithregardtoScotland.TheEqualOpportunitiesCommitteeoftheParliamenthadawideremit,includingpowertoinitiatenewlegislation.AnewEqualityUnitintheScottishExecutivewouldplayakeyroleinsupportingmainstreamingofallpolicyandprogrammedevelopments,implementationandevaluationinareasofgender,race,anddisability.WomensrepresentationintheScottishParliament(37percent)andintheCabinet(3outof10)wasnoted,andconsultativeprocesseswithwomensorganizationswerehighlighted. *-'k Ї286. x WithregardtoWales,therepresentativenotedthatthe  WelshAssemblywouldhavenonewpowerstocreatelegislation,butwillhavetransferredtoitthepowerscurrentlyheldbytheSecretaryofStateforWales.Astandingcommitteeonequalitywastobecreated,supportedbyanequalitypolicyunit.OfthoseelectedtothenewWelshAssembly,28werewomen(42percent),andfourwomenhadbeenappointedtothe8personCabinet.287. x Inadditiontotheimportantdevelopmentsin 8   devolution,therepresentativehighlightedtheroleoftheTreasuryandofthe1999budgetwithregardtowomen.Thenewbudgetprocesshadamorestrategicorientation,whichsoughttoaddressthecausesofproblems,ratherthantoremedytheireffects.Italsorequiredagenderimpactassessment,aswellasmainstreaming.Theoverallemphasisofthe1999budgetwasonpovertyreduction,whichhadaseriesofimplicationsforwomenandchildren,includinganewtaxratethatbenefitedlowearningwomen;anewlowbasictaxrate;reductioninNationalInsurancecontributionsfor8millionwomen;extensionofmaternitypaytolowpaidwomeninparttimework;newmaternitygrants;afurtherrealincreaseinchildbenefits;andadditionalsupportforloneparents.288. x Inconclusion,therepresentativenotedthatthe > Governmenthadputinplacethemainstructuralelementsandthatprogresswasbeingmadeinaddressingthecontinuinginstitutionalandculturalobstaclesthatwomencontinuedtoface.SheunderlinedtheGovernmentsdeterminationtosecurefurtherimprovementforwomen.&  e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    AA(b) x ConcludingcommentsoftheCommitteee rall : /x/x /x /x#idid 3 !         e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3      x Introductione vern D /x/x /x /x#idid 3 3#         289. x TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtothe I% GovernmentoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainand'xNorthernIrelandforsubmittingdetailedthirdandfourthperiodicreportscontainingdatadisaggregatedbysex.ItcommendstheGovernmentforthecomprehensivewrittenrepliestotheCommitteesquestionsanditsoralpresentationthatfurtherclarifiedrecentdevelopmentsintheStateparty.Itappreciatestheopenmannerinwhichthereportwaspreparedandpresentedand,inparticular,thebreadthoftheconsultativeprocesswithnongovernmentalorganizationsduringthepreparationofthefourthperiodicreport.ThisenrichedthereportsandenabledalargenumberofwomentobecomeinformedabouttheConventionandtherightsprotectedbyit.290. x TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentofthe 1+%4 UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandforhavingsentalargedelegationwithahighdegreeof ,'6 expertise,whichwasledbytheDirectoroftheWomensUnit,CabinetOffice,andincludedofficialsfromvariousbranchesofGovernmentandfromtheScottishandNorthernIrelandoffices.TheirparticipationenhancedthequalityoftheconstructivedialoguebetweentheStatepartyandtheCommittee.TheCommitteenotesthatthereportsrefertostepstakenbytheGovernmenttoimplementtheBeijingPlatformforAction.& n e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    xx-x  Positiveaspectse >vern  /x/x /x /x#idid 3  @         291.  TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentfor  /B withdrawingsomereservationsenteredtotheConvention'n 2uponratificationandonthefactthatremainingreservationsarekeptunderreview.TheCommitteenotesthatthisisinkeepingwithoneoftheGovernmentscommitmentsmadeattheFourthWorldConferenceonWomen.292.  TheCommitteenotesthecommitmentto joinedup - I andopenGovernmentandespeciallytheprogrammeofconsultationonpublicpolicyissueswithwomenwhoarenotmembersofrepresentativeorganizations.ItalsocommendsthedecisiontomainstreamwomensissuesintoallareasofworkoftheGovernment,particularlyintotheworkoftheTreasuryandthebudgetprocess.TheCommitteewelcomestheestablishmentoftheCabinetSubcommitteeonWomenandthecreationofgovernmentalmachineryonwomensissuesanditsroleascatalystandfacilitatorformainstreaming.293.  TheCommitteewelcomestheadoptionoftheregional U humanrightsinstrumentsandtheenactmentoftheHumanRightsAct1998.ThiswillcreateanenvironmentinwhichwomenshumanrightscanbedevelopedtocomplyfullywiththeConvention.294.  TheCommitteealsowelcomeslegislativechanges I[ sincetheconsiderationofthesecondreportin1991,includingtheamendedSexDiscriminationAct(1996),theProtectionfromHarassmentAct(1997),theSexOffendersAct(1997),andtheNationalMinimumWageAct(1999).& n e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Factorsanddifficultiesaffectingthe $ b implementationoftheConventione jvern   /x/x /x /x#idid 3|%c##         295.  TheCommitteenotesthattherearenosignificant & e factorsordifficultieswhichpreventtheeffective'n$^implementationoftheConventionintheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.& n e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Principalareasofconcernandrecommendationse vern r /x/x /x /x#idid 3*$k##         296.  TheCommitteenotesthefundamentalconstitutional +%m changesintheStateparty,includingthedevolutionofa'n*degreeofpowerandresponsibilityforgovernmenttoelected 1-'o bodiesinWales,ScotlandandNorthernIreland.TheCommitteenotes,however,thattheobligationforimplementingtheConventionrestswiththeGovernmentoftheUnitedKingdom.TheCommitteenotesthatdifferentregimesarebeingestablishedinWales,ScotlandandNorthernIrelandwithresponsibilityforwomensequalityissues,includinglegislativeandadministrativeprovisionsandmechanisms.TheCommitteeisconcernedthattheprotectionofwomenshumanrightswillbeuneven.297. x TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoensurethat  V  thereisaunifiednationalstrategyandpolicyfortheimplementationofallprovisionsoftheConventionsothatallwomenintheentireterritoryoftheStatepartycanbenefitequallyasaresultoftheGovernmentsobligationsundertheConventionanditsstatedcommitmenttothegoalofdejure >  anddefactoequalityforwomen.TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoextendthelegislativeprovisionsformainstreamingequalityforwomeninNorthernIrelandtotherestoftheUnitedKingdom.TheCommitteealsocallsontheGovernmenttomonitortheimplementationoftheConventioncarefullyand,inparticular,thepracticalarrangementsthatarebeingputinplaceonequalityissues.298. x TheCommitteerecognizesthatonlyashortperiodof v timehaselapsedsincetheintroductionofnewlegislationandpoliciesinareassuchasthenationalminimumwage,theNewDeals(employmentprogrammes)forwomen,thenewoutcomeorientedbudgetingprocessandbudgetaryreforms,thecommitmenttofamilyfriendlyemployment,andsincethedecisionwasmadetomainstreamwomensissuesintoallareasofGovernment.299. x TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoensure Z! rigorousanalysisandevaluationofrecentlyintroducedandplannedpoliciesandtheirimplicationsfordejureandde # factoequalityforwomen.ItalsoinvitestheGovernmenttocontinuetorefineitsmainstreamingapproachandthecrosssectoralandcrosscuttingapproachtoissues.TheCommitteerequeststheGovernmentinitsfifthperiodicreporttoprovideacomprehensiveassessmentoftheimpactoftheseeffortssothattheCommitteecanevaluatechangesinrelationtotheConvention.Inparticular,theCommitteerequeststheGovernmenttomonitortheimplementationofpoliciesintheentireterritoryoftheStateparty.300. x WhilewelcomingtheadoptionoftheHumanRights '". Act1998,theCommitteeemphasizesthattheEuropeanConventiononHumanRightsandFundamentalFreedomsdoesnotprovideforthefullrangeofwomenshumanrightsincorporatedintheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen.Inparticular,theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightsandFundamentalFreedomsdoesnotexpresslyprovidefortherightsto *-'5 equalityinarticle2oftheConvention.NordoesitcontainapositiveobligationforGovernmentstoeliminateindirectdiscriminationasdefinedinarticle1oftheConventionorprovidefortemporaryspecialmeasuresassetoutinarticle4.1oftheConvention.TheCommitteeisconcernedthattheGovernment,asstatedintheoralreplies,considerstheobligationsundertheConventiontobeofamuchmore programmaticnaturethantheEuropeanConventiononHumanRightsandFundamentalFreedomsandthusdifficulttointroduceintocommonlaw.TheCommitteeconsidersthatnonethelessfullimplementationoftheConventioncanbeachieved.301.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmentgive X B furtherconsiderationtotheintroductionoflegislationcoveringallaspectsoftheConvention,inparticulartheprovisionsofarticle1toprohibitindirectdiscriminationandtoprovidewomenwitheffectiveremediesagainstindirectdiscrimination.TheCommitteealsourgestheGovernmenttointroducelegislativeprotectionfortherightsinarticle2,andtotakefurthermeasurestoimplementarticle4.1,includinglegislativemeasures,andtosetgoalsforwomensequalrepresentationinallareasandatalllevels.ItalsorecommendsthattheGovernmentgiveconsiderationtoincorporatingtheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomenintodomesticlaw,asithasincorporatedtheEuropeanConventiononHumanRightsandFundamentalFreedoms.302.  TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatthenumbers ^R andpercentageofwomeninpublicandpoliticallife,inthejudiciary,inpositionsofhighereducationandinotherareasremainfarfromequalwithmen.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyundertakeacriticalevaluationoftheimpactandsufficiencyofcurrentmeasurestocomplyfullywithitsobligationsunderarticles7and8oftheConvention.TheCommitteerecommendsthatspecificstrategiesbeadoptedtoencouragewomentoseekpublicofficeandgovernmentalappointments,includingmentoring,networkingandreviewofmeritqualificationstoreflectabroaderrangeofexperiencesandskills.303.  TheCommitteeisconcernedatthelackofinformation  %b_ providedbytheStatepartywithregardtotheimplementationoftheConvention,aswellasatthelimitedfollowuptocommitmentsmadeattheFourthWorldConferenceonWomenintheoverseasterritories,mostnotablytheIsleofMan,theTurksandCaicosIslands,theVirginIslandsandtheFalklandIslands(Malvinas).304.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytake *(%g allnecessarymeasurestoimplementtheConventioninits overseasterritories,andtoprovidecomprehensive b,&i informationonstepsandmeasurestakeninthisregardinitsnextreport. 305. x TheCommitteeexpressesconcernatthedisadvantaged  situationofwomenbelongingtoethnicminorities,notwithstandingtheexistenceoflegislativeprotectionagainstdiscriminationonthebasisofraceandethnicity.Ethnicminoritywomencontinuetoexperiencehigherlevelsofunemployment,lowerlevelsofeducationandtraining,lowerwagesandsalariesandfewerbenefitsthanwhitewomen.306. x TheCommitteerecommendsthatstepsbetakento l  ensuretheeliminationofdirectandindirectdiscriminationagainstethnicminoritywomen,includingthroughpositiveactioninrecruitment,awarenesscampaignsandtargetedtraining,education,employmentandhealthcarestrategies.307. x TheCommitteeisconcernedatthecontinuingpaygap L  betweenwomenandmenwherefiguresfor1998showthataveragehourlyearningsoffulltimewomenemployeesamountedtoaround80percentofmensearningsandwomensaveragegrossweeklyearningswerearound72percentofmensearnings.TheCommitteeisparticularlyconcernedthatwomenworkinginhighereducationincludingacademicstaffconsistentlyreceivelowerpaythantheirmalecounterpartsanddonotadvanceintheircareersasrapidlyorinthesamenumbersasmen.R308. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmentuse j itsnewemploymentpoliciestoaddressthepaygapbetweenwomensandmensearnings.IturgestheGovernmenttoreviewtheEqualPayAct,takingintoaccountdevelopmentsthathaverefinedtheconceptsofequalpayforequalworkandforworkofcomparablevalue.IturgestheGovernmenttoimplementanyrecommendationsthatmightbecontainedinthereportonhighereducationpaywithaviewtoeliminatingdiscrimination.ItalsorecommendsthattheGovernmentassesstheimpactofculturalstereotypesandwomensreproductiveresponsibilitiesonthecontinuingpaygap.Inthisregard,itinvitestheGovernmenttopursueitseffortstowardsprovidingmenmoreopportunitiestotakeonrolestraditionallyassumedbywomen,tocontinuetoreviewandrationalizematernalandparentalleaveandbenefits,andtoshareitsfindingsandinsightswiththeCommitteeinitsnextreport.309. x NotingtheGovernmentseffortsandwilltoaddress '!/ theissue,theCommitteeisnonethelessseriouslyconcernedatthelevelofteenageconceptionintheStateparty,whichisthehighestrateamongthecountriesofWesternEurope,andattheconsequencesofearlymotherhood,suchaslowereducationalachievement,higherlevelsofpovertyandgreaterrelianceonsocialwelfare.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedatthehighratesofsexuallytransmitteddiseases, ,<'6 especiallyamongteenagersaged16to19.TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthattheAbortionAct1967doesnotextendtoNorthernIrelandwhere,withlimitedexceptions,abortioncontinuestobeillegal.310.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatteenageconception T; andpregnancybeaddressedbyamultiplicityofmeasures,includingagreaterfocusonmaleresponsibilityandareviewoftheprimaryschoolcurriculumwithaviewtointroducingageappropriatesexeducation.Italsorecommendstheallocationofresourcesforpreventionandtreatmentprogrammesforsexuallytransmitteddiseasesdirectedatadolescentswithinaholisticapproachtosexualandreproductivehealth,includingsexualviolence.TheCommitteealsorecommendsthattheGovernmentinitiateaprocessofpublicconsultationinNorthernIrelandonreformoftheabortionlaw.311.  Whilenotingthelegislationandmeasuresinplaceto b H addressviolenceagainstwomen,theCommitteeisconcernedattheabsenceofanationalstrategyonthepreventionandeliminationofviolenceagainstwomen.AccordingtoinformationavailabletotheCommittee,womeninNorthernIrelandareparticularlyaffectedbyviolence.TheCommitteerecommendsthataunifiedandmultifacetednationalstrategytoeliminateviolenceagainstwomenbeimplementedtoincludelegal,educational,financialandsocialcomponents,inparticularsupportforvictims.312.  TheCommitteeisconcernedatseveralaspectsofthe ZT criminaljusticesysteminrelationtowomen.Itnotesthehighnumberofwomeninprison,particularlythosefromethnicminorities.Manywomenhavebeenimprisonedfordrugrelatedoffencesorbecauseofthecriminalizationofminorinfringements,whichinsomeinstancesseemindicativeofwomenspoverty.ItalsonotesthatintheUnitedKingdom,andparticularlyinNorthernIreland,youngfemaleoffendersareheldinadultprisons,thereareinadequateeducationalandrehabilitativeprogrammesforwomenprisonersandtheyareoftenheldinprisonssituatedfarfromtheirfamilies.Italsonotesthatthedefenceofprovocationisnotwidelyavailabletowomenvictimsofviolencewhoarechargedwithmurderandthatthereisalowlevelofconvictionsforrapeandsexualviolence.313.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment &!d intensifyitseffortstounderstandthecausesfortheapparentincreaseinwomenscriminalityandtoseekalternativesentencingandcustodialstrategiesforminorinfringements.ItalsocallsontheGovernmenttoimprovetheeducationofjudgeswithregardtodomesticviolencesothatthesecasesaregiventhesameattentionandconsiderationascasesbroughtunderotherprovisionsofthecriminallaw.  ,&l 314. x TheCommitteenotesthatdemographicchangeinthe   Statepartyrequiresurgentactionwithregardtothesituationofolderwomen,andofrelatedimplicationsforwomenshealth,povertyandespeciallypensionentitlements,elderabuse,andaccommodation.315. x TheCommitteerecommendsthatthesituationofolder   womenbeaddressedinacrosscuttingandcrosssectoralmanner,withaviewtoensuringadequateprovisionfortheirphysical,mental,economicandsocialwellbeing.316. x TheCommitteerequeststhattheGovernmentinclude  j  initsnextreportacomprehensivediscussionofmeasures,includinglegislationandpolicies,takentoalleviatewomenspovertyandtheresultsofthesemeasuresbothintermsofremedyingexistingpovertyandpreventingwomenfromfallingintopovertyandbreakingtheintergenerationalcycleofpoverty.TheGovernmentisalsorequestedtoprovidedetailedinformationonprogressindevolutionanditsimpactonwomensenjoymentoftheirrightscoveredundertheConvention.317. x TheCommitteerequeststhattheGovernmentresponds J initsnextperiodicreporttothespecificissuesraisedintheseconcludingcomments.318. x TheCommitteerequeststhewidedisseminationinthe  UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland,includingitsoverseasterritories,ofthepresentconcludingcomments,inordertomakethepeopleoftheUnitedKingdom,andparticularlygovernmentadministratorsandpoliticians,awareofthestepsthathavebeentakentoensure P dejureanddefactoequalityforwomenandthefurthersteps h  thatarerequiredinthatregard.ItalsorequeststheGovernmenttocontinuetodisseminatewidely,andinparticular,towomensandhumanrightsorganizations,theConvention,theCommitteesgeneralrecommendationsandtheBeijingDeclarationandthePlatformforAction.̜&  h R    /x /xj /x#Sid  3    ChapterV !N)  0 x Waysandmeansofexpeditingthe "P* workoftheCommitteeh  ~#idS 3 j  j /x  j#R+xx   R      319. x TheCommitteeconsideredwaysandmeansof % . expeditingtheworkoftheCommittee(agendaitem6)atits426thand444thmeetings,on8and25June1999.'! 320. x TheitemwasintroducedbytheChiefofthe P("2 WomensRightsUnitoftheDivisionfortheAdvancementofWomen,whointroducedthereportoftheSecretariat(CEDAW/C/1999/II/4)anddrewattentiontoaworkingpaperondraftrulesofprocedure(CEDAW/C/1997/WG/WP.1)andproposalsthereon. (-~'9 Ї&  S:aR    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    xx-x0  ActiontakenbytheCommitteeunder 9 agendaitem6S:aW   XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3:##   R      e R    /x /x/x/x#idid  3    +x1.  Rulesofproceduree  @ /x/x /x /x#idid 3 8=   R      321.  TheCommitteedecidedtocontinueconsiderationof J ? itsrulesofprocedureatitstwentysecondsession.It'KrequestedtheSecretariattointegratethediscussionatthetwentyfirstsessionandtheproposalspresentedbySilviaCartwrightintoaworkingpapertobepresentedatitstwentysecondsession.322.  TheCommitteedecidedthatmembersshouldsubmit "xF writtencommentsontherulesofprocedureandMs.CartwrightssproposalsthereontotheDivisionfortheAdvancementofWomenby31July1999.ThesecommentswouldbesenttoMs.Cartwrightandintegratedintotheworkingpaper.&  e R    /x /x/x/x#idid  3    +x2.0  DraftoptionalprotocoltotheConventiononthe  N EliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomene 7  /x/x /x /x#idid 3gP##   R      323.  InthelightofabriefingbySilviaCartwright,the #yR resourcepersonappointedbytheCommitteetoattend'+meetingsoftheOpenendedWorkingGroupontheElaborationofaDraftOptionalProtocoltotheConvention,theCommitteerequestedtheSecretariattoprovideinformationatitstwentysecondsessiononproceduresemployedwithregardtoexistingtreatybasedcommunicationsandinquirymechanisms.324.  TheCommitteealsorequestedtheSecretariatto [ provideasubstantivecomparativeanalysisofthedraftoptionalprotocoltotheConventionadoptedbytheCommissionontheStatusofWomenatitsfortythirdsessionwithexistingUnitedNationstreatybasedcommunicationsandinquirymechanisms.& X e R    /x /x/x/x#idid  3    +x3.  Futuremeetingse   /x/x /x /x#idid 3 e"d   R      325.  TheCommitteerequestedtheDivisionforthe w#f AdvancementofWomentolookintothemodalitiesrequired'Xe"fortheCommitteetomeet,onabiennialbasis,fromtheyear2001,attheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevaandinformtheCommitteeofitsfindingsatthenextsession.&   e R    /x /x/x/x#idid  3    +x4.0  Membersofthepresessionworkinggroupfor (j"m thetwentythirdsessione " " /x/x /x /x#idid 3(2#n##   R      326.  TheCommitteedecidedthatthemembersofthepre )D$p sessionworkinggroupforthetwentythirdsessionandtheiralternatesshouldbe:' ( "  +O&s &   0  0x Members xx o 3  0  0xCharlotteAbaka(Africa) xx 0  0xSavitriGoonesekere(Asia)':% xx 0  0xRosalynHazelle(LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean) xx 0  0xHannaBeateSchppSchilling(Europe)o% 3   xx 0  0x Alternates  bxx o 3  0  0xYungChungKim(Asia) xx 0  0xZelmiraRegazzoli(LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean) xx 0  0xAnneLiseRyel(Europe) xx 0  0xKongitSinegiorgis(Africa)o' 3   xx & X e R    /x /x/x/x#idid  3    5. x Reportstobeconsideredatfuturesessionse ) C* /x/x /x /x#idid 3 K    R      327. x TheCommitteedecidedthatitwouldconsiderthe ]  followingreportsatitstwentysecondandtwentythirdsessions:'X)&    x Twentysecondsession    0   x Initialreports  o 3   0 x   India xx  0 x   Jordanwxx   x   Myanmaro, 3   9 'H,& W 0  0xInitial,secondandthirdperiodicreportsGxx   x   DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo U 'WGM.&    x Secondandthirdperiodicreports c! o 3  0  0x  BurkinaFaso xx 0  0x  Luxembourgo/ 3   xx 'c=/& W 0  0xThirdperiodicreportsA&xx   x   Belarus O( 'WA0&   0 x Combinedsecondandthirdperiodicreportsand ]* fourthperiodicreportsu+xx   x   Germany']z1 - - IntheeventthatoneoftheabovementionedStatespartiesshouldbeunabletopresentitsreport,theCommitteewillconsidertheinitialreportsofLithuaniaandMaldives.&  0  0x Twentythirdsession ##3xx 0  0xInitialreports$15xx o 3    x   Lithuania %? 7   x   Maldives &!8   x   RepublicofMoldovao3 3   m'!9 '#03&   0 x Thirdperiodicreports{(";xx o 3    x   Iraq )#=   x   Netherlandso5 3   K*$> '{(E5& W  0 x ThirdandfourthperiodicreportsY+%@xx   x   Austria g,&B 'WY+6 ,D'C &  xx-x  Fourthperiodicreports C o 3  xx-x   l Cuba E xx-x   l Romaniao7 3   zF '7IntheeventthatoneoftheabovementionedStatespartiesshouldbeunabletopresentitsreport,theCommitteewillconsiderthecombinedsecond,thirdandfourthperiodicreportsofJamaica,andthecombinedthirdandfourthperiodicreportsofMongolia.&   e R    /x /x/x/x#idid  3    +x6.0  Datesofthetwentysecondsessionof % {O theCommitteee : : /x/x /x /x#idid 3 CP##   R      328.  Consistentwiththecalendarofconferencesfor2000, U R thetwentysecondsessionshouldbeheldfrom17January' % 9to4February2000.Thepresessionworkinggroupforthetwentythirdsessionwillmeetfrom7to11February2000.&   h R    /x /xj /x#Sid  3    ChapterVI a Y xx-x0  Implementationofarticle21oftheConventionh b= >#idS 3 j  j /x  je[##   R      329.  TheCommitteeconsideredtheimplementationof '}^ article21oftheConvention(agendaitem5)atits426thand' aV=444thmeetings,on8and25June1999(seeCEDAW/C/SR.426and444).330.  TheitemwaspresentedbytheChiefoftheWomen's {c RightsUnit,whointroducedanotebytheSecretaryGeneralonreportsofthespecializedagenciesontheimplementationoftheConventioninareasfallingwithinthescopeoftheiractivities(CEDAW/C/1999/II/3andAdd.14).S:aR    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    & v 0 x 0x#x#ActiontakenbytheCommitteeunder k agendaitem5S:aA xB XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3 l##   R      e R    /x /x/x/x#idid  3    +x1.0  SpecialsessionoftheGeneralAssemblyentitled -"o  Women2000:genderequality,developmentandpeaceinthetwentyfirstcenturye D D /x/x /x /x#idid 3#q##   R      331.  TheCommitteerequestedtheDivisionforthe $%s AdvancementofWomentoexplorethepossibilityofall'vBexpertsattendingthespecialsessionoftheGeneralAssemblyentitled Women2000:genderequality,developmentandpeaceinthetwentyfirstcentury.Itsuggestedifthatisnotpossible,atleastonerepresentativeofeachregionalgroup,inadditiontotheChairperson,shouldattendthespecialsession.  ++%| &   e R    /x /x/x/x#idid  3    2.0 x SpecialsessionoftheGeneralAssemblyto  reviewandappraisetheimplementationoftheProgrammeofActionoftheInternationalConferenceonPopulationandDevelopmente H PI /x/x /x /x#idid 3Xxx   R      332. x TheCommitteeadoptedthefollowingstatement,  j whichitforwardedtogetherwithitsgeneralrecommendation'H24onarticle12oftheConvention, Womenandhealth,totheabovementionedspecialsessionoftheGeneralAssembly:0  0x  In1994,theCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomencontributedtotheInternationalConferenceonPopulationandDevelopment(ICPD).Initssuggestion8,whichitadoptedin1995,theCommitteedecidedtoemploythereportingmechanismundertheConventionsoastofollowtheimplementationoftheProgrammeofActionoftheICPD. xx  0 x   Sincethattime,theCommitteehasconsistently   addressedtheissueofwomenshealth,includingtheirrighttoreproductivehealth,withintheframeworkofthereportingprocess,particularlywithinthecontextofarticles10(h),12and16(e)oftheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen.Theseprovisionsaddress,amongotherthings,therightofaccesstofamilyhealthandfamilyplanningeducation,therighttoqualityhealthcareservices,therighttoreceiveappropriatepregnancyandchildbirthservices,andtherighttoequalityindecidingfreelyandresponsiblyonthenumberandspacingofchildren. xx 0  0x  TheCommitteehascooperatedactivelywiththeUnitedNationsPopulationFund(UNFPA)andparticipatedintheroundtableofhumanrightstreatybodiesonhumanrightsapproachestowomenshealth,withafocusonreproductiveandsexualhealthrights,organizedbyUNFPA,theDivisionfortheAdvancementofWomenandtheOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights,heldinDecember1996. xx 0  0x  Atitstwentiethsession,inJanuary1999,theCommitteeadoptedgeneralrecommendation24onarticle12oftheConvention, Womenandhealth.ThisgeneralrecommendationoutlinestheCommitteesunderstandingoftheobligationsofStatespartiesinrelationtoequalityintheenjoymentofwomensrightstohealth. xx 0  0x  TheCommitteeforwardsthisgeneralrecommendationtothespecialsessionoftheGeneral Assemblytoreviewandappraisetheimplementation+>&6xx oftheProgrammeofActionoftheInternationalConferenceonPopulationandDevelopment. ##  &   h R    /x /xj /x#Sid  3    ChapterVII ; xx-x0  Provisionalagendaforthetwentysecondsessionh Ufric V#idS 3 j  j /x  j =##   R      333.  TheCommitteeconsideredtheprovisionalagendafor N @ itstwentysecondsessionatits444thmeeting,on25June' U1999(seeCEDAW/C/SR.444).TheCommitteedecidedtoapprovethefollowingprovisionalagenda:xx-x  1. l Openingofthesession.  E xx-x  2.0 l Adoptionoftheagendaandorganizationof  G work. l#l# xx-x  3.0 l ReportoftheChairpersononactivities  J undertakenbetweenthetwentyfirstandtwentysecondsessionsoftheCommittee. l#l# xx-x  4.0 l ConsiderationofreportssubmittedbyStates hN partiesunderarticle18oftheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen. l#l# xx-x  5.0 l Implementationofarticle21oftheConvention fS ontheEliminationofAllformsofDiscriminationagainstWomen. l#l# 0 x   6.0lx#x#Waysandmeansofexpeditingtheworkofthe NW Committee. l#l# xx-x  7. l Provisionalagendaofthetwentythirdsession. Z xx-x  8.0 l AdoptionofthereportoftheCommitteeonits ,\ twentysecondsession. l#l# &   h R    /x /xj /x#Sid  3    ChapterVIII  a 0 x 0x#x#Adoptionofthereporth -^fric ^#idS 3 j  j /x  j! b##   R      334.  Atits444thmeeting,on25June1999,theCommittee x#e adoptedthereportonitstwentyfirstsession'  !^(CEDAW/C/1999/II/L.1andCEDAW/C/1999/II/CRP.2andAdd.17),asorallyamended. &"!j W5XTQ  ((D T TRX3'"Letter (Portrait)X3'"Letter (Portrait)3'"Letter (Portrait)3'"Letter (Portrait)TR    XXg!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A x& e3q !?&'^) ./,15k78= /x /x /x /x 33        & 2TRX3'SS7  dd7^^VV  C A.-6789:   NH-6789:C 7Kd d7  #idid 33          & 2SS55/x /x/x/xg!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A  h     /x/xj /x#Sid  3      AnnexIIh h i#idS 3j  j/x j          h     /x/xj /x#Sid  3    0 : 0::StatespartieswhichhavedepositedwiththeSecretary ? Generalinstrumentsoftheacceptanceoftheamendmenttoarticle20,paragraph1,oftheConventionh j k#idS 3j  j/x jC         F    /x/x/x/x#ldid 3{ !: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A{  *[&Vdd }&[,X !! ,x !!#+  9&](   CC9Statesparties G&]6% P&] GAcceptancedate [Q0 P  CC  &] `[ C9%   C VL0   `  !!VAustralia C9%F   C4June1998 QG+F   !!  !!QBrazil C9%.  C5March1997 QG+.  !!  !!QCanada C9%l C3November1997 QG+l !!  !!QChile C9%T  C8May1998 QG+T  !!  !!QDenmark C9%<  C12March1996 QG+<  !!  !!QFinland C9%$  C18March1996 QG+$  !!  !!QFrance C9%  C8August1997 QG+  !!  !!QGuatemala C9%  C3June1999 QG+  !!  !!QItaly C9%  C31May1996 QG+  !!  !!QLiechtenstein C9%n C15April1997 QG+n !!  !!QMadagascar C9%V  C19July1996 QG+V! !!  !!QMalta C9%>" C5March1997 QG+># !!  !!QMexico C9%&|$ C16September1996 QG+&|% !!  !!QMongolia C9%d& C19December1997 QG+d' !!  !!QNetherlands C9%L( C10December1997a QG+L) !!  !!QNewZealand C9%4* C26September1996 QG+4+ !!  !!QNorway C9%, C29March1996 QG+- !!  !!QRepublicofKorea C9%. C12August1996 QG+/ !!  !!QPanama C9%0 C5November1996 QG+1 !!  !!QSweden C9%~2 C17July1996 QG+~3 !!  !!QSwitzerland C9%f4 C2December1997 QG+f5 !!  !! QUnitedKingdom C9%N6   C19November1997b ]]L+N7 !!   `] J]9% k8] J@64 k9 `  ] @  3$$/x/xe/x   a0  FortheKingdominEurope,theNetherlandsAntillesandAruba.6!:   b0  FortheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland,theIsleofMan,theBritish "t< VirginIslands,andtheTurksandCaicosIslands.    Fjm 33ee/xeg!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A    #idld   J$@ h     /x/xj /x#Sid  3    AnnexIIIh x .#idS 3j  j/x j          h     /x/xj /x#Sid  3    0 : 0::DocumentsbeforetheCommitteeatitstwentiethand ? twenty-firstsessionsh E #idS 3j  j/x jA         S:a    /x/xXU X/x#Vid  3    xx :A.0  TwentiethsessionS:a GXU X XXU/x XXU#idV 3          F    /x/x/x/x#ldid 3{ !: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A{  *l&VddX !! x !!#&l, !! , !!#+  9&]( i   CC9Documentnumber G&]6%  &] GTitleordescription [Q0   CC  &] `[ C9%w   C VL0w   `  !!VCEDAW/C/1999/I/1 C9% N CProvisionalagendaandannotations QG+ N !!  !!QCEDAW/C/1999/I/2 C9% 6 CReportoftheSecretaryGeneralonthestatusof  6 submissionofreportsbyStatespartiesunderarticle18oftheConvention QG+,  !!  !!QCEDAW/C/1999/I/3 C9%j  CNotebytheSecretaryGeneralonreportsprovidedbyspecializedagenciesoftheUnitedNationsontheimplementationoftheConventioninareasfallingwithinthescopeoftheiractivities QG+\  !!  !!QCEDAW/C/1999/I/3/Add.1 C9%D  CAddendum:FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations QG+  !!  !!QCEDAW/C/1999/I/3/Add.2 C9%| CAddendum:WorldHealthOrganization QG+| !!  !!QCEDAW/C/1999/I/3/Add.3 C9%d CAddendum:UnitedNationsEducational,Scientific d andCulturalOrganization QG+ `  !!  !!QCEDAW/C/1999/I/3/Add.4 C9%H! CAddendum:InternationalLabourOrganization QG+H" !!  !!QCEDAW/C/1999/I/4 C9%0# CReportoftheSecretariatonwaysandmeansof 0$ expeditingtheworkoftheCommittee QG+% !!  !!QCEDAW/C/1999/I/5 C9%h& CReportoftheCommitteeontheEliminationof h' DiscriminationagainstWomenonprogressintheimplementationofthePlatformforActionbasedonitsreviewofStatespartiesreports QG+Z* !!  !!QCEDAW/C/1999/I/CRP.1andAdd.14 C9%B+ CReportofthepresessionworkinggroup QG+B, !!  !!QCEDAW/C/1999/I/L.1andAdd.18 C9%*- CDraftreport QG+*. !!  !CQCEDAW/C/1997/WG.I/WP.1 C9%h/ CWorkingpapercontainingthedraftrulesofprocedure QG+1 !C  CCQ ReportsofStatesparties C9%:2 C QG+:3 CC  CCQCEDAW/C/DZA/1andCorr.1andAdd.1 C9%!f4 CInitialreportofAlgeria QG+!f5 CC  CCQCEDAW/C/KGZ/1 C9%<"6 CInitialreportofKyrgyzstan QG+<"7 CC  CCQCEDAW/C/LIE/1 C9%h#8 CInitialreportofLiechtenstein QG+h#9 CC  CCQCEDAW/C/GRC/23 C9%$: CCombinedsecondandthirdperiodicreportsof $; Greece QG+:%< CC  CCQCEDAW/C/THA/23 C9%f& = CCombinedsecondandthirdperiodicreportsof f& > Thailand QG+ 'b!? CC  CCQCEDAW/C/CHN/34andCorr.1and 8("@ Add.1and2 C9%(4#A CCombinedthirdandfourthperiodicreportsofChina QG+8("B CC  CC QCEDAW/C/COL/4andAdd.1 C9% *`$C   CFourthperiodicreportofColombia ]]L+ *`$D CC   `] J]9%*I%E] J@64*I%F `  ] @Fdl 3/x/x/x/x{g!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A{    #idld   e,&H S:a    /x/xXU X/x#Vid  3     :B.0  TwentyfirstsessionS:a @XU X XXU/x XXU#idV 3         F    /x/x/x/x#ldid 3{ !: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A{  *l&Vdd !!  !!#&l, !! , !!#+  9&]( ^ CC9Documentnumber G&]6%&] GTitleordescription [Q0 CC  &] `[ C9%l C VL0l `  !!VCEDAW/C/1999/II/1 C9%C CProvisionalagendaandannotations QG+C  !!  !!QCEDAW/C/1999/II/2 C9% +  CReportoftheSecretaryGeneralonthestatusof  +  submissionofreportsbyStatespartiesunderarticle18oftheConvention QG+! w  !!  !!QCEDAW/C/1999/II/3 C9% _ CNotebytheSecretaryGeneralonreportsprovidedbyspecializedagenciesoftheUnitedNationsontheimplementationoftheConventioninareasfallingwithinthescopeoftheiractivities QG+ Q !!  !!QCEDAW/C/1999/II/3/Add.1 C9%9  CAddendum:FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations QG+  !!  !!QCEDAW/C/1999/II/3/Add.2 C9%q  CAddendum:WorldHealthOrganization QG+q  !!  !!QCEDAW/C/1999/II/3/Add.3 C9%Y  CAddendum:UnitedNationsEducational,Scientific Y  andCulturalOrganization QG+U  !!  !!QCEDAW/C/1999/II/4 C9%=  CReportoftheSecretariatonwaysandmeansof =  expeditingtheworkoftheCommittee QG+  !!  !!QCEDAW/C/1999/II/CRP.1andAdd.14 C9%u CReportofthepresessionworkinggroup QG+u !!  !!QCEDAW/C/1999/II/L.1and ]  CEDAW/C/1999/II/CRP.2andAdd.17 C9%Y! CDraftreport QG+]" !!  !CQCEDAW/C/1997/WG.I/WP.1 C9%A# CWorkingpapercontainingthedraftrulesofprocedure QG+% !C  !CQCEDAW/C/1999/II/WG.I/WP.2 C9%& CProposalsonthedraftrulesofprocedure QG+' !C  CCQ ReportsofStatesparties C9%( C QG+) CC  CCQCEDAW/C/GEO/1,andAdd.1andCorr.1 C9%I* CInitialreportofGeorgia QG+I+ CC  CCQCEDAW/C/NPL/1 C9%u, CInitialreportofNepal QG+u- CC  CCQCEDAW/C/BLZ/12 C9%K. CCombinedinitialandsecondreportsofBelize QG+K/ CC  CCQCEDAW/C/CHI/2and w0 CEDAW/C/CHI/3 C9%s1 CSecondandthirdperiodicreportsofChile QG+w2 CC  CCQCEDAW/C/IRL/23 C9%I 3 CCombinedsecondandthirdperiodicreportsof I 4 Ireland QG+ E5 CC  CCQCEDAW/C/UK/3andAdd.1and2and "q6 CEDAW/C/UK/4/Add.14 C9%"7 CThirdandfourthperiodicreportsoftheUnited "q8 KingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland QG+"9 CC  CCQCEDAW/C/ESP/3andCEDAW/C/ESP/4 C9%#C: CThirdandfourthperiodicreportsofSpain ]]L+#C; CC  `] J]9%$,<] J@64$,= `  ] @F 3/x/x/x/x{g!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A{    #idld   H& ? h     /x/xj /x#Sid  3    AnnexIVh  m#idS 3j  j/x j          h     /x/xj /x#Sid  3    0 : 0::MembershipoftheCommitteeontheEliminationof ? DiscriminationagainstWomenh  9#idS 3j  j/x jA         F    /x/x/x/x#ldid 3{ !: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A{  *l&Vdd !!  !!#&l, !! ,A !!#+  9&](   CC9Nameofmember G&]6% N&] GCountryofnationality [Q0 N CC  &] `[ C9%   C VL0   `  !!VCharlotteAbaka** C9%D   CGhana QG+D   !!  !!QAyseFerideAcar* C9%,   CTurkey QG+,  !!  !!QEmnaAouij** C9% j CTunisia QG+ j !!  !!QCarlotaBusteloGarcadelReal* C9% R CSpain QG+ R !!  !!QSilviaRoseCartwright* C9%:  CNewZealand QG+:  !!  !!QIvankaCorti** C9%"  CItaly QG+"  !!  !!QFengCui** C9%  CChina QG+  !!  !!QNaelaGabr** C9%  CEgypt QG+  !!  !!QYolandaFerrerG;mez* C9%  CCuba QG+  !!  !!QAdaGonzlezMartnez* C9%l  CMexico QG+l  !!  !!QSavitriGoonesekere** C9%T CSriLanka QG+T  !!  !!QRosalynHazelle** C9%<! CSaintKittsandNevis QG+<" !!  !!QSalmaKhan* C9%$z# CBangladesh QG+$z$ !!  !!QYungChungKim* C9% b% CRepublicofKorea QG+ b& !!  !!QRosarioManalo** C9%J' CPhilippines QG+J( !!  !!QMaviviMyakayakaManzini** C9%2) CSouthAfrica QG+2* !!  !!QAhouaOuedraogo* C9%+ CBurkinaFaso QG+, !!  !!QZelmiraRegazzoli** C9%- CArgentina QG+. !!  !!QAnneLiseRyel* C9%/ CNorway QG+0 !!  !!QHannaBeateSchppSchilling* C9%|1 CGermany QG+|2 !!  !!QCarmelShalev** C9%d3 CIsrael QG+d4 !!  !!QKongitSinegiorgis* C9%L5 CEthiopia QG+L6 !!  !!QChikakoTaya** C9%47 CJapan ]]L+48 !!  `] J]9%Q9] J@64Q: `  ] @  3$$/x/xe/x   *0  Termofofficeexpiresin2000.!r;   \\**0  Termofofficeexpiresin2002.FԾ 33ee/xeg!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A"Z=       #idld  ̜  #@  TRX3'"Letter (Portrait)X3'"Letter (Portrait)3'"Letter (Portrait)3'"Letter (Portrait)T    XXg!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A /x/x /x /x 33        & 2TRX3'SS7  dd7^ ^ VV  C A.-6789:   A.-6789:C  7Kd d7  #idid 33          & 2SS55/x /x/x/xg!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A  h     /x/xj /x#Sid  3    AnnexVh ; #idS 3j  j/x j          h     /x/xj /x#Sid  3    0 : 0::Statusofsubmissionandconsiderationofreportssubmitted ? byStatespartiesunderarticle18oftheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomenasat1August1999h  #idS 3j  j/x j E         mm    /x/x/x/x#ldid 3{ !: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A{  *lu&vVdd !! A !!#&##l,K<< ,v<< , << ,<< +  9&](   9&fL&^/xStatesparties G&]6%A  &] GDateduea G&]6%A  &] GDateofsubmission G&]6%A  &] GConsideredbyCommittee A   (session(year))#/x&fL"# _U0 -    &] `_ bX3}  `  xb A.0  Initialreports h^=U # # x   ;xhAlbania C9%s  C10June1995 C9%s  C C9%s  C [Q0s  x ;  ;x[Algeria C9%  C21June1997 C9%  C1September1998   CEDAW/C/DZA/11December1998CEDAW/C/DZA/1/Add.1 C9%  CTwentieth(1999) VL0  x ;  xVAndorra C9%  C14February1998 C9%  C C9%  C VL+  x  ;xVAngola C9% C17October1987 C9%  C C9%! 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C C9% < " C [Q0 < # x ;  x[Bulgaria C9%(Z $ C10March1987 C9%(Z % C6September1994 (Z & (CEDAW/C/BGR/23) C9% ' CEighteenth(1998) [Q0(Z ( x   x[BurkinaFaso C9% ) C13November1992 C9% * C11December1997  + (CEDAW/C/BFA/23) C9% , C [Q0 - x   ;x[Burundi C9%. C7February1997 C9%/ C C9%0 C [Q01 x ;  ;x[Cambodia C9%2 C14November1997 C9%3 C C9%4 C [Q05 x ;  x[Canada C9%6 C9January1987 C9%7 C20January1988 8 (CEDAW/C/13/Add.11) C9%9 CNinth(1990) [Q0: x   ;x[CapeVerde C9%; C3September1986 C9%< C C9%= C VL0> x ;  xVCentralAfricanRepublic C9%? 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C C9%v@ C [Q0vA x ;  ;x[Gambia C9%B C16May1998 C9%C C C9%D C [Q0E x ;  x[Germany C9%F C9August1990 C9%G C8October1996 H (CEDAW/C/DEU/23) C9%X I C [Q0J x   x[Ghana C9%v!K C1February1991 C9%v!L C29January1991 v!M (CEDAW/C/GHA/12) C9%"NN CEleventh(1992) [Q0v!O x   x[Greece C9%:#lP C7July1988 C9%:#lQ C1March1996 :#lR (CEDAW/C/GRC/23) C9%#S C [Q0:#lT x   ;x[Grenada C9%$0U C29September1995 C9%$0V C C9%$0W C [Q0$0X x ;  x[Guatemala C9%&NY C11September1987 C9%&NZ C2April1991 &N[ (CEDAW/C/GUA/12andCorr.1)7April1993(CEDAW/C/GUA/12/Amend.1) C9%(@ ^ CThirteenth(1994) &N_ Thirteenth(1994) [Q0h'a x   ;x[Guinea C9%,)^!b C8September1987 C9%,)^!c C C9%,)^!d C [Q0,)^!e x ;  ;x[GuineaBissau C9%J*|"f C22September1990 C9%J*|"g C C9%J*|"h C [Q0J*|"i x ;  ;x[Guyana C9%h+#j C3September1986 C9%h+#k C C9%h+#l C [Q0h+#m x ;  ;x[Haiti C9%,$n C3September1986 C9%,$o C C9%,$p C [Q0,$q x ;  x[Honduras C9%Fx C 2April1988 C9%Fx C28October1987 Fx (CEDAW/C/13/Add.9) C9% CEleventh(1992) [Q0Fx x   x[Hungary C9% < C3September1986 C9% < C29September1986  < (CEDAW/C/13/Add.1) C9%   CSeventh(1988) [Q0 <  x   x[Iceland C9%   C18July1990 C9%   C5May1993    (CEDAW/C/ICE/12) C9%t  CFifteenth(1996) VL0  x   xVIndia C9%  C8August1998 C9%  C C9%  C VL+  x  xVIndonesia C9% C13October1989 C9% C6February1997  (CEDAW/C/IDN/23) C9%V CEighteenth(1998) [Q0 x   ;x[Iraq C9%t C12September1991 C9%t C13October1998 t CEDAW/C/IRQ/23 C9%L  C [Q0t x ;  x[Ireland C9%8j  C22January1991 C9%8j  C6February1997 8j  (CEDAW/C/IRL/23) C9% ! 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(CEDAW/C/URY/23) C9%v@ C [Q0A x   x[Venezuela C9%B C1June1992 C9%C C8February1995 D (CEDAW/C/VEN/3) C9%:lE CSixteenth(1997) [Q0F x   ;x[VietNam C9%X G C19March1991 C9%X H C C9%X I C [Q0X J x ;  x[Yemen C9%v!K C29June1993 C9%v!L C13November1992 v!M (CEDAW/C/YEM/3) C9%"NN CTwelfth(1993) [Q0v!O x   ;x[Yugoslavia C9%:#lP C28March1991 C9%:#lQ C14October1998 :#lR CEDAW/C/YUG/3 C9%#S C [Q0:#lT x ;  ;xC[Zambia C9%$0U C21July1994 C9%$0V C C9%$0W C _U0$0X xC ;  ;CC_ D.0  Fourthperiodicreports cY=*&\Y # # CC ;  CcArgentina C9%V'Z C14August1998 C9%V'[ C C9%V'\ C VL+V'] C  ;CVAustralia C9%?(q ^ C27August1996 C9%?(q _ C C9%?(q ` C [Q0?(q a C ;  x[Austria C9%])!b C30April1995 C9%])!c C25April1997 ])!d (CEDAW/C/AUT/34) C9%*5"e C [Q0])!f x   x[Bangladesh C9%!+S#g C6December1997 C9%!+S#h C27March1997 !+S#i (CEDAW/C/BGD/34) C9%+#j CSeventeenth(1997) [Q0!+S#k x   ;x[Barbados C9%,%l C3September1994 C9%,%m C C9%,%n C [Q0,%o x ;  ;x[Belarus C9%Fx C3September1994 C9%Fx C C9%Fx C VL0Fx x ;  xVBelgium C9%d  C9August1998 C9%d  C29October1998 d  (CEDAW/C/BEL/34) C9% < C VL+d   x  ;xVBhutan C9%( Z  C30September1994 C9%( Z  C C9%( Z  C [Q0( Z  x ;  ;x[Brazil C9%F x C2March1997 C9%F x C C9%F x C [Q0F x x ;  ;x[Bulgaria C9%d  C10March1995 C9%d  C C9%d  C [Q0d  x ;  x[Canada C9% C9January1995 C9% C2October1995  (CEDAW/C/CAN/4) C9%(Z CSixteenth(1997) [Q0 x   ;x[CapeVerde C9%Fx C3September1994 C9%Fx C C9%Fx C [Q0Fx x ;  x[China C9%d  C3September1994 C9%d  C29May1997 d ! 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C C9% < " C [Q0 < # x ;  x[LaoPeoplesDemocratic (Z $ Republic C9% % C13September1994 C9%(Z & C C9%(Z ' C [Q0(Z ( x   ;x[Liberia C9% ) C16August1997 C9% * C C9% + C VL0 , x ;  xVMali C9% <- C10October1998 C9% <. C C9% </ C VL+ <0 x  ;xVMauritius C9%(Z1 C8August1997 C9%(Z2 C C9%(Z3 C [Q0(Z4 x ;  x[Mexico C9%Fx5 C3September1994 C9%Fx6 C7March1997b Fx7 (CEDAW/C/MEX/34) C9%8 CEighteenth(1998) [Q0Fx9 x   ;x[Mongolia C9% <: C3September1994 C9% <; C8December1998  << (CEDAW/C/MNG/34) C9%= C [Q0 <> x ;  x[NewZealand C9%? C9February1998 C9%@ C2March1998 A (CEDAW/C/NZL/34)15April1998(CEDAW/C/NZL/34) C9%D CNineteenth(1998) [Q0E x   x[Nicaragua C9%F C26November1994 C9%G C16June1998 H (CEDAW/C/NIC/4) C9%I C [Q0J x   x[Norway C9% K CЀ3September1994 C9% L C1September1994  M (CEDAW/C/NOR/4) C9%H!zN CFourteenth(1995) [Q0 O x   ;x[Panama C9%f"P C28November1994 C9%f"Q C C9%f"R C [Q0f"S x ;  x[Peru C9%#T C13October1995 C9%#U C25November1994 #V (CEDAW/C/PER/34) C9%*$\W CNineteenth(1998) [Q0#X x   x[Philippines C9%H%zY C4September1994 C9%H%zZ C22April1996 H%z[ (CEDAW/C/PHI/4) C9%% \ CSixteenth(1997) [Q0H%z] x   ;x[Poland C9% '>^ C3September1994 C9% '>_ C C9% '>` C [Q0 '>a x ;  ;x[Portugal C9%*(\ b C3September1994 C9%*(\ c C C9%*(\ d C [Q0*(\ e x ;  x[RepublicofKorea C9%H)z!f C26January1998 C9%H)z!g C27March1998 H)z!h (CEDAW/C/KOR/4) C9%) "i CNineteenth(1998) [Q0H)z!j x   ;x[Romania C9% +>#k C6February1995 C9% +>#l C10December1998  +>#m (CEDAW/C/ROM/45) C9%+#n C [Q0 +>#o x ;  x[RussianFederation C9%Fx C3September1994 C9%Fx C31August1994 (CEDAW/C/USR/4) C9% CFourteenth(1995) [Q0Fx x   ;x[Rwanda C9% < C3September1994 C9% < C C9% < C [Q0 <  x ;  x[SaintKittsandNevis C9%( Z  C25May1998 C9%( Z  C C9%( Z  C [Q0( Z  x   ;x[SaintLucia C9%F x C7November1995 C9%F x C..<. C9%F x C [Q0F x x ;  x[SaintVincentand d  theGrenadines C9% < C3September1994 C9%d  C C9%d  C [Q0d  x   ;x[Senegal C9%(Z C7March1998 C9%(Z C C9%(Z C [Q0(Z x ;  ;x[Spain C9%Fx C4February1997 C9%Fx C20October1998 Fx (CEDAW/C/ESP/4) C9%  CTwentyfirst(1999) [Q0Fx x ;  ;x[SriLanka C9% <  C4November1994 C9% < ! C C9% < " C [Q0 < # x ;  x[Sweden C9%(Z $ C3September1994 C9%(Z % C21May1996 (Z & (CEDAW/C/SWE/4) C9% ' C VL0(Z ( x   xVThailand C9% ) C8September1998 C9% * C C9% + C VL+ , x  ;xVTogo C9% <- C26October1996 C9% <. C C9% </ C VL0 <0 x ;  xVTunisia C9%(Z1 C20October1998 C9%(Z2 C C9%(Z3 C QG+(Z4 x  xQTurkey C9%Fx5 C19January1999 C9%Fx6 C C9%Fx7 C QG+Fx8 x  xQUganda C9%d9 C21August1998 C9%d: C C9%d; C VL+d< x  ;xVUkraine C9%= C3November1994 C9%> C C9%? C VL0@ x ;  xVUnitedKingdomofGreat A BritainandNorthernIreland C9%FxB C7May1995 C9%C C19January1999 D (CEDAW/C/UK/4andCEDAW/C/UK/4/Add.1toAdd.4) C9%F CTwentyfirst(1999) VL+G x  ;xVUruguay C9% <H C8November1994 C9% <I C C9% <J C [Q0 <K x ;  ;x[Venezuela C9%(ZL C1June1996 C9%(ZM C C9%(ZN C [Q0(ZO x ;  ;x[VietNam C9%F xP C19March1995 C9%F xQ C C9%F xR C [Q0F xS x ;  ;x[Yemen C9%d!T C29June1997 C9%d!U C C9%d!V C VL0d!W x ;  xVYugoslavia C9%"X C28March1995 C9%"Y C C9%"Z C VL+"[ x  ;xVZambia C9%#\ C21July1998 C9%#] C C9%#^ C _U0#_ x ;  ;x_ E.0  Fifthperiodicreports cY=$` # # x ;  xcRomania C9%%a C6February1995 C9%%b C10December1998 %c (CEDAW/C/ROM/45) C9%&d C QG+%e x  xQRussianFederation C9%'f C3September1998 C9%'g C3March1999 'h (CEDAW/C/USR/5) C9%F(x i C ZP+'j x  ;xZ F.0  Reportssubmittedonanexceptionalbasis h^=d)!k # # x ;  xhDemocraticRepublicof *"l theCongob C9%(+Z#m C C9%*"n C16January1997(oral *"o report;seeCEDAW/C/SR.317) C9%(+Z#p CSixteenth(1997) [Q0*"q x   x[Croatia C9%F,x$r C C9%F,x$s C15September1994 F,x$t (CEDAW/C/CRO/SP.1) C9%,%u CFourteenth(1995) [Q0F,x$v x   x[Rwanda C9%Fx C C9%Fx C31January1996(oralreport;see Fx CEDAW/C/SR.306) C9% CFifteenth(1996) ^]M0Fx x   wx^FederalRepublicof  < Yugoslavia(SerbiaandMontenegro) J]9%V ] J J]9% < ] J2December1993  <  (CEDAW/C/YUG/SP.1)2February1994(oralreport;seeCEDAW/C/SR.254) J]9% . ] JThirteenth(1994)@64 < x0 w  ] @  3$$/x /xe/x   zza0  Oneyearpriortotheduedate,theSecretaryGeneralinvitestheStatepartytosubmititsreport. ## ttb0  Effective17May1997,ZairewasrenamedtheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo.{## zzc  Reportwithdrawn. c mm  33ee/xeg!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A    #idld     Th     /x/xj /x#Sid  3    AnnexVIh =   #idS 3j  j/x j          h     /x/xj /x#Sid  3    0 : 0::Listofspeakerswhoaddressedthecommemorationofthe ? twentiethanniversaryoftheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomenh   #idS 3j  j/x jC         T C A.-6789:   A.-6789:C7Kdd7  #idid 33          & 2SS5 5/x/x/x/xg!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A  e     /x/x/x/x#idid  3    0 : 0::Solemncommemoratione Ԕ   /x/x/x/x#idid 3          0 : 0::AdaGonzlezMartnez,Chairperson,CommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen  0 : 0::LouiseFrchette,DeputySecretaryGeneral  0 : 0::MessagefromMaryRobinson,UnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights,readbyBacreWalyNdiaye,Director,NewYorkOfficeoftheHighCommissioner  0 : 0::NitinDesai,UnderSecretaryGeneralforEconomicandSocialAffairs  0 : 0::AngelaE.V.King,SpecialAdvisertotheSecretaryGeneralonGenderIssuesandAdvancementofWomen  0 : 0::YakinErtrk,Director,DivisionfortheAdvancementofWomen  0 : 0::LuvsandanzangynIder,formerChairperson,CommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen  e     /x/x/x/x#idid  3    0 : 0::Roundtablediscussione њ   /x/x/x/x#idid 3h         0 : 0::CharlotteAbaka,Member,CommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen  0 : 0::FerideAcar,Member,CommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen  0 : 0::RyokoAkamatsu,formerMember,CommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen  0 : 0::EmnaAouij,Member,CommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen  0 : 0::FabrizioBassani,ExecutiveDirector,NewYorkLiaisonOfficeoftheWorldHealthOrganization  0 : 0::SilviaCartwright,Member,CommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen  0 : 0::IvankaCorti,Member,CommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen  0 : 0::FengCui,Member,CommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen  0 : 0::ShantiDairiam,Director,InternationalWomensRightsActionWatch,AsiaPacific  0 : 0::NguyenNgocDung,formerMember,CommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen  0 : 0::MiriamEstrada,formerMember,CommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen  0 : 0::ElizabethEvatt,formerChairperson,CommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen,andMember,HumanRightsCommittee  0 : 0::GreteFengerMoller,formerMember,CommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen  0 : 0::YolandaFerrerGomez,Member,CommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen  0 : 0::ArvonneFraser,Founder,InternationalWomensRightsActionWatch,*'A Ї0 : 0::LilianGurdulichdeCorrea,formerMember,CommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen  0 : 0::VinithaJayasinghe,formerMember,CommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen  0 : 0::SalmaKhan,Member,CommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen,andformerChairpersonoftheCommittee  0 : 0::YungChungKim,Member,CommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen  0 : 0::FranklynLisk,Director,NewYorkLiaisonOfficeoftheInternationalLabourOrganization  0 : 0::PirkkoAnneliMakinen,formerMember,CommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen  0 : 0::CeciliaMedinaQuiroga,Chairperson,HumanRightsCommittee  0 : 0::AlmaMontenegrodeFletcher,formerMember,CommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen  0 : 0::MohamedNizamuddin,Director,TechnicalandPolicyDivision,UnitedNationsPopulationFund  0 : 0::FlaviaPansieri,DeputyDirector,UnitedNationsDevelopmentFundforWomen  0 : 0::KarinShamPoo,DeputyExecutiveDirector,UnitedNationsChildrensFund  0 : 0::ZelmiraRegazzoli,Member,CommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen  0 : 0::HannaBeateSchppSchilling,Member,CommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen  0 : 0::NinaSibal,Director,NewYorkLiaisonOfficeoftheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization  0 : 0::RakelSurlien,formerMember,CommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen  0 : 0::BoubacarToure,Director,NewYorkLiaisonOfficeoftheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations  0 : 0::EimiWatanabe,AssistantAdministratorandDirector,BureauforDevelopmentPolicy,UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme    !. h     /x/xj /x#Sid  3    AnnexVIIh z  0 #idS 3j  j/x j          h     /x/xj /x#Sid  3    0 : 0::Statespartieswhichsubmittedtheirobservationsonthe ? concludingcommentsadoptedbytheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomenh G   #idS 3j  j/x jC         0 : 0:: ThefollowingStatespartiessubmittedobservationsontheconcludingcommentsoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomenduringtheperiod1Januaryto15August1999:Greece,Mexico,China.  t>.*jxw `@E+ww+wt