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C!!# v  ##K#3 v  :::  A. Generalrecommendation24(twentiethsession)!!H!.zzA   ##K#3   :::  B.0 Decisions#!!H!.= =  ! !# $  ##K#7 $  :::  0 Decision20/1#!!H!.V V ! ! !# P ##K#7 P  =g!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A7@x !!7   :II.0  Organizationalandothermatters#((@(.1((# &|   Cp!1!25 &| ##K#7 &| :::  A.0 StatespartiestotheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsof R DiscriminationagainstWomen#((@(.0 ( (# p n n Dp!1!2 p ##K#7 p  :::  B.0 Openingofthesession#((@(.* ( (# F    Cp!3!12 F  ##K#8 F  :::  C.0 Attendance#((@(.  ( (# r  Bp!13!14 r  ##K#9 r  :::  D.0 Solemndeclaration#((@(.& ( (#    Ep!15   ##K#9   :::  E. Electionofofficers((@(.(     Ep!16    ##K#9    :::  F.0 Adoptionoftheagendaandorganizationofwork#((@(.C ( (# L   Ep!17 L  ##K#9 L  :::  G.0 Reportofthepresessionworkinggroup#((@(.{{; ( (# "x  Bp!18!21 "x  ##K#9 "x  :::  H. Compositionandorganizationofworkoftheworkinggroups((@(.N N  Bp!22!25 N  D#D#J#10 N  __ :III.0  ReportoftheChairpersonontheactivitiesundertakenbetweenthenineteenth z   andtwentiethsessionsoftheCommittee#((@(.8((# B!  Bp!26!38 B!  D#D#J#10 B!  XX :IV.0  ConsiderationofreportssubmittedbyStatespartiesunderarticle18ofthe n"  Convention#((@(.' ' ((# 6#  llAp!39!401 6# D#D#J#11 6# :::  A.0 Introduction#((@(. ( (# b$ Bp!39!40 b$ D#D#J#11 b$ :::  B.0 ConsiderationofreportsofStatesparties#((@(.> ( (# % llAp!41!401 % D#D#J#12 % :::   1. ! Initialreports((@(.& &! llAp!41!171 &! D#D#J#12 &! :::    ! Algeria((@(.( (  '<" Bp!41!94 '<" D#D#J#12 '<" :::    ! Kyrgyzstan((@(.==! )h# llAp!95!142 )h# D#D#J#15 )h# :::0  0 ((0! ( (Liechtenstein#((@(.$! (! (# >*$ @p!143!171 >*$ D#D#J#18 >*$ :::0  j+%((    j+%    j+%   :::  0 2.0! ( (Combinedsecondandthirdperiodicreports#((@(.A! (! (# , @p!172!250 , D#D#J#21 ,  =g!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A=@@ ((=  :::0  0 ((0! ( (Greece#((@(. ! (! (# X @p!172!212 X D#D#J#21 X 0 : 0:(:(0 ((0! ( (Thailand#((@(. ! (! (# .  @p!213!250 .  D#D#J#24 .  :::   3.0 ! Thirdandfourthperiodicreports#((@(.8! (! (# Z  @p!251!336 Z  D#D#J#27 Z  :::0  0 ((0! ( (China#((@(. ! (! (#   @p!251!336   D#D#J#27   :::   4.0 ! Fourthperiodicreports#((@(.[[.! (! (#   @p!337!401   D#D#J#34   :::0  0 ((0! ( (Colombia#((@(. ! (! (#  4 @p!337!401  4 D#D#J#34  4  :V.  WaysandmeansofexpeditingtheworkoftheCommittee((@(.G  `  @p!402!429  `  D#D#J#39  `  0 : 0:(:(ActiontakenbytheCommitteeonthereportofWorkingGroupI#((@(.O((# 6  @p!404!429 6  D#D#J#39 6  XX :VI.0  Implementationofarticle21oftheConvention#((@(.?((# b  @p!430!436 b  D#D#J#42 b  0 : 0:(:(ActiontakenbytheCommitteeonthereportofWorkingGroupII#((@(.P((#   @p!432!436   D#D#J#42    :VII.0  Provisionalagendaforthetwentyfirstsession#((@(.@((#  n n Dp!437  D#D#J#43   :VIII.0  Adoptionofthereport#((@(.  '((# < n n Dp!438 < D#D#J#43 <  *a-      /x/x/x/x7x@ ((7g!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A  0 : 0:!:!Parttwoh!! 0 : 0:!:!ReportoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomenonitstwentyfirstsession#!!H!.< < !!#  D#D#J#45  :::  Letteroftransmittal!!H!.i i & $ D#D#J#46 $  :I.  MattersbroughttotheattentionofStatesparties!!H!.  C P D#D#J#47 P :::  A. Decisions!!H!.= =  &| D#D#J#47 @  &| 0 : 0:!:!0 !!Decision21/I#!!H!.: : ! ! !# R D#D#J#47 R :::0  0 !!Decision21/II#!!H!.t t " ! !# ~ D#D#J#47 ~ :::  B. Suggestions!!H!.   D#D#J#47  0 : 0:!:!0 !!Suggestion21/1#!!H!. # ! !# , D#D#J#47 ,  =g!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A7@x !!7   :II.  Organizationalandothermatters((@(.1 !X   Cp!1!21 !X D#D#J#47 !X :::  A.0 StatespartiestotheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsof ." DiscriminationagainstWomen#((@(.0 ( (# "L n n Dp!1!2 "L D#D#J#47 "L :::  B.0 Openingofthesession#((@(.* ( (# "$x   Cp!3!10 "$x D#D#J#47 "$x :::  C.0 Attendance#((@(.  ( (# N% Bp!11!12 N% D#D#J#48 N% :::  D.0 Adoptionoftheagendaandorganizationofwork#((@(.C ( (# z&   Ep!13 z&  D#D#J#48 z&  :::  E. Reportofthepresessionworkinggroup((@(.{{; '! Bp!14!20 '! D#D#J#49 '! :::  F.0 Compositionandorganizationofworkoftheworkinggroups#((@(.N ( (# ((#  Ep!21 ((# D#D#J#49 ((# __ :III.0  ReportoftheChairpersononactivitiesundertakenbetweenthetwentiethand )T$ twentyfirstsessionsoftheCommittee#((@(.kk7((# *% Bp!22!28 *%  D#D#J#50 *%  XX :IV.0  ConsiderationofreportssubmittedbyStatespartiesunderarticle18ofthe +H&  Convention#((@(.' ' ((# ,'  llAp!29!318 ,'  D#D#J#51 ,'  :::  A. Introduction((@(.   Bp!29!30  D#D#J#51  :::  B. ConsiderationofreportsofStatesparties((@(.> , llAp!31!318 , D#D#J#51 , :::   1. ! Initialreports((@(.& X llAp!31!160 X D#D#J#51 X :::    ! Belize((@(.  .  Bp!31!69 .  D#D#J#51 .  :::    ! Georgia((@(.M M  Z  llAp!70!116 Z  D#D#J#55 Z  :::    ! Nepal((@(.    @p!117!160   D#D#J#59   :::   2.0 ! Combinedsecondandthirdperiodicreports#((@(.A! (! (#   @p!161!201   D#D#J#62   :::    ! Ireland((@(.   4 @p!161!201  4 D#D#J#62  4 :::   3. ! Secondandthirdperiodicreports((@(.8  `  @p!202!235  `  D#D#J#66  `  :::    ! Chile((@(.  6  @p!202!235 6  D#D#J#66 6  :::   4. ! Thirdandfourthperiodicreports((@(.8 b  @p!236!318 b  D#D#J#70 b  0 : 0:(:(0 ((0! ( (Spain#((@(. ! (! (#   @p!236!277   D#D#J#70   :::0  0 ((0! ( (UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland#((@(.K! (! (#  @p!278!318  D#D#J#74   :V.  WaysandmeansofexpeditingtheworkoftheCommittee((@(.G < @p!319!328 < D#D#J#78 < 0 : 0:(:(ActiontakenbytheCommitteeunderagendaitem6#((@(.B((# h @p!321!328 h D#D#J#78 h XX :VI.0  Implementationofarticle21oftheConvention#((@(.?((# > @p!329!332 > D#D#J#79 > :::  ActiontakenbytheCommitteeunderagendaitem5((@(.B j @p!331!332 j D#D#J#79 j  :VII.  Provisionalagendaforthetwentysecondsession((@(.VVA  n n Dp!333  D#D#J#80   :VIII.0  Adoptionofthereport#((@(.  '((#  n n Dp!334  D#D#J#80   *a-      /x/x/x/x7x@ ((7g!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A  :Annexes D  D  :I.0  StatespartiestotheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainst p Womenasat1August1999#!!H!.*!!# 8 D#D#J#81 8  :II.0  StatespartieswhichhavedepositedwiththeSecretaryGeneralinstrumentsoftheacceptance d oftheamendmenttoarticle20,paragraph1,oftheConvention#!!H!.O!!# , D#D#J#85 , __ :III.0  DocumentsbeforetheCommitteeatitstwentiethandtwentyfirstsessions#!!H!.Z!!# !X D#D#J#86 !X XX :IV.0  MembershipoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen#!!H!._!!# ." D#D#J#88 ."  :V.0  StatusofsubmissionandconsiderationofreportssubmittedbyStatespartiesunderarticle18of Z# theConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomenasat1August1999#!!H!. !!# $@ D#D#J#89 $@ XX :VI.0  Listofspeakerswhoaddressedthecommemorationofthetwentiethanniversaryofthe &l  ConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen#!!H!.??[!!# &4!  ""I#111 &4!   :VII.0  Statespartieswhichsubmittedtheirobservationsontheconcludingcommentsadoptedbythe  (`"  CommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen#!!H!.ssM!!# ((#  ""I#113 ((#  (x!!(  )T$  T! !TRX3'"Letter (Portrait)X3'"Letter (Portrait)3'"Letter (Portrait)3'"Letter (Portrait)T    XXg!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A /x/x /x /x 3        & 2TRX3'SS7  d d7^^VVC NH-6789:   A.-6789:C   /x /x /x /x#idid 33          (##(d x& e3q !?&'^) ./,15k78=9?!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A& 2SS55  (( C A.-6789:   NH-6789:C7Kd d7  #idid 33          & 2SS55/x /x/x/xg!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A x& e3q !?&'^) ./,15k78=  7    3T/x^#]Sid    PartoneReportoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomenonitstwentiethsession7^x 3ӹ    /xT^#id]S      $  X B/x/xj /xLetteroftransmittal  B z w j  j/x j  620April1999 z  0 : 0::Sir,  0 : 0:: Ihavethehonourtorefertoarticle21oftheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen,accordingtowhichtheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen,establishedpursuanttotheConvention, shall,throughtheEconomicandSocialCouncil,reportannuallytotheGeneralAssemblyoftheUnitedNationsonitsactivities.  0 : 0:: TheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomenhelditstwentiethsessionfrom19Januaryto5February1999atUnitedNationsHeadquarters.Itadopteditsreportonthesessionatits424thmeeting,on5February1999.ThereportoftheCommitteeisherewithsubmittedtoyoufortransmissiontotheGeneralAssemblyatitsfiftyfourthsession.  o 3  rr$(Signed)Ada GonzlezMartnez   8ChairpersonccCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomenoݍ 3  ݈o 3  HisExcellencyMr.Kofi Annan  +%6 SecretaryGeneraloftheUnitedNationsNewYorko" 3   3-'8  4+C NH-6789:   A.-6789:C   /x/x /x /x#idid 33          (##(d x& e3q !?&'^) ./,15k78=9?!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A& 2SS55  &  h     /x /xj /x#Sid  3    ChapterI  0  0xMattersbroughttotheattentionofStatespartiesh  #idS 3 j  j /x  jxx         S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    RRA.0 x Generalrecommendation24 x  (twentiethsession)S:a*  XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3Z xx         S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    0  0xArticle12oftheConventiononthe  d  EliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen" xx 0  0xwomenandhealthS:a[  XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3 xx         1.  x TheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscrimination h  againstWomen,affirmingthataccesstohealthcare,' ߒincludingreproductivehealth,isabasicrightundertheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen,decidedatitstwentiethsession,pursuanttoarticle21,toelaborateageneralrecommendationonarticle12oftheConvention.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3      x Backgrounde  u /x/x /x /x#idid 3          2.  x Statespartiescompliancewitharticle12ofthe % Conventioniscentraltothehealthandwellbeingofwomen.ItrequiresStatestoeliminatediscriminationagainstwomenintheiraccesstohealthcareservicesthroughoutthelifecycle,particularlyintheareasoffamilyplanning,pregnancyandconfinementandduringthepostnatalperiod.TheexaminationofreportssubmittedbyStatespartiespursuanttoarticle18oftheConventiondemonstratesthatwomenshealthisanissuethatisrecognizedasacentralconcerninpromotingthehealthandwellbeingofwomen.ForthebenefitofStatespartiesandthosewhohaveaparticularinterestinandconcernwiththeissuessurroundingwomenshealth,thepresentgeneralrecommendationseekstoelaboratetheCommitteesunderstandingofarticle12andtoaddressmeasurestoeliminatediscriminationinordertorealizetherightofwomentothehighestattainablestandardofhealth.3.  x RecentUnitedNationsworldconferenceshavealso e%, consideredtheseobjectives.Inpreparingthisgeneralrecommendation,theCommitteehastakenintoaccountrelevantprogrammesofactionadoptedatUnitedNationsworldconferencesand,inparticular,thoseofthe1993WorldConferenceonHumanRights,the1994InternationalConferenceonPopulationandDevelopmentandthe1995FourthWorldConferenceonWomen.TheCommitteehasalsonotedtheworkoftheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO),theUnitedNationsPopulationFund(UNFPA)andotherUnitedNationsbodies.Ithascollaboratedwithalarge 5-'6 numberofnongovernmentalorganizationswithaspecialexpertiseinwomenshealthinpreparingthisgeneralrecommendation.4.xx-x  TheCommitteenotestheemphasisthatotherUnited P: Nationsinstrumentsplaceontherighttohealthandtotheconditionsthatenablegoodhealthtobeachieved.AmongsuchinstrumentsaretheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights,theInternationalCovenantonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRights,theInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights,theConventionontheRightsoftheChildandtheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination.5.xx-x  TheCommitteerefersalsotoitsearliergeneral  D recommendationsonfemalecircumcision,humanimmunodeficiencyvirus/acquiredimmunodeficiencysyndrome(HIV/AIDS),disabledwomen,violenceagainstwomenandequalityinfamilyrelations,allofwhichrefertoissuesthatareintegraltofullcompliancewitharticle12oftheConvention.6.xx-x  Whilebiologicaldifferencesbetweenwomenandmen lL mayleadtodifferencesinhealthstatus,therearesocietalfactorsthataredeterminativeofthehealthstatusofwomenandmenandcanvaryamongwomenthemselves.Forthatreason,specialattentionshouldbegiventothehealthneedsandrightsofwomenbelongingtovulnerableanddisadvantagedgroups,suchasmigrantwomen,refugeeandinternallydisplacedwomen,thegirlchildandolderwomen,womeninprostitution,indigenouswomenandwomenwithphysicalormentaldisabilities.7.xx-x  TheCommitteenotesthatthefullrealizationof W womensrighttohealthcanbeachievedonlywhenStatespartiesfulfiltheirobligationtorespect,protectandpromotewomensfundamentalhumanrighttonutritionalwellbeingthroughouttheirlifespanbymeansofafoodsupplythatissafe,nutritiousandadaptedtolocalconditions.Tothisend,Statespartiesshouldtakestepstofacilitatephysicalandeconomicaccesstoproductiveresources,especiallyforruralwomen,andtootherwiseensurethatthespecialnutritionalneedsofallwomenwithintheirjurisdictionaremet.&  e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    xx-x  Article12e Gand  /x/x /x /x#idid 3 3& c         8.xx-x  Article12readsasfollows: I'!e 0 x 0x#x# 1. l StatesPartiesshalltakeallappropriatemeasures _("g toeliminatediscriminationagainstwomeninthefield'3&;ofhealthcareinordertoensure,onabasisofequalityofmenandwomen,accesstohealthcareservices,includingthoserelatedtofamilyplanning. ##    ,`&l 0  0x 2.  Notwithstandingtheprovisionsofparagraph1   ofthisarticle,StatesPartiesshallensuretowomenappropriateservicesinconnectionwithpregnancy,confinementandthepostnatalperiod,grantingfreeserviceswherenecessary,aswellasadequatenutritionduringpregnancyandlactation. xx Statespartiesareencouragedtoaddresstheissueofwomenshealththroughoutthewomanslifespan.Forthepurposesofthepresentgeneralrecommendation,therefore, womenincludesgirlsandadolescents.ThegeneralrecommendationwillsetouttheCommitteesanalysisofthekeyelementsofarticle12.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3      x Keyelementse and  /x/x /x /x#idid 3 1          e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3      x Article12(1)e ܵand  /x/x /x /x#idid 3 G          9.  x Statespartiesareinthebestpositiontoreportonthe ]  mostcriticalhealthissuesaffectingwomeninthatcountry.Therefore,inordertoenabletheCommitteetoevaluatewhethermeasurestoeliminatediscriminationagainstwomeninthefieldofhealthcareareappropriate,Statespartiesmustreportontheirhealthlegislation,plansandpoliciesforwomenwithreliabledatadisaggregatedbysexontheincidenceandseverityofdiseasesandconditionshazardoustowomenshealthandnutritionandontheavailabilityandcosteffectivenessofpreventiveandcurativemeasures.ReportstotheCommitteemustdemonstratethathealthlegislation,plansandpoliciesarebasedonscientificandethicalresearchandassessmentofthehealthstatusandneedsofwomeninthatcountryandtakeintoaccountanyethnic,regionalorcommunityvariationsorpracticesbasedonreligion,traditionorculture.10.  x Statespartiesareencouragedtoincludeintheirreports +$ informationondiseases,healthconditionsandconditionshazardoustohealththataffectwomenorcertaingroupsofwomendifferentlyfrommen,aswellasinformationonpossibleinterventioninthisregard.11.  x Measurestoeliminatediscriminationagainstwomen a#* areconsideredtobeinappropriateifahealthcaresystemlacksservicestoprevent,detectandtreatillnessesspecifictowomen.ItisdiscriminatoryforaStatepartytorefusetoprovidelegallyfortheperformanceofcertainreproductivehealthservicesforwomen.Forinstance,ifhealthserviceprovidersrefusetoperformsuchservicesbasedonconscientiousobjection,measuresshouldbeintroducedtoensurethatwomenarereferredtoalternativehealthproviders.12.  x Statespartiesshouldreportontheirunderstandingof +%5 howpoliciesandmeasuresonhealthcareaddressthehealthrightsofwomenfromtheperspectiveofwomensneedsand -e'7 interestsandhowitaddressesdistinctivefeaturesandfactorsthatdifferforwomenincomparisontomen,suchas:xx-x  (a) l Biologicalfactorsthatdifferforwomenin : comparisonwithmen,suchastheirmenstrualcycle,theirreproductivefunctionandmenopause.Anotherexampleisthehigherriskofexposuretosexuallytransmitteddiseasesthatwomenface;xx-x  (b) l Socioeconomicfactorsthatvaryforwomenin  @ generalandsomegroupsofwomeninparticular.Forexample,unequalpowerrelationshipsbetweenwomenandmeninthehomeandworkplacemaynegativelyaffectwomensnutritionandhealth.Theymayalsobeexposedtodifferentformsofviolencewhichcanaffecttheirhealth.Girlchildrenandadolescentgirlsareoftenvulnerabletosexualabusebyoldermenandfamilymembers,placingthematriskofphysicalandpsychologicalharmandunwantedandearlypregnancy.Someculturalortraditionalpracticessuchasfemalegenitalmutilationalsocarryahighriskofdeathanddisability;xx-x  (c) l Psychosocialfactorsthatvarybetweenwomen lM andmenincludedepressioningeneralandpostpartumdepressioninparticularaswellasotherpsychologicalconditions,suchasthosethatleadtoeatingdisorderssuchasanorexiaandbulimia;xx-x  (d) l Whilelackofrespectfortheconfidentialityof S patientswillaffectbothmenandwomen,itmaydeterwomenfromseekingadviceandtreatmentandtherebyadverselyaffecttheirhealthandwellbeing.Womenwillbelesswilling,forthatreason,toseekmedicalcarefordiseasesofthegenitaltract,forcontraceptionorforincompleteabortionandincaseswheretheyhavesufferedsexualorphysicalviolence.13.xx-x  ThedutyofStatespartiestoensure,onabasisof 0 \ equalityofmenandwomen,accesstohealthcareservices,informationandeducationimpliesanobligationtorespect,protectandfulfilwomensrightstohealthcare.Statespartieshavetheresponsibilitytoensurethatlegislationandexecutiveactionandpolicycomplywiththesethreeobligations.Theymustalsoputinplaceasystemthatensureseffectivejudicialaction.Failuretodosowillconstituteaviolationofarticle12.14.xx-x  TheobligationtorespectrightsrequiresStatesparties '!f torefrainfromobstructingactiontakenbywomeninpursuitoftheirhealthgoals.Statespartiesshouldreportonhowpublicandprivatehealthcareprovidersmeettheirdutiestorespectwomensrightstohaveaccesstohealthcare.Forexample,Statespartiesshouldnotrestrictwomensaccesstohealthservicesortotheclinicsthatprovidethoseservicesonthegroundthatwomendonothavetheauthorizationof ,T'm husbands,partners,parentsorhealthauthorities,becausetheyareunmarried O#  1      ׀orbecausetheyarewomen.Other r barrierstowomensaccesstoappropriatehealthcareincludelawsthatcriminalizemedicalproceduresonlyneededbywomenandthatpunishwomenwhoundergothoseprocedures.15.  x Theobligationtoprotectrightsrelatingtowomens   healthrequiresStatesparties,theiragentsandofficialstotakeactiontopreventandimposesanctionsforviolationsofrightsbyprivatepersonsandorganizations.Sincegenderbasedviolenceisacriticalhealthissueforwomen,Statespartiesshouldensure:  x (a)  Theenactmentandeffectiveenforcementoflaws   andtheformulationofpolicies,includinghealthcareprotocolsandhospitalprocedurestoaddressviolenceagainstwomenandsexualabuseofgirlchildrenandtheprovisionofappropriatehealthservices;  x (b)  Gendersensitivetrainingtoenablehealthcare 2 workerstodetectandmanagethehealthconsequencesofgenderbasedviolence;  x (c)  Fairandprotectiveproceduresforhearing  complaintsandimposingappropriatesanctionsonhealthcareprofessionalsguiltyofsexualabuseofwomenpatients;  x (d)  Theenactmentandeffectiveenforcementoflaws (~ thatprohibitfemalegenitalmutilationandmarriageofgirlchildren.16.  x Statespartiesshouldensurethatadequateprotection $  andhealthservices,includingtraumatreatmentandcounselling,areprovidedforwomeninespeciallydifficultcircumstances,suchasthosetrappedinsituationsofarmedconflictandwomenrefugees.17.  x ThedutytofulfilrightsplacesanobligationonStates  Z& partiestotakeappropriatelegislative,judicial,administrative,budgetary,economicandothermeasurestothemaximumextentoftheiravailableresourcestoensurethatwomenrealizetheirrightstohealthcare.StudiessuchasthosethatemphasizethehighmaternalmortalityandmorbidityratesworldwideandthelargenumbersofcoupleswhowouldliketolimittheirfamilysizebutlackaccesstoordonotuseanyformofcontraceptionprovideanimportantindicationforStatespartiesofpossiblebreachesoftheirdutiestoensurewomensaccesstohealthcare.TheCommitteeasksStatespartiestoreportonwhattheyhavedonetoaddressthemagnitudeofwomensillhealth,in d)#2 particularwhenitarisesfrompreventableconditions,suchastuberculosisandHIV/AIDS.TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutthegrowingevidencethatStatesarerelinquishingtheseobligationsastheytransferStatehealthfunctionstoprivateagencies.Statespartiescannotabsolvethemselvesofresponsibilityintheseareasbydelegatingortransferringthesepowerstoprivatesectoragencies.Statespartiesshouldthereforereportonwhattheyhavedonetoorganizegovernmentalprocessesandallstructuresthroughwhichpublicpowerisexercisedtopromoteandprotectwomenshealth.Theyshouldincludeinformationonpositivemeasurestakentocurbviolationsofwomensrightsbythirdpartiesandtoprotecttheirhealthandthemeasurestheyhavetakentoensuretheprovisionofsuchservices.18.xx-x  TheissuesofHIV/AIDSandothersexuallytransmitted > A diseasesarecentraltotherightsofwomenandadolescentgirlstosexualhealth.Adolescentgirlsandwomeninmanycountrieslackadequateaccesstoinformationandservicesnecessarytoensuresexualhealth.Asaconsequenceofunequalpowerrelationsbasedongender,womenandadolescentgirlsareoftenunabletorefusesexorinsistonsafeandresponsiblesexpractices.Harmfultraditionalpractices,suchasfemalegenitalmutilation,polygamy,aswellasmaritalrape,mayalsoexposegirlsandwomentotheriskofcontractingHIV/AIDSandothersexuallytransmitteddiseases.Womeninprostitutionarealsoparticularlyvulnerabletothesediseases.Statespartiesshouldensure,withoutprejudiceordiscrimination,therighttosexualhealthinformation,educationandservicesforallwomenandgirls,includingthosewhohavebeentrafficked,eveniftheyarenotlegallyresidentinthecountry.Inparticular,Statespartiesshouldensuretherightsoffemaleandmaleadolescentstosexualandreproductivehealtheducationbyproperlytrainedpersonnelinspeciallydesignedprogrammesthatrespecttheirrighttoprivacyandconfidentiality.19.xx-x  Intheirreports,Statespartiesshouldidentifythetest !W bywhichtheyassesswhetherwomenhaveaccesstohealthcareonabasisofequalityofmenandwomeninordertodemonstratecompliancewitharticle12.Inapplyingthesetests,Statespartiesshouldbearinmindtheprovisionsofarticle1oftheConvention.Reportsshouldthereforeincludecommentsontheimpactthathealthpolicies,procedures,lawsandprotocolshaveonwomenwhencomparedwithmen.20.xx-x  Womenhavetherighttobefullyinformed,by (J#a properlytrainedpersonnel,oftheiroptionsinagreeingtotreatmentorresearch,includinglikelybenefitsandpotentialadverseeffectsofproposedproceduresandavailablealternatives.  ,&f 21.  x Statespartiesshouldreportonmeasurestakento   eliminatebarriersthatwomenfaceinaccesstohealthcareservicesandwhatmeasurestheyhavetakentoensurewomentimelyandaffordableaccesstosuchservices.Barriersincluderequirementsorconditionsthatprejudicewomensaccess,suchashighfeesforhealthcareservices,therequirementforpreliminaryauthorizationbyspouse,parentorhospitalauthorities,distancefromhealthfacilitiesandtheabsenceofconvenientandaffordablepublictransport.22.  x Statespartiesshouldalsoreportonmeasurestakento    ensureaccesstoqualityhealthcareservices,forexample,bymakingthemacceptabletowomen.Acceptableservicesarethosethataredeliveredinawaythatensuresthatawomangivesherfullyinformedconsent,respectsherdignity,guaranteesherconfidentialityandissensitivetoherneedsandperspectives.Statespartiesshouldnotpermitformsofcoercion,suchasnonconsensualsterilization,mandatorytestingforsexuallytransmitteddiseasesormandatorypregnancytestingasaconditionofemploymentthatviolatewomensrightstoinformedconsentanddignity.23.  x Intheirreports,Statespartiesshouldstatewhat  measurestheyhavetakentoensuretimelyaccesstotherangeofservicesthatarerelatedtofamilyplanning,inparticular,andtosexualandreproductivehealthingeneral.Particularattentionshouldbepaidtothehealtheducationofadolescents,includinginformationandcounsellingonallmethodsoffamilyplanning. O#  2       ^ 24.  x TheCommitteeisconcernedabouttheconditionsof t healthcareservicesforolderwomen,notonlybecausewomenoftenlivelongerthanmenandaremorelikelythanmentosufferfromdisablinganddegenerativechronicdiseases,suchasosteoporosisanddementia,butbecausetheyoftenhavetheresponsibilityfortheirageingspouses.Therefore,Statespartiesshouldtakeappropriatemeasurestoensuretheaccessofolderwomentohealthservicesthataddressthehandicapsanddisabilitiesassociatedwithageing.25.  x Womenwithdisabilities,ofallages,oftenhave $* difficultywithphysicalaccesstohealthservices.Womenwithmentaldisabilitiesareparticularlyvulnerable,whilethereislimitedunderstanding,ingeneral,ofthebroadrangeofriskstomentalhealthtowhichwomenaredisproportionatelysusceptibleasaresultofgenderdiscrimination,violence,poverty,armedconflict,dislocation B)#0 andotherformsofsocialdeprivation.Statespartiesshouldtakeappropriatemeasurestoensurethathealthservicesaresensitivetotheneedsofwomenwithdisabilitiesandarerespectfuloftheirhumanrightsanddignity.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    xx-x  Article12(2)e |advi 2 /x/x /x /x#idid 3  6         26.xx-x  ReportsshouldalsoincludewhatmeasuresStates  8 partieshavetakentoensurewomenappropriateservicesinconnectionwithpregnancy,confinementandthepostnatalperiod.Informationontheratesatwhichthesemeasureshavereducedmaternalmortalityandmorbidityintheircountries,ingeneral,andinvulnerablegroups,regionsandcommunities,inparticular,shouldalsobeincluded.27.xx-x  Statespartiesshouldincludeintheirreportshowthey  @ supplyfreeserviceswherenecessarytoensuresafepregnancies,childbirthandpostpartumperiodsforwomen.Manywomenareatriskofdeathordisabilityfrompregnancyrelatedcausesbecausetheylackthefundstoobtainoraccessthenecessaryservices,whichincludeantenatal,maternityandpostnatalservices.TheCommitteenotesthatitisthedutyofStatespartiestoensurewomensrighttosafemotherhoodandemergencyobstetricservicesandtheyshouldallocatetotheseservicesthemaximumextentofavailableresources.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    xx-x  OtherrelevantarticlesintheConventione advi r /x/x /x /x#idid 3 FM         28.xx-x  Whenreportingonmeasurestakentocomplywith \O article12,StatespartiesareurgedtorecognizeitsinterconnectionwithotherarticlesintheConventionthathaveabearingonwomenshealth.Thosearticlesincludearticle5(b),whichrequiresStatespartiestoensurethatfamilyeducationincludesaproperunderstandingofmaternityasasocialfunction;article10,whichrequiresStatespartiestoensureequalaccesstoeducation,thusenablingwomentoaccesshealthcaremorereadilyandreducingfemalestudentdropoutrates,whichareoftenaresultofprematurepregnancy;article10(h),whichrequiresthatStatespartiesprovidetowomenandgirlsaccesstospecificeducationalinformationtohelpensurethehealthandwellbeingoffamilies,includinginformationandadviceonfamilyplanning;article11,whichisconcerned,inpart,withtheprotectionofwomenshealthandsafetyinworkingconditions,includingthesafeguardingofthereproductivefunction,specialprotectionfromharmfultypesofworkduringpregnancyandwiththeprovisionofpaidmaternityleave;article14,paragraph2(b),whichrequiresStatespartiestoensureaccessforruralwomentoadequatehealthcarefacilities,includinginformation,counsellingandservicesinfamilyplanning,and(h),whichobligesStatespartiestotakeallappropriatemeasurestoensureadequate ,T'f livingconditions,particularlyhousing,sanitation,electricityandwatersupply,transportandcommunications,allofwhicharecriticalforthepreventionofdiseaseandthepromotionofgoodhealthcare;andarticle16,paragraph1(e),whichrequiresStatespartiestoensurethatwomenhavethesamerightsasmentodecidefreelyandresponsiblyonthenumberandspacingoftheirchildrenandtohaveaccesstotheinformation,educationandmeanstoenablethemtoexercisethoserights.Article16,paragraph2proscribesthebetrothalandmarriageofchildren,animportantfactorinpreventingthephysicalandemotionalharmwhicharisefromearlychildbirth.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3      x Recommendationsforgovernmentactione %and  /x/x /x /x#idid 3 9          29.  x Statespartiesshouldimplementacomprehensive O  nationalstrategytopromotewomenshealththroughouttheirlifespan.Thiswillincludeinterventionsaimedatboththepreventionandtreatmentofdiseasesandconditionsaffectingwomen,aswellasrespondingtoviolenceagainstwomen,andwillensureuniversalaccessforallwomentoafullrangeofhighqualityandaffordablehealthcare,includingsexualandreproductivehealthservices.30.  x Statespartiesshouldallocateadequatebudgetary,  humanandadministrativeresourcestoensurethatwomenshealthreceivesashareoftheoverallhealthbudgetcomparablewiththatformenshealth,takingintoaccounttheirdifferenthealthneeds.31.  x Statespartiesshouldalso,inparticular:    x (a)  Placeagenderperspectiveatthecentreofall )! policiesandprogrammesaffectingwomenshealthandshouldinvolvewomenintheplanning,implementationandmonitoringofsuchpoliciesandprogrammesandintheprovisionofhealthservicestowomen;  x (b)  Ensuretheremovalofallbarrierstowomens  !_' accesstohealthservices,educationandinformation,includingintheareaofsexualandreproductivehealth,and,inparticular,allocateresourcesforprogrammesdirectedatadolescentsforthepreventionandtreatmentofsexuallytransmitteddiseases,includingHIV/AIDS;  x (c)  Prioritizethepreventionofunwantedpregnancy &] . throughfamilyplanningandsexeducationandreducematernalmortalityratesthroughsafemotherhoodservicesandprenatalassistance.Whenpossible,legislationcriminalizingabortionshouldbeamended,inordertowithdrawpunitivemeasuresimposedonwomenwhoundergoabortion;  B+%5 xx-x  (d) l Monitortheprovisionofhealthservicesto 5 womenbypublic,nongovernmentalandprivateorganizations,toensureequalaccessandqualityofcare; xx-x  (e) l Requireallhealthservicestobeconsistentwith P9 thehumanrightsofwomen,includingtherightstoautonomy,privacy,confidentiality,informedconsentandchoice;xx-x  (f) l Ensurethatthetrainingcurriculaofhealth  > workersincludescomprehensive,mandatory,gendersensitivecoursesonwomenshealthandhumanrights,inparticulargenderbasedviolence.S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    +xB.  DecisionsS:a and   XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3 B E         S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    0 x 0x#x#Decision20/IL H## 0 x 0x#x#NongovernmentalorganizationsS:a edd  XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3. I##         xx-x  Recallingitsdecisions18/Iand18/II,adoptedatits L eighteenthsession,theCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomendecidedthatrepresentativesofnationalandinternationalnongovernmentalorganizationsshouldbeinvitedtoprovidecountryspecificinformationonStatespartieswhosereportsarebeforetheCommitteeinaninformalmeetingoftheWorkingGroupoftheWhole.h     /x /xj /x#Sid  3    ChapterII hV xx-x  Organizationalandothermattersh  #idS 3 j  j /x  j jW         S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    +xA.0  StatespartiestotheConventiononthe 4Z EliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomenS:a5  XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3N\##         1.xx-x  On5February1999,theclosingdateofthetwentieth !_ sessionoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen,therewere163StatespartiestotheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen,whichwasadoptedbytheGeneralAssemblyinitsresolution34/180of18December1979andopenedforsignature,ratificationandaccessioninNewYorkinMarch1980.Inaccordancewitharticle27,theConventionenteredintoforceon3September1981.2.xx-x  AlistofStatespartiestotheConventioniscontained )X#i inannexI.AlistofStatespartieswhichhaveacceptedtheamendmenttoarticle20(1)oftheConventioniscontainedinannexII. ,Q'o &   S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    ]]B. x OpeningofthesessionS:a  XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3          3.  x TheCommitteehelditstwentiethsessionatUnited ^ NationsHeadquartersfrom19Januaryto5February1999.' TheCommitteeheld21plenarymeetings(404th424th),anditsworkinggroupsheld16meetings.AlistofthedocumentsbeforetheCommitteeiscontainedinannexIII,sectionA.4.  x ThesessionwasopenedbytheChairpersonofthe    Committee,SalmaKhan(Bangladesh),whohadbeenelectedatthesixteenthsessionoftheCommitteeinJanuary1997.5.  x SpeakingonbehalfoftheSecretaryGeneral,the :  DeputyDirectoroftheDivisionfortheAdvancementofWomenwelcomedthemembersoftheCommitteetothetwentiethsessionandcongratulatedthefivenewCommitteememberswhohadbeenelectedatthetenthmeetingofStatespartiesinFebruary1998andthefourmemberswhohadbeenreelectedatthatmeeting.6.  x TheAssistantSecretaryGeneralandSpecialAdviser V totheSecretaryGeneralonGenderIssuesandAdvancementofWomenalsowelcomedmembersoftheCommittee,includingthenewlyelectedmembers,andcongratulatedthosewhohadbeenelectedbytheCommitteeasitsofficers.ShesaidthatthetwentiethsessionwastakingplaceatthebeginningoftheyearduringwhichthetwentiethanniversaryoftheadoptionoftheConventionwouldoccur,andsuggestedthattheCommitteemightwishtoreflectonwaystocommemoratethatimportantanniversary.Sheaddedthat1999alsomarkedthetenthanniversaryoftheadoptionoftheConventionontheRightsoftheChild.7.  x TheSpecialAdviserindicatedthatseveralofthe " activitiesoftheDivisionfortheAdvancementofWomensincethenineteenthsessionhadcontributedtothegrowingvisibilityoftheConventionandtheCommittee.Thoseincludedthepreparationofastudyanalysingwhatthevarioustreatybodieshaddoneandshoulddotointegrateagenderperspectiveintotheirwork,whichincludedrecommendationsaimedatincreasingcooperationbetweentheCommitteeandothertreatybodies.8.  x From29Septemberto2October1998,theDivision, %Z, incollaborationwithWHO,UNFPA,theCommonwealthSecretariatandtheTunisianMinistryofWomenandFamily,convenedanexpertgroupmeetinginTunisiaonwomenandhealth.InadditiontoformingpartofthepreparationsforthefortythirdsessionoftheCommissionontheStatusofWomen,whichwouldconsiderthecriticalareaofwomenandhealth,theconclusionsofthemeetingwererelevanttotheCommitteesongoingworkonitsgeneralrecommendationonwomenandhealth.  ,&6 9.xx-x  OnbehalfoftheInterAgencyCommitteeonWomen 6  andGenderEquality,theDivisionorganizedaworkshoponarightsbasedapproachtowomensadvancementandempowermentandgenderequality.Animportantfocusoftheworkshop,whichsoughttoreviewandclarifytherightsbasedapproachtogenderequalityanditsimplicationsforpolicyandoperationsbybilateralandmultilateralentities,wasthevalueoftheConventionasatoolforrightsbasedprogramming.10.xx-x  WiththeUnitedNationsChildrensFund(UNICEF),  V@ theUnitedNationsDevelopmentFundforWomen(UNIFEM),InternationalWomensRightsActionWatchandSavetheChildren,theDivisionorganizedanexpertconsultationonviolenceinfamilies,whichwasattendedbyseveralmembersoftheCommittee.TheconsultationwasfollowedbyahalfdaydialogueamongseveralmembersoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomenandtheCommitteeontheRightsoftheChild,duringwhichproposedjointstrategiestoaddressfamilyviolencewereaddressed.11.xx-x  TheSpecialAdviserinformedtheCommitteethatin <L itsresolution53/118of9December1998,theGeneralAssemblyhadurgedStatestoratifyoraccedetotheConventionassoonaspossible.TheAssemblyemphasizedtheimportanceoffullcompliancebyStatespartieswiththeirobligationsundertheConvention,urgedStatespartiestowithdraworlimitanyreservationstheyhadlodgedtotheConventionandinvitedStatespartiestogivedueconsiderationtothestatementregardingreservationstotheConventionadoptedbytheCommitteetomarkthefiftiethanniversaryoftheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights.TheAssemblycommendedtheCommitteeonitseffortstocontributetotheeffectiveimplementationoftheConventionandforreducingthebacklogofreports,includingthroughimprovedinternalmethodsofwork.ItencouragedstrengthenedcoordinationbetweentheCommitteeandotherhumanrightstreatybodiesandinvitedtheCommitteetodrawupjointgeneralcommentswithothertreatybodies,withintheirrespectivemandates,ontheuniversality,indivisibility,interdependenceandinterrelatednessofhumanrights.12.xx-x  TheSpecialAdviserinformedtheCommitteethatin & b December1998DjiboutihadbecometheonehundredsixtythirdStatepartytotheConvention.ShenotedthatalthoughthenumberofStatespartiestotheConventionwasgratifying,imaginativestrategiesandconcertedeffortswererequiredtoreachthetargetofuniversalratificationby2000establishedbytheBeijingPlatformforActionoftheFourthWorldConferenceonWomen.Inthatregard,sheindicatedthatattheirtenthmeeting,thepersonschairingthehuman ,2'j rightstreatybodieshadrecommendedthedevelopmentofacomprehensiveactionprogrammetopromoteuniversalratificationofthesixcorehumanrightstreaties.&   S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    RRC. x AttendanceS:aA3 3 XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3 f          13.  x AllmembersoftheCommitteeattendedthetwentieth  p  session,withtheexceptionofCarlotaBustelo,Silvia' f 53CartwrightandKongitSinegiorgis.AnneLiseRyelattendedfrom25Januaryto3February1999;AhouaOuedraogoattendedfrom19to29January1999;RosarioManaloattendedfrom19Januaryto2February1999;andMaviviMyakayakaManziniattendedfrom19Januaryto2February1999.14.  x AlistofthemembersoftheCommittee,indicating   theirtermsofoffice,iscontainedinannexIV.S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    RRD. x SolemndeclarationS:a7 S8 XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3          15.  x Attheopeningofthetwentiethsession,before P assumingtheirfunctions,thenewlyelectedmembers,CharlotteAbaka(Ghana),IvankaCorti(Italy),FengCui(China),NaelaGabr(Egypt),SavitriGoonesekere(SriLanka),RosalynHazelle(SaintKittsandNevis),RosarioManalo(Philippines),MaviviMyakayakaManzini(SouthAfrica),ZelmiraRegazzoli(Argentina),CarmelShalev(Israel)andChikakoTaya(Japan),madethesolemndeclarationasprovidedforunderrule10oftherulesofprocedureoftheCommittee.S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    ]]E. x ElectionofofficersS:a; < XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3 '         16.  x Atits404thmeeting,on19January1999,the 8!* Committeeelectedthefollowingofficersforatermoftwoyears(19992000)byacclamation,inaccordancewitharticle19oftheConventionandrules13and14oftheCommitteesrulesofprocedure:AdaGonzlezMartnez(Mexico),Chairperson;YungChungKim(RepublicofKorea),AhouaOuedraogo(BurkinaFaso)andHannaBeateSchppSchilling(Germany),ViceChairpersons;andAyseFerideAcar(Turkey),Rapporteur.& & S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    hhF.0 x Adoptionoftheagendaandorganization )#6 ofworkS:a? @ XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3*$7xx         17.  x TheCommitteeconsideredtheprovisionalagendaand :,&: '&)?organizationofwork(CEDAW/C/1999/I/1)atits404th -X'; meeting,on19January1999.Theagendaasadoptedwasasfollows:xx-x  1. l Openingofthesession. > xx-x  2.0 l Solemndeclarationbythenewmembersofthe @ Committee. l#l# xx-x  3. l Electionofofficers. | C xx-x  4.0 l Adoptionoftheagendaandorganizationof  E work. l#l# xx-x  5.0 l ReportoftheChairpersonontheactivities p H undertakenbetweenthenineteenthandtwentiethsessionsoftheCommittee. l#l# xx-x  6.0 l ConsiderationofthereportssubmittedbyStates l L partiesunderarticle18oftheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen. l#l# xx-x  7.0 l Implementationofarticle21oftheConvention  Q ontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen. l#l# xx-x  8.0 l Waysandmeansofexpeditingtheworkofthe *U Committee. l#l# xx-x  9. l Provisionalagendaforthetwentyfirstsession. ^X xx-x  10.0 l AdoptionofthereportoftheCommitteeonits tZ twentiethsession. l#l# &  S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    +xG.  ReportofthepresessionworkinggroupS:a#I I XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3 h_         18.xx-x  TheCommitteehaddecided,atitsninthsession, O#  3      ׀to b conveneapresessionworkinggroupforfivedaysbeforeeachsessiontopreparelistsofissuesandquestionsrelatingtoperiodicreports'IԀthatwouldbeconsideredbytheCommitteeatthesession.19.xx-x  Thefollowingfourmembers,representingdifferent !Rh regionalgroups,participatedintheworkinggroup:EmnaAouij(Africa),IvankaCorti(Europe),YolandaFerrerGomez(LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean)andSalmaKhan(AsiaandthePacific).20.xx-x  Theworkinggrouppreparedlistsofissuesand 2& n questionsrelatingtothereportsoffourStatesparties,namelyChina,Colombia,GreeceandThailand.  M("q 21.  x Atthe404thmeeting,on19January1999,the  Chairpersonofthepresessionworkinggroupintroducedthereportofthegroup(CEDAW/C/1999/I/CRP.1andAdd.14). &  S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    FFH.0 x Compositionandorganizationofworkof f  theworkinggroupsS:aO P XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3H xx         22.  x Atits404thmeeting,on19January1999,the  R  Committeeagreedonthecompositionofitstwostanding'f Oworkinggroups:WorkingGroupI,toconsiderwaysandmeansofexpeditingtheworkoftheCommittee,andWorkingGroupII,toconsiderwaysandmeansofimplementingarticle21oftheConvention.23.  x WorkingGroupIwascomposedofthefollowing P  membersoftheCommittee:AyseFerideAcar,EmnaAouij,IvankaCorti,FengCui,YolandaFerrerGomez,SalmaKhan,YungChungKim,CarmelShalev,ChikakoTaya,HannaBeateSchoppSchillingandZelmiraRegazzoli.24.  x WorkingGroupIIwascomposedofthefollowing 0 membersoftheCommittee:CharlotteAbaka,RosalynHazelle,NaelaGabr,SavitriGoonesekere,RosarioManalo,MaviviMyakayakaManziniandAhouaOuedraogo.25.  x ThespecificissuesaddressedbyWorkingGroupsI  andIIwerethefollowing:  x (a)  WorkingGroupI .Workingmethodsofthepre | sessionworkinggroup,includingthenumberofissuesandquestions,analysisprovidedbytheSecretariatandimplicationsofnewtiming;receiptofreportsbyexperts;relationshipbetweentheCommitteeandotherUnitedNationsagencies;mattersraisedatthetenthmeetingofthechairpersonsofhumanrightstreatybodies;universalratification;focusedperiodicreports;commentsoftheCommitteeonthepreliminarystatementofAlainPellet,RapporteuroftheInternationalLawCommission,onreservations;genderperspectivesintheworkoftheUnitedNationstreatybodies;inputintotheworkoftheexpertmemberoftheSubcommissiononPreventionofDiscriminationandProtectionofMinoritiesonreservations;theCommitteesreportontheimplementationoftheBeijingPlatformforActionpreparedforthefortythirdsessionoftheCommissionontheStatusofWomen;theCommitteesrulesofprocedure;reportstobeconsideredatthetwentyfirst,twentysecondandtwentythirdsessionsoftheCommittee;andtheroleofnongovernmentalorganizations;  x (b)  WorkingGroupII .Draftgeneral j*$4 recommendationonarticle12;theCommitteeslongtermprogrammeofworkwithregardtogeneralrecommendations;publicityfortheCommitteeandthe ,'7 Convention;andthetwentiethanniversaryoftheadoptionoftheConvention.& * h     /x /xj /x#Sid  3    ChapterIII < 0 x 0x#x#ReportoftheChairpersonontheactivitiesundertakenbetweenthenineteenthandtwentiethsessionsoftheCommitteeh V\  ]#idS 3 j  j /x  j @##         26.xx-x  SalmaKhan,theoutgoingChairpersonofthe pC Committee,welcomedalltheCommitteememberstothe'*J\twentiethsession.SheextendedhercongratulationstothenewmemberselectedatthetenthmeetingofStatesparties,statingthattheyhadjoinedthehumanrightstreatybodyresponsibleforpromotinganddefendingtherightsofhalfofhumanity.27.xx-x  Ms.Khanindicatedthatduringtheintersessional 6K period,shehadsoughttomaintainregularcontactwiththeexperts,andthathadfacilitatedherworkandcontributedtotheachievementoftheircommongoals.28.xx-x  Inregardtoheractivitiesbetweenthenineteenthand P twentiethsessionsoftheCommittee,Ms.KhanreportedthatshehadattendedseveralSouthAsianregionalmeetingstocommemoratethe1995FourthWorldConferenceonWomen,includingameetingheldatKathmandu,whichhadsoughttodeveloparegionalstrategyforimplementationoftheBeijingPlatformforActionandtoidentifychallengesandgapsinthatregard.29.xx-x  Ms.Khanindicatedthatshehadparticipatedina 2Y commemorationofthefiftiethanniversaryoftheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsinParisfrom14to16September1998.HerstatementatthateventhighlightedthefactthattheDeclarationhadestablishedtheequalrightsofwomenandmen,aprincipleelaboratedintheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen.30.xx-x  ReportingonherattendanceattheThirdCommittee $b oftheGeneralAssemblyatitsfiftythirdsession,Ms.KhannotedthatseveralGovernmentshadcommendedtheworkoftheCommitteeanditseffortstoreinforcetheimplementationmechanismsoftheConvention.SeveralhadwelcomedthedevelopmentofanoptionalprotocolandthestatementonreservationsadoptedatthenineteenthsessionoftheCommitteeasacontributiontothefiftiethanniversaryoftheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights.31.xx-x  Ms.KhanunderlinedtheCommitteesgrowinglinks ,l&l withspecializedagenciesandotherbodiesoftheUnited ,4'm NationsanddrewattentiontotheeffortsoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights,MaryRobinson,todevelopapartnershipbetweenherofficeandtheCommittee.Inthisregard,Ms.KhannotedthattheHighCommissionerhadsoughtinputsfromtheCommitteepriortoherrecentmissiontoChinaandthatMrs.Robinsonhadprovidedherwithadetailedaccountofhermission,highlightingprogressachievedandchallengesinaletterdated3December1998.32.  x Ms.KhanremindedtheCommitteethat18December  V  1999wouldmarkthetwentiethanniversaryoftheadoptionoftheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen,while20November1999wouldmarkthetenthanniversaryoftheConventionontheRightsoftheChild.Shenotedthatthoseanniversarieswouldprovideopportunitiestoemphasizetheimportanceofinternationalnormativeinstrumentsintheestablishmentoffullandequalrightsforwomenandgirlchildren.33.  x Ms.KhannotedthatalthoughthemajorityofMember V StateshadsubscribedtotheConvention,thegoalofuniversalratificationsetbytheBeijingPlatformforActionhadyettobereached.OnbehalfoftheCommittee,shehadwrittentothosecountriesthathadnotyetratifiedoraccededtotheConvention,whiletheAssistantSecretaryGeneralandSpecialAdvisertotheSecretaryGeneralonGenderIssuesandAdvancementofWomenhadalsowrittentotheAdministratoroftheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP),requestinghimtoencourageGovernmentstoratifyoraccedetotheConvention.Ms.Khanindicatedthatshehadalsorequestedanumberofnongovernmentalorganizationstoencourageratification.Asaresultofthoseefforts,severalStates,includingDjibouti,hadacceptedtheConvention.34.  x Inconcludingherremarks,Ms.Khanoutlinedprogress \ $ intheCommitteesworkduringthetwoyearsofherchairpersonship.ShenotedthattherehadbeenasteadyincreaseinratificationandaccessionandthattheCommitteewasnowmeetingtwiceyearly.Ithadreviewedthereportsof35Statespartiesovertheperiod,andpositivestepstowardsdejureequalityofwomenhadbeenmade.Some  %b* StatespartieshadmodifiedorwithdrawntheirreservationstotheConvention,andsignificantprogresshadbeenmadeintheelaborationofanoptionalcomplaintsmechanismtotheConvention.WorkingrelationshipshadbeenestablishedwithspecializedagenciesandotherbodiesoftheUnitedNationssystem,aswellasnongovernmentalorganizations.Sheindicated,however,thatstillmoreprogresswasrequiredbeforewomenwouldachievedefactoequalitywithmen.Ms.KhanthankedthemembersoftheCommitteefortheirsupportduringherchairpersonshipandpaidparticular ,2'4 tributetotheoutgoingbureaumember.ShecongratulatedAdaGonzlezMartnez,theincomingChairperson,andtheothermembersofthebureauontheirelection,andwishedthemwellintheirfuturework.35.xx-x  Inthelightofherparticipationinthecommemoration  n9 ofthefiftiethanniversaryoftheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsinParisfrom14to16September1998,Ms.KhanhadrequestedMs.Abakatoattendthetenthmeetingofpersonschairinghumanrightstreatybodies.36.xx-x  InherreporttotheCommittee,Ms.Abakaindicated N ? thatthechairpersonshadexpressedappreciationfortheworkoftheSubcommissiononPreventionofDiscriminationandProtectionofMinorities,particularlywithregardtoreservationstohumanrightstreatiesandaffirmativeaction.ThechairpersonsrecommendedthattheexpertiseoftreatybodiesshouldbedrawnuponbytheSubcommissionwithrespecttotheseandfuturestudies.Ms.AbakanotedthatthechairpersonshadtakennoteoftheCommitteesstatementonreservationswithappreciation.37.xx-x  Ms.Abakaindicatedthatthechairpersonshad lJ emphasizedtheimportanceoftheworkofthethematicrapporteursandtheneedforclosecollaborationbetweenthemandthetreatybodies.ShenotedthatshehadexpressedtheCommitteesdisappointmentthatithadnotbenefitedfromtheexpertiseoftheSpecialRapporteuronViolenceagainstWomenandhadreiteratedthisduringthechairpersonsmeetingwiththeUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights.38.xx-x  Thechairpersonshadstressedtheimportanceof T publicityfortheworkofthehumanrightstreatybodies,andemphasizedthatconcludingcommentsandobservationsandgeneralrecommendations,aswellasotheroutputsofthetreatybodies,shouldbemadewidelyknownatthenational,regionalandsubregionallevelsbytheUnitedNationsinformationoffices.Inaddition,theystressedthatregionalhumanrightscommissionsshouldalsobemadeawareoftheworkoftreatybodies.&  h     /x /xj /x#Sid  3    ChapterIV .%` 0 x 0x#x#ConsiderationofreportssubmittedbyStatespartiesunderarticle18oftheConventionh Z|nth }#idS 3 j  j /x  j4("c##         S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    +xA.0  IntroductionS:a~nth u XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3)T$f##         39.xx-x  Atitstwentiethsession,theCommitteeconsideredthe +&i '.%N|reportsofsevenStatespartiessubmittedunderarticle18of z,&j theConvention:threeinitialreports;twocombinedsecondandthirdperiodicreports;onethirdandfourthperiodicreports;andonefourthperiodicreport.40.  x Asdecidedatitsthirteenthsession,in1994,the P Committeepreparedconcludingcommentsoneachreportconsidered.TheCommitteesconcludingcommentsonthereportsofStatesparties,aspreparedbythemembersoftheCommittee,andasummaryoftheintroductorypresentationbytherepresentativesoftheStatespartiesareprovidedbelow.& t S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    ]]B.0 x ConsiderationofreportsofStatespartiesS:a̓e  XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3, xx         S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    ~~1.0 x InitialreportsS:an,w  XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 36 xx         S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    0  0xAlgeriaS:an,w  XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3 xx         41.  x TheCommitteeconsideredtheinitialreportofAlgeria H (CEDAW/C/DZA/1andCorr.1andAdd.1)atits406th,'t,407thand412thmeetings,on21and26January1999(seeCEDAW/C/SR.406,407and412).& n e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    JJ(a)0 x IntroductionbytheStatepartye e  /x/x /x /x#idid 3Axx         42.  x Inintroducingthereport,therepresentativeofAlgeria W underlinedthathiscountryhadsubmitteditsinitialreport'nAonlytwoyearsafteritsaccessiontotheConvention,despitethecurrentdifficultsituationitwasfacing.ThatwasanindicationofthesincerecommitmentoftheGovernmenttohumanrightsandtotheadvancementofwomen.43.  x TherepresentativenotedthatAlgeriassecond U& Constitutionof1976,proclaimed13yearsafterindependence,guaranteedforthefirsttimeequalitybeforethelaw.TheConstitutionof1989,revisedin1996,reinforcedprinciplesofuniversalhumanrights,suchasfreedomofspeechandfreeelections.Article123alsoconfirmedtheprimacyofallinternationaltreatiesratifiedbyAlgeriaovernationallaw,adecisionconfirmedbytheConstitutionalCouncilon20August1998.Allcivil,penal,administrativeandcommercialcodesconformedtotheConstitutionandtheprinciplesofequalitybetweenmenandwomen.However,despitetherapidprogresswithregardto &C!1 dejureequality,defactoequalityhadnotbeenachieved ' "2 becauseofstereotypicalattitudesthatexistedinsociety.44.  x Anumberofmeasureshadbeentakenbypublic )#5 authoritiesaspartoftheoverallpolicyonwomen,inparticularaftertheFourthWorldConferenceonWomen(Beijing,1995).ApermanentcommitteehadbeenestablishedundertheauspicesoftheMinistryofNational , '9 SolidarityandFamily;andtostrengthenthenationalmechanismsfortheadvancementofwomen,asecretariatofStateupgradedtoaMinistryandheadedbyawomanMinisteractedasafocalpointfortheadvancementofwomen.TheCouncilforthePreservationandPromotionoftheFamilyandtheNationalWomensCouncilwerecreatedin1996and1997respectively,toensurethecoherenceofallpoliciesfortheadvancementofwomen.AspartoftheimplementationoftheBeijingPlatformforAction,AlgeriahadadoptedanationalactionplanandrecentlypresentedareportonthemanyactionsundertakensincetheFourthWorldConferenceonWomen.45.xx-x  TherepresentativerecalledthatAlgerianwomenhad X F alreadyplayedanactiveroleinthestruggleforindependence,butstereotypicalattitudes,exacerbatedbyilliteracy,wereobstaclestoachievementofequalitywithmen.Agreatnumberofpoliticalpartiesandnongovernmentalorganizationshademergedsincetheintroductionofapluralistdemocracyin1984,butfundamentalistmovementsandterrorismthreatenedadvancesmade,particularlywherewomenwereconcerned.46.xx-x  Therepresentativepointedoutthateducation,which P wasfree,hadbeendecisiveinwomensemancipation,providingaccesstoemployment,medicalandsocialservicesandbreakingdownstereotypicalattitudesandsocialobstacles.Certainsectorsofemploymentwerenowdominatedbywomen,includingthemagistrature,educationandhealth.47.xx-x  Therepresentativenotedthatdomesticviolence tX againstwomenwasconsideredaseverecrimebytheConstitutionandpenalcode.Manynongovernmentalorganizationsalsoexistedtoassistbatteredwomen.Severalinitiativeshadbeentakentocareforvictimsofrapeandabduction,includingcentrestotreatwomenandchildrentraumatizedbyterroristviolence.48.xx-x  TherepresentativeinformedtheCommitteethat :"` progresshadbeenachievedwithregardtoequalityinpoliticalandpubliclifeatthenationallevel,althoughonlyafewwomenhadreacheddecisionmakingpositions.Manywomenwereactive,includinginleadershippositions,inpoliticalparties,unionsandnongovernmentalorganizations.Thereformofvotingproceduresin1995,whichlimitedvotingbyproxytoexceptionalsituations,returnedtherighttovotetomanywomenwhoseguardianorhusbandhadcustomarilyvotedontheirbehalf.49.xx-x  TheeconomiccrisisaffectingAlgeriasince1986had X*$k resultedinadeclineinjobsandhadhadanegativeimpactontheemploymentofwomen.Womensparticipationinthelabourforcewaslowandinformalworkathomewas ,'n increasing.However,therepresentativenotedthatunderthecurrentsocialsecuritysystemwomenreceivedspecificbenefitsrelatedtomaternityandretirement,including14weeksofmaternityleaveatfullpay.50.  x Familyplanningserviceswereanintegralpartofthe  n healthprogrammeandhadexpandedsince1974.Today99percentofwomenwereawareofmethodsoffamilyplanning,andthefertilityrate,inparticularamongtheyoungeragegroups,hadbeensignificantlyreduced.51.  x Inconcludinghispresentation,therepresentativeof N   AlgeriaemphasizedthattheratificationoftheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomenhadtobeviewedinthecontextofthepoliticalwilltoencouragethegradualemancipationofwomen.AccessiontotheConventionhadraisedadebateinthecountryandalthoughaccessionwasaccompaniedbyreservations,itshouldbeseenasasteptowardssocialandnormativedevelopmentsleadingtowithdrawalofthereservations.Inparticular,asaresultoftheaccessiontotheConvention,theFamilyCodeof1984wascurrentlybeingrevisedandsuggestedamendments,whichcouldresultinremovalofreservations,hademerged,asaresultbothofclaimsbywomensgroupsandoftheevolutionofAlgeriansociety.& L e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    AA(b)0 x ConcludingcommentsoftheCommitteee >  /x/x /x /x#idid 3mxx         e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3      x Introductione R  /x/x /x /x#idid 3 -         52.  x TheCommitteecongratulatestheGovernmentof C Algeriaontheexcellentpresentationofitsinitialreport,whichisinaccordancewiththeCommitteesguidelines.The'L2factthattheGovernmentofAlgeriasubmitteditsinitialreportonlytwoyearsafteritaccededtotheConventionandnotwithstandingthedifficultcircumstancesthecountryisexperiencing,testifiestoitspoliticalwilltoimprovethestatusofwomenanditsinterestintheiremancipation.53.  x TheCommitteecongratulatestheGovernmentforthe !'( highlevelandlargesizeofitsdelegation,headedbythePermanentRepresentativetotheUnitedNations,whichestablishedaconstructive,openandsinceredialoguewithmembersoftheCommittee,andinitsoralpresentationgaveadditionalspecificandobjectiveinformationaswellasstatisticaldataenablingtheCommitteetounderstandtheϜdejureanddefactosituationofAlgerianwomen. I'!/ 54.  x TheCommitteeexpressesitssolidaritywiththe _("1 struggleofAlgerianwomenagainstallformsoffundamentalismandterrorism.Notwithstandingtheextremeviolencetheyhaveendured,theyhavemanaged,withthehelpofaveryactivecommunityorganization,toputrespectfortherightsofwomenandrevisionoftheFamilyCodehighonthenationalpoliticalagenda. -e'7 Ї&  e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Positiveaspectse 4The  /x/x /x /x#idid 37##         55.xx-x  TheCommitteewelcomesthewillingnessofthe 9 GovernmentofAlgeriatoreviewreservationstotheConventioninthelightoftheevolutionofAlgeriansociety.56.xx-x  TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthatthe1996 f = AlgerianConstitution,whichgivesinternationaltreaties,includingtheConvention,whichhavebeenratifiedandgazetted,primacyoverdomesticlaw'(.57.xx-x  TheCommitteenotesthattheAlgerianConstitution  *B guaranteesequalitybetweenmenandwomeninallspheresoflife.58.xx-x  TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthatthe z F ratificationoftheConventionhashadapositiveimpactonthelivesofAlgerianwomenandAlgeriansociety.Institutionalmeasures,includingtheestablishmentofaNationalWomensCouncil,aCouncilforthePreservationandPromotionoftheFamilyandaministerialdepartmentresponsiblefornationalsolidarityandthefamily,havealsobeentakenbytheGovernment.Thisdepartment,whichisheadedbyawoman,isthefocalpointforallactivitiesundertakenintheareasoftheadvancementofwomenandfamilyaffairs.TheCommitteenotesthattheGovernmentisalsoconsideringlegalmeasures,includingtheamendmentoftheFamilyCode.59.xx-x  TheCommitteewelcomestheeffortsoftheAlgerian FT womensnongovernmentalorganizationsinraisingpublicawarenessandfosteringtheinterestoftheGovernmentandlegislatorsinwomensissues.TheinvaluablecontributionofwomensnongovernmentalorganizationstotheelaborationoftheFamilyCodeisalsocommended.60.xx-x  TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthatAlgerian D[ labourlegislationcontainsspecificprovisionsrelatingtomaternityleaveandbreastfeedingbreaksthatprotectwomenfromdiscriminationbecauseoftheirparentalresponsibilities.61.xx-x  TheCommitteerecognizesthestepstakenbytheState $#za partywithrespecttovictimsofterroristviolencethroughprovisionoftreatmentcentresforvictims,theestablishmentofanationalintersectoralprogrammetoaddresstheneedsofthosetraumatizedbyterroristviolence,aswellastheprovisionofcompensationforthebeneficiariesofvictimswhohavedied,forpersonswhohavesufferedbodilyandmaterialinjuriesandforvictimsofaccidentsoccurringwithinthecontextofterroristviolence.TheCommitteealsonotestheworkofcommunityorganizationsinprovidingpsychologicalandotherassistanceforsuchvictims.  +%l 62.  x TheCommitteewelcomestheeliminationofproxy  voteswhichhadenabledahusbandtovoteinplaceofhiswife. 63.  x TheCommitteenotedwithsatisfactionthatwomen P haveaccesswithoutdejurediscriminationtopublicand  n politicallifeandarewellrepresentedinthesespheres.Itnoteswithsatisfactionthelargenumberofwomenatalllevelsofthejudiciary,andthatmorethanaquarterofthejudgesarewomen.64.  x TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthatthe N   numerousspecificmeasurestakenbytheGovernmenttogivewomenequalaccesstoeducationandtraininghavebeenadecisivefactorintheemancipationofwomen.65.  x TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthatwomens   healthisidentifiedasapriorityinthecountryshealthpoliciesandprogrammes.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0  0xFactorsimpedingimplementationofthe C Conventione 2anw  /x/x /x /x#idid 3 xx         66.  x TheCommitteenotesthattheemergenceof ! fundamentalismandtheterroristviolencethataccompaniesithaveaffectedalllayersofsociety,includingwomenandchildren,andhaveimpededeffectiveimplementationoftheConvention.67.  x TheCommitteealsonotesthatthereservationsofthe W Statepartytoarticles2,9,paragraph2,15,paragraph4,and16areobstaclestotheConventionsfullimplementation.68.  x TheCommitteenotesthat,althoughtheConstitution " guaranteestheequalityofmenandwomenandprovidesthattheConventionprevailsovernationallegislation,thenumerousdiscriminatoryprovisionsoftheFamilyCodeandthepersistenceofprejudiceandpatriarchalpracticesconflictdefactowiththeprinciplesoftheConvention.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0  0xPrincipalareasofconcernandrecommendationse    /x/x /x /x#idid 30"*xx         69.  x TheCommitteereiteratesitsconcernatthe F#, reservationstotheConventionenteredbytheStateparty.70.  x TheCommitteeurgestheStatepartytoexpeditethe $%z/ stepsnecessaryforwithdrawalofitsreservations.71.  x TheCommitteeisconcernedbytheStatepartys 'X!2 constantcitingofreligiousprinciplesandculturalspecificitiestojustifywhythestatusofwomenhasnotkeptupwiththeoveralladvancesofsociety.72.  x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytake p*$7 measurestoensurethatreligiousandculturalpatternsdonotinhibitthedevelopmentofwomenspositioninAlgeriansociety. ,': Ї73.xx-x  TheCommitteeisconcernedbythesocialconstraints : thatexistwithinAlgeriansocietywhichkeepwomeninalowerstatusthanmenandarenotconducivetotheeliminationofallformsofdiscriminationagainstwomen.74.xx-x  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttocontinueits  n? effortstorepealinegalitarianlawsinordertobringitslegislationintolinewiththeprovisionsoftheConvention.TheCommitteealsourgestheGovernment,nongovernmentalorganizations,intellectualsandthemassmediatoencourageenlightenedattitudesandacceleratewomensemancipationthroughpublicityandpublicawarenesscampaigns.75.xx-x  TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthepersistenceof  H culturalstereotypesandpatriarchalvaluesaswellaspolygamy,whichviolatewomensrights.76.xx-x  NotingtheGovernmentsintentiontointroduce L L legislativechangestoimplementtheConvention,theCommitteerecommendsdevelopmentandimplementationofalegalliteracystrategyandtrainingforalllevelsofsocietyinordertoaddressdiscriminatoryculturalnormsandattitudes.77.xx-x  TheCommitteeisdeeplyconcernedbythelarge JS numberofwomenmurdered,raped,abductedandsubjectedtoseriousphysicalabusebyterroristgroupsinrecentyears.78.xx-x  TheCommitteecallsupontheGovernmenttoprotect FW womeninaccordancewiththeprovisionoftheConstitutionthatstatesthattheStateisresponsibleforthesafetyofpersonsandproperty.TheCommitteerecommendsthatbettercarebetakenofallwomenandgirlswhoarevictimsofterroristviolence.79.xx-x  TheCommitteeisconcernedbytheabsenceoflegal D^ textsthatspecificallyprotectwomenwhoarevictimsofdomesticandsexualviolence.80.xx-x  TheCommitteerecommendstotheGovernmentthat !b ittakespecificlegislativeandstructuralstepstoshelterwomenfromsuchattacksandprovidewomenwhoarevictimsofviolencewithcomfort,assistance,advice,guidanceandinformationconcerninglegalredress.TheCommitteealsorecommendsthateducationandawarenesstrainingondomesticandsexualviolencebemadeavailabletopoliceofficers,judges,doctorsandthemassmediatomaketheirinterventionmoreeffective.81.xx-x  TheCommitteeisconcernedbythesituationofwives (@#l ofdisappearedpersonswhocanneitherlegallyprovethattheirhusbandsaredead,owingtothelengthanddifficultyoftheprocedure,norenjoytheirstatusasmarriedwomen.Thisresultsinhumanandmaterialinjuriestothesewomenandtheirchildren. ,('q Ї82.  x TheCommitteecallsupontheGovernmentofAlgeria  tohelpthisgroupofwomenandtheirfamiliesbysimplifying,evenonatemporarybasis,thelegalprocedureforcertificationofdeathsothattheycanclarifytheirstatus,obtaincustodyoftheirchildrenandlegallydisposeofpropertytowhichtheyareentitled.83.  x TheCommitteeisconcernedbythefactthatmothers   cannottransmittheirnationalitytotheirchildreninthesamewaythatfatherscan.Citizenshipisafundamentalrightwhichmenandwomenmustbeabletoenjoyequally.84.  x TheCommitteerecommendstherevisionoflegislation l  governingnationalityinordertomakeitconsistentwiththeprovisionsoftheConvention.85.  x Notingthesignificantprogressthathasbeenmadein   regardtowomenseducationandtheenrolmentofgirlsinschoolsinruralandurbanareas,theCommitteeisconcernedthatthereformoftheAlgerianeducationalsystemhasnotbeencompleted.86.  x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheAlgerian H Governmentcontinueitsrevisionofbothcurriculaandtextbookstoridthemofstereotypesandnegativeimagesofwomeninordertohelpchangeattitudesmorequicklyandtoremoveobstaclestoequality.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyensurethatwomenteachersandwomensnongovernmentalorganizationsareconsultedintherewritingoftextbooks.87.  x TheCommitteeisconcernedatthelowrateof  participationofwomenintheworkplace,whichposesamajorproblemforwomenseconomicindependence.88.  x TheCommitteerecommendsthatarticle4, &|# paragraph1,oftheConventionbeimplementedthroughtemporaryincentiveswithquantitativetargetsaimedatincreasingwomensemploymentinboththepublicandprivatesectors.TheCommitteerecommendsthecreationofϜchildcarecentresandkindergartensinsufficientnumberstoallowwomentoreconciletheirfamilyandprofessionalresponsibilities.TheCommitteealsorecommendsthatunemployedwomenberequiredtoparticipateintraineeshipsandretrainingprogrammes,includinginnontraditionalareas,andbenefitfromjobcreationmeasurestoadegreeproportionaltotheunemploymentrateforwomen.89.  x TheCommitteeisconcernedthattheinformation '*"0 containedinthereportonruralwomenandthebenefitstheyobtainedfromruraldevelopmenteffortswasinsufficient.90.  x TheCommitteeencouragestheGovernmenttopaydue z*$4 attentiontotheneedsofruralwomenbyreinforcingtheiractiveandparticipatoryroleintheformulation,implementationandmonitoringofpoliciesandprogrammes ,('7 thataffectthem,particularlyintheareasofhousingcredit,incomegeneratingprojectsandsocialsecurity.91.xx-x  TheCommitteeisseriouslyconcernedbythefactthat : theFamilyCodestillcontainsmanydiscriminatoryprovisionswhichdenyAlgerianwomentheirbasicrights,suchasfreeconsenttomarriage,equalrightstodivorce,sharingoffamilyandchildrearingresponsibilities,sharedchildcustodyrightswithfathers,therighttodignityandselfrespectand,aboveall,theeliminationofpolygamy.92.xx-x  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoconsiderthe N B proposedamendmentsthatmodifysomeoftheprovisionsoftheFamilyCodetobeaninitialstepintheprocessthatneedstobeundertakentoharmonizetheprovisionsoftheFamilyCodewiththetextoftheConventionandwiththeprincipleofequalitythatissetoutintheAlgerianConstitution.93.xx-x  TheCommitteerequeststheGovernmentofAlgeria j J toprovideinformationaddressingtheconcernsraisedintheseconcludingcommentsinitsnextperiodicreportrequiredunderarticle18oftheConvention.94.xx-x  TheCommitteerequeststhatitsconclusionsbebroadly O disseminatedinAlgeriatomakethepopulationofthecountry,andparticularlythoseworkinginthecivilserviceandinpoliticalcircles,awareofthemeasuresthathavebeentakentoensurewomensactualequalityandofthefurthermeasuresthatareneededinthisregard.ItalsorequeststheGovernmentofAlgeriatocontinuetodisseminatewidely,especiallytowomensandhumanrightsorganizations,thetextoftheConvention,theCommitteesgeneralrecommendationsandtheBeijingDeclarationandPlatformforAction.S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    0 x 0x#x#KyrgyzstanS:aD   XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3~ ]##         95.xx-x  TheCommitteeconsideredtheinitialreportof 2"` Kyrgyzstan(CEDAW/C/KGZ/1)atits408th,409thand413thmeetings,on22and27January1999(seeCEDAW/C/SR.408,409and413).e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    *x(a)0  IntroductionbytheStatepartye $mass  /x/x /x /x#idid 3+& f##         96.xx-x  Inherintroduction,therepresentativeofKyrgyzstan A'!h informedtheCommitteethattheinitialreporthadbeenpreparedbyaspecialcommissionestablishedforthatpurposethatincludedgovernmentalandlegalofficials.Thereportwasalsopreparedthroughaprocessofconsultationandparticipationwithnongovernmentalorganizations.97.xx-x  Therepresentativedescribedthepolitical,economic ?,&o andsocialconditionsofthecountrysinceitsdeclarationof -]'p independenceon31August1991.Shenotedthatthecurrentsituationwascharacterizedbythetransitiontoamarketeconomy,whichhadhadanegativeimpactonthesituationofwomen.Shehighlightedincreasingpovertyamongwomen,highratesofunemployment,thegrowthofallformsofviolenceagainstwomen,thedecreaseofwomensparticipationindecisionmakingandthelackofequalrightsandaccesstolandandcredit.Shenotedthatthesituationofruralwomenwasexacerbatedbylimitedinfrastructureandmarketsforsaleofagriculturalproducts,anincreaseindomesticviolenceanddifficultworkingconditions.Therepresentativenotedthatamongthepositivefactorswasthehighlevelofwomenseducation.98.  x Therepresentativedescribedthemeasuresand  v  initiativesthathadbeenundertakenbytheGovernmenttoguaranteetheequalrightsofwomenandtoensuretheiradvancement.Twentytwointernationalhumanrightstreaties,includingtheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen,hadbeenadopted,andthecentralprinciplesandstandardsofinternationallawhadbeenreflectedindomesticlegislation.Thecurriculaofmanyuniversitiesandschoolsincludedhumanrightseducation.99.  x Therepresentativedescribedtheroleandfunctionsof > thenewlyestablishedGenderAnalysisCouncil.TheCouncilhadanalysedsixlawsfromagenderperspectiveandhadplanstoreviewmorethan20lawsandregulations.AsaresultoftheCouncilswork,theNationalGenderPolicyCouncilhadbeencreatedintheofficeofthePresidentinJuly1998.TheCouncilwouldmonitorthenationalimplementationofinternationalhumanrightstreatiesandagreements,includingtheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen.100. x ToaccelerateimplementationoftheConvention, \ $ concretenationalprogrammesrelatingtotheeconomy,education,healthcareandpovertythatareaimedattheadvancementofwomenandtheeliminationofdejureand " ' defactodiscriminationagainstwomenhadbeendesignedandwerebeingimplemented.101. x TherepresentativenotedthattheFourthWorld Z%+ ConferenceonWomenhadhadacatalyticroleinKyrgyzstanandhadbeenanimportantfactorintheratificationoftheConvention.TheimpactoftheBeijingPlatformforActionhadbeenpositive,andtheGovernmentwascommittedtoitsimplementation.Shedescribedthenationalprogramme Ayalzatfor19962000,whichconstitutedthenationalactionplanfortheimplementationofthePlatformandincorporated11criticalareasofconcernastheprioritiesforwomensadvancement.Shenotedthattheprogrammewasfinancedfromthenationalbudget. *-'5 Ї102.  Therepresentativenotedthatbypresidentialdecree, 5 1996hadbeenproclaimedwomensyear,andinMarchofthatyeartheStateCommissionfortheFamily,WomenandYouthhadbeenestablished.Sheindicatedthat,incoordinationwithregionalaffiliates,theCommissionwasresponsibleforimplementingthenationalactionplaninallsixregionsofthecountry.103.  TherepresentativeindicatedthatherGovernmentwas p = payingincreasedattentiontocollaborationwithnongovernmentalorganizationsintheeliminationofdiscriminationagainstwomen.Therepresentativedrewattentiontothecontributionofnongovernmentalorganizationsinvariouscontexts,particularlywithregardtoviolenceagainstwomen,andacknowledgedtheirimportantroleinestablishingcrisiscentresinallregionsofthecountry.104.  Therepresentativenotedthedecreasingnumberof  G womenindecisionmakingpositions,andindicatedthattherewasdebateinrelationtothereinstitutionofquotasthathadexistedinthepast.105.  Therepresentativeconcludedwithananalysisof 4L experiencesandproposalsformeasuresandinitiativestopromotetheadvancementofwomeninallsectors.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    *x(b)0  ConcludingcommentsbytheCommitteee    /x/x /x /x#idid 3eQ##         e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Introductione 3   /x/x /x /x#idid 3{S##         106.  TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtothe U GovernmentofKyrgyzstanforsubmitting,inatimelymanner,awellstructuredandcomprehensiveinitialreport.ItcommendstheGovernmentonitscomprehensiveoralpresentationandfortherepliestothequestionsposedbytheCommittee.107.  TheCommitteeappreciatesthehighleveldelegation,  \ headedbythechairpersonoftheStateCommissionfortheFamily,WomenandYouth,whichpresentedthereport.ItnotesthatthereportdescribedmeasurestakenbytheGovernmenttoimplementtheBeijingPlatformforAction.108.  TheCommitteecommendsKyrgyzstanforratifying $b alargenumberofinternationalhumanrightstreaties,includingtheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen,whichwasratified,withoutreservations,duringadifficulttimeoftransitiontoamarketeconomyandofrapidsocialandpoliticalchange.&  e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Positiveaspectse .     /x/x /x /x#idid 3N*$j##         109.  TheCommitteecommendsthefactthatthetextsofthe d+%l 'N*" treatiesratifiedbyKyrgyzstanhavebeentranslatedintotheKyrgyzlanguageandotherlanguagesusedinKyrgyzstan, ,J'n includingRussianandUzbek.Inthiscontext,theCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationoftheGovernmentswilltoimplementtheConvention.TheCommitteealsocommendsKyrgyzstanforintegratingtheprovisionsoftheratifiedtreatiesintoitsbasicdomesticlaws,includingthecriminalcode,thecivilcode,thelabourcodeandthelawonprotectingconsumersrights.Itisalsopleasedtolearnthatthereareplanstoreviewotherlawsfromagenderperspective.110. x TheCommitteeappreciatesthefactthathumanrights  V  arepartofthecurriculumofmanyuniversitiesandschools.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0  0xFactorsanddifficultiesaffectingthe i  implementationoftheConventione   O /x/x /x /x#idid 31 xx         111. x TheCommitteeviewstheprevailingconditionsof G  povertyandunemploymentaswellasthenegativeeffectsofrapidsocialandpoliticalchangeonwomentobemajorimpedimentstotheimplementationoftheConvention.112. x Thepersistenceofastrongpatriarchalculture,which   emphasizestraditionalrolesofwomenandmen,isalsoseenasahindrancetotheimplementationoftheConvention.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0  0xPrincipalareasofconcernandrecommendationse   g /x/x /x /x#idid 3<xx         113. x TheCommitteeisconcernedatthelackof R understandingofdiscriminationagainstwomenasamultifacetedphenomenonthatentailsindirectandunintentionalaswellasdirectandintentionaldiscrimination.Thisunderstandingisasinequanonofcomprehensiveanalysesandforpolicyanalysisfortheeffectiveeliminationofdiscriminationagainstwomeninbothdejureanddefacto # terms.114. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheprincipleofthe & equalityguaranteedbylawshouldalsorefertonondiscriminationonthegroundsofsex.Italsorecommendstheintroductionofaprocedureforenforcingrightsthrougheffectivejudicialandothermeans.Policies,includingeducational,massmediaandawarenessraisingcampaignsshouldalsobeintroducedandeffortsshouldbedirectedatcounteringbothintentionalandunintentionaldiscrimination.115. x TheCommitteeexpressesconcernwithregardtothe &n / extentandnatureofthepowerofthenationalmachinery,aswellastheambiguitysurroundingtherelationshipbetweentheStateCommissionandtheMinistry.Italsonotestheinadequacyoftheexistingbudgetandpersonnelfortheadvancementofwomen.116. x TheCommitteerecommendsenhancingthenational +l%6 machinerybyclarifyingitsfunctionsandtherelationsbetweenitsvariousorgansandtheorgansofGovernment, ,&8 aswellasthroughtheallocationofgreaterbudgetaryandhumanresourcessoastoensureitseffectivefunctioningatthenationalandregionallevels.117.  TheCommitteealsorecommendsthatallnational P< programmestopromotetheadvancementofwomenincludemechanismsfortheassessmentoftheoutcomesoftheirimplementationandtheevaluationoftheireffectivenessandtheextentoftheiroutreach.118.  TheCommitteeexpressesconcernthatnoeffortshave  B beenmadetousetemporaryspecialmeasuresasenvisagedinarticle4,paragraph1,oftheConventiontoimprovethesituationofwomeninvariousareas;andtoensurewomensparticipationindecisionmakingbodiesandwomensemploymentinnontraditionalareas.119.  TheCommitteerecommendstheintroductionofa  I broadrangeoftemporaryspecialmeasuresinaccordancewitharticle4,paragraph1,includingquotas,toimprovetherepresentationofwomeninpoliticsandatalllevelsofdecisionmakingandinnontraditionalfieldsofemployment.120.  TheCommitteeisconcernedabouttheprevalenceof P patriarchalcultureandthecontinuingemphasisonthetraditionalrolesofwomenexclusivelyasmothersandwives.TheCommitteenoteswithparticularconcernthattheinitialreport,inreferringtotheroleofmanasthebreadwinner,maylegitimizeexistingstereotypes.121.  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttointroducea W rangeofmeasures,includingcomprehensivepubliceducationandmassmediacampaigns,toeliminatetraditionalstereotypesoftherolesofmenandwomen.122.  TheCommitteeisalarmedattheincreaseinallforms D\ ofviolenceagainstwomen,includinggangrape.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedthattheemphasisoftheinitialreportisonsexualviolenceratherthanongenderbasedviolenceasaninfringementoftherighttopersonalsecurity.123.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatallformsofgender $#zb basedviolencebeafocusofseriousconcern.Itrecommendstheenhancementofcomprehensivemeasurestopreventviolenceandtosupportwomenvictims,includinggendersensitizationandthetrainingoflawenforcementofficials.Itrecommendsthecollectionofcomprehensivesexdisaggregateddataandinformationontheissueofviolenceagainstwomen.Inthelightofthelinkageofviolencewithpoverty,theCommitteerecommendstheintroductionofmeasuresaimedatimprovingtheeconomicstatusofwomen,includingretrainingforincomegeneratingoccupations.124.  TheCommitteerecommends,inbothurbanandrural  ,`&n areas,theexpansionofthenetworkofcrisiscentresandthe ,('o establishmentofconsultativeservicestoprovidenecessarymedicalassistancetowomenvictimsofviolence.125. x TheCommitteeisconcernedabouttheincreasein  alcoholismanddrugaddiction,totheextentthatthesearecausesofhealthproblems,aswellasviolenceagainstwomeneverywhere.126. x TheCommitteerecommendsthatprogrammesbeput  L inplacetocreateawarenessaboutthenegativeimpactofalcoholismanddrugaddictiononindividualsandonsocietyingeneral.Italsorecommendstheintroductionofrehabilitationprogrammesforvictimsofsuchaddictions.127. x TheCommitteeisconcernedthatlesbianismis ,  classifiedasasexualoffenceinthePenalCode.128. x TheCommitteerecommendsthatlesbianismbe  `  reconceptualizedasasexualorientationandthatpenaltiesforitspracticebeabolished.129. x TheCommitteeisconcernedabouttheincreasein  prostitutionandthetraffickingofwomen,whichitviewsasbeingrelatedtopoverty,lackofemploymentandlackofeffectivenationalmeasurestosuppressthegrowthofthesepractices.130. x TheCommitteerecommendsthatincreasedeffortsin < cooperationwithothercountriesbetakentoarrestandpunishperpetratorsoftrafficking.Italsorecommendsthatdomesticmeasuresbelaunchedtocombatthenegativeeffectsofstructuraladjustmentprogrammesonwomenandtoprovidejobopportunitiesandtrainingtovulnerablewomen.131. x TheCommitteeisconcernedattheeconomicsituation # ofwomen,characterizedbyanincreaseinthenumberofwomeninpovertyandamongtheunemployed.132. x TheCommitteerecommendsthatthegenderdimension R ' ofpovertybeconsideredinthedesignandimplementationofallpoliciesandprogrammesaimedattheeliminationofpoverty.133. x TheCommitteeisconcernedabouttheconditionsof #, workandjobsecurityofthegrowingnumberofwomenwhoareenteringtheinformalsectorasagentsinwhatisreferredtoasthe womenssuitcaseeconomyor womensshuttleeconomy.134. x TheCommitteerecommendstheintroductionof 'L"2 comprehensivemeasuresaimedattheimprovementofwomenseconomicstatus,particularlythroughareviewofthetaxationlegislationrelatingtosmallbusinessesandtheexpansionofmicrocreditprogrammesinvolvingcommercialandagriculturalbanksinordertoensuregainfulandsecureemploymentforwomen.Italsorecommendsthatstepsbe ,&8 takentointegratewomenintoallsectorsofthenationaleconomy.135.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatinternational ; cooperationbesoughttopromotetheeconomicpositionofwomen.136.  TheCommitteeisconcernedatthesituationof . ? womenshealth,inparticulartheincreaseintheincidenceofmaternalmortalityandmorbidity,aswellasthehighratesofinfantmortalityandtheuseofabortionasamethodofcontraception.137.  TheCommitteerecommendstheintroductionof dE comprehensivefamilyplanningprogrammesbasedontherighttoreproductivechoice,aswellasmeasurestoensurethatabortionisnotperceivedasamethodofcontraception.138.  TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatalthough ( J polygamyisillegal,itisnonethelesspractisedinsomeregionswithoutlegalorsocialsanctions.139.  TheCommitteerecommendsthateffectivemeasures xN betakenwithrespecttotheimplementationofexistinglaws,theimprovementofwomenseconomicsituationandtheimplementationofpubliceducationprogrammestochangetraditionalvaluessupportiveofpolygamyinordertoeradicatethispracticealtogether.140.  TheCommitteerecommendsthateffective vU participationofnongovernmentalorganizationsbesecuredinthepreparationofthenextreportofKyrgyzstanandthatthereportbemadewidelyavailabletothecommunityofnongovernmentalorganizations.141.  TheCommitteerequeststheGovernmentof [ Kyrgyzstantoprovideinformationaddressingtheconcernsraisedinthepresentconcludingcommentsinthenextperiodicreportrequiredunderarticle18oftheConvention.142.  TheCommitteerequeststhewidedisseminationin !p` KyrgyzstanofthepresentconcludingcommentsinordertomakethepeopleofKyrgyzstan,andparticularlygovernmentadministratorsandpoliticians,awareofthestepstobetakentoensuredejureanddefactoequalityforwomen.Italso :$d requeststheGovernmenttocontinuetodisseminatewidely,inparticular,towomensandhumanrightsorganizations,theConvention,theCommitteesgeneralrecommendationsandtheBeijingDeclarationandPlatformforAction.S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    0 x 0x#x#LiechtensteinS:a:dej : XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3)#l##         143.  TheCommitteeconsideredtheinitialreportof :+%o  Liechtenstein(CEDAW/C/LIE/1)atits410th,411thand ,X&p 414thmeetings,on25and27January1999(seeCEDAW/C/SR.410,411and414). e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    & n JJ(a)0 x IntroductionbytheStatepartye = = /x/x /x /x#idid 3ixx         144. x Inintroducingthereport,therepresentativeof )  Liechtensteinnotedthatdejureequalitybetweenwomen  G 'n=andmeninLiechtensteinhadbeenachievedlaterthaninmanyothercountries.In1992,aconstitutionalamendmentstatingthatwomenandmenhadequalrightsprovidedthebasisfora1996lawthatguaranteedgenderequality.145. x Therepresentativeindicatedthatsince1996thefocus '}  oftheGovernmenthadbeenonachievingdefactoequalitybetweenwomenandmeninallspheresoflife.ImplementationoflegalandothermeasuresincompliancewiththeConventionformedpartofanoverallstrategythatalsoincorporatedimplementationoftheBeijingPlatformforAction.LiechtensteinhadsubmittedtotheUnitedNationsthenationalactionplanfortheimplementationofthePlatformandhadratifiedseveralregionalandinternationalhumanrightstreaties,includingtheEuropeanConventiononHumanRightsandtheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights.LiechtensteinhadalsoacceptedthecommunicationsproceduresofthefirstoptionalprotocoltotheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights,theConventionagainstTortureandOtherCruel,InhumanorDegradingTreatmentorPunishment,andstronglysupportedtheadoptionofanoptionalprotocoltotheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen.146. x Therepresentativeindicatedthattherehadbeenan M! increaseintheproportionofwomenrepresentedatalllevelsofeducation,butthatatthetertiarylevelmalestudentsstillconstitutedtwothirdsofallstudents.Malestudentsalsopredominatedinsuchdisciplinesaslawandeconomicsandintechnicalstudies,includingcomputerstudies.Femalestudentswerewellrepresentedinthehumanities.147. x Therepresentativereportedthatwhiletherehadbeen #i) anincreaseinthenumberofwomeninpositionsofleadershipincommunesandcommissionssinceacquiringtherighttovotein1984,womenwerestillunderrepresentedatalllevelsofgovernance.Shenotedthatalthoughtherewasnosystemofquotas,theGovernmentremainedcommittedtoachievingequalrepresentationofwomeninseniorleadershippositions.148. x TherepresentativeinformedtheCommitteethatnon )#2 governmentalorganizations,manyofwhichreceivedfinancialsupportfromtheGovernment,playedanactiveroleinmeasurestopromotetheadvancementofwomen.Theywereinvolvedinsuchactivitiesasthefacilitationof ,'6 networkingandtheprovisionofdaycarecentresforchildrenaswellasawomensshelterforbatteredwomenandchildren.149.  TherepresentativenotedthattheGovernmentsfocus P: wasnowontheachievementofdefactoequalityforwomenthroughavarietyofprogrammes.Thesehadincludeda1997exhibitiononthetheme: Girlswithaheadontheirshouldersgetdowntowork,whichhadsoughttomotivategirlstoexpandtheirchoiceofoccupations.Currently,theeducationalcurriculumwasbeingrevisedtoincorporatetheprincipleofequalityandthepracticalinvolvementofwomenandmenintheachievementofthatprinciple.150.  Therepresentativeindicatedthattheproposedequal  D rightsactwouldprohibitdiscriminationattheworkplace,provideprotectionagainstretaliatorydismissalandtherighttobringlegalclaims,includingclassactioncomplaints,andreducetheburdenofproof.TheproposedactwouldalsoprovidetheGovernmentwithalegalbasistogivefinancialsupporttocompaniesinordertoenablethemtoenactpositivemeasuresforthepromotionofwomenattheworkplace.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    *x(b)0  ConcludingcommentsoftheCommitteee jNena  O /x/x /x /x#idid 3O##         e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Introductione ~Pena 4Q /x/x /x /x#idid 3Q##         151.  TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentof  S Liechtensteinforthetimelysubmissionofitsinitialreport,oneyearafteritsaccessiontotheConvention.Itwelcomesthereport,especiallythewellstructuredandinformativeoralupdate,whichprovidedfrankandclearinformationonthesituationofwomen.TogetherwiththeexhaustiverepliesprovidedtotheCommitteesnumerousquestions,thepresentationprovidedacomprehensiveviewoftheeffortsundertakenbytheGovernmentinordertoachievefullcompliancewithitsobligationsundertheConvention.152.  TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtothe !'^ GovernmentofLiechtensteinforitshighleveldelegation,headedbytheMinisterforForeignAffairs,whoisalsotheMinisterforFamilyAffairsandEqualitybetweenMenandWomen.ThisenabledtheCommitteetoobtainarealisticpictureoftheprogressmadeandofchallengesthatlayaheadintheachievementofequalrightsofwomenandmen.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Positiveaspectse Vena P womensparticipationinthelabourmarket,includingtheincreasedparticipationofwomeninthelabourforce,anincreaseinwomenseconomicactivityrateandthefactthatthreequartersofnewlycreatedjobswereoccupiedbywomen.178.  Whilewomenhadbeguntoparticipatemoreactively <W inpoliticallife,thepercentageofwomeninthehigherechelonsofpoliticalpowerremainedsmall.Variouspoliciesandaffirmativeactionmeasuresweresoughttoincreasethenumberofwomeninpubliclife,includingthroughϜawarenessraisingandtraining.179.  TherightofGreekwomentohealthcarewas :"^ guaranteedintheConstitutionandwasrealizedthroughauniformanddecentralizednationalhealthsystem,asconfirmedbyvariousindicatorsanddemographicdata.Specializedhealthcarewasavailabletoallwomen,includingimmigrantsandrefugees,butmoreprogrammesarealsoplannedtoaddresswomensspecialhealthproblems,includingteenageabortion,andhealthissuesrelatedtomenopause.AdropinAIDScasesamongwomenhadbeenreported.  X*$i &   e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    AA(b)0 x ConcludingcommentsbytheCommitteee ߌhten  /x/x /x /x#idid 3xx         e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0  0xIntroductione   /x/x /x /x#idid 3xx         180. x TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtothe , GovernmentofGreeceforsubmittingawellwrittenand'Ɍcomprehensivecombinedsecondandthirdperiodicreport.ItcommendstheGovernmentforitsoralpresentationofthereportandfortheextensiveandfrankrepliestothequestionsposedbytheCommittee,whichenabledittoobtainaclearpictureofthesituationofwomeninGreece.181. x TheCommitteenotesfavourablythattheGovernment    ofGreececonsidersthattheimplementationofthePlatformforActionadoptedattheFourthWorldConferenceonWomenissubstantiallylinkedtotheimplementationoftheConvention.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0  0xPositiveaspectse  r /x/x /x /x#idid 3] xx         182. x TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentfor s  creatingacomprehensiveconstitutionalandlegislativeframeworkforachievingequalitybetweenwomenandmen.ItnotesinparticularthattheConstitutionof1975enshrinestheprincipleofequalitybetweenwomenandmenandthataseriesoflawsandpolicieshavebeenputinplaceovertheyearstotranslatethisprincipleintopractice.TheCommitteenotesthefavourablelegalsituation,includingwithregardtoemployment,vocationaltrainingandhealth.ItalsonotesthatGreecehasratifiedthemajorconventionsoftheInternationalLabourOrganization(ILO)concerningwomenworkersandworkerswithfamilyresponsibilities.183. x TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentin !w" particularforitsimportantnewlegislativemeasuresconcerningfamilylaw.184. x TheCommitteenotesthattheGeneralSecretariatfor & Equality,thenationalmachineryfortheadvancementofwomen,continuestofunctionasasectionoftheMinistryofthePresidency.Italsonotestheexistenceofadditionalinstitutionsthatworkonequalityissues,suchastheResearchCentreforEqualityMatters.185. x TheCommitteewelcomesthefactthatalargenumber $- ofwomensnongovernmentalorganizationsareactiveinthecountry,andthatgoodrelationshipsexistbetweenthoseorganizationsofcivilsocietyandthegovernmentalmachineryfortheadvancementofwomen.Inthiscontext,itwelcomesthefactthatanationalcommittee,withtheparticipationofgovernmentrepresentativesandcivilsociety,wasestablishedforthepreparationofthecombinedsecondandthirdperiodicreports.186. x TheCommitteewelcomestheeffortsundertakenby ,q&7 theGovernmenttocreateequalopportunitiesforwomenin ,9'8 thelabourmarketandthepositivetrendsconcerningthewomensemploymentsituation.ItcommendstheGovernmentofGreeceforconductingapilotsurveyontimeusethataimsatquantifyingtheunpaidhouseholdworkofwomen.ItalsocommendstheGovernmentforitsstrategiestousethemassmediatoimprovetheimageofwomen.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Factorsanddifficultiesaffectingthe 3 @ implementationoftheConventione nsiv A /x/x /x /x#idid 3 QA##         187.  TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthattheprevailing  gC patriarchalstructuresandsocietalattitudesconcerningtherolesofwomenandmenperpetuatediscriminationagainstwomeninallspheresofpublicandprivatelifeandconstituteanobstacletoachievingequality.188.  TheCommitteenotesthattheimpactoftheprevailing G I globalandregionaleconomicpoliciesandtrendsisanimpedimenttotheimplementationoftheConvention.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Principalareasofconcernandrecommendationse ͢nsiv  /x/x /x /x#idid 3xN##         189.  TheCommitteeexpressesconcernatthecontinuing P existenceofviolenceagainstwomenandnotestheabsenceofcomprehensivelegislativemeasurestoaddressviolence.Itisalsoconcernedabouttheattitudeoflawenforcementpersonnel,especiallythepolice,towardswomenvictimsofviolence.Itisalsoconcernedthat,notwithstandingahighincidenceofsexualharassmentintheworkplace,itslegalregulationremainsunclear,andwomendonotavailthemselvesofavailablecomplaintmechanisms.190.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment :Z strengthenthelegislativeandpolicyframeworktoprevent,eliminateandprosecuteviolenceagainstwomen,inaccordancewithitsgeneralrecommendation19,andtheDeclarationontheEliminationofViolenceagainstWomen.Itrecommendsthatdataandinformationontheprevalenceandtypesofviolenceinthefamilyingeneral,andagainstwomeninparticular,begatheredasamatterofpriority.Urgentmeasuresshouldbetakentoinstitutionalizethetrainingofpoliceandlawenforcementpersonneltoensuretheappropriatehandlingofcasesofviolenceagainstwomen.Effortsshouldalsobemadetoimprovetheaccessibilityandeffectivenessofcomplaintsmechanismsagainstsexualharassmentintheworkplace.191.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthattherevisionofthe "(x"i lawsonrapehasnotledtotherecognitionofrapeasaseriousinfringementofawomanshumanrighttopersonalsecurity.192.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatthelawonrape, +%n includingmaritalrape,bereformed,andthatforensicinvestigationbeintroducedinthelightofgeneral  -v'p recommendation19,theDeclarationontheEliminationofViolenceagainstWomenandrecentdevelopmentsinthelawsofotherEuropeancountriesthatfacesimilarproblemsofviolenceagainstwomen.193. x TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthat,followinga  n numberofrecentcourtcases,thelegalityofaffirmativeactionandtemporaryspecialmeasuresinaccordancewitharticle4.1oftheConventionisunclear.194. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment    clarifythecompatibilityofitslegislativeprovisionswitharticle4.1oftheConventiontoensureitsimplementation.195. x TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthat, ,  notwithstandingtheavailabilityoflegalremediestoseekredressfordiscriminationandthefactthatsomecourtcaseshavebeenfiledtochallengediscrimination,veryfewwomenavailthemselvesofthisrightandareoftenreluctanttodoso.196. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment * developprogrammestoraiseawarenessoftheconstitutionalremedyamongwomenandwomensgroupssothatindividualactsofdiscriminationwillbeconsistentlychallengedandsothattheConstitutionwillhaveanimpactongovernmentactionandpolicyandontheprivatesector.197. x Whilenotingpositivelythefactthatprostitutionis (~ decriminalizedandinsteadisdealtwithinaregulatorymanner,theCommitteeisconcernedthatinadequatestructuresexisttoensurecompliancewiththeregulatoryframework.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedabouttheincreaseintraffickinginwomen.Inthisregarditnotesthatinsufficientattentionisgiventopossiblelinksbetweenlackofenforcementandtraffickinginandmigrationofwomen.198. x TheCommitteerecommendsthatcompliancewiththe  % regulationsgoverningprostitutionbemonitoredeffectivelyandadequatemeasurestoaddresstraffickinginwomenbeintroduced.199. x Notingthealreadylowlevelofparticipationofwomen $#z* inpoliticalandpubliclife,theCommitteevoicesitsconcernattheapparentdecreaseinthepercentageofwomeninelectedoffice.Itpointstotheconsequencesofthissituationfortheadoptionofgendersensitivelegislativeandpolicymeasures.200. x TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoadopt "(x"1 innovativemeasurestoraisethepercentageofwomeninallpublicbodies,includinginthelegislature,theexecutiveandthejudiciary.Effortsshouldalsobemadetoencourageotherentities,suchaspoliticalpartiesandtheprivatesector,toincreasethenumberofwomenatsenioranddecisionmakinglevels. ,('7 Ї201.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthatthereisarelatively 7 highleveloffunctionalilliteracyinGreece,inparticularamongelderlyandruralwomen.202.  TheGovernmentisurgedtointensifyitseffortsto P; preventandtoremedyfunctionalilliteracyamongwomen.TheGovernmentshouldalsoconductacomprehensivereviewofalleducationalcurriculaattheprimary,secondaryandtertiarylevelswithaviewtoeliminatingremainingdiscriminatoryaspects,remedyingthestereotypicalportrayalofwomenandgirlsandcreatinganeducationalenvironmentthatisconducivetogirlsandwomenseducationandlearning.TheGovernmentshouldincludetheachievementofequalitybetweenwomenandmenandbetweengirlsandboysasasocietalgoalinitseducationalpolicy.TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoestablishdegreegrantingwomensstudiesprogrammestoprovideacademicsupporttopoliticalandpracticalchangesaimedatcreatinganonpatriarchalsociety.203.  Notingthattherearepositivetrendsintheemployment VK situationofwomen,theCommitteeremainsconcernedaboutthesituationofwomenintheformalandinformallabourmarket,includingthehighpercentageofunemployedwomenandthecontinuingpaygapbetweenwomenandmen.Itisalsoconcernedthatmanyofthenewjobsoccupiedbywomenmightprovideonlylowpayandlimitedcareerprospects.TheCommitteeisfurtherconcernedthattheemploymentprospectsforwomeninruralareas,forwomenwhoaremigratingfromtheagriculturalsectorintootheremploymentareasandforimmigrantwomenremainprecarious,especiallyforthosewithlowskillsorwhoarefunctionallyilliterate.204.  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoassess,ina "Y comprehensivemanner,thechangingrealitiesofwomensworkandtodeveloppoliciesthataimatstructuralandlongtermimprovementsintheemploymentsituationofwomen.Particularattentionshouldbepaidtosupportingwomenwhoworkwithoutpayinfamilyenterprisesandonfamilyfarms.ItalsourgestheGovernmenttoaddresstheissueofwomenmigrantworkers.205.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthatinsufficientattention Z%b isgiventogenderspecificcausesandconsequencesofillnessanddiseaseandthat,consequently,thecountryshealthpolicyisinsufficientlyrespondingtogenderfactorsassociatedwithhealth.206.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatallhealthrelateddata )#h andstatisticsbedisaggregatedbysexandagesothathealthpolicies,servicedeliveryandallocationofresourcescanbeassessedintermsoftheiroutcomesforwomenandmen.Italsorecommendsthatgovernmentalhealthpolicies,research ,'l andresourcesbeadjustedsoastorespondadequatelytotherightsofwomenandmentoahighstandardofhealthcareandtothegenderfactorsassociatedwithhealth.207. x TheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernaboutthehigh P rateofabortioninGreece,andespeciallyofabortionsbyteenagers.Thenumbersareindicativeofinsufficientuseofcontraceptives,alackofsexeducationandinformationaboutcontraceptives,aswellasinsufficientorunfocusedϜfamilyplanningefforts.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedinthisrespectabouttheextentoffundingforcontraception,giventhecomprehensivecoverageofhealthinsuranceandfundingforhealthservicesinGreece.208. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment   introducesexeducationaspartoftheschoolcurriculum.Italsorecommendstheimprovementoffamilyplanningpoliciesandmeasuressothatallwomenandmenhaveaccesstoinformationaboutandmeasuresofcontraception.ItalsourgestheGovernmenttotargetmeninitsfamilyplanningeffortsandtostressthesharedresponsibilitiesofwomenandmeninthisregard.209. x Giventhesometimestraumaticflowofimmigrantsand 4 refugeesintheregionandconstantchangesintheircomposition,theCommitteeisconcernedatthelowlevelofcontinuousattentiongiventothembytheGovernment.Likewise,theCommitteenotesthatwhileattentionisgiventothesituationofcertaingroupsofminoritywomen,suchasgypsies,insufficientinformationisavailableconcerningthesituationofotherethnicandreligiousminoritywomen,suchasTurksandAlbanians.210. x TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttodevelopa ! generalpolicytoaddresstheparticularneedsofimmigrantandmigrantwomenwithregardtotheirprotection,health,employmentandeducationalneeds.TheCommitteealsourgestheGovernmenttoensurethatrepatriationeffortsareconsistentwithwomenssafetyandprotectionneeds.TheGovernmentshouldalsoconsiderenteringintobilateralagreementswithwomenmigrantscountriesoforigintoensureadequateprotectionofwomensrightsandsafety.TheCommitteeencouragestheGovernmenttoassessthesituationofallminoritywomenwithaviewtoensuringadequatesupportforthem.211. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment, 8'!. whenpreparingitsnextreport,engageinconsultationswithgroupsthatrepresentminoritywomen.212. x TheCommitteerequeststhewidedisseminationin )4$2 GreeceofthepresentconcludingcommentsinordertomakethepeopleofGreece,andinparticularitsgovernmentadministratorsandpoliticians,awareofthestepsthathavebeentakentoensuredejureanddefactoequalityandthe ,T'6 furtherstepsrequiredinthisregard.TheCommitteealsorequeststheGovernmenttocontinuetodisseminatewidely,inparticulartowomensandhumanrightsorganizations,theConvention,theCommitteesgeneralrecommendationsandtheBeijingDeclarationandPlatformforAction.S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    0 x 0x#x#ThailandS:arove R XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3 L>##         213.  TheCommitteeconsideredthecombinedsecondand  A thirdperiodicreportsofThailand(CEDAW/C/THA/23)atits417thand418thmeetings,on29January1999(seeCEDAW/C/SR.417and418).e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    *x(a)0  IntroductionbytheStatepartye swom ) /x/x /x /x#idid 3 G##         214.  Inheropeningstatement,arepresentativeofthe  I GovernmentofThailandnotedthatatthetimeofitsaccessiontotheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomenin1985,Thailandhadmadesevenreservations,fiveofwhichhadbeenwithdrawnby1995.Therepresentativeindicatedthateffortshadbeenmadetoamendlawstoallowforthewithdrawalofthereservationtoarticle16oftheConvention,whichdealswithfamilylifeandmarriage.However,severallawsrelatingtofamilylifediscriminatedagainstwomen,andtraditionalattitudesimpededattemptstoamendthoselaws.215.  Therepresentativenotedthatantidiscrimination U legislationhadbeenproposedbutrejectedbyThailandslegislatorsbecausetheConstitution,promulgatedin1998,alreadystipulatedequalitybetweenwomenandmenandprohibiteddiscriminationonthebasisofsex.Otherlawsalsoincludedtheprincipleofgenderequality.216.  TherepresentativedrewattentiontotheNational \ CommissiononHumanRights,anindependentbodythatcouldreceiveinformationonviolationsofhumanrights.Itcouldalsorecommendtheamendmentoflawsandmakeproposalsforotherremedialmeasures.SheindicatedthattheϜ20YearPerspectivePolicyandPlanforWomen(19922011)andtheBeijingPlatformforActionhadformedthebasisofthefiveyeardevelopmentplanforwomen,whichwaspartoftheeighthnational,socialandeconomicdevelopmentplan.TheNationalCommissionforWomensAffairs(NCWA),establishedin1989,hadresultedfromtheϜfiveyeardevelopmentplan,andamongitsgoalswasthepromotionoftheadvancementofwomenandthecreationofgenderawareness.TheCommissionwasalsoresponsibleformonitoringandevaluatingprogrammesforwomenandinitiatinggendersensitiveresearch.217.  TherepresentativeindicatedthattheBeijingPlatform k,&m forActionhadbeentranslatedintoThaiandthatfive 3-'n regionalmeetingshadbeenorganizedbytheGovernmenttomakethepublicawareofitsterms,particularlyinregardtoviolenceagainstwomenandthegirlchildandtraffickinginwomenandchildren.218. x Therepresentativeacknowledgedthatstereotypingof  n womenandmenstillexistedinThaisociety,buttherewasgrowingawarenessoftheimpactofgenderstereotypes.NCWAhadconductedaresearchprojectwithregardtostereotypesintextbooks,andtheMinistryofEducationwasrevisingtextbooks.Therehadbeenincreasingenrolmentofwomenintraditionallymaledominatedfields.Themediahadalsobeguntoaddressstereotypesinprogrammesthatpresentedwomensviewsandgenderperspectives,butthemassmediainThailandsometimesportrayedwomenandgirlsinaccordancewithtraditionalstereotypes.219. x Therepresentativenotedthatsincethesubmissionof T  thepreviousreport,significanteffortshadbeenmadetoaddressthesexualexploitationofandtraffickinginwomenandchildren.Newlegislationhadbeenintroduced,andNCWAwascurrentlyformulatinganationalplanofactionfortraffickingofwomenandchildren.Domesticviolenceagainstwomenandchildrenhadalsobeenthefocusofgovernmentactivity,whilecomprehensivemeasurestopreventchildlabourhadalsobeenintroduced.220. x Therepresentativenotedthat,althoughtherehadbeen T someprogressinthatregard,theparticipationofwomeninpoliticalandpublicliferemainedlow.Shenotedthatwomenusuallyenteredtraditionaloccupationsandboreprimaryresponsibilityforfamilyobligations.221. x Therepresentativeindicatedthatthe1998labour ! protectioncodeprovidedforgenderequalityinemploymentandprohibitedsexualharassment.NCWA,incollaborationwiththeMinistryofLabourandSocialWelfare,wouldestablishasystemtomonitorthatlegislationsothatitcouldbeenforcedeffectively.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    AA(b)0 x ConcludingcommentsoftheCommitteee wom k /x/x /x /x#idid 3#i)xx         e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0  0xIntroductione wom  /x/x /x /x#idid 3)$+xx         222. x TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtothe ?%- GovernmentofThailandforitscandidandcomprehensivereport,asupplementaryreport,aswellastheadditionalinformationandwrittenresponsestothenumerousquestionsputforwardbythepresessionworkinggroup,aswellastheclearresponsesprovidedintheoralpresentationmadebytherepresentativeofThailand.TheCommitteealsonotesthattheinteractivenatureofthecountryspresentationwasusefulforthepurposeofsustainingaconstructivedialoguewithitsmembers. ,('7 223.  TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentfor 7 withdrawingfivereservationstotheConvention,andencouragesittocontinueitsefforttowithdrawthetworemainingreservations.Itparticularlycommendseffortstowithdrawthereservationtoarticle16relatingtofamilylifeandmarriage.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Positiveaspectse a   /x/x /x /x#idid 33 ?##         224.  TheCommitteecommendstheeffortsundertakenby I A NCWA,inparticularinformulatingnewlawsandresearchbasedpolicyrecommendations.TheCommitteenotesϜthecooperationwithNCWAandnongovernmentalorganizationsinthatregard.225.  TheCommitteeispleasedtonotethattheConvention  G andtheBeijingPlatformforActionhavehadavisibleimpactonthepoliciesandlawsofThailandandintherealizationofgenderequalityinthecountry.TheCommitteewelcomesthenewConstitution,whichguaranteesequalitybetweenwomenandmenandincludesprovisionstopromotetheequalemploymentofwomenandmen.226.  TheCommitteewelcomeslegislativemeasureson EO trafficking,prostitution,nationality,employmentandchildlabourintroducedfrom1992to1998,aswellasthecompulsoryeducationpoliciesthathavebeenadopted,whichindicatethattheGovernmentofThailandhasmadeseriouseffortstointegratethestandardsoftheConventionintodomesticlawsandpolicies.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Factorsanddifficultiesaffectingthe X implementationoftheConventione   V /x/x /x /x#idid 3^Y##         227.  TheCommitteenotesthattherecentfinancialcrisishas t[ beenaffectingthecountryseconomicandsocialdevelopmentandisanimpedimenttotheimplementationoftheConvention.228.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthattraditionalattitudes !8` thatfosterdiscriminationagainstwomenandgirlscontinuetoprevailandtohinderthefullimplementationoftheConvention.229.  TheCommitteeisconcernedwiththecontinued P%e existenceofThailandsreservationtoarticle16oftheConventionwhichrelatestomarriageandfamilylife.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Principalareasofconcernandrecommendationse f   /x/x /x /x#idid 3("j##         230.  TheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernatthelackof )#l effectivelawenforcementmechanismsandthelackofcasesfiledbywomeninthecourtsonthebasisofconstitutionalguarantees.TheCommitteeurgesNCWAtostudyconstitutionaldevelopmentsinothercountriesandpractical , 'p waysofstrengtheningthecapacityofwomentousetheConstitutiontoensuregenderequality.231. x TheCommitteeremainsconcernedthattheConvention  isnotdirectlyapplicableinthecourtsinThailandandthatthereisnoseparatelawexclusivelydealingwithdiscriminationagainstwomen.TheabsenceofadefinitionofdiscriminationcongruentwiththeConventionintheConstitutionisalsoofseriousconcern.232. x TheCommitteerecommendstheintroductionof    specificantidiscriminationlegislationincompliancewitharticle1oftheConvention.233. x Notingtheprevailingtraditionalattitudesaffectingthe ,  advancementofThaiwomen,theCommitteerecommendsthatsensitizationprogrammesforpolicymakers,administrators,legalpersonnelandotherprofessionalsinvolvedinthehealthandeducationsectorbeprovided.TheCommitteerecommendsthatschooltextbooksberevisedtoeliminatestereotypedimagesofwomenandgirlsandtoincludewomenshumanrightsissues.234. x TheCommitteeisconcernedabouttheunder  representationofwomeninpoliticsanddecisionmakingstructures,includingthejudicialsystem.Itemphasizestheimportanceoffosteringapoliticalandsocialenvironmentconducivetowomenspromotioninallsectorsofpublicandprivatelife.TheCommitteerecommendstheintroductionofaffirmativeactionpoliciesortemporaryspecialmeasuresinaccordancewitharticle4,paragraph1,oftheConvention,withgoalsandtimetablestoaddressthesituation.235. x RecognizingthattheGovernmenthassuccessfully f! raisedthelegalemploymentagefrom12to15yearsbyextendingcompulsoryeducationfrom6to9years,theCommitteecontinuestobeconcernedabouttheearlydropoutofgirlsfromschoolandtheirearlyentryintothelabourforce.TheCommitteetakesnoteoftheproposaltointroduceachildrensrightslawandrecommendsthattheGovernmentensurethatitsprovisionsconformwiththeConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomenandtherelevantprovisionsoftheConventionontheRightsoftheChild.236. x TheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernaboutthestatus %L - ofwomenmigrantworkers.Inparticular,theCommitteeisconcernedaboutcrossbordertraffickinginwomenandgirls,forcedprostitutionandthecommercialsexindustry.237. x TheCommitteestronglyrecommendsthatthe d)#2 Governmentconsidertheissueofmigrationandcommercialsexworkasacriticalhumanrightsissue.238. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment  ,`&6 explorethepossibilityofcooperationwithothercountries ,('7 andcoordinationwithnongovernmentalorganizationswhenintroducingmeasurestoaddresstheissue.239.  TheCommitteeexpressesconcernabouthilltribe : womenandgirls,whoserightsmaynotbeeffectivelyprotectedbynationallaws.240.  TheCommitteerecommendstheintroductionof . > legislationandothermeasurestoprotecteffectivelytherightsofhilltribewomenandgirls.241.  TheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernatthehigh  *B suiciderate,aswellastheprevalenceofmentalillness,amongwomen.242.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment z F conductresearchintothesemattersandincludeinformationontheminthenextreport.243.  Recognizingthatsexualharassment,rape,domestic  v J violenceandmaritalrape,whetherinthefamily,thecommunityortheworkplace,constituteviolationsofwomensrighttopersonalsecurityandbodilyintegrity,theCommitteeurgestheGovernmentofThailandtoamendthepenalcodeinthelightoftheDeclarationontheEliminationofViolenceagainstWomenandgeneralrecommendation19oftheCommittee.244.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthattraditional S stereotypesofwomenandmenarereflectedinsomelawsandportrayedinschooltextbooksandthroughthemedia,therebyunderminingpositivepoliciesrelatingtogenderequality.245.  TheCommitteeurgesthatareviewbemadeoflaws :Y andpoliciesandschooltextbooksinordertoremovegenderstereotypes.Italsorecommendsthatthemediabeencouragedtoportraygirlsandwomeninnonstereotypedways.246.  TheCommitteeencouragestheGovernmenttogive !p_ fullattentiontotheneedsofruralwomenandtoensurethattheybenefitfrompoliciesandprogrammesinallareas,inparticularaccesstodecisionmaking,health,educationandsocialservices.247.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthatthecurrentName P%e Lawandotherlawsoperatesoastorestrictwomensaccesstocreditandlandownershipwhentheymarryforeigners.248.  TheCommitteestronglyrecommendsthetimely 'L"i introductionoftheproposedamendedNamesActandtheNationalityLaw.249.  TheCommitteerequeststheGovernmentofThailand *$m toprovideinformationaddressingtheconcernsraisedinthepresentconcludingcommentsinitsnextperiodicreportrequiredunderarticle18oftheConvention. ,J'p Ї250. x TheCommitteerequeststhewidedisseminationin  ThailandofthepresentconcludingcommentsinordertomakethepeopleofThailand,andinparticulargovernmentadministratorsandpoliticians,awareofthestepsthathavebeentakentoensuredejureanddefactoequalityforwomen   andthefurtherstepsthatarerequiredinthatregard.ItalsorequeststheGovernmenttocontinuetodisseminatewidely,andinparticulartowomensandhumanrightsorganizations,theConvention,theCommitteesgeneralrecommendationsandtheBeijingDeclarationandPlatformforAction.S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    ~~3.0 x ThirdandfourthperiodicreportsS:acess  XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 34 xx         S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    0  0xChinaS:a cess  XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3 xx         251. x TheCommitteeconsideredthecombinedthirdand F  fourthperiodicreportsofChina(CEDAW/C/CHN/34andCorr.1andAdd.1and2)atits419thto421stmeetings,on1and2February1999(seeCEDAW/C/SR.419421).Addendum2tothethirdandfourthperiodicreportscoveredtheimplementationoftheConventionbytheGovernmentoftheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegion,overwhichtheGovernmentofChinaresumedtheexerciseofsovereigntyon1July1997.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    JJ(a)0 x IntroductionbytheStatepartye   /x/x /x /x#idid 3'}xx         252. x TherepresentativeofChina,inhisintroduction,noted =  thattheGovernmentofChinahadalwaysattachedgreatimportancetotheimplementationoftheConvention.Thepresentreport,coveringtheyears1989to1995,hadbeendraftedundertheleadershipoftheNationalCommitteeonWomenandChildrenundertheStateCouncil,abodycomposedof23ministriesandcommissionsoftheGovernment,andfivenongovernmentalorganizations.253. x Therepresentativehighlightedthegradual !!) improvementinthesituationofwomeninpoliticalparticipation,education,healthcareandemploymentduringthereportingperiod.Atthesametime,henotedthattheequalrightsofwomenhadnotbeenfullyrealized.Theeliminationofdiscriminationagainstwomenwasbeingpursuedthroughthedevelopmentofthenationaleconomyandthestrengtheningofthelegalsystem.254. x TheLawofthePeoplesRepublicofChinaonthe Y("2 ProtectionoftheRightsandInterestsofWomen(theWomensLaw),adoptedin1992,constitutedthefirstbasiclawtoprotectwomensrightsandinterestsinacomprehensiveandsystematicmanner.Itdefinedfour principlesandsetouttherightsofwomeninthepolitical, A,&7 cultural,educational,labourandeconomicsphere,aswellasinmarriageandthefamilyandwithregardtotheperson. 255.  TheProgrammefortheDevelopmentofChinese : Women,formulatedin1995inthelightoftheBeijingPlatformforAction,constitutedthefirstcomprehensiveprogrammeontheoverallplanofactionforwomensdevelopment.TheProgrammewasaimedatencouraginggovernmententitiesatvariouslevelstotakeconcretestepsforwomenspoliticalparticipation,employment,educationandhealthcare,thusfurtherimplementinginpracticetheconceptofgenderequalityasstipulatedinthelaw.AmongthemainmeasurestakentoensureimplementationoftheWomensLawweretheestablishmentofspecializedagencies,theformulationofimplementationmeasuresbythevariouslevelsofadministrationinthelightoflocalconditions,nationwidelegalawarenesscampaigns,andreviewandmonitoringofimplementation.256.  Therepresentativenotedthatthereportalsodiscussed  J thestepstakenbytheGovernmentofChinatoimplementtheBeijingDeclarationandPlatformforAction.AdditionalinformationhadbeensubmittedtotheCommitteeconcerningmeasurestakenfrom1996tomid1998,includingtherevisionoflaws,improvedactionagainstcriminalactivitiestargetedatwomenandchildren,andreemploymentmeasuresforworkerslaidoffintheeconomicrestructuring.FollowupactiontakenbyrelevantgovernmentinstitutionstoimplementtheBeijingDeclarationandPlatformforActionwerealsocovered.Activitiesofnongovernmentalorganizationsinprotectingwomensrightsandinterestswerealsoincludedinthereport.257.  Inconclusion,therepresentativenotedthatdespitethe "Y tremendousamountofworkdonetopromotewomensfullparticipationindevelopment,quiteanumberofwomeninruralareaslivedinpoverty,morethan100millionwomenwerestillilliterate,andinthetransitionfromaplannedeconomytoamarketeconomyandthereformprocess,largenumbersofwomenworkershadbeenlaidoffandwereexperiencingdifficultiesfindingnewemployment.Theparticipationofwomeninpoliticallifewasstilllow,incidentsofviolationsofwomensrightscontinuedtooccurandcertainsocialevilspersisted.Heemphasized,however,thathisGovernmentwasdeterminedtocontinueitsefforts,andwelcomedthesupportoftheinternationalcommunityinthatregard.258.  TherepresentativeoftheHongKongSpecial  *`$h AdministrativeRegion,inintroducingtheinitialreportoftheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionϜ(CEDAW/C/CHN/34/Add.2),notedthattheGovernmentofChinahadresumedtheexerciseofsovereigntyoverHong *-'l Kong,witheffectfrom1July1997,undertheprincipleof onecountry,twosystems.TheConventionhadbeenextendedtoHongKongon14October1996andhadremainedinforcesincethereunificationon1July1997.259. x TherepresentativenotedthattheBasicLawofthe  n HongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionofthePeoplesRepublicofChina,theconstitutionaldocumentoftheRegion,includedalistoffundamentalrightsandfreedomsofresidentsandotherpersonsintheRegion,applicabletowomenandmen.TheBasicLawalsoprovidedforthecontinuingapplicationoftheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRightsandtheInternationalCovenantonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRights,andtheHongKongBillofRightsOrdinance.260. x Therepresentativeexplainedthatintheperiodbetween 6  1996and1998,alegislativereviewhadbeenundertakenleadingtotheenactmentofanumberofamendmentsandordinancestoeliminatediscriminatoryorunfairtreatmentofwomen.TherightsofwomenwerealsoprotectedbylegislationthatincludedtheSexDiscriminationOrdinance(1995)andtheFamilyStatusDiscriminationOrdinance(1997).TheEqualOpportunitiesCommission,anindependentstatutoryorganizationestablishedin1996,wasresponsiblefortheeliminationofdiscriminationandthepromotionofequalitybetweenwomenandmen,forenforcingtheantidiscriminationordinancesandforhandlingcomplaints.261. x TheGovernmentsPolicyGroups,chairedbytheChief  SecretaryforAdministrationandattendedbyseniorrepresentativesofthepolicybureaux,ensuredcoordinationamongthevariousbureauxonallmattersconcerningwomen.262. x Theimprovementofthepositionandstatusofwomen 8$ inHongKongwasapparentindifferentareas.In1997,womenaccountedfor39percentofthetotalworkingpopulationandmadeup33percentofthecivilservice.Womenalsooccupiedtwooutofthethreehighestrankinggovernmentposts.AlmostathirdofthemembersoftheExecutiveCouncilwerewomen.Womenmadeupbetween21and36percentofthelegal,accountingandmedicalprofessions.263. x TheGovernmentoftheHongKongSpecial 8'!. AdministrativeRegionwascommittedtoprovidingequalaccesstoandopportunitiesineducation,whichincludednineyearsoffreeanduniversalbasiceducation.Morethanhalftheuniversitygraduatesin1997werewomen.264. x Womenshealthremainedagovernmentpriority,and n+%4 arangeofhealthcareserviceswasavailabletowomen,includingwithregardtoreproductivehealth.HongKongs ,T'6 infantmortalityratewasamongthelowestintheworld,andwomenslifeexpectancywas82.2years.265.  TherepresentativenotedthatChinahadenteredseven 9 reservationsanddeclarationsinrespectoftheapplicationoftheConventiontoHongKong.Thesewouldbekeptunderreview.266.  Inconclusion,therepresentativewelcomedthe  L> CommitteesviewsandsuggestionsinsupportofthefullimplementationoftheConvention.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    *x(b)0  ConcludingcommentsbytheCommittee:Chinae S7com  8 /x/x /x /x#idid 3'}C##         e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Introductione n9com $: /x/x /x /x#idid 3= E##         267.  TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtothe S G GovernmentofChinaforsubmittingitscombinedthirdandfourthperiodicreports.However,theCommitteenotesthatthereportinsufficientlyfollowstheCommitteesguidelinesforthepreparationofperiodicreports.Inparticular,thereportdoesnotincorporatesufficientstatisticaldatadisaggregatedbysex,comparingthecurrentsituationtothatatthetimeofthepreviousreport.268.  TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentforitsoral 7P presentationofthereport,andforthedetailedoralandwrittenreplies,includingstatisticalinformation,tothequestionsposedbytheCommittee.269.  TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentforhaving OU sentahighlevelandlargedelegationthatincludedspecialistsfromdifferentdepartmentsofthecentralGovernment,aswellastheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegion,headedbythePermanentRepresentativeofChinatotheUnitedNations.270.  TheCommitteenotesthatChinesewomenconstitute M\ morethanonefifthoftheworldswomen.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Positiveaspectse @com @ /x/x /x /x#idid 3! `##         271.  TheCommitteeacknowledgeswithappreciationthe ""b comprehensiveeffortsundertakenbytheGovernmentofChinatoimplementtheConventionsincetheconsiderationofitssecondperiodicreportin1992.TheseeffortsareindicativeofthepoliticalwilloftheGovernmenttoeliminatediscriminationandtoadvanceequalitybetweenwomenandmen.TheCommitteereaffirmsthattheConventionrecognizesthatwomensrightsincludecivil,political,economic,socialandculturalrightsandthattheyareaninalienable,integralandindivisiblepartofuniversalhumanrights.272.  TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentforfurther +&n strengtheningthelegislativeframeworktoensureequality z,&o betweenwomenandmen.Itnotesinparticularthe1992LawontheProtectionoftheRightsandInterestsofWomen(theWomensLaw),the1995MotherandChildHealthLaw,the1996and1997amendmentstothecriminallawwithregardtotraffickinginwomen,the1996LawontheProtectionoftheRightsandInterestsoftheElderlyconcerningsocialsecurityprovisionsfortheelderly,andtherecentrevisionofthelawonadoption.273. x TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentforthe 8   elaborationofprogrammestoensureimplementationofthoselaws,andespeciallytheProgrammefortheDevelopmentofChineseWomen(19952000).ItnotestheachievementsoftheGovernmentinensuringsocialandeconomicrightsforhundredsofmillionsofpeople.Italsonotesthateconomicreformsinrecentyearshavebroughtaboutstrongandsteadyeconomicgrowth.TheCommitteecommendstheeffortsoftheGovernmenttocombineeconomicrestructuringwithconcernforthesocialwellbeingofChinascitizens.Itcommends,inparticular,theGovernmentseffortstoalleviatepoverty,toaddresstheunemploymentofwomen,tomodifygenderstereotypes,includinginthemassmedia,toinitiatelegalawarenesscampaignsandtoreduceilliteracyofwomeninruralareas.TheCommitteealsocommendstheworkoftheAllChinaWomensFederationinimplementinggovernmentpolicyforgenderequality.274. x TheCommitteewelcomestheoverallincreaseof  facilitiesandpersonnelformaternalhealthcare,thegreateraccesstofamilyplanningservicesandtoprimaryhealthcare.ItcommendstheGovernmentforitscollaborationwithUNFPAtoinitiateapilotfamilyplanningprogramme,basedonvoluntaryparticipation,informationandfreedomofchoice.TheCommitteewelcomesinparticulartheGovernmentsstrongandunequivocalobjectiontotheuseofcoercivemeasuresinimplementationofitspopulationpolicy.275. x TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentfor " ' hosting,inSeptember1995,theFourthWorldConferenceonWomenandforitssubsequenteffortstoimplementtheBeijingDeclarationandPlatformforAction.TheCommitteeemphasizesthattheConventionconstitutesthelegalbasisandframeworkfortheimplementationofthePlatformforAction.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    & n 0  0xFactorsanddifficultiesaffectingthe )[#0 implementationoftheConventione SNmic  O /x/x /x /x#idid 3)#$1xx         276. x TheCommitteenotesthatthegreatsizeanddiversity *9%3 'n)$OofChinaposespecialchallengestotherealizationofequalitybetweenwomenandmen. ,T'6 277.  TheCommitteenotesthatthepersistenceofprejudice 6 andstereotypicalattitudesconcerningtheroleofwomenandmeninthefamilyandinsociety,basedonviewsofmalesuperiorityandthesubordinationofwomen,constitutesaseriousimpedimenttothefullimplementationoftheConvention.278.  TheCommitteeconsidersthatthegapbetweenthe  = situationofwomeninurbanareasandthoseinruralandremoteareasconstitutesamajorobstacletothefullimplementationoftheConvention.279.  TheCommitteenoteswithconcerntheadverseimpact lB ofeconomicrestructuringonwomeninthetransitionfromaplannedeconomytoamarketeconomy,andinparticularthegenderspecificconsequencesforwomensemploymentandreemployment.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0 x 0x#x#Principalareasofconcernandrecommendationse Tmic U /x/x /x /x#idid 3- I##         280.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthattheGovernments CK approachtotheimplementationoftheConventionhasanapparentfocusontheprotectionofwomenratherthanontheirempowerment.Thus,thecentralmachineryresponsibleforgovernmentpolicyistheNationalWorkingCommitteeonWomenandChildren,perpetuatingtheidentificationofwomenwithchildren.Similarly,intheareaofwomenshealth,thereisafocusonmotherchildhealth,limitedtowomensreproductivefunction.Likewise,labourlawsandregulationsoveremphasizetheprotectionofwomen.281.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmentre  aV examineitsapproachtorealizinggenderequality,withanemphasisonthehumanrightsframeworkoftheConventionandtheempowermentofwomen.TheGovernmentshouldencourageacountrywidesocialdialoguethatadvocatesequalitybetweenwomenandmen,andacomprehensivepubliccampaignaimedatchangingtraditionalattitudes.282.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment !'^ examineandenhancethestructure,authorityandresourcesofthenationalmachineryfortheadvancementofwomen.283.  AlthoughtheConventionisanintegralpartofChinese w$b law,theCommitteeisconcernedthattheWomensLawdoesnotcontainadefinitionofdiscriminationagainstwomen.ItisalsoconcernedthattheWomensLawdoesnotprovideforeffectiveremediesincasesofviolationofthelaw.ItisunclearwhethertheConventioncanbe,oreverhasbeen,invokedinacourtoflaw,andwhattheoutcomeofsuchcasesmighthavebeen.284.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment +[%k adoptlegislationthatexpresslyprohibitsgenderdiscrimination,includingunintentionalandindirect ,&m discrimination,inaccordancewiththedefinitioninarticle1oftheConvention.ItalsorecommendsthattheGovernmentimprovetheavailabilityofmeansofredress,includinglegalremedies,undertheWomensLaw.TheGovernmentshouldprovidelegalaidtowomenwhosufferdiscriminationinitsvariousforms,toassistthemintherealizationoftheirrights.Itshouldalsowidelypublicizeallthesemeasuressothatadequateenforcementofthelawcanbeensured.TheCommitteerecommendsfurtherthattheGovernmentadoptmeasuresandallocateresourcesatboththecentralandprovinciallevelstomonitorimplementationofthevariouslawsongenderequality.285. x TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutthediverseforms X  ofviolenceagainstwomeninChina,includingcustodialviolence,sexualabuse,domesticviolence,sexualviolenceandsexualharassmentintheworkplace.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedthateconomicconditionsmaycontributetoanincreaseinviolenceagainstwomen.286. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment V examineandreviseitslawsandpoliciesonviolenceagainstwomeninthelightoftheCommitteesgeneralrecommendation19.Thisshouldincludeadoptionofaspeciallawondomesticviolenceandprovisionofservicesforsurvivors,suchassheltersandhotlines.Thehandlingofdomesticviolencecasesshouldbesystematicallyincludedinthetrainingoflawenforcementofficialsandhealthcarepersonnel.TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoregulatesexualharassmentandtoprovidelegalremediesforwomenvictimsofsexualharassmentintheworkplace.TheCommitteerequeststheGovernmenttoprovideinformationinitsnextreportonproceduresforensuringtherightsofwomenincustodytoprotectionfromsexualabuseandforsanctioningprisonofficersresponsibleforsuchabuse.287. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment \ $ considerthepossibilityofextendinganinvitationtotheSpecialRapporteuronViolenceagainstWomen,includingitscausesandconsequences,tovisitChinaandallitsprovinces.288. x TheCommitteeisconcernedthatprostitution,which $* isoftenaresultofpovertyandeconomicdeprivation,isillegalinChina.289. x TheCommitteerecommendsdecriminalizationof 8'!. prostitution.GiventheHIV/AIDSpandemic,theCommitteealsorecommendsthatdueattentionbepaidtohealthservicesforwomeninprostitution.TheGovernmentisalsourgedtotakemeasuresfortherehabilitationandreintegrationofprostitutesintosociety.290. x NotwithstandingtheseriouseffortsoftheGovernment 6,&5 tocombattraffickinginwomen,theCommitteeexpresses ,T'6 itsconcernaboutreportsinsomelocalitiesofcorruptofficialswhoareinvolvedorcolludinginthetradeinwomen,includingthroughpaymentsfromprostitutes.291.  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoinvestigate P: reportsoflocalofficialsinvolvementintraffickingandtheexploitationofprostitution,andtoprosecuteallpersonsengagedinsuchpractices.292.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthattheproportional  ? representationofwomeninallspheresofpubliclife,andespeciallyatthehigherdecisionmakinglevels,hasincreasedonlyminimallysincetheconsiderationofChinassecondreport.293.  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoadopt J E temporaryspecialmeasureswithinthemeaningofarticle4,paragraph1oftheConventiontoincreasethenumberofwomenatthehigherechelonsofGovernment.ThewomenstalentbankoftheAllChinaWomensFederationshouldbeusedextensivelytoincreasethepercentageofwomeninallpublicbodies.TheGovernmentshouldalsoencouragegenderbalanceinthecompositionofvillagecommittees.294.  NotwithstandingtheGovernmentspositiveeffortsand N achievementsinreducingilliteracy,theCommitteeisconcernedaboutthedisproportionatepersistenceofilliteracyamongwomen,especiallywomeninruralandremoteareas,andamongethnicandreligiousminoritywomen.TheCommitteealsonotesalackofinformationconcerningthesituationofwomeninscienceandtechnology.295.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment HV adoptaspecifictimeframe,withbudgetaryandresourceallocation,fortheachievementofuniversalliteracyandprimaryeducation.Itshouldalsoabolishofficialandunofficialschoolfees,whichoftenresultintheexclusionofgirlsfromenjoyingtheirrighttoeducation,particularlyinpoorruralareas.Specialmeasuresandincentivesshouldbeintroducedtoensurethatgirlsareabletofullyutilizeaccesstoprimaryeducation,andaregivenopportunitiesforsecondaryandhighereducationandvocationaltraining.Likewise,theCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoreviseschooltextbooksandcurriculatoeliminategenderstereotypesandtoincludetheachievementofgenderequalityasasocietalgoalinitseducationpolicy.296.  TheCommitteeisconcernedabouttheeconomic '!e situationofwomeninthetransitionfromacentrallyplannedtoamarketeconomy.Therisingunemploymentofwomen,difficultiesinfindingnewemployment,thelackofenforcementoflabourlawsforwomenworkersandthecontinuingcategorizationofcertainjobsasunsuitableforwomenareofparticularconcern.TheCommitteeisconcernedthatretrainingofunemployedwomenforjobsin ,T'l theservicesectormayleadtofurthergendersegregationofthelabourmarket,withwomenbeingtrappedinlowwagesectors.TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatwomenarefacedwithagediscriminationastheyseekreemployment.Itisalsoconcernedthatanoveremphasisontheprotectionof,ratherthanequalopportunitiesfor,womeninthelabourmarketperpetuatesstereotypesandcreatesadditionalobstaclesforwomencompetinginamarketeconomy.TheCommitteenotesthatthesituationofwomenworkersinspecialeconomiczonesalsoremainsaconcern.297. x TheCommitteeisconcernedabouttheconsequences    ofwomenslossofemployment,orofinterruptedemployment,onwomensrightstohousing,healthcareandsocialsecurity.298. x TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoanalyse,from 6  agenderperspective,theeffectsofitseconomicpolicies,andtotakestepstomitigateandcounteracttheirnegativeeffectsonwomen.Inadditiontoenforcingexistinglabourlaws,theCommitteeinvitestheGovernmenttoincreasewomensmeansofredressagainstdiscriminationandinequalityatwork,includingbypromotingtherecognitionofwomensrighttoparticipateinworkersorganizationsandtheirrighttostrike.299. x TheCommitteerecognizesthatpopulationgrowthis  agenuineandsevereproblemandthatconsiderableprogresshasbeenmadeinprovidingfamilyplanningservices,butexpressesconcernaboutvariousaspectsoftheimplementationofChinaspopulationpolicy,includingthefollowing:  x (a)  TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatonly14 ! percentofmenusecontraceptives,thusmakingcontraceptionandfamilyplanningoverwhelminglyawomansresponsibility.Inthelightofthefactthatvasectomyisfarlessintrusiveandcostlythantuballigation,targetingmainlywomenforsterilizationmayamounttodiscrimination;  x (b)  NotwithstandingtheGovernmentsclear P#) rejectionofcoercivemeasures,thereareconsistentreportsofabuseandviolencebylocalfamilyplanningofficials.Theseincludeforcedsterilizationsandabortions,arbitrarydetentionandhousedemolitions,particularlyinruralareasandamongethnicminorities;  x (c)  TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutthegrowing N("0 disparityinthemale/femalesexratioatbirthasanunintendedconsequenceofthepopulationpolicy,owingtothediscriminatorytraditionofsonpreference.Theshortageoffemalesmayalsohavelongtermimplicationsregardingtraffickinginwomen; ,'6 xx-x  (d) l TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutillegal 6 practicesofsexselectiveabortion,femaleinfanticideandthenonregistrationandabandonmentoffemalechildren.TheCommitteeexpressesparticularconcernaboutthestatusof outofplanandunregisteredchildren,manyofthemgirls,whomaybeofficiallynonexistentandthusnotentitledtoeducation,healthcareorothersocialbenefits.300.  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoexaminethe p > waysinwhichitspopulationpolicyisimplementedatthelocallevelandinitiateanopenpublicdebatethereon.IturgestheGovernmenttopromoteinformation,educationandcounselling,inordertounderscoretheprincipleofreproductivechoice,andtoincreasemaleresponsibilityinthisregard.TheGovernmentshouldmakeclearthatcoerciveandviolentmeasuresareprohibitedandenforcesuchprohibitionthroughfairlegalproceduresthatsanctionofficialsactinginexcessoftheirauthority.TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttointroducegendersensitivitytrainingforfamilyplanningofficials.301.  Recognizingthatmalechildren,especiallyinruraland tK remoteareas,remainresponsibleforsupportingpeopleinoldage,theGovernmentshouldexplicitlyaddressthelinkagesbetweeneconomicsecurityinoldageanditsfamilyplanningpolicies.Itshouldtakeallappropriatemeasurestomodifyandeliminatesonpreference,interalia,by \P expandingeducationalandemploymentopportunitiesforwomeninruralareas.TheGovernmentshouldenforcelawsagainstsexselectiveabortion,femaleinfanticideandabandonmentofchildrenandremovealllegaldisabilitiesfrom outofplanandunregisteredchildren.302.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthattraditionalattitudes ZW andprejudicesagainstwomenremainparticularlypronouncedinruralareas.Itnotes,inparticular,thelackofopportunitiesforruralwomentobenefitfullyfromtheeconomicprogressofChina,andthatruralwomenfacelossofpropertyrightsasaresultofchangeinmaritalstatus.Inthisregard,itnotesthatsome70percentofagriculturalworkersarewomenandthatthisrequiresparticularattention.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedaboutthehighratesofsuicideamongruralwomen.303.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatallgovernment "&x b policyandplanningforruralareas,includingmicrocredit,smallenterprisedevelopmentandotherincomegeneratingprojects,bedevelopedwiththefullandactiveparticipationofruralwomen.Urgentattentionshouldbegiventoaddressingwomenssuicideratesthroughmeasuressuchastheprovisionofmentalhealthservicesandabetterunderstandingofthecausesofthesesuicides.Womensstudiescentrescouldbeencouragedtoundertakethenecessaryresearch.TheGovernmentisurgedtoensurethat *-'k womenhaveequalenjoymentoflandrightsindependentoftheirmaritalstatus.304. x TheCommitteenotesthatthereisnodiscussioninthe  reportofwomensparticipationintheinformalsectoroftheeconomy.TheCommitteerequeststhatthisissuebeaddressedintheGovernmentsnextreport.305. x TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttointegrate,in  L itsnextreport,statisticalinformationundereacharticleoftheConvention,toprovideanalysisofthesituationofwomenovertime,aswellasincomparisontothesituationofmen,sothatanassessmentcanbemadeofthefactualprogressmadeinimplementationoftheConvention.306. x Inthelightofthediversityofthecountryandits J  population,theCommitteerepeatstherequestitmadeinitsconcludingcommentsonChinassecondperiodicreport,thattheGovernmentprovideinitsreportsabreakdownofinformationbyprovincesandautonomousregionsandalsoincludeinformationonethnicminoritiesparticularlytheUyghurandTibetanpeoples.307. x TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttotranslatethe  ConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomenintolocallanguages.ItrecommendsacomprehensivepubliccampaigntoimprovelegalliteracyoftheConventionandtoraiseawarenessofgenderequalityasasocietalgoalandofwomensrightsashumanrights.ItalsorecommendsgendersensitizationtrainingonthebasisoftheConventionforallgovernmentofficialsandcadres.TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttoinitiatebroadpublicdiscussionsinthevariousprovincesandautonomousregionsinthepreparationofitsfifthperiodicreportunderarticle18oftheConvention.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    SS(c)0 x ConcludingcommentsbytheCommittee:I%xx 0  0xHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegione elc  /x/x /x /x#idid 3 &xx         e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    0  0xIntroductione celc  /x/x /x /x#idid 3!'(xx         308. x TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtothe "=* GovernmentofChina,HongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegion,forsubmitting,inatimelymanner,anextremelywellstructuredandinformativeinitialreport.ItcommendstheGovernmentonitsoralpresentationofthereportandforthedetailedoralandwrittenreplies,includingstatisticalinformation,tothequestionsposedbytheCommittee.309. x TheCommitteenotesthattherearemanynon (#2 governmentalorganizationsworkingactivelyinHongKongforthefullimplementationoftheConvention.  S+%6 e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    &   0 x 0x#x#Positiveaspectse elc  /x/x /x /x#idid 36##         310.  TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentofChina 8 'forthecontinuingapplicabilityoftheConventiontotheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionfollowingresumptionofChinesesovereigntyoverHongKongonϜ1July1997undertheprincipleof onecountry,twosystems.ItnotesthattheGovernmenthasdisseminatedtheConvention,includingthroughtheInternet.311.  TheCommitteewelcomestheguaranteeofhuman  @ rightsandfundamentalfreedomsofwomenandmen,containedintheHongKongBasicLawandintheBillofRightsOrdinance.Italsonotestherecentadoptionandrevisionoflawstoeliminatediscriminationagainstwomen.TheCommitteecommends,inparticular,theSexDiscriminationOrdinanceof1995andtheestablishmentthereunderoftheEqualOpportunitiesCommissionasanindependentstatutorybodyandwithadequateresources,responsibleforaddressingcomplaintsondiscriminationandpromotinggenderequalitythroughpubliceducationandothermeans.312.  TheCommitteewelcomestherecentjudicialdecision 4M whichhasenforcedtherighttonondiscriminationbyrecognizingthatanonmaritalchildcanclaimresidenceintheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegiononthebasisoftheresidencerightsofeitherhermotherorfather.313.  TheCommitteeexpressessatisfactionatthehighlevel jS ofliteracyandtheuniversalsystemoffreeeducation.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    & n 0 x 0x#x#Factorsanddifficultiesaffectingthe )W implementationoftheConventione suic  /x/x /x /x#idid 3X##         314.  TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatChinahas Z 'nѢenteredsevenreservationsanddeclarationsinrespectoftheprovisionsoftheConventionasappliedtoHongKong.Ofparticularconcernisthereservationexempting theaffairsofreligiousdenominationsorordersfromthescopeoftheConvention.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    &  0 x 0x#x#Principalareasofconcernandrecommendationse suic v /x/x /x /x#idid 3:$b##         315.  TheCommitteeexpressesconcernthattheBasicLaw P%d ':$doesnotcontainaprohibitionofdiscriminationagainstwomen.316.  TheCommitteerecommendstheadoptionofa 'L"h constitutionaldefinitionofdiscrimination,bothdirectandindirect,tocomplementtheprohibitionofdiscriminationincivillawundertheSexDiscriminationOrdinance.317.  Notwithstandingtheimportantmandateandvaluable d+%m workoftheEqualOpportunitiesCommission,theCommitteeisconcernedabouttheabsenceofagovernmental ,J'o mechanismfortheadvancementofwomeninHongKongchargedwiththeproactivedevelopmentofpolicyandlongtermstrategiesongenderequality.318. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmentof P theHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionestablishahighlevelcentralmechanismwithappropriatepowersandresourcestodevelopandcoordinateawomenfocusedpolicyandlongtermstrategytoensureeffectiveimplementationoftheConvention.319. x TheCommitteeexpressesconcernthattheelectoral N   systemoftheRegioncontainsstructuralobstaclestotheequalpoliticalparticipationofwomen,whichisindirectdiscriminationagainstwomen,especiallywithrespecttothefunctionalconstituencies.320. x TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttotakeall   measuresnecessarytoensuretheequalrepresentationofwomeninallconstituencies,includingruralcommittees,onthebasisoftheprincipleofuniversalandequalsuffrage,inaccordancewiththeCommitteesgeneralrecommendation23.321. x TheCommitteenotesthelowrepresentationofwomen  ingovernmentaladvisoryboardsandstatutorycommittees,aswellasinthecivilserviceandthejudiciary.322. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment (~ makeuseofaffirmativeactionandtemporaryspecialmeasuresinaccordancewitharticle4,paragraph1,oftheConventiontorealizewomensrighttoparticipationinallareasofpubliclifeandparticularlyathighlevelsofdecisionmaking.ItalsorecommendsthattheGovernmentstudytheexperienceofothercountriesinusingquotas,timetablesforachievingspecifiedgoalsanddatabasesonwomencandidates,withaviewtoapplyingtheminHongKong.323. x TheCommitteeisconcernedthattheDomestic F!' ViolenceOrdinanceappliesonlytophysicalabuseinmaritalrelations,andthatitdoesnotprovideforcounsellingandtreatmentofoffenders.ItalsonoteswithconcernthatthereportdoesnotcontaininformationonrapeandthatmaritalrapeisnotconsideredacriminaloffenceintheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegion.324. x TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment  'b!/ enhanceservicesforsurvivorsofdomesticviolence,includingdomesticworkers,withaviewtotheirempowermentandrehabilitation,includingthroughpsychologicalcounselling,legalaid,temporaryshelterandappropriatehealthservices.TheCommitteealsourgestheamendmentofexistinglegislationtoincludemaritalrapeasacriminaloffence.ItrequeststheGovernmenttoprovide ,&6 informationonsexualcrimes,includingrapeandmaritalrape,initsnextreportunderarticle18oftheConvention.325.  TheCommitteenotesthatwhileprostitutionitselfis 9 notunlawful,provisionstoensurethehealthandsafetyofsexworkersareunclear,andtheremaybediscriminationagainstwomenintheenforcementofrelatedcrimes.326.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatadequateregulations  L> toprotectwomensexworkersbeputinplaceandenforced.ItalsorecommendsthattheGovernmentmonitorthelinksbetweenthepresenceofmigrantwomen,aregulatoryapproachtoprostitutionandtraffickinginwomen.327.  TheCommitteecommendseffortstodevelopa , D standardlabourcontractformigrantworkerswithprovisionforminimumwages,butitisconcernedthattheseworkerscanbeexposedtoabuseandcustodialviolence.328.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernment  I monitorandtakeactiontoprotectwomenmigrantworkersfromabuseandviolence,aswellastopreventsuchviolence.329.  Notingthatover50percentofrecentuniversity @M graduateswerewomen,theCommitteeisneverthelessconcernedatthedegreeofsegregationintheeducationalspecializationofwomenandmenandatthelowpercentageofwomeninthehigherlevelsoftheteachingprofessionsandacademia.330.  TheCommitteerecommendstheadoptionoftemporary >T specialmeasuresaimedatincreasingdefactoequalitybetweenwomenandmenwithinthemeaningofarticle4,paragraph1oftheConvention,toincreasethenumberofwomeninnontraditionalareasofeducation,especiallyinscience,technologyandengineering,andtopromotewomenfromjuniorandauxiliarypositionsinteachingandacademiatoseniorpositions.IturgestheGovernmenttoaddresstheperpetuationofgenderstereotypesandtoallocateadequateresourcesforgenderstudiesprogrammes.331.  Notingthegrowingparticipationofwomeninthe \"_ formaleconomyandthelowlevelofunemploymentofwomen,theCommitteeisnonethelessconcernedaboutthelargediscrepanciesinwagesearnedbymenandwomen.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedaboutthehighlydisproportionatenumberofwomeninthelowestwagelevels,especiallygiventheabsenceofminimumwagelaws.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedthatthecontractionofthemanufacturingsectoraffectsparticularlylowskilledwomen.332.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheprincipleofequal )$i payforworkofequalvaluebeincludedinrelevantlegislationandthatcriteriabeestablishedtodeterminethemeasureofequalvalueinalargelygendersegregatedlabourmarket. ,('m Ї333. x TheCommitteeencouragestheGovernmenttoreview  regularlythereservationsenteredtotheConvention.IturgestheGovernmenttoamendalllawsthatareincompatiblewiththeConvention,includingthoserelatingtoimmigrationandtopensionschemes,withaviewtoremovingtherelevantreservations.Inparticular,itencouragestheGovernmenttoeliminatediscriminationagainstindigenouswomenfollowingitsreviewofthesmallhousepolicy.TheCommitteealsoencouragestheGovernmenttoreexaminethereservationrelatingtothefavourabletreatmentofwomeninrespectoflabourlawprotectionofpregnancyandmaternity,whichmightwellbeinaccordancewitharticles4,paragraph1,and11,paragraph2,oftheConvention,aswellasthatregardingreligiousdenominations.334. x TheCommitteeinvitestheGovernmenttoholdpublic >  consultationswithnongovernmentalorganizationsintheprocessoftheimplementationoftheConventionandwhenpreparingitssecondperiodicreport.335. x TheCommitteerequeststheGovernmentofChinaand V theGovernmentoftheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegiontoprovideinformationaddressingtheconcernsraisedinthepresentconcludingcommentsinthenextperiodicreportrequiredunderarticle18oftheConvention.336. x TheCommitteerequeststhewidedisseminationin  ChinaandtheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionofthepresentconcludingcomments,inordertomakethepeopleofChinaandtheRegion,andparticularlyitsgovernmentadministrators,politiciansandseniorlevelcadresawareofthestepsthathadbeentakentoensuredejureanddefactoequalityforwomenandfurthersteps <  thatarerequiredinthatregard.ItalsorequeststheGovernmenttocontinuetodisseminatewidely,andinparticulartowomensandhumanrightsorganizations,theConvention,theCommitteesgeneralrecommendationsandtheBeijingDeclarationandPlatformforAction.&  S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    ~~4.0 x FourthperiodicreportsS:aion. b XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3P#)xx         S:a    /x /xXU X/x#Vid  3    0  0xColombiaS:aid i XU X XXU /x X XU#idV 3%Z,xx         337. x TheCommitteeconsideredthefourthperiodicreport &!/ ofColombia(CEDAW/C/COL/4)atits422ndand423rd'P#meetings,on3February1999(seeCEDAW/C/SR.422and423).&  e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    JJ(a)0 x IntroductionbytheStatepartye   G /x/x /x /x#idid 3*%5xx         338. x Inintroducingthereport,therepresentativeunderlined +&7 '*thecommitmentoftheGovernmentofColombiatothegoal ,&8 ofgenderequality.ShenotedthatthatcommitmentwasmanifestedinthePlanforEqualOpportunitiesbetweenWomenandMen,whichwasintheprocessofbeingadoptedandwhichwaspartoftheNationalPlanforDevelopment.ThecoordinatinginstitutionfortheplanwouldbetheNationalOfficeforEqualityforWomen,thegovernmentagencyresponsibleforcoordinatingactivitiestopromotetheequalityandparticipationofwomen.ThePlanwouldbeasignificantpartoftheimplementationoftheinternationalcommitmentsfortheadvancementofwomen,includingtheBeijingPlatformforAction.339.  Therepresentativeindicatedthatarticle13ofthe1991 D Constitutionincorporatedtheconceptofequalitybetweenwomenandmenasafundamentalright.Shealsonotedthatarticle93oftheConstitutionprovidedthattreatiestookprecedenceoverdomesticlegislationandweredrawnontheinterpretationoftheBillofRights.340.  Amongtheconstitutionalmechanismstoensurethe  K effectiveexerciseofhumanrightsinColombiawasacci;n VL detutela,whichallowedindividualstoseekprotectionof tM fundamentalhumanrightsinthecourts.Lawscouldalsobebroughtbeforethecourtsanddeclaredunconstitutional.Therepresentativenotedthatalargebodyofjurisprudencewithregardtohumanrightshaddevelopedovertheeightyearssincetheadoptionofthe1991Constitution.341.  TherepresentativeinformedtheCommitteethatrecent rT activitiesoftheNationalOfficeforEqualityforWomenhadincludedsupporttowomensorganizationsinactivitiestopromotepoliticalparticipationandcitizenship,thestrengtheningofwomensnetworks,aswellasthediscussionwithwomensorganizationsontheNationalDevelopmentPlan,19982002.342.  TherepresentativeindicatedthatLaw294onviolence 8\ inthefamilyhadbeenadoptedin1996andthattheInterAmericanConventionforthePrevention,PunishmentandEradicationofViolenceagainstWomenhadalsobeenratified.ShealsodescribedLaw360,adoptedin1997,whichincreasedpenaltiesforviolence.Inaddition,thetitleofthechapterofthePenalCoderelatingtosexualcrimeshadbeenamendedtoemphasizesuchcrimesastheviolationofpersonalfreedomanddignity,ratherthanmorals.343.  Therepresentativenotedthatdisplacedwomenfaced 8'!f significantproblems,includingviolence,andthattheGovernmenthadintroducedtheNationalPlanforAttentiontotheDisplacedPopulationtogivepriorityattentiontotheirneeds.Shealsodescribedtheeffectsofarmedconflictonwomen.344.  TherepresentativeinformedtheCommitteethat 6,&m womensrepresentationinpubliclifeinColombiawasstill ,T'n low,butthatthePresidenthadrecentlyappointedtwowomenministers.Whiletherehadbeensomeincreaseintheenrolmentofgirlsattheprimarylevel,theireducationallevelwasstilllowerthanboys.Initiativestoimprovegirlsaccesstoeducationincludedaprojecttoaddressstereotypedtextbooksandpromotecoeducation.345. x Therepresentativenotedthatanincreasingnumberof   womenwereenteringthelabourmarket,inparticularinurbanareas.However,despitetheirlevelofeducation,theyreceivedlowerwagesthanmenandoccupiedfewerdecisionmakingpositions.Inaddition,womenwereaffectedbyunemployment.346. x Therepresentativeindicatedthatlifeexpectancywas   64.3yearsformenand73.24yearsforwomen.TheGovernmenthadadoptedaseriesofmeasureswithregardtosexualandreproductivehealthintheGeneralSystemofSocialSecurityinHealthandhadlaunchedseveralinformationcampaigns,includingonHIV/AIDSprevention.347. x Therepresentativeemphasizedthatimportantadvances  hadbeenmadetointegratethegenderperspectiveintheruralsector.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    AA(b)0 x ConcludingcommentsoftheCommitteee   P /x/x /x /x#idid 3+xx         348. x TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtothe A GovernmentofColombiaforitsfourthreport,whichcontainsacomprehensive,candidandcriticalaccountoftheprogressthathasbeenachievedsincethesubmissionofthepreviousreport.ThereportdescribesthedifficultiesandobstaclesthatstillimpedetheimplementationoftheConventionandtheprogrammesthathavebeenimplementedtopromotetheadvancementofwomenandtheexerciseoftheirrights.349. x ThepresenceofthedelegationheadedbytheDirector A & oftheNationalOfficeforEqualityforWomen,atatimewhenthecountryissufferingtheconsequencesofadisastercausedbyanearthquakethathasplungedthenationintoaterribletragedy,istestimonytotheimportancethattheGovernmentofColombiaattachestotheConvention.TheCommitteedeeplyappreciatesthisgesture,whichunderscoresthepoliticalwilloftheGovernmenttoimprovethestatusofwomeninColombia.350. x TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationforthe '!0 comprehensiverepliestothequestionsthathavebeenaskedandforthefruitfuldialogue,whichhascontributedtoabetterunderstandingofthesituationofwomeninColombiaandtoanindepthreviewoftheimplementationofeacharticleoftheConvention.   ,`&6 351.  TheCommitteeappreciatesthefactthatthe 6  GovernmentofColombiasupportstheadoptionofanoptionalprotocoltotheConvention.e     /x /x/x/x#idid  3    &  0 x 0x#x#Positiveaspectse    /x/x /x /x#idid 31;##         352.  TheCommitteenotesthattheConventioncanbe  G= 'invokedinnationalcourts,sinceitenjoysprecedencewithinthedomesticlegalorderandthusprevailsinsituationsofconflictoflaws.353.  TheCommitteetakesnoteofthesignificantprogress _ B thathasbeenachievedwiththeadoptionoflegislativemeasuresfortheprotectionofwomen.The1991Constitutionprovidesfortheequalityofmenandwomenbeforethelawanddefinesdiscrimination.InaccordancewiththeConstitution,importantsociallegislationhasbeenenacted,includinglegislationoneducation,socialsecurity,dissolutionofreligiousmarriages,protectionofwomenheadsofhouseholdandpunishmentofsexualabuseanddomesticviolence.354.  TheCommitteenotesthattheacci;ndetutelaor }M amparohavebeenincreasinglyusedbywomenasaconstitutionalmeansofprotectingtheirrights.TheOmbudsmansOfficehasalsobeencreatedalongwithaspecialunitfortheprotectionoftherightsofchildren,womenandtheelderly,whichassiststheOmbudsmansOfficebyplayingapositiveroleinrequestingreviewsofacci;ndetutela. KT 355.  TheCommitteewelcomesthecreationbythe  aV Governmentofnationalmachinery,namely,theNationalOfficeforEqualityforWomen,whichisattachedtotheOfficeofthePresidentoftheRepublicandadvisestheGovernmentinthatfield.TheNationalOfficecanalsoproposepoliciesandprogrammesandworksincoordinationwithvariouswomensnongovernmentalorganizations.356.  TheCommitteenotesthatprimaryschoolenrolment !'^ rateshaveincreased,thattherateoffemaleilliteracyhasdeclinedandthattheTenYearEducationPlan,19962005,hasplacedspecialemphasisontheobjectiveofeliminatingallsituationsofgenderdiscriminationorexclusion,includingtheintroductionofthegenderdimensionintheeducationsystem.Researchandconsultationhavealsobeencarriedouttodocumenttheissueofequalityofmenandwomen,andastrategyofawarenessraisingisbeingdevelopedforpublishersofschooltextbooks,withaviewtoeradicatinggenderstereotypes.  * %j e     /x /x/x/x#idid