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Seenote1totheCommittee's1998report.OfficialrecordsoftheGeneral  Assembly,FiftyMthirdSession,SupplementNo.40(A/53/40). %KI%+ XHOXXXAXXHO  UKUS.,  4  .  Ibid.,para.7. %KI%+ XHOXXXAXXHO  UKUS.,  5  .  Ibid.,para.20. %KI%+ XHOXXXAXXHO  UKUS.,  6  .  Ibid.,FiftiethSession,SupplementNo.40(A/50/40). %KI%+ XHOXXXAXXHO  UKUS.,  7  .  Ibid.,FiftyMfirstSession,SupplementNo.40(A/51/40).  %KI%+ XHOXXXAXXHO  UKUS.,  8  .  OfficialRecordsoftheGeneralAssembly,FiftyMfirstSession,Supplement ~  No.40(A/51/40),paras.26M34;ibid.,FiftyMsecondSession,SupplementNo. D 40(A/52/40),paras.31M39;ibid.,FiftyMthirdSession,SupplementNo.40   (A/53/40),paras.32M40.  %KI%+ XHOXXXAXXHO  UKUS.,  9  .  Ibid.,FiftyMthirdSession,SupplementNo.40(A/53/40),vol.I.  %KI%+ XHOXXXAXXHO  UKUS.,  10  .  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OfficialRecordsoftheGeneralAssembly,FiftyMthirdSession,Supplement z No.40(A/53/40),vol.I,paras.430M432. " %KI%+ XHOXXXAXXHO  UKUS.,  12  .  Ibid.,FiftyMsecondSession,SupplementNo.40(A/52/40),vol.I,para.  467. %KI%+ XHOXXXAXXHO  UKUS.,  13  .  Ibid.,para.469. W %KIT@RV6&A43'6&[ALL OTHERS]3'T+ @}@XHOXXXAXXHO  UKUS., @   14  .  Ibid.,vol.II,annexVI,sect.F.  %KIT@RV6&A43'6&[ALL OTHERS]3'T+ @}@XHOXXXAXXHO  UKUS., @   15  .  Ibid.,FortyMseventhSession,SupplementNo.40(A/47/40),annexIX,sect. > R. w %KI%+ XHOXXXAXXHO  UKUS.,  16  .  Themandateisspelledoutinrule95oftheCommittee'srulesofprocedure  andintheCommittees1990reporttotheGeneralAssembly.SeeOfficial X RecordsoftheGeneralAssembly,FortyfifthSession,SupplementNo.40   (A/45/40),annexXI.FurtherreferencesinthischaptertoreportsoftheHumanRightsCommitteeareintheformofthedocumentsymbolonly. K!   %KI%+ XHOXXXAXXHO  UKUS.,  17  .  InternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights.HumanRights 8# Committee.SelectedDecisionsundertheOptionalProtocol󀢣(UnitedNations # publication,SalesNo.84.XIV.2),vol.1,hereafter SelectedDecisions, $ vol.1. B %KI%+ XHOXXXAXXHO  UKUS.,  18  .  Ibid.,vol.2(UnitedNationspublication,SalesNo.89.XIV.1),hereafter '  SelectedDecisions,vol.2.>>>>630 (xj$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2 e(  0  )3  0 (# (#($0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#2 e(  a  )3  0h(#(#($0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#2 e(   )3  0h(#h(#(t$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#0h(#h(#2 e  0  )3  0(#(#($0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#0h(#h(#0(#(#2 e  a  )3  0p(#(#fY8_Tab SingleTabs for single columng!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A!: ! @M"$%Y*+x-'23F59;=A !TRX6&A43'6&A43'T+ }XߩXUXDXXߩ  UKUS.,    DԢ[+zԣ}+  z $$N$=]QA=z (  ` @@EOOO߈      ~ ̛̜UnitedNations.l1  #aPdd#  ~b# xW y #xH y y xW# xW y yxHReportofthe 4 HumanRightsCommittee#  y xW'# ~ #J ~i# ~JVolumeI 7 #dPaPGeneralAssembly :9 #  ~# q # q'# qOfficialRecords#  q##D # D q # q# qԀFiftyfourthSession 4: SupplementNo.40(A/54/40)  .; #  q##D # D    M XSX A/54/40#  XS#       AM #  mReportofthe    HumanRightsCommittee#  m #a# G+  m# l G+# G+ lGeneralAssemblyM  OfficialRecords#  m G+#   m#= " # =#  m  # G+  m# l G+ # G+ lԀFiftyfourthSession  SupplementNo.40(A/54/40)**)=`QA=z (  ` @@E*FF*F--++)UnitedNations#  m G+0 #   m#= r ##A= #ԀNewYork,1999 -+    .,    + b AA@)pNOTE b   SymbolsofUnitedNationsdocumentsarecomposedofcapitalletterscombinedwithfigures.MentionofsuchasymbolindicatesareferencetoaUnitedNationsdocument.@$pISSN02552353GE.99M44582(E) ~,%& Ѐ  x-&' b}@'pCONTENTS@'pVOLUMEIChapterMM;#Paragraphs󀀀Page   -++aM  n#X-<++aM n#++aM  < aI. M ORGANIZATIONALANDOTHERMATTERS=.1  1M37""In#11   aaa M A. StatespartiestotheInternationalCovenant " 0 aaa M  onCivilandPoliticalRights=.1  1M4""In#11    aaa M B. Sessions=.   5""In#11 t   aaa M C. Elections,membershipandattendance=.8  6M𛀜10""In#11   aaa M D. Solemndeclaration=.&  11M12""In#12   aaa M E. Electionofofficers=.oo(  13M15""In#12 &  aaa M F.Specialrapporteurs=.  (  16""In#13  aaa M G.NewguidelinesforStatesparties'reports=.?  17""In#13 0> aaa M H. Workinggroups=.++"  18M21""In#13  aaa M I.OtherUnitedNationshumanrightsactivities=.A  22M24""In#14 HV 0 a + aaa M J.  Derogationspursuanttoarticle4a#a# aaa M  oftheCovenant=.{{#  25""In#14  aaa M K. Minimumhumanitarianstandards/fundamental &4 0 a 0Ma#a#0 M#M#standardsofhumanity=.)  26M27""In#15 # # aaaaaa M L.Staffresources=.}}$  28""In#15 x! aaa M M. PublicityfortheworkoftheCommittee=.;  29""In#16  # aaa M N. Documentsandpublicationsrelatingtothe !% aaa M  workoftheCommittee=.)  30M35""In#16 V"d& aaa M O. FuturemeetingsoftheCommittee=.4  36""In#17 #( aaa M P. Adoptionofthereport=.##*  37""In#17 n%| * 55 aII. M METHODSOFWORKOFTHECOMMITTEEUNDERARTICLE40 &", aaa M OFTHECOVENANT:NEWDEVELOPMENTS=.113  38M45""In#18 '"- aaa M A.Recentdecisionsonprocedures=.113  39M40""In#18 L)Z$/ aaa M B. Linkstootherhumanrightstreatiesand *%1 0 a 0Ma#a#0 M#M#treatybodies=.!  41M45""In#18+&2 # # aaa M  *-8(4 @!pCONTENTS(continued)  ChapterMM;#Paragraphs󀀀Page ~  aIII. M SUBMISSIONOFREPORTSBYSTATESPARTIESUNDER   aaa M ARTICLE40OFTHECOVENANT=.%%+  46M𛀜52""In#20  aaa0 M A. ReportssubmittedtotheSecretaryMGeneral\ jM#M# aaa M  fromAugust1998toJuly1999=.1  47""In#20 " 0 0 a 0Ma#a#0 M#M# M B. Overduereportsandnoncomplianceby   # # aaa M  Statespartieswiththeirobligations t   aaa M  underarticle40=.$  48M52""In#20 :H  55 aIV. M CONSIDERATIONOFREPORTSSUBMITTEDBYSTATESPARTIES   aaa M UNDERARTICLE40OFTHECOVENANT=.ii1  53M377""In#24   aaa M A. Iceland=.   54M66""In#24 &  aaa M B. Belgium=.   67M96""In#26  aaa M C. Armenia=.   97M120""In#29 0> aaa M D. LibyanArabJamahiriya=.77*  121M142""In#32  aaa M E. Japan=.   143M177""In#36 HV aaa M F. Austria=.   178M196""In#42  aaa M G. Chile=.   197M222""In#44 `n aaa M H. Canada=.o o   223M243""In#48  aaa M I. Lesotho=.   244M269""In#51 x! aaa M J. CostaRica=.   270M291""In#54  # aaa M K. Cambodia=.   292M312""In#57 !% aaa M L. Mexico=.    313M333""In#61 #*' aaa M M. Poland=.    334M359""In#65 $) aaa M N. Romania=.   360M377""In#68 4&B!+ Ѐ aV. M GENERALCOMMENTSOFTHECOMMITTEEUNDERARTICLE40, '"- aaa M PARAGRAPH4OFTHECOVENANT=.,  378M381""In#72 (#. 55 aVI. M CONSIDERATIONOFCOMMUNICATIONSUNDERTHE * %0 aaa M OPTIONALPROTOCOL=."  382M455""In#73 *%1 aaa M A. Progressofwork=.$  384M391""In#73 d,r'3  *-8(4 `/[@!pCONTENTS(continued)  ChapterMM;#Paragraphs󀀀Page ~ aaa M B. GrowthoftheCommittee'scaseloadunderthe   aaa M  OptionalProtocol=.WW%  392M397""In#75  aaa M C. Approachestoexaminingcommunicationsunder \ j aaa M  theOptionalProtocol=.)  398M400""In#76 " 0 aaa M D. Individualopinions=.'  401M402""In#77    aaa M E. IssuesconsideredbytheCommittee=.6  403M453""In#77 :H  aaa M F. RemediescalledforundertheCommittee's   aaa M  Views=.   454M455""In#88    aVII. M FOLLOWUPACTIVITIESUNDERTHEOPTIONALPROTOCOL=.A  456M475""In#90 &  @(pAnnexes jx 9++aM g!n#++aM n#9%"%"H#Page  aaa aI. M STATESPARTIESTOTHEINTERNATIONALCOVENANTONCIVILAND  aaa M POLITICALRIGHTSANDTOTHEOPTIONALPROTOCOLSANDSTATES HV 0 a 0Ma#a#WHICHHAVEMADETHEDECLARATIONUNDERARTICLE41OFTHE M#M# 0 a 0Ma#a#COVENANTASAT30JULY1999g!g!Gg!.uu,B"B"Hn#100M#M# aaa M A. StatespartiestotheInternationalCovenantonCivil `n aaa M  andPoliticalRightsg!g!Gg!.oo(B"B"Hn#100 &4 aaa M B. StatespartiestotheOptionalProtocolg!g!Gg!.;B"B"Hn#104   aaa M C. StatespartiestotheSecondOptionalProtocol,aiming >L" 0 a 0Ma#a#0 M#M#attheabolitionofthedeathpenaltyg!g!Gg!.9B"B"Hn#107 # # # aaa M D. Stateswhichhavemadethedeclarationunderarticle41 !% 0 a 0Ma#a#0 M#M#oftheCovenantg!g!Gg!.{{#B"B"Hn#108V"d& # # 55 aII. M MEMBERSHIPANDOFFICERSOFTHEHUMANRIGHTSCOMMITTEE, #( 0 a 0Ma#a#19981999.g!g!Gg!.5 5 B"B"Hn#110$)M#M# aaa M A. MembershipoftheHumanRightsCommittee, 4&B!+ aaa M  SixtyMfourthSession(October/November1998)g!g!Gg!.@B"B"Hn#110 &", aaa M B. MembershipoftheHumanRightsCommittss,SixtyMfifth (#. aaa M  andSixtyMsixthSessions(MarchMApril,July1999)g!g!Gg!.EB"B"Hn#110 L)Z$/ aaa M C. Officersg!g!Gg!. B"B"Hn#111 *%1  aIII. M SUBMISSIONOFREPORTSANDADDITIONALINFORMATIONBY d,r'3 Ѐaaa M STATESPARTIESUNDERARTICLE40OFTHECOVENANTg!g!Gg!.@B"B"Hn#112 *-8(4 `}  @!pCONTENTS(continued)  @"pAnnexes(continued) ~ %"%"H#Page   55 aIV. M STATUSOFREPORTSCONSIDEREDDURINGTHEPERIODUNDERREVIEW   0 a 0Ma#a#ANDOFREPORTSSTILLPENDINGBEFORETHECOMMITTEEg!g!Gg!.BB"B"Hn#118\ jM#M# ̛ aV. M LISTOFSTATESPARTIESDELEGATIONSTHATPARTICIPATEDIN    0 a 0Ma#a#THECONSIDERATIONOFTHEIRRESPECTIVEREPORTSBYTHEHUMAN M#M# 0 a 0Ma#a#RIGHTSCOMMITTEEATITSSIXTYFOURTH,SIXTYFIFTHAND M#M# 0 a 0Ma#a#SIXTYSIXTHSESSIONSg!g!Gg!.  %B"B"Hn#121:H M#M# 55 aVI. M LETTERDATED5NOVEMBER1998FROMTHECHAIRPERSON   aaa M OFTHECOMMITTEETOTHECHAIRMANOFTHEINTERNATIONAL   aaa M LAWCOMMISSIONg!g!Gg!. B"B"Hn#128 R`   aVII. M LETTERDATED27JULY1999FROMTHECHAIRPERSONOFTHE   aaa M COMMITTEETOTHEUNITEDNATIONSHIGHCOMMISSIONERFOR  aaa M HUMANRIGHTSCONCERNINGTHEELEVENTHMEETINGOF jx aaa M CHAIRPERSONSANDTHEDRAFTPROPOSALFOR 0> aaa M APLANOFACTIONg!g!Gg!.QQ!B"B"Hn#130  mm aVIII. M LISTOFDOCUMENTSISSUEDDURINGTHEREPORTINGPERIODg!g!Gg!.EB"B"Hn#131  55 aIX. M AGREEMENTONFOLLOWMUPTOTHEVIEWSOFTHE  aaa M HUMANRIGHTSCOMMITTEEg!g!Gg!.'B"B"Hn#135  Лaaa aX. M DECISIONOF4NOVEMBER1998OFTHEHUMANRIGHTSCOMMITTEE `n aaa M CONCERNINGTHEEXECUTIONOFPERSONSINSIERRALEONEg!g!Gg!.DB"B"Hn#139 &4 @'pVOLUMEII55 aXI. M VIEWSOFTHEHUMANRIGHTSCOMMITTEEUNDERARTICLE5,  # aaa M PARAGRAPH4,OFTHEOPTIONALPROTOCOLTOTHE  $ aaa M INTERNATIONALCOVENANTONCIVILANDPOLITICALRIGHTSg!g!Gg!.%%E !% aaa M A. CommunicationNo.574/1994,Kimv.RepublicofKorea #*' aaa M  (adoptedon3November1998,sixty-fourthsession)g!g!Gg!.''G #( 0 a  Appendix$)a#a# aaa n%| * aaa M B. CommunicationNo.590/1994,Bennettv.Jamaica 4&B!+ aaa M  (adoptedon25March1999,sixtyfifthsession)g!g!Gg!.C &", aaa0 M C. CommunicationNo.592/1994,Johnsonv.Jamaica(#.M#M# aaa M  (adoptedon20October1998,sixtyfourthsession)g!g!Gg!.''G L)Z$/ aaa M 0 Appendix* %0 # # aaa M D. CommunicationNo.594/1992,Phillipv.Trinidad +&2 aaa M  andTobago(adoptedon20October1998, d,r'3 aaa M  sixtyfourthsession)g!g!Gg!.) *-8(4 Ѐ̜  .)6 /[}  @!pCONTENTS(continued)  @"pAnnexes(continued) ~ %"%"H#Page   ̛aaa M E. CommunicationNo.602/1994,Hoofdmanv.TheNetherlands   0 a  (adoptedon3November1998,sixtyfourthsession)g!g!Gg!.F\ ja#a# 0 a  Appendix" 0a#a# ̛aaa M F. CommunicationNo.610/1995,Henryv.Jamaica(adoptedon    aaa M 0 20October1998,sixtyfourthsession)g!g!Gg!.OO:t   # # qq a0 M G. CommunicationNo.613/1995,Leehongv.Jamaica(adoptedon M#M# 0 a  M  13July1999,sixtysixthsession)g!g!Gg!.6 a#a# aaa M H. CommunicationNo.614/1995,Thomasv.Jamaica(adoptedon R`  0 a  31March1999,sixtyfifthsession)g!g!Gg!.##7& a#a# 0 a  Appendix a#a# aaa M I. CommunicationNo.616/1995,Hamiltonv.Jamaica(adoptedon jx 0 a  23July1999,sixtysixthsession)!!Fg!.60>a#a# aaa M J. CommunicationNo.618/1995,Campbellv.Jamaica(adoptedon  0 a  20October1998,sixtyfourthsession)g!g!Gg!.OO:a#a# aaa M K. CommunicationNo.628/1995,TaeHoonParkv.RepublicofKorea  0 a  (adoptedon20October1998,sixtyfourthsession)g!g!Gg!.Fa#a# aaa0 M L. CommunicationNo.633/1995,Gauthierv.Canada(adoptedon`nM#M# 0 a  7April1999,sixtyfifthsession)g!g!Gg!.6&4a#a# aaa M  Appendix  0 a  a#a# aaa M M. CommunicationNo.644/1995,AjazandJamilv.RepublicofKorea x! aaa M  (adoptedon13July1999,sixtysixthsession)g!g!Gg!.GGB >L" 0 a  M N. CommunicationNo.647/1995,Pennantv.Jamaica(adoptedon $a#a# 0 a  20October1998,sixtyfourthsession)g!g!Gg!.OO:!%a#a# aaa M O. CommunicationNo.649/1995,Forbesv.Jamaica(adoptedon #*' 0 a  20October1998,sixtyfourthsession)g!g!Gg!.OO:#(a#a# aaa0 M P. CommunicationNo.653/1995,C.Johnsonv.Jamaica(adoptedonn%| *M#M# aaa M  20October1998,sixtyfourthsession)g!g!Gg!.OO: 4&B!+ qq a0 M &",M#M# aaa M Q. CommunicationNo.662/1995,Lumleyv.Jamaica '"- 0 a  (adoptedon31March1999,sixtyfifthsession)g!g!Gg!.C(#.a#a# 0 a  AppendixL)Z$/a#a# aaa M R. CommunicationNo.663/1995,Morrisonv.Jamaica *%1 aaa M  (adoptedon3November1998,sixtyfourthsession)g!g!Gg!.F +&2 ̜  *-8(4 @!pCONTENTS(continued)  @"pAnnexes(continued) ~ М%"%"H#Page   ̛aaa M S. CommunicationNo.665/1995,Brown&Parishv.   aaa M  Jamaica(adoptedon29July1999,sixtysixthsession)g!g!Gg!.SSJ \ j aaa M T. Communication668/1995,Smith&Stewartv.Jamaica    aaa M  (adoptedon8April1999,sixtyfifthsession)g!g!Gg!.GGB    М̛aaa M U. CommunicationNo.680/1996,Gallimorev.Jamaica   aaa M  (adoptedon23July1999,sixtysixthsession)g!g!Gg!.C   aaa M  Appendix   aaa M V. CommunicationNo.699/1999,Malekiv.Italy &  0 a  (adoptedon15July1999,sixtysixthsession)g!g!Gg!.GGB a#a# aaa M W. CommunicationNo.709/1996,Baileyv.Jamaica jx aaa M  (adoptedon21July1999,sixtysixthsession)g!g!Gg!.GGB 0> 0 a  Appendixa#a# aaa M X. CommunicationNo.710/1996,Hanklev.Jamaica  aaa M  (adoptedon28July1999,sixtysixthsession)g!g!Gg!.GGB HV 0 a  Appendixa#a# 0 a a#a# aaa M Y. CommunicationNo.716/1996,Paugerv.Austria  aaa M  (adoptedon25March1999,sixtyfifthsession)g!g!Gg!.C `n aaa M Z. CommunicationNo.719/1996,Levyv.Jamaica(adoptedon  aaa M  3November1998,sixtyfourthsession)g!g!Gg!.OO:   6++a g!n#++aM g!n#6aaa AA. CommunicationNo.720/1996,MorganandWilliamsv.Jamaica >L" 0 a    (adoptedon3November1998,sixtyfourthsession)g!g!Gg!.F #a#a# aaa   Appendix  $ aaa BB. CommunicationNo.722/1996,FraserandFisherv.Jamaica V"d& 0 a    (adoptedon31March1999,sixtyfifthsession)g!g!Gg!.C#*'a#a# aaa CC. CommunicationNo.730/1996,Marshallv.Jamaica(adoptedon $) 0 a    3November1998,sixtyfourthsession)g!g!Gg!.OO:n%| *a#a# 0 a  a#a# aaa DD. CommunicationNo.752/1997,Henryv.TrinidadandTobago &", aaa   (adoptedon3November1998,sixtyfourthsession)g!g!Gg!.F '"- aaa EE. CommunicationNo.754/1997,A.v.NewZealand L)Z$/ aaa   (adoptedon15July1999,sixtysixthsession)g!g!Gg!.GGB * %0 0 a    Appendix*%1a#a# aaa FF. CommunicationNo.768/1997,Mukuntov.Zambia d,r'3 aaa   (adoptedon23July1999,sixtysixthsession)g!g!Gg!.C *-8(4 М@!pCONTENTS(continued)  @"pAnnexes(continued) ~ М%"%"H#Page   ̛aaa GG. CommunicationNo.775/1997,Brownv.Jamaica   aaa   (adoptedon23March1999,sixtyfifthsession)g!g!Gg!.C \ j aaa   Appendix " 0 aaa HH. CommunicationNo.786/1997,Vosv.TheNetherlands    aaa   (adoptedon26July1999,sixtysixthsession)g!g!Gg!.GGB t   aaa II. CommunicationNo.800/1998,D.Thomasv.Jamaica   aaa   (adoptedon8April1999,sixtyfifthsession)g!g!Gg!.Cn#n#Kn#   aaa   Appendix   6++aM !n#++a g!n#6ӛ aXII. M DECISIONSOFTHEHUMANRIGHTSCOMMITTEEDECLARINGCOMMUNICATIONS &  0 a  M INADMISSIBLEUNDERTHEOPTIONALPROTOCOLTOTHEINTERNATIONAL a#a# aaa0 M COVENANTONCIVILANDPOLITICALRIGHTS!!F!.7M#M# aaa M A. CommunicationNo.634/1995,Amorev.Jamaica(adoptedon 0> aaa M  23March1999,sixtyfifthsession)!!F!.##7  aaa M B. CommunicationNo.646/1995,Lindonv.Australia(adoptedon  0 a  M  20October1998,sixtyfourthsession)!!F!.OO:HVa#a# aaa M C. CommunicationNo.669/1995,Malikv.CzechRepublic(adopted  0 a  M  on21October1998sixtyfourthsession)!!F!.<a#a# 0 a  M  Appendix`na#a#  &4 aaa M D. CommunicationNo.670/1995,Schlosserv.CzechRepublic,  aaa M  (adoptedon21October1998,sixtyfourthsession)!!F!.F   0 a  Appendixx!a#a# 0 a  a#a# aaa M E. CommunicationNo.673/1995,Gonzalezv.TrinidadandTobago  # aaa M  (adoptedon23March1999,sixtyfifthsession)!!F!.C  $ aaa M F. CommunicationNo.714/1996,Gerritsenv.TheNetherlands V"d& aaa M  (adoptedon25March1999,sixtyfifthsession)!!F!.C #*' aaa M G. CommunicationNo.717/1996,AcuaInostrozav.Chile $) aaa M  (adoptedon23July1999,sixtysixthsession)!!F!.GGB n%| * 0 a  M  Appendix4&B!+a#a# aaa M H. CommunicationNo.718/1996,PrezVargasv.Chile '"- aaa M  (adoptedon26July1999,sixtysixthsession)!!F!.GGB (#. Ѐ0 a  M  AppendixL)Z$/a#a# aaa M I. CommunicationNo.724/1996,Mazurkiewiczovav.CzechRepublic *%1 0 a  M  (adoptedon26July1999,sixtysixthsession) E!.GGB+&2a#a# 0 a  Appendixd,r'3a#a#  *-8(4 М@!pCONTENTS(continued)  @"pAnnexes(continued) ~ М%"%"H#Page   Лaaa M J. CommunicationNo.737/1997,Lamagnav.Australia   aaa M  (adoptedon7April1999,sixtyfifthsession)!!F!.GGB \ j aaa M K. CommunicationNo.739/1997,Tovarv.Venezuela(adopted    0 a  M  on25March1999,sixtyfifthsession)!!F!.;;:  a#a# aaa M L. CommunicationNo.740/1997,Barzanav.Chile(adoptedon :H  aaa M  23July1999,sixtysixthsession)!!F!.6   aaa M M. CommunicationNo.741/1997,Cziklinv.Canada(adoptedon   aaa M  27July1999,sixtysixthsession)!!F!.6 R`  aaa M N. CommunicationNo.742/1997,BryneandLazarescu   aaa M  (adoptedon25March1999,sixtyfifthsession)!!F!.C  aaa M O. CommunicationNo.744/1997,Linderholmv.Croatia, 0> aaa M  adoptedon23July1999,sixtysixthsession)!!F!.33B  aaa M P. CommunicationNo.746/1997,Menanteauv.Chile  aaa M  (adoptedon26July1999,sixtysixthsession)!!F!.GGB HV 0 a  a#a# aaa M Q. CommunicationNo.751/1997,Paslav.Australia  aaa M  (adoptedon7April1999,sixtyfifthsession)!!F!.C  aaa M R. CommunicationNo.784/1997,Plotnikovv.RussianFederation &4 0 a  M  (adoptedon25March1999,sixtyfifthsession)!!F!.Ca#a# aaa M S. CommunicationNo.830/1998,Bethelv.TrinidadandTobago x! 0 a  M  (adoptedon31March1999,sixtyfifthsession)!!F!.C>L"a#a# aaa M  Appendix  # aaa M T. CommunicationNo.835/1998,JaphetvandenBergv. !% aaa M  TheNetherlands(adoptedon25March1999, V"d& aaa M  sixtyfifthsession)!!F!.( #*' aaa M U. CommunicationNo.844/1998,Petkovv.Bulgaria $) aaa M  (adoptedon25March1999,sixtyfifthsession)!!F!.C n%| * aaa M V. CommunicationNo.850/1999,Hankalav.Finland &", aaa M  (adoptedon25March1999,sixtyfifthsession)!!F!.C '"-   L)Z$/ * +{X++aM !n#*@ pI.ORGANIZATIONALANDOTHERMATTERS@ pA.StatespartiestotheInternationalCovenanton ~     3 CivilandPoliticalRights DR 1.  Asat30July1999,theclosingdateofthesixtysixthsessionofthe  HumanRightsCommittee,145Stateshadratified,accededormadeadeclarationofsuccession  $  1      ׀totheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights,and \ j 95StateshadratifiedoraccededtotheOptionalProtocoltotheCovenant.  $  2      ׀ " 0 Bothinstrumentshavebeeninforcesince23March1976.SincethelastreportthreemoreStateshavebecomepartiestotheCovenant:BurkinaFaso,LiechtensteinandSouthAfrica.Tajikistan,whichtheCommitteealreadydeemedaStatepartybyvirtueofsuccession  $  3      ׀alsomadeaformalaccession.Three :H  moreStateshavebecomepartiestotheOptionalProtocol:BurkinaFaso,LiechtensteinandTajikistan.Alsoasat30July1999,47Stateshadmadethedeclarationenvisagedunderarticle41,paragraph1,oftheCovenant,whichcameintoforceon28March1979,anincreasesincetheCommitteeslastreportoftwo:LiechtensteinandSouthAfrica.2.  TheSecondOptionalProtocol,aimingattheabolitionofthedeath  penalty,enteredintoforceon11July1991.Asat30July1999,therewere38StatespartiestothisProtocol,anincreasesincetheCommitteeslastReportoffive:Azerbaijan,Belgium,Georgia,LiechtensteinandSlovakia.3.  AlistofStatespartiestotheCovenantandtotheOptionalProtocols,  indicatingthosewhichhavemadethedeclarationunderarticle41,paragraph1,oftheCovenant,iscontainedinannexItothepresentreport.4.  ReservationsandotherdeclarationsmadebyanumberofStatespartiesin  respectoftheCovenantand/ortheOptionalProtocolsaresetoutinthenotificationsdepositedwiththeSecretaryGeneral.@,,%pB.Sessions   5.  TheHumanRightsCommitteeheldthreesessionssincetheadoptionofits >L" previousannualreport.Thesixtyfourthsession(1700thto1728thmeetings)washeldattheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom19Octoberto6November1998,thesixtyfifthsession(1729thto1753rdmeetings)washeldatUnitedNationsHeadquartersfrom22Marchto9April1999,andthesixtyMsixthsession(1754thto1782ndmeetings)washeldattheUnitedNations #*' OfficeatGenevafrom12to30July1999.@ pC.Elections,membershipandattendance n%| * 6.  AttheEighteenthMeetingofStatesPartiestotheCovenant,heldat &", UnitedNationsHeadquarterson10September1998,Mr.RomanWieruszewski(Poland)waselectedtotheseatleftvacantfollowingtheresignationofMr.DaniloTrk  $  4      ׀foratermtoendon31December2000. L)Z$/   *%1 7.  AlsoattheEighteenthMeetingofStatesParties,thefollowingmembers  wereelectedforatermexpiringon31December2002:Mr.AbdelfattahAmor(Tunisia),Mr.NisukeAndo(Japan),Mr.PrafullachandraNatwarlalBhagwati(India),Mr.ThomasBuergenthal(UnitedStatesofAmerica),Ms.ChristineChanet(France),Mr.EckartKlein(Germany),Mr.DavidKretzmer(Israel),Mrs.CeciliaMedinaQuiroga(Chile)andMr.Hip;litoSolariYrigoyen(Argentina). A A8.  Byletterof28May1999,theChairpersonnotifiedtheSecretaryGeneral \ j oftheresignationofMr.ThomasBuergenthal,witheffectfrom26May1999.Atits1754thmeeting,on12July1999,theCommitteeexpresseditsappreciationforMr.Buergenthalscontribution.Mr.Buergenthalsmandatewasduetoexpireon31December2002,andthevacancywillbefilledattheelectiontobeheldinNewYorkon13September1999,attheNineteenthMeetingofStatesParties.9.  Atits1728thmeeting(sixtyfourthsession),theCommitteeexpressedits   appreciationforthecontributionmadetotheCommitteesworkbythetwo R`  longMservingoutgoingmembers,Mr.OmranElShafeiandMr.JulioPradoVallejo. &  10.  AllthemembersoftheCommitteeparticipatedatthesixtyfourthand  sixtyfifthsessions.SeventeenmembersparticipatedatthesixtyMsixthsession,followingtheresignationofMr.Buergenthal. 0> @BB pD.Solemndeclaration  11.  Atthe1700thmeeting(sixtyfourthsession),on19October1998, HV Mr.Wieruszewskimadeasolemndeclarationinaccordancewitharticle38oftheCovenantbeforeassuminghisfunctions.12.  Atthe1729thmeetingoftheCommittee(sixtyfifthsession), `n on22March1999,Mr.Amor,Mr.Ando,Mr.Bhagwati,Mr.Buergenthal,Ms.Chanet,Mr.Klein,Mr.Kretzmer,Ms.MedinaQuirogaandMr.SolariYrigoyen,whohadbeenelectedattheEighteenthMeetingofStatesParties,alsomadeasolemndeclaration.@pE.Electionofofficers  # 13.  Atits1729thmeeting(sixtyfifthsession),theCommitteeelectedthe !% followingofficersforatermoftwoyears,inaccordancewitharticle39,paragraph1,oftheCovenant:*+,XQX+{X*  Chairperson: Q Ms.CeciliaMedinaQuiroga $)   ViceChairpersons: Q Mr.AbdelfattahAmor 4&B!+ Ѐ    3  Q Mr.PrafullachandraNatwarlalBhagwati &",     3  Q Ms.ElizabethEvatt  Rapporteur: 3  Q LordColville0  L)Z$/## 14.  DuringitssixtyfifthsessiontheCommitteedecidedthatinterpretations *%1 shouldbeprovidedforthemeetingsofitsBureau.ThreeBureaumeetings,withinterpretation,wereheldduringthesixtysixthsession. *-8(4 15.  Atits1729thmeeting(sixtyfifthsession),theCommitteeexpressedits  deepappreciationtoMs.ChristineChanet,theoutgoingChairperson,forherleadershipandoutstandingcontributiontothesuccessoftheCommitteeswork.@ pF.Specialrapporteurs   16.  InaccordancewiththeCommitteesdecision,madeatthe   thirtyMfifthsession,todesignateaSpecialRapporteurtoprocessnew \ j communications,Mr.Kretzmerwassodesignatedatthesixtyfifthsession.InaccordancewiththeCommitteesdecision,madeatitsthirtyninthsession,Mr.PocarwasdesignatedatthesixtyfifthsessionasSpecialRapporteurforthefollowuponViews.@ pG.NewguidelinesforStatesparties'reports   17.  Atits1779thmeeting(sixtysixthsession),theCommitteeadopted   consolidatedguidelinesforStatespartiesreports(CCPR/C/66/GUI).&  @  "pH.Workinggroups   18.  Inaccordancewithrule62andrule89ofitsrulesofprocedure,the jx 'Committeeestablishedworkinggroupswhichmetbeforeeachofitsthreesessions.Workinggroupswereentrustedwiththetaskofmakingrecommendations(a)regardingcommunicationsreceivedundertheOptionalProtocol;and(b)forthepurposesofarticle40,includingthepreparationofconciselistsofissuesconcerningtheinitialorperiodicreportsscheduledforexaminationbytheCommittee.TheWorkingGrouponArticle40wasalsomandatedtostudytheCommittee'sworkingmethods.Further,ithelddiscussionswithrepresentativesofthespecializedagenciesandsubsidiarybodies,particularlytheInternationalLabourOrganization,theOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugees,theWorldHealthOrganization,theUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgrammeandtheUnitedNationsChildrensFund,inordertoobtainadvanceinformationonthereportstobeconsideredbytheCommittee.Tothatend,theWorkingGroupalsometrepresentativesofnon-governmentalorganizations,includingAmnestyInternational,EqualityNow,HumanRightsWatch,theInternationalFederationofHumanRightsLeagues,theInternationalServiceforHumanRights,theLawyersCommitteeforHumanRights,andseverallocalorganizations.TheCommitteewelcomedtheincreasinginterestshownandparticipationbytheseagenciesandorganizationsandthankedthemfortheinformationprovided.19.  Sixtyfourthsession(1216October1998):thecombinedWorkingGroupon $) CommunicationsandArticle40wascomposedofMr.Bhagwati,LordColville,Mr.ElShafeiandMr.PradoVallejo;Mr.ElShafeiwaselected 4&B!+ ChairmanMRapporteur. &", 20.  Sixtyfifthsession(1519March1999):thecombinedWorkingGroupon (#. CommunicationsandArticle40wascomposedofMr.Ando,Mr.Bhagwati,Ms.Chanet,Ms.Evatt,Mr.Kretzmer,Ms.MedinaQuiroga,Mr.WieruszewskiandMr.Yalden;Ms.EvattwaselectedChairmanMRapporteur. *%1 # A A#A A# AA#  d,r'3 21.  Sixtysixthsession(59July1999):thecombinedWorkingGroupon  CommunicationsandArticle40wascomposedofLordColville,Ms.Evatt,Mr.Kretzmer,Ms.MedinaQuiroga,Mr.Pocar,Mr.SolariYrigoyen,Mr.WieruszewskiandMr.Yalden;Mr.YaldenwaselectedChairmanMRapporteur. DR @V V pI.OtherUnitedNationshumanrightsactivities  22.  AtalloftheCommitteessessions,therepresentativeofthe \ j SecretaryMGeneralinformedtheCommitteeaboutactivitiescarriedonby " 0 UnitedNationsbodiesdealingwithhumanrightsissues;inparticular,resultsofsessionsoftheCommitteeontheRightsoftheChild,theCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscrimination,theCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen,theCommitteeonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRights,andtheCommitteeagainstTorturewerepresentedtotheHumanRightsCommittee.RecentactivitiesoftheGeneralAssemblyandtheCommissiononHumanRightsrelevanttotheworkoftheCommitteewerealsodescribed.TheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights,Mrs.MaryRobinson,addressedthesixtyfourthsessionoftheCommittee.TheDeputyHighCommissionerforHumanRights,Mr.BertrandRamcharan,addressedthesixtyMsixthsessionofthe   Committee.A A  # AA# A A23.  On24November1997,Mr.AlainPellet,thethenChairmanofthe 0> InternationalLawCommissionandSpecialRapporteurontreatyreservations,wrotetotheChairpersonoftheCommitteetoinvitetheCommitteetocommentontheCommissionsPreliminaryConclusionsonReservationstoNormativeMultilateralTreaties,includingHumanRightsTreaties.FollowingconsiderationofthePreliminaryConclusionsinthelightoftheCommitteesgeneralcommentonissuesrelatingtoreservationstotheCovenantortotheOptionalProtocol,theChairpersonsenttheCommitteescommentstotheInternationalLawCommissioninaletterdated5November1998(annexVI).ItwasapparentfromMr.Pelletsfourthreportof25March1999(A/CN.4/499,para.10)thatothertreatybodieshadadoptedapositionsimilartothatsetoutintheChairpersonsletter.24  Atthe1739thmeeting(sixtyfourthsession)on30March1999,a >L" representativeoftheDivisionfortheAdvancementofWomen,Ms.JaneConnors,addressedtheCommitteeontheadoptionbytheCommissionontheStatusofWomen,on12March1999,ofanOptionalProtocoltotheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationAgainstWomenonthesubmissionofindividualcommunicationsandinquiryproceduresfortheConvention.# A A# #*' @p p pJ.Derogationspursuanttoarticle4oftheCovenant $) 25.  DuringtheperiodunderreviewtheGovernmentofGuatemala, 4&B!+ on23November1998,declaredastateofpublicdisasterthroughoutthenationalterritoryforaperiodof30days,inordertoaddressthehazardoussituationcausedbyHurricaneMitchandtomitigateitseffects.ThedeclarationwasdulynotifiedtotheSecretaryMGeneral.On12January1999theGovernmentofEcuador L)Z$/ declaredastateofemergencyinGuayasprovince,indicatingthatthemeasurewaspromptedbytheseriousinternaldisturbanceresultingfromthemassivecrimewaveinGuayas.On9March1999astateofnationalemergencywas  +&2 proclaimedandtheentireterritoryofEcuadorwasdeclaredasasecurityzone.On12April1999theGovernmentofEcuadornotifiedtheSecretaryMGeneralthat  thestateofnationalemergencyhadbeenliftedon18March1999.@nn pK.Minimumhumanitarianstandards/fundamentalstandardsofhumanity   26.  TheCommissiononHumanRights,initsresolution1997/21onminimum   humanitarianstandards,requestedtheSecretaryGeneral,incoordinationwiththeInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCross,tosubmittotheCommissionatitsfiftyMfourthsessionananalyticalreportontheissueoffundamentalstandards    ofhumanity,takingintoconsiderationinparticularissuesraisedinthereportoftheInternationalWorkshoponMinimumHumanitarianStandards,heldinCapeTown,SouthAfricainSeptember1996.Inpreparinghisstudy,theSecretaryMGeneralwasrequestedtoseektheviewsofandinformationfrom,   interalia,thehumanrightstreatybodies.Accordingly,theCommittee   establishedaworkinggrouptodealwithissuesrelatingtofundamentalstandardsofhumanity.Followingdiscussionatthesixtyfourthsessionofvariousapproachestotherelationshipofhumanrightslawandhumanitarianlawingeneral,andtotheinterpretationofarticle4,paragraph1,oftheCovenantinparticular,arapporteur,Mr.MartinScheinin,wasnamedtoprepareanewgeneralcommentonarticle4oftheCovenantonthebasisofarevisionofitsexistinggeneralcomment5(13).Adraftwasdistributedintheworkinglanguagesduringthesixtysixthsession.27.  TheCommitteeconsideredthatfurtherstudyofthematteridentifiedby  theCommissionwouldbeusefulandlookedforwardtobeingconsultedintheprocess.AtitsfiftyMfifthsessionin1999theCommissiononHumanRights  adoptedresolution1999/65inwhichtheCommissionwelcomedthereportoftheSecretaryGeneralonfundamentalstandardsofhumanity(E/CN.4/1999/92)andinvited,interalia,Governments,UnitedNationsbodiesandthehumanrights `n treatybodiestoprovidecommentsonthereportandonthepreviousanalyticalreportoftheSecretaryGeneral(E/CN.4/1998/87andAdd.1).TheCommitteewillcomplywiththisrequest.@"pL.Staffresources >L" 28.  TheCommitteewelcomedthecommitmentexpressedbytheUnitedNations  $ HighCommissionerforHumanRights,Mrs.MaryRobinson,toimprovethestaffsituationreferredtointhelastannualreport.  $  5      ׀MembersoftheCommitteemet V"d& withtheHighCommissionerduringthesixtyfourthsessiontodiscussnecessaryimprovementsforthe20002001biennium.TheHighCommissionerinformedtheCommitteeofherrequestforadditionalProfessionalandGeneralServicepoststokeepupwiththegrowingnumberofStatespartiestotheCovenantandtotheOptionalProtocolandtheconsequentincreasedworkload.TheCommitteeemphasizedtheneedforsufficientProfessionalandotherstafftobeallocatedwithexperienceinallaspectsoftheCommitteesworkandspecificresponsibilitiesforthatwork.  * %0 @Z Z pM.PublicityfortheworkoftheCommittee  29.  TheChairperson,accompaniedbymembersoftheBureau,metwiththepress ~ atalloftheCommittee'sthreesessions.SomeofthosemeetingswereheldinmidsessiontocreatebetteropportunitiesforthemediatobeinformedabouttheCommitteesactivities.@ pN.DocumentsandpublicationsrelatingtotheworkoftheCommittee \ j 30.  TheCommitteecontinuedtobeseriouslyconcernedaboutthedifficulties    itfacedinregardtothelateissuanceofCommitteedocuments,particularlyreportsbyStatesparties,asaconsequenceofdelaysineditingandtranslation.InthisconnectiontheCommitteenoteditspreferencethatreportsofStatesparties,wheneverpossible,besubmittedfortranslationwithoutediting.31.  TheCommitteenotedfurtherthatthesummaryrecordsoftheCommittee R`  meetingswereissuedonlyafterconsiderabledelay;summaryrecordsfromtheNewYorkmeetingsweresometimesissuedafteralapseofmorethanoneyear.32.  MembersoftheCommitteeexpressedsatisfactionoverthefactthatthe jx secondvolumeofitsannualreportfor1998,containingtheViewsadoptedbytheCommitteeundertheOptionalProtocol,wasissuedintimefortheGeneralAssembly,whereasinprioryears,volumeII,althoughprepared,hadnotbeenpublished.TheCommitteewelcomedtherecentpublication,albeitverylate,ofvolumeIIfor1995  $  6      ׀andfor1996.  $  7      ׀Italsowelcomedthefactthatthe HV preparationandeditingofvolumeIIIoftheSelectedDecisionsadoptedunder  theOptionalProtocolhadbeencompletedandthatthevolumewastobepublishedshortly.Iturgedthatthepreparationofthefourthandsubsequentvolumesbeundertakenasamatterofpriority.33.  TheCommitteereiterateditsconcernoverthediscontinuationofthe  publicationofitsOfficialRecordsafter1992M1993,volumeII,andnotedwith   regretthatresourceshadnotbeenmadeavailableforthepublicationoffurthervolumes.ItfurthernotedthatwhilethedonationfromtheSasakawaFoundationhadmadeitpossibletoissuethelastvolumes,thefundsfromthatdonationhadbeenexhausted.TheCommitteewelcomedthefactthatthematterhadbeenbroughttotheattentionoftheOHCHRPublicationsBoardandtotheOHCHRfundraiserwithaviewtoobtainingalternativesourcesoffinancing.34.  TheCommitteewelcomedtheopeningandfurtherdevelopmentoftheWebsite #( oftheOfficeoftheHighCommissionerforHumanRights(http://www.unhchr.ch),atwhichInternetusershaveaccesstothetreatybodiesdatabase,includingallViewsundertheOptionalProtocolsincethefortyMsixthsession 4&B!+ (OctoberMNovember1992).TheCommitteenotedthattheinputofmaterialwas &", incomplete,especiallyinregardtotheCommitteesjurisprudence,andthattherewasnoadequatesearchfunction.ReservationsandotherdeclarationsmadebyanumberofStatespartieswere,however,publishedontheWebsite.35.  TheCommitteehadascertainedthatthedocumentaryrecordswhichhadnot *%1 yetappearedintheOfficialRecordsoftheCommitteewerenotallavailableon +&2 theWebsite.TheCommitteeaskedthaturgenteffortsbemadetoensurethatall  d,r'3 materialnotyetpublishedintheOfficialRecordsbeputonthedatabase.It  askedthatthesummaryrecordsincludethelistsofissuesinrelationtothediscussionofStatesparties'reports.@ pO.FuturemeetingsoftheCommittee   36.  Atitssixtysixthsession,theCommitteeconfirmedthefollowing   scheduleofmeetingsfor2000200l:thesixtyeighthsessiontobeheldatUnitedNationsHeadquartersfrom13to31March2000;thesixty-ninthsessionattheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom10to28July2000;theseventiethsessionattheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom16Octoberto3November2000;theseventyfirstsession,tobeheldatUnitedNationsHeadquartersfrom19Marchto6April2001;theseventysecondsessionattheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom9to27July2001;andtheseventythirdsessionattheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom15Octoberto2November2001.@pP.Adoptionofthereport &  37.  Atits1780thand178lstmeetings,heldon29July1999,theCommittee  consideredthedraftofitstwentythirdannualreport,coveringitsactivitiesatitssixtyMfourth,sixtyMfifthandsixtyMsixthsessions,heldin1998 0> and1999.Thereport,asamendedinthecourseofthediscussion,wasadoptedunanimously.  HV    II.METHODSOFWORKOFTHECOMMITTEEUNDERARTICLE40   OFTHECOVENANT:NEWDEVELOPMENTS38.  Thepresentchapteraimstosummarizeandexplainthemodifications DR recentlyintroducedbytheCommitteetoitsworkingmethodsunderarticle40oftheCovenant.AdetailedaccountofthemethodsofworkappliedbytheCommitteefortheconsiderationofreportssubmittedbyStatespartiesappearsintheCommitteesthreepreviousannualreports.  $  8      ׀ \ j @ pA.Recentdecisionsonprocedures    39.  Atitssixtyfifthsession,theCommitteerevieweditspracticeof t   establishingthelistsofquestionsfortheexaminationofStatespartiesreportsduringthepresessionalworkinggroupandformallyadoptingthelistsonlyonthefirstdayoftheplenary.ItwasnotedthatunderthisprocedureStatespartiesonlyhadafewdaystofamiliarizethemselveswiththequestionsandtoobtainrelevantinformationfromallthecompetentauthoritiessoastobeabletoaddresstheCommitteesconcerns.Itwasthereforedecidedthathenceforth,insofaraspossible,listsofissueswouldbeadoptedatthesessionpriortotheexaminationofareport,therebyallowingaperiodofatleasttwomonthsforStatespartiestoprepareforthediscussionwiththeCommittee.CentraltotheexaminationofStatespartiesreportsistheoralhearing,wherethedelegationsofStatespartieshavetheopportunitytoanswerspecificquestionsfromthemembersoftheCommittee.Thus,Statespartiesareencouragedtousethelistofquestionstobetterprepareforaconstructivediscussion,butarenotexpectedtosubmitwrittenanswerstothelistofissues.40.  Atthesixtysixthsession,theCommitteeadoptednewconsolidated  guidelinesonStatespartiesreports,whichreplaceallpriorguidelinesandaimtofacilitatethepreparationofinitialandperiodicreportsbyStatesparties.Theseguidelinesprovideforcomprehensiveinitialreportswrittenonanarticlebyarticlebasis,andtargetedperiodicreportsgearedprimarilytotheCommitteesconcludingobservationsandfollowing,totheextentnecessary,thearticlebyarticleapproach.IntheirperiodicreportsStatespartiesneednotreportoneveryarticle,butonlyonthosearticlesidentifiedbytheCommitteeinitsconcludingobservationsandthosearticlesconcerningwhichtherehavebeenimportantdevelopmentssincethesubmissionofthepreviousreport.Adocumentonproceduresfortheconsiderationofinitialandperiodicreports,adoptedon9April1998,isreproducedasAnnexVIIItothelastannualreport.  $  9      ׀ #*' Thisdocument,andtheCommitteesotherdecisionsconcerningguidelinesforthesubmissionofreports(summarizedinthereporttotheGeneralAssemblyatitsfiftyMsecondsession ! $  10      )arenowsuperseded. n%| * @ pB.Linkstootherhumanrightstreatiesandtreatybodies &", 41.  TheCommitteefindsvalueinthemeetingofpersonschairingthehuman (#. rightstreatybodiesasaforumfortheexchangeofideasandinformationonproceduresandlogisticalproblems,particularlytheneedforsufficientservicestoenablethevarioustreatybodiestocarryouttheirrespectivemandates.    d,r'3 42.  Mr.OmranElShafei,ViceChairpersonoftheCommitteeuntil   December1998,participatedinthetenthmeetingofchairpersons,heldinGenevainSeptember1998.Theoutcomeofthetenthmeetingwasdiscussedatthe ~ sixtyMfourthsession.Mrs.MedinaQuiroga,theChairpersonoftheCommittee DR sinceMarch1999,participatedintheeleventhmeetingofchairpersons,heldinGenevainMay/June1999.Amongthemattersdiscussedwere:̀  (a)ThequestionofthebacklogofcommunicationsundertheOptionalProtocol;  (b)Thequestionofstaffresources;    (c)Thedraftplanofaction;0   ##   (d)ThequestionoffollowuptoViewsandtoconcludingobservationsonStatespartiesreports;  (e)ThestudyontreatybodiesbyProf.AnneBayefskyand   &  ТProf.CristofHeyns.43.  Theoutcomeoftheeleventhmeetingofchairpersonswasdiscussedatthe jx sixtysixthsessionoftheCommittee(meetings1769and1770)on21and22July1999.TheCommitteenotedthatajointplanofactiontoenhancetheimplementationoftheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights,theInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscriminationandtheConventionagainstTortureandotherCruel,InhumanorDegradingTreatmentorPunishmenthadbeenwelcomedbythechairpersonsattheireleventhmeetingandwasbeforethethreecommitteeswithaviewtoitsadoptionatanearlydate.TheCommittee,however,hashaddifficultyinendorsingtheconceptofajointplanofaction,andindeedsomeaspectsoftheplanwithrespecttoitseffectsontheCommitteeswork#A A.# A#Aj#A A &4 44.  MembersoftheCommitteewerepleasedtonotethatthedraftproposal   foraplanofactionreflectedtherecognitionoftheOfficeoftheHighCommissionerforHumanRightsthatadditionalstaffwasurgentlyneeded.TheCommitteestronglybelieves,however,thatintheallocationofresourcestheSecretaryGeneralshouldgiveprioritytoensuringthattheCommitteecancarryoutitscoretasks.Moreover,becausetheCommitteesmandateisofanongoing,permanentnature,itisessentialtoensurebothappropriateexpertiseandcontinuityofresources.Inthisconnection,theChairpersonoftheCommitteeaddressedalettertotheHighCommissioner(reproducedasannexVII).Asofthedateofadoptingthepresentreport,therehasbeennoresponse.ThereplyoftheHighCommissionerwillbedistributedtothesixtyseventhsessionoftheCommittee.# AA#45.  Pendingtheadoptionofthenewreportingguidelines,noprogresshasbeen '"- madeontheaspiration,expressedattheChairpersonsmeetingandbymanyStatesparties,tocoordinatereportstothedifferenttreatybodieswheretheissuesandproblemsdisplaycommonfactors;thisrequiresfurtherconsiderationand,tosomeextent,willdependonthecontemporaneityofthereportingtimetables.  *-8(4 * +{X+,XQX*   III.SUBMISSIONOFREPORTSBYSTATESPARTIESUNDER   ARTICLE40OFTHECOVENANT46.  Underarticle2,paragraph1,oftheInternationalCovenantonCiviland DR PoliticalRights,eachStatepartyundertakestorespectandtoensuretoallindividualswithinitsterritoryandsubjecttoitsjurisdictiontherightsrecognizedintheCovenant.Inconnectionwiththisprovision,article40,paragraph1,oftheCovenantrequiresStatespartiestosubmitreportsonthemeasuresadoptedandtheprogressachievedintheenjoymentofthevariousrightsandonanyfactorsanddifficultiesthatmayaffecttheimplementationoftheCovenant.StatespartiesundertaketosubmitreportswithinoneyearoftheentryintoforceoftheCovenantfortheStatepartyconcernedandthereafterwhenevertheCommitteesorequests.UndertheCommitteescurrentguidelines,adoptedatthesixtysixthsession,thedateforthenextperiodicreportbyaStatepartyisnowsetattheendoftheCommitteesconcludingobservationsonanyreportunderarticle40.   A.ReportsubmittedtotheSecretaryGeneralfrom &     August1998toJuly1999   47.  Duringtheperiodcoveredbythepresentreport,12initialorperiodic jx reportsweresubmittedtotheSecretaryGeneral:aninitialreportwassubmittedbyUzbekistan;secondperiodicreportsweresubmittedbyGuyana,IrelandandSwitzerland;thirdperiodicreportsbyAustraliaandtheNetherlands(Antilles);fourthperiodicreportsbyAustralia,Denmark,theNetherlands(Antilles),Portugal(Macau)andYugoslavia.ChinapresentedthefirstreportontheSpecialAdministrativeRegionofHongKong,whichfollowedfourreportssubmittedbytheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandinrelationtoHongKong.   B.OverduereportsandnoncompliancebyStatesparties &4    withtheirobligationsunderarticle40  48.  StatespartiestotheCovenantmustsubmitthereportsreferredtoin x! article40oftheCovenantontimesothattheCommitteecandulyperformitsfunctionsunderthatarticle.ThosereportsarethebasisofthediscussionbetweentheCommitteeandStatespartiesonthehumanrightssituationinStatesparties.Regrettably,seriousdelayshavebeennotedsincetheestablishmentoftheCommittee.Forexample,atitssixtyfourthsessioninOctober/November1998,theCommitteedecidedtorequestoverduereportsfromTrinidadandTobagoandfromYugoslavia.On5March1999Yugoslaviasubmitteditsfourthperiodicreport.Duringthesixtyfifthsession,heldinMarch1999inNewYork,theCommitteemetwiththeAttorneyMGeneralofTrinidadandTobago, n%| * whoundertooktosubmitthereportsoon.49.  Moregenerally,theCommitteenotedwithregretthatthereare138initial '"- andperiodicreportsoverdueandthat83StatespartiestotheCovenant,ornearlytwothirdsofallStatesparties,wereinarrearswiththeirreports.  L)Z$/ Thiswasamatterofseriousconcern,asthefailureofStatestosubmitreportspreventedtheCommitteefromperformingitsmonitoringfunctionsunderarticle40oftheCovenant.TheCommitteeagaindecidedtolistinitsannualreporttotheGeneralAssemblytheStatespartiesthathadareportmorethanfiveyearsoverdue,aswellasthosethathadnotsubmittedreportsrequestedbyaspecialdecisionoftheCommittee.TheCommitteewishedtoreiteratethatthoseStateswereinseriousdefaultoftheirobligationsunderarticle40oftheCovenant.  Statespartiesthathavereportsmorethanfiveyearsoverdue(as      of30July1999)orthathavenotsubmittedareportrequestedby@ paspecialdecisionoftheCommittee t   *wik*ddd Xdd Xdd X+#+#w,dd ,dd ,3dd ,dd"+  3>>"   3  Stateparty ;>>* >> ;  Typeofreport ;>>* >> ;H  Datedue ;>>* >> ;ӀYearsπoverdue LB*N\ "   >> xLSyrianArabRepublic    Second A7   /@30911/@A18August1984 aW,  /@30911 /@  ,@14,@a14 VL4   ,@14 x  ,@ xVGambia    Second A7   |@31218|@A21June1985 aW,  |@31218 |@  ,@14,@a14 VL4   ,@14 x  ,@ xVSuriname  & Second  & Ѐ2August1985 >4 &  *@13*@>13 VL4&  *@13 x  *@ xVKenya  Vd Second A7 Vd  @31512@A11April1986 aW,Vd! @31512 @  *@13*@a13 VL4Vd"  *@13 x  *@ xVMali  # Second A7 $ @31512@A11April1986 aW,% @31512 @  *@13*@a13 VL4&  *@13 x  *@ xVDemocraticPeople'sπRepublicofKorea  ( Second A7 * ^@32123^@A13December1987 aW,, ^@32123 ^@  &@11&@a11 VL4.  &@11 x  &@ xVEquatorialGuinea  / Initial A7 0 @32500@A24December1988 aW,1 @32500 @  $@10$@a10 VL42  $@10 x  $@ xVCentralAfricanπRepublic  4 Second  6 ̀9April1989 >4 8  $@10$@>10 H>4:  $@10 x  $@ xHTrinidadandTobago  &; Third 8. &< @32951@820March1990 WM,&= @32951 @  "@9"@WЀ9 B8.&>  "@9 x "@ xBTogo  Vd? Third 8. Vd@ :@33237:@831December1990 WM,VdA :@33237 :@   @8 @WЀ8 PF.VdB   @8 x  @ xPBarbados  C Third A7 D @G@33338@G@A11April1991 `V,E @G@33338 @G@   @8 @`Ѐ8 G=3F   @8 x   @ xGSomalia   G Initial 8.  H H@33350H@823April1991 WM, I H@33350 H@   @8 @WЀ8 PF. J   @8 x  @ xPNicaragua  "K Third A7 "L N@33399N@A11June1991 `V,"M N@33399 N@   @8 @`Ѐ8 UK3"N   @8 x   @ xUVietNam  N#\O Second A7 N#\P  U@33449 U@A31July1991 `V,N#\Q  U@33449  U@  @7@`Ѐ7 G=3N#\R  @7 x  @ xGDemocraticRepublicπoftheCongo  R%` T Third 8. R%` V  U@33449 U@831July1991 WM,R%` X  U@33449  U@  @7@Ẁ7 B8.R%` Z  @7 x @ xBPortugal  &![ Third  &!\ Ѐ1August1991 4* &!]  @7@4Ѐ7 B8.&!^  @7 x @ xBNetherlandsπ(Antilles)  (#` Third 8. '"a `@33541`@831October1991 WM,'"b `@33541 `@  @7@WЀ7 PF.'"c  @7 x @ xPSaintVincentand̀theGrenadines  *%e Second A7 *%g `@33541`@A31October1991 `V,*%i `@33541 `@  @7@`̀7 UK3*%k  @7 x  @ xUSanMarino  +&l Second A7 +&m `j@33619`j@A17January1992 `V,+&n `j@33619 `j@  @7@`Ѐ7 G=3+&o  @7 x  @ xGPanama  -"(p Third 8. -"(q s@33693s@831March1992 WM,-"(r s@33693 s@  @7@WЀ7 PF.-"(s  @7 x @ xPRwanda  x Third A7 x t@33703t@A10April1992 `V,x t@33703 t@  @7@`Ѐ7 G=3x  @7 x  @ xGMadagascar   Third 8.  @33815@831July1992 WM, @33815 @  @6@WЀ6 B8.  @6 x @ xBCroatia     Initial     Ѐ7October1992 4*     @6@4Ѐ6 B8.    @6 x @ xBGrenada  H 2  Initial  H 2 Ѐ5December1992 4* H 2  @6@4Ѐ6 B8.H 2  @6 x @ xBAlbania   p Initial   p Ѐ3January1993 4*  p  @6@4Ѐ6 B8. p  @6 x @ xBPhilippines    Initial 8.   @33990@822January1993 WM,  @33990 @  @6@WЀ6 B8.   @6 x @ xBBosniaandπHerzegovina   Second   ̀5March1993 4*   @6@4̀6 PF.   @6 x @ xPBenin   ! Initial A7  " @@34130@@A11June1993 `V, # @@34130 @@  @6@`Ѐ6 G=3 $  @6 x  @ xGC=tedIvoire  D. % Initial 8. D. & @34144@825June1993 WM,D. ' @34144 @  @6@WЀ6 B8.D. (  @6 x @ xBSeychelles  l ) Initial  l * Ѐ4August1993 4* l +  @5@4Ѐ5 B8.l ,  @5 x @ xBCzechRepublic   - Initial 8.  . @34333@831December1993 WM, / @34333 @  @5@WЀ5 PF. 0  @5 x @ 'xPAngola  1 Initial/Special A7 3 @34364@A31January1994 `V,4 @34364 @  @5@`Ѐ5 J@35  @5 x ' @ xJNiger %6 %Second H>7 @34423@H31March1994 g]98 @34423 @  @5@gЀ5 RH;9  @5 x @ xRDominicanRepublic %P:: %Fourth %P:; %Ѐ3April1994 D:P:<  @5@DЀ5 RH;P:=  @5 x @ xRAfghanistan %> %Third H>? @34446@H23April1994 g]9@ @34446 @  @5@gЀ5 WM;A  @5 x @ 7xWRepublicofMoldova %B %Initial H>C @34448@H25April1994 g]9D @34448 @  @5@gЀ5PFDE  @5 x 7 $ @ P50.  TheCommitteedrewparticularattentionto12initialreportswhichhad N8G notyetbeenpresented.TheresultwastofrustratetheentireobjectiveofratifyingtheCovenant.TherewasnoopportunityeventocommenceadiscussionofthehumanrightssituationinthoseStates.51.  TheCommitteenotedthatintheperiodunderreview,threeStatesparties ,"L (Cambodia,CameroonandtheRepublicofKorea)whosereportshadbeenlistedforconsiderationatthesixtyfourthandsixtysixthsessionsrespectively,notifiedtheCommitteeashorttimebeforethesessionthattheycouldnottakepartinit.TheCommitteeexpresseditsconcernatthisfailureofStatestocooperateinthereportingprocessandespeciallytheirwithdrawalatalatestage;suchconductobstructedtheCommitteeintheeffectivedischargeofitsfunctions.52.  AtthesixtysixthsessiontwoStates(MexicoandRomania)whosereports ") "U wereconsideredbytheCommitteepresentedtothesecretariataddendaupdating  )"V theinformationoneworkingdaybeforethescheduledexaminationofthereport.Theaddendaweredulycopiedanddistributedtothemembersinthelanguageofsubmission.WhiletheCommitteeverymuchappreciatedreceivingupdatedinformationtoenhancethedialogue,itdrewtheattentionofStatespartiestothefactthataddendacouldonlybefullytakenintoaccountiftheywerereceivedatleast10weeksbeforetheexaminationofareport,soastoensuretheirtranslationintotheworkinglanguagesoftheCommitteemembers.  " 0 Л   IV.CONSIDERATIONOFREPORTSSUBMITTEDBYSTATESPARTIES   UNDERARTICLE40OFTHECOVENANT53.  Thefollowingsections,arrangedonacountry-by-countrybasisinthe DR sequencefollowedbytheCommitteeinitsconsiderationofthereports,containtheconcludingobservationsadoptedbytheCommitteewithrespecttotheϜStatesparties'reportsconsideredatitssixty-fourth,sixty-fifthandsixty-sixthsessions.TheCommittee'srecommendationsareindented.@^^&pA.Iceland    54.  TheCommitteeconsideredthethirdperiodicreportofIceland t   (CCPR/C/94/Add.2)atits1704thand1705thmeetings,heldon21October1998(CCPR/C/SR.1704-1705),andadoptedthefollowingconcludingobservationsatϜits1717thmeeting,heldon29October1998.@dd#p1.Introduction R`  55.  TheCommitteewelcomesthetimelyandcomprehensivereportsubmittedby   theGovernmentofIceland.TheCommitteealsoexpressesitsappreciationfortheprovision,bytheIcelandicdelegationoffurtherinformationaboutdevelopmentsintheimplementationofhumanrightsinIcelandsubsequenttothesubmissionofthereport.ThewritteninformationsubmittedbythedelegationinreplytotheCommittee'slistofissueswasparticularlyuseful.TheCommitteealsoexpressesitsappreciationfortheconstructiveandopendialogueithadwiththeIcelandicdelegation.@!p2.Positivefactors  56.  TheCommitteecommendstheStatepartyforitsexcellentrecordinthe `n implementationoftheprovisionsoftheCovenant.ItnoteswithappreciationthatthesecondperiodicreportofIcelandaswellastheCommittee'sconcludingobservationsthereonwerewidelydisseminatedandwerethesubjectofpublicdebate,whichcontributedtorecentconstitutionalandlegislativechangesinthefieldofhumanrights.57.  TheCommitteewelcomesthefactthatIcelandhaswithdrawnitsreservation  $ toarticles8,paragraph3(a),and13oftheCovenant.58.  TheCommitteeexpressessatisfactionattheadoptionofConstitutional #*' ActNo.97/1995amendingthehumanrightsprovisionsoftheConstitution,whichnowreflectstoagreaterextenttheprovisionsofvariousinternationalhumanrightsinstruments,includingtheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalϜRights.TheCommitteealsoexpressesitssatisfactionthattheconstitutionalamendmentsgivestrengthtotheprincipleoftheindivisibilityofcivil,political,economic,socialandculturalrights.59.  TheCommitteetakesnoteoftheintenselegislativeactivityinmatters L)Z$/ coveredbytheCovenantthathastakenplaceinIcelandsincetheexaminationofthesecondperiodicreport.ItexpressesitsappreciationthatthenewlyadoptedlawscontributetobetterprotectionoffundamentalrightsintheStateϜparty.OfparticularinterestinthisrespectaretheadoptionofActNo.62/1994incorporatingtheConventiononHumanRights,theActonthe *-8(4 Judiciary(No.15/1998),andtheamendmentstotheForeignNationalsSupervisionAct(No.45/1965),thePersonalNamesAct(No.45/1996)andtheActonAdministrativeProcedures(73/1993).60.  TheCommitteewelcomestheestablishmentoftheOfficeoftheOmbudsman   forChildren(ActNo.83/1994)andoftheHumanRightsCentrein1994.@\ \ p3.Principalsubjectsofconcernandrecommendations \ j 61.  WhilenotingthattheEuropeanConventionfortheProtectionofHuman    RightsandFundamentalFreedomshasbeenincorporatedintoIcelandiclaw,theCommitteeemphasizesthatanumberofarticlesoftheCovenant,includingarticles3,4,12,22,24,25,26and27,gobeyondtheprovisionsoftheEuropeanConvention.0  TheCommitteethereforeencouragestheStatepartytoensurethatallrightsprotectedundertheCovenantaregiveneffectinIcelandiclaw.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheremainingreservationstotheCovenantbereconsideredwithaviewtotheireventualwithdrawal. ## 62.  TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthepersistenceofcertainareasof jx inequalitybetweenmenandwomeninIceland,despitetheeffortsoftheGovernment.0  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyintensifyitseffortstoachievefullequalitybetweenmenandwomen,includingintheemploymentϜsector.Ithopesthatthe jobevaluationexerciseundertakenundertheMinistryofSocialAffairswillcontributetoeliminatingdiscriminationintheworkplaceandtoimplementingfullytheprincipleofequalwagesforworkofequalvalue. ## 63.  TheCommitteeasksthatthenextperiodicreportprovidefurther  informationonmeasurestakentocombatallformsofviolenceagainstwomen.64.  TheCommitteereiteratesitsconcernoverthepersistenceof >L" discriminationinlawandpracticeagainstchildrenbornoutofwedlock,Ϝwhichisincompatiblewitharticles24and26oftheCovenant.Itrecommendsthatattentionbepaidtothepromptrectificationofthissituationwithregardtoallrightstowhichchildrenareentitled.65.  TheCommitteerequeststheStatepartytoensurethepublicationandwide #( disseminationinIcelandoftheStateparty'sreportaswellasoftheCommittee'sconcludingobservations.̜66.TheCommitteefixesthedateforthesubmissionofIceland'sfourthperiodicreportatOctober2003.̜  L)Z$/ @^^&pB.Belgium  ̜67.TheCommitteeconsideredthethirdperiodicreportofBelgium(CCPR/C/94/Add.3)atits1706thand1707thmeetings(CCPR/C/SR.1706-1707),heldon22October1998,andadoptedthefollowingconcludingobservationsatϜits1720thmeeting(CCPR/C/SR.1720),heldon2November1998.̜@dd#p1.Introduction \ j ̜68.  TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtotheStatepartyforits    comprehensivereport,aswellasforitsveryusefulcoredocument(HRI/CORE/1/Add.1/Rev.1).Itwelcomestheopenandself-criticalapproachtakenbytheStatepartyinthepreparationofthereport,andnotestheinvolvementandcollaborationofmanynationalinstitutionsanduniversities.Itobserves,however,thatwhilethereportprovidesdetailsonthelegalorder,itcontainslittleinformationonactualpractice.TheCommitteewelcomestheadditionaldataprovidedbythedelegationfromthecapitalanditsreadinesstoprovidewrittenanswerstopendingquestions.@!p2.Positiveaspects  ̜69.  TheCommitteecommendstheestablishmentofinstitutionsaimedat 0> monitoringtheobservanceofhumanrightsbyStateauthorities,includingtheCentreforEqualityandAgainstRacism,andthecommitteetomonitorthepoliceservices,withjurisdictionoverallbranchesofthepoliceforce.̜70.  TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactiontheestablishmentoftheCouncilon  EqualOpportunitiesforMenandWomen.Itnotesthattheparticipationofwomeninpublicaffairshasincreasedsincethepreviousreport,butrequeststhatmoredetailedinformationonwomen'sparticipationintheworkforcebemadeavailableinthenextperiodicreport.̜71.  TheCommitteewelcomestheon-goingmeasurestoreformthejudicialsystem   undertakenbytheStateparty,inparticularthoseaimedatstrengtheningtheindependenceofthejudiciarythroughtheestablishmentofaSupremeJudicialCouncilandaCouncilofAttorneys-General.ThenewlawontherecruitmentofjudgesandtheincreaseinthenumberofjudgesconstitutepositiveϜdevelopments.Furthermore,penalprocedureshavebeenimprovedwithregardtothegatheringofinformationandinvestigations,andthehandlingofinformationbythepolice.TheroleofthepoliceandoftheinvestigatingjudgehaveϜbeenbetterdefined.TheCommitteewelcomestheabrogationoftheActof11July1994withaviewtomodernizingthecriminaljusticesystemandreducingthebackloginthecourtsofappeal.̜72.  TheCommitteetakesnoteofnewinstructionsrelatingtothemethodsand &", techniquesunderwhichdeportationsarecarriedout.̜73.  TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthatchildrenofillegalimmigrants L)Z$/ areentitledtoeducationandmedicalcare.̜74.  TheCommitteeconsidersitapositivesignthatunaccompaniedminors +&2 seekingasylumarenotsentbacktotheircountriesoforigin,unlesstheirsafetyisguaranteed. *-8(4 М75.  Withregardtotheextraditionofasylumseekers,theCommitteewelcomes  theassurancesbythedelegationthatextraditionproceduresaresuspendeduntiltheasylumdeterminationproceduresareconcluded.̜76.  TheCommitteewelcomesthefactthatBelgiumhasstartedtheprocedurefor   ratifyingtheSecondOptionalProtocoltotheCovenantaimingattheabolitionofthedeathpenalty.̜77.  TheCommitteewelcomestheestablishmentofaninter-ministerial " 0 Мcommitteewithcompetenceovertraffickinginpersons,prostitutionandpornography,aswellastheadoptionofotherlegislativemeasureswithextraterritorialapplication.Italsowelcomestheenactmentofnewlawsaimedatcombatingmoreeffectivelythetrafficinminors.̜78.  TheCommitteewelcomesmeasurestakenbytheStatepartytoimproveprison   conditions,inparticularbyintroducingalternativeformsofpunishmentandbuildingnewestablishmentstoalleviateovercrowding.@\ \ p3.Principalsubjectsofconcernandrecommendations   ̜79.  TheCommitteeexpressesitsgraveconcernoverthereportsofwidespread jx policebrutalityagainstsuspectsincustody.Itregretsthelackoftransparencyintheconductofinvestigationsonthepartofpoliceauthoritiesandthedifficultyinobtainingaccesstothisinformation.̜80.  TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutthebehaviourofBelgiansoldiersin HV SomaliaundertheaegisoftheUnitedNationsOperationinSomalia(UNOSOMII),andacknowledgesthattheStatepartyhasrecognizedtheapplicabilityoftheCovenantinthisrespectandopened270filesforpurposesofinvestigation.TheCommitteeregretsthatithasnotreceivedfurtherinformationontheϜresultsoftheinvestigationsandtheadjudicationofcasesandrequeststheStatepartytosubmitthisinformation.̜81.  Proceduresusedintherepatriationofsomeasylumseekers,inparticular x! theplacingofacushiononthefaceofanindividualinordertoovercomeresistance,entailsarisktolife.TherecentcaseofaNigeriannationalwhodiedinsuchamannerillustratestheneedtore-examinethewholeprocedureofforcibledeportations.TheCommitteewouldliketoreceivewritteninformationontheresultsoftheinvestigationsintothisincidentaswellasofanycriminalordisciplinaryproceedings.Itrecommendsthatallsecurityforcesconcernedineffectingdeportationsshouldreceivespecialtraining.82.  TheCommitteeregretsthatBelgiumhasnotwithdrawnitsreservationsto n%| * theCovenantandurgestheGovernmenttoreconsideritspositioninparticularwithregardtoarticle10.TheGovernment'sexplanationthatthereservationisnecessarybecausethereisaproblemofovercrowdinginprisonsisnotpersuasive.Inaddition,alternativesentences,includingtocommunityservice,shouldbeencouragedinviewofitsrehabilitativefunction.83.  Communityserviceandparoleshouldbemonitoredandsupervisedinamore *%1 coherentway.TheCommitteeencouragestheGovernmenttoundertakeanoverallreviewofitssentencingpolicyandconsequenttrainingforthejudiciary.TheCommitteeisconcernedthatsuspectsdonotatpresenthaveaccesstocounsel *-8(4 andtomedicalvisitsfromthemomentofarrest.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedaboutthenon-applicationofjudicialguaranteesinadministrativetribunalsandothernon-judicialentities.Suspectsshouldbepromptlyinformedoftheirrightsinalanguagetheyunderstand.84.  TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutthelengthofpre-trialdetentionand  aboutthelargenumberofdetaineesstillawaitingtrial.TheCommitteeremindstheStatepartythatpursuanttoarticle9,paragraph3,oftheCovenant,pre-trialdetentionshouldbeconsideredexceptionalandmustbejustifiable.IturgestheStatepartytoreviewitsrulesandpracticeforgrantingbail.TheCommitteenotesfurthermorethattheperiodoffivemonths'detention,whichmaybeextendedtoeightmonths,towhichasylumseekersmaybesubjected,mayamounttoarbitrarydetentioninviolationofarticle9oftheCovenant,unlessthedetentionissubjecttojudicialreviewwhichsecuresthereleaseofthepersonifthereisnolawfulpurposebeingservedbythedetention.85.  Bearinginmindthatpursuanttoarticle10,paragraph3,oftheCovenant, R`  theessentialaimofincarcerationshouldbethereformationandsocialrehabilitationofoffenders,theCommitteeurgestheStatepartytodeveloprehabilitationprogrammesbothforthetimeduringimprisonmentandfortheperiodafterrelease,whenex-offendersmustbereintegratedintosocietyiftheyarenottobecomerecidivists.86.  TheCommitteeconsidersthatthecurrentjurisprudenceoftheCourtof  Cassationstatingthatnojudicialguaranteesapplytothepre-trialstageisinconsistentwiththeCovenant;consequently,theseguaranteesshouldbeextendedtothepre-trialstage.87.  TheCommitteeexpressesgraveconcernabouttheretentionofarticle53of  theActof8April1965ontheprotectionofyoungpersons,whichentitlestheauthoritiestoincarcerateminorsforaperiodof15days.Thispracticeraisesquestionsnotonlyunderarticle10butunderarticles7and24aswell.Furthermore,thepracticeofnotseparatingminorsfromadultoffendersinjailisnotonlyincompatiblewitharticle10,paragraph3,butconstitutesaviolationofarticle24oftheCovenant.88.  WhilenotingthattheStatepartyistakingmeasurestodoawaywiththe  $ practiceofkeepingpsychiatricpatientsinprisonpsychiatricannexesforseveralmonthsbeforetransferringthemtohospitalsthattreatmentaldisorders( tablissementdeprotectionsociale),theCommitteepointsoutthatthis #*' practiceisincompatiblewitharticles7and9oftheCovenantandthatitshouldbediscontinued.89.  TheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernaboutthedistinctionmadeinBelgian 4&B!+ legislationbetweenfreedomofassemblyandtherighttodemonstrate,whichisexcessivelyrestricted.Itrecommendsthatsuchdifferentiationbeabolished.90.  TheCommitteenotesthattherequirementofpriorauthorizationfor L)Z$/ foreignchannelsoncablenetworksisnotentirelyinconformitywitharticle19.Therighttofreedomofbroadcastingshouldfirstberecognized;restrictionsmaybeimposedasprovidedforinparagraph3ofarticle19.  d,r'3 91.  TheCommitteenotesthattheproceduresforrecognizingreligionsandthe   rulesforpublicfundingofrecognizedreligionsraiseproblemsunderarticles18,26and27oftheCovenant.92.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthatthereportgivesverylittleinformation   onthedefactosituationofwomen.TheCommitteerequeststhatthenextreportprovidepreciseinformationontheoutcomeofmeasurestopromoteequalityandtocombatviolenceagainstwomen.93.  TheCommitteeremainsconcernedabouttheproduction,saleand    distributionofpaedo-pornography.IturgestheStatepartytotakeeffectivemeasurestocurtailthepossessionanddistributionofthesecriminalmaterials.94.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthatprovisionsrelatingtofakemarriagesand   totheexpulsionofaliensmaygiveinsufficientprotectiontotherighttomarryandfamilylifeasrecognizedinarticles17and23oftheCovenant.95.  TheCommitteerequeststheStatepartytoensurethepublicationandwide &  disseminationinBelgiumoftheStateparty'sreportaswellasoftheCommittee'sconcludingobservations.96.  TheCommitteehasfixedthedateforsubmissionofBelgium'sfourth 0> periodicreportatOctober2002.@^^&pC.Armenia  97.  TheCommitteeconsideredtheinitialreportofArmenia(CCPR/C/92/Add.2)  atits1710thand1711thmeetings(CCPR/C/SR.1710M1711),heldon  26October1998,andadoptedthefollowingconcludingobservationsatits1721stand1725thmeetings(CCPR/C/SR.1721and1725),heldon2and4November1998.@dd#p1.Introduction  98.  Althoughitnotesthelongdelayinthesubmissionofthereport,the x! CommitteewelcomestheinitialreportoftheStateparty,coveringeventsthatoccurredfromthecountry'sindependence,andthedialoguewiththedelegationontheimplementationoftheprovisionsoftheCovenant.ItappreciatesthefranknesswithwhichtheStatepartyacknowledgesthecurrentproblems,whicharepartlyattributabletothefactthatthecountryisinaperiodoftransition,anditswillingnesstoprovidefurtherinformationinwriting.@!p2.Positiveaspects $) 99.  TheCommitteecommendstheStatepartyfortheprocesscurrentlyunderway 4&B!+ tobringitslegislationfullyintolinewithitsinternationalobligations.ItwelcomestheestablishmentoftheConstitutionalCommissiontoreviewtheConstitutionandtheadoptionofthelawontheindependenceofthejudiciary,thelawonthePublicProsecutor'sOffice,theCriminalandCivilCodes,thelawoncivilandcriminalprocedure,theLabourCode,theElectoralCode,thelawoncitizenshipandthelawsontherightsofthechild.Itlooksforwardtoreceivingthesenewlawsoncetheycomeintoforce.  d,r'3 100.  TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactiontheestablishmentoftheCommission   onHumanRightsasanadvisorybodytothePresidentoftheRepublic,withcompetencetoreviewdraftlegislationaffectinghumanrightsandfundamentalfreedoms.ItnotesthesettingupofaHumanRightsDepartmentwithintheMinistryofForeignAffairs.TheCommitteefurtherwelcomestheproposaltoestablishtheofficeofOmbudsmenwithpowertodealwithindividualcomplaints.101.  TheCommitteecommendstheStatepartyforitsexpressedintentionto \ j abolishthedeathpenaltyby1January1999,whichwillautomaticallyaffectallpersonscurrentlyondeathrow.̀102.  TheCommitteewelcomesthereleaseofpoliticalprisonersinArmenia t   followingthelastpresidentialelections.Inthisconnection,itnoteswithsatisfactionthatnon-governmentalorganizationshavebeengiventheimportantroleofvisitingprisonersandmakingspotchecksofprisons.Inthisconnection,theCommitteenotestheroleplayedbytheCommitteeofSoldiers'Mothersinaddressingcomplaintswithinmilitarygarrisons.Inaddition,theCommitteenotestheagreementwiththeInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCrossgivingICRCrepresentativesaccesstodetaineesinArmenia.@\ \ p3.Principalsubjectsofconcernandrecommendations jx 103.  TheCommitteeexpressesitsgraveconcernabouttheincompatibilityof  severalprovisionsoftheConstitutionwiththeCovenant:forexample,article22oftheConstitution,whichguaranteesfreedomofmovementonlytoArmeniancitizens,contravenesarticle12oftheCovenant;articles23,44and45oftheConstitution,whichallowderogationunderastateofemergencyandlimitationstothefreedomofthoughtandreligion,contravenearticles4,paragraph2,and18oftheCovenant.TheinconsistencyofdomesticlawwithprovisionsoftheCovenantnotonlyengenderslegalinsecurity,butislikelytoleadtoviolationsofrightsprotectedundertheCovenant.104.  TheCommitteenotesthattheindependenceofthejudiciaryisnotfully   guaranteed.Inparticular,itobservesthattheelectionofjudgesbypopularvoteforafixedmaximumtermofsixyearsdoesnotensuretheirindependenceandimpartiality.105.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthatpursuanttoarticle101ofthe !% ConstitutiononlyrepresentativesoftheexecutiveandlegislativebranchesmayhaverecoursetotheConstitutionalCourt.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyamenditsConstitutionsoastoenableindividuals,inappropriatecircumstances,tobringquestionsconcerningthehumanrightsguaranteedintheConstitution,manyofwhicharealsoprotectedintheCovenant,totheConstitutionalCourt.106.  TheCommitteetakesnotethatthenewCriminalCodeprovidesforthe '"- abolitionofthedeathpenalty,andrecommendsthatthedeathsentencesofallpersonscurrentlyondeathrowbeimmediatelycommuted.TheCommitteehopesthattheStatepartywillconsiderratificationoftheSecondOptionalProtocoltotheConvenantaimingattheabolitionofthedeathpenalty.107.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthatallthegroundsforpre-trialdetention d,r'3 arenotlistedinthepresentlaw.WhilenotingthatthenewCriminalCode *-8(4 providesforamaximumperiodofthreemonths'detention,theCommitteeisconcernedthatveryfewdetaineesbenefitfrombail,andurgestheStatepartytoobservestrictlytherequirementsofarticle9,paragraph3,oftheCovenant.108.  TheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernaboutallegationsoftortureand   ill-treatmentbylaw-enforcementofficials.TheCommitteerecommendstheestablishmentofaspecialindependentbodytoinvestigatecomplaintsoftortureandill-treatmentbylaw-enforcementpersonnel.109.  TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutthepoorconditionsprevailingin    prisons.ItremindstheStatepartythatallpersonsdeprivedoftheirlibertymustbetreatedwithhumanityandwithrespectfortheinherentdignityofthehumanperson,andrecommendsthattheStatepartyobservetheStandardMinimumRulesfortheTreatmentofPrisoners.110.  TheCommitteeobservesthatdefactodiscriminationagainstwomen   persistsasamatterofcustomandstressesthatthisproblemshouldbeaddressedinthelightofArmenia'sobligationsundertheCovenant.111.  TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutdiscriminationagainstwomenin  employmentandtheirunder-representationintheconductofpublicaffairs.Furthermore,theCommitteeregretsthedisproportionatelevelofunemploymentamongwomen,whichhasbeenexplainedbythedelegationasbeingduetoeconomichardship.112.  Thelackofdataoncasesofdomesticviolenceshouldnotbeinterpreted HV tomeanthatnosuchincidentsoccur.TheCommitteethereforerecommendsthatspecificprotectiveandpunitivemeasuresbetakenwithrespecttoallformsofviolenceagainstwomen,includingrape.TheCommitteeurgestheStatepartytocompilerelevantdataforsubmissioninthenextperiodicreport.113.  TheCommitteeisconcernedastotheexistenceofthephenomenonofstreet  childreninArmenia.TheStatepartymusturgentlyaddressthisissueunderarticle24oftheCovenant.114.  TheCommitteeregretsthelackoflegalprovisionforalternativesto  # militaryserviceincaseofconscientiousobjection.TheCommitteedeplorestheconscriptionofconscientiousobjectorsbyforceandtheirpunishmentbymilitarycourts,andtheinstancesofreprisalsagainsttheirfamilymembers.115.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthatregistrationofreligionsisrequiredand #( thatthenumberoffollowersrequiredforregistrationhasbeenincreased.TheCommitteealsonotesthatnon-recognizedreligionsarediscriminatedagainstintheirentitlementtoownprivatepropertyandtoreceiveforeignfunds.116.  TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutthecompatibilityofthe1991PressLaw '"- withfreedomofexpressionunderarticle19oftheCovenant,inparticularthatthenotionof Statesecretsandof untrueandunverifiedinformation(article6ofthePressLaw)areunreasonablerestrictionsonfreedomofexpression.Furthermore,theCommitteeisconcernedabouttheextentoftheGovernment'smonopolyinrespectoftheprintinganddistributionofnewspapers.  d,r'3 117.  TheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernaboutthestrictgovernmentalcontrol   overtheelectronicmedia,whichmayraiseissuesunderarticle19,andwhichresultsinseriouslimitationstotheexerciseoftherightsguaranteedinarticle25,inparticularwithregardtoelections.118.  TheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernabouttheStateparty'spositionthat  itisnotpossibletoensurethatsmallnationalminoritieshaveaccesstoeducationalfacilitiesintheirlanguageoforigin.TheCommitteerecommendsthatmeasuresbetakeninconformitywitharticle27oftheCovenant.119.  TheCommitteecommendstheStatepartyforitseffortsindisseminating    informationonhumanrights,includinghumanrightseducationinschoolcurricula.Inparticular,theCommitteeobservesthathumanrightstrainingofthelegalprofessionandofthejudiciaryisnecessaryfordemocracy.Therefore,theCommitteerecommendsthatsuchtrainingbeprovided.TheCommitteeurgestheStatepartytodisseminatewidelyitsinitialreportandtheCommittee'sconcludingobservations.120.TheCommitteehasfixedthedateforsubmissionofArmenia'ssecondperiodicreportatOctober2001.@pD.LibyanArabJamahiriya 0> 121.  TheCommitteeconsideredthethirdperiodicreportoftheLibyan  ArabJamahiriya(CCPR/C/102/Add.1)atits1712thand1713thmeetings(CCPR/C/SR.1712M1713),heldon27October1998,andadoptedthefollowing HV concludingobservationsatits1720thmeeting(CCPR/C/SR.1720),heldon2November1998.@dd#p1.Introduction `n 122.  TheCommitteewelcomesthetimelyreportsubmittedbytheGovernmentof  theLibyanArabJamahiriyaandthewillingnessoftheStatepartytohaveacontinueddialoguewiththeCommittee.TheCommitteenoteswithregretthatthereport,whileprovidinginformationonlegalnormsandenactmentsgoverningtheobligationssetoutintheCovenant,lacksinformationontheimplementationoftheCovenantinpractice.TheCommitteenotesthatthethirdperiodicreportoftheStatepartydoesnotaddresstheconcernsexpressedbytheCommitteeinitsconcludingobservationsonthesecondreportoftheLibyanArabJamahiriyaanddoesnotprovidethedatarequestedonthatoccasion.Itnotes,however,theStateparty'sundertakingtosubmitadditionalwritteninformationinresponsetotheCommittee'squestionswhichremainedunansweredsofar.@  p2.Factorsanddifficulties 4&B!+ 123.  TheCommitteenotesthattheembargoonairtravel,imposedbythe '"- SecurityCouncilontheLibyanArabJamahiriyasinceApril1992,isconsideredbytheLibyanGovernmentascreatingeconomicdifficultiesandaffectingtheimplementationofcertainprovisionsoftheCovenant.  +&2 @!p3.Positiveaspects  124.  TheCommitteewelcomestheprincipleofdirectapplicabilityofthe ~ Covenantandthepossibilityofinvokingitdirectlybeforethecourts.125.  TheCommitteewelcomestheconcreteeffortsmadebytheStatepartyto  enactlegislationreducinginequalitiesbetweenmenandwomeninthefieldofpersonalstatus.TheCommitteealsowelcomesthemeasurestakentoimprovethesituationofwomeninpubliclifeandcivilsociety,particularlyintheworkplaceandinaccesstoeducation.@\ \ p4.Principalsubjectsofconcernandrecommendations t   126.  TheCommitteeisconcernedbythelackofclarityaboutthelegalstatus   oftheCovenant,inparticularaboutthehierarchybetweentheCovenant,theGreatGreenDocumentonHumanRightsandtheConstitutionalProclamation.NeitherinexaminingthereportoftheStatepartynorduringthedialoguewiththedelegationcouldtheCommitteegainaclearunderstandingofhowconflictsbetweentheCovenantanddomesticlawaresolvedoroftheroleoftheSupremeCourtinthisrespect.127.  TheCommitteeisdeeplytroubledbytheallegations,fromvariousreliable 0> sources,ofextrajudicial,arbitraryorsummaryexecutionsperpetratedbyStateagentsaswellasofahighincidenceofarbitraryarrestanddetention,includinglongdetentionwithouttrial.TheCommitteeexpressesitsregretatthelackoftransparencyonthepartoftheStatepartyinrespondingtotheseconcerns.TheCommitteerecommendsthatallsuchallegationsbefully,publiclyandimpartiallyinvestigated,thattheresultsofsuchinvestigationsbepublished,thattheperpetratorsofthoseactsbebroughttojusticeandthatthevictimsandtheirfamiliesbedulycompensated.TheCommitteeurgestheStatepartytoincludeinitsnextreportinformation,includingnamesandstatistics,aboutdisappearedpersons,casesofextrajudicial,arbitraryorsummaryexecutions,andaboutpersonskeptunderdetentionwithoutcharge,insituationsofindefinitedetentionwithouttrialorfollowingacquittalbyacourt.128.  TheCommitteeisparticularlyconcernedabouttheexcessivelyvague  $ wordingofarticle4ofthePromotionofFreedomAct,whichstipulatesthatthedeathpenaltymaybeimposed onapersonwhoselifeendangersorcorruptssocietyandsimilarwordingintheGreatGreenDocument,thusleadingtotheimpositionintheStatepartyofthedeathpenaltyforoffenceswhichcannotbecharacterizedasthemostserious,includingpoliticalandeconomicoffences,inviolationofarticle6,paragraph2,oftheCovenant.Furthermore,theCommitteedeploresthatretributionislegallyacceptedasagroundfortheimpositionofthedeathpenalty.Initsnextreport,theStatepartyisaskedtofurnishinformationonthenumberofexecutionswhichhavetakenplaceinthelast10years,thetypeofoffenceforwhichthedeathpenaltyhasbeenimposed,andthemannerinwhichtheexecutionhasbeencarriedout.TheCommitteerecommendsthaturgentstepsbetakentoreducethenumberandtypeofcrimesentailingcapitalpunishmentandtorepealallprovisionsincompatiblewitharticle6oftheCovenant.  d,r'3 129.  TheCommitteeisconcernedatthehighrateofmaternalmortalityand   requeststheStatepartytoprovideinformationinitsnextreportonmeasurestakentoreduceit.130.  TheCommitteeisdeeplyconcernedoverpersistentallegationsof   systematicuseoftortureandcruel,inhumanordegradingtreatmentorpunishment.TheCommitteetakespositivenoteofthedataofferedbythedelegationaboutinvestigationscarriedoutinsomecasesandofpunishmentofthoseresponsibleforsuchacts,aswellasoftheindemnitygiventovictims.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyenforceamoreefficientsystemformonitoringtreatmentofalldetainees,soastoensurethattheirrightsunderarticles7and10oftheCovenantarefullyprotected.IturgestheStatepartytoensurethatallcasesofallegedtortureorill-treatmentareinvestigatedbyanimpartialbody,thattheresultsofsuchinvestigationsbepublishedandthatofficialsresponsiblefortortureandill-treatmentbeprosecutedand,ifconvicted,severelypunished.TheStatepartyisaskedtoincludeinitsnextreportinformationonstepstakeninthisrespectaswellasonprisonconditions.TheCommitteealsorecommendsthattrainingcoursesonhumanrightsbeconductedforlawenforcementpersonnel.131.  Furthermore,theCommitteerecallsthatflogging,whichisrecognizedin jx theLibyanArabJamahiriyaasapenaltyforcriminaloffences,isincompatiblewitharticle7oftheCovenant.Theimpositionofsuchpunishmentshouldceaseimmediatelyandalllawsandregulationsprovidingforitsimpositionshouldberepealedwithoutdelay.Amputation,althoughnotusedinpractice,accordingtothedelegation,shouldbeformallyabolished.132.  TheCommitteestresseswithdeepconcernthatthelawenactedin1997  knownasthe CharterofHonour,whichauthorizescollectivepunishmentforthosefoundguiltyofcollectivecrimes(including obstructingthepeople'sauthority[and]damagingpublicandprivateinstitutions),violatesseveralarticlesoftheCovenant,includingarticles7,9and16.Itrecommendsthattheapplicationofthislawbesuspendedwithoutdelayandthatstepsbetakentorepealit.133.  TheCommitteereiteratesitsconcernabouttheexcessivedurationof  # remandincustodyandundueprolongationofpre-trialdetentionandurgesthatallnecessarymeasuresbetakentoreducethelengthofsuchdetentionandtoimprovejudicialoversight.134.  TheCommitteeconsidersthatseriousdoubtsariseastotheindependence #( ofthejudiciaryandthelibertyofadvocatestoexercisetheirprofessionfreely,withoutbeingintheemploymentoftheState,andtoprovidelegalaidservices.TheCommitteerecommendsthatmeasuresbetakentoensurefullcompliancewitharticle14oftheCovenantaswellaswiththeUnitedNationsBasicPrinciplesontheIndependenceoftheJudiciaryandtheBasicPrinciplesontheRoleofLawyers.Traininginhumanrightslawshouldbegiventoalljudgesandmembersofthelegalprofession.Initsnextreport,theStatepartyisrequestedtoprovidedetailedinformationonthejurisdiction,compositionandactivitiesoftheRevolutionarySecurityCourts,aswellasontheorganizationofthelegalprofession.  d,r'3 135.  TheCommitteeexpressesitsdeepconcernaboutthenumerousrestrictions,   inlawandinpractice,ontherighttofreedomofexpression,andinparticularontherighttoexpressoppositiontoorcriticismoftheGovernment,oftheestablishedpolitical,socialandeconomicsystemandoftheculturalvaluesprevailingintheLibyanArabJamahiriya.TheCommitteeurgestheStatepartytoundertakeatrulycriticalanalysisofrestrictionstoarticles18,19,21,22and25andtheireffectinpractice,withaviewtofulfillingitsobligationsunderthosearticles.Morespecifically,theCommitteestressesthatarticle25providesforgenuineelectionswithsecretballotandthattheStatepartymustcomplywiththisrequirement.ItrecommendsthattheapplicationofprovisionsofthePublicationAct(1972)whichareincompatiblewitharticle19,oftheCovenant,shouldbeimmediatelysuspendedandthatstepsshouldbetakenforitsrevision.̀136.  NotwithstandingthestatementcontainedintheStateparty'sreportand   reiteratedbythedelegationthat allLibyansareMuslimsbybirthandheredity,theCommitteestressesthatitisincumbentontheStatepartytoensurethatallindividualssubjecttoitsjurisdictionenjoytheirrighttofreedomofthought,conscienceandreligionunderarticle18oftheCovenant.137.  TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthat,inspiteoftheGovernment's jx efforts,inequalitybetweenmenandwomenpersistsinanumberofareas,suchasinheritance,freedomofmovement,acquisitionandtransmissionofnationalityanddivorce.Itwasalsoconcernedtoreceivefromthedelegationinformationthatpolygamymaystillbepractisedundercertainconditions.TheCommitteeregretsthatthelawstilldoesnotprovideadequateprotectiontowomeninrespectofdomesticviolenceandrape.Whilerecognizingtheprogressachievedasfarasequalityintheworkplaceisconcerned,theCommitteeemphasizesthatmuchremainstobedonetoreachfullequality,includingequalwages.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyintensifyitseffortstoguaranteefullequalenjoymentbymenandwomenofalltheirhumanrights.138.  TheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernoverthepersistenceof   discriminationinlawandpracticeagainstchildrenbornoutofwedlock,whichisincompatiblewitharticles24and26oftheCovenant.Itrecommendsthatattentionbepaidtothepromptrectificationofthissituationwithregardtoallrightstowhichchildrenareentitled.@pp+p139.  TheCommitteetakesnotewithconcernofthestatementcontainedinthe V"d& Stateparty'sreportandreiteratedbythedelegationthattherearenoethnic,religiousorculturalminoritiesintheLibyanArabJamahiriya.ItdrawstheattentionoftheStatepartytoitsGeneralCommentNo.23(50),whichlaysdownvariousobjectiveelementsforestablishingtheexistenceofminoritiesinaStateparty.TheCommitteeregretsthelackofinformationontheprotectionofpersonsbelongingtothoseminoritiesandrequeststhatspecificinformationonminoritiesbeincludedintheStateparty'snextreport.140.  TheCommitteeobservesthatalthoughtheLibyanArabJamahiriyabecamea L)Z$/ partytotheOptionalProtocolin1989,onlytwocommunicationsandthreecontactlettershavebeenaddressedtotheCommittee.ThismaysuggestthatthepeoplelivingintheStatepartyarenotawareoftheirrighttousethis  +&2 mechanism.TheCommitteeurgestheStatepartytotakeurgentstepstodisseminatetheCovenantandtheOptionalProtocoltothepublicatlarge,topersonsindetentionandtothelegalcommunity.141.  NotingwithregretthatnoinformationwassubmittedbyLibyan   non-governmentalorganizationsontheGovernment'sreport,theCommitteeregretsthatitdidnotreceivesatisfactoryinformationontheexistenceandfunctioningofnon-governmentalhumanrightsorganizationsintheLibyanArabJamahiriya.UrgentstepsshouldbetakenbytheStatepartytoallowthefreeoperationofindependentnon-governmentalhumanrightsorganizations.142.  TheCommitteefixesthedateforthesubmissionoftheLibyanArab t   Jamahiriya'sfourthperiodicreportatOctober2002.Itrecommendsthatthenextreportcontainmaterialwhichaddressesallconcernsandrecommendationsexpressedinthepresentconcludingobservations.TheCommitteefurtherrecommendsthatthetextoftheStateparty'sthirdperiodicreportandthepresentconcludingobservationsbepublishedandwidelydisseminatedamongthepublicinallpartsoftheLibyanArabJamahiriya.@'pE.Japan  143.  TheCommitteeconsideredthefourthperiodicreportofJapan 0> (CCPR/C/115/Add.3andCorr.1)atits1714thto1717thmeetings(CCPR/SR.1714-1717)heldon28and29October1998andadoptedthefollowingconcludingobservationsatits1726thand1727thmeetings(CCPR/C/SR.1726-1727)heldon5November1998.@dd#p1.Introduction  144.  TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationforthefrankandforthright `n repliesgivenbythedelegationtotheissuesraisedbytheCommitteeandtheclarificationsandexplanationsgiveninanswertotheoralquestionsputbythemembersoftheCommittee.TheCommitteeisalsoappreciativeofthepresenceofthelargedelegationrepresentingvariousbranchesoftheGovernment,whichdemonstratestheseriousnessoftheStatepartyinmeetingitsobligationsundertheCovenant.TheCommitteealsocommendstheStatepartyforhavinggivenwidepublicitytoitsreportandtotheworkoftheCommittee.Itwelcomesthelargenumberoflawyersandnon-governmentalorganizationspresentduringthediscussionofthereport.@!p2.Positiveaspects #( 145.  TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentfortheongoingprocessofbringing n%| * itslegislationintolinewiththeprovisionsoftheCovenant.ItwelcomestheenactmentoftheLawonthePromotionofMeasuresforHumanRightsProtection,aswellasamendmentstootherlawssuchastheEqualEmploymentOpportunitiesLaw,theStandardLabourLaw,theImmigrationControlandRefugeeRecognitionAct,thePenalCode,theChildWelfareLaw,theElectionLawandtheEntertainmentBusinessLaw,andthedraftbillaimedatpunishingJapanesenationalsinvolvedinchildprostitutionandchildpornography.146.  TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactiontheestablishment,atCabinet d,r'3 level,oftheCouncilforthePromotionofGenderEquality,aimedat *-8(4 investigatinganddevelopingpoliciesfortheachievementofagender-equalsocietyanditsadoptionofthePlanforGenderEquality2000.TheCommitteealsonotesthemeasuresbeingtakenbythehumanrightsorgansoftheMinistryofJusticetodealwiththeeliminationofdiscriminationandprejudiceagainststudentsatKoreanschoolsinJapan,childrenbornoutofwedlockandchildrenoftheAinuminority.147.  TheCommitteewelcomestheabolitionofrestrictionsonwomen's \ j eligibilitytotakethenationalpublicserviceexamination,theabolitionofdiscriminatorycompulsoryretirement,andofdismissalsongroundsofmarriage,pregnancyorchildbirth.@\ \ p3.Principalsubjectsofconcernandrecommendations :H  148.  TheCommitteeregretsthatitsrecommendationsissuedafterthe   considerationofthethirdperiodicreporthavelargelynotbeenimplemented.149.  TheCommitteestressesthatprotectionofhumanrightsandhumanrights &  standardsarenotdeterminedbypopularitypolls.ItisconcernedbytherepeateduseofpopularitystatisticstojustifyattitudesoftheStatepartythatmayviolateitsobligationsundertheCovenant.150.  TheCommitteereiteratesitsconcernabouttherestrictionswhichcanbe  placedontherightsguaranteedintheCovenantonthegroundsof publicwelfare,aconceptwhichisvagueandopen-endedandwhichmaypermitrestrictionsexceedingthosepermissibleundertheCovenant.Followinguponitspreviousobservations,theCommitteeonceagainstronglyrecommendstotheStatepartytobringitsinternallawintoconformitywiththeCovenant.151.  TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutthelackofinstitutionalmechanisms `n availableforinvestigatingviolationsofhumanrightsandforprovidingredresstothecomplainants.Effectiveinstitutionalmechanismsarerequiredtoensurethattheauthoritiesdonotabusetheirpowerandthattheyrespecttherightsofindividualsinpractice.TheCommitteeisoftheviewthattheCivilLibertiesCommissionisnotsuchamechanism,sinceitissupervisedbytheMinistryofJusticeanditspowersarestrictlylimitedtoissuingrecommendations.TheCommitteestronglyrecommendstotheStatePartytosetupanindependentmechanismforinvestigatingcomplaintsofviolationsofhumanrights.152.  Moreparticularly,theCommitteeisconcernedthatthereisnoindependent #( authoritytowhichcomplaintsofill-treatmentbythepoliceandimmigrationofficialscanbeaddressedforinvestigationandredress.TheCommitteerecommendsthatsuchanindependentbodyorauthoritybesetupbytheStatepartywithoutdelay.153.  TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutthevaguenessoftheconceptof (#.  reasonablediscriminationwhich,intheabsenceofobjectivecriteria,isincompatiblewitharticle26oftheCovenant.TheCommitteefindsthattheargumentsadvancedbytheStatepartyinsupportofthisconceptarethesameashadbeenadvancedduringtheconsiderationofthethirdperiodicreportandwhichtheCommitteefoundtobeunacceptable. *-8(4 154.  TheCommitteecontinuestobeconcernedaboutdiscriminationagainst  childrenbornoutofwedlock,particularlywithregardtotheissuesofnationality,familyregistersandinheritancerights.Itreaffirmsitspositionthatpursuanttoarticle26oftheCovenant,allchildrenareentitledtoequalprotection,andrecommendsthattheStatepartytakethenecessarymeasurestoamenditslegislation,includingarticle900,paragraph4,oftheCivilCode.155.  TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutinstancesofdiscriminationagainst \ j membersoftheJapanese-KoreanminoritywhoarenotJapanesecitizens,includingthenon-recognitionofKoreanschools.TheCommitteedrawstheattentionoftheStatepartytogeneralcommentNo.23(1994)whichstressesthatprotectionunderArticle27maynotberestrictedtocitizens.156.  TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutthediscriminationagainstmembersofthe   Ainuindigenousminorityinregardtolanguageandhighereducation,aswellasaboutnon-recognitionoftheirlandrights.157.  WithregardtotheDowaproblem,theCommitteeacknowledgestheacceptance &  bytheStatepartyofthefactthatdiscriminationpersistsvis--vismembersoftheBurakuminoritywithregardtoeducation,incomeandthesystemofeffectiveremedies.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytakemeasurestoputanendtosuchdiscrimination.158.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthattherestillremaininthedomesticlegal  orderoftheStatepartydiscriminatorylawsagainstwomen,suchastheprohibitiononwomenremarryingwithinsixmonthsfollowingthedateofthedissolutionorannulmentoftheirmarriageandthedifferentageofmarriageformenandwomen.TheCommitteerecallsthatalllegalprovisionsthatdiscriminateagainstwomenareincompatiblewitharticles2,3and26oftheCovenantandshouldberepealed.159.  TheCommitteereiteratesthecommentmadeinitsconcludingobservations  attheendoftheconsiderationofJapan'sthirdperiodicreportthattheAlienRegistrationLaw,whichmakesitapenaloffenceforalienpermanentresidentsnottocarrycertificatesofregistrationatalltimesandimposescriminalsanctionsforfailuretodosoisincompatiblewitharticle26oftheCovenant.Itrecommendsonceagainthatsuchdiscriminatorylawsbeabolished.160.  Article26oftheImmigrationControlandRefugeeRecognitionActprovides V"d& thatonlythoseforeignerswholeavethecountrywithapermittoreMenterare #*' allowedtoreturntoJapanwithoutlosingtheirresidentsstatusandthatthegrantingofsuchpermitsisentirelywithinthediscretionoftheMinisterofJustice.Underthislaw,foreignerswhoaresecondMorthirdMgeneration n%| * permanentresidentsinJapanandwhoselifeactivitiesarebasedinJapanmaybedeprivedoftheirrighttoleaveandreMenterthecountry.TheCommitteeisof &", theviewthatthisprovisionisincompatiblewitharticle12,paragraphs2and4,oftheCovenant.TheCommitteeremindstheStatepartythatthewords one'sowncountryarenotsynonymouswith countryofone'sownnationality.TheCommitteethereforestronglyurgestheStatepartytoremovefromthelawtheprovisionrequiringapermittoreMentertobeobtainedpriortodeparture, *%1 inrespectofpermanentresidentslikepersonsofKoreanoriginborninJapan.  d,r'3 161.  TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutallegationsofviolenceandsexual   harassmentofpersonsdetainedpendingimmigrationprocedures,includingharshconditionsofdetention,theuseofhandcuffsanddetentioninisolationrooms.Personsheldinimmigrationdetentioncentresmayremainthereforperiodsofuptosixmonthsand,insomecases,evenuptotwoyears.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyreviewtheconditionsofdetentionand,ifnecessary,takemeasurestobringthesituationintocompliancewitharticles7and9oftheCovenant.162.  TheCommitteeisgravelyconcernedthatthenumberofcrimespunishableby    thedeathpenaltyhasnotbeenreduced,contrarytowhatwasindicatedbythedelegationattheconsiderationofJapan'sthirdperiodicreport.TheCommitteerecallsonceagainthatthetermsoftheCovenanttendtowardstheabolitionofthedeathpenaltyandthatthoseStateswhichhavenotalreadyabolishedthedeathpenaltyareboundtoapplyitonlyforthemostseriouscrimes.TheCommitteerecommendsthatJapantakemeasurestowardstheabolitionofthedeathpenaltyandthat,inthemeantime,thatpenaltyshouldbelimitedtothemostseriouscrimes,inaccordancewitharticle6,paragraph2,oftheCovenant.163.  TheCommitteeremainsseriouslyconcernedattheconditionsunderwhich  personsareheldondeathrow.Inparticular,theCommitteefindsthattheunduerestrictionsonvisitsandcorrespondenceandthefailuretonotifythefamilyandlawyersoftheprisonersondeathrowoftheirexecutionareincompatiblewiththeCovenant.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheconditionsofdetentionondeathrowbemadehumaneinaccordancewitharticles7and10,paragraph1,oftheCovenant.164.  TheCommitteeisdeeplyconcernedthattheguaranteescontainedin  articles9,10and14arenotfullycompliedwithinpre-trialdetentioninthatpre-trialdetentionmaycontinueforaslongas23daysunderpolicecontrolandisnotpromptlyandeffectivelybroughtunderjudicialcontrol;thesuspectisnotentitledtobailduringthe23Mdayperiod;therearenorulesregulatingthe  timeandlengthofinterrogation;thereisnoState-appointedcounseltoadviseandassistthesuspectincustody;thereareseriousrestrictionsonaccesstodefencecounselunderarticle39(3)oftheCodeofCriminalProcedure;andtheinterrogationdoesnottakeplaceinthepresenceofthecounselengagedbythesuspect.TheCommitteestronglyrecommendsthatthepre-trialdetentionsysteminJapanshouldbereformedwithimmediateeffecttobringitintoconformitywitharticles9,10and14oftheCovenant.165.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthatthesubstituteprisonsystem #( (DaiyoKangoku),althoughundertheauthorityofabranchofthepolicewhich $) doesnotdealwithinvestigation,isnotunderthecontrolofaseparateauthority.Thismayincreasethechancesofabuseoftherightsofdetaineesunderarticles9and14oftheCovenant.TheCommitteereiteratesitsrecommendation,madeafterconsiderationofthethirdperiodicreport,thatthesubstituteprisonsystemshouldbemadecompatiblewithallrequirementsoftheCovenant.166.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthatrule4oftheHabeasCorpusRulesunder *%1 theHabeasCorpusLawlimitsthegroundsforobtainingawritofhabeascorpusto(a)theabsenceofalegalrighttoplaceapersonincustodyand(b)manifestviolationofdueprocess.Italsorequiresexhaustionofallotherremedies. *-8(4 TheCommitteeisoftheviewthatrule4impairstheeffectivenessoftheremedyforchallengingthelegalityofdetentionandisthereforeincompatiblewitharticle9oftheCovenant.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyrepealrule4andmaketheremedyofhabeascorpusfullyeffectivewithoutanylimitationorrestriction.167.TheCommitteeisdeeplyconcernedaboutthefactthatalargenumberoftheconvictionsincriminaltrialsarebasedonconfessions.Inordertoexcludethepossibilitythatconfessionsareextractedunderduress,theCommitteestronglyrecommendsthattheinterrogationofthesuspectinpolicecustodyorsubstituteprisonsbestrictlymonitored,andrecordedbyelectronicmeans.168.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthatunderthecriminallaw,thereisno :H  obligationontheprosecutiontodiscloseevidenceitmayhavegatheredinthecourseoftheinvestigationotherthanthatwhichitintendstoproduceatthetrial,andthatthedefencehasnogeneralrighttoaskforthedisclosureofthatmaterialatanystageoftheproceedings.TheCommitteerecommendsthat,inaccordancewiththeguaranteesprovidedforinarticle14,paragraph3,oftheCovenant,theStatepartyensurethatitslawandpracticeenablethedefencetohaveaccesstoallrelevantmaterialsoasnottohampertherightofdefence.169.  TheCommitteeisdeeplyconcernedatmanyaspectsoftheprisonsystemin  Japan,whichraiseseriousquestionsofcompliancewitharticles2,paragraph3(a),7and10oftheCovenant.Specifically,theCommitteeisconcernedatthefollowing:  (a) Harshrulesofconductinprisonsthatrestrictthefundamental  rightsofprisoners,includingfreedomofspeech,freedomofassociationandprivacy;  (b) Useofharshpunitivemeasures,includingfrequentresortto  solitaryconfinement;  (c) Lackoffairandopenproceduresfordecidingondisciplinary >L" measuresagainstprisonersaccusedofbreakingtherules;  (d) Inadequateprotectionforprisonerswhocomplainofreprisalsby !% prisonwarders;  (e) Lackofacrediblesystemforinvestigatingcomplaintsby #( prisoners;and  (f) Frequentuseofprotectivemeasures,suchasleatherhandcuffs, 4&B!+ thatmayconstitutecruelandinhumantreatment.170.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthattheCentralLabourRelationsCommission (#. refusestohearanapplicationofunfairlabourpracticesiftheworkersweararmbandsindicatingtheiraffiliationtoatradeunion.Suchanactioncontravenesarticles19and22oftheCovenant.TheCommittee'sviewshouldbebroughttotheattentionoftheCentralLabourRelationsCommission.  d,r'3 171.  DespitetheamendmenttotheBusinessEntertainmentLaw,trafficinwomen   andinsufficientprotectionforwomensubjecttotraffickingandslavery-likepracticesremainseriousconcernsunderarticle8oftheCovenant.InlightofinformationgivenbytheStatepartyonplannednewlegislationagainstchildprostitutionandchildpornography,theCommitteeisconcernedthatsuchmeasuresmaynotprotectchildrenundertheageof18whentheagelimitforsexualconsentisaslowas13.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedabouttheabsenceofspecificlegalprovisionsprohibitingthebringingofforeignchildrentoJapanforthepurposeofprostitution,despitethefactthatabductionandsexualexploitationofchildrenaresubjecttopenalsanctions.TheCommitteerecommendsthatthesituationbemadetocomplywiththeStateparty'sobligationsunderarticles9,17and24oftheCovenant.172.  TheCommitteecontinuestobegravelyconcernedaboutthehighincidence   ofviolenceagainstwomen,inparticulardomesticviolenceandrape,andtheabsenceofanymeasurestoeradicatethispractice.TheCommitteeistroubledthatthecourtsinJapanseemtoconsiderdomesticviolence,includingforcedsexualintercourse,asanormalincidentofmarriedlife.173.  TheCommittee,whileacknowledgingtheabolitionofforcedsterilization  ofdisabledwomen,regretsthatthelawhasnotprovidedforarightofcompensationtopersonswhoweresubjectedtoforcedsterilization,andrecommendsthatthenecessarylegalstepsbetakeninthisregard.174.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthatthereisnoprovisionforthetrainingof  judges,prosecutorsandadministrativeofficersinhumanrightsundertheCovenant.TheCommitteestronglyrecommendsthatsuchtrainingbemadeavailable.JudicialcolloquiumsandseminarsshouldbeheldtofamiliarizejudgeswiththeprovisionsoftheCovenant.TheCommittee'sgeneralcommentsandtheViewsexpressedbytheCommitteeoncommunicationsundertheOptionalProtocolshouldbesuppliedtothejudges.175.  TheCommitteeurgestheGovernmenttotakeactiononthebasisofthese   concludingobservationsandtoconsidertheminthepreparationofthefifthperiodicreport.ItalsorecommendsthattheStatepartycontinuereviewingitslaws,andmakingappropriateamendments,soastobringitslegislationintofullconformitywiththeCovenant.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytakemeasurestoprovideremediestovictimsofviolationsofhumanrightsand,inparticular,thatitratifytheOptionalProtocoltotheCovenant.176.  TheCommitteeexpectsthatinimplementingtheconcludingobservations #( theStatepartywillengageinadialoguewithalldomesticinterestedparties,includingnon-governmentalorganizations.TheCommitteeurgestheStatepartytoensurethewidedisseminationofitsreportandofthepresentconcludingobservations.177.  TheCommitteehasfixedthedateofsubmissionofJapan'sfifthperiodic (#. reportatOctober2002.  *%1 @^^&pF.Austria  178.  TheCommitteeconsideredthethirdperiodicreportofAustria ~ (CCPR/C/83/Add.3)atits1718thand1719thmeetings(CCPR/C/SR.1718M1719),held DR on30October1998,andadoptedthefollowingconcludingobservationsatits1726thmeeting(CCPR/C/SR.1726),heldon5November1998.@dd#p1.Introduction \ j 179.  TheCommitteewelcomesthedetailedreportsubmittedbytheStateparty    andexpressesitsappreciationfortheclear,updatedinformationprovidedorallybythedelegation.WhilenotingthehighqualityofthereportoftheStateparty,theCommitteenotestheconsiderabledelayinitssubmission;thereportwouldhavebeenimprovedbytheinclusionofquantitativeandpracticaldata,althoughthedelegationprovidedsuchadditionalinformation.@!p2.Positivefactors R`  180.  TheCommitteewelcomestheratificationbyAustriaoftheSecondOptional   ProtocoltotheCovenantwitheffectfrom2June1998.  181.  TheCommitteewelcomesthewithdrawalbyAustriaofsomeofits 0> reservationstotheCovenant;itwouldhavebeenappreciatedifthereasonsforthesewithdrawalsandtheprecisenatureoftheireffect,aswellasthereasonsforthemaintenanceoftheremainingreservations,hadbeenmoreclearlyexplained.182.  TheCommitteewelcomestherecentconstitutionalandlegislativechanges  aimedatimprovedprotectionagainstdiscrimination;legislationtopromotetherightsandprospectsofdisabledpersonsisalsowelcomed.TheadmissionofwomentothearmedforcesandtheiradvancementintheCivilServiceisappreciated.183.  TheCommitteealsowelcomestheendtothemonopolyonradiobroadcasting x! andtheestablishmentofprivateradiostationsinAustria.@\ \ p3.Principalsubjectsofconcernandrecommendations  $ 184.  WhilenotingthattheEuropeanConventionfortheProtectionofHuman V"d& RightsandFundamentalFreedomshasbeenincorporatedintotheAustrianConstitution,theCommitteeemphasizesthatanumberofarticlesoftheCovenantexceedthescopeoftheprovisionsoftheEuropeanConvention.TheCommittee,therefore,recommendsthattheStatepartyensurethatallrightsprotectedundertheCovenantaregiveneffectinAustrianlaw.̀185.  TheCommitteeisconcernedattheStateparty'sclearintentionnotto '"- adoptappropriateproceduresfortakingintoaccounttheCommittee'sViewsundertheOptionalProtocolinaccordancewithitsobligationsunderarticle2oftheCovenant.186.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthatthereisnoprovisionintheCodeof +&2 CriminalProcedurewherebyastatementbywayofconfessionmust,ifchallenged,  d,r'3 beprovednottohavebeenextractedbymeansoftortureorill-treatment.TheCommitteerecommendsthatstepsbetakentoamendtheCodeofCriminalProcedureinthisregard.187.  TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatthepresenceofalawyertoadvisea   detainedpersonisnotauthorizedatthepreliminarystageofjudicialcriminalinvestigation(priortotheperson'sappearancebeforeajudge).ItrecommendsthattheCodeofCriminalProcedureberevisedsoastoguaranteemorefullytherightofasuspecttobeassistedbyalawyeratallstagesoftheproceedings.Further,whilecommendingtheeffortsundertakenbytheStatepartytoprevent,investigateandpunishactsofill-treatmentofsuspectsanddetainees,theCommitteeregretsthataudiorecordingofinterrogationsofdetaineesisnotyetusedsystematically.TheCommitteerecommendsthataudiorecordingofinterrogationsbeimplementedinallLnder.188.  TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutcertainfeaturesofAustrianlawand   procedureconcerningasylumseekersandimmigrants.Theseconcernsrelateto(a)apparentlyinsufficientlegalguaranteestopreventdeportationincaseswherethereisariskoftreatmentthatwouldviolatearticle7;(b)thetreatmentofpersonsagainstwhomthereisadeportationdecisionbutwhoremaininthecountry,raisingissuesunderarticles7,10and16;and(c)sanctionsagainstpassengercarriersandotherpre-frontierarrangementsthatmayaffecttherightsofanypersontoleaveanycountry,includinghisorherown(art.12,para.2,oftheCovenant).189.  TheCommitteeconsidersthat,despiterecentreforms,thenatureand HV functionsoftheautonomousadministrativetribunalscontinuetoraisequestionsinconnectionwiththerequirementsof dueprocessunderarticle14oftheCovenant.ItencouragestheStatepartyfullytoimplementtheprincipleofindependenceofallcourtsandtribunals.190.  TheCommitteeconsidersthatexistinglegislationontheminimumageof  consentforsexualrelationsinrespectofmalehomosexualsisdiscriminatoryonthegroundsofsexandsexualorientation.Itrequeststhatthelawberevisedtoremovesuchdiscriminatoryprovisions.191.  TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthattheStatepartyappearstorestrict  $ thedefinitionofminoritiestocertainlegallyrecognizedgroups.Itrequeststhatspecificinformationonallethnic,religiousorlinguisticminoritiesbeincludedinAustria'snextperiodicreport,inthelightoftheCommittee'sgeneralcommentNo.23(50).192.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthatlegalprovisionsinAustriarelatingto n%| * therecognitionofreligionsandthebenefitsaccordedtorecognizedreligionsmayresultindiscriminationcontrarytoarticles18and26oftheCovenant.193.  TheCommitteewouldappreciateinformationinthenextperiodicreport (#. abouttheapplicationandeffectofarticle283oftheCriminalCode,concerningpropagandaandincitementtowarandtonational,racialorreligioushatred.194.  TheCommitteerequeststhatinitsnextperiodicreporttheStateparty +&2 providefurtherinformationaboutmeasuresbeingimplementedtocounterallformsofviolenceagainstwomen. *-8(4 Ї195.  TheCommitteerequeststhattheStatepartyaddresstheCommittee's  concernsandrecommendationsindetailinitsnextperiodicreport.196.  TheCommitteesetsthedateforthesubmissionofAustria'sfourth DR periodicreportatOctober2002.ItrequeststhatthetextoftheStateparty'sthirdperiodicreportandthepresentconcludingobservationsbepublishedandwidelydisseminatedwithinAustriaandthatthenextperiodicreportbedisseminatedamongnon-governmentalorganizationsoperatinginAustria.@'pG.Chile    197.  TheCommitteeconsideredthefourthperiodicreportofChile t   (CCPR/C/95/Add.11)atits1733rdand1734thmeetings(CCPR/C/SR.1733!1734),heldon24March1999,andadoptedthefollowingconcludingobservationsatits1740thmeeting(CCPR/C/SR.1740),heldon30March1999.  @dd#p1.Introduction R`    198.  TheCommitteewelcomestheStateparty'scomprehensivefourthperiodic   report,coveringtheimportantchangesthathavetakenplaceinthecountrysince1990.TheCommitteetakesnoteoftheusefulinformationcontainedinthereportconcerningdraftlegislativeproposals.However,itregretsthelatenessofthesubmissionofthereportandofthecoredocument.199.  Itappreciatestheadditionalinformationprovidedbythedelegationin  itsdialoguewiththeCommittee.@!p2.Positiveaspects  200.  TheCommitteewelcomestheprogressmadesinceconsideringtheState `n party'sthirdperiodicreportinre-establishingdemocracyinChileafterthemilitarydictatorship,aswellastheinitiativesforreformoflegislationthatisincompatiblewiththeStateparty'sobligationsundertheCovenant.201.  TheestablishmentoftheNationalWomen'sService(SERNAM)andofthe >L" NationalCommissionfortheFamilyandtheadoptionoftheDomesticViolenceAct,theNationalCommitteeontheEradicationofChildLabourandtheJudicialAcademyareallpositivedevelopments.@PP p3.FactorsanddifficultiesaffectingimplementationoftheCovenant #*' 202.  Theconstitutionalarrangementsmadeaspartofthepoliticalagreement $) thatfacilitatedthetransitionfromthemilitarydictatorshiptodemocracyhinderfullimplementationoftheCovenantbytheStateparty.Whileappreciatingthepoliticalbackgroundanddimensionsofthesearrangements,theCommitteestressesthatinternalpoliticalconstraintscannotserveasajustificationfornon-compliancebytheStatepartywithitsinternationalobligationsundertheCovenant.@ p4.Principalareasofconcernandrecommendations *%1 203.  TheAmnestyDecreeLaw,underwhichpersonswhocommittedoffences d,r'3 between11September1973and10March1978aregrantedamnesty,preventsthe *-8(4 Statepartyfromcomplyingwithitsobligationunderarticle2,paragraph3,toensureaneffectiveremedytoanyonewhoserightsandfreedomsundertheCovenanthavebeenviolated.TheCommitteereiteratestheview,expressedinitsgeneralcommentNo.20,thatamnestylawscoveringhumanrightsviolationsaregenerallyincompatiblewiththedutyoftheStatepartytoinvestigatehumanrightsviolations,toguaranteefreedomfromsuchviolationswithinitsjurisdictionandtoensurethatsimilarviolationsdonotoccurinthefuture.204.  TheCommitteeisdeeplyconcernedbytheenclavesofpowerretainedby " 0 membersoftheformermilitaryregime.ThepowersaccordedtotheSenatetoblockinitiativesadoptedbytheCongressandthepowersexercisedbytheϛNationalSecurityCouncil,whichexistsalongsidetheGovernment,areincompatiblewitharticle25oftheCovenant.ThecompositionoftheSenatealsoimpedeslegalreformsthatwouldenabletheStatepartytocomplymorefullywithitsCovenantobligations.205.  Thewidejurisdictionofthemilitarycourtstodealwithallthecases R`  involvingprosecutionofmilitarypersonnelandtheirpowertoconcludecasesthatbeganintheciviliancourtscontributetotheimpunitywhichsuchpersonnelenjoyfrompunishmentforserioushumanrightsviolations.Furthermore,thatChileanmilitarycourtscontinuetohavethepowertotryciviliansviolatesarticle14oftheCovenant.Therefore:0  TheCommitteerecommendsthatthelawbeamendedsoastorestrictthejurisdictionofthemilitarycourtstotrialsonlyofmilitarypersonnelchargedwithoffencesofanexclusivelymilitarynature. ## 206.  TheCommitteeisdeeplyconcernedatpersistentcomplaintsoftortureand  excessiveuseofforcebypoliceandothersecuritypersonnel,someofwhichwereconfirmedintheStateparty'sreport,aswellasatthelackofindependentmechanismstoinvestigatesuchcomplaints.Thesolepossibilityofresorttocourtactioncannotserveasasubstituteforsuchmechanisms.Therefore:0  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyestablishanindependentbodywithauthoritytoreceiveandinvestigateallcomplaintsofexcessiveuseofforceandotherabusesofpowerbythepoliceandothersecurityforces. ## 207.  WhiletheCommitteewelcomesthereformoftheCriminalProcedureCode,it #*' isdeeplyconcernedthatmanyoftheprovisions,someofwhichwillstrengthencompliancewiththefairtrialguaranteesprovidedunderarticle14oftheCovenant,willnotcomeintoforceforalongperiodoftime.Therefore:0  TheStatepartyshouldconsidershorteningtheperiodbeforethenewCriminalProcedureCodecomesintoforceinallpartsofthecountry. ## 208.  Thelawandpracticeofpre-trialdetention,underwhichlargenumbersof L)Z$/ personsaccusedofoffencesareheldinpreventivedetentionpendingcompletionofthecriminalprocess,raisesissuesofcompliancewitharticles9,Ϝparagraph3,and14,paragraph2,oftheCovenant.Inthisregard:  d,r'3 0  TheCommitteerecommendsthatthelawbeamendedimmediatelysoasto ensurethatpre-trialdetentionwillbetheexceptionandnottherule,andwillbeusedonlywhennecessarytoprotectcompellinginterests,suchaspublicsafetyandensuringtheappearanceoftheaccusedattheirtrials. ## 209.  Thepowertoholddetaineesincommunicado,whilelimitedbyrecent   legislativereforms,remainsamatterofseriousconcern.Therefore:0  TheStatepartyshouldreconsideritslawonthisissuewithaviewtoeliminatingincommunicadodetentionaltogether. ## 210.  TheCommitteeisconcernedbytheconditionsinChileanprisonsandplaces :H  ofdetentionandbyreportsofdiscriminationbetweeninmates.Therefore:0  TheCommitteerecommendstheestablishmentofinstitutionalizedmechanismsformonitoringconditionsinprisons,soastoensurecompliancewitharticle10oftheCovenant,andforinvestigatingcomplaintsbyinmates. ## Ѐ211.  Thecriminalizationofallabortions,withoutexception,raisesserious jx issues,especiallyinthelightofunrefutedreportsthatmanywomenundergoillegalabortionswhichposeathreattotheirlives.Thelegaldutyimposeduponhealthpersonneltoreportcasesofwomenwhohaveundergoneabortionsmayinhibitwomenfromseekingmedicaltreatment,therebyendangeringtheirlives.TheStatepartyhasadutytotakemeasurestoensuretherighttolifeofallpersons,includingpregnantwomenwhosepregnanciesareterminated.Inthisregard:0  TheCommitteerecommendsthatthelawbeamendedsoastointroduceexceptionstothegeneralprohibitionofallabortionsandtoprotecttheconfidentialityofmedicalinformation. ## 212.  TheCommitteeisseriouslyconcernedbytheexistinglegalprovisionsthat x! discriminateagainstwomeninmarriage.Legalreformsunderwhichmarriedcouplesmayoptoutofdiscriminatoryprovisions,suchastheprovisionsregardingcontroloverpropertyandauthorityoverchildren,donotabolishthediscriminationintheprimarylegalarrangements,whichmayonlybechangedwiththeconsentofthehusband.Therefore:0  Alllegalprovisionsthatdiscriminatebetweenmenandwomeninmarriagemustbeabolished. ## 213.  TheabsenceofdivorceunderChileanlawmayamounttoaviolationof 4&B!+ article23,paragraph2,oftheCovenant,accordingtowhichmenandwomenofmarriageableagehavetherighttomarryandfoundafamily.Itleavesmarriedwomenpermanentlysubjecttodiscriminatorypropertylaws,asmentionedinparagraph16above,evenwhenamarriagehasbrokendownirretrievably.214.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthattherearealargenumberofinstancesof *%1 sexualharassmentintheworkplace.Therefore:  d,r'3 0  TheCommitteerecommendsthatalawbeenactedmakingsexualharassmentin theworkplaceanoffencepunishablebylaw. ##    215.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthattheparticipationofwomeninpolitical DR life,publicserviceandthejudiciaryisquiteinadequate.Therefore:0  TheCommitteerecommendsthatstepsbetakenbytheStatepartytoimprovetheparticipationofwomen,ifnecessarybyadoptingaffirmativeactionprogrammes. ## 216.  Thecontinuationinforceoflegislationthatcriminalizeshomosexual    relationsbetweenconsentingadultsinvolvesviolationoftherighttoprivacyprotectedunderarticle17oftheCovenantandmayreinforceattitudesofdiscriminationbetweenpersonsonthebasisofsexualorientation.Therefore:0  Thelawshouldbeamendedsoastoabolishthecrimeofsodomybetweenadults. ## 217.  Theminimumageformarriage,12yearsforgirlsand14yearsforboys,   raisesissuesofcompliancebytheStatepartywithitsdutyunderarticle24,paragraph1,toofferprotectiontominors.Furthermore,marriageatsuchayoungagewouldgenerallymeanthatthepersonsinvolveddonothavethementalmaturitytoensurethatthemarriageisenteredintowithfreeandfullconsent,asrequiredunderarticle23,paragraph3,oftheCovenant.Therefore:0  TheStatepartyshouldamendthelawsoastointroduceauniformminimumageformarriageofmalesandfemales,whichwillensurethematurityrequiredinorderforthemarriagetocomplywiththerequirementsofarticle23,paragraph3,oftheCovenant. ## 218.  TheCommitteetakesnoteofthevariouslegislativeandadministrative &4 measurestakentorespectandensuretherightsofpersonsbelongingtoindigenouscommunitiesinChiletoenjoytheirownculture.Nevertheless,theCommitteeisconcernedthathydroelectricandotherdevelopmentprojectsmightaffectthewayoflifeandtherightsofpersonsbelongingtotheMapucheandotherindigenouscommunities.Relocationandcompensationmaynotbeappropriateinordertocomplywitharticle27oftheCovenant.Therefore:0  Whenplanningactionsthataffectmembersofindigenouscommunities,theStatepartymustpayprimaryattentiontothesustainabilityoftheindigenouscultureandwayoflifeandtotheparticipationofmembersofindigenouscommunitiesindecisionsthataffectthem. ## 219.  TheCommitteeisconcernedatthelackofcomprehensivelegislationthat 4&B!+ wouldprohibitdiscriminationinthepublicandprivatespheres,suchasemploymentandhousing.Underarticle2,paragraph3,andarticle26oftheCovenant,theStatepartyisunderadutytoprotectpersonsagainstsuchdiscrimination.Therefore:0  Legislationshouldbeenactedtoprohibitdiscriminationandprovideaneffectiveremedytothosewhoserightnottobediscriminatedagainstis +&2## 0  violated.TheCommitteealsorecommendstheestablishmentofanationaldefenderofhumanrightsorothereffectiveagencytomonitortheimplementationofanti-discriminationlegislation. ## 220.  ThespecialstatusgrantedinpubliclawtotheRomanCatholicand   OrthodoxChurchesinvolvesdiscriminationbetweenpersonsonaccountoftheirreligionandmayimpedefreedomofreligion.Therefore:0  TheStatepartyshouldamendthelawsoastogiveequalstatustoallreligiouscommunitiesthatexistinChile. ##   221.  Thegeneralprohibitionimposedontherightofcivilservantstoorganize t   atradeunionandbargaincollectively,aswellastheirrighttostrike,raisesseriousconcernsunderarticle22oftheCovenant.Therefore:0  TheStatepartyshouldreviewtherelevantprovisionsoflawsanddecreesinordertoguaranteetocivilservantstherightstojoinatradeunionandtobargaincollectively,guaranteedunderarticle22oftheCovenant. ## 222.  TheCommitteesetsthedateforthesubmissionofChile'sfifthperiodic  reportatApril2002.ItrequeststhatthetextoftheStateparty'sfourthperiodicreportandthepresentconcludingobservationsbepublishedandwidelydisseminatedwithinChileandthatthenextperiodicreportbedisseminatedamongnon-governmentalorganizationsoperatinginChile.̜@&pH.Canada HV 223.  TheCommitteeconsideredthefourthperiodicreportoftheGovernment  ofCanada(CCPR/C/103/Add.5)atits1737thand1738thmeetings(CCPR/C/SR.1737!1738),heldon26March1999,andadoptedthefollowingconcludingobservationsatits1747thmeeting(CCPR/C/SR.1747),heldϜon6April1999.@dd#p1.Introduction x! 224.  TheCommitteewelcomesthecomprehensivefourthperiodicreportaswellas  # theadditionalwritteninformationcoveringtheperiodsincethesubmissionofthatreport.TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationforthepresenceofthelargedelegationrepresentingtheGovernmentofCanadaandforthefrankandforthrightrepliesfurnishedbythedelegationtotheissuesraisedbytheCommittee.However,theCommitteeisconcernedthatthedelegationwasnotabletogiveup-to-dateanswersorinformationaboutcompliancewiththeCovenantbytheprovincialauthorities.@p2.Principalpositiveaspects &", 225.  TheCommitteewelcomesthedelegation'scommitmenttotakeactionto (#. ensureeffectivefollow-upinCanadaoftheCommittee'sconcludingobservationsandtofurtherdevelopandimprovemechanismsforongoingreviewofcomplianceoftheStatepartywiththeprovisionsoftheCovenant.Inparticular,theCommitteewelcomesthedelegation'scommitmenttoinformpublicopinioninCanadaabouttheCommittee'sconcernsandrecommendations,todistributethe  d,r'3 Committee'sconcludingobservationstoallmembersofParliamentandtoensurethataparliamentarycommitteewillholdhearingsonissuesarisingfromtheCommittee'sobservations.226.  TheCommitteewelcomesthefinalreportoftheRoyalCommissionon   AboriginalPeoplesandthedeclaredcommitmentoffederalandprovincialgovernmentstoworkinpartnershipwithaboriginalpeoplestoaddressneededreforms.227.  TheCommitteecommendstheGovernmentofCanadainregardtotheNunavut    landandgovernanceagreementoftheeasternArctic.228.  TheCommitteewelcomestheimplementationoftheEmploymentEquityAct, :H  whichenteredintoforceinOctober1996,establishingacomplianceregimethatrequiresfederaldepartmentstoensurethatwomen,personsbelongingtoaboriginalandvisibleminoritiesanddisabledpersonsconstituteafairpartoftheirworkforce.@ p3.Principalareasofconcernandrecommendations   229.  TheCommittee,whiletakingnoteoftheconceptofself-determinationas jx appliedbyCanadatotheaboriginalpeoples,regretsthatnoexplanationwasgivenbythedelegationconcerningtheelementsthatmakeupthatconcept,andurgestheStatepartytoreportadequatelyonimplementationofarticle1oftheCovenantinitsnextperiodicreport.230.  TheCommitteenotesthat,astheStatepartyacknowledged,thesituation  oftheaboriginalpeoplesremains themostpressinghumanrightsissuefacingCanadians.Inthisconnection,theCommitteeisparticularlyconcernedthattheStatepartyhasnotyetimplementedtherecommendationsoftheRoyalCommissiononAboriginalPeoples(RCAP).WithreferencetotheconclusionbyRCAPthatwithoutagreatershareoflandsandresourcesinstitutionsofaboriginalself-governmentwillfail,theCommitteeemphasizesthattherighttoself-determinationrequires,interalia,thatallpeoplesmustbeableto x! disposefreelyoftheirnaturalwealthandresourcesandthattheymaynotbedeprivedoftheirownmeansofsubsistence(art.1,para.2).TheCommitteerecommendsthatdecisiveandurgentactionbetakentowardsthefullimplementationoftheRCAPrecommendationsonlandandresourceallocation.TheCommitteealsorecommendsthatthepracticeofextinguishinginherentaboriginalrightsbeabandonedasincompatiblewitharticle1oftheCovenant.231.  TheCommitteeisconcernedattheinadequacyofremediesforviolationsof $) articles2,3and26oftheCovenant.TheCommitteerecommendsthattherelevanthumanrightslegislationbeamendedsoastoguaranteeaccesstoacompetenttribunalandtoaneffectiveremedyinallcasesofdiscrimination.232.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthatgapsremainbetweentheprotectionof (#. rightsundertheCanadiancharterandotherfederalandprovinciallawsandtheprotectionrequiredundertheCovenant,andrecommendsmeasurestoensurefullimplementationofCovenantrights.InthisregardtheCommitteerecommendsthatconsiderationbegiventotheestablishmentofapublicbodyresponsibleforoverseeingimplementationoftheCovenantandforreportingonanydeficiencies. *-8(4 233.  TheCommitteeisdeeplyconcernedthattheStatepartysofarhasfailed  toholdathoroughpublicinquiryintothedeathofanaboriginalactivistwhowasshotdeadbyprovincialpoliceduringapeacefuldemonstrationregardinglandclaimsinSeptember1995,inIpperwash.TheCommitteestronglyurgestheStatepartytoundertakeapublicinquiryintoallaspectsofthismatter,includingtheroleandresponsibilityofpublicofficials.234.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthathomelessnesshasledtoserioushealth \ j problemsandeventodeath.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytakepositivemeasures,asrequiredbyarticle6,toaddressthisseriousproblem.235.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthatCanadatakesthepositionthatcompelling t   securityinterestsmaybeinvokedtojustifytheremovalofalienstocountrieswheretheymayfaceasubstantialriskoftortureorcruel,inhumanordegradingtreatment.TheCommitteereferstoitsgeneralcommentonarticle7andrecommendsthatCanadarevisethispolicyinordertocomplywiththerequirementsofarticle7andtomeetitsobligationnevertoexpel,extradite,deportorotherwiseremoveapersontoaplacewheretreatmentorpunishmentthatiscontrarytoarticle7isasubstantialrisk.236.  TheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernthattheStatepartyconsidersthatit jx isnotrequiredtocomplywithrequestsforinterimmeasuresofprotectionissuedbytheCommittee.TheCommitteeurgesCanadatoreviseitspolicysoastoensurethatallsuchrequestsareheededsothatimplementationofCovenantrightsisnotfrustrated.237.  TheCommitteeremainsconcernedthatCanada'spolicyinrelationto  expulsionoflong-termalienresidents,failstogivefullconsiderationinallcasestotheprotectionofallCovenantrights,inparticularunderarticles23and24.238.  TheCommitteeisconcernedabouttheincreasinglyintrusivemeasures  affectingtherighttoprivacy,underarticle17oftheCovenant,ofpeoplerelyingonsocialassistance,includingidentificationtechniquessuchasfingerprintingandretinalscanning.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytakestepstoensuretheeliminationofsuchpractices.239.  TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthattheStatepartyhasnotsecured, !% throughoutitsterritory,freedomofassociation.Inparticular,theActtoPreventUnionizationwithrespecttoCommunityParticipationundertheOntarioWorksAct,passedbytheOntariolegislatureinNovember1998,whichdeniesparticipantsin workfaretherighttojoinatradeunionandtobargaincollectively,affectsimplementationofarticle22oftheCovenant.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytakemeasurestoensurecompliancewiththeCovenant.240.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthatdifferencesinthewayinwhichthe (#. NationalChildBenefitSupplementforlow-incomefamiliesisimplementedinsomeprovincesmayresultinadenialofthisbenefittosomechildren.Thismayleadtonon-compliancewitharticle24oftheCovenant.241.  TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutongoingdiscriminationagainst d,r'3 aboriginalwomen.FollowingtheadoptionoftheCommittee'sViewsinthe *-8(4 LovelacecaseinJuly1981,amendmentswereintroducedtotheIndianAct  in1985.AlthoughthestatusasIndiansofwomenwhohadlostthatstatusbecauseofmarriagewasreinstituted,theamendmentaffectsonlythewomanandherchildren,notsubsequentgenerations,whichmaystillbedeniedmembershipinthecommunity.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheseissuesbeaddressedbytheStateparty.242.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthatmanywomenhavebeendisproportionately \ j affectedbypoverty.Inparticular,povertyamongsinglemothers,whosufferaveryhighrateofpoverty,leavestheirchildrenwithouttheprotectiontowhichtheyareentitledundertheCovenant.WhilethedelegationexpressedastrongcommitmenttoaddressthisinequalityinCanadiansociety,theCommitteeisconcernedthatmanyoftheprogrammecutsinrecentyearshaveexacerbatedsuchinequalitiesandharmedwomenandotherdisadvantagedgroups.TheCommitteerecommendsathoroughassessmentoftheimpactofrecentchangesinsocialprogrammesonwomenandthatactionbeundertakentoredressanydiscriminatoryeffectsofthesechanges.243.  TheCommitteesetsthedateforthesubmissionofCanada'sfifthperiodic   reportatApril2004.IturgestheStatepartytomakeavailabletothepublicthetextoftheStateparty'sfourthperiodicreportandthepresentconcludingobservations.Itrequeststhatthenextperiodicreportbewidelydisseminatedamongthepublic,includingnon-governmentalorganizationsoperatinginCanada.  I.Lesotho  ˰̜244.  TheCommitteeconsideredtheinitialreportoftheGovernmentofLesotho  М(CCPR/C/81/Add.14)atits1743rdand1744thmeetings(CCPR/C/SR.1743!1744),heldon1April1999,andadoptedthefollowingconcludingobservationsatitsϜ1747thand1748thmeetings(CCPR/C/SR.1747!1748),heldon6April1999.̜@dd#p1.Introduction  М245.  TheCommitteewelcomestheinitialreportofLesotho,whichwasprepared x! inconformitywiththeCommitteesguidelines.TheCommitteenotesthatthereportwassubmittedafterafiveyeardelay,whichwasexplainedbythedelegationasbeingduetotheinternaldisturbancesintheState.TheCommitteenotesthatthedelegationitselfadmittedtheincompatibilitywiththeCovenantofsomeprovisionsofitsConstitutionandalsoofitslegislationandpractices.̜@p2.Principalpositiveaspects $) ̜246.  TheCommitteewelcomestheestablishmentofanombudsmanunderthe 4&B!+ Constitution.TheCommitteenotesthattheStatepartyhasstartedcoursesforϜthetrainingofpoliceofficers,prisonofficersandmagistratesinhumanrights.̜247.  TheCommitteewelcomesthefactthatonlythepolicehavethepowerto * %0 arrestandthatthesecurityforceshavebeenstrippedofthispowersince1996.̜248.  TheCommitteewelcomestheestablishmentoftheCommissionofInquiryinto d,r'3 theConductandResultsoftheLesothoGeneralElectionsheldinMay1998,and *-8(4 takesnoteoftheestablishmentofanInterimPoliticalAuthorityinϜOctober1998withtheobjectoffacilitatingandpromoting,inconjunctionwithlegislativeandexecutivestructuresinLesotho,thepreparationsfortheholdingofgeneralelectionswithinaperiodof18months.̜@ p3.Principalareasofconcernandrecommendations  ̜249.  TheCommitteeisseriouslyconcernedthatsection18(4)(a)(b)and(c) \ j oftheConstitutionallowsfortheapplicationoflegislationandlaws,includingcustomarylaws,whicharediscriminatoryandincompatiblewitharticles2,paragraph1,3,23and26oftheCovenant.̜250.  TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedthatsections7(3)(f)and(6), :H  М14(2)(c),15(2)(c)and16(2)(c)oftheConstitutionallowfortheimpositionofrestrictionswhichexceedthosepermittedbytheCovenantontherightsprotectedbyarticles12,19,21and22.̜251.  TheCommitteeisfurtherconcernedthatsections12(11)(a)and(13) &  МoftheConstitutionmayraiseissuesofcompatibilitywitharticle14,Ϝparagraphs2and3(d),oftheCovenantandthatsection21(1)oftheConstitutionmayauthorizederogationsincompatiblewitharticle4,Ϝparagraph1,oftheCovenant.̜252.  TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytakemeasurestobringall  itslawsintofullconformitywiththeCovenant.̜253.  TheCommitteeisgravelyconcernedthatbothcommonandcustomarylaw  permitdiscriminationagainstwomenbytreatingthemasminors.TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthat,undercustomarylaw,inheritanceandpropertyrightsofwomenareseverelyrestrictedandthatundercustomarylaw,aswellasundercommonlaw,womenmaynotenterintocontracts,openbankaccounts,obtainloansorapplyforpassportswithoutthepermissionoftheirhusbands.TheCommitteewelcomesthestatementofthedelegationthattheserulesarenotcommonlyϜappliedinpractice.TheCommitteeneverthelessurgestheStatepartytotakemeasurestorepealoramendthesediscriminatorylawsanderadicatethesediscriminatorypractices,whichareinviolationofarticles3and26oftheCovenant.̜254.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthatthelawinforceinLesothomakesabortion V"d& illegalexceptincaseswherethewomanconcernedisofunsoundmindortheconceptionistheresultofrapeorincestuousintercourse.TheCommitteerecommendstotheStatepartytoreviewtheabortionlawinordertoprovideforsituationswherethelifeofthewomanisindanger.̜255.  TheCommitteeexpressesitsgraveconcernaboutthefactthatthepractice &", offemalegenitalmutilationappearstocontinuetoexistinpartsofLesotho,asnotedinthereportoftheSpecialRapporteuronviolenceagainstwomen.TheCommitteecallsfortheeradicationofthispractice,whichiscontrarytohumandignityandviolatesvarioushumanrights,includingtherighttolife(art.6)andtherighttoprotectionagainstcruel,inhumananddegradingtreatmentϜ(art.7),andrecommendsthatthepracticebemadepunishableunderlawandthateducationalprogrammesbeundertakeninthisregard. *-8(4 М256.  TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatasexualrelationshipbetween  consentingadultpartnersofthesamesexispunishableunderlaw.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyamendthelawinthisrespect.̜257.  TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutthecontinuinginfluenceofthemilitary   incivilianmattersandinparticularabouttheclimateofimpunityforcrimesandabusesofauthoritycommittedbymembersofthemilitary.TheCommitteestronglyurgesthatmeasuresbetakenbytheStatepartytoensuretheprimacyofcivilandpoliticalauthority.̜258.  TheCommitteenotesthestatementbythedelegationthatcapital    punishmentisnolongercarriedoutinpracticeandrecommendsitsearlyabolition.̜259.  TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthattherearefairlynumerousinstances   oftortureofpersonsincustody.TheCommitteestronglyurgestheStatepartytoestablishanindependentauthorityconsistingofrespectedcivilianstoϜreceiveandinvestigatecomplaintsoftortureandilltreatment,provideredresstothevictimsandprosecutethoseresponsiblefortortureandϜillMtreatment.  ̜260.  TheCommitteeisconcernedabouttheexcessiveuseofforcebythepolice 0> andsecurityforces,includingshootingofsuspectstopreventtheirflightevenincaseswherethereisnoviolenceonthepartofthesuspects.TheCommitteeurgestheStatepartytoinvestigatesuchcasesandensuretheprosecutionandpunishmentofthoseresponsible.ImpunityforviolationsofhumanrightsisincompatiblewiththeStatepartysobligationunderarticle2,paragraph3,oftheCovenant.̜261.  WithregardtopreMtrialdetention,theCommitteeisconcernedaboutthe `n detentionofsuspectsforperiodslongerthan48hoursbeforetheyarebroughtbeforeamagistrate.Inparticular,itnoteswithconcernthattheofficerswhowereinvolvedinthemutinyof1994wereheldformanymonthsbeforethecommencementofcourtMmartialproceedings,aswerethejuniorofficersinvolved x! inthemutinyof1998.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytakefirmactiontoenforcecompliancewithitsownlegislativeprovisionlimitingϜpreMtrialdetentionto48hoursbeforeappearancebeforeamagistrate.  $ ̜262.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthatnoactionhassofarbeentakento V"d& prosecutelawenforcementofficersandmembersoftheprivatesecurityagencyresponsibleforthekillingsinButhabuthein1995.TheCommitteerecommendstotheStatepartytotakethenecessaryactionagainstthoseresponsible.̜263.  TheCommitteeexpressesconcernaboutthetreatmentofdetaineesin 4&B!+ contraventionofarticles7and10oftheCovenant.Whileitnotesthestatementbythedelegationthatcorporalpunishmenthasbeenabolished,itϜnoteswithconcerntheindicationintheStateparty'sreportthatcorporalpunishmentisstillused,providedthatamedicaldoctorispresent.TheCommitteeurgestheStatepartytotakethenecessarymeasurestoimproveprisonconditionsandtoabolishtotallycorporalpunishmentbothinlawandinpractice.  d,r'3 М264.  TheCommitteenotesthattheStateparty,throughaCabinetdecision   dated23November1995,hasprovidedforpermanentandpensionablestatusforjudges.TheCommitteerecommends,however,thatthisdecisionbeimplementedthroughappropriatelegislation.̜265.  TheCommitteeisseriouslyconcernedaboutreportsofharassmentofand  repeatedlibelsuitsagainstjournalistswhocriticizetheGovernmentofLesotho.TheCommitteeisalsogravelyconcernedaboutthereportsithasreceivedthatnewspaperswhichadoptanegativeattitudetowardstheGovernmentϜareboycottedbyStateandparastatalcompaniesplacingadvertisements,andthatjournalistsworkingfortheStatewhoareseenatoppositiondemonstrationsarerequiredtoresign.TheCommitteeurgestheStatepartytorespectfreedomofthepressandtodesistfromtakinganyactionwhichwouldviolatethefreedomofthepress.̜266.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthattherelevantauthorityunderthePrinting   andPublishingActhasunfettereddiscretionarypowertograntortorefuseregistrationtoanewspaper,incontraventionofarticle19oftheCovenant.TheCommitteerecommendstotheStatepartytoprovideforguidelinesfortheexerciseofdiscretionandproceduresforeffectivereviewofthevalidityofthegroundsforrefusalofregistrationandtobringitslegislationintoconformitywitharticle19oftheCovenant.̜267.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthattheNationalSecurityServiceandother  securityagenciesaregiventhepowertointerceptmailandtaptelephoneswithoutanysafeguardsandwithoutanypossibilityofreviewofthedecisionoftheService.TheCommitteeurgestheStatepartytoprovidesafeguardsfortheexerciseofthepowertointerceptmailandtaptelephones,withindependentϜsupervisionofsuchactivities.̜268.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthat,althoughtherehasbeenimprovementin &4 theparticipationofwomeninthepublicandprivatesectors,theparticipationofwomenisstillinadequate.TheCommitteeurgestheStatepartytotakethemeasuresneeded,including,ifnecessary,affirmativeaction,tofurtherimprovetheparticipationofwomeninpoliticallifeaswellaspubliclife,includingthepublicandjudicialservices.̜269.  TheCommitteesetsthedateforthesubmissionofLesothosperiodic !% reportatApril2002.IturgestheStatepartytomakeavailabletothepublicthetextoftheStatepartysinitialreportandthepresentconcludingobservations.Itrequeststhatthenextperiodicreportbewidelydisseminatedamongthepublic,includingnongovernmentalorganizationsoperatinginLesotho.̜@$pJ.CostaRica &", ̜270.  TheCommitteeconsideredthefourthreportofCostaRica (#. М(CCPR/C/103/Add.6)atits1745thand1746thmeetings(CCPR/C/SR.1745!1746),heldon5April1999,andadoptedthefollowingconcludingobservationsatϜits1751stmeeting(CCPR/C/SR.1751),heldon8April1999.̜  d,r'3 @dd#p1.Introduction  ̜271.  TheCommitteewelcomesthepresentationbythedelegationofthefourth ~ periodicreportofCostaRica.ItalsoexpressesitsappreciationforitscomprehensiveresponsestotheCommitteeswrittenandoralquestions.̜@p2.Principalpositiveaspects   ̜272.  TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthatinCostaRicainternational " 0 humanrightstreatieshaveprimacyoverdomesticlaw.̜273.  TheCommitteewelcomestheprogressmadebytheOfficeoftheOmbudsmanin t   dealingwithviolationsofhumanrights.̜274.  TheCommitteetakesnoteofmeasurestoenhanceequalitybetweenmenand   womenandwelcomesinthisregardthedrawingupofaffirmativeactionplans.ItalsonotesthattheLabourCodeguaranteeingwomensrightsonthebasisofarticle33oftheConstitutionhashelpedtosecuregreaterequalityforwomen.̜275.  TheCommitteecommendstheStatepartyfortheestablishmentofaMinistry  forWomensAffairs,andforthedevelopmentofnationalplansaimedatϜcombatingdomesticviolence.TԜ276.  TheCommitteecommendstheStatepartyforitsratificationoftheSecond  OptionalProtocol,aimingattheabolitionofthedeathpenalty.̜277.  TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactiontheentryintoforceofanewCode  ofCriminalProcedure.Inparticular,itwelcomestheprovisionofalternativestoprisonsentences,throughfinesandpaymentofdamages,communityservice,reeducationandconciliationbetweenoffendersandvictims.Italsotakesnoteofmeasureswhichareplannedinordertoreducecrowdingintheprisons.)A AԜ@ p3.Principalareasofconcernandrecommendations   М278.  TheCommitteeregretsthat,despiteitscommentsonearlierreports,the >L" fourthperiodicreportdoesnotsufficientlyaddress,undertheappropriatearticles,thepracticalimplementationofhumanrightsinCostaRicasincethesubmissionoftheStatepartysthirdreport.̜279.  TheCommitteenotesthatthereportisunclearaboutthescopeandeffect #*' oftheremedyofamparo.TheCommitteethereforerecommendsthattheState #( partyincludeinitsnextperiodicreportapreciseexplanation,withexamplestoillustrateitsapplicationinrespectofpublicandprivateagencies.̛̜280.  TheCommitteenoteswithconcerntheconsequencesforwomenofthe &", continuingcriminalizationofallabortions,includingthedangertolifeinvolvedinclandestineabortions.TheCommitteerecommendsthatthelawbeamendedtointroduceexceptionstothegeneralprohibitionofallabortions.281.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthatviolenceagainstwomenanddomestic *%1 violenceinparticularisontheincreaseinCostaRica.Itrecommendsthatallnecessarymeasures,includingtheenactmentofappropriatelegislation,betakentoprotectwomenintheseareas. *-8(4 Ї282.  TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthat,althoughtheStatepartyaffirms  thatnocasesoftorturehaveoccurredinCostaRica,ithasnotreceivedadequateinformationaboutlegislationandothermeasuresdesignedtopreventandpunishtortureandothercruelandinhumanacts.283.  TheCommitteeremainsconcernedthatindividualsawaitingtrialmayspend  longtermsindetentionafterindictment.TheStatepartyshouldensurethatitslawandpracticeinthismattercomplywitharticle9,paragraph3,andarticle14,paragraphs2and3(c),oftheCovenant.284.  TheCommitteerecommendsthatfurtherdatabeprovidedonallegedcasesof    discriminationinthepublicandprivatesectors,andremediestodealwithsuchcases.285.  TheCommitteeremainsconcernedatthefactthatreligiousdiscrimination   ineducationandotheraspectsofCostaRicanlifecontinuestobeembodiedindomesticlegislation,asnotedinitspreviousconcludingobservations.TheCommitteereiteratestheStatepartysobligationtobringdomesticlegislationintoharmonywiththeCovenantandrequeststheStatepartytoreportontheimplementationofthisrecommendation.286.  TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatfreedomofassociation,including 0> therighttocollectivebargaining,isnotadequatelyrespectedinconformitywitharticle22oftheCovenant.Itreiteratesinparticulartheconcernexpressedinitspreviousconcludingobservationsthatworkersinsmallagriculturalbusinessesdonotreceiveadequateprotectionagainstreprisalsforattemptstoformassociationsandtradeunions.TheCommitteewishestostressthattheStatepartyshouldguaranteetheenjoymentofrightsbyallindividualsandthereforerecommendsonceagainthatitconsiderstepstoreviewand,wherenecessary,reformlabourlegislation,tointroducemeasuresofprotectiontoensurethatworkershaveaccesstospeedyandeffectiveremedies,andtoensurethatfreedomofassociation,asguaranteedunderarticle22oftheCovenant,isenjoyedbyallworkersinCostaRica.287.  TheCommitteeisdeeplyconcernedatthehighincidenceofcommercial >L" sexualexploitationofchildreninCostaRica,apparentlyoftenrelatedtotourism.ItnotesthecreationofaNationalBoardfortheProtectionoftheChildandamendmentstotheCriminalCodetocriminalizethesexualexploitationofchildren.TheCommitteeurgestheStatepartytotakefurthermeasurestoeradicatethisphenomenon,incooperationasappropriatewithotherStates,throughtheinvestigationandprosecutionofthecrimesinquestion.288.  TheCommitteefurthernoteswithconcernanincreaseinchildlabourand n%| * schooldropouts,andthatnoeffectiveremediesareinplace.289.  TheCommitteenotesthat,despiteimprovements,lawsaimedatgender '"- equalityhavenothadtheirintendedeffect,inparticularwithregardtoequalpay,andrecommendsthattheStatepartytakeallstepsnecessarytogiveeffecttoitscommitmentsinlaw,andtobringaboutthenecessaryculturalandattitudinalchangesthatmustaccompanythem,througheducationalandotherprogrammes.  d,r'3 290.  TheCommitteeremainsconcernedthatarticle27oftheCovenantisnot   adequatelydealtwithbytheStatepartyinitsfourthperiodicreport.Itreiteratesitspreviousrecommendationthatfuturereportsshouldcontain,interalia,detailedandupdatedinformationontheextenttowhicheachofthe DR rightsprotectedundertheCovenant,includingarticle27,areenjoyedinactualpracticebythemembersofindigenouscommunities.AlthoughitnotestheStatepartysestablishmentofCONAI(Comisi;nNacionalIndgena),andtheenactmentofabilltoimplementtheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscriminationandILOConventionNo.169onIndigenousandTribalPeoplesinIndependentCountries,itremainsconcernedatthelackofeffectiveremediesforindigenouspeopleinCostaRica.291.  TheCommitteesetsthedateforthesubmissionofCostaRica'sfifth :H  periodicreportatApril2004.IturgestheStatepartytomakeavailabletothepublicthetextofitsfourthreportandthepresentconcludingobservations.Italsorequeststhatthenextperiodicreportbedisseminatedtothepublicandtoappropriatenongovernmentalorganizations.@,,%pK.Cambodia   ̜292.  TheCommitteeconsideredtheinitialreportofCambodia jx М(CCPR/C/81/Add.12)atits1758th,1759thand1760thmeetingsϜ(CCPR/C/SR.1758M1760),heldon14and15July1999,andadoptedthe  Мfollowingconcludingobservationsatits1770thand1771stmeetingsϜ(CCPR/C/SR.1770M1771),heldon22July1999.  ̜@dd#p1.Introduction  ̜293.  TheCommitteewelcomestheStatepartyscomprehensiveanddetailed  initialreportwhichpointedtomanydifficulties.ItappreciatestheinformationprovidedbythedelegationinitsdialoguewiththeCommittee.̜@!p2.Positiveaspects   ̜294.  TheCommitteewelcomesthefactthattheStatepartyhasbeguntheprocess >L" ofreformingandtrainingthejudiciarywhichwasdestroyedintheperiodofKhmerRougerule.̜295.  TheCommitteealsowelcomesthefactthattheConstitutioncallsfor V"d& recognitionofandrespectforhumanrightsasstipulatedininternationalinstruments,includingtheCovenant.̜@PP p3.FactorsanddifficultiesaffectingimplementationoftheCovenant n%| * ̜296.  TheStatepartyhasundergonealongperiodofconflictandviolencewhich &", resultedinthekillingofalargeproportionofitspopulation,theforcedexileofmanyothers,thedestructionofthemaininstitutionsoftheState,includingthejudiciary,andtheunderminingofitseconomicandsociallife.Thereremainsanunacceptablelevelofviolenceanduseofweapons.̜  +&2 @ p4.Principalareasofconcernandrecommendations  ̜297.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthatKhmerRougeleadershavenotyetbeen ~ broughttotrial.̛̜0  TheStatepartyshouldtakestepswithoutdelaytoensurethattheallegedperpetratorsofgrosshumanrightsviolationsandcrimesagainsthumanityarebroughttotrialbeforeproperlyconstitutedindependentcourtsandinaccordancewithgenerallyacceptedinternationalstandards. ## ̜298.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthatunderarticle31oftheConstitutionequal    rightsapplyto Khmercitizens𛀜whileotherprovisionsprotecttherightsofϜ nonMKhmercitizens. :H  М̛0  TheStatepartyshouldensurethattherightscontainedintheCovenantareenjoyedbyallwithoutdistinction. ## ̜299.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthatthejusticesystemremainsweakowingto &  thekillingorexpulsionofprofessionallytrainedlawyersduringtheconflict,thelackoftrainingandresourcesforthenewjudiciaryandtheirsusceptibilitytobriberyandpoliticalpressure.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedthattheSupremeCounciloftheMagistracyisnotindependentofgovernmentinfluence,andthatithasnotyetbeenabletodealwiththemanyallegationsofjudicialincompetenceandunethicalbehaviour.̛̜300.  TheCommitteeisfurtherconcernedthatthejudiciaryseekstheopinionof HV theMinistryofJusticeinregardtotheinterpretationoflawsandthattheMinistryissuescircularswhicharebindingonjudges.̜0  TheStatepartyshouldtakeurgentmeasurestostrengthenthejudiciaryandtoguaranteeitsindependence,andtoensurethatallallegationsofcorruptionorunduepressureonthejudiciaryaredealtwithpromptly. ## ̜301.  TheCommitteeisseriouslyconcernedthattheeffectofarticle51ofthe x! CambodianCommonStatuteofCivilServants,inrequiringpermissionfromtherelevantminister(orfromtheCouncilofMinisters)beforeacriminalprosecutionagainstacivilservant(orseniorcivilservant)maybeinitiated,tendstoleadtoimpunitybypreventingtheinvestigationandprosecutionofpublicofficials,includinglawenforcementofficersresponsibleforhumanϜrightsviolations.Itnotesthestatementbythedelegationthatthislawisnotappliedtomembersofthesecurityforcesandthatitsrepealhasbeenproposed.̜0  TheStatepartyshouldrepealarticle51oftheCommonStatuteofCivilServantswithoutdelay. ## ̜302.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthattheStatepartyhasnotyetestablishedan (#. independentandlegallyconstitutedbodywithpowertooverseeandreportontheimplementationofhumanrightsobligationsandtoinvestigatecomplaintsofhumanrightsviolations,andthattheNationalHumanRightsCommitteereferredtoinparagraph27ofthereporthasneithertheresourcesnortheindependencetocarryoutthisfunction.Furthermore,whiletheStatepartyconcedesthat  d,r'3 itsjudiciaryislackinginresourcesandisplaguedbycorruption,itputsunduerelianceonthecourtstoinvestigatehumanrightsviolationsbypublicofficials.̜0  Apermanentandindependenthumanrightsmonitoringbodyshouldbeestablishedbylegislation,withadequatepowersandresourcestoreceiveandinvestigateallegationsoftortureorotherabusesofpowerbypublicofficials. ## ̜303.  TheCommitteeisalarmedatreportsofkillingsbythesecurityforces,    otherdisappearancesanddeathsincustody,andatthefailureoftheStatepartytoinvestigatefullyalltheseallegationsandtobringtheperpetratorstojustice.Itisparticularlyconcernedatthelackofactioninregardtothemanydeathsanddisappearancesthatoccurredduring1997andduringthe1998elections,andinregardtothedelayincompletingtheinvestigationofthegrenadeattackondemonstratorson30March1997.̛̜0  Actionshouldbetakenwithoutdelaytopreventthefurtheroccurrenceofsuchincidents,toinvestigateallsuchallegations,andtobringthoseallegedtohaveviolatedCovenantrightstotrial. ## ̜304.  TheCommitteeisconcernedatstatementsinthereportthatthelaws 0> relatingtoarrestandpreventiveandpretrialdetentionarenotstrictlyobserved,thatunlawfulandarbitrarydetentioniscommonandthatmanypersonsarekeptinpretrialdetentionlongerthantheperiodofsixmonthspermittedunderCambodianlaw.ItisespeciallyconcernedthattheprovisionsoftheTransitionalCriminalCode(arts.1022),underwhichthecourtmustordertheimmediatereleaseofapersonarrestedwithoutawarrant,arenotalwayscompliedwithbythepoliceauthorities.Itisalsoconcernedaboutreportsofobstructionofthejudicialprocessbythepolice.̜0  TheStatepartyshouldtakefirmmeasures,includingtrainingofthejudiciaryandthepoliceinhumanrights,toensurestrictcompliancewithitsCriminalCodeandwitharticle9oftheCovenant. ## М305.  TheCommitteeisseriouslyconcernedatstatementsinthereportrelating  # tothefrequencyofphysicalandmentalcoercionofaccusedpersonsandthebeatingofdetaineesduringinterrogation,andthattherehavebeenfewinvestigationsorprosecutionsinrespectofallegationsoftortureandϜillMtreatment.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedatreportsthatwomenprisoners #*' arevulnerabletorapebyprisonguardsandthatdespitetheprohibitionoftheuseofshacklesandchainsinprisons,therecontinuetobereportsoftheiruse.̛̜0  TheStatepartyshouldactwithoutdelaytopreventtheseabuses,whichviolatearticle7,paragraph1andarticle10,paragraph1,oftheCovenant,toinvestigateallegedviolationsandbringtheperpetratorstojustice;itshouldensurethatconfessionsobtainedbyforceareexcludedfromevidence,thatwomenprisonersareguardedonlybyfemalewarders,andthatthereareeffectiveproceduresformakingandinvestigatingcomplaintsbyprisonersanddetainees. ##   d,r'3 М306.  TheCommitteeisconcernedatreportsofseriousovercrowdinginprisons   andatthelevelofillhealthamongprisonersandthelackofhealthcare.0   ## 0  TheStatepartyshouldtakeurgentstepstoensurethatarticle10oftheCovenantisfullyimplementedandthatbasicminimumstandardsaremetinallprisonsandplacesofdetention. ## ̜307.  TheCommitteeisconcernedatreportsthatchildrenaredetainedin \ j juveniledetentionfacilitiesforconsiderableperiodswithoutcharge,andwithoutaccesstoalawyerortocourt.Itisparticularlyconcernedthatthesechildrenaresubjectedtobeatingsandtoilltreatment.̛̜0  TheStatepartyshouldensurestrictobservanceofarticles7,9and10andshouldtakeappropriatemeasurestoensuretheprotectionofchildreninaccordancewitharticle24oftheCovenant. ## ̜308.  TheCommitteeisseriouslyconcernedatthereportsofextensive R`  traffickingofmenandwomenforlabour,andofwomenandchildrenforpurposesofsexualexploitationandforcedprostitution.Itisparticularlyconcernedthatthelawswhichprohibittheseabusesarenotenforced.̛̜0  TheStatepartyshouldtakepositivestepstoeradicatethesepractices,toprotectthevictims,toprosecutethoseresponsibleandtoenforceanticorruptionmeasuresinrespectoflawenforcementofficers. ## Л̜309.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthatprevalentattitudesconcerningthe HV subordinateroleofwomeninthefamilyandinsocietyareasubstantialobstacletotheequalenjoymentofrightsbywomen,andimpedetheireducationϜandopportunitiesforemploymentandfullparticipationinpoliticallife.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedthatparentsdecideuponmarriage,thatchildrenareforcedintomarriage,thatrapeinmarriageisnotanoffenceandthattheauthoritiesdonotprovidesupporttowomenwhocomplainofdomesticviolence.̛̜0  TheStateparty,inconformitywithitsobligationsundertheCovenant,shouldensuregreateraccesstoeducationbywomenandgirls,equalemploymentopportunitiesforwomen,andthefullandequalparticipationofwomeninpoliticallife.Itshouldalsotakestepstoensurerespectforlawsprohibitingmarriagewithoutfullandfreeconsent,andintroducemeasurestoenablewomentoseekeffectiveprotectionofthelawincaseofdomesticviolence. ## ̜310.  TheCommitteeisconcernedatreportsconcerningviolentattacksonand $) harassmentofjournalistsandsuspensionofpublications.ItisalsoconcernedatthePressLawswhichimposelicensingrequirementsandprohibitpublicationswhich,interalia,causeharmtopoliticalstabilityorwhichinsultnational &", Мinstitutions.Thesebroadlydefinedoffencesareincompatiblewiththerestrictionspermissibleunderparagraph3ofarticle19oftheCovenant.̜0  TheStatepartyshouldtakeactiontoprotectjournalistsandtoinvestigateactsofviolenceandbringtheperpetratorstojustice.ThePressLawsshouldbebroughtintocompliancewitharticle19oftheCovenant. ##  *-8(4 М311.  TheCommitteeregretsthelackofspecificinformationconcerning  indigenouspeoples,especiallyhilltribes,andaboutthemeasurestakentoensurethattheirrightsunderarticle27toenjoytheirculturaltraditions,includingtheiragriculturalactivities,arerespected.0   ## 0  Immediatemeasuresshouldbetakentoensurethattherightsofmembersofindigenouscommunitiesarerespected;furtherinformationontheseissuesshouldbeincludedintheStatepartyssecondperiodicreport. ## ̜312.  TheCommitteerequeststhattheStatepartysubmititssecondperiodic    reportin2002.ItrecommendsthattheStatepartydisseminatethepresentconcludingobservations,intheCambodianlanguage,widelythroughoutthecommunity.̜@&pL.Mexico   ̜313.  TheCommitteeconsideredthefourthperiodicreportofMexico R`  М(CCPR/C/123/Add.1)atits1762ndand1763rdmeetings(CCPR/C/SR.1762M1763), &  Мheldon16July1999,andadoptedthefollowingconcludingobservationsatitsϜ1771stto1773rdmeetings(CCPR/C/SR.1771M1773),heldon22and23July1999.  @dd#p1.Introduction 0> 314.  TheCommitteewelcomesthetimelysubmissionofthefourthperiodicreport  ofMexicoandofanadditionalreportandotherinformationprovidingadetailedandupMtoMdatedescriptionofthehumanrightssituationintheStateparty.It HV notesthattheCommittee'scommentsrelatingtoconsiderationofthethirdperiodicreportofMexicoweretakenintoaccountbytheStatepartywhenpreparingitslatestreport.TheCommitteenotesthattheStatepartywasrepresentedbyalargedelegationwhichwasabletoreplytomanyoftheCommitteemembers'concernsinthecourseoftheanalysisofthereport.@!p2.Positivefactors   ̜315.  TheCommitteetakesnotewithsatisfactionoftheimprovementsintroduced >L" sincethesubmissionofthepreviousreport,includingthedecisionof8June1999,approvedbyCongress,toallowtheNationalHumanRightsCommissionindependenceandthelaunchingofseveralprogrammesproposedbythelattertoimprovethesituationofwomen,childrenandthefamily,theprogrammeconcerningpresumeddisappearancesandthereleaseofimprisonedindigenousϜpersons.TheCommitteetakesnoteoftheestablishmentofNationalProgrammesfortheProtectionofHumanRights,theDevelopmentPlan1995M2000andthe $) PublicSecurityprogramme,whicharepositivedevelopments.̜316.  ThepromulgationoftheFederalPublicAdvocacyActandoftheFederalAct &", forthePreventionandPunishmentofTortureconstitutesignificantadvancesasfarasinvestigatinghumanrightsviolationsandpreventingimpunityareconcerned.̜317.  TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactiontheelectoralreformsintroduced *%1 withaviewtoholdingmorepluralisticandtransparentelections.̜  *-8(4 `/[ћ@\ \ p3.Principalsubjectsofconcernandrecommendations  ̜318.  TheCommitteeconsidersitamatterofthegravestconcernthatnotall ~ formsoftorturearenecessarilycoveredbylawinallMexicanStates,andthatthereisnoindependentbodytoinvestigatethesubstantialnumberofcomplaintsregardingactsoftortureandcruel,inhumanordegradingtreatment.Itisalsoamatterofconcernthattheactsoftorture,enforceddisappearancesandextrajudicialexecutionswhichhavetakenplacehavenotbeeninvestigated;thatthepersonsresponsibleforthoseactshavenotbeenbroughttojustice;andthatthevictimsortheirfamilieshavenotreceivedcompensation.0  TheStatemusttakethenecessarymeasurestoattainfullcompliancewitharticles6and7oftheCovenant,includingmeasurestoprovideremediesagainsttortureinalltheStatesofMexico. ## ̜319.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthatthepossibilityexistsofplacingonan   accusedpersontheburdenofproofthataconfessionhasbeenobtainedbycoercion,andthatconfessionsobtainedbycoercionmaybeusedasevidenceagainstanaccusedperson.0  TheStatepartyshouldamendtheprovisionsofthelawasnecessarytoensurethattheburdenofproofthataconfessionusedinevidencehasϜbeenmadebytheaccusedpersonofhisownfreewillshallliewiththeState,andthatconfessionsobtainedbyforcecannotbeusedasevidenceintrialproceedings. ## ̜320.  TheCommitteeisfurthermoreconcernedbytheincreaseintheactivities  ofthearmedforceswithinsociety,particularlyintheStatesofChiapas,ϜGuerreroandOaxaca,wheretheycarryoutactivitiespertainingtopoliceforces.0  Ordershouldbemaintainedwithinthecountrythroughthecivilsecurityforces. ## ̜321.  TheCommitteeisdeeplyconcernedbythefactthatnoinstitutionalized >L" proceduresexistfortheinvestigationofallegationsofviolationsofhumanrightspresumedtohavebeencommittedbymembersofthearmedforcesandbythesecurityforces,andthatasaconsequencethoseallegationsarefrequentlynotinvestigated.0  TheStatepartyshouldestablishappropriateprocedurestoensurethatindependentinvestigationsareconductedintoallegationsofviolationsofhumanrightsinvolvingmembersofthearmedforcesandthesecurityforcesandthatthepersonsaccusedofsuchviolationsarebroughttotrial.TheStateshouldalsoestablisheffectiveremediesforthevictims. ## ̜322.  TheCommitteehastakennoteofthecombinedeffectoftheimplementation L)Z$/ ofthe1995ActEstablishingCoordinationbetweenNationalPublicSecuritySystemsandthe1996ActAgainstOrganizedCrime,aswellastheextensionoftheconceptof flagrancy,whichhasbeentoincreasethenumberofcircumstancesinwhichanarrestcanbemadewithoutawarrantissuedbyacompetentofficialofthejudiciary.Thisimpliesaseriousthreattothe *-8(4 Мsecurityofpersons.TheCommitteehasalsotakennoteofthefactthatincasesofarrestin flagrantedelictoandincasesofemergency,anarrestedpersonishandedovertotheOfficeofthePublicProsecutor,whichmayholdthatpersonindetentionfor48hours(and,inspecialcircumstances,upto96hours)beforebringinghimorherbeforeacourt.TheCommitteedeploresthefactthatarrestedpersonsdonothaveaccesstolegalcounselbeforethetimetheyarerequiredtomakeaformalstatementtotheOfficeofthePublicProsecutorandthatthesituationregardingaccessbymembersofanarrestedperson'sfamilywasnotclarifiedduringconsiderationofthereport.0  TheStatepartyshouldimmediatelyamendtherelevantlegalprovisionsandestablishprocedurescompatiblewiththeprovisionsofarticle9. ## ̜323.  ThecriminalprocedureestablishedandappliedinMexicoconstitutesan   obstacletofullcompliancewitharticle14oftheCovenant,whichrequiresatrialtotakeplacebeforeajudge,inthepresenceoftheaccusedpersonandatapublichearing.0  TheStatepartyshouldestablishaprocedureensuringthataccusedpersonsenjoyalltheirrightsinasuitatlawinaccordancewitharticle14. ## ̜324.  TheCommitteeobservesthat,althoughastateofemergencyhasnotbeen 0> proclaimedinareasofconflict,thepopulationhassufferedderogationsfromrightscorrespondingtoastateofemergency,suchascontrolpointsthatimpedefreedomofmovement.0  AllnecessaryderogationsfromtherightsguaranteedbytheCovenantmustcomplywiththeconditionslaiddowninarticle4oftheCovenant. ## ̜325.  TheCommitteeisconcernedattheobstaclestothefreemovementof `n foreigners,especiallythemembersofnonMgovernmentalorganizations &4 investigatinghumanrightsviolationsonMexicanterritory,andinparticularthefactthatresidencepermitshavebeencancelledandvisasrefusedforthesamereasons.0  TheStatepartyshouldlifttherestrictionsontheaccessandactivitiesofpersonsenteringMexicotoinvestigatehumanrightsviolations. ## ̜326.  TheCommitteedeplorestheseriousviolationsoffreedomofexpression V"d& representedbyfrequentmurdersofjournalistsandactsofintimidationmakingitdifficultforrepresentativesofthepresstoexercisetheirprofessionfreelyinMexicoorpreventingthemfromdoingso.Italsodeplorestheexistenceoftheoffenceof defamationoftheState.0  Journalistsshouldbeguaranteedfreedomofexpressionaslaiddowninarticle19andotherrelatedprovisionsoftheCovenantsothattheycancarryouttheiractivitieswithouthindrance.Furthermore,thecriminaloffenceof defamationoftheStateshouldbeabolished. ## М327.  TheCommitteealsodeplorestheconstantlyworseningsituationofstreet *%1 Мchildren.Thesearethechildrenwhoareatgreatestriskofsexualviolenceandwhoareexposedtothepracticesofsexualtrafficking. *-8(4 `A}  0  TheStateshouldtakeeffectivemeasuresfortheprotectionandrehabilitationofthesechildreninaccordancewitharticle24oftheCovenant,includingmeasurestoendprostitution,childpornographyandthesaleofchildren. ## ̜328.  TheCommitteeisconcernedatthelevelofviolenceagainstwomen,  includingthemanyreportedcasesofabductionandmurderwhichhavenotledtothearrestortrialoftheperpetratorsandthemanyallegationsofrapeortorturebythesecurityforcesofwomenindetentionwhichthelatterarefearfulofreporting.0  TheStatepartyshouldtakeeffectivemeasurestoprotectthesecurityofϜwomentoensurethatnopressureisbroughttobearonthemtodeterthemfromreportingsuchviolations,andtoensurethatallallegationsofabuseareinvestigatedandtheperpetratorsbroughttojustice. ## ̜329.  TheCommitteeisconcernedbyinformationtotheeffectthatMexicanwomen R`  seekingemploymentinforeignenterprisesinthefrontierareasofMexicoϜ(maquiladoras)aresubjectedtopregnancytestsandrequiredtorespondto   Мintrusivepersonalquestioning,andthatsomewomenemployeeshavebeenadministeredantiMpregnancydrugs.Itisalsoconcernedthatthoseallegations jx havenotbeenseriouslyinvestigated.0  Measuresshouldbetakentoinvestigateallsuchallegationswithaviewtoensuringthatwomenwhoserightstoequalityandtoprivacyhavebeenviolatedinthiswayhaveaccesstoremedies,andtopreventingsuchviolationsfromrecurring. ## ̜330.  TheStatepartyshouldapprovemeasurestoensureequalityofopportunity  forwomen,theirfullparticipationinpubliclifeinconditionsofequality,andtheremovalofallremainingdiscriminatoryprovisionsinregardtomarriage,divorceandremarriage.̜331.  Despitetheacknowledgementinarticle4oftheConstitutionofthe x! multiculturalcompositionoftheMexicannation,originallyfoundedbyitsindigenouspeoples,andthedeterminationoftheStatepartytosettlethequestionofselfMdeterminationforindigenouscommunities,article27ofthe  $ Constitutionseemstoprotectonlycertaincategoriesofrightswithregardtoindigenouslandsandstillleavestheindigenouspopulationsexposedtoawiderangeofhumanrightsviolations.0  TheStatepartyshouldtakeallnecessarymeasurestosafeguardfortheindigenouscommunitiesrespectfortherightsandfreedomstowhichtheyareentitled,individuallyandasagroup;toeradicatetheabusestowhichtheyaresubjected;andtorespecttheircustomsandcultureandtheirtraditionalpatternsofliving,enablingthemtoenjoytheusufructoftheirlandsandnaturalresources.Appropriatemeasuresshouldalsobetakentoincreasetheirparticipationinthecountry'sinstitutionsandtheexerciseoftherighttoselfMdetermination.* %0## ̜332.  TheCommitteenotesthatthelawdoesnotrecognizethestatusof +&2 conscientiousobjectorstomilitaryservice.0  TheStatepartyshouldensurethatpersonsrequiredtoperformmilitaryservicecaninvokeconscientiousobjectionasgroundsforexemption..)6## /[B}  ќ333.  TheStatepartyshouldgivewidedisseminationtothetextofitsfourth  periodicreportandtothepresentconcludingobservations.Itshouldalsoincludeinitsfifthperiodicreport,dueinJuly2002,informationinresponsetotheseobservations.@&pM.Poland  334.  TheCommitteeconsideredthefourthperiodicreportofPoland \ j (CCPR/C/95/Add.8)atits1764thand1765thmeetings(CCPR/C/SR.1764-1765),Ϝheldon19July1999,andadoptedthefollowingconcludingobservationsatϜits1779thmeeting(CCPR/C/SR.1779),heldon28July1999.@dd#p1.Introduction :H  335.  TheCommitteewelcomesthefourthperiodicreportofPolandandtheState   party'srecentlysubmittedrevisedcoredocument(HRI/CORE/1/Add.25/Rev.1),aswellastheexplanationsgiveninanswertothewrittenandoralquestionsputbythemembersoftheCommittee.TheCommitteealsoappreciatesthepresenceofthesubstantialdelegationwhichrepresentedvariousbranchesoftheGovernment.TheCommitteefurthermorecommendstheStatepartyforhavinggivenwidepublicitytoitsreportandtotheworkoftheCommittee.@!p2.Positiveaspects  336.  TheCommitteecommendstheStatepartyforitsongoingprocessofbringing  itslegislationintoharmonywiththeprovisionsoftheCovenant.ItwelcomestheadoptionofanewConstitutionspecificallyprotectingthefundamentalrightsoftheindividual,includingtherightsofpersonsbelongingtoethnicminorities,andensuringtheprecedenceofinternationalagreementsoverdomesticstatutelawincasesofconflict.337.  TheCommitteeisappreciativeoftheenactmentofanewCodeofCriminal  Procedure,includinganewrightofappealbywayofcassation,anPenalExecutiveCodeandanewPenalCode,thelastprovidingforpersonalaccountabilityforactsofill-treatmentbypublicofficials.338.  Theabolitionofthedeathpenalty,evenduringwartime,iswelcomed.  $ 339.  TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactiontheratificationbytheStateparty V"d& oftheOptionalProtocoltotheCovenant.340.  TheCommitteewelcomesthefactthattheCommissionerforCitizens'Rights $) hasasubstantialstaffandisvestedwithbroadcompetence,suchas(a)recommendingremediesforbreachesofhumanrights;(b)thepowertofileacassationappealintheSupremeCourtagainstjudicialdecisions;and(c)torequesttheConstitutionalTribunaltoverifytheconformityoflawswiththeConstitutionandratifiedinternationalconventions.341.  TheCommitteewelcomesthepresumptioninfavourofgrantingbailand * %0 requiringacourttorefuseitonlyinlimitedcircumstances.̜  d,r'3 }/[ћ@\ \ p3.Principalsubjectsofconcernandrecommendations  342.  TheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernabouttheabsenceofanylegal ~ mechanismallowingtheStateparty,onasystematicbasis,todealwithviewsoftheCommitteeundertheOptionalProtocolandtoimplementthem.343.  TheCommitteereiteratesitsconcernaboutthenumerousformsof   discriminationagainstwomen,bothinPolishsocietyandinthenationallegalsystem.TheCommitteenoteswithregretthattheStatepartydevotedverylimitedattentiontotheissueofgenderequality(art.3)initsfourthperiodicreport(para.34),butwelcomestheadditionalinformationmadeavailablebythedelegation.344.  TheCommitteenoteswithconcern:(a)strictlawsonabortionwhichlead   tohighnumbersofclandestineabortionswithattendantriskstothelifeandhealthofwomen;(b)limitedaccessibilityforwomentocontraceptivesowingtohighpricesandrestrictedaccesstosuitableprescriptions;(c)theeliminationofsexualeducationfromtheschoolcurriculum;and(d)theinsufficiencyofpublicfamilyplanningprogrammes(arts.3,6,9and26).0  TheStatepartyshouldintroducepoliciesandprogrammespromotingfullandnon-discriminatoryaccesstoallmethodsoffamilyplanningandreintroducesexualeducationatpublicschools. ## 345.  TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedaboutthelackofgenderequality(art.3)  intheemploymentsector.Forexample,theStateparty'sfiguresandotherinformationreceivedshowthat:(a)thenumberofwomenholdinghightechnical,managerialorpoliticalpostscontinuestobelowwhilerelativelylargenumbersoccupylesswell-rewardedpositions;(b)averagesalariesearnedbywomenamounttoonly70percentofthoseearnedbymen;(c)womendonotreceiveequalremunerationforworkofequalvalue;and(d)employerscontinuetotendtorequirepregnancytesting.0  FurthermeasuresshouldbetakenbytheStatepartytocounteracttheseformsofdiscriminationagainstwomenandtopromotetheequalityofwomeninpoliticalandeconomiclife. ## 346.  TheCommitteeisconcernedabouttheeffectsofthePolishpensionsystem !% whichresultsinlowerpensionsforwomenbypreservingdifferentretirementagesformen(65)andwomen(60).Itnotesthatthetheoryofallowingwomentoretirelaterthantheageof60isnotreflectedinpractice,andsincetheamountofthepensionsisdirectlylinkedtothenumberofyearsofwork,womenreceivelowerpensions(arts.3and26).0  Differentretirementagesformenandwomenarediscriminatoryandshouldbeeliminated. ## 347.  TheCommitteeacknowledgestheStateparty'seffortstoimplementa L)Z$/ programmeagainstdomesticviolencebutisconcernedat:(a)thelargenumberofreportedcasesofsuchviolence;(b)thelackofanyprotectiveremedyinthecivilcourts;and(c)theshortageofhostelsandrefugesforfamilymemberssufferingfromdomesticviolence(art.9).0  Legislativeandadministrativemeasuresshouldbeputinplacetocorrectsuchdeficiencies..)6## /[D}  ќ348.  TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutthepersistenceinthearmyofthe  practiceof fala,wherebynewrecruitsaresubjectedtoabuseandhumiliation  (art.7).0  TheStatepartyshouldadoptfirmmeasurestoeradicatethispractice. ## ̜349.  WhilenotingthemeasurestakenbytheStatepartytoimplementarticle10   byimprovingconditionsinthepenalsystem,theCommitteeremainsconcernedatthecompleteinadequacyofcellspaceperinmate(art.10,para.1).0  TheStatepartyshouldeffectivelyimprovefacilitiesforprisonerssoastocomplywiththeStandardMinimumRulesfortheTreatmentofPrisoners. ## 350.  TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedatthelackofanindependentsystemof   supervisionof:(a)abusesofhumanrightsbypoliceofficers;(b)theconditionsinpenalinstitutions,includingthoseforjuvenileoffenders;Ϝand(c)complaintsofviolenceorotherabusebymembersofthePrisonService.0  Mechanismsshouldbeestablishedforindependentmonitoringofthesemattersinordertoprotecttherightsenshrinedinarticles7,9and10oftheCovenant. ## 351.  TheCommitteeexpressestheviewthatthemaximumlengthofpre-trial  detention(12months),andespeciallytheabilitytoextendthisuptoϜanother12months,isincompatiblewitharticle9,paragraph3.0  TheperiodofpreMtrialdetentionshouldbereduced,andinanyevent  personswhohavetobedetainedshouldbebroughttotrialwithinareasonabletimeorreleased. ## 352.  TheCommitteenotesthatfigureshavebeengivenoftheoverallnumberof &4 advocatesandcounsellorsqualifiedtoactinthecourts;itregretstheabsenceofinformationabout:(a)thenumberoflawyersavailabletoprovidefreelegalaid;and(b)anysystemstocheckthequalityoftheirperformance(art.14(3)(d)).353.  TheCommitteeisconcernedattheexcessivedelaysincriminalandcivil  $ trials(art.14(1)and(3)(c)).0  TheStatepartyshould:(a)proceedurgentlywiththestepsinprogresstoimprovetheinfrastructuresoastoreducedelaysinallcourts;and(b)presentinitsnextreportrealisticstatisticsshowingtheresultsofthesereforms. ## 354.  TheCommitteeisconcernedatinformationabouttheextenttowhich &", militarycourtshavejurisdictiontotrycivilians(art.14).Despiterecentlimitationsonthisprocedure,theCommitteedoesnotacceptthatthispracticeisjustifiedonthegroundsthatitisconvenientforthemilitarycourtstotryeverypersonwhomayhavetakensomepartinanoffencecommittedprimarilybyamemberofthearmedforces.0  TheseprovisionsoftheCodeofCriminalProcedureshouldbeamendedorrepealed.*-8(4## Ї355.  Asregardstelephonetapping,theCommitteeisconcernedthatthe  Prosecutor(withoutjudicialconsent)maypermittelephonetappingandthatthereisnoindependentmonitoringoftheuseoftheentiresystemoftappingtelephones.0  TheStatepartyshouldreviewthesematterssoastoensurecompatibilitywitharticle17,introduceasystemofindependentmonitoring,andincludeinitsnextreportafulldescriptionofthesystembytheninoperation. ## 356.  TheCommitteeregretsthatthereferencetosexualorientationwhichhad    originallybeencontainedinthenon-discriminationclauseofthedraftConstitutionhasbeendeletedfromthetext;thiscouldleadtoviolationsofarticles17and26.357.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthatcurrentmechanismsformonitoringnew   religiousmovementsmayposeathreattofreedomofreligion(arts.18and26).0  TheStatepartyshouldincludeinitsnextreportinformationontheactivitiesofthesemechanismsandtheireffectontheactualenjoymentofreligiousfreedomonequaltermsbymembersofallreligiousdenominationsinPoland. ## 358.  TheCommitteewelcomestheabolitionbylawofcorporalpunishmentin  schools;itisconcerned,however,thatthischangeinthelawisnotfullybeingimplemented(arts.7and24).359.  TheCommitteesetsthedateforthesubmissionofPoland'sfifthperiodic  reportatJuly2003.IturgestheStatepartytomakeavailabletothepublicthetextofthepresentconcludingobservationsinappropriatelanguages.Itrequeststhatthenextperiodicreportbewidelydisseminatedamongthepublic,includingnon-governmentalorganizationsoperatinginPoland.@^^&pN.Romania   360.  TheCommitteeconsideredthefourthperiodicreportofRomania >L" (CCPR/C/95/Add.7)atits1766th,1767thand1768thmeetings(CCPR/C/SR.1766-1768),heldon20and21July1999,andadoptedthefollowingconcludingobservationsatits1777thmeeting(CCPR/C/SR.1777),heldϜon27July1999.@dd#p1.Introduction #( 361.  TheCommitteewelcomestheStateparty'seffortstorespondina n%| * comprehensivemannertotheissuesraisedbytheCommitteeonthebasisofitsfourthperiodicreport.ItalsoappreciatesthepresenceofasubstantialdelegationfromBucharest,andthedetailedinformationprovidedinresponsetoquestionsbymembersoftheCommittee.@!p2.Positiveaspects * %0 362.  TheCommitteecommendstheStatepartyforprogressmadeinbringingthe +&2 RomanianlegalorderintoharmonywithitsobligationsundertheCovenant,andfortheestablishmentofinstitutionswhichcontributetothepromotionand *-8(4 Мprotectionofhumanrights,e.g.thePeople'sAdvocate(Ombudsman)andtheDepartmentfortheProtectionofNationalMinorities.Itespeciallywelcomestheestablishment,withinthatDepartment,ofaNationalOfficeforRoma,toinitiate,supportandcoordinateactionstoimproverespectfortherightsoftheRoma.363.  TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthatchangeshavebeenmadeto   improvetheadministrationofjusticeandtostrengthentheindependenceofthejudiciary,inparticulartheirremovabilityofjudges.TheCommitteealsonotesthatduringrecentyearstheRomaniancourtshavemadefrequentreferencetointernationallegalprovisions,inparticularthoseoftheCovenant.@\ \ pC.Principalsubjectsofconcernandrecommendations :H  364.  AmatterofgraveconcerntotheCommitteeisthesituationofstreet   childrenandabandonedchildren,anexceedinglyseriousproblemwhichremainsunresolvedinRomania(art.24).0  TheStatepartyshouldtakeallnecessarymeasurestocomplywitharticle24oftheCovenant,byprotectingandrehabilitatingthesechildren,byguaranteeingthemaname,andbyensuringthatallbirthsaredulyregisteredinRomania. ## 365.  TheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernaboutcontinuingdiscrimination  againsttheRoma(arts.26and27).0  TheStatepartyshouldpursuefurthermeasures,bothlegislativelyandinpractice,toensuretherightsoftheRomainthepublicandprivatesectors,particularlywithrespecttoaccesstoeducationandsupportfortheRomalanguage. ## 366.  WhiletheCommitteeappreciatesstepstakenbytheStatepartytopromote  genderequality,itremainsconcernedaboutdiscriminationagainstwomen,particularlytheabsenceofwomenindecision-makingpositionsandinpolitics(arts.3and26).0  TheStatepartyshouldtakepromptactiontocombatdiscriminationagainstϜwomenand,inparticular,toensuregreaterrepresentationofwomeninpoliticsandGovernmentandinmoreseniorpositionsinthepublicandprivatesectors. ## 367.  TheCommitteealsoexpressesitsseriousconcernaboutdomesticviolence $) againstwomen,aproblemwhichcannotberesolvedexclusivelybypenalsanctions(arts.3,7and9).0  TheStatepartyshouldtakeappropriateaction,inlegislationandinpractice,toprovidewomenvictimsofdomesticviolencewithaccesstoprotectivemeasuresbeforethecourtsinordertopreventrenewedviolencebytheiraggressors. ## 368.  TheCommitteeisconcernedatthelackofaclearlegalframeworkdefining +&2 andlimitingtheroleofthesecurityforcesandprovidingforeffectiveciviliancontroloverthem. *-8(4 Ї0  TheStatepartyshouldpromptlyprovideforsuchlimitationsandcontrolbylegislationandappropriateregulations. ## 369.  TheCommitteeisdeeplyconcernedaboutthreatstotheindependenceofthe DR judiciarythroughinterferencebytheexecutive,andaboutthepowersexercisedbytheMinistryofJusticeinregardtojudicialmatters,includingtheappealprocess,anditspowersofinspectionofthecourts(art.14).0  TheCommitteeurgestheStatepartytoestablishacleardemarcationbetweenthecompetenceoftheexecutiveandjudicialbodies. ## 370.  TheCommitteeisconcernedattheextentofpre-trialdetention,thebroad t   prerogativesofthePublicMinistrytoallowthewithdrawalofproceduralsafeguardsinsituationsofdeprivationofliberty,andthepossibilityofextendingthe30-dayperiodofdetentionwithoutsuitablelimitsorjudicialcontrol(art.9).371.  TheCommitteeisdisturbedatcontinuedincidentsinvolvingtheuseof &  firearmsbythepolice,especiallyincasesofpettyoffencescommittedbyminors(arts.6,7and9).0  Theuseoffirearmsbythepoliceshouldbecloselyregulatedinordertopreventviolationsoftherighttolifeandpersonalsecurity. ## 372.  TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedatthelackoflegislationinvalidating  statementsofaccusedpersonsobtainedinviolationofarticle7oftheCovenant.0  TheStatepartyshouldadoptappropriatelegislationthatplacestheburdenofprovingthatstatementsmadebyaccusedpersonsinacriminalcasehavebeengivenoftheirownfreewillontheState,andthatexcludesstatementsobtainedinviolationofarticle7oftheCovenantfrombeingpresentedasevidence. ## 373.  TheCommitteeisconcernedabouttheconditionsinprisons,including >L" continuedovercrowding(art.10).0  TheStatepartyshouldtakemeasurestoimproveconditionsinprisons,particularlyovercrowding,intheshortestpracticabletime. ## 374.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthatfreedomofexpressionandofthepressare #( undulylimitedbyarticle31,paragraph4,oftheRomanianConstitutionandbytheapplicationofthelawondefamation(art.19).0  Article238ofthePenalCodeshouldbeabrogated,andarticles205and206appropriatelymodified.Article31,paragraph4,oftheConstitutionshouldbeinterpretedinthelightofarticle19oftheCovenant. ## 375.  TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutrestrictionsontherighttoprivacy,in * %0 particularinregardtohomosexualrelationsbetweenconsentingadults,whicharepenalizedbyarticle200,paragraph1,ofthePenalCode(art.17).  d,r'3 0  TheStatepartyshouldtaketimelyactiontoensurethatthisprovisionis amendedsoastoconformwiththeCovenant. ## 376.  TheCommitteeisconcernedthattheStatepartyhasnotprovidedforthe DR righttoconscientiousobjectionwithoutdiscrimination(arts.18and26).0  TheStatepartyshouldamenditslegislationtoprovideforconscientiousobjection,inamannerthatisconsistentwitharticles18and26oftheCovenant. ## 377.  TheCommitteesetsthedateforthesubmissionofRomania'sfifthperiodic    reportatJuly2003.IturgestheStatepartytomakeavailabletothepublicthetextoftheStateparty'sfourthperiodicreportandthepresentconcludingobservations.Itrequeststhatthenextperiodicreportbewidelydisseminatedamongthepublic,includingnon-governmentalorganizationsoperatinginRomania.̜  &  @ pV.GENERALCOMMENTSOFTHECOMMITTEEUNDER@ pARTICLE40,PARAGRAPH4,OFTHECOVENANT378.Atitssixty-secondsession,Mr.KleinsubmittedtotheCommitteeadraftgeneralcommentonarticle12.Atitssixty-sixthsession,theCommitteecompletedthesecondreadingofthedraft.379.Atitssixty-sixthsession,Mr.Scheininsubmittedadraftgeneralcommentonarticle4.380.Atitssixty-secondsession,Ms.MedinaQuirogasubmittedtotheCommitteeadraftgeneralcommentonarticle3oftheCovenant,revisingandreplacinggeneralcomment4(3).TheCommitteecontinueddiscussionofthedraftatitssubsequentsessions.381.OthergeneralcommentswhichtheCommitteehasagreedtopreparewilldealwitharticles2,21and22.̜    @@@ pVI.CONSIDERATIONOFCOMMUNICATIONSUNDERTHEOPTIONALPROTOCOL382.  IndividualswhoclaimthatanyoftheirrightsundertheInternational ~ CovenantonCivilandPoliticalRightshavebeenviolatedbyaStateparty,andwhohaveexhaustedallavailabledomesticremedies,maysubmitwrittencommunicationstotheHumanRightsCommitteeforconsiderationundertheOptionalProtocol.NocommunicationcanbeconsideredunlessitconcernsaStatepartytotheCovenantthathasrecognizedthecompetenceoftheCommitteebybecomingapartytotheOptionalProtocol.Ofthe145Statesthathaveratified,accededorsucceededtotheCovenant,95haveacceptedtheCommittee'scompetencetodealwithindividualcomplaintsbybecomingpartiestotheOptionalProtocol(seeannexI,sect.B).383.  ConsiderationofcommunicationsundertheOptionalProtocolis   confidentialandtakesplaceinclosedmeetings(art.5,para.3,oftheOptionalProtocol).Underrule96oftherulesofprocedure,allworkingdocumentsissuedfortheCommitteeareconfidentialunlesstheCommitteedecidesotherwise.However,theauthorofacommunicationandtheStatepartyconcernedmaymakepublicanysubmissionsorinformationbearingontheproceedingsunlesstheCommitteehasrequestedthepartiestorespectconfidentiality.TheCommittee'sfinaldecisions(Views,decisionsdeclaringacommunicationinadmissible,decisionstodiscontinueacommunication)aremadepublic;thename(s)oftheauthor(s)is(are)disclosedunlesstheCommitteedecidesotherwise.@!pA.Progressofwork HV 384.  TheCommitteestarteditsworkundertheOptionalProtocolatitssecond  session,in1977.Sincethen,873communicationsconcerning60StatespartieshavebeenregisteredforconsiderationbytheCommittee,including50placedbeforeitduringtheperiodcoveredbythepresentreportϜ(1August1998-30July1999).385.  Thestatusofthe873communicationsregisteredforconsiderationbythe x! HumanRightsCommitteesofarisasfollows:  (a) ConcludedbyViewsunderarticle5,paragraph4,oftheOptional  $ Protocol:328,including253inwhichviolationsoftheCovenantwerefound;  (b) Declaredinadmissible:267; #*'   (c) Discontinuedorwithdrawn:129; $)   (d) Notyetconcluded:149ofwhich38havebeendeclaredadmissible. 4&B!+ 386.  Inaddition,thesecretariatoftheCommitteehashundredsof '"- communicationsonfileinrespectofwhichtheauthorshavebeenadvisedthatfurtherinformationwouldbeneededbeforetheircommunicationscouldberegisteredforconsiderationbytheCommittee.TheauthorsofaconsiderablenumberofadditionalcommunicationshavebeeninformedthattheircaseswillnotbesubmittedtotheCommittee,astheyfallclearlyoutsidethescopeofthe Covenantorappeartobefrivolous.Othercases,notyetregistered,are d,r'3 mentionedinsectionBbelow.Attentionisdrawntothesituationsetoutinparagraphs392M397belowwhichgivessubstantialconcerntotheCommittee.   387.  Duringthesixty-fourthtosixty-sixthsessions,theCommitteeconcluded DR considerationof35casesbyadoptingViewsthereon.ThesearecasesNos.574/1994(Kimv.theRepublicofKorea),590/1994(Bennettv.Jamaica),  592/1994(C.Johnsonv.Jamaica),594/1992(Phillipv.TrinidadandTobago),   602/1994(Hoofdmanv.Netherlands,610/1995(Henryv.Jamaica),613/1995 \ j (Leehongv.Jamaica),614/1995(S.Thomasv.Jamaica),616/1995 " 0 (Hamiltonv.Jamaica),618/1995(Campbellv.Jamaica),628/1995    (Parkv.theRepublicofKorea),633/1995(Gauthierv.Canada),644/1995    М(AjazandJamilv.theRepublicofKorea),647/1995(Pennantv.Jamaica), t   649/1995(Forbesv.Jamaica),653/1995(ColinJohnsonv.Jamaica),662/1995 :H  (Lumleyv.Jamaica),663/1995(Morissonv.Jamaica),665/1995(BrownandParish   v.Jamaica),668/1995(SmithandStewartv.Jamaica),680/1996(Gallimore   v.Jamaica),699/1996(Malekiv.Italy),709/1996(Baileyv.Jamaica),710/1996   (Hanklev.Jamaica),716/1996(Paugerv.Austria),719/1996(Levyv.Jamaica), R`  720/1996(MorganandWilliamsv.Jamaica),722/1996(FraserandFisher &  v.Jamaica),730/1996(Marshallv.Jamaica),752/1997(Henryv.Trinidadand   Tobago),754/1997(A.v.NewZealand),768/1997(Mukuntov.Zambia),775/1997  (Brownv.Jamaica),786/1997(Vosv.theNetherlands)and800/1998(D.Thomas jx v.Jamaica).ThetextoftheViewsinthesecasesisreproducedinannexXI. 0> 388.  TheCommitteealsoconcludedconsiderationof22casesbydeclaringthem  inadmissible.ThesearecasesNos.634/1995(Amorev.Jamaica),646/1995  (Lindonv.Australia),669/1995(Malikv.theCzechRepublic),670/1995 HV (Schlosserv.theCzechRepublic),673/1995(Gonzalezv.TrinidadandTobago),  714/1996(Gerritsenv.theNetherlands),717/1996(AcuaInostrozav.Chile),  718/1996(PrezVargasv.Chile),724/1996(Jakesv.theCzechRepublic),  737/1997(Lamagnav.Australia),739/1997(Tovarv.Venezuela),740/1997 `n (BarzanaYutronicv.Chile),741/1997(Cziklinv.Canada),742/1997(Byrneand &4 Lazarescuv.Canada),744/1997(Linderholmv.Croatia),746/1997(Menanteau  v.Chile),751/1997(Paslav.Australia),784/1997(Plotnikovv.the   RussianFederation),830/1998(Bethelv.TrinidadandTobago),835/1998(Berg x! v.theNetherlands),844/1997(Petkovv.Bulgaria)and850/1999(Hankala >L" v.Finland).ThetextofthesedecisionsisreproducedinannexXII.  # 389.  Duringtheperiodunderreview,12communicationsweredeclared !% admissibleforexaminationonthemerits.DecisionsdeclaringcommunicationsadmissiblearenotpublishedbytheCommittee.Proceduraldecisionswereadoptedinanumberofpendingcases(underarticle4oftheOptionalProtocolorunderrules86and91oftheCommittee'srulesofprocedure).TheCommitteerequestedthesecretariattotakeactioninotherpendingcases.390.  TheCommitteedecidedtodiscontinuetheconsiderationoffive &", communications,Nos.545/1993(Nielsonv.Australia),681/1996(Huat '"- v.Australia),713/1996(Kravchenkov.Latvia),723/1996(Lee-Alexander (#. v.Australia)and773/1997(Williamsv.NewZealand). L)Z$/ 391.  UndertheCommittee'snewrulesofprocedure,inforceas *%1 of1August1997,theCommitteewillasaruledecideontheadmissibilityandmeritsofacommunicationtogetherinordertoexpediteitsworkundertheOptionalProtocol.OnlyinexceptionalcircumstanceswilltheCommitteerequest *-8(4 aStatepartytoaddressadmissibilityonly.AStatepartywhichhasreceivedarequestforinformationonadmissibilityandmeritsmaywithintwomonthsapplyforthecommunicationtoberejectedasinadmissible.Sucharequest,however,willnotabsolvetheStatepartyfromtherequirementtosubmitinformationonthemeritswithinthesettimelimitunlesstheCommittee,itsWorkingGrouporitsdesignatedSpecialRapporteurdecidestoextendthetimeforsubmissionofinformationonthemeritsuntilaftertheCommitteehasruledonadmissibility.Intheperiodunderreview,theCommittee,actingthroughitsSpecialRapporteuronnewcommunications,decidedinseveralcasestodealfirstwiththeadmissibilityofthecommunication.Communicationsreceivedbeforethenewrulesofprocedurecameintoforcewillbedealtwithundertheoldrules,accordingtowhichadmissibilityisconsideredatthefirststage.@ pB.GrowthoftheCommittee'scaseloadundertheOptionalProtocol   392.  AstheCommitteehasstatedinpreviousreports,theincreasingnumberof   StatespartiestotheOptionalProtocolandbetterpublicawarenessoftheprocedurehaveledtoagrowthinthenumberofcommunicationssubmittedtotheCommittee.ThetablebelowsetsoutthepatternoftheCommittee'sworkoncommunicationsoverthelastfivecalenderyearsto31December1998.Thetableshowsthatthenumberofpendingcaseshasincreasedeachyearsince1994.@ pCommunicationsdealtwith,1994-1998  *>d%*ddd dd 3dd dd"ik+#+#,mdd ,dd ,bdd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  $  $# A)Am#M AdM TJ" >>  -1T(1) tj?"   -1 >>  -2t(2) tj?"   -2 >>  -3t(3) tj?"   -3 >>  -4t(4) tj?"   -4 >>  -5t(5) c>RD"   -5  >> cYearto31December >>- ">> >Newcasesregistered >>-"">> >Casesconcludeda/ @N# 1JanuaryM31December >>-$">> >Pendingcasesat31December̀((4)+(5)) >>-'">> >МPreMadmissiblecases >>-)">> >Admissiblecases MC+">> 8@19988@M1998 vlA&4, 8@1998 8@>  J@53J@v53 tj?&4-"  J@53 J@>  I@51I@t51 uk?&4."  I@51 I@> `d@163`d@u163 vl@&4/" `d@163 `d@> @^@121@^@v121 uk@&40" @^@121 @^@>  E@42E@u42 mc?&41"  E@42 E@> 4@19974@m1997 vlA2 4@1997 4@>  N@60N@v60 tj?3"  N@60 N@>  L@56L@t56 uk?4"  L@56 L@> c@157c@u157 vl@5" c@157 c@> @\@113@\@v113 uk@6" @\@113 @\@>  F@44F@u44 mc?7"  F@44 F@> 0@19960@m1996 vlA8 0@1996 0@>  L@56L@v56 tj?9"  L@56 L@>  A@35A@t35 uk?:"  A@35 A@>  c@153 c@u153 vl@;"  c@153  c@> [@111[@v111 uk@<" [@111 [@>  E@42E@u42 mc?="  E@42 E@> ,@1995,@m1995 vlA4 B> ,@1995 ,@>  Q@68Q@v68 tj?4 B?"  Q@68 Q@>  F@44F@t44 uk?4 B@"  F@44 F@> `@132`@u132 uk@4 BA" `@132 `@>  V@91V@uЀ91 tj?4 BB"  V@91 V@>  D@41D@t41 KA?4 BC"  D@41 D@> KМ1994b/ TJ!D>  B@37B@T37 tj?!E"  B@37 B@>  O@63O@t63 uk?!F"  O@63 O@> [@108[@u108 uk@!G" [@108 [@>  R@75R@uЀ75 tj?!H"  R@75 R@>  @@33@@t33OEC!I"  @@33  @@> O# w$d## A w$ #  a/ Totalnumberofallcasesdecided(bytheadoptionofViews, J#XJ inadmissibilitydecisionsandcasesdiscontinued).  b/ OneadditionalweekforcommunicationswasheldduringtheJuly % M sessionowingtotheincreaseinthebacklog.393.  Theincreaseincommunicationsisnotfullyreflectedinthenumberofnew '"P casesthathavebeenregisteredformallyundertheOptionalProtocol,asshownintheabovetable.Thatfigurewouldbeconsiderablyhigherwereitnotforthefactthatmanycommunications,despitehavingbeeninitiallyscreened,havenotyetreachedthestageofregistration;itisregistrationthathasbeendelayedforaconsiderableperiod,uptoayearinsomecases.Inadditiontothat delay,otherthanthoseconsideredurgent,thereisagrowingbacklogof ,'V correspondenceawaitingreplywhichrelatestomattersotherthancasesforregistration.Muchofthecorrespondencegoesbackto1998. 394.  TheCommitteehasalreadyaddressedthereasonsforthesedelaysinits DR previousreport.  $  11      ׀Theproblemsaresummarizedbelowandtheurgencyoffinding   asolutiontothiscontinuingfailureinthesystemisemphasized.395.  Theessenceoftheproblemisthat: \ j   (a) Thenumberofcommunicationshasincreasedinabsoluteterms;    М̛  (b) ThenumberofProfessionalstaffdealingwithcommunicationshas t   decreasedineachofthelastthreeyears;  (c) Whilethisreducedstaffhascontinuedtoprocesscases(of   ever-increasingcomplexity)sothatasufficientnumberisavailablefortheCommittee'sconsiderationateverysession,theoverallresulthasbeenanincreaseinthebacklogofunprocessedcommunications;  (d) Anincreasingnumberofcasesarebeingsubmittedinlanguageswhich  arenotavailableamongtheavailableProfessionalstaff,inparticularRussian.396.  Therehasbeenatthesametimeafurtherreductionintheabilityof  stafftofindresourcesandpersonneltosupporttheCommittee'sattemptstofollowuponcaseswhereviolationshavebeenfound:therearenow253caseswherefollow-upisdesirable.397.  TheCommitteeemphasizesthatinaccordancewitharticle36ofthe  Covenant,itshallbeguaranteedthenecessaryresourcesfortheeffectiveperformanceofallitsfunctions,includingtheconsiderationofcommunications,andthatithasaparticularneedforstaffexperiencedinthevariouslegalsystemsandwithknowledgeofthelanguagesofStatespartiestotheOptionalProtocol.@ pC.Approachestoexaminingcommunicationsunderthe >L" ЀOptionalProtocol  # @  p1.SpecialRapporteuronnewcommunications !% 398.  Atitsthirty-fifthsession,theCommitteedecidedtodesignateaSpecial #*' Rapporteurtoprocessnewcommunicationsastheywerereceived,i.e.betweensessionsoftheCommittee.Mr.PocarwasSpecialRapporteurfromtheCommittee'sfifty-thirdsessionin1995toitssixty-fifthsessioninMarch1999,whenMr.KretzmerwasdesignatedSpecialRapporteur.Intheperiodcoveredbythepresentreport,theSpecialRapporteurtransmitted44newcommunicationstotheStatespartiesconcernedunderrule91oftheCommittee'srulesofprocedure,requestinginformationorobservationsrelevanttothequestionsofadmissibilityandmerits.In10cases,theSpecialRapporteurissuedrequestsforinterimmeasuresofprotectionpursuanttorule86oftheCommittee'srulesofprocedure.ThecompetenceoftheSpecialRapporteurtoissue,andifnecessarytowithdraw,requestsforinterimmeasuresunderrule86oftherulesofprocedureisdescribedinthe1997annualreport.  $  12       d,r'3  *-8(4 @f f p2.CompetenceoftheWorkingGrouponCommunications  399.  Atitsthirty-sixthsession,theCommitteedecidedtoauthorizethe ~ WorkingGrouponCommunicationstoadoptdecisionsdeclaringcommunicationsadmissiblewhenallfivememberssoagreed.Failingsuchagreement,theWorkingGroupwouldreferthemattertotheCommittee.ItcouldalsodosowheneveritbelievedthattheCommitteeitselfshoulddecidethequestionofadmissibility.WhiletheWorkingGroupcouldnotadoptdecisionsdeclaringcommunicationsinadmissible,itmightmakerecommendationsinthatrespecttotheCommittee.Pursuanttothoserules,theWorkingGrouponCommunicationsthatmetpriortothesixty-fourth,sixty-fifthandsixty-sixthsessionsoftheCommitteedeclared12communicationsadmissible.400.  Atitsfifty-fifthsession,theCommitteedecidedthateachcommunication   wouldbeentrustedtoamemberoftheCommittee,whowouldactasrapporteurforitintheWorkingGroupandintheplenaryCommittee.Theroleoftherapporteurisdescribedinthe1997report.  $  13      ׀ R`  @ pD.Individualopinions   401.  InitsworkundertheOptionalProtocol,theCommitteestrivestoarrive jx atitsdecisionsbyconsensus.However,pursuanttorule94,paragraph4,oftheCommittee'srulesofprocedure,memberscanaddtheirindividualconcurringordissentingopinionstotheCommittee'sViews.Pursuanttorule92,Ϝparagraph3,memberscanappendtheirindividualopinionstotheCommittee'sdecisionsdeclaringcommunicationsinadmissible.402.  Duringtheperiodunderreview,individualopinionswereappendedtothe  Committee'sViewsincasesNos.574/1994(Kimv.theRepublicofKorea),  592/1994(Johnsonv.Jamaica),602/1994(Hoofdmanv.theNetherlands),610/1995 `n (Henryv.Jamaica),614/1995(S.Thomasv.Jamaica),633/1995(Gauthier &4 v.Canada),662/1995(Lumleyv.Jamaica),680/1996(Gallimorev.Jamaica),  709/1996(Baileyv.Jamaica),710/1996(Hanklev.Jamaica),720/1996(Morganand   Williamsv.Jamaica),754/1997(A.v.NewZealand),775/1997(Brownv.Jamaica) x! and800/1998(D.Thomasv.Jamaica).Individualopinionswerealsoappendedto >L" theCommittee'sdecisionsdeclaringinadmissiblecommunicationsNos.669/1995(Malikv.theCzechRepublic),670/1995(Schlosserv.theCzechRepublic),  $ 717/1996(AcuaInostrozav.Chile),718/1996(PrezVargasv.Chile),724/1996 !% (Jakesv.theCzechRepublic),746/1997(Menanteauv.Chile)and830/1998 V"d& (Bethelv.TrinidadandTobago). #*' @@ @ pE.IssuesconsideredbytheCommittee $) 403.  AreviewoftheCommittee'sworkundertheOptionalProtocolfromits 4&B!+ secondsessionin1977toitssixty-thirdsessionin1998canbefoundintheCommittee'sannualreportsfor1984to1998,which,interalia,contain '"- summariesoftheproceduralandsubstantiveissuesconsideredbytheCommitteeandofthedecisionstaken.ThefulltextsoftheViewsadoptedbytheCommitteeandofitsdecisionsdeclaringcommunicationsinadmissibleundertheOptionalProtocolarereproducedinannexestotheCommittee'sannualreportstotheGeneralAssembly.  d,r'3 404.  TwovolumescontainingselecteddecisionsoftheHumanRightsCommittee   undertheOptionalProtocol,fromthesecondtothesixteenthsessions(1977-1982)andfromtheseventeenthtothethirty-secondsessions(1982-1988),havebeenpublished(CCPR/C/OP/1and2).Thepublicationofvolume3oftheselecteddecisions,coveringtheperiodfromthethirty-thirdtothethirty-ninthsessions,isexpectedshortly.AsdomesticcourtsincreasinglyapplythestandardscontainedintheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights,itisimperativethattheCommittee'sdecisionsareavailableonaworldwidebasis.Inthisconnection,theCommitteenoteswithappreciationthatitsrecentdecisionsarenowavailableontheWebsiteoftheOfficeoftheHighCommissionerforHumanRights(www.unhchr.ch).405.  Thefollowingsummaryreflectsfurtherdevelopmentsconcerningissues :H  consideredduringtheperiodcoveredbythepresentreport.@tt!p1.Proceduralissues   (a)  Standingoftheauthor(OptionalProtocol,art.1) &  406.  Underarticle1oftheOptionalProtocol,theCommitteecanonlyconsider  communicationsfromindividualswhoclaimtobethemselvesvictimsofaviolationoftheCovenant.Communicationscanalsobeacceptediftheycomefromdulyauthorizedrepresentativesorcloserelativesoftheallegedvictimifthevictimhim-orherselfisnotinapositiontopresentthecommunication.IncaseNo.646/1995(Lindonv.Australia),theauthorclaimedtorepresentalso  otherpersons.Sincehehadfailedtopresentanauthorization,thispartofhiscommunicationwasdeclaredinadmissibleunderarticle1oftheOptionalProtocol.PartofcommunicationNo.740/1997(BarzanaYutronicv.Chile)was  alsodeclaredinadmissibleforthisreason.407.  Asimilarsituationexistswhenthepersonpresentingthe &4 communicationtotheCommitteecannotclaimtobeavictimofaviolationofaCovenantright.CommunicationNo.714/1996(Gerritsenv.theNetherlands)was   declaredinadmissibleonthisground.PartofcaseNo.646/1995(Lindon x! v.Australia)wasalsodeclaredinadmissibleforthisreason. >L" 408.  CaseNo.737/1997(Lamagnav.Australia)wasdeclaredinadmissible  $ rationepersonae,sincetheallegedviolationwascommittedagainsttheauthor's !% company,whichhaditsownlegalpersonality,andnotagainsttheauthorasanindividual.(b)  Inadmissibilityrationetemporis(OptionalProtocol,art.1) $) 409.  Underarticle1oftheOptionalProtocol,theCommitteemayonlyreceive 4&B!+ communicationsconcerningallegedviolationsoftheCovenantwhichoccurredaftertheentryintoforceoftheCovenantandtheOptionalProtocolfortheStatepartyconcerned,unlesscontinuingeffectsexistwhichinthemselvesconstituteaviolationofaCovenantright.OneoftheclaimsincaseNo.646/1995(Lindonv.Australia)wasdeclaredinadmissibleonthisground, * %0 sincetheclaimreferredtoeventsbeforetheentryintoforceoftheOptionalProtocolforAustraliaandnocontinuingeffectsexisted.  d,r'3 410.  InthreecasesagainstChile(717/1996AcuaInostroza,718/1996   PrezVargas,746/1997Menanteau),thecomplaintsconcernedthedisappearance  anddeathofpersonsbeforetheentryintoforceoftheCovenant.AlthoughtherewerejudgementsbytheSupremeCourtofChileinthe1990sinrelationtothediscontinuationoftheinvestigationsintotheeventsleadingtothedisappearance,theCommitteeconsideredthattheSupremeCourtjudgementscouldnotberegardedasneweventsthatcouldaffecttherightsofthepersonskilled.Thecommunicationswerethusdeclaredinadmissiblerationetemporis. \ j SeveralmembersoftheCommitteeappendeddissentingindividualopinions.(c)  Claimnotsubstantiated(OptionalProtocol,art.2)    411.  Article2oftheOptionalProtocolprovidesthat individualswhoclaim :H  thatanyoftheirrightsenumeratedintheCovenanthavebeenviolatedandwhohaveexhaustedallavailabledomesticremediesmaysubmitawrittencommunicationtotheCommitteeforconsideration.412.  Althoughanauthordoesnotneedtoprovetheallegedviolationatthe &  admissibilitystage,hemustsubmitsufficientevidencesubstantiatinghisallegationforpurposesofadmissibility.A claimis,therefore,notjustanallegation,butanallegationsupportedbyacertainamountofsubstantiatingevidence.IncaseswheretheCommitteefindsthattheauthorhasfailedtosubstantiateaclaimforpurposesofadmissibility,theCommitteehasheldthecommunicationinadmissible,inaccordancewithrule90(b)ofitsrulesofprocedure.413.  Casesdeclaredinadmissible,interaliaforlackofsubstantiationofthe  claimorfailuretoadvanceaclaim,arecommunicationsNos.634/1995(Amore  v.Jamaica),646/1995(Lindonv.Australia),669/1995(Malikv.theCzech  Republic),670/1995(Schlosserv.theCzechRepublic),673/1995(Gonzales `n v.TrinidadandTobago),718/1996(PrezVargasv.Chile),737/1997(Lamagna &4 v.Australia),740/1997(BarzanaYutronicv.Chile),742/1997(Byrneand  Lazarescuv.Canada),784/1997(Plotnikovv.theRussianFederation),835/1998   (VandenBergv.theNetherlands),844/1998(Petkovv.Bulgaria)and850/1999 x! (Hankalav.Finland). >L" ̜(d)0  ClaimsnotcompatiblewiththeprovisionsoftheCovenant  $ (OptionalProtocol,art.3)!%## 414.  Communicationsmustraiseanissueconcerningtheapplicationofthe #*' Covenant.DespitepreviousattemptstoexplainthattheCommitteecannotfunctionundertheOptionalProtocolasanappellatebodywheretheissueisoneofdomesticlaw,somecommunicationscontinuetobebasedonsuchamisapprehension;suchcases,aswellasthosewherethefactspresenteddonotraiseissuesunderthearticlesoftheCovenantinvokedbytheauthor,aredeclaredinadmissibleunderarticle3oftheOptionalProtocolasincompatiblewiththeprovisionsoftheCovenant.415.  Casesdeclaredinadmissible,interaliaforincompatibilitywiththe * %0 provisionsoftheCovenant,arecommunicationsNos.724/1996(Jakesv.the *%1 CzechRepublic)and830/1998(Bethelv.TrinidadandTobago). +&2 ̜  *-8(4 (e)0  Examinationunderanotherprocedureofinternationalinvestigationor  Мsettlement(OptionalProtocol,art.5,para.2(a))## 416.  Underarticle5,paragraph2(a),oftheOptionalProtocol,theCommittee DR shallnotconsideranycommunicationwhenthesamematterisbeingexaminedunderanotherprocedureofinternationalinvestigationorsettlement.IncaseNo.744/1997(Linderholmv.Croatia),?+ 4 <DL!+{X?theEuropeanCommissiononHumanRights   hasrejected,on22October1998,theauthorsapplicationconcerningthesamefactsandissuesaswerebeforetheCommittee.TheRepublicofCroatia,whenaccedingtotheOptionalProtocol,hadmadeadeclarationwithrespecttoarticle5,paragraph2(a),oftheOptionalProtocoltotheeffectthattheCommitteeshallnothavecompetencetoconsideracommunicationfromanindividualifthesamematterhasalreadybeenexaminedunderanotherprocedureofinternationalinvestigationorsettlement.Onthatbasis,theCommitteewasprecludedfromconsideringthecommunication.̜(f)0  Therequirementofexhaustionofdomesticremedies(OptionalProtocol, R`  art.5,para.2(b)) ## 417.  Pursuanttoarticle5,paragraph2(b),oftheOptionalProtocol,the  Committeeshallnotconsideranycommunicationunlessithasascertainedthattheauthorhasexhaustedallavailabledomesticremedies.However,theCommitteehasalreadyestablishedthattheruleofexhaustionappliesonlytotheextentthatthoseremediesareeffectiveandavailable.TheStatepartyisrequiredtogive"detailsoftheremedieswhichitsubmittedhadbeenavailabletotheauthorinthecircumstancesofhiscase,togetherwithevidencethattherewouldbeareasonableprospectthatsuchremedieswouldbeeffective"(caseNo.4/1977(TorresRamrezv.Uruguay)).Therulealsoprovidesthatthe  Committeeisnotprecludedfromexaminingacommunicationifitisestablishedthattheapplicationoftheremediesinquestionisunreasonablyprolonged.Incertaincases,aStatepartymaywaivebeforetheCommitteetherequirementofexhaustionofdomesticremedies.418.  Intheperiodcoveredbythepresentreport,casesNos.646/1995(Lindon x! v.Australia),669/1995(Malikv.theCzechRepublic),670/1995(Schlosserv. >L" theCzechRepublic),718/1996(PrezVargasv.Chile),724/1996(Jakesv.the  # CzechRepublic),741/1997(Cziklinv.Canada)and751/1997(Paslav.Australia)  $ weredeclaredinadmissible,interalia,forfailuretopursueavailableand !% effectivedomesticremedies.(g)  Interimmeasuresunderrule86 #( 419.  Underrule86oftheCommittee'srulesofprocedure,theCommitteemay, n%| * afterreceiptofacommunicationandbeforeadoptingitsViews,requestaStatepartytotakeinterimmeasuresinordertoavoidirreparabledamagetothevictimoftheallegedviolations.TheCommitteehasappliedthisruleonseveraloccasions,mostlyincasessubmittedbyoronbehalfofpersonswhohavebeensentencedtodeathandareawaitingexecutionandwhoclaimthattheyweredeniedafairtrial.Inviewoftheurgencyofthecommunications,theCommitteehasrequestedtheStatespartiesconcernednottocarryoutthedeathsentenceswhilethecasesareunderconsideration.Staysofexecutionhavespecificallybeengrantedinthisconnection.Rule86hasalsobeenappliedinothercircumstances,forinstanceincasesofimminentdeportationor *-8(4 extraditionwhichmayinvolveorexposetheauthortoarealriskofviolationofrightsprotectedbytheCovenant.FortheCommittee'sreasoningonwhetherornottoissuearequestunderrule86,seetheCommittee'sViewsincommunicationNo.558/1993(Canepav.Canada).  $  14      כ DR 420.  Intheperiodunderreview,theCommitteefacedafailuretocomplywith  itsrequestunderrule86intwoinstances:  (a) CasesNos.839/1998,840/1998and841/1998(KanduBoetal.v. " 0 SierraLeone).DespitetheCommitteesrequestsof13and14October1998to    staytheexecutionoftheauthorsofthecommunication,12ofthemwereexecutedbytheStatepartyon19October1998.Inadecision,adoptedϜon4November1998,theCommitteeexpresseditsindignationattheStatepartysfailuretocomplywithitsrequestforinterimmeasuresofprotectionandrequestedtheStatepartytopresentareportrelatingtotheapplicationofarticles6,7and14oftheCovenant.AsatthedateofthepresentreportnoreplyfromtheStatepartyhadbeenreceived.(ThetextofthedecisionisreproducedinannexX.);and  (b) CaseNo.869/1999(Piandiongetal.v.Philippines).Despitethe  Committeesrequestof23June1999tostaytheexecutionoftheauthorsofthecommunication,theywereexecutedbytheStatepartyon8July1999.TheCommitteewrotetotheStatepartyon14July1999demanding,withinoneweek,Ϝclarificationaboutthecircumstancessurroundingtheexecutions.On16July,thePermanentMissionoftheStatepartyrespondedthattheCommitteesrequesthadbeensubmittedtothecapitalforappropriateresponseandthatpendingreceiptofthisresponsetheChargdaffairesofthePermanentMissionwasreadytomeetwiththeCommitteeoritsrepresentative.On21July,theChargϜdaffairesmetwiththeViceMChairpersonoftheCommittee,Ms.Evatt,andthe  SpecialRapporteurfornewcommunications,Mr.Kretzmer.TheViceChairpersonandtheSpecialRapporteurexpressedtheCommitteesdeepconcernattheϜnonMcompliancebytheStatepartywiththerequestunderrule86.TheCharg  МdaffairesrepeatedthathisGovernmentwouldbeprovidingafullresponse.@BB p2.Substantiveissues >L" ̜421.  UndertheOptionalProtocol,theCommitteebasesitsViewsonallwritten  $ informationmadeavailablebytheparties.ThisimpliesthatifaStatepartydoesnotprovideananswertoanauthorsallegations,theCommitteewillgivedueweighttoanauthorsuncontestedallegationsaslongastheyaresubstantiated.Intheperiodunderreview,thishappened,interalia,incases #( Nos.610/1995(NicholasHenryv.Jamaica),647/1995(Pennantv.Jamaica), $) 663/1995(McCordieMorrisonv.Jamaica),752/1997(AllanHenryv.Trinidadand n%| * МTobago)and800/1998(D.Thomasv.Jamaica). 4&B!+ ̜(a)  Righttolife(Covenant,art.6) '"- ̜422.  Article6,paragraph2,providesthatasentenceofdeathmaybeimposed L)Z$/ onlyforthemostseriouscrimesandifnotcontrarytotheprovisionsoftheCovenant.Thus,anexusisestablishedbetweentheimpositionofasentenceofdeathandobservancebyStateauthoritiesofguaranteesundertheCovenant.Accordingly,incaseswheretheCommitteefoundthattheStatepartyhadviolatedarticle14oftheCovenant,inthatthecomplainanthadbeendenieda *-8(4 fairtrialandappeal,theCommitteeheldthattheimpositionofthesentenceofdeathalsoentailedaviolationofarticle6.Havingconcludedthatthefinalsentenceofdeathhadbeenimposedafteratrialthatfailedtocomplyfullywiththerequirementsofarticle14,theCommitteefoundthattherightprotectedbyarticle6hadbeenviolatedincasesNos.594/1992(IrvingPhillip   v.TrinidadandTobago),663/1995(McCordieMorrisonv.Jamaica),719/1996  (ConroyLevyv.Jamaica),730/1996(ClarenceMarshallv.Jamaica)and775/1997   (ChristopherBrownv.Jamaica). \ j ̜423.  Article6,paragraph5,prohibitstheimpositionofthedeathsentencefor    crimescommittedbypersonsbelow18yearsofage.IncaseNo.592/1994(Clive    Johnsonv.Jamaica),theauthorpresentedabirthcertificatetoshowthathe t   Мhadbeenunder18yearsofagewhenthecrimeforwhichhewasconvictedwasϜcommitted.TheCommitteefoundthattheimpositionofthedeathsentenceuponhimconstitutedaviolationofarticle6,paragraph5,oftheCovenant.̜(b)0  Therightnottobesubjectedtotortureortocruel,inhumanordegrading R`  treatment(Covenant,art.7)& ## ̜424.  Article7oftheCovenantprovidesthatnooneshallbesubjectedto  tortureorcruel,inhumanordegradingtreatmentorpunishment.̜425.  IncaseNo.653/1995(ColinJohnsonv.Jamaica)thecomplainant,whowas  detainedondeathrow,hadgivenadetailedaccountofhowhehadbeenbeatenbyϜwarders,deniedmedicalattentionandreceivedthreatsagainsthislife.TheStatepartyhadfailedtoforwardtheoutcomeofinvestigationstotheCommittee,andtheCommitteefoundthataviolationofarticle7hadoccurred.̜426.  SimilarfindingsweremadeincasesNos.592/1994(CliveJohnsonv.  Jamaica),610/1995(NicholasHenryv.Jamaica),613/1995(Leehongv.Jamaica), `n 647/1995(WilfredPennantv.Jamaica),663/1995(McCordieMorrisonv.Jamaica) &4 and752/1997(AllanHenryv.TrinidadandTobago).IncasesNos.668/1995  (SmithandStewartv.Jamaica)and775/1997(ChristopherBrownv.Jamaica)the   Committeefoundviolationsofarticle7forlackofmedicaltreatmenttoprisonersondeathrow.̜427.  Initsjurisprudenceregardingclaimsthataprolongedstayondeathrow  $ constitutescruel,inhumananddegradingtreatment,theCommitteehasconsistentlyheldthatthefactsandcircumstancesofeachcasemustbeexaminedtoseewhetheranissueunderarticle7arisesandthat,intheabsenceoffurthercompellingcircumstances,prolongedjudicialproceedingsdonotperseconstitutethatkindoftreatment.Intheperiodunderreview,thisjurisprudencewasconfirmedbytheCommitteeincasesNos.610/1995(Nicolas n%| * Henryv.Jamaica),618/1995(BarringtonCampbellv.Jamaica),649/1995(Winston 4&B!+ Forbesv.Jamaica)and775/1997(ChristopherBrownv.Jamaica). &", Ѐ̜428.  IncaseNo.647/1995(WilfredPennantv.Jamaica),whilereferringtoits (#. jurisprudence,theCommitteefoundthatthecomplainanthadbeenavictimofaviolationofarticle7becausehewasputinanexecutioncellfortwoweeksafterawarrantofexecutionwasreadtohim,beforebeingreturnedtodeathrowwherehespentanothertwoyears.SincetheStatepartycouldnotprovideanyadequateexplanationastowhyhehadbeenputinanexecutioncellforsuchalongperiod,theCommitteefoundthatabreachofarticle7hadoccurred. *-8(4 М429.  IncaseNo.592/1994(CliveJohnsonv.Jamaica),thecomplainanthadbeen  sentencedtodeathinviolationofarticle6,paragraph5,oftheCovenant,sincehewasunder18yearsofagewhenthecrimeforwhichhewasconvictedwasϜcommitted.TheCommitteeconsideredthatbecausetheimpositionofthedeathsentenceuponhimhadbeenvoidabinitio,hisdetentionondeathrow   constitutedaviolationofarticle7oftheCovenant.̜(c)  Libertyandsecurityofperson(Covenant,art.9) \ j М430.  Paragraph1ofarticle9providesfortherighttolibertyandsecurityof    Мperson.IncaseNo.613/1995(Leehongv.Jamaica),thecomplainantwasshotby    thepolicebeforebeingarrestedandnoinformationwasprovidedbytheStatepartyabouttheoutcomeofinvestigationsintothematter.TheCommitteefoundthatthecomplainantsrighttosecurityofpersonhadbeenviolated.̜431.  Paragraph2ofarticle9providesthatanyonewhoisarrestedshallbe   informed,atthetimeofarrest,ofthereasonsforhisarrestandshallbepromptlyinformedofanychargesagainsthim.IncaseNo.663/1995(McCordie &  Morrisonv.Jamaica),theapplicantwasinformedofthechargesagainsthimnine   daysafterhisarrest.TheCommitteefoundthisconstitutedaviolationofarticle9,paragraph2.432.  Article9,paragraph3,provides,interalia,thatanyonearrestedona  criminalchargeshallbebroughtpromptlybeforeajudgeorotherofficerauthorizedbylawtoexercisejudicialpower.TheCommitteefoundviolationsofthisprovisionincasesNos.590/1994(TrevorBennettv.Jamaica),613/1995 HV (Leehongv.Jamaica),647/1995(WilfredPennantv.Jamaica),649/1995(Winston  Forbesv.Jamaica),663/1995(McCordieMorrisonv.Jamaica),and730/1996  (ClarenceMarshallv.Jamaica).  ̜433.  Article9,paragraph3,providesalsothatanyonedetainedonacriminal &4 chargeshallbeentitledtotrialwithinareasonabletimeortorelease.TheCommitteefoundaviolationofthisprovisionincasesNos.616/1995(Hamilton   v.Jamaica)(33monthsbetweenarrestandtrial),665/1995(BrownandParishv. x! Jamaica)(31monthsbetweenarrestandtrial)and775/1997(ChristopherBrownv. >L" Jamaica)(23monthsofpre-trialdetention).  # ̜(d)  Treatmentduringimprisonment(Covenant,art.10) !% ̜434.  Article10,paragraph1,prescribesthatallpersonsdeprivedoftheir #*' libertyshallbetreatedwithhumanityandwithrespectfortheinherentdignityofthehumanperson.TheCommitteefoundthattheconditionsunderwhichprisonerswereheldamountedtoaviolationofarticle10,paragraph1,incasesNos.590/1994(TrevorBennettv.Jamaica),594/1992(IrvingPhillipv.Trinidad 4&B!+ МandTobago),610/1995(NicholasHenryv.Jamaica),613/1995(Leehongv. &", Jamaica),616/1995(Hamiltonv.Jamaica),618/1995(BarringtonCampbellv. '"- Jamaica),647/1995(WilfredPennantv.Jamaica),649/1995(WinstonForbesv. (#. Jamaica),653/1995(ColinJohnsonv.Jamaica),663/1995(McCordieMorrisonv. L)Z$/ Jamaica),668/1995(SmithandStewartv.Jamaica,719/1996(ConroyLevyv. * %0 Jamaica),720/1996(MorganandWilliamsv.Jamaica),730/1996(Clarence *%1 Marshallv.Jamaica),752/1997(AllanHenryv.TrinidadandTobago)and775/1997 +&2 (ChristopherBrownv.Jamaica). d,r'3 М *-8(4 435.  Paragraph2(a)ofarticle10providesthataccusedpersonsshallbe  segregatedfromconvictedpersons.IncaseNo.663/1995(McCordieMorrisonv.  Jamaica)theauthorclaimedthathehadbeenheldwithconvictedprisoners ~ duringhispre-trialdetention,whichlastedalmostayear.TheStatepartynothavingdeniedtheallegation,theCommitteefoundthataviolationofarticle10,paragraph2(a),hadoccurred.436.  Paragraph2(b)ofarticle10providesthataccusedjuvenilepersonsshall \ j beseparatedfromadults,andparagraph3thatjuvenileoffendersshallbesegregatedfromadults.IncaseNo.800/1998(DamianThomasv.Jamaica)the    Statepartydidnotrefutethattheauthorwas15yearsofagewhensentencedandthathewaskeptamongadultsbothduringpre-trialdetentionandafterconviction.Consequently,theCommitteefoundaviolationofarticle10,paragraphs2(b)and3.(e)  Guaranteesofafairtrial(Covenant,art.14)   437.  Article14,paragraph1,providesfortherighttoequalitybeforethe &  courtsandtherighttoafairandpublichearingbyacompetent,independentandimpartialtribunalestablishedbylaw.IncaseNo.752/1997(AllanHenryv.  TrinidadandTobago),theCommitteerecalledthatthedeterminationofrightsin jx theConstitutionalCourtmustconformwiththerequirementsofafairhearinginaccordancewitharticle14,paragraph1,andthatlegalassistancemustbeprovidedfreeofchargewhereapersonseekingconstitutionalreviewofirregularitiesinacriminaltrialhasinsufficientmeanstomeetthecostsoflegalassistanceinordertopursuehisconstitutionalremedyandwheretheinterestsofjusticesorequire.Inthecaseunderexamination,theissuewhichthecomplainantwishedtobringintheconstitutionalmotionwasthequestionofwhetherhisexecution,theconditionsofhisdetentionorthelengthofhisstayondeathrowamountedtocruelpunishment.TheCommitteeconsideredthat:0  althougharticle14,paragraph1,doesnotexpresslyrequireStatespartiestoprovidelegalaidoutsidethecontextofthecriminaltrial,itdoescreateanobligationforStatestoensuretoallpersonsequalaccesstocourtsandtribunals.TheCommitteeconsidersthatinthespecificcircumstancesoftheauthorscase,takingintoaccountthathewasindetentionondeathrow,thathehadnopossibilitytopresentaconstitutionalmotioninperson,andthatthesubjectoftheconstitutionalmotionwastheconstitutionalityofhisexecution,thatis,directlyaffectedhisrighttolife,theStatepartyshouldhavetakenmeasurestoallowtheauthoraccesstocourt,forinstancethroughtheprovisionoflegalaid.TheStatepartysfailuretodoso,wasthereforeinviolationofarticle14,paragraph1(annexXI,sect.DD,para.7.6). ## 438.  IncaseNo.768/1997(Mukuntov.Zambia),theauthorhadsubmittedaclaim &", forcompensationforunlawfuldetentionin1982,whichhadstillnotbeendeterminedby1999.TheCommitteefoundthatthisamountedtoaviolationofarticle14,paragraph1.439.  IncasesNos.719/1996(ConroyLevyv.Jamaica)and720/1996(Morganand *%1 Williamsv.Jamaica),thequestionwasraisedwhetherthereclassificationof +&2 thecomplainants'offenceascapitalmurder,byasinglejudgeundertheprocedureestablishedbytheOffencesagainstthePersons(Amendment)Act1992, *-8(4 violatedarticle14becausetheproceduralsafeguardsofarticle14werenotguaranteed(norepresentation,nopublichearing).TheCommitteeobservedthatafterthesinglejudgefoundthattheoffencewasofacapitalnature,theconvictwasnotifiedandgrantedtherighttoappealthedecisiontoa DR threeMjudgepanel.TheCommitteewasoftheopinionthatthereclassification   ofanoffenceforaconvictalreadysubjecttoadeathsentencewasnota determinationofacriminalchargewithinthemeaningofarticle14oftheCovenant,andthatconsequentlytheguaranteesofarticle14,paragraph3,didnotapply.Itwasundisputedthatallsafeguardsestablishedbyarticle14,paragraph1,wererespectedinthehearingbeforethethreejudgesandtheCommitteefoundthatthefactthatthehearingwasprecededbyascreeningexerciseperformedbyasinglejudgeinordertoexpeditethereclassificationdidnotconstituteaviolationofarticle14.440.  IncasesNos.680/1996(Gallimorev.Jamaica)and709/1996(Baileyv.   Jamaica),atissuewasagainthereclassificationprocedure,butthistimein   caseswherethesinglejudgedeterminedthattheoffencewasofanonMcapital R`  nature.Afterreclassificationoftheoffence,thejudgesetthelengthofanonparoleperiod(15and20yearsrespectively),withouthearingtheapplicantsandwithoutgivingreasons.TheCommitteenotedthatthejudgeexercisesdiscretionarypowerwhenfixingthenonparoleperiodandmakesadecisionwhichisseparatefromthedecisiononpardonandformsanessentialpartofthedeterminationofacriminalcharge.Consequently,theCommitteefoundthatnotgivingtheapplicantsanopportunitytomakeanysubmissionspriortothejudgesdecisionconstitutedaviolationofarticle14,paragraphs1and3(d).441.  Article14,paragraph3(b),providesthat,inthedeterminationofany  criminalcharge,theaccusedisentitledtohaveadequatetimeandfacilitiestopreparehisdefenceandtocommunicatewithcounselofhisownchoosing.Intheperiodunderreview,theCommitteefoundviolationsofthisprovisionincaseNo.594/1992(IrvingPhillipv.TrinidadandTobago). &4 442.  Article14,paragraph3(c),giveseveryaccusedpersontherighttobe   triedwithoutunduedelay.ViolationsofthisprovisionwerefoundincasesNos.590/1994(TrevorBennettv.Jamaica)(twoyearsandthreemonthsbetween >L" convictionandthedismissaloftheappeal),614/1995(SamuelThomasv.Jamaica)  # (23monthsfromconvictiontohearingofappeal),616/1995(Hamiltonv.Jamaica)  $ (33monthsbetweenarrestandtrial),663/1995(McCordieMorrisonv.Jamaica) !% (twoyearsandfourmonthsbetweenconvictionandthehearingoftheappeal),665/1995(BrownandParishv.Jamaica)(31monthsbetweenarrestandtrialand #*' 28monthsbetweenconvictionandhearingofappeal),668/1995(SmithandStewart #( v.Jamaica)(25monthsbetweenconvictionandthedismissaloftheappeal)and $) 775/1997(ChristopherBrownv.Jamaica)(23monthsbetweenarrestandtrial). n%| * 443.  Paragraph3(d)ofarticle14providesthateveryoneisentitledtobe &", triedinhispresenceandtodefendhimselfinpersonorthroughlegalassistance,whichshouldbeprovidedfreeofchargewheretheinterestsofjusticesorequire.IncaseNo.663/1995(McCordieMorrisonv.Jamaica), L)Z$/ counselfortheaccusedhadconcededattheappealhearingthathisclient'scasehadnomerit.TheCommitteeconsideredthatunderarticle14,paragraph3(d),thecourtshouldensurethattheconductofacasebyalawyerisnotincompatiblewiththeinterestsofjustice.Inacapitalcase,whencounselfortheaccusedconcedesthatthereisnomeritintheappeal,thecourt *-8(4 shouldascertainwhethercounselhasconsultedwiththeaccusedandinformedhimaccordingly.Ifnot,thecourtmustensurethattheaccusedissoinformedandgivenanopportunitytoengageothercounsel.Inthecircumstances,theCommitteefoundaviolationofarticle14,paragraph3(d).SimilarviolationswerefoundincasesNos.662/1995(PeterLumleyv.Jamaica)and668/1995(Smith   andStewartv.Jamaica).  444.  Violationsofarticle14,paragraph3(d),inrespectoftheabsenceof \ j legalrepresentationatthepreliminaryhearingwerefoundincasesNos.592/1994(CliveJohnsonv.Jamaica),680/1996(Gallimorev.Jamaica),    709/1996(Baileyv.Jamaica),719/1996(ConroyLevyv.Jamaica),730/1996    (ClarenceMarshallv.Jamaica)and775/1997(ChristopherBrownv.Jamaica).In t   caseNo.775/1997,theCommitteealsofoundaviolationbecauseofcounsel'sabsenceduringthejudge'ssumming-upatthetrial.Aviolationofarticle14,paragraph3(d),wasalsofoundincaseNo.594/1992(IrvingPhillipv.Trinidad   andTobago).   445.  IncaseNo.699/1996(Malekiv.Italy),theauthorwastriedinabsentia, &  andafterhavingbeenapprehended,hewasnotgrantedaretrial.TheStateparty,uponbecomingapartytotheCovenant,hadmadeadeclarationthat?+ 4 <DL!X? [T]heprovisionsofarticle14,paragraph3(d),aredeemedtobecompatiblewithexistingItalianprovisionsgoverningtrialoftheaccusedinhispresenceanddeterminingthecasesinwhichtheaccusedmaypresenthisowndefenceandthoseinwhichlegalassistanceisrequired.TheCommitteeconsideredthatthedeclarationonlydealtwitharticle14,paragraph3(d),andthatunderarticle14,paragraph1,basicrequirementsoffairtrialmustbemaintained,evenwhenatrialinabsentiaisnotinitselfinviolationoftheStatepartys  undertakings.TheCommitteerecalledthatatrialinabsentiaiscompatible  witharticle14onlywhentheaccusedwassummonedinatimelymannerandinformedoftheproceedingsagainsthim.Inthecasebeforeit,theCommitteefoundthattherewasnoevidencethatthishadhappened,andaccordinglytheCommitteefoundthataviolationofarticle14,paragraph1,hadoccurred.(f)0  Therighttofreedomofopinionandfreedomofexpressionx!##   (Covenant,art.19)446.  Article19providesfortherighttofreedomofopinionandexpression.  $ Accordingtoparagraph3ofarticle19theserightsmayonlyberestrictedasprovidedbylawandwhennecessaryforrespectoftherightsorreputationsofothersorfortheprotectionofnationalsecurityorpublicorder(ordre #*' public),orofpublichealthormorals. #( 447.  IncaseNo.574/1994(Keun-TaeKimv.RepublicofKorea),thecomplainant n%| * hadbeenconvictedundertheNationalSecurityLawforhavingreadoutanddistributedprintedmaterialcoincidingwiththepolicystatementsoftheDemocraticPeople'sRepublicofKorea,acountrywithwhichtheRepublicofKoreawasinastateofwar.ThepoliciesoftheDemocraticPeople'sRepublicofKoreawerewellknownwithintheterritoryoftheRepublicofKoreaandtheCommitteefoundthattherewasnoindicationthatthecourtshadconsideredwhetherthecomplainant'sactionshadanyadditionaleffectuponthepublicsuchastothreatenpublicsecurity,theprotectionofwhichwouldjustifyrestrictionwithinthetermsoftheCovenantasbeingnecessary.Onthisbasis,theCommitteeconsideredthattheStatepartyhadfailedtospecifytheprecise *-8(4 natureofthethreatallegedlyposedbytheauthor'sexerciseoffreedomofexpressionandthatithadnotprovidedspecificjustificationsastowhyitwasnecessaryforreasonsofnationalsecuritytoprosecutetheauthor.OneCommitteememberappendedadissentingopiniontotheCommittee'sViews.448.  IncaseNo.628/1995(TaeHoonParkv.RepublicofKorea),thecomplainant  hadbeenconvictedforhisactivitiesasamemberoftheYoungKoreansUnitedduringhisstayintheUnitedStatesofAmericafrom1983to1989whenhehadexpressedsupportforcertainpoliticalpositionswhichwereconsideredbytheStatepartytobenefittheDemocraticPeople'sRepublicofKorea,inviolationoftheNationalSecurityLaw.TheCommitteeconsidered:0  Therighttofreedomofexpressionisofparamountimportanceinanydemocraticsociety,andanyrestrictionstotheexerciseofthisrightmustmeetastricttestofjustification.WhiletheStatepartyhasstatedthattherestrictionswerejustifiedinordertoprotectnationalsecurityandthattheywereprovidedforbylaw,underarticle7oftheNationalSecurityLaw,theCommitteemuststilldeterminewhetherthemeasurestakenagainsttheauthorwerenecessaryforthepurposestated.TheCommitteenotesthattheStatepartyhasinvokednationalsecuritybyreferencetothegeneralsituationinthecountryandthethreatposedby'NorthKoreancommunists'.TheCommitteeconsidersthattheStatepartyhasfailedtospecifytheprecisenatureofthethreatwhichitcontendsthattheauthorsexerciseoffreedomofexpressionposedandfindsthatnoneoftheargumentsadvancedbytheStatepartysufficetorendertherestrictionoftheauthorsrighttofreedomofexpressioncompatiblewithparagraph3ofarticle19.TheCommitteehascarefullystudiedthejudicialdecisionsbywhichtheauthorwasconvictedandfindsthatneitherthosedecisionsnorthesubmissionsbytheStatepartyshowthat    theauthorsconvictionwasnecessaryfortheprotectionof oneofthe `n legitimatepurposessetforthbyarticle19(3).Theauthorsconvictionforactsofexpressionmustthereforeberegardedasaviolationoftheauthorsrightunderarticle19oftheCovenant(annexX,sect.K,para.10.3). ## 449.  Therighttofreedomofexpressionalsoincludestherighttoseek,  # receiveandimpartinformation.IncaseNo.633/1995(Gauthierv.Canada),the  $ complainantwasanindependentjournalistandpublisherwhohadbeendeniedfullmembershipintheCanadianPressGallery,aprivateassociationofjournalists.OnlymembersofthisassociationweregivenaccesstothemediafacilitiesofParliament,includingthepressgalleryinParliament,theonlyplacewherethepublicisallowedtotakenotesduringparliamentaryproceedings.TheStatepartyarguedthattherestrictionswerejustifiedtoachieveabalancebetweentherighttofreedomofexpressionandtheneedtoensuretheeffectiveanddignifiedoperationofParliamentandthesafetyandsecurityofitsmembers.TheCommitteeagreedthattheprotectionofparliamentaryprocedurecouldbeseenasalegitimategoalofpublicorderandthatanaccreditationsystemcouldbeajustifiedmeansofachievingthatgoal.Itconsidered,however,that:0  sincetheaccreditationsystemoperatesasarestrictionofarticle19rights,itsoperationandapplicationmustbeshownasnecessaryandproportionatetothegoalinquestionandnotarbitrary.TheCommitteedoesnotacceptthatthisisamatterexclusivelyfortheStateto *-8(4 determine.Therelevantcriteriafortheaccreditationschemeshouldbespecific,fairandreasonable,andtheirapplicationshouldbetransparent.Intheinstantcase,theStatepartyhasallowedaprivateorganizationtocontrolaccesstotheparliamentarypressfacilities,withoutintervention.Theschemedoesnotensurethattherewillbenoarbitraryexclusionfromaccesstotheparliamentarymediafacilities.Inthecircumstances,theCommitteeisoftheopinionthattheaccreditationsystemhasnotbeenshowntobeanecessaryandproportionaterestrictionofrightswithinthemeaningofarticle19,paragraph3,oftheCovenant,inordertoensuretheeffectiveoperationofParliamentandthesafetyofitsmembers.DenyingtheauthoraccesstothepressfacilitiesofParliamentbecausehewasnotamemberoftheCanadianPressGalleryAssociationthereforeconstitutesaviolationofarticle19(2)oftheCovenant(annexX,sect.L,para.13.6). ## (g)  Specialprotectionasaminor(Covenant,art.24)   450.  Article24oftheCovenantprovides,interalia,thateverychildshall &  havetherighttosuchmeasuresofprotectionasarerequiredbyhisstatusasaminor.IncaseNo.800/1998(DamianThomasv.Jamaica),theCommitteefound  thatthisprovisionhadbeenbreachedbytheStatepartysinceithadimprisonedthecomplainant,whowas15yearsofageatthetimeofhisconviction,togetherwithadults.(h)0  Therighttoequalitybeforethelawandtheprohibitionofdiscrimination  (Covenant,art.26)HV## М451.  IncaseNo.716/1996(Paugerv.Austria),thecomplainanthadreceiveda  lump-sumpaymentforhiswidower'spension.Thepaymentwaspartlycalculatedonthebasisofareducedpension,sincewidowersdidnothavetherighttothesameamountofpensionaswidows.UpholdingitsViewsincaseNo.415/1990,  $  15      כ &4 theCommitteefoundthatthisconstitutedaviolationofarticle26.̜452.  IncaseNo.602/1994(Hoofdmanv.TheNetherlands),thecomplainantwas x! notentitledtoatemporarywidower'sbenefit,becausehehadnotbeenmarriedtohispartner.Heclaimeddiscriminationonthebasisofmaritalstatus.TheCommitteenotedthatunderDutchlawthelegalstatusofmarriageprovidedforcertainbenefitsandcertaindutiesandresponsibilities,andthatithadbeenthefreechoiceofthecomplainantnottoenterintomarriage,asaconsequenceofwhichhedidnotreceivethefullbenefitsprovidedforbylawtomarriedϜpersons.TheCommitteeconcludedthatthisdifferentiationdidnotconstitutediscriminationwithinthemeaningofarticle26oftheCovenant.̜453.  IncaseNo.786/1997(Vosv.TheNetherlands),thecomplainant,amarried 4&B!+ maleformercivilservant,withapensionaccruedbefore1985,receivedacivilservicepensionwhichwaslowerthanthatofamarriedfemaleformercivilservantwhosepensionaccruedatthesamedate.TheCommitteefoundthatthisconstitutedaviolationofarticle26.@ pF.RemediescalledforundertheCommittee'sViews *%1 ̜454.  AftertheCommitteehasmadeafindingonthemeritsits Viewsunder d,r'3 Мarticle5,paragraph4,oftheOptionalProtocolofaviolationofaprovision *-8(4 oftheCovenant,itproceedstoasktheStatepartytotakeappropriatestepstoremedytheviolation,suchascommutationofsentence,release,orprovidingadequatecompensationfortheviolationssuffered.Whenrecommendingaremedy,theCommitteeobservesthat:0  Bearinginmindthat,bybecomingapartytotheOptionalProtocol,theStatepartyhasrecognizedthecompetenceoftheCommitteetodeterminewhethertherehasbeenaviolationoftheCovenantornotandthat,pursuanttoarticle2oftheCovenant,theStatepartyhasundertakentoensuretoallindividualswithinitsterritoryandsubjecttoitsjurisdictiontherightsrecognizedintheCovenantandtoprovideaneffectiveandenforceableremedyincaseaviolationhasbeenestablished,theCommitteewishestoreceivefromtheStateparty,within90days,informationaboutthemeasurestakentogiveeffecttotheCommittee'sϜViews. ## ̜455.  ThecompliancebyStateswiththeserequestsforinformationismonitored R`  bytheCommitteethroughitsfollow-upprocedure,asdescribedinchapterVIIofthepresentreport.̜  jx Л@* * pVII.FOLLOWUPACTIVITIESUNDERTHEOPTIONALPROTOCOL456.  Fromitsseventhsessionin1979,toitssixtysixthinJuly1999,the ~ HumanRightsCommitteehasadopted328ViewsoncommunicationsreceivedandconsideredundertheOptionalProtocol.TheCommitteefoundviolationsin253ofthem.457.  Duringitsthirtyninthsession(July1990),theCommitteeestablisheda \ j procedurewherebyitcouldmonitorthefollowuptoitsViewsunderarticle5,paragraph4,anditcreatedthemandateofaSpecialRapporteurforthefollow-uponViews.  $  16      כAttheCommittee'ssixtyfifthsession,Mr.Pocarassumed    thedutiesofSpecialRapporteurforthefollow-uponViews.458.  TheSpecialRapporteurbegantorequestfollowupinformationfromStates   partiesin1991.FollowupinformationhasbeensystematicallyrequestedinrespectofallViewswithafindingofaviolationoftheCovenant.AtthebeginningoftheCommittee'ssixtysixthsession,followupinformationhadbeenreceivedinrespectof152Views.Noinformationhadbeenreceivedinrespectof84Views.Inninecases,thedeadlineforreceiptoffollowupinformationhadnotyetexpired.Inmanyinstances,thesecretariathasalsoreceivedinformationfromauthorstotheeffectthattheCommittee'sViewshadnotbeenimplemented.Conversely,insomerareinstances,theauthorofacommunicationhasinformedtheCommitteethattheStatepartyhadgiveneffecttotheCommittee'srecommendations,althoughtheStatepartyhadnotitselfprovidedthatinformation.459.  Attemptstocategorizefollowuprepliesarenecessarilyimprecise.  Roughly30percentoftherepliesreceivedcouldbeconsideredsatisfactoryinthattheydisplaytheStateparty'swillingnesstoimplementtheCommittee'sViewsortooffertheapplicantanappropriateremedy.Manyrepliessimplyindicatethatthevictimhasfailedtofileaclaimforcompensationwithinstatutorydeadlinesandthatnocompensationcanthereforebepaidtothevictim.OtherrepliescannotbeconsideredsatisfactorybecausetheyeitherdonotaddresstheCommittee'srecommendationsatallormerelyrelatetooneaspectofthem.Followupreplies,notedinthelistas unpublished,areavailablefromthesecretariat.460.  TheremainderofthereplieseitherexplicitlychallengetheCommittee's !% findings,oneitherfactualorlegalgrounds,constitutemuchMbelated V"d& submissionsonthemeritsofthecase,promiseaninvestigationofthematterconsideredbytheCommitteeorindicatethattheStatepartywillnot,foronereasonoranother,giveeffecttotheCommittee'srecommendations.461.  TheCommitteespreviousreport(A/53/40)containedadetailed 4&B!+ countryMbycountrybreakdownoffollowuprepliesreceivedorrequestedand &", outstandingasof30June1998.ThelistthatfollowsshowstheadditionalcasesinrespectofwhichfollowupinformationhasbeenrequestedfromStates(Viewsinwhichthedeadlineforreceiptoffollowupinformationhadnotyetexpiredhavenotbeenincluded).Italsoindicatesthosecasesinwhichrepliesareoutstanding.Inmanyofthesecasestherehasbeennochangesincethelastreport.ThisisbecausetheresourcesavailablefortheCommitteesworkhavebeenconsiderablyreducedpreventingitfromundertakingacomprehensivesystematicfollowupprogramme. *-8(4 Ї'882 X'Argentina:0  0 # #Onedecisionfindingviolations:see @  @ A/51/40,  para.455. ## Australia:0  0 # #TwoViewsfindingviolations:488/1992Toonen DR (A/49/40);forfollowupreply,seeA/51/40,para.456;thelawsinquestionhavenowbeenrepealed;560/1993A.(A/52/40);forState   party'sfollowupreply,dated16December1997,seeA/53/40,para.491. ## Austria:0  0  # #0 # #Onedecisionfindingviolations:seeA/52/40,    para.524. ## Bolivia:0  0  # #0 # #TwoViewsfindingviolations:seeA/52/40,   para.524. ## Cameroon:0  0  # #0 # #Onedecisionfindingviolations:458/1991 R`  Mukong(A/49/40);Statepartyfollowupreply &  remainsoutstanding.SeeA/52/40,Ϝparas.524,532. ## Canada:0  0  # #0 # #SixViewsfindingviolations:24/1977Lovelace 0> (SelectedDecisions,vol.1);  $  17      כforStatepartys  followupreply,seeSelectedDecisions,vol.2,  $  18      כ  annexI;27/1978Pinkney(inSelectedDecisions,  vol.1);nofollowupreplyreceived;167/1984ϢOminayak(A/45/40);followMupreply,dated  М25November1991,unpublished;359/1989and385/1989BallantyneandDavidson,andMcIntyre  (A/48/40);followupreply,dated2December1993,unpublished;469/1991Ng(A/49/40);followup &4 reply,dated3October1994,unpublished. ## CentralAfricanRepublic:0  Onedecisionfindingviolations:seeA/51/40, x! para.457. ## Colombia:0  0  # #0 # #NineViewsfindingviolations:forfirsteight  $ casesseeA/51/40,paras.439441,andA/52/40,paras.533535;612/1995Arhuacos(A/52/40);no V"d& followupreply.#*'## CzechRepublic:0  0@""0@""0@ " "TwoViewsfindingviolations:516/1992Simunek $) etal.(A/50/40);586/1994Adam(A/51/40).For n%| * Stateparty'sfollowupreplies,seeA/51/40,para.458.Oneauthor(inSimunek)hasconfirmed &", thattheCommittee'srecommendationswereimplemented,theotherscomplainedthattheirpropertywasnotrestoredtothemorthattheywerenotcompensated.Followupconsultationswereheldduringthesixtyfirstandsixtysixthsessions(seeA/53/40,para.492,andbelow). ##   d,r'3 DemocraticRepublicof  TenViewsfindingviolations:16/1977Congo   (formerlyZaire):0  Mbengeetal.,90/1981Luyeye,124/1982  Muteba,0@ces,the0@%("%("0@ (" ("0@ (" ("138/19830@ # #ࢄMpandanjilaetal.,157/1983 ~ MpakaNsusu,and194/1985Miango(Selected DR Decisions,vol.2);241/1987and242/1987   ТBirindwaandTshisekedi(A/45/40);366/1989  ТKanana(A/49/40);542/1993Tshishimbi(A/51/40).   Nofollowupreplyhasbeenreceivedinrespectofanyoftheabovecases,inspiteoftworemindersaddressedtotheStateparty. ## 0 %  %#%# DominicanRepublic:0  ThreeViewsfindingviolations:188/1984 t   ТPortorreal(inSelectedDecisions,vol.2);for :H  Stateparty'sfollowupreply,seeA/45/40,vol.II,annexXII;193/1985Giry(A/45/40),   М449/1991M;jica(A/49/40);Stateparty's   followMupreplyinthelattertwocaseshasbeen R`  receivedbutisincompleteinrespectofGiry. &  Follow-upconsultationswiththePermanentMissionoftheDominicanRepublictotheUnitedNationswereconductedduringthefiftyMseventhand jx МfiftyMninthsessions(seeA/52/40,para.538).0>## Ecuador:0  0  # #0 # #FiveViewsfindingviolations:238/1987Bolanos  (A/44/40);forStateparty'sfollowupreply,seeA/45/40,vol.II,annexXII,sect.B;277/1988ϢTernJij;n(A/47/40);followupreply,dated11  June1992,unpublished;319/1988Ca;nGarca  (A/47/40);nofollowupreplyreceived;480/1991ϢFuenzalida(A/51/40);481/1991Ortega(A/52/40); `n for @  @ 0@ate0@ " "0@0@""0@""0@ " "Stateparty'sfollowupreplyinthelatter &4 twocasesdated9January1998,seeA/53/40,para.494.FollowMupconsultationswiththe   PermanentMissionofEcuadortotheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevawereconductedduringtheϜsixtyMfirstsession(seeA/53/40,para.493). @ "  @ "  @ "  @ " For  # furtherfollowMupreplies,dated29January0@B!0@B!""0@B!""0@B! " "and  $ М14April1999,seebelow. ## EquatorialGuinea:0  TwoViewsfindingviolations:414/1990Primo #*' ТEssonoand468/1991Ol;𣀢Bahamonde(A/49/40). #( Stateparty'sfollowupreplyremainsoutstandinginbothcases,inspiteoffollowupconsultationswiththePermanentMissionofEquatorialGuineatotheUnitedNationsduringthefiftyMsixthand &", fiftyninthsessions(seeA/51/40,paras.442M444 '"- andA/52/40,para.539). ## Finland:0  0  # #0 # #FourViewsfindingviolations:265/1987 * %0 ТVuolanne(A/44/40);forStateparty'sfollowMup *%1 reply,seeA/44/40,para.657andannexXII;291/1988Torres(A/45/40);forStateparty's d,r'3 followupreply,seeA/45/40,vol.II,annexXII, *-8(4 sect.C;387/1989Karttunen(A/48/40);for  followMupreply,dated20April1999,seebelow;  412/1990Kivenmaa(A/49/40);Stateparty's ~ preliminaryfollowupreply,dated13September1994,unpublished;forfurther   followMupreply,dated20April1999,seebelow.## France:0  0  # #0 # #TwoViewsfindingviolations:196/1985Gueye \ j etal.(A/44/40);forStateparty'sfollowup " 0 reply,seeA/51/40,para.459;549/1993Hopu    (A/52/40);forStatepartysfollowupreply,seeA/53/40,para.495. ## Georgia:0  0  # #0 # #FourViewsfindingviolations:623/1995   ТDomukovsky;624/1995Tsiklauri;626/1995   ТGelbekhiani;627/1995Dokvadze(A/53/40);for   Statepartysfollowupreplies,dated19Augustand27November1998,seebelow. ## Guyana:0  0  # #0 # #Onedecisionfindingviolations:676/1996  ТYasseenandThomas(A/53/40);nofollowupreply jx received. ## Hungary:0  0  # #0 # #TwoViewsfindingviolations:410/1990Prknyi  (A/47/40)and521/1992Kulomin(A/51/40);for  Stateparty'sfollow-upreply,seeA/52/40,para.540. ## Jamaica:0  0  # #0 # #EightyViewsfindingviolations:19detailed  follow-uprepliesreceived,ofwhich17indicatethatStatepartywillnotimplementtheCommittee'srecommendations;onepromisedtoinvestigate,andoneannouncedtheauthorsrelease(seebelow);35generalreplies,indicatingmerelythatauthors'deathsentenceshadbeencommuted.Nofollow-uprepliesin26cases.Follow-upconsultationswiththeStateparty'sPermanentRepresentativestotheUnitedNationsandtotheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevawereconductedduringthefiftythird,fiftyfifth,fiftysixthandsixtiethsessions.PriortotheCommittee'sfiftyfourthsession,theSpecialRapporteurforthefollow-uponViewsconductedafollow-upfactfindingmissiontoJamaica(A/50/40,paras.557-562). ## LibyanArabJamahiriya:0  Onedecisionfindingviolations:440/1990 (#. МElMMegreisi󣛀(A/49/40);Stateparty'sfollowup L)Z$/ replyremainsoutstanding.AuthorhasinformedtheCommitteethathisbrotherwasreleasedinMarch1995.Compensationremainsoutstanding. ##   d,r'3 Madagascar:0  0 # #FourViewsfindingviolations:49/1979Marais;   115/1982Wight;132/1982Jaona;and155/1983  Hammel(inSelectedDecisions,vol.2).State ~ party'sfollow-upreplyremainsoutstandinginallfourcases;theauthorsofthetwofirstcasesinformedtheCommitteethattheywerereleasedfromdetention.Follow-upconsultationswiththePermanentMissionofMadagascartotheUnitedNationswereheldduringthefiftyMninth " 0 session(A/52/40,para.543). ## Mauritius:0  0 # #Onedecisionfindingviolations:35/1978 t   ТAumeeruddyCziffraetal.(inSelectedDecisions, :H  vol.1);forStateparty'sfollow-upreply,seeSelectedDecisions,vol.2,annexI. ## Netherlands:0  0 # #FourViewsfindingviolations:172/1984Broeks R`  (A/42/40);Stateparty'sfollow-upreply,dated23February1995,unpublished;182/1984ϢZwaanMdeVries(A/42/40);Stateparty'sfollow-up  reply,unpublished;305/1988vanAlphen jx (A/45/40);forStateparty'sfollow-upreply,seeA/46/40,paras.707and708;453/1991Coeriel  Т(A/50/40);Stateparty'sfollow-upreply,dated28March1995,unpublished. ## Nicaragua:  0  Onedecisionfindingviolations:328/1988  ТZelayaBlanco(A/49/40);followupreplyremains  outstanding,inspiteofreminderaddressedtoStatepartyinJune1995andfollowupconsultationswiththePermanentMissionofNicaraguatotheUnitedNationsduringthe  fiftyMninthsession(A/52/40,para.544). ## Panama:  0  0 # #TwoViewsfindingviolations:289/1988Wolf >L" (A/47/40);473/1991Barroso(A/50/40).For  # Statepartysfollowupreply,datedϜ22September1997,seeA/53/40,paras.496Ϝand497. ## Peru:    0  SixViewsfindingviolations:forfourcases,see #( A/52/40,paras.524,545546;540/1993Laureano $) (A/51/40);Statepartysfollowupreplyremainsoutstanding;577/1994MEspinozadePolay 4&B!+ Т(A/53/40);forStatepartysfollowMupreplies, &", seeA/53/40,para.498. ## RepublicofKorea:0  ThreeViewsfindingviolations:518/1992Sohn L)Z$/ (A/50/40);Stateparty'sfollowupreplyremainsoutstanding(seeA/51/40,paras.449and450;A/52/40,paras.547and548);574/1994Kim +&2  (annexXI,sect.A);628/1995Park(annexXI, d,r'3 sect.K);forfollowupreply,dated15March1999,withrespecttoPark,seebelow.##  Senegal:    0  Onedecisionfindingviolations:386/1989 DR ТFamaraKon(A/50/40);forStateparty'sfollowMup   reply,seeA/51/40,para.461.Byletterof29April1997,authorconfirmedthatcompensationwasofferedtohimbutherejecteditasinadequate.AtthesixtyMfirstsession,theState " 0 partyinformedtheCommitteethatthecompensationofferedhadbeenincreased.Seesummaryrecordofthe1619thmeeting,heldon21October1997(CCPR/C/SR.1619). ## Spain:    0  TwoViewsfindingviolations:493/1992Griffin   (A/50/40);Stateparty'sfollow-upreply,dated30June1995,unpublished,infactchallengesCommittee'sfindings;526/1993MHill(A/52/40); &  forStatepartysfollowupreply,seeA/53/40,para.499. ## Suriname:  0  0 # #EightViewswithfindingsofviolations:146/1983 0> and148154/1983Baboerametal.(inSelected  Decisions,vol.2);؀consultationsheldduringthe  fiftyninthsession(seeA/51/40,para.451andA/52/40,para.549);forStatepartysfollowupreply,seeA/53/40,paras.500M501).## Togo:    0  TwoViewswithfindingsofviolations:  422-424/1990Aduayometal.and505/1992Ackla `n (A/51/40).Stateparty'sfollowuprepliesonbothViewsremainoutstanding. ## TrinidadandTobago:0  TwelveViewsfindingviolations:232/1987and x! 512/1992Pinto(A/45/40andA/51/40);362/1989 >L" ТSoogrim(A/48/40);447/1991Shalto(A/50/40);  # 434/1990Seerattanand523/1992Neptune  $ (A/51/40);533/1993MElahie(A/52/40);and !% 554/1993MLaVende,555/1993MBickaroo, V"d& М569/1993Matthewsand672/1995Smart #*' (A/53/40);594/1992MPhillipand752/1997Henry #( (annexXI,sect.DD).Statepartysfollowupreplies(unpublished)receivedinrespectofPinto,Shalto,NeptuneandSeerattan.Followup 4&B!+ repliesontheremainderofthecasesareoutstanding.Followupconsultationswereconductedduringthesixtyfirstsession(A/53/40,Ϝparas.502M507);seealsoA/51/40,paras.429, L)Z$/ 452,453,andA/52/40,paras.550M552.* %0## Uruguay:    0  FortyMfiveViewsfindingviolations:43followup +&2 repliesreceived,dated17October1991,unpublished.FollowuprepliesontwoViews *-8(4 remainoutstanding:159/1983Cariboni(in  SelectedDecisions,vol.2)and322/1988  ТRodrquez(A/49/40);seealsoA/51/40,para.454.~## Venezuela:  0  Onedecisionfindingviolations:156/1983   ТSol;rzano(inSelectedDecisions,vol.2);State  party'sfollow-upreply,dated21October1991,unpublished. ## Zambia:    0  ThreeViewsfindingviolations:314/1988Bwalya    and326/1988Kalenga󣀜(A/48/40;390/1990Lubuto    (A/51/40);Stateparty'sfollowupreply,datedϜ3April1995,unpublished,receivedinrespectofthefirsttwodecisions;followupreplyinrespectofLubutocaseremainsoutstanding. ## -++X*X882 x-462.  ForfurtherinformationonthestatusofalltheViewsinwhichfollowMup R`  informationremainsoutstandingorinrespectofwhichfollowupconsultationshavebeenorwillbescheduled,referenceismadetothefollowMupprogress   reportpreparedforthesixtyfifthsessionoftheCommittee(CCPR/C/65/R.1,dated1March1999).Anoverview,similartothatinchapterVIIofthepresentReport,oftheCommittee'spastexperiencewiththefollow-upprocedurecanbefoundintheCommittee'sthreepreviousReports:A/53/40,paras.480-510,A/52/40,paras.518557andA/51/40,paras.424466).̜OverviewoffollowuprepliesreceivedandoftheSpecialRapporteursfollowMup HV consultationsduringthereportingperiod463.  TheCommitteewelcomesthefollowuprepliesthathavebeenreceived  duringthereportingperiodandexpressesitsappreciationforallthemeasurestakenorenvisagedtoprovidevictimsofviolationsoftheCovenantwithaneffectiveremedy.ItencouragesallStatespartieswhichhaveaddressedpreliminaryfollowuprepliestotheSpecialRapporteurtoconcludetheirinvestigationsinasexpeditiousamanneraspossibleandtoinformtheSpecialRapporteuroftheirresults.464.  Thefollowuprepliesreceivedduringtheperiodunderrevieware  $ summarizedbelow.c 465.  CzechRepublic.ThePermanentMissionoftheCzechRepublictothe #*' UnitedNationsOfficeatGenevarequestedameetingwiththeSpecialRapporteuronthefollowupofViews.On13July1999,duringtheCommitteessixtysixthsession,Mr.PocarmetwithAmbassadorM.SomolandtheDirectorMGeneralatthe n%| * MinistryofForeignAffairs,Mr.JiriMalenowsky.Severalissueswerediscussed,includingthelegal,constitutionalandpoliticalproblemsthattheStatepartyisfacinginfullyimplementingtheCommitteesViewswithrespecttocommunicationsNos.516/1992MSimunekand586/1994MAdam. (#. 466.  Ecuador.Bysubmissionof29January1999,theGovernmentofEcuador * %0 informedtheCommitteethatithadmetwithMr.VillacresOrtegasrepresentativeon18JanuaryinordertocometoafriendlysettlementonthebasisoftheCommitteesViews.Byfurthersubmissionof14April1999,the  d,r'3 GovernmentofEcuadorforwardedtotheCommitteeacopyoftheagreementofcompensationconcludedwiththerepresentativeofMr.VillacresOrtegaϜon26February1999.Intheagreement,theStatepartyrecognizeditsinternationalresponsibilityforhavingviolatedarticles7and10,paragraph1,intheauthorscaseandagreedtopayhim,within90days,US$25,000fordamages.TheStateparty,moreover,agreedtotakecivil,penalandadministrativeactionagainsttheperpetratorsoftheviolationsandtotakethenecessarystepstobringthemtojusticeandreserveditsrighttoclaimbackfromtheperpetratorstheamountofdamagespaid.Forthefulltextoftheagreement,seeannexIX.AsimilaragreementwasconcludedwithϜMr.GarciaFuenzalidaon16June1999.467.  Finland.Bysubmissionof20April1999,theGovernmentofFinland :H  informedtheCommitteeaboutdevelopmentsconcerningthemeasurestakeninrespectoftheCommitteesViewsincaseNo.387/1989-Karttunen.TheState   partyrecalledthatin1993ithadcontactedtheauthorslawyerandthatitwasagreedthathewouldrequestanannulmentofthedomesticdecisionbytheSupremeCourtandthatthematterofcompensationwouldbeexaminedafterwards.Counsel,however,hadfailedtopresentarequestforannulmentorforcompensation.TheStatepartyfurtherinformedtheCommitteethattheCodeofJudicialProcedure,atissueinthecase,hadbeenamendedeffective1May1998.AccordingtothenewprovisionsoftheCode,oralhearingscouldberequestedbyanyofthepartiesbeforethecourtofappeal.468.  Bysubmissionof20April1999,inrespectofcaseNo.412/1990-  ТKivenmaa,theGovernmentofFinlandinformedtheCommitteethaton27May1998, HV theMinistryoftheInteriorhaddecided,attherequestbytheauthor,togranthercompensationofFmk3,000.TheauthorappealedthisdecisiontotheSupremeAdministrativeCourtrequestingFmk20,000incompensationandFmk10,000forlegalexpenses.ThecasehasbeentransferredtotheCountyAdministrativeCourtofUusimaaforconsiderationandisstillpending.AnewActontheFreedomofAssemblyhadbeenapprovedbyParliamenton17February1999andwouldenterintoforceinautumn1999.469.  Georgia.Bysubmissionof19August1998,theStatepartychallengedthe >L" CommitteesViewsincasesNos.623/1995-Domukovsky,624/1995-Tsiklauri,  # 626/1995-Gelbakhianiand627/1995-Dokvadzeinwhatamountstoabelated  $ submissiononthemerits.TheStatepartyrejectedtheCommitteesrecommendationtoreleaseMr.GelbekhianiandMr.Dokvadze,butstatedthatϜMr.TsiklaurihadbeenreleasedandthatthecaseofMr.Domukovskywasbeingconsidered.Byfurthersubmissionof27November1998,theStatepartyinformedtheCommitteethatthePresidentofGeorgiahadpardonedMr.Domukovskyandthathehadbeenreleasedfromprison.470.  Jamaica.Severalfollow-uprepliesfromtheGovernmentofJamaicawere &", receivedinthereportingperiod,mostofthemindicatingthatitcouldnotfollowtheCommitteesrecommendation.IncaseNo.592/1994-CliveJohnson, (#. theStateparty,bysubmissionof26March1999,informedtheCommitteethatitsPrivyCouncilhadsupportedtheCommitteesViewsandthattheauthorsreleasewasimminent.̜471.  RepublicofKorea.Bysubmission,dated15March1999,inrespectofcase d,r'3 No.628/1995Park,theGovernmentoftheRepublicofKoreainformedthe *-8(4 CommitteethattheauthorsrequestforcompensationwasbeingreviewedbytheSupremeCourt.ItfurtherinformedtheCommitteethatitwasconsideringamendingtheNationalSecurityLaworreplacingitwithanewactinordertotakeintoaccounttheCommitteesViews.TheMinistryofJusticehadtranslatedtheCommitteesViewsandtheyhadbeenmadepublicthroughthemassmedia.Thejudiciaryhadalsobeeninformed.Publicityoffollowupactivities \ j 472.  Duringthefiftiethsession,inMarch1994,theCommitteeformallyadopted    anumberofdecisionsconcerningtheeffectivenessofandpublicityforthefollow-upprocedure.Thosedecisions,whicharesetoutindetailinparagraphs435-437oftheCommittee'sReportA/51/40,provideforpublicitytobegiventofollowupactivitiesandtothecooperationornon-cooperationofStatespartieswiththeSpecialRapporteur.Concernoverthefollowupmandate R`  473.  TheCommitteereconfirmsthatitwillkeepthefunctioningofthe   follow-upprocedureunderregularreview.474.  TheCommitteeagainexpressesitsregretthatitsrecommendation, 0> formulatedinitsthreepreviousReports,totheeffectthatatleastonefollow-upmissionperyearbebudgetedbytheOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights,hasstillnotbeenimplemented.Similarly,theCommitteeconsidersthatstaffresourcestoservicethefollowMupmandateremain HV inadequate,despitetheCommitteesrepeatedrequests,andthatthispreventstheproperandtimelyconductoffollowupactivities,includingfollowupmissions.Inthiscontext,theCommitteeexpressesseriousconcernthat,becauseofalackofstaff,onlyonefollowMupconsultationcouldbeorganized `n duringthereportingperiod.ItisalsoforthisreasonthattheCommitteeisunableeventoincludeinthepresentReport(asithasdoneinpreviousyears)acompletelistofStateswhichhavefailedtocooperateunderthefollowupprocedure.475.  Currently,theCommitteeisintheprocessofdiscussingmeansto  # strengthenthefollowupprocedure,interaliabyengagingtheStatespartiesto  $ theOptionalProtocolinaconcertedefforttoassisttheCommitteeinitsfollowupactivities.̛̜  Notes $)   ̜  #L 4&"/ й(  ( @(pANNEXI@ pStatespartiestotheInternationalCovenantonCiviland ~ @ pPoliticalRightsandtotheOptionalProtocolsandStates DR @ pwhichhavemadethedeclarationunderarticle41ofthe   @\\pCovenantasat30July1999  $ <P++X*X$  Dateofreceiptofthe \ j   instrumentofratification  Dateofentry " 0 Stateparty  oraccessionorsuccession  intoforce    ̀A.StatespartiestotheInternationalCovenant t   ЀonCivilandPoliticalRights(145) :H   5< Afghanistan x 24January1983a/  24April1983   Albania x 4October1991a/  4January1992   Algeria x 12September1989  12December1989 R`  Angola x 10January1992a/  10April1992 &  Argentina x 8August1986  8November1986   Armenia x 23June1993a/  b/ jx Australia x 13August1980  13November1980 0> Austria x 10September1978  10December1978  Azerbaijan x 13August1992a/  b/  Barbados x 5January1973a/  23March1976  Belarus x 12November1973  23March1976  Belgium x 21April1983  21July1983  Belize x 10June1996a/  10September1996  Benin x 12March1992a/  12June1992 `n Bolivia x 12August1982a/  12November1982 &4 BosniaandHerzegovina x 1September1993c/  6March1992   Brazil x 24January1992a/  24April1992 x! Bulgaria x 21September1970  23March1976 >L" BurkinaFaso x 4January1999a/0  4April1999 ### Burundi x 9May1990a/  9August1990  $ Cambodia x 26May1992a/  26August1992 V"d& Cameroon x 27June1984a/  27September1984 #*' Canada x 19May1976a/  19August1976 #( CapeVerde x 6August1993a/  6November1993 $) CentralAfricanRepublic x 8May1981a/  8August1981 n%| * Chad x 9June1995a/  9September1995 &", Chile x 10February1972  23March1976 '"- Colombia x 29October1969  23March1976 (#. Congo x 5October1983a/  5January1984 L)Z$/ CostaRica x 29November1968  23March1976 * %0   *%1  x Dateofreceiptofthe   x instrumentofratification  Dateofentry  Stateparty x oraccessionorsuccession  intoforce ~ C=ted'Ivoire x 26March1992a/  26June1992   Croatia x 12October1992c/  8October1991  Cyprus x 2April1969  23March1976   CzechRepublic x 22February1993c/  1January1993 \ j DemocraticPeople's̀RepublicofKorea x 14September1981a/  14December1981    DemocraticRepublic̀oftheCongo x 1November1976a/  1February1977 :H  Denmark x 6January1972  23March1976   Dominica x 17June1993a/  17September1993   DominicanRepublic x 4January1978a/  4April1978   Ecuador x 6March1969  23March1976 R`  Egypt x 14January1982  14April1982   ElSalvador x 30November1979  29February1980  EquatorialGuinea x 25September1987a/  25December1987 jx Estonia x 21October1991a/  21January1992 0> Ethiopia x 11June1993a/  11September1993  Finland x 19August1975  23March1976  France x 4November1980a/  4February1981 HV Gabon x 21January1983a/  21April1983  Gambia x 22March1979a/  22June1979  Georgia x 3May1994a/  b/  Germany x 17December1973  23March1976 &4 Greece x 5May1997a/  5August1997  Grenada x 6September1991a/  6December1991   Guatemala x 6May1992a/  5August1992 x! Guinea x 24January1978  24April1978 >L" Guyana x 15February1977  15May1977  $ Haiti x 6February1991a/  6May1991 !% Honduras x 25August1997  25November1997 V"d& Hungary x 17January1974  23March1976 #*' Iceland x 22August1979  22November1979 #( India x 10April1979a/  10July1979 n%| * Iran,IslamicRepublicof x 24June1975  23March1976 4&B!+ Iraq x 25January1971  23March1976 &", Ireland x 8December1989  8March1990 '"- Israel x 3October1991a/  3January1992 (#.   L)Z$/  x Dateofreceiptofthe   x instrumentofratification  Dateofentry  Stateparty x oraccessionorsuccession  intoforce ~ Italy x 15September1978  15December1978   Jamaica x 3October1975  23March1976  Japan x 21June1979  21September1979   Jordan x 28May1975  23March1976 \ j Kazakhstand/ " 0 Kenya x 1May1972a/  23March1976    Kuwait x 21May1996a/  21August1996 t   Kyrgyzstan x 7October1994a/  b/ :H  Latvia x 14April1992a/  14July1992   Lebanon x 3November1972a/  23March1976   Lesotho x 9September1992a/  9December1992 R`  LibyanArabJamahiriya x 15May1970a/  23March1976 &  Liechtenstein0 x 10December1998a/0x#x#10March1999 ## Lithuania x 20November1991a/  20February1992  Luxembourg x 18August1983  18November1983 jx Madagascar x 21June1971  23March1976  Malawi x 22December1993a/  22March1994  Mali x 16July1974a/  23March1976  Malta x 13September1990a/  13December1990 HV Mauritius x 12December1973a/  23March1976  Mexico x 23March1981a/  23June1981  Monaco x 28August1997  28November1997 `n Mongolia x 18November1974  23March1976 &4 Morocco x 3May1979  3August1979  Mozambique x 21July1993a/  21October1993   Namibia x 28November1994a/  28February1995 >L" Nepal x 14May1991  14August1991  # Netherlands x 11December1978  11March1979  $ NewZealand x 28December1978  28March1979 !% Nicaragua x 12March1980a/  12June1980 V"d& Niger x 7March1986a/  7June1986 #( Nigeria x 29July1993a/  29October1993 $) Norway x 13September1972  23March1976 n%| * Panama x 8March1977  8June1997 4&B!+ Paraguay x 10June1992a/  10September1992 &", Peru x 28April1978  28July1978 (#. Philippines x 23October1986  23January1987 L)Z$/ Poland x 18March1977  18June1977 * %0 Portugal x 15June1978  15September1978 *%1 RepublicofKorea x 10April1990a/  10July1990 +&2   d,r'3  x Dateofreceiptofthe   x instrumentofratification  Dateofentry  Stateparty x oraccessionorsuccession  intoforce ~ RepublicofMoldova x 26January1993a/  b/   Romania x 9December1974  23March1976  RussianFederation x 16October1973  23March1976   Rwanda x 16April1975a/  23March1976 \ j SaintVincentand̀theGrenadines x 9November1981a/  9February1982    SanMarino x 18October1985a/  18January1986 t   Senegal x 13February1978  13May1978 :H  Seychelles x 5May1992a/  5August1992   SierraLeone x 23August1996a/  23November1996   Slovakia x 28May1993c/  1January1993   Slovenia x 6July1992c/  25June1991 &  Somalia x 24January1990a/  24April1990   SouthAfrica0 x 10December1998a/0x#x#10March1999## Spain x 27April1977  27July1977 jx SriLanka x 11June1980a/  11September1980 0> Sudan x 18March1986a/  18June1986  Suriname x 28December1976a/  28March1977  Sweden x 6December1971  23March1976 HV Switzerland x 18June1992a/  18September1992  SyrianArabRepublic x 21April1969a/  23March1976  Tajikistan x 4January19990  4April1999`n## Thailand x 29October1996a/  29January1997 &4 TheformerYugoslav̀RepublicofMacedonia x 17September1991c/  17September1991   Togo x 24May1984a/  24August1984 x! TrinidadandTobago x 21December1978a/  21March1979 >L" Tunisia x 18March1969  23March1976  $ Turkmenistan x 1May1997a/  b/ !% Uganda x 21June1995a/  21September1995 V"d& Ukraine x 12November1973  23March1976 #*' UnitedKingdomof̀GreatBritainand̀NorthernIreland x 20May1976  20August1976 n%| *   4&B!+  x Dateofreceiptofthe   x instrumentofratification  Dateofentry  Stateparty x oraccessionorsuccession  intoforce ~ UnitedRepublicof̀Tanzania x 11June1976a/  11September1976  UnitedStatesofAmerica x 8June1992  8September1992   Uruguay x 1April1970  23March1976 \ j Uzbekistan x 28September1995  b/ " 0 Venezuela x 10May1978  10August1978    VietNam x 24September1982a/  24December1982 t   Yemen x 9February1987a/  9May1987 :H  Yugoslavia x 2June1971  23March1976   Zambia x 10April1984a/  10July1984   Zimbabwe x 13May1991a/  13August1991   InadditiontotheStatespartieslistedabove,theCovenantcontinuestoapplyinHongKong,SpecialAdministrativeRegion,PeoplesRepublicofChina.e/   @` ` pB.StatespartiestotheOptionalProtocol(95) jx Algeria x 12September1989a/  12December1989  Angola x 10January1992a/  10April1992  Argentina x 8August1986a/  8November1986  Armenia x 23June1993  23September1993 HV Australia x 25September1991a/  25December1991  Austria x 10December1987  10March1988  Barbados x 5January1973a/  23March1976 `n Belarus x 30September1992a/  30December1992 &4 Belgium x 17May1994a/  17August1994  Benin x 12March1992a/  12June1992   Bolivia x 12August1982a/  12November1982 >L" BosniaandHerzegovina x 1March1995  1June1995  # Bulgaria x 26March1992a/  26June1992  $ BurkinaFaso0 x 4January1999a/0x#x#4April1999!%## Cameroon x 27June1984a/  27September1984 V"d& Canada x 19May1976a/  19August1976 #( CentralAfricanRepublic x 8May1981a/  8August1981 $) Chad x 9June1995  9September1995 n%| * Chile x 28May1992a/  28August1992 4&B!+ Colombia x 29October1969  23March1976 &", Congo x 5October1983a/  5January1984 (#. CostaRica x 29November1968  23March1976 L)Z$/ C=ted'Ivoire x 5March1997  5June1997 * %0 Croatia x 12October1995  12January1996 *%1 Cyprus x 15April1992  15July1992 +&2   d,r'3  x Dateofreceiptofthe   x instrumentofratification  Dateofentry  Stateparty x oraccessionorsuccession  intoforce ~ CzechRepublic x 22February1993c/  1January1993   DemocraticRepublic̀oftheCongo x 1November1976a/  1February1977   Denmark x 6January1972  23March1976 \ j DominicanRepublic x 4January1978a/  4April1978 " 0 Ecuador x 6March1969  23March1976    ElSalvador x 6June1995  6September1995 t   EquatorialGuinea x 25September1987a/  25December1987 :H  Estonia x 21October1991a/  21January1992   Finland x 19August1975  23March1976   France x 17February1984a/  17May1984   Gambia x 9June1988a/  9September1988 &  Georgia x 3May1994a/  3August1994   Germany x 25August1993  25November1993  Greece x 5May1997a/  5August1997 jx Guinea x 17June1993  17September1993 0> Guyanaf/ x 10May1993a/  10August1993  Hungary x 7September1988a/  7December1988  Iceland x 22August1979a/  22November1979 HV Ireland x 8December1989  8March1990  Italy x 15September1978  15December1978  Kyrgyzstan x 7October1994a/  7January1995 `n Latvia x 22June1994a/  22September1994 &4 LibyanArabJamahiriya x 16May1989a/  16August1989  Liechtenstein0 x 10December1998a/0x#x#10March1999 ## Lithuania x 20November1991a/  20February1992 x! Luxembourg x 18August1983a/  18November1983  # Madagascar x 21June1971  23March1976  $ Malawi x 11June1996  11September1996 !% Malta x 13September1990a/  13December1990 V"d& Mauritius x 12December1973a/  23March1976 #*' Mongolia x 16April1991a/  16July1991 $) Namibia x 28November1994a/  28February1995 n%| * Nepal x 14May1991a/  14August1991 4&B!+ Netherlands x 11December1978  11March1979 &", NewZealand x 26May1989a/  26August1989 '"-   L)Z$/  x Dateofreceiptofthe   x instrumentofratification  Dateofentry  Stateparty x oraccessionorsuccession  intoforce ~ Nicaragua x 12March1980a/  12June1980   Niger x 7March1986a/  7June1986  Norway x 13September1972  23March1976   Panama x 8March1977  8June1977 \ j Paraguay x 10January1995a/  10April1995 " 0 Peru x 3October1980  3January1981    Philippines x 22August1989a/  22November1989 t   Poland x 7November1991a/  7February1992 :H  Portugal x 3May1983  3August1983   RepublicofKorea x 10April1990a/  10July1990   Romania x 20July1993a/  20October1993 R`  RussianFederation x 1October1991a/  1January1992 &  SaintVincentand̀theGrenadines x 9November1981a/  9February1982  SanMarino x 18October1985a/  18January1986 jx Senegal x 13February1978  13May1978 0> Seychelles x 5May1992a/  5August1992  SierraLeone x 23August1996a/  23November1996  Slovakia x 28May1993  1January1993 HV Slovenia x 16July1993a/  16October1993  Somalia x 24January1990a/  24April1990  Spain x 25January1985a/  25April1985 `n SriLankaa/ x 3October1997  3January1998 &4 Suriname x 28December1976a/  28March1977  Sweden x 6December1971  23March1976   Tajikistan0 x 4January1999a/0x#x#4April1999x!## TheformerYugoslav̀RepublicofMacedonia x 12December1994a/  12March1995  $ Togo x 30March1988a/  30June1988 !% TrinidadandTobagof/ x 14November1980a/  14February1981 V"d& Turkmenistanb/ x 1May1997a/  1August1997 #*' Uganda x 14November1995  14February1996 #( Ukraine x 25July1991a/  25October1991 n%| * Uruguay x 1April1970  23March1976 4&B!+ Uzbekistan x 28September1995  28December1995 &", Venezuela x 10May1978  10August1978 '"- Zambia x 10April1984a/  10July1984 (#.   * %0  x Dateofreceiptofthe   x instrumentofratification  Dateofentry  Stateparty x oraccessionorsuccession  intoforce ~ ̀C.StatespartiestotheSecondOptionalProtocol,aiming   Ѐattheabolitionofthedeathpenalty(38)  Australia x 2October1990a/  11July1991 \ j Austria x 2March1993  2June1993 " 0 Azerbaijan0 x 22January1999a/0x#x#22April1999  ## Belgium0 x 8December19980x#x#8March1999  ## Colombia x 5August1997  5November1997 t   CostaRica x 5June1998  5September1998   Croatia x 12October1995  12January1996   Denmark x 24February1994  24May1994   Ecuador x 23February1993a/  23May1993 R`  Finland x 4April1991  11July1991 &  Georgia0 x 22March1999a/0x#x#22June1999## Germany x 18August1992  18November1992 jx Greece x 5May1997a/  5August1997 0> Hungary x 24February1994a/  24May1994  Iceland x 2April1991  11July1991  Ireland x 18June1993a/  18September1993 HV Italy x 14February1995  14May1995  Liechtenstein0 x 10December19980x#x#10March1999## Luxembourg x 12February1992  12May1992  Malta x 29December1994  29March1995 `n Mozambique x 21July1993a/  21October1993  Namibia x 28November1994a/  28February1995   Nepal x 4March1998  4June1998 x! Netherlands x 26March1991  11July1991 >L" NewZealand x 22February1990  11July1991  # Norway x 5September1991  5December1991 !% Panama x 21January1993a/  21April1993 V"d& Portugal x 17October1990  11July1991 #*' Romania x 27February1991  11July1991 #( Seychelles x 15December1994a/  15March1995 $) Slovakia0 x 22June1999a/0x#x#22September19994&B!+## Slovenia x 10March1994  10June1994 &", Spain x 11April1991  11July1991 '"- Sweden x 11May1990  11July1991 (#. Switzerland x 16June1994a/  16September1994 L)Z$/ TheformerYugoslav̀RepublicofMacedonia x 26January1995a/  26April1995 +&2 Uruguay x 21January1993  21April1993 d,r'3 Venezuela x 22February1993  22May1993 *-8(4 ЀD.Stateswhichhavemadethedeclarationunder  Ѐarticle41oftheCovenant(47)  Stateparty x Validfrom  Validuntil DR Algeria x 12September1989  Indefinitely  Argentina x 8August1986  Indefinitely   Australia x 28January1993  Indefinitely \ j Austria x 10September1978  Indefinitely " 0 Belarus x 30September1992  Indefinitely    Belgium x 5March1987  Indefinitely t   BosniaandHerzegovina x 6March1992  Indefinitely :H  Bulgaria x 12May1993  Indefinitely   Canada x 29October1979  Indefinitely   Chile x 11March1990  Indefinitely   Congo x 7July1989  Indefinitely &  Croatia x 12October1995  12October1996   CzechRepublic x 1January1993  Indefinitely  Denmark x 23March1976  Indefinitely jx Ecuador x 24August1984  Indefinitely 0> Finland x 19August1975  Indefinitely  Gambia x 9June1988  Indefinitely  Germany x 28March1979  27March1996 HV Guyana x 10May1993  Indefinitely  Hungary x 7September1988  Indefinitely  Iceland x 22August1979  Indefinitely `n Ireland x 8December1989  Indefinitely &4 Italy x 15September1978  Indefinitely  Liechtenstein0 x 10March19990x#x#Indefinitely ## Luxembourg x 18August1983  Indefinitely x! Malta x 13September1990  Indefinitely  # Netherlands x 11December1978  Indefinitely  $ NewZealand x 28December1978  Indefinitely !% Norway x 23March1976  Indefinitely V"d& Peru x 9April1984  Indefinitely #*' Philippines x 23October1986  Indefinitely $) Poland x 25September1990  Indefinitely n%| * RepublicofKorea x 10April1990  Indefinitely 4&B!+ RussianFederation x 1October1991  Indefinitely &", Senegal x 5January1981  Indefinitely '"- Slovakia x 1January1993  Indefinitely L)Z$/ Slovenia x 6July1992  Indefinitely * %0 SouthAfrica0 x 10March19990x#x#Indefinitely*%1## Spain x 25January1985  25January1993 +&2 SriLanka x 11June1980  Indefinitely d,r'3   *-8(4 Stateparty x Validfrom  Validuntil  Sweden x 23March1976  Indefinitely ~ Switzerland x 18September1992  18September1997 DR Tunisia x 24June1993  Indefinitely   Ukraine x 28July1992  Indefinitely  UnitedKingdomof̀GreatBritainand̀NorthernIreland x 20May1976  Indefinitely " 0 UnitedStatesofAmerica x 8September1992  Indefinitely    Zimbabwe x 20August1991  Indefinitely t   @vv)pNotes   $++X*X5q $  a/ Accession. R`    b/ IntheopinionoftheCommittee,theentryintoforcegoesbackto   thedatewhentheStatebecameindependent.  c/ Succession. 0>   d/ Althoughadeclarationofsuccessionhasnotbeenreceived,the  peoplewithintheterritoryoftheStateMwhichconstitutedpartofaformer  StatepartytotheCovenantMcontinuetobeentitledtotheguarantees HV enunciatedintheCovenantinaccordancewiththeCommittee'sestablishedjurisprudence(seeOfficialRecordsoftheGeneralAssembly,FortyMninth  Session,SupplementNo.40(A/49/40),vol.I,paras.48and49).    e/ ForinformationontheapplicationoftheCovenantinHongKong, &4 SpecialAdministrativeRegion,People'sRepublicofChina(seeOfficialRecords  oftheGeneralAssembly,FiftyMfirstSession,SupplementNo.40(A/51/40),   chap.V,sect.B,paras.78M85). x!   f/ TrinidadandTobagodenouncedtheOptionalProtocolon26May1998  # andreaccededonthesamedaysubjecttoreservations,witheffectfrom26August1998.GuyanadenouncedtheOptionalProtocolon5January1999andreaccededonthesamedaysubjecttoreservations,witheffectfrom5April1999.  #*' }0,XXTX++X*X0@'pANNEXII@;; pMEMBERSHIPANDOFFICERSOFTHEHUMANRIGHTSCOMMITTEE,1998M1999 ~    A.MembershipoftheHumanRightsCommittee      SixtyMfourthSession(October/November1998)  6++%X,XXTX6Mr.NisukeANDO  Japan \ j Mr.PrafullachandraNatwarlalBHAGWATI  India " 0 Mr.ThomasBUERGENTHAL  UnitedStatesofAmerica    Ms.ChristineCHANET  France    LordCOLVILLE  UnitedKingdomofGreatBritain t     andNorthernIrelandMr.OmranELSHAFEI  Egypt   Ms.ElizabethEVATT  Australia   Mr.EckartKLEIN  Germany   Mr.DavidKRETZMER  Israel R`  Ms.PilarGAITANDEPOMBO  Colombia &  Mr.RajsoomerLALLAH  Mauritius   Ms.CeciliaMEDINAQUIROGA  Chile  Mr.FaustoPOCAR  Italy jx Mr.JulioPRADOVALLEJO  Ecuador 0> Mr.MartinSCHEININ  Finland  Mr.RomanWIERUSZEWSKI  Poland  Mr.MaxwellYALDEN  Canada  Mr.AbdallahZAKHIA  Lebanon HV ̀B.MembershipoftheHumanRightsCommittee,SixtyMfifth  ЀandSixtyMsixthSessions(MarchMApril,July1999)  * ++%X*Mr.AbdelfattahAMOR**0 q Tunisia&4q#q# Mr.NisukeANDO** q Japan  Mr.PrafullachandraNatwarlalBHAGWATI** q India   Mr.ThomasBUERGENTHAL*** q UnitedStatesofAmerica x! Ms.ChristineCHANET** q France >L" LordCOLVILLE* q UnitedKingdomofGreatBritain  #  q andNorthernIrelandMs.ElizabethEVATT* q Australia !% Mr.EckartKLEIN** q Germany V"d& Mr.DavidKRETZMER** q Israel #*' Ms.PilarGAITANDEPOMBO* q Colombia #( Mr.RajsoomerLALLAH* q Mauritius $) Ms.CeciliaMEDINAQUIROGA** q Chile n%| * Mr.FaustoPOCAR* q Italy 4&B!+ Mr.MartinSCHEININ* q Finland &", Mr.Hip;litoSOLARIYRIGOYEN**0 q Argentina'"-q#q# Mr.RomanWIERUSZEWSKI* q Poland (#. Mr.MaxwellYALDEN* q Canada L)Z$/ Mr.AbdallahZAKHIA* q Lebanon * %0 _________$++X*XF$Ӏ*Termexpireson31December2000.̀**Termexpireson31December2002.̀***Resigned26May1999. .)6 Ї@,,%pC.Officers    TheofficersoftheCommitteeduringthesixtyfourthsessioninOctober/November1998were:3++XQX*X++X*X3  Chairperson: Q Ms.ChristineChanet    ViceChairpersons: Q Mr.PrafullachandraNatwarlalBhagwati \ j     3  Q Mr.OmranElShafei    3  Q Ms.CeciliaMedinaQuiroga  Rapporteur: 3  Q Ms.ElizabethEvatt t     TheofficersoftheCommittee,electedfortwoyeartermsatthe1729thmeeting,on22March1999(sixtyfifthsession),areasfollows:0  Chairperson: Q Ms.CeciliaMedinaQuirogaR` ## 0  ViceChairpersons: Q Mr.AbdelfattahAmor ## 0    3  Q Mr.PrafullachandraNatwarlalBhagw ##     3  Q Ms.ElizabethEvatt0  Rapporteur: 3  Q LordColville##    @'pANNEXIII@ pSubmissionofreportsandadditionalinformationbyStatesparties ~ @bbpunderarticle40oftheCovenant DR <++x |kS(*X++XQX*X<Stateparty x Typeofreport | Datedue k Dateofsubmission  Afghanistan x Secondperiodic | 23April1989 k 25October1991a/ \ j  x Thirdperiodic | 23April1994 k Notyetreceived " 0  x Fourthperiodic | 23April1999 k Notyetreceived    Albania x Initial/Special | 3January1993 k Notyetreceived     x Secondperiodic | 3January1998 k Notyetreceived t   Algeria x Thirdperiodic | 1June2000 k Notyetdue :H  Angola x Initial | 31January1994b/ k Notyetreceived    x Secondperiodic | 9April1998 k Notyetreceived   Argentina x Thirdperiodic | 7November1997 k 20July1998    x Fourthperiodic | 7November2002 k Notyetdue R`  Armenia x Secondperiodic | 1October2001c/ k Notyetdue   Australia x Thirdperiodic | 12November1991 k 28August1998   x Fourthperiodic | 12November1996 k 28August1998 jx Austria x Fourthperiodic | 1October2002c/ k Notyetdue 0> Azerbaijan x Secondperiodic | 12November1998 k Notyetreceived  Barbados x Thirdperiodic | 11April1991 k Notyetreceived   x Fourthperiodic | 11April1996 k Notyetreceived  Belarus x Fifthperiodic | 7November2001c/ k Notyetdue  Belgium x Fourthperiodic | 1October2002 k Notyetdue  Belize x Initial | 9September1997 k Notyetreceived  Benin x Initial | 11June1993 k Notyetreceived `n  x Secondperiodic | 12June1998 k Notyetreceived &4 Bolivia x Thirdperiodic | 31December1999c/ k Notyetdue  Bosniaand x Initial | 5March1993 k Notyetreceived x! ЀHerzegovina x Secondperiodic | 5March1998 k Notyetreceived >L" Brazil x Secondperiodic | 23April1998 k Notyetreceived  # Bulgaria x Thirdperiodic | 31December1994c/ k Notyetreceived  $ BurkinaFaso x Initial | 3April2000 k Notyetdue !% Burundi x Secondperiodic | 8August1996 k Notyetreceived V"d& Cambodia x Secondperiodic | 31July2002c/ k Notyetreceived #( Cameroon x Thirdperiodic | 26September1995 k 6March1997 $) Canada x Fifthperiodic | 8April2000 k Notyetdue n%| * CapeVerde x Initial | 5November1994 k Notyetreceived 4&B!+ CentralAfrican x Secondperiodic | 9April1989c/ k Notyetreceived &", ЀRepublic x Thirdperiodic | 7August1992 k Notyetreceived '"-  x Fourthperiodic | 7August1997 k Notyetreceived (#. Chad x Initial | 8September1996 k Notyetreceived * %0 Chile x Fifthperiodic | 30April2002c/ k Notyetreceived *%1 China x Fifthperiodic | 18August1999 k 11January1999 +&2 (HongKongSAR)Colombia x Fifthperiodic | 2August2000 k Notyetdue *-8(4 Congo x Secondperiodic | 4January1990 k 9July1996 -(5  x Thirdperiodic | 4January1995 k Notyetreceived .)6 Stateparty x Typeofreport | Datedue k Dateofsubmission  CostaRica x Fifthperiodic | 30April2004c/ k Notyetdue ~ C=ted'Ivoire x Initial | 25June1993 k Notyetreceived DR  x Secondperiodic | 25June1998 k Notyetreceived   Croatia x Initial | 7October1992 k Notyetreceived   x Secondperiodic | 7October1997 k Notyetreceived   Cyprus x Fourthperiodic | 1June2002c/ k Notyetdue \ j CzechRepublic x Initial | 31December1993 k Notyetreceived " 0  x Secondperiodic | 31December1998 k Notyetreceived    DemocraticPeople's x Secondperiodic | 13October1987 k Notyetreceived t   ЀRepublicofKorea x Thirdperiodic | 13October1992 k Notyetreceived :H   x Fourthperiodic | 13October1997 k Notyetreceived   DemocraticRepublic x Thirdperiodica/31July1991c/ k Notyetreceived   ЀoftheCongo x Fourthperiodic | 30January1993 k Notyetreceived    x Fifthperiodic | 30January1997 k Notyetreceived R`  Denmark x Fourthperiodic | 31December1998 k 30December1998 &  Dominica x Initial | 16September1994 k Notyetreceived   DominicanRepublic x Fourthperiodic | 3April1994 k Notyetreceived   x Fifthperiodic | 3April1999 k Notyetreceived jx Ecuador x Fifthperiodic | 1June2001c/ k Notyetdue  Egypt x Thirdperiodic | 31December1994c/ k Notyetreceived   x Fourthperiodic | 13April1998 k Notyetreceived  ElSalvador x Thirdperiodic | 31December1995c/ k Notyetreceived HV  x Fourthperiodic | 28February1996 k Notyetreceived  EquatorialGuinea x Initial | 24December1988 k Notyetreceived   x Secondperiodic | 24December1993 k Notyetreceived   x Thirdperiodic | 24December1998 k Notyetreceived `n Estonia x Secondperiodic | 20January1998 k Notyetreceived &4 Ethiopia x Initial | 10September1994 k Notyetreceived   Finland x Fifthperiodic | 1June2003c/ k Notyetdue x! France x Fourthperiodic | 31December2000c/ k Notyetdue >L" Gabon x Secondperiodic | 31December1998c/ k 6February1998  # Gambia x Secondperiodic | 21June1985 k Notyetreceived  $  x Thirdperiodic | 21June1990 k Notyetreceived !%  x Fourthperiodic | 21June1995 k Notyetreceived V"d& Georgia x Secondperiodic | 2August2000 k Notyetdue #( Germany x Fifthperiodic | 3August2000c/ k Notyetdue $) Greece x Initial | 4August1998 k Notyetreceived n%| * Grenada x Initial | 5December1992 k Notyetreceived 4&B!+  x Secondperiodic | 5December1997 k Notyetreceived &", Guatemala x Secondperiodic | 4August1998 k Notyetreceived '"-   * %0 Stateparty x Typeofreport | Datedue k Dateofsubmission  Guinea x Thirdperiodic | 30September1994 k Notyetreceived ~  x Fourthperiodic | 30September1999 k Notyetreceived DR Guyana x Secondperiodic | 10April1987 k 1February1999    x Thirdperiodic | 10April1992 k Notyetreceived   x Fourthperiodic | 10April1997 k Notyetreceived   Haiti x Initial | 30December1996d/ k Notyetreceived \ j  x Secondperiodic | 5May1997 k Notyetreceived " 0 Honduras x Initial | 24November1998 k 2April1998    Hungary x Fourthperiodic | 2August1995 k Notyetreceived    Iceland x Fourthperiodic | 30October2003c/ k Notyetdue :H  India x Fourthperiodic | 31December2001c/ k Notyetdue   Iran(Islamic x Thirdperiodic | 31December1994c/ k Notyetreceived   ЀRepublicof)Iraq x Fifthperiodic | 4April2000 k Notyetdue R`  Ireland x Secondperiodic | 7March1996 k 29September1998 &  Israel x Secondperiodic | 1June2000c/ k Notyetdue  Italy x Fifthperiodic | 1June2002c/ k Notyetdue jx Jamaica x Thirdperiodic | 7November2001c/ k Notyetdue 0> Japan x Fifthperiodic | 31October2002c/ k Notyetdue  Jordan x Fourthperiodic | 21January1997 k Notyetreceived  Kenya x Secondperiodic | 11April1986 k Notyetreceived HV  x Thirdperiodic | 11April1991 k Notyetreceived   x Fourthperiodic | 11April1996 k Notyetreceived  Kuwait x Initial | 20August1997 k 18May1998  Kyrgyzstan x Initial | 6January1996 k 5May1998 `n Latvia x Secondperiodic | 14July1998 k Notyetreceived &4 Lebanon x Thirdperiodic | 31December1999c/ k Notyetdue  Lesotho x Secondperiodic | 30April2002c/ k Notyetdue x! LibyanArab x Fourthperiodic | 1October2002c/ k Notyetdue >L" ЀJamahiriyaLiechtenstein x Initial | 11March2000 k Notyetdue  $ Lithuania x Secondperiodic | 7November2001c/ k Notyetdue !% Luxembourg x Thirdperiodic | 17November1994 k Notyetreceived V"d& Madagascar x Thirdperiodic | 30July1992c/ k Notyetreceived #(  x Fourthperiodic | 3August1993 k Notyetreceived $)  x Fifthperiodic | 3August1998 k Notyetreceived n%| * Malawi x Initial | 21March1995 k Notyetreceived 4&B!+ Mali x Secondperiodic | 11April1986 k Notyetreceived &",  x Thirdperiodic | 11April1991 k Notyetreceived '"-  x Fourthperiodic | 11April1996 k Notyetreceived (#. Malta x Secondperiodic | 12December1996 k Notyetreceived L)Z$/ Mauritius x Fourthperiodic | 30June1998c/ k Notyetreceived * %0   *%1 Stateparty x Typeofreport | Datedue k Dateofsubmission  Mexico x Fifthperiodic | 30July2002c/ k Notyetdue DR Monaco x Initial | 27November1998 k Notyetreceived   Mongolia x Fourthperiodic | 4April1995 k 20April1998  Morocco x Fourthperiodic | 31October1996 k 27January1997   Mozambique x Initial | 20October1994 k Notyetreceived \ j Namibia x Initial | 27February1996 k Notyetreceived    Nepal x Secondperiodic | 13August1997 k Notyetreceived    Netherlands x Thirdperiodic | 31October1991 k Notyetreceived t    x Fourthperiodic | 31October1996 k Notyetreceived :H  Netherlands x Thirdperiodic | 31October1991 k 10February1999   (Antilles)Netherlands x Fourthperiodic | 31October1996 k 10February1999   (Antilles)NewZealand x Fourthperiodic | 27March1995 k Notyetreceived &  Nicaragua x Thirdperiodic | 11June1991 k Notyetreceived    x Fourthperiodic | 11June1996c/ k Notyetreceived  Niger x Secondperiodic | 31March1994 k Notyetreceived 0>  x Thirdperiodic | 6June1997 k Notyetreceived  Nigeria x Secondperiodic | 28October1999 k Notyetdue  Norway x Fourthperiodic | 1August1996 k 4February1997  Panama x Thirdperiodic | 31March1992c/ k Notyetreceived HV  x Fourthperiodic | 6June1993 k Notyetreceived   x Fifthperiodic | 6June1998 k Notyetreceived  Paraguay x Secondperiodic | 9September1998 k Notyetreceived  Peru x Fourthperiodic | 9April1998 k 3July1998 &4 Philippines x Secondperiodic | 22January1993 k Notyetreceived   x Thirdperiodic | 22January1998 k Notyetreceived   Poland x Fifthperiodic | 30July2003c/ k Notyetdue x! Portugal x Fourthperiodic | 1August1996 k 1March1999 >L" Portugal x Fourthperiodic | 30June1998 k 1March1999  # (Macau)RepublicofKorea x Secondperiodic | 9April1996 k 2October1997 !% RepublicofMoldova x Initial | 25April1994 k Notyetreceived #*'  x Secondperiodic | 25April1999 k Notyetreceived #( Romania x Fifthperiodic | 30July2003c/ k Notyetdue $) RussianFederation x Fifthperiodic | 4November1998 k Notyetreceived n%| * Rwanda x Thirdperiodic | 10April1992 k Notyetreceived 4&B!+  x Speciale/ | 31January1995 k Notyetreceived &",  x Fourthperiodic | 10April1997 k Notyetreceived '"- SaintVincentand x Secondperiodic | 31October1991c/ k Notyetreceived (#. ЀtheGrenadines x Thirdperiodic | 8February1993 k Notyetreceived L)Z$/  x Fourthperiodic | 8February1998 k Notyetreceived * %0   +&2 Stateparty x Typeofreport | Datedue k Dateofsubmission  SanMarino x Secondperiodic | 17January1992 k Notyetreceived ~  x Thirdperiodic | 17January1997 k Notyetreceived DR Senegal x Fifthperiodic | 4April2000 k Notyetdue   Seychelles x Initial | 4August1993 k Notyetreceived   x Secondperiodic | 4August1998 k Notyetreceived   SierraLeone x Initial | 22November1997 k Notyetreceived \ j Slovakia x Secondperiodic | 31December2001c/ k Notyetdue " 0 Slovenia x Secondperiodic | 24June1997 k Notyetreceived    Somalia x Initial | 23April1991 k Notyetreceived t    x Secondperiodic | 23April1996 k Notyetreceived :H  SouthAfrica x Initial | 9March2000 k Notyetdue   Spain x Fifthperiodic | 28April1999 k Notyetreceived   SriLanka x Fourthperiodic | 10September1996 k Notyetreceived   Sudan x Thirdperiodic | 7November2001 k Notyetdue &  Suriname x Secondperiodic | 2August1985 k Notyetreceived    x Thirdperiodic | 2August1990 k Notyetreceived   x Fourthperiodic | 2August1995 k Notyetreceived jx Sweden x Fifthperiodic | 27October1999 k Notyetdue 0> Switzerland x Secondperiodic | 17September1998 k 9September1998  SyrianArabRepublic x Secondperiodic | 18August1984 k Notyetreceived   x Thirdperiodic | 18August1989 k Notyetreceived   x Fourthperiodic | 18August1994 k Notyetreceived HV Tajikistan x Initial | 3April2000 k Notyetdue  Thailand x Initial | 28January1998 k Notyetreceived  TheformerYugoslav x Secondperiodic | 1June2000c/ k Notyetdue `n ЀRepublicof̀MacedoniaTogo x Thirdperiodic | 30December1995c/ k Notyetreceived   TrinidadandTobago x Thirdperiodic | 20March1990 k Notyetreceived x!  x Fourthperiodic | 20March1995 k Notyetreceived >L" Tunisia x Fifthperiodic | 4February1998 k Notyetreceived  $ Turkmenistan x Initial | 31July1998 k Notyetreceived !% Uganda x Initial | 20September1996 k Notyetreceived V"d& Ukraine x Fifthperiodic | 18August1999 k Notyetdue #*' UnitedKingdomof x Fourthperiodic | 18August1994 k 12February1997 #( ЀGreatBritainand̀NorthernIreland̀(Jersey,GuernseỳandIsleofMan)UnitedKingdomof x Fifthperiodic | 18August1999 k Notyetdue '"- ЀGreatBritainand̀NorthernIreland  * %0 }Stateparty x Typeofreport | Datedue k Dateofsubmission  UnitedRepublicof x Fourthperiodic | 1June2002c/ k Notyetdue ~ ЀTanzaniaUnitedStates x Secondperiodic | 7September1998 k Notyetreceived   ЀofAmericaUruguay x Fifthperiodic | 21March2003c/ k Notyetdue   Uzbekistan x Initial | 27December1996 k 10June1999 \ j Venezuela x Thirdperiodic | 31December1993c/ k 8July1998 " 0  x Fourthperiodic | 1November1995 k Notyetreceived    VietNam x Secondperiodic | 30July1991c/ k Notyetreceived t    x Thirdperiodic | 23December1993 k Notyetreceived :H   x Fourthperiodic | 23December1998 k Notyetreceived   Yemen x Thirdperiodic | 8May1998 k Notyetreceived   Yugoslavia x Fourthperiodic | 3August1993 k 5March1999    x Fifthperiodic | 3August1998 k Notyetreceived R`  Zambia x Thirdperiodic | 30June1998c/ k Notyetreceived &  Zimbabwe x Secondperiodic | 1June2002c/ k Notyetdue   @vv)pNotes 0> 3++X*X++x |kS(*X3  a/ AtitsfiftyMfifthsession,theCommitteerequestedtheGovernment  ofAfghanistantosubmitinformationupdatingthereportbefore15May1996forconsiderationatitsfiftyMseventhsession. HV   b/ Thedateforthesubmissionofthisreportwasfixedbyspecial  decisionoftheCommittee.  c/ Thedateforthesubmissionofthisreportwasfixedbyadecision &4 oftheCommitteefollowingconsiderationoftheprecedingreport.  d/ Althoughadeclarationofsuccessionhasnotbeenreceived,the x! peoplewithintheterritoryoftheStateMwhichconstitutedpartofaformer >L" StatepartytotheCovenantMcontinuetobeentitledtotheguarantees  # enunciatedintheCovenantinaccordancewiththeCommittee'sestablishedjurisprudence(seeOfficialRecordsoftheGeneralAssembly,FortyMninth !% Session,SupplementNo.40(A//49/40),vol.I,paras.48and49). V"d&   e/ PursuanttoaCommitteedecisionof27October1994(fiftyMsecond #( session),Rwandawasrequestedtosubmitby31January1995areportrelatingtorecentandcurrenteventsaffectingtheimplementationoftheCovenantinthecountryforconsiderationatthefiftyMsecondsession. 4&B!+   '"- @'pANNEXIV@: : pStatusofreportsconsideredduringtheperiodunderreview ~ @$ $ pandofreportsstillpendingbeforetheCommittee DR ' + ++X*X'Stateparty Datedue  Dateof  Status      submission   \ j @"pA.Initialreports    $ + + 3$Armenia 22September1994  14July19970  Examinedon t   26October1998 :H  (sixtyMfourthsession) ## Cambodia 25August1993  24November19970  Examinedon   14July1999 R`  (sixtyMsixthsession)& ## Kuwait 20August1997  18May1998  Intranslation  Kyrgyzstan 6January1996  5May1998  Intranslation 0> Lesotho 8December1993  8April19980  Examinedon  1April1999  (sixtyMfifthsession)HV## Uzbekistan 27December1996  10June1999  Intranslation  @RRpB.Secondperiodicreports `n Congo 4January1990  9July19960  Issued,notyet  considered ## Gabon 31December1998  6February19980  Intranslation>L"## Guyana 10April1997  1February19990  Issued,notyet  $ considered ## Ireland 7March1996  29September19980  Intranslation#*'## Republicof 9April1996  2October19970  Issued,notyet$)## ЀKorea     considered n%| *  Switzerland 17September1998  9September1998  Intranslation &", @pC.Thirdperiodicreports (#. Argentina 7November1997  20July1998  Intranslation * %0 Austria 9April1993  22April19970   @ Examinedon +&2 30October1998 d,r'3 (sixtyMfourthsession)*-8(4## ЇAustralia 12November1991  28August1998  Intranslation  Belgium 20July1994  21August19960  Examinedon ~ 22October1998, DR (sixtyMfourthsession) ## Cameroon 26September1995  6March19970  Issued,notyet   considered ## Iceland 31December1994  23March19950  Examinedon    21October1998    (sixtyMfourthsession)t  ## LibyanArab 31December1995  29November1995  Examinedon   ЀJamahiriya     27October1998        (sixtyMfourthsession)   Netherlands 31October1991  10February1999  Intranslation &  Ѐ(Antilles)Venezuela 31December1993  8July1998  Intranslation jx @RRpD.Fourthperiodicreports  Australia 12November1996  28August1998  Intranslation  Canada 8April1995  4April19970  Examinedon  26March1999,  sixtyMfifthsession## Chile 28April1994  6October19970  Examinedon &4 24March1999  (sixtyMfifthsession) ## CostaRica 2August1995  6January19980  Examinedon >L" 5April1999  # (sixtyMfifthsession) $## Japan 31October1996  16June19970  Examinedon V"d& 28/29October1998(sixtyMfourthsession)#(## Mexico 22June1997  30June19970  Examinedon n%| * 16July1999 4&B!+ (sixtyMsixthsession)&",## Mongolia 4April1995  20March1998  Intranslation (#. Morocco 31October1996  27January19970  Issued,notyet * %0 considered ## Norway 1August1996  4February19970  Issued,notyet d,r'3 considered*-8(4## ЇPeru 9April1998  3July19980  Issued,notyet  considered ## Poland 27October1994  7May19960  Examinedon DR 19July1999   (sixtyMsixthsession)## Portugal(Macau) 30June1998  1March19990  Issued,notyet \ j considered ## Romania 31December1994  26April19960  Examinedon    20July1999, t   (sixtyMsixthsession):H ## UnitedKingdom 18August1994  12February1997  Issued,notyet   ЀofGreatBritain     considered   ЀandNortherǹIreland(Jersey,̀Guernseyand̀IsleofMan)@pE.Fifthperiodicreports 0> HongKong 18August1999  11January1999  Intranslation  Ѐ(Special̀AdministrativèRegion,submitted̀bythePeople's̀RepublicofChina)  &4 @(pANNEXVListofStatesparties'delegationsthatparticipatedintheconsiderationof ~ theirrespectivereportsbytheHumanRightsCommitteeatitssixty-fourth,@ psixty-fifthandsixty-sixthsessions@  p(Listedintheorderinwhichtheirreportswereconsidered)*882l + 3*ICELANDRepresentative0 _ Mr.ThorsteinnGeirsson,SecretaryMGeneral,Ministryof    JusticeandEcclesiasticalAffairs,Reykjavik _ #_ # Advisers  0 _ Mr.BenediktJ;nsson,Ambassador,PermanentRepresentative   ofIcelandtotheUnitedNationsOfficeatGeneva _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.J;nasTh;rGudmundsson,HeadofSection,MinistryofJusticeandEcclesiasticalAffairs,Reykjavik _ #_ # BELGIUMRepresentative0 _ Mr.J.M.Noirfalisse,Ambassador,PermanentRepresentative 0> ofBelgiumtotheUnitedNationsOfficeatGeneva _ #_ # Advisers0  0_  # #Ms.M.Fostier,DeputyPermanentRepresentativeofBelgium  totheUnitedNationsOfficeatGeneva _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # # _ #_ #  %   0 _ Mr.C.Debrulle,DirectorMGeneral,AdministrativeOffice  ТofPenalLegislationandHumanRights,MinistryofJustice,Brussels _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.S.Janssen,MemberoftheCabinetoftheMinisterofJustice,Brussels _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mrs.S.Vermeulen,DeputyCounsellor,AdministrativeOfficeofPenalLegislationandHumanRights,MinistryofJustice,Brussels _ #_ # ARMENIARepresentative0 _ Mr.AshotMelik-Shahnazarian,Ambassador-at-Large, #( MinistryofForeignAffairs _ #_ # Advisers  0 _ Mr.KarenNazarian,PermanentRepresentativeofArmeniato 4&B!+ theUnitedNationsOfficeatGeneva _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Ms.ArpineGevorgian,ThirdSecretary,PermanentMissionofArmeniatotheUnitedNationsOfficeatGeneva _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Ms.AlineDedeyan,Expert,PermanentMissionofArmeniatotheUnitedNationsOfficeatGeneva _ #_ #   *-8(4 LIBYANARABJAMAHIRIYARepresentative0 _ Mr.SaidHafyana,ProsecutionOffice~_ #_ # Advisers0  0_  # #Mr.NajibKleba,Head,HumanRightsOffice,General   PeoplesCommitteeforJustice _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Ms.NajatAl-Hajjaji,Chargdaffaires,PermanentMissionoftheLibyanArabJamahiriyatotheUnitedNationsOfficeatGeneva _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mrs.NazikShaweish,GeneralPeoplesCommitteeforForeignLiaisonsandInternationalCooperation _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #0_ #_ # ## JAPAN0   _   # # Representative0 _ ࢣMr.NobutoshiAkao,Ambassador,PermanentRepresentative R`  ofJapantotheUnitedNationsOfficeatGeneva _ #_ # Advisers0  0_  # #Mr.YoshikiMine,DeputyPermanentRepresentativeofJapan  totheUnitedNationsOfficeatGeneva _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.ToshioKaitani,Director,HumanRightsandRefugeeDivision,MultilateralCooperationDepartment,ForeignPolicyBureau,MinistryofForeignAffairs _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.ShozoFujita,Director,GeneralAffairsDivision,BureauofCorrections,MinistryofJustice _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.KatsuyukiNishikawa,Director,EnforcementDivision,ImmigrationBureau,MinistryofJustice _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.KenjiTsunekawa,Director,InternationalLabourAffairsDivision,MinistersSecretariat,MinistryofLabour _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.KazunariWatanabe,SpecialAssistantforDetentionAdministration,GeneralAffairsDivision, !% CommissionerMGeneralsSecretariat,NationalPolice V"d& Agency _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.YorihikoKatsuno,Director,OfficeofUpperSecondaryEducationReform,UpperSecondarySchoolDivision,ElementaryandSecondaryEducationBureau,MinistryofEducation,Science,SportsandCulture _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.AtsushiSuginaka,DeputyDirector,MentalHealthandWelfareDivision,DepartmentofHealthandWelfareforPersonswithDisabilities,MinistersSecretariat,MinistryofHealthandWelfare _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.KunihikoSakai,Counsellor,MinistersSecretariat,MinistryofJustice*-8(4_ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.ShigekiSumi,Counsellor,PermanentMissionofJapantotheUnitedNationsOfficeatGeneva _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.MakioMiyagawa,Counsellor,PermanentMissionofJapantotheUnitedNationsOfficeatGeneva _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Ms.YoshikoAndo,PlanningDirector,WomensPolicyPlanningDivision,Women'sBureau,MinistryofLabour _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.TsuyoshiKawabata,Attorney,BureauofCorrections,MinistryofJustice _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.NobuyaFukumoto,Attorney,CivilAffairsBureau,MinistryofJustice _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.TakeshiSeto,FirstSecretary,PermanentMissionofJapantotheUnitedNationsOfficeatGeneva _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.YoshihideAsakura,AttorneyandAssistantDirector,HumanRightsandRefugeeDivision,MultilateralCooperationDepartment,ForeignPolicyBureau,MinistryofForeignAffairs _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.SatoshiTomiyama,AssistantDirector,SecurityDivision,BureauofCorrections,MinistryofJustice _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.KohShikata,AssistantDirector,FirstInternationalDivision,InternationalDepartment,CommissionerMGeneralsSecretariat,NationalPolice  Agency _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.YoshinobuMaeda,Deputy-Director,LabourLegislationDivision,LabourRelationsBureau,MinistryofLabour _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # # _ #_ # 0 %    _ Mr.KatsuhikoShibayama,AssistantDirector,General %#%# 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #AffairsDivision,Commissioner-GeneralsSecretariat,NationalPoliceAgency _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.SatoruKurokawa,AssistantDirector,InvestigativePlanningDivision,CriminalInvestigationBureau,NationalPoliceAgency _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # # _ #_ #  %   0 _ Mr.YoshihiroMukaiyama,AssistantDirector,SecurityPlanningDivision,SecurityBureau,NationalPoliceAgency _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.ShunichiMitsuo,UnitChief,OfficeofForeigners'Education,InternationalAffairsPlanningDivision,ScienceandInternationalAffairsBureau,MinistryofEducation,Science,SportsandCulture _ #_ #   +&2 `0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.MamoruNakanowatari,HumanRightsandRefugeeDivision,MultilateralCooperationDepartment,ForeignPolicyBureau,MinistryofForeignAffairs _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Ms.NobukoIwatani,SpecialAssistant,PermanentMissionofJapantotheUnitedNationsOfficeatGeneva _ #_ # AUSTRIARepresentative0 _ Mr.HaraldKreid,Ambassador,PermanentRepresentativeof    AustriatotheUnitedNationsOfficeatGeneva _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#  # # Advisers0  0_  # #Mr.KlausBerchtold,Director,FederalChancellery,Vienna:H _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.WolfSzymanski,DirectorMGeneral,FederalMinistryfor   theInterior,Vienna _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mrs.ElisabethRiederer,FirstSecretary,PermanentMissionofAustriatotheUnitedNationsOfficeatGeneva _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # # _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.ChristianMarquet,RepresentativeoftheFederalMinistryforJustice _ #_ # CHILERepresentative0 _ Mr.AlejandroSalinas,Director,DivisionforHuman HV Rights,MinistryofForeignAffairs _ #_ # Advisers0  0_  # #Mr.EduardoTapia,FirstSecretary,PermanentMissionof  ChiletotheUnitedNations _ #_ #  %    _ Mr.ClaudioTroncoso,Adviser %    _ Ms.CarmenBertoni,Adviser %    _ Mr.ChristinArvalo,AdviserCANADARepresentatives0 _ Dr.HedyFry,SecretaryofState(StatusofWomen)#*'_ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.RossHynes,Minister-Counsellor,PermanentMissionofCanadatotheUnitedNations _ #_ # Advisers0  0_  # #Ms.SueBarnes,MemberofParliament&",_ #_ #  %    %   0 _ Ms.ClareBeckton,JusticeCanada _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Ms.KerryBuck,DepartmentofForeignAffairsandInternationalTradeCanada _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.ChristianDeslauriers,GovernmentofQuebec _ #_ #  *-8(4 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Ms.ZeynetKarman,StatusofWomenCanada _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Ms.LucieMcClung,CorrectionalServiceCanada _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.DanielThrien,CitizenshipandImmigrationCanada _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.GeorgesTsai,CitizenshipandImmigrationCanada _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.RobWatts,DepartmentofIndianandNorthernAffairsCanada _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Ms.IritWeiser,JusticeCanada _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Ms.MarilynWhitaker,DepartmentofIndianandNorthernAffairsCanada _ #_ #  %    _ Ms.DebraYoung,CanadianHeritage0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.IvanZinger,CorrectionalServices _ #_ # COSTARICARepresentative0 _ Ms.M;nicaNagel,MinisterofJusticeandPardons_ #_ #  % 0  0_  # #Mr.BerndNiehaus,Ambassador,PermanentRepresentativeof  УCostaRicatotheUnitedNationsOfficeatGeneva _ #_ # Advisers0  0_  # #Mr.CarlosFernandoDaz,Counsellor_ #_ #  %    _ Ms.MartaLora,AdviserLESOTHORepresentative0 _ Mr.SephiriE.Motanyane,Ministerx!_ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #ࢣMr.PercyM.Mangoaela _ #_ # Advisers   _ Mr.G.W.K.L.Kasozi !%  %    _ Mr.G.Mofolo %    _ Mr.P.Mochochoko %    _ Mr.P.Chabanc %    _ Ms.L.Moteetee,DelegateCAMBODIARepresentative0 _ Mr.O.M.Yentieng,President,HumanRightsCommitteeof *%1 Cambodia _ #_ #   d,r'3 Advisers0  0_  # #Mr.O.K.Vannarith,Member,HumanRightsCommitteeof   Cambodia _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.I.T.H.Rady,PermanentSecretaryoftheDraftingCommission _ #_ # MEXICORepresentative0 _ Mr.MiguelAngelGonzlezFelix,LegalCounsel, " 0 УSecretariatforExternalRelations _ #_ #  %    _   Advisers0  0_  # #ࢣMr.AlanAriasMarin,DeputyCoordinator,Coordinationof t   NegotiationandDialogueinChiapas _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.EnriqueAmpudiaMello,DeputyCoordinatorofAdviserstotheSubsecretariatforGoverning,SecretariatofGovernment _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # # _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Ms.YaneritMorganSotomayor,Director,RelationswithOrganizations,GeneralDirectorateforHumanRights,SecretariatforExternalRelations _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Ms.MariaIsabelGarzaHurtado,AdvisertotheLegalϣCounsel,SecretariatforExternalRelations _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Ms.GuillerminaSanchezValderrama,DeputyDirector,CivilRegistryProgramme,NationalInstitutefortheIndigenous _ #_ # У0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Ms.AliciaElenaPrezDuarteyN.,Counsellor,PermanentMissionofMexicototheUnitedNationsOfficeatGeneva _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.ArturoSnchezGutirrez,ExecutiveDirectorforPrerogatives,FederalElectionInstitute _ #_ # POLANDRepresentative0 _ Mr.BogdanBorusewicz,SecretaryofState,Ministryof  $ InteriorandAdministration _ #_ # Advisers0  0_  # #Mr.KrzysztofJakubowski,Ambassador,Permanent #*' RepresentativeofPolandtotheUnitedNationsOfficeatGeneva _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Ms.IrenaKowalska,OfficeoftheMinisteroftheGovernmentforFamilyMatters _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.ZenonSobczynski,MinistryofInteriorandAdministration _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.ArturKozlowski,MinistryofInteriorandAdministration _ #_ #   d,r'3 `}  0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.MaciejLewandowski,MinistryofInteriorand Administration _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.ZbigniewKrasnodebski,PoliceGeneralHeadquarters _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.TomaszKnothe,Minister,PermanentMissionofPoland _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #totheUnitedNationsOfficeatGeneva _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Ms.BeataZiorkiewicz,MinistryofJustice _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Ms.JoannaJaniszewska,MinistryofJustice _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Ms.AgnieszkaDabrowiecka,MinistryofJustice _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.JerzyCiechanski,MinistryofLabourandSocialPolicy _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.IgorStruminski,MinistryofLabourandSocialPolicy _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.AdamLaptas,PrisonServiceCentralAdministration _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.JacekTyszko,PermanentMissionofPolandtotheUnitedNationsOfficeatGeneva _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.AndrzejSados,MinistryofForeignAffairs _ #_ #  %    _ Ms.ElzbietaBrodzik,InterpreterROMANIARepresentative0 _ Mr.CristianDiaconescu,DirectorMGeneralforLegaland `n ConsularAffairs,MinistryforForeignAffairs _ #_ # Advisers0  0_  # #Mr.IoanMaxim,Ambassador,PermanentRepresentativeof   RomaniatotheUnitedNationsatGeneva _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Ms.IuliaCristinaTarcea,Director,DirectorateforEuropeanIntegrationandHumanRights,MinistryofJustice _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Ms.IlincaBran,Counsellor,LegalDepartment,MinistryoftheInterior _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.MarkoAttila,Director,DepartmentforMinorityProtection,LegalDirectorate _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.MirceaMoldovan,AssistantPeoplesAdvocate _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Ms.VictoriaSandru,DeputyDirector,DirectorateforHumanRights,MinistryforForeignAffairs _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.AlexandruFarcas,Counsellor,PermanentMissionofRomaniatotheUnitedNationsOfficeatGeneva _ #_ # 0 % 0 %#%#0_  # #Mr.AntonPacuretu,SecondSecretary, @  @  @  @ PermanentMissionofRomaniatotheUnitedNationsOfficeatGeneva _ #_ #  .)6 Л}@'pANNEXVI@ pLetterdated5November1998fromtheChairpersonofthe ~ @ pCommitteeaddressedtotheChairmanoftheInternational@$pLaw@@ pCommissionDearMr.BaenaSoares, % Irefertomyletterof9April1998,a/inwhichItransmittedtheinitial " 0 reactionoftheHumanRightsCommitteetotheInternationalLawCommission'sPreliminaryConclusionsonReservationstoNormativeMultilateralTreaties,IncludingHumanRightsTreaties. % TheHumanRightsCommitteewishestorecalltheviewsalreadyexpressedintheabove-mentionedletterof9Aprilasfarastheroleofuniversalmonitoringbodiesinthedevelopmentofinternationalpracticesandrulesonreservationsisconcerned.Therefore,itreiteratesitsconcernabouttheviewsexpressedbytheCommissioninparagraph12ofitsPreliminaryConclusions,whereit"emphasizesthattheaboveconclusionsarewithoutprejudicestothepracticesandrulesdevelopedbymonitoringbodieswithinregionalcontexts.Inthisconnection,theCommitteeconsidersthatregionalmonitoringbodiesarenottheonlyintergovernmentalinstitutionswhichparticipateinandcontributetothedevelopmentofpracticesandrules.Universalmonitoringbodies,suchastheHumanRightsCommittee,playnolessimportantaroleintheprocessbywhichsuchpracticesandrulesdevelopandareentitled,therefore,toparticipateinandcontributetoit.Inthiscontext,itmustberecognizedthatthepropositionenunciatedbytheCommissioninparagraph10oftheProvisionalConclusionsissubjecttomodificationaspracticesandrulesdevelopedbyuniversalandregionalmonitoringbodiesgaingeneralacceptance. % Twomainpointsmustbestressedinthisregard. % First,inthecaseofhumanrightstreatiesprovidingforamonitoringbody,thepracticeofthatbodybyinterpretingthetreaty,contributes-consistentwiththeViennaConvention-todefiningthescopeoftheobligationsarisingoutofthetreaty.Hence,indealingwiththecompatibilityofreservations,theviewsexpressedbymonitoringbodiesnecessarilyarepartofthedevelopmentofinternationalpracticesandrulesrelatingthereto. % Second,itistobeunderlinedthatuniversalmonitoringbodies,suchastheHumanRightsCommittee,mustknowtheextentoftheStatesparties'obligationsinordertocarryouttheirfunctionsunderthetreatybywhichtheyareestablished.Theirmonitoringroleitselfentailsthedutytoassessthecompatibilityofreservations,inordertomonitorthecomplianceofStatespartieswiththerelevantinstrument.Whenamonitoringbodyhasreachedaconclusionaboutthecompatibilityofareservation,itwill,inconformitywithitsmandate,baseitsinteractionswiththeStatepartythereon.Furthermore,inthecaseofmonitoringbodiesdealingwithindividualcommunications,areservationtothetreaty,ortotheinstrumentprovidingforindividualcommunications,hasproceduralimplicationsontheworkofthebodyitself.Whendealingwithanindividualcommunication,themonitoringbodywillthereforehavetodecideontheeffectandscopeofareservationforthepurposeofdeterminingtheadmissibilityofthecommunication. *-8(4 Ї % TheHumanRightsCommitteesharestheInternationalLawCommittee'sview,expressedinparagraph5ofitsPreliminaryConclusions,thatmonitoringbodiesestablishedbyhumanrightstreaties"arecompetenttocommentuponandexpressrecommendationswithregard,interalia,totheadmissibilityofreservationsby DR States,inordertocarryoutthefunctionsassignedtothem".ItfollowsthatStatespartiesshouldrespectconclusionsreachedbytheindependentmonitoringbodycompetenttomonitorcompliancewiththeinstrumentwithinthemandateithasbeengiven.̜3++% _ H882l 43 %    _   (Signed) H ChristineCHANET    М %    _    H Chairperson, %    _    H HumanRightsCommittee򀀀 $)  % a/  SeeA/53/40,AnnexIX. 4&B!+   &", }@'pANNEXVIIӜ6+,XM X++% _ 6   M Letterdated27July1999fromtheChairpersonoftheCommittee ) М   M addressedtotheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHuman̜   M Rightsconcerningtheeleventhmeetingofchairpersonsand@  pthedraftproposalforaplanofaction m{ DearMrs.Robinson,  Duringits1769thand1770thmeetingsonWednesday,21JulyandThursday,22July,theCommitteehadtheopportunityofdiscussingthedraftreportoftheeleventhmeetingofpersonschairingthehumanrightstreatybodiesandthedraftproposalforaplanofaction.TheCommitteeregretsthatthesedocumentsexistonlyinEnglishandthatnoFrenchorSpanishtranslationwasavailabletofacilitatetheparticipationinthedebateofourFrenchMandSpanishMspeaking   members.  TheCommitteerecallsthatpursuanttoarticle36oftheCovenant,theSecretary-Generalshallprovidethenecessarystaffandfacilitiesfortheeffectiveperformanceofitsfunctions,anddrawsattentiontoitsrepeatedcallsforadditionalstafftokeepupwiththegrowingnumberofStatespartiestotheCovenantandtotheOptionalProtocol.TheCommittee'sconcernsaboutthenumberofstaffmadeavailabletoithasbeenformulatedineveryannualreportsincetheCommittee's1988reporttotheGeneralAssembly(A/43/40,paras.22,430-432).  TheCommitteeispleasedtonotethatthedraftproposalforaplanofactionreflectstherecognitionoftheOfficeoftheHighCommissionerforHumanRightsthatadditionalstaffisurgentlyneeded.TheCommitteestronglybelieves,however,thatintheallocationofresourcestheSecretary-GeneralshouldgiveprioritytoensuringthattheCommitteecancarryoutitscoretasks.Moreover,becausetheCommittee'smandateisofanongoing,permanentnature,itisessentialtoensurebothappropriateexpertiseandcontinuityofresources.  TheCommitteestressesthatamongitsmostpressingneedsare:  (a) Eliminatingthebacklogincommunicationsreceivedunderthe  % OptionalProtocolbutnotprocessedformanymonths.DuerespectfortheauthorsofcommunicationsandvictimsofviolationsofCovenantrightsmakessolutionofthisproblemamatterofhighestpriority.Qualifiedandexperiencedstaffareneedednotonlyforthatpurposebutalsotodealwiththecontinuedaccumulationofnewunprocessedcommunications;  (b) ReducingthebacklogofStatesparties'reportsthathavebeen 4&B!, receivedandnotissuedasUnitedNationsdocuments.  (c) EnsuringimplementationoftheCommittee'srecommendationsand (#/ decisionsthroughappropriatefollowupactionwithrespectbothtocommunicationsandconcludingobservationsonStatesparties'reports.  OnbehalfofthewholeCommittee,Iwouldliketothankyouforyourcontinuedinterestinandcommitmenttoourwork.?+ ,XM XX+,XM X?   M   3     (Signed)  CeciliaMedinaQUIROGA -(6    M   3      ;   Chairperson,HumanRightsCommittee  .)7 }ћ@&pANNEXVIII@ pListofdocumentsissuedduringthereportingperiod ~   A.ReportsofStatespartiesexamined(intheorderofexamination)   ̜CCPR/C/94/Add.2 3   ThirdperiodicreportofIceland   ̜CCPR/C/94/Add.3 3   ThirdperiodicreportofBelgium " 0 ̜CCPR/C/92/Add.2 3   InitialreportofArmenia    ̜CCPR/C/102/Add.1 3   ThirdperiodicreportoftheLibyanArabJamahiriya :H  ̜CCPR/C/115/Add.3 3   FourthperiodicreportofJapan   МandCorr.1 3      Л̜CCPR/C/83/Add.3 3   ThirdperiodicreportofAustria &  ̜CCPR/C/95/Add.11 3   FourthperiodicreportofChile  ̜CCPR/C/103/Add.5 3   FourthperiodicreportofCanada 0> ̜CCPR/C/81/Add.14 3   InitialreportofLesotho  ̜CCPR/C/103/Add.6 3   FourthperiodicreportofCostaRica HV ̜CCPR/C/81/Add.12 3   InitialreportofCambodia  ̜CCPR/C/123/Add.1 3   FourthperiodicreportofMexico `n ̜CCPR/C/95/Add.8 3   FourthperiodicreportofPoland  ̜CCPR/C/95/Add.7 3   FourthperiodicreportofRomania x! @ pB.ReportsofStatespartiesissuedbutnotyetexamined  # ̜CCPR/C/115/Add.1 3   FourthperiodicreportofMorocco !% ̜CCPR/C/115/Add.2 3   FourthperiodicreportofNorway #*' ̜CCPR/C/114/Add.1 3   SecondperiodicreportoftheRepublicofKorea $) ̜CCPR/C/95/Add.10 3 0  FourthperiodicreportoftheUnitedKingdomof 4&B!+ GreatBritainandNorthernIreland(Jersey,GuernseyandtheIsleofMan) ## ̜CCPR/C/POR/99/4 3   FourthperiodicreportofPortugal(Macau)* L)Z$/ ̜CCPR/C/HKSAR/99/1 3 0  FirstreportbythePeoples'RepublicofChinaon *%1 HongKong(CorrespondstothefifthperiodicreportonHongKong,formerlysubmittedbytheUnitedKingdom)* ##  *-8(4 МCCPR/C/DNK/98/4 3   FourthperiodicreportofDenmark*  ̜CCPR/C/PER/98/4 3   FourthperiodicreportofPeru* ~ ̜CCPR/C/VEN/98/3 3   ThirdperiodicreportofVenezuela*   ̜CCPR/C/CH/98/2 3 0  SecondperiodicreportofSwitzerland* ## ̜CCPR/C/IRL/98/2 3   SecondperiodicreportofIreland* " 0 @\ \ pC.AdditionalinformationsuppliedbyStatesparties    ̜CCPR/C/84/Add.8 3   AdditionalinformationsuppliedbyEcuador :H  ̜CCPR/C/95/Add.12 3   AdditionalinformationsuppliedbyRomania   ̜CCPR/C/123/Add.2 3 0  AdditionalinformationsuppliedbyMexicoR` ##   D.ConcludingobservationsoftheHumanRightsCommitteeonthe   М   M Statesparties'reports  ̜CCPR/C/79/Add.98 3 0  Concludingobservationsonthethirdperiodicreportof 0> Iceland ## ̜CCPR/C/79/Add.99 3 0  Concludingobservationsonthethirdperiodicreportof  Belgium ## ̜CCPR/C/79/Add.100 3 0  Concludingobservationsontheinitialreportof  Armenia ## CCPR/C/79/Add.101 3 0  Concludingobservationsonthethirdperiodicreportof &4 theLibyanArabJamahiriya ## CCPR/C/79/Add.102 3 0  Concludingobservationsonthefourthperiodicreport x! ofJapan ## CCPR/C/79/Add.103 3 0  Concludingobservationsonthethirdperiodicreportof  $ Austria ## CCPR/C/79/Add.104 3 0  Concludingobservationsonthefourthperiodicreport #*' ofChile ## CCPR/C/79/Add.105 3 0  Concludingobservationsonthefourthperiodicreport n%| * ofCanada ## CCPR/C/79/Add.106 3 0  Concludingobservationsontheinitialreportof '"- Lesotho ## CCPR/C/79/Add.107 3 0  Concludingobservationsonthefourthperiodicreport * %0 ofCostaRica ##   d,r'3 CCPR/C/79/Add.108 3 0  Concludingobservationsontheinitialreportof  Cambodia ## CCPR/C/79/Add.109 3 0  Concludingobservationsonthefourthperiodicreport DR ofMexico ## CCPR/C/79/Add.110 3 0  Concludingobservationsonthefourthperiodicreport   ofPoland ## CCPR/C/79/Add.111 3 0  Concludingobservationsonthefourthperiodicreport    ofRomania ## @  pE.Provisionalagendasandannotations :H  CCPR/C/135  3 0  Provisionalagendaandannotations(sixty-fourth   session) ## CCPR/C/137  3 0  Provisionalagendaandannotations(sixty-fifth &  session) ## CCPR/C/138  3 0  Provisionalagendaandannotations(sixty-sixth jx session) ## @pF.MeetingsofStatesparties  CCPR/SP/51andAdd.1-40  Election,inaccordancewitharticles28to32ofthe HV InternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights,ofninemembersoftheHumanRightsCommitteetoreplacethosewhosetermsareduetoexpireon31December1998 ## CCPR/SP/52  3 0  ProvisionalAgendafortheEighteenthMeetingofStates  Parties ## CCPR/SP/53  3 0  Election,inaccordancewitharticles28to34ofthe >L" InternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights,ofonememberoftheHumanRightsCommitteetofillavacancyproducedbytheresignationofamemberwhosetermexpireson31December2000 ## CCPR/SP/54  3 0  Election,inaccordancewitharticles28to34ofthe #( InternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights,ofonememberoftheHumanRightsCommitteetofillavacancyproducedbytheresignationofamemberwhosetermexpireson31December2000 ## CCPR/SP/55  3 0  ProvisionalagendafortheNineteenthMeetingofStates (#. Parties ##   *%1 @  pG.SummaryrecordsofCommitteediscussions  CCPR/C/SR.1700-1728  Summaryrecordsofthesixty-fourthsession ~ CCPR/C/SR.1729-1753  Summaryrecordsofthesixty-fifthsession   CCPR/C/SR.1754-1782  Summaryrecordsofthesixty-sixthsession   򀀀 L)Z$/ ̀*BydecisionoftheHumanRightsCommittee,thesymbolofreportswillhenceforthbesimplifiedtoindicatetheintialsoftheStateparty,theyearofsubmissionandthenumberofthereport.  *-8(4 @'pANNEXIX@"" pAgreementonfollow-uptotheviewsofthe@@$$ pHumanRightsCommittee ~ @>>+pI@||&pBACKGROUND  TheStateofEcuador,throughtheOfficeoftheStateProcurator-General,initsendeavourtopromoteandprotecthumanrightsandinviewofthegreatcurrentimportancetotheinternationalimageofEcuadorofunqualifiedrespectforhumanrightsastheunderpinningsofafair,worthy,democraticandrepresentativesociety,hasresolvedtogivefreshimpetustothegrowthofhumanrightsinEcuador.  TheOfficeoftheStateProcurator-Generalhasinitiatedconversationswithallwhohavesufferedviolationsofhumanrights,theobjectivebeingtoarriveatamicablesettlementsthatseektomakeamendsfortheinjurycaused.TheStateofEcuador[is]awarethat,instrictaccordancewithitsobligationsundertheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRightsandotheragreementsonhumanrightsunderinternationallaw,anyviolationofaninternationalobligationthathasledtoinjuryentailsadutytomakeappropriaterestitution.Monetarycompensationandthecriminalpunishmentoftheculpritsbeingthefairestandmostequitablewayofdoingso,theOfficeoftheStateProcurator-GeneralandMr.JorgeOswaldoVillacresOrtega,dulyrepresentedbyhisspecialassignee,SisterElsieHopeMongeYoder,haveresolvedtostrikeanagreementonfollow-uptothepointsmadeinViewsNo.481/1991bytheHumanRightsCommittee.@  *pII@((#pPARTIESATTENDING  Thefollowingattendedtheconclusionofthepresentagreementonfollow-up:  (a) Ontheonehand,Dr.Ram;nJimnezCarbo,theState  $ Procurator-General,asattestedbytheletterofappointmentandcertificateofofficeappendedheretoasproofofcompetence;and  (b) Ontheotherhand,Mr.JorgeOswaldoVillacresOrtega,duly #( representedbyhisspecialassignee,SisterElsieHopeMongeYoder,asattestedbythespecialpowergrantedbeforeDr.FabianE.SolanoP.,Twenty-SecondNotaryoftheCantonofQuito,appendedheretoasproofofcompetence.@*pIII@ pRESPONSIBILITYOFTHESTATEANDACCEPTANCEOFCLAIM  TheStateofEcuadoracknowledgesitsinternationalresponsibilityforhavingviolatedthehumanrightsofMr.JorgeOswaldoVillacresOrtegarecognizedinarticles7and10,paragraph1,oftheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights,inviewofthefactthatthelatterwassubjectedto *-8(4 torture,inhumananddegradingtreatmentatthehandsofagentsoftheState,afactthattheStatehasbeenunabletoundoandhasrenderedtheStateaccountablebeforesociety.  Giventhisbackground,theStateofEcuadoracceptsthefactssetforthincommunicationNo.481/1991currentlybeforetheHumanRightsCommitteeandundertakestotakesuchstepsasarenecessarytomakerestitutionandcompensatethevictimor,failingthelatter,hisassigneesandsuccessors,fortheinjurycausedbythesaidviolations.@  *pIV@$pINDEMNIFICATION  Giventhisbackground,theStateofEcuador,throughtheStateProcurator-GeneralactingasthesolejudicialrepresentativeoftheStateofEcuadorinconformitywitharticle215ofthePoliticalConstitutionoftheRepublic,promulgatedintheOfficialRegisterNo.1andinforcesince &  11August1998,awardsMr.JorgeOswaldoVillacresOrtegalump-sumcompensatoryindemnificationoftwenty-fivethousandUnitedStatesdollars(US$25,000)oritsequivalentinnationalcurrencycalculatedattheexchangerateineffectatthemomentwhenthisagreementissigned,payablefromtheGeneralStateBudget.  Thisindemnificationcoverstheresultantinjury,lossofearningsandattendantmentalinjurysufferedbyMr.JorgeOswaldoVillacresOrtegaandanyotherclaimthatthelatterormembersofhisfamilymayhaveinrelationtothemattersreferredtointhisagreement,domesticandinternationallegalstandardsbeingdulyobserved,andispayablefromtheGeneralStateBudget,towhichendtheOfficeoftheStateProcurator-GeneralshallgivenoticetotheMinistryofFinanceandPublicLendingtohonourthisobligationwithin90daysofthesigningofthisdocument.@>>+pV@zzpPUNISHMENTOFTHECULPRITS  TheStateofEcuador,throughtheOfficeoftheStateProcurator-General,undertakestoprompttheOfficeoftheAttorney-Generalandthecompetentjudicialorganstobringtocivil,criminalandadministrativejusticethosepersonswho,intheperformanceofStatefunctionsorbytakingadvantageofpublicauthority,arepresumedtohavetakenpartintheallegedviolation.  TheOfficeoftheStateProcurator-Generalundertakestopromptthecompetentpublicorprivatebodiestofurnishlegallysupportedinformationthatwillpermitthesaidpersonstobeputontrial.Thetrial,ifittakesplace,willbeconductedsubjecttotheconstitutionalandlegalorderoftheStateofEcuador;thusnoproceedingswillbeinstitutedagainstpersonsinrespectofwhomafinaljudgementinrelationtotheallegedactorviolationhasbeenhandeddownbythenation'stribunalsandcourts.  +&2 @  *pVI@  pRIGHTOFACTIONFORRECOVERY  TheStateofEcuado,reservestherighttobringanactionforrecovery,underarticle22ofthePoliticalConstitution,againstthepersonsfoundtoberesponsibleforthehumanrightsviolationbymeansofafinalandfirmjudgementhandeddownbythecountry'scourts,inaccordancewitharticle14oftheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights.@*pVII@F F pEXEMPTIONFROMTAXANDDELAYINPERFORMANCE  ThepaymenttobemadebytheStateofEcuadortothepersontowhomthisagreementonfollow-uprelatesshallbeexemptfromallexistingandfuturetaxationwiththeexceptionofthe"1%tax"oncirculatingcapital.ShouldtheStateincuradelayofmorethan90daysfromthesignatureofthisagreementonfollow-up,itshallpayinterestonthesumowedcorrespondingtothecurrentbankinterestatthethreebankswiththelargestclientbasesinEcuadorfortheentiredurationofthedelay.@)pVIII@JJ&pINFORMATION  TheStateofEcuador,throughtheOfficeoftheStateProcurator-General,undertakestoreporttotheHumanRightsCommitteewithinthreemonthsontheState'scompliancewiththeobligationsassumedbyvirtueofthisagreementonfollow-up.  InkeepingwithitsregularpracticeanditsobligationsundertheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights,theHumanRightsCommitteeshalloverseecompliancewiththisagreement.@  *pIX@$pUNDERLYINGLAW  ThecompensatoryindemnificationawardedbytheStateofEcuadortoMr.JorgeOswaldoVillacresOrtegaisprovidedforinarticles22and24ofthePoliticalConstitutionoftheRepublicforbreachesofconstitutionalnormsandotherprovisionsofthenationallegalorder,andintheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRightsandotherinternationalhumanrightsagreements.  Thisagreementonfollow-uptotheViewsoftheUnitedNationsHumanRightsCommitteeisbasedonrespectforthehumanrightsrecognizedintheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRightsandotherinternationalhumanrightsagreementsandinthepolicyofrespectingandprotectinghumanrightsofthenationalGovernmentoftheRepublicofEcuador.  d,r'3 @>>+pX@ pNOTIFICATIONANDOFFICIALAPPROVAL  Mr.JorgeOswaldoVillacresOrtegaexpresslyauthorizestheStateProcurator-Generaltobringthisagreementonfollow-uptotheattentionoftheHumanRightsCommitteeforitsofficialapprovalandratificationinallparticulars.̀@  *pXI@||&pACCEPTANCE  Thepartiesparticipatingatthesignatureofthisagreementfreelyandvoluntarilyexpresstheirassenttoandacceptanceoftheprovisionsabove,placingonrecordthattheyareherebyputtinganendtothedisputeregardingtheinternationalresponsibilityoftheStateofEcuadorfortheaffectedrightsofMr.JorgeOswaldoVillacresOrtegawhichhasbeenbeingpursuedbeforetheUnitedNationsHumanRightsCommittee.@*pXII@"pPROOFOFCOMPETENCE  Thefollowingdocumentsareincorporatedintothisagreementonfollow-upasproofofcompetence:  (a) Acopyofthecitizen'sidentitycardofDr.Ram;nJimnezCarbo,  theStateProcurator-General.  (b) Certifiedcopiesoftheletterofappointmentandcertificateof &4 officeoftheStateProcurator-General.  (c) AcopyofthespecialpowergrantedbyMr.JorgeOswaldo x! VillacresOrtegatoSisterElsieHopeMongeYoder.  (d) Acopyofthecitizen'sidentitycardofSisterElsieHope  $ MongeYoder.Inwitnessandacceptancewhereof,thepartiesappendtheirsignaturesinthecityofSanFranciscodeQuitoonthetwenty-fifthdayofFebruary,onethousandninehundredandninety-nine.(Signed)  3      ;   (Signed) &", Dr.Ram;nJIMNEZCARBO     ;   SisterElsieHopeMONGEYODER (#. StateProcurator-General   ;   CC.090509576M6 L)Z$/    *-8(4 @(pANNEXX@ pDecisionof4November1998oftheHumanRightsCommittee ~ @ pconcerningtheexecutionofpersonsinSierraLeone DR   TheHumanRightsCommittee,    Meetingon4November1998, \ j   ActingundertheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRightsand    itsOptionalProtocol,  ReferringtothecasesofGilbertSamuthKandu-Bo,KhemalaiIdrissa,Tamba :H  Gborie,AlfredAbuSankoh,HassanKarimConteh,DanielKobinaAnderson,JohnAmaduSonicaConteh,AbuBakarrKamara,AbdulKarimSesay,KulaSamba,VictorL.King,andJimKellyJalloh,whosecommunicationsweresubmittedtotheHumanRightsCommitteeundertheOptionalProtocolon13and14October1998,  RecallingthattheCommittee'sSpecialRapporteurfornewcommunications   requestedtheGovernmentofSierraLeoneon13and14October1998,underrule86oftheCommittee'srulesofprocedure,tostaytheexecutionsoftheaboveMmentionedpersonswhiletheircommunicationwasunderconsiderationby 0> theCommittee,  DeeplydisturbedbytheinformationthatGilbertSamuthKandu-Bo,  KhemalaiIdrissa,TambaGborie,AlfredAbuSankoh,HassanKarimConteh,DanielKobinaAnderson,JohnAmaduSonicaConteh,AbuBakarrKamara,AbdulKarimSesay,KulaSamba,VictorL.KingandJimKellyJallohwereexecutedbyfiringsquadoutsideFreetownon19October1998,  Recallingthaton23October1998,anurgentrequesttoprovide &4 clarifications,by29October1998,aboutthecircumstancessurroundingtheexecutionsoftheaboveMnamedpersonswassenttotheStatepartyboththrough   itsPermanentMissioninNewYorkandtheOfficeoftheSpecialRepresentativeoftheSecretaryMGeneralinFreetown, >L"   NotingthatnoinformationhasbeenreceivedfromtheStateparty,  $   1. Expressesitsindignationatthefailureoftheauthoritiesofthe V"d& StatepartytocomplywiththeCommittee'srequestforinterimmeasuresofprotectionpursuanttorule86oftheCommittee'srulesofprocedure,theattitudedisplayedbytheStatepartybeingallthemoreregrettableasitconcernedcasesinvolvingcapitalpunishmentofwhichtheCommitteewasproperlyseizedandwascompetenttoexamine,andasitoccurredinthecontextoftheconsiderationofthefirstcasessubmittedtotheCommitteesincetheOptionalProtocolenteredintoforceforSierraLeoneon23November1996;  2. RecallsthattheStateparty,uponratifyingtheOptionalProtocol, L)Z$/ undertooktocooperatewiththeCommitteeundertheprocedure,andemphasizesthattheStatepartyhasfailedtocomplywithitsobligations,bothundertheOptionalProtocolandundertheCovenant;  d,r'3   3. DeplorestheStateparty'sfailuretomakeavailable,asrequested   bytheCommittee,specificclarificationsofthecircumstancessurroundingtheexecutions;  4. DecidestocontinuetheconsiderationoftheaboveMmentioned   communicationsundertheOptionalProtocol;  5. StronglyurgestheStatepartytoensure,byallmeansatits \ j disposal,thatsituationssimilartothosesurroundingtheexecutionsoftheaboveMmentionedpersonsdonotrecur;inparticular,theCommitteeurges    compliancewithitsrule86requestsinothercasesofasimilarnatureofwhichtheCommitteeisseized;  6. UrgestheStatepartytopresentwithoutdelayitsinitialreport   underarticle40oftheCovenant,whichwasdueon22November1997,fordiscussionbytheCommitteeatitssixtyMfifthsessioninMarch/April1999and,   inanyevent,tosubmitby15February1999areport,insummaryformifnecessary,relatinginparticulartotheapplicationatthepresenttimeofarticles6,7and14oftheCovenant;  7. RequeststheSecretary-Generaltobringthepresentdecisiontothe jx attentiontotheGovernmentofSierraLeone.@[[)pMMMMM  +9928230(E)251099^X AX^XX^*9928230* XHOXXX^ AX XHO '"-