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Jc.+003|xU \!CEUS.,  _  CERDGeneralrecommendationXXIXonarticle1,paragraph1,oftheConvention(Descent)   UKCE., A/57/18(2002)111   TheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscrimination, L    RecallingthetermsoftheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsaccordingtowhichall $ t humanbeingsarebornfreeandequalindignityandrightsandareentitledtotherightsandfreedoms  ` thereinwithoutdistinctionofanykind,includingrace,colour,sex,language,religion,socialorigin,  L  birthorotherstatus,  8      RecallingalsothetermsoftheViennaDeclarationandProgrammeofActionoftheWorld   ConferenceonHumanRightsaccordingtowhichitisthedutyofStates,regardlessofpolitical,   economicandculturalsystem,topromoteandprotectallhumanrightsandfundamentalfreedoms,         ReaffirmingitsgeneralrecommendationXXVIIIinwhichtheCommitteeexpresses p wholeheartedsupportfortheDurbanDeclarationandProgrammeofActionoftheWorldConference \ againstRacism,RacialDiscrimination,XenophobiaandRelatedIntolerance, H       ReaffirmingalsothecondemnationofdiscriminationagainstpersonsofAsianandAfrican  p descentandindigenousandotherformsofdescentintheDurbanDeclarationandProgrammeof  \ Action, H       BasingitsactionontheprovisionsoftheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAll   FormsofRacialDiscriminationwhichseekstoeliminatediscriminationbasedonrace,colour,   descent,ornationalorethnicorigin,        ConfirmingtheconsistentviewoftheCommitteethattheterm descentinarticle1,  paragraph1,theConventiondoesnotsolelyreferto raceandhasameaningandapplicationwhich l complementtheotherprohibitedgroundsofdiscrimination, X        Stronglyreaffirmingthatdiscriminationbasedon descentincludesdiscriminationagainst 0"  membersofcommunitiesbasedonformsofsocialstratificationsuchascasteandanalogoussystems #l! ofinheritedstatuswhichnullifyorimpairtheirequalenjoymentofhumanrights, $X"       NotingthattheexistenceofsuchdiscriminationhasbecomeevidentfromtheCommittees %0!$ examinationofreportsofanumberofStatespartiestotheConvention, &"%       Havingorganizedathematicdiscussionondescentbaseddiscriminationandreceivedthe (#' contributionsofmembersoftheCommittee,aswellascontributionsfromsomeGovernmentsand )$( membersofotherUnitedNationsbodies,notablyexpertsoftheSubCommissionforthePromotion |*%) andProtectionofHumanRights, h+&*     T,'+     Havingreceivedcontributionsfromagreatnumberofconcernednongovernmental   organizationsandindividuals,orallyandthroughwritteninformation,providingtheCommitteewith  furtherevidenceoftheextentandpersistenceofdescentbaseddiscriminationindifferentregions  oftheworld, t       Concludingthatfresheffortsneedtobemadeaswellasexistingeffortsintensifiedatthe L  levelofdomesticlawandpracticetoeliminatethescourgeofdescentbaseddiscriminationand 8  empowercommunitiesaffectedbyit, $ t       CommendingtheeffortsofthoseStatesthathavetakenmeasurestoeliminatedescent-based  L  discriminationandremedyitsconsequences,  8        StronglyencouragingthoseaffectedStatesthathaveyettorecognizeandaddressthis   phenomenontotakestepstodoso,         RecallingthepositivespiritinwhichthedialoguesbetweentheCommitteeandGovernments   havebeenconductedonthequestionofdescentbaseddiscriminationandanticipatingfurthersuch p constructivedialogues, \       Attachingthehighestimportancetoitsongoingworkincombatingallformsof 4 descent-baseddiscrimination,  p       Stronglycondemningdescent-baseddiscrimination,suchasdiscriminationonthebasisof H casteandanalogoussystemsofinheritedstatus,asaviolationoftheConvention, 4       RecommendsthattheStatesparties,asappropriatefortheirparticularcircumstances,adopt   someorallofthefollowingmeasures:    =  CE.,UK.,USCE.,&         UKUS.,       1.Measuresofageneralnature   Ԍ l Ќ  US.,UK.,   CE.,US.,UKCE.,'l(a)  Stepstoidentifythosedescent-basedcommunitiesundertheirjurisdictionwhosufferfrom D! discrimination,especiallyonthebasisofcasteandanalogoussystemsofinheritedstatus,andwhose 0"  existencemayberecognizedonthebasisofvariousfactorsincludingsomeorallofthefollowing: #l! inabilityorrestrictedabilitytoalterinheritedstatus;sociallyenforcedrestrictionsonmarriage $X" outsidethecommunity;privateandpublicsegregation,includinginhousingandeducation,access $D # topublicspaces,placesofworshipandpublicsourcesoffoodandwater;limitationoffreedomto %0!$ renounceinheritedoccupationsordegradingorhazardouswork;subjectiontodebtbondage; &"% subjectiontodehumanizingdiscoursesreferringtopollutionoruntouchability;andgeneralizedlack '#& ofrespectfortheirhumandignityandequality; (#'   (b)  Considertheincorporationofanexplicitprohibitionofdescent-baseddiscriminationinthe |*%) nationalconstitution; h+&* (c)  Reviewandenactoramendlegislationinordertooutlawallformsofdiscriminationbased @-(, ondescentinaccordancewiththeConvention;  (d)  Resolutelyimplementlegislationandothermeasuresalreadyinforce;  (e)  Formulateandputintoactionacomprehensivenationalstrategywiththeparticipationof ` membersofaffectedcommunities,includingspecialmeasuresinaccordancewitharticles1and2 L  oftheConvention,inordertoeliminatediscriminationagainstmembersofdescent-basedgroups; 8  (f)  Adoptspecialmeasuresinfavourofdescent-basedgroupsandcommunitiesinorderto  ` ensuretheirenjoymentofhumanrightsandfundamentalfreedoms,inparticularconcerningaccess  L  topublicfunctions,employmentandeducation;  8  (g)  Establishstatutorymechanisms,throughthestrengtheningofexistinginstitutionsorthe   creationofspecializedinstitutions,topromoterespectfortheequalhumanrightsofmembersof   descent-basedcommunities;   (h)  Educatethegeneralpublicontheimportanceofaffirmativeactionprogrammestoaddress p thesituationofvictimsofdescent-baseddiscrimination; \ (i)  Encouragedialoguebetweenmembersofdescent-basedcommunitiesandmembersofother 4 socialgroups;  p (j)  Conductperiodicsurveysontherealityofdescent-baseddiscriminationandprovide H disaggregatedinformationintheirreportstotheCommitteeonthegeographicaldistributionand 4 economicandsocialconditionsofdescent-basedcommunities,includingagenderperspective;      2.Multiplediscriminationagainstwomenmembersofdescentbasedcommunities   $  CE.,UK.,UKCE.,(k)  Takeintoaccount,inallprogrammesandprojectsplannedandimplementedandinmeasures l adopted,thesituationofwomenmembersofthecommunities,asvictimsofmultiplediscrimination, X  sexualexploitationandforcedprostitution; D!   (l)  Takeallmeasuresnecessaryinordertoeliminatemultiplediscriminationincluding #l! descent-baseddiscriminationagainstwomen,particularlyintheareasofpersonalsecurity, $X" employmentandeducation; $D # (m)  Providedisaggregateddataforthesituationofwomenaffectedbydescent-based &"% discrimination; '#& h%  CE.,UK.,V%USCE.,&         UKUS.,     (  3.Segregation ()  )Ԍ )$( Ќ  US.,UK.,   (')()(n)  Monitorandreportontrendswhichgiverisetothesegregationofdescent-based h+&* communitiesandworkfortheeradicationofthenegativeconsequencesresultingfromsuch T,'+ segregation; @-(,   (o)  Undertaketoprevent,prohibitandeliminatepracticesofsegregationdirectedagainst  membersofdescent-basedcommunitiesincludinginhousing,educationandemployment;  (p)  Secureforeveryonetherightofaccessonanequalandnon-discriminatorybasistoanyplace ` orserviceintendedforusebythegeneralpublic; L  (q)  Takestepstopromotemixedcommunitiesinwhichmembersofaffectedcommunitiesare $ t integratedwithotherelementsofsocietyandensurethatservicestosuchsettlementsareaccessible  ` onanequalbasisforall;  L  )  4.DisseminationofhatespeechincludingthroughthemassmediaandtheInternet  $  -  -(r)  Takemeasuresagainstanydisseminationofideasofcastesuperiorityandinferiorityorwhich   attempttojustifyviolence,hatredordiscriminationagainstdescent-basedcommunities;     (s)  Takestrictmeasuresagainstanyincitementtodiscriminationorviolenceagainstthe p communities,includingthroughtheInternet; \   (t)  Takemeasurestoraiseawarenessamongmediaprofessionalsofthenatureandincidenceof 4 descent-baseddiscrimination;  p .  5.Administrationofjustice  H 41/(u)  Takethenecessarystepstosecureequalaccesstothejusticesystemforallmembersof   descent-basedcommunities,includingbyprovidinglegalaid,facilitatingofgroupclaimsand   encouragingnon-governmentalorganizationstodefendcommunityrights;    (v)  Ensure,whererelevant,thatjudicialdecisionsandofficialactionstaketheprohibitionof  descent-baseddiscriminationfullyintoaccount; l (w)  Ensuretheprosecutionofpersonswhocommitcrimesagainstmembersofdescent-based D! communitiesandtheprovisionofadequatecompensationforthevictimsofsuchcrimes; 0"  (x)  Encouragetherecruitmentofmembersofdescent-basedcommunitiesintothepoliceand $X" otherlawenforcementagencies; $D # (y)  Organizetrainingprogrammesforpublicofficialsandlawenforcementagencieswithaview &"% topreventinginjusticesbasedonprejudiceagainstdescentbasedcommunities; '#& (z)  Encourageandfacilitateconstructivedialoguebetweenthepoliceandotherlawenforcement )$( agenciesandmembersofthecommunities;  |*%) 1   6.Civilandpoliticalrights   63(aa)  Ensurethatauthoritiesatalllevelsinthecountryconcernedinvolvemembersof  descent-basedcommunitiesindecisionswhichaffectthem; t (bb)  Takespecialandconcretemeasurestoguaranteetomembersofdescentbasedcommunities L  therighttoparticipateinelections,tovoteandstandforelectiononthebasisofequalanduniversal 8  suffrage,andtohaveduerepresentationinGovernmentandlegislativebodies; $ t (cc)  Promoteawarenessamongmembersofthecommunitiesoftheimportanceoftheiractive  L  participationinpublicandpoliticallife,andeliminateobstaclestosuchparticipation;  8  (dd)  Organizetrainingprogrammestoimprovethepoliticalpolicymakingandpublic   administrationskillsofpublicofficialsandpoliticalrepresentativeswhobelongtodescent-based   communities;   (ee)  Takestepstoidentifyareaspronetodescent-basedviolenceinordertopreventtherecurrence p ofsuchviolence; \ (ff)  Takeresolutemeasurestosecurerightsofmarriageformembersofdescent-based 4 communitieswhowishtomarryoutsidethecommunity;  p  J7  7.Economicandsocialrights  H <8(gg)  Elaborate,adoptandimplementplansandprogrammesofeconomicandsocialdevelopment   onanequalandnondiscriminatorybasis;   (hh)  Takesubstantialandeffectivemeasurestoeradicatepovertyamongdescent-based  communitiesandcombattheirsocialexclusionormarginalization;  (ii)  Workwithintergovernmentalorganizations,includinginternationalfinancialinstitutions, X  toensurethatdevelopmentorassistanceprojectswhichtheysupporttakeintoaccounttheeconomic D! andsocialsituationofmembersofdescent-basedcommunities; 0"  (jj)  Takespecialmeasurestopromotetheemploymentofmembersofaffectedcommunitiesin $X" thepublicandprivatesectors; $D # (kk)  Developorrefinelegislationandpracticespecificallyprohibitingalldiscriminatorypractices &"% basedondescentinemploymentandthelabourmarket; '#& (ll)  Takemeasuresagainstpublicbodies,privatecompaniesandotherassociationsthat )$( investigatethedescentbackgroundofapplicantsforemployment; |*%) (mm)  Takemeasuresagainstdiscriminatorypracticesoflocalauthoritiesorprivateownerswith T,'+ regardtoresidenceandaccesstoadequatehousingformembersofaffectedcommunities; @-(, Ї(nn)  Ensureequalaccesstohealthcareandsocialsecurityservicesformembersofdescent-based  communities;  (oo)  Involveaffectedcommunitiesindesigningandimplementinghealthprogrammesand t projects; ` (pp)  Takemeasurestoaddressthespecialvulnerabilityofchildrenofdescent-basedcommunities 8  toexploitativechildlabour; $ t (qq)  Takeresolutemeasurestoeliminatedebtbondageanddegradingconditionsoflabour  L  associatedwithdescent-baseddiscrimination;  8  C=  8.Righttoeducation    CE.,US.,(F>(rr)  Ensurethatpublicandprivateeducationsystemsincludechildrenofallcommunitiesanddo   notexcludeanychildrenonthebasisofdescent;   (ss)  Reduceschooldrop-outratesforchildrenofallcommunities,inparticularforchildrenof \ affectedcommunities,withspecialattentiontothesituationofgirls; H (tt)  Combatdiscriminationbypublicorprivatebodiesandanyharassmentofstudentswhoare  p membersofdescent-basedcommunities;  \ (uu)  Takenecessarymeasuresincooperationwithcivilsocietytoeducatethepopulationasa 4 wholeinaspiritofnon-discriminationandrespectforthecommunitiessubjecttodescent-based   discrimination;   (vv)  Reviewalllanguageintextbookswhichconveysstereotypedordemeaningimages,  references,namesoropinionsconcerningdescent-basedcommunitiesandreplaceitbyimages,  references,namesandopinionswhichconveythemessageoftheinherentdignityofallhuman l beingsandtheirequalityofhumanrights. X  xF