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Ï f!"#Óà@”..6àòòAnnexesóóˆÌÌàÑ»..WàIˆ.à¯..¯àStates€which€have€ratified€or€acceded€to€theÌàÑ»..»àˆà¯..¯àConvention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€as€atÌàÑ»..»àˆà¯..¯à8€October€1993€(149)à“f!..f!àˆà".."à38ÌÌàÑ»..óàIIˆ.à¯..¯àMembership€of€the€Committee€on€the€Rights€ofÌàÑ»..»àˆà¯..¯àthe€Childà“f!..f!àˆà".."à43ÌÌàÑ»..àIIIˆ.à¯..¯àStatus€of€submission€of€reports€by€States€partiesÌàÑ»..»àˆà¯..¯àunder€article€44€of€the€Convention€on€the€RightsÌàÑ»..»àˆà¯..¯àof€the€Childà“f!..f!àˆà".."à44ÌÌàÑ»..óàIVˆ.à¯..¯àMessage€of€the€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€theÌàÑ»..»àˆà¯..¯àChild€for€International€Day€for€the€EradicationÌàÑ»..»àˆà¯..¯àof€Poverty,€17€Octoberà“f!..f!àˆà".."à49ÌÌàÑ»..WàVˆ.à¯..¯àOpening€statements€on€the€day€of€generalÌàÑ»..»àˆà¯..¯àdiscussion€on€the€economic€exploitationÌàÑ»..»àˆà¯..¯àof€childrenà“f!..f!àˆà".."à50ÌÌàÑ»..óàVIˆ.à¯..¯àStatement€on€the€economic€exploitation€of€childrenà“f!..f!àˆà".."à57ÌÌàÑ»..àVIIˆ.à¯..¯àList€of€documents€issued€for€the€fourth€sessionà“f!..f!àˆà".."à59ÌÌÇÓ8.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!8Óà@”..˜ àI.€€CONCLUSIONS€AND€RECOMMENDATIONS€ADOPTED€BYˆÌÔ ( ÔTHE€COMMITTEE€ON€THE€RIGHTS€OF€THE€CHILDÌÌà@”..l à1.€€òòOrganization€of€work€-€sessions€of€the€CommitteeˆÌÔ ú Ôand€of€its€subsidiary€bodiesóóÌÌàb..bàòòThe€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€the€Childóó,ÌÌàb..bàòòRecallingóó€the€rapid€entry€into€force€of€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€ofÏthe€Child€and€the€historical€number€of€States€parties,€which€demonstrate€aÏwidespread€commitment€to€the€promotion€and€protection€of€the€rights€of€theÏchild,ÌÌàb..bàòòAwareóó€of€the€high€expectations€for€effectiveness€in€the€functioning€ofÏthe€Committee,€which€constitutes€an€essential€mechanism€for€the€implementationÏof€the€provisions€of€the€Convention,ÌÌàb..bàòòConcernedóó€about€the€workload€of€the€Committee€and€the€risk€of€building€upÏan€undesirable€backlog€in€the€consideration€of€such€reports,ÌÌàb..bàòòNotingóó€the€concern€expressed€by€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights€at€theÏincreasingly€heavy€workload€of€the€Committee€and€the€resulting€difficultiesÏfaced€by€it€in€the€fulfilment€of€its€functions,ÌÌàb..bàòòRecallingóó€the€recommendation€made€by€the€World€Conference€on€Human€RightsÏthat€the€Committee,€with€the€assistance€of€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights,€beÏenabled€expeditiously€and€effectively€to€meet€its€mandate,€especially€in€viewÏof€the€unprecedented€extent€of€ratification€and€subsequent€submission€ofÏcountry€reports,ÌÌàb..bàòòRecognizingóó€the€need€to€adopt€urgent€and€adequate€solutions€to€deal€withÏthis€situation€in€order€not€to€dash€the€expectations€the€Convention€hasÏcreated,ÌÌàb..bà1.€€òòDecidesóó,€in€accordance€with€rule3€of€its€provisional€rules€ofÏprocedure,€to€convene€a€special€session€of€the€Committee€in€1994;òòóóÌÌàb..bà2.€€òòAlso€decidesóó€that€the€special€session€should€be€preceded€by€a€meetingÏof€its€established€working€group€to€conduct€a€preliminary€review€of€reportsÏsubmitted€under€article€44€of€the€Convention€and€to€consider€questionsÏrelating€to€technical€assistance€and€international€cooperation€pursuant€toÏarticle€45€of€the€Convention;ÌÌàb..bà3.€€òòFurther€decidesóó€to€fix€the€dates€of€the€special€session€and€theÏpre-sessional€working€group€in€consultation€with€the€Secretary-General,€takingÏinto€account€the€calendar€of€conferences€as€approved€by€the€GeneralAssembly.€ÌÌÇà@”..˜ à2.€€òòStrengthening€the€support€to€the€CommitteeóóˆÌÌàb..bàòòThe€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€the€Childóó,ÌÌàb..bàòòHaving€consideredóó€its€workload€in€view€of€the€unprecedented€number€ofÏStates€parties€reports€expected€to€be€submitted€under€article€44€of€theÏConvention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child,ÌÌàb..bàòòHaving€reviewedóó€its€general€working€conditions,€and€recalling€theÏimportance€of€dealing€with€States€parties€reports€without€delay€in€order€notÏto€dash€the€expectations€created€around€the€rights€of€the€child,ÌÌàb..bàòòRecognizingóó€the€importance€of€paying€due€attention€to€the€field€ofÏtechnical€assistance€and€international€cooperation€pursuant€to€article€45€ofÏthe€Convention,ÌÌàb..bàòòEncouragedóó€by€the€recommendation€of€the€World€Conference€on€Human€RightsÏthat€the€Committee,€with€the€assistance€of€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights,€beÏenabled€expeditiously€and€effectively€to€meet€its€mandate,ÌÌàb..bàòòConvincedóó€of€the€need€to€adopt€urgent€measures€for€the€servicing€of€theÏCommittee,ÌÌàb..bàòòRequestsóó€the€Secretary-General€to€strengthen€the€support€to€the€CommitteeÏand€to€provide€it€with€a€minimum€of€two€additional€professional€and€oneÏadditional€General€Services€posts.ÌÌà@”..˜ à3.€€òòOrganization€of€informal€regional€meetingsóóˆÌÌàb..bàòòThe€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€the€Childóó,ÌÌàb..bàòòReaffirmingóó€that€informal€regional€meetings€can€play€an€important€role€inÏpromoting€greater€awareness€of€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€andÏof€the€work€of€the€Committee,€as€well€as€in€enabling€the€members€of€theÏCommittee€to€acquire€a€deeper€knowledge€and€better€understanding€of€theÏrealities€in€a€given€region,ÌÌàb..bàòòConvincedóó€of€the€relevance€of€these€meetings€in€meaningfullyÏenhancinginternational€cooperation€and€the€joint€efforts€of€the€differentÏUnited€Nations€bodies,€specialized€agencies€and€other€competent€bodies€activeÏin€the€field€of€the€rights€of€the€child,ÌÌàb..bàòòStressingóó€the€importance€of€the€participation€in€such€meetings€ofÏnon-governmental€organizations€active€in€the€field€of€the€rights€of€the€child,ÌÌàb..bàòòWelcomingóó€the€decision€of€the€United€Nations€Children's€Fund€toÏfacilitate€the€meetings€held€at€Quito€in€1992€and€Bangkok€in€1993,€in€closeÏcooperation€with€other€United€Nations€bodies,€and€the€efforts€made€to€ensureÏtheir€success,ÌÌàb..bà1.€€òòEmphasizesóó€the€decisive€role€of€informal€regional€meetings€inÏcontributing€to€a€wider€promotion€of€the€rights€of€the€child;ÌÌàb..bà2.à™ ..™ àòòRecognizesóó€the€importance€of€such€meetings€for€achieving€universalÏratification€of€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child,€as€well€as€itsÏeffective€implementation,€as€recommended€by€the€World€Conference€on€HumanÏRights,ÌÌàb..bà3.à™ ..™ àòòWelcomesóó€the€possibility€of€holding€other€informal€regionalÏmeetings,€whenever€possible€on€an€annual€basis.ÌÌà@”..°à4.€€òòCooperation€with€other€United€Nations€bodies€and€treaty€bodiesóóˆÌÌàb..bàòòThe€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€the€Childóó,ÌÌàb..bàòòReaffirmingóó€the€importance€of€ensuring€effective€interaction€andÏcooperation€with€United€Nations€bodies€acting€in€the€field€of€the€rights€ofÏthe€child,ÌÌàb..bàòòRecognizingóó€the€need€to€maintain€effective€dialogue€and€communicationÏwith€other€human€rights€bodies€on€common€issues€and€problems,ÌÌàb..bàòòRecallingóó€the€recommendation€of€the€World€Conference€on€Human€Rights€thatÏmatters€relating€to€human€rights€and€the€situation€of€children€be€regularlyÏreviewed€and€monitored€by€all€relevant€organs€and€mechanisms€of€theÏUnitedNations€system,ÌÌàb..bà1.à™ ..™ àòòReaffirmsóó€the€need€for€providing€the€Committee€with€adequateÏresources€to€enable€it€to€develop€effective€communication€and€dialogue€withÏother€human€rights€bodies€and€to€participate€in€United€Nations€meetingsÏrelevant€to€its€work;ÌÌàb..bà2.à™ ..™ àòòRequestsóó€the€secretariat€to€transmit€its€reports€to€the€specialÏrapporteurs€and€working€groups€established€by€the€Commission€on€Human€RightsÏand€the€Sub-Commission€on€Prevention€of€Discrimination€and€Protection€ofÏMinorities;ÌÌàb..bà3.à™ ..™ àòòInvitesóó€such€special€rapporteurs€and€working€groups€to€take€theÏConvention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€into€consideration€within€the€frameworkÏof€their€respective€mandates;ÌÌàb..bà4.à™ ..™ àòòRequestsóó€the€secretariat€to€transmit€the€reports€of€the€CommitteeÏto€United€Nations€bodies€whose€activities€are€relevant€to€the€implementationÏof€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child,€including€the€internationalÏfinancial€institutions;ÌÌàb..bà5.à™ ..™ àòòDecidesóó€to€follow€closely€the€developments€related€to€theÏInternational€Year€of€the€Family,€the€International€Conference€on€PopulationÏDevelopment€and€the€World€Summit€for€Social€Development,ÌÌàb..bà6.à™ ..™ àòòRecognizesóó€the€importance€of€being€associated€with€the€preparatoryÏprocess€for€the€World€Conference€on€Women,€to€take€place€in€Beijing€in€1995,Ïand€in€this€framework€decides€to€devote€one€of€its€future€meetings€to€theÏconsideration€of€its€contribution€to€this€event.ÌÌÇà@”..†à5.€€òòChildren€in€armed€conflictsóóˆÌÌàb..bàòòThe€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€the€Childóó,ÌÌàb..bàòòRecallingóó€its€general€discussion€on€the€topic€"Children€in€armedÏconflicts"€and€the€recommendations€adopted€thereon,ÌÌàb..bàòòHaving€consideredóó€the€serious€attention€paid€by€the€Commission€on€HumanÏRights€to€this€question€and€the€important€resolutions€adopted€by€theÏCommission€in€this€field,ÌÌàb..bàòòEncouragedóó€by€the€support€expressed€by€the€World€Conference€on€HumanÏRights€to€the€Committee's€proposal€that€the€Secretary-General€initiate€a€studyÏof€means€of€improving€the€protection€of€children€in€armed€conflicts,ÌÌàb..bàòòTaking€noteóó€of€the€request€addressed€to€it€by€the€World€Conference€onÏHuman€Rights€to€study€the€question€of€raising€the€minimum€age€of€recruitmentÏinto€armed€forces,ÌÌàb..bàòòRequestsóó€the€Secretary-General€to€transmit€to€the€Commission€on€HumanÏRights€at€its€fiftieth€session€the€preliminary€draft€optional€protocol€theÏCommittee€had€prepared€on€this€issue€at€its€third€session€(CRC/C/16,ÏannexVII).€ÌÌà@”..Z àII.€€ORGANIZATIONAL€AND€OTHER€MATTERSˆÌÌà@”..Œ àA.€€òòStates€parties€to€the€ConventionóóˆÌÌ1.àb..bàAs€at€8October1993,€the€closing€date€of€the€fourth€session€of€theÏCommittee€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child,€there€were€òòóó149€States€parties€to€theÏConvention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child.€€The€Convention€was€adopted€by€theÏGeneralAssembly€in€resolution44/25€of€20November1989€and€opened€forÏsignature€and€ratification€or€accession€in€New€York€on€26January1990.€€ItÏentered€into€force€on€2September1990,€in€accordance€with€the€provisions€ofÏits€article49.€€A€list€of€States€that€have€signed,€ratified€or€acceded€to€theÏConvention€is€contained€in€annexI€to€the€present€report.ÌÌ2.àb..bàThe€texts€of€the€declarations,€reservations€or€objections€made€by€StatesÏparties€with€respect€to€the€Convention€are€reproduced€in€documentÏCRC/C/2/Rev.2.ÌÌà@”..ö àB.€€òòOpening€and€duration€of€the€sessionóóˆÌÌ3.àb..bàThe€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€held€its€fourth€session€at€theÏUnitedNations€Office€at€Geneva€from€20September€to€8October1993.€€TheÏCommittee€held€30€meetings€(75th-104th).€An€account€of€the€Committee'sÏdeliberations€at€its€fourth€session€is€contained€in€the€relevant€summaryÏrecords€(CRC/C/SR.75-104).ÌÌÇà@”..êàC.€€òòMembership€and€attendanceóóˆÌÌ4.àb..bàAll€members€attended€the€fourth€session.€€A€list€of€the€members€of€theÏCommittee,€together€with€an€indication€of€the€duration€of€their€terms€ofÏoffice,€appears€in€annex€II€to€the€present€report.ÌÌ5.àb..bàThe€following€UnitedNations€bodies€were€also€represented€at€the€session:€ÏUnited€Nations€Children's€Fund,€UnitedNations€Development€Programme,€€€€€ÏOffice€of€the€UnitedNations€HighCommissioner€for€Refugees.ÌÌ6.àb..bàThe€following€specialized€agencies€were€also€represented€at€the€session:€ÏInternational€Labour€Organisation,€Food€and€Agriculture€Organization€of€theÏUnited€Nations,€UnitedNations€Educational,€Scientific€and€CulturalÏOrganization,€World€Health€Organization,€International€Monetary€Fund.ÌÌ7.àb..bàIn€addition,€The€Hague€Conference€on€Private€International€Law€wasÏrepresented€at€the€session.ÌÌ8.àb..bàThe€Special€Rapporteur€on€the€sale€of€children,€of€the€Commission€onÏHuman€Rights€and€a€member€of€the€Board€of€Trustees€of€the€United€NationsÏVoluntary€Trust€Fund€on€Contemporary€Forms€of€Slavery€also€attended€theÏsession.ÌÌ9.àb..bàRepresentatives€of€the€following€non-governmental€organizations€were€alsoÏin€attendance€at€the€session:ÌòòÌCategory€IóóÌÌà0b..bàInternational€Confederation€of€Free€Trade€Unions,€International€MovementÏATD€Fourth€World,€Soroptimist€International,€Zonta€International.ÌÌòòCategory€IIóóÌÌà0b..bàAmnesty€International,€Anti-Slavery€International,€Defence€for€ChildrenÏInternational,€Friends€World€Committee€for€Consultation€(Quakers),ÏInternational€Abolitionist€Federation,€International€Association€of€PenalÏLaw,€International€Catholic€Child€Bureau,€International€Federation€ofÏSocial€Workers,€International€Federation€of€Women€in€Legal€Careers,ÏInternational€Federation€Terre€des€Hommes,€International€Service€forÏHuman€Rights,€Radda€Barnen€International,€World€Federation€of€MethodistÏWomenÌÌòòRosteróóÌÌà0b..bàHabitat€International€Coalition,€International€Inner€Wheel,€InternationalÏMovement€of€Apostolate€of€Children,€World€Organization€against€TortureÌÌòòOthersóóÌÌà0b..bàAmerican€Bar€Association,€Child€Workers€in€Nepal,€International€InstituteÏfor€Human€Rights,€Environment€and€Development,€Movement€for€Child€WorkersÏin€Latin€America,€NGO€Group€for€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€theÏChild,€One€World€Productions,€Youth€for€Unity€and€Voluntary€Actioṅà@”..HàD.€€òòSolemn€declarationóóˆÌÌ10.àb..bàAt€the€75th€meeting,€on€20September1993,€those€members€of€the€CommitteeÏwho€were€elected€or€re-elected€at€the€third€meeting€of€States€parties€made€aÏsolemn€declaration€in€accordance€with€rule15€of€the€provisional€rules€ofÏprocedure.ÌÌà@”..äàE.€€òòElection€of€officersóóˆÌÌ11.àb..bàAt€its€75th€meeting,€held€on€20September1993,€the€Committee€elected€theÏfollowing€officers€for€a€term€of€two€years€in€accordance€with€rule16€of€itsÏprovisional€rules€of€procedure:ÌÌàb..bàòòChairpersonóó:à0..àà>..>àMrs.HodaBadranÌÌà0b..bàòòVice-Chairpersonsóó:à0>..>àMrs.€Akila€BelembaogoÌà0b..bàà™ ..™ àà0Ð ..Ð àà0..àà0>..>àMr.€Thomas€HammarbergÌà0b..bàà0™ ..™ ààÐ ..Ð àà0..àà0>..>àMs.€Sandra€Prunella€MasonÌÌà0b..bàòòRapporteuróó:à0..àà>..>àMrs.€Marta€Santos€PaisÌÌà@”.. àF.€€òòAgendaóóˆÌÌ12.àb..bàAt€its€75th€meeting,€on€20September1993,€the€Committee€adopted€theÏprovisional€agenda€(CRC/C/17).€€The€agenda€of€the€fourth€session,€as€adopted,Ïwas€as€follows:ÌÌà0b..bà€1.à0™ ..™ àOpening€of€the€session€by€the€representative€of€theÏSecretary-General.ÌÌà0b..bà€2.à0™ ..™ àSolemn€declaration€by€the€newly€elected€members€of€the€Committee.ÌÌà0b..bà€3.à0™ ..™ àElection€of€the€officers€of€the€Committee.ÌÌà0b..bà€4.à0™ ..™ àAdoption€of€the€agenda.ÌÌà0b..bà€5.à0™ ..™ àOrganizational€and€other€matters.ÌÌà0b..bà€6.à0™ ..™ àReview€of€developments€relevant€to€the€work€of€the€Committee.ÌÌà0b..bà€7.à0™ ..™ àSubmission€of€reports€by€States€parties€in€accordance€withÏarticle44€of€the€Convention.ÌÌà0b..bà€8.à0™ ..™ àConsideration€of€reports€submitted€by€States€parties€underÏarticle44€of€the€Convention.ÌÌà0b..bà€9.à0™ ..™ àWorld€Conference€on€Human€Rights.ÌÌà0b..bà10.à0™ ..™ àQuestion€of€indicators.ÌÌà0b..bà11.à0™ ..™ àGeneral€discussion€on€"Protection€of€the€child€against€economicÏexploitation".ÌÌà0b..bà12.à0™ ..™ àMethods€of€work€of€the€Committee.ÌÌà0b..bà13.à0™ ..™ àSystem€of€documentation€and€information.ÌÌà0b..bà14.à0™ ..™ àFuture€meetings€of€the€Committee.ÌÌà0b..bà15.à0™ ..™ àOther€matters.ÌÌà@”..†àG.€€òòPre-sessional€working€groupóóˆÌÌ13.àb..bàIn€accordance€with€the€decision€of€the€Committee€at€its€first€session,€aÏpre-sessional€working€group€met€in€Geneva€from€28June€to€2July1993.€€TheÏgroup€consisted€of€four€members€as€follows:€€Mr.€Yuri€Kolosov€(Chairperson),ÏMiss€Sandra€Prunella€Mason€(Vice-Chairperson),€Mr.€Thomas€Hammarberg€andÏMr.Swithun€Tachiona€Mombeshora.ÌÌ14.àb..bàIn€the€course€of€its€meetings€the€pre-sessional€working€group€examinedÏpreliminary€lists€of€issues€put€before€it€by€members€of€the€Committee€relatingÏto€the€initial€reports€of€the€following€six€countries:€€Costa€Rica,ÏElSalvador,€Indonesia,€Mexico,€Namibia€and€Peru.€€The€working€group€wasÏassisted€in€its€task,€in€the€spirit€of€article45€of€the€Convention,€by€anÏinformal€technical€advisory€group€in€which€UnitedNations€bodies,€specializedÏagencies€and€other€competent€bodies€were€represented.€€The€draft€lists€wereÏrevised€and€supplemented€on€the€basis€of€observations€and€comments€made€at€theÏmeetings,€and€the€final€version€of€each€list€was€adopted€by€the€group€as€aÏwhole.ÌÌ15.àb..bàThe€lists€of€issues€thus€drawn€up€were€transmitted€directly€to€theÏPermanent€Missions€of€the€States€concerned€with€a€note€which€stated,Ïòòinteraliaóó,€the€following:ÌÌà0b..bà"The€list€is€not€intended€to€be€exhaustive€and€it€should€not€beÏinterpreted€as€limiting€or€in€any€other€way€prejudging€the€type€and€rangeÏof€questions€which€members€of€the€Committee€might€wish€to€pose.€€However,Ïthe€Working€Group€believes€that€the€constructive€dialogue€which€theÏCommittee€wishes€to€have€with€the€representatives€of€the€reporting€StatesÏcan€be€facilitated€by€making€the€list€available€in€advance€of€theÏCommittee's€session."ÌÌà@”..äàH.€€òòOrganization€of€workóóˆÌÌ16.àb..bàThe€Committee€considered€the€organization€of€work€at€its€75thmeeting,Ïon20September1993.€€The€Committee€had€before€it€the€draft€programme€of€workÏfor€the€fourth€session,€prepared€by€the€Secretary-General€in€consultation€withÏthe€Chairperson€of€the€Committee,€and€the€report€of€the€Committee€on€its€thirdÏsession€(CRC/C/16).ÌÌà@”..NàI.€€òòFuture€regular€meetingsóóˆÌÌ17.àb..bàThe€Committee€noted€that€its€fifth€session€would€take€placeÏfrom10to28January1994€and€that€its€pre-sessional€working€group€would€meetÏfrom€15€to€19November1993.ÌÌà@”..Œ àJ.€€òòFuture€day€of€general€discussionóóˆÌÌ18.àb..bàThe€Committee€decided€to€continue€to€devote€a€day€of€its€sessions€to€theÏconsideration€of€a€specific€theme.€€In€view€of€the€fact€that€1994€will€be€theÏInternational€Year€of€the€Family,€the€Committee€recognized€the€importance€ofÏdiscussing,€in€this€framework,€the€topic€"The€rights€of€the€child€within€theÏfamily€environment€-€the€role€of€the€family€in€the€promotion€of€the€rights€ofÏthe€child".ÌÌà@”..°àIII.€€REPORTS€BY€STATES€PARTIES€UNDER€ARTICLE€44€OF€THE€CONVENTIONˆÌÌà@”..²àA.€€òòSubmission€of€reportsóóˆÌÌ19.àb..bàIn€connection€with€this€item,€the€Committee€had€before€it€the€followingÏdocuments:€€(i)€notes€by€the€Secretary-General€on€initial€reports€by€StatesÏparties€due€in€1992€(CRC/C/3),€1993€(CRC/C/8/Rev.2)€and€1994€(CRC/C/11/Rev.2);€Ï(ii)€a€note€by€the€Secretary-General€on€the€States€parties€to€the€ConventionÏand€the€status€of€submission€of€reports€(CRC/C/18).€€The€Committee€wasÏinformed€that,€in€addition€to€the€six€reports€that€were€scheduled€forÏconsideration€by€the€Committee€at€its€present€session€(see€paras.32-143Ïbelow),€the€Secretary-General€had€received€the€initial€reports€of€ArgentinaÏ(CRC/C/8/Add.2),€Belarus€(CRC/C/3/Add.14),€Burkina€Faso€(CRC/C/3/Add.19),ÏChile€(CRC/C/3/Add.18),€Colombia€(CRC/C/8/Add.3),€the€Czech€RepublicÏ(CRC/C/11/Add.1),€Denmark€(CRC/C/8/Add.8),€France€(CRC/C/3/Add.15),€HondurasÏ(CRC/C/3/Add.17),€Jordan€(CRC/C/8/Add.4),€Madagascar€(CRC/C/8/Add.5),€MexicoÏ(CRC/C/3/Add.11),€Myanmar€(CRC/C/8/Add.9),€Namibia€(CRC/C/3/Add.12),€NorwayÏ(CRC/C/8/Add.7),€Pakistan€(CRC/C/3/Add.13),€Paraguay€(CRC/C/3/Add.22),ÏPhilippines€(CRC/C/3/Add.23),€Romania€(CRC/C/3/Add.16)€and€SpainÏ(CRC/C/8/Add.6).Ì€ÌòòSubmission€of€initial€reports€on€the€implementation€of€the€ConventionóóÌÌ20.àb..bàThe€Committee€had€before€it€a€list€of€States€parties€with€an€indicationÏof€the€status€of€submission€of€their€reports.€€This€list€is€reproduced€inÏannex€III€to€the€present€report.ÌÌ21.àb..bàThe€Committee€welcomed€the€unprecedented€number€of€ratifications€andÏaccessions€to€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child,€which€constituted€aÏmeaningful€record€in€the€history€of€the€human€rights€instruments€adopted€byÏthe€UnitedNations.€€It€emphasized€the€importance€of€this€wide€politicalÏcommitment€to€promote€and€protect€the€rights€of€the€child,€a€commitment€whichÏthe€World€Conference€on€Human€Rights€had€recently€confirmed.ÌÌ22.àb..bàThe€Committee€reaffirmed€in€this€regard€the€relevance€of€ensuring€anÏeffective€implementation€of€the€principles€and€provisions€of€the€Convention,Ïincluding€of€its€reporting€system.€€It€recalled€its€firm€belief€that€theÏprocess€of€preparing€a€report€offered€an€important€occasion€for€conducting€aÏcomprehensive€review€of€the€various€measures€undertaken€by€each€State€party€toÏharmonize€national€law€and€policy€with€the€Convention€and€to€monitor€progressÏmade€in€the€enjoyment€of€the€rights€recognized€therein,€while€encouraging€andÏfacilitating€popular€participation€and€public€scrutiny€of€government€policies.ÌÌ23.àb..bàFor€this€reason,€the€Committee€stressed€that€the€submission€of€reportsÏshould€be€accomplished€in€a€thorough€and€timely€manner€and€in€accordance€withÏits€adopted€guidelines.€€Failure€to€report€as€required€constituted€a€violationÏof€an€international€obligation€in€accordance€with€article44€of€theÏConvention.ÌÌ24.àb..bàThe€Committee€decided€to€send€a€reminder€to€all€States€parties€whoseÏreports€should€have€been€submitted€in€1992.€€It€also€decided€to€remind€StatesÏparties€of€the€activities€developed€within€the€Programme€of€Advisory€ServicesÏand€Technical€Assistance€of€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights€and€the€assistance€itÏcould€provide€in€the€preparation€of€reports€under€human€rights€treaties.ÌÌòòFollow-up€to€the€submission€of€States€parties€reportsóóÌÌ25.àb..bàThe€Committee€recalled€the€importance€attached€by€the€Convention€on€theÏRights€of€the€Child€to€the€reporting€system,€as€a€dynamic€and€continuousÏprocess.€€In€fact,€the€Committee,€based€on€information€received€pursuant€toÏarticles44€and€45€of€the€Convention,€may€make€suggestions€and€recommendationsÏon€the€implementation€of€the€Convention€by€the€reporting€State.€€(See€alsoÏrule71€of€the€Committee's€provisional€rules€of€procedure.)ÌÌ26.àb..bàHaving€this€in€mind,€the€Committee€established€the€practice€of€adopting,Ïfollowing€the€consideration€of€each€State€party€report,€concludingÏobservations€reflecting€the€main€points€of€the€discussion€and€indicating€inÏthe€chapter€on€suggestions€and€recommendations€issues€that€would€require€aÏspecific€follow-up€(see€CRC/C/10,€para.41).€€These€concluding€observations,Ïmade€public€with€the€adoption€of€the€Committee's€report,€are€addressed€to€theÏState€party€concerned.ÌÌ27.àb..bàIn€accordance€with€article45(b)€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€mayÏalso€address€the€question€of€technical€advice€or€assistance€in€the€section€onÏsuggestions€and€recommendations€of€its€concluding€observations.€€And€in€orderÏto€encourage€international€cooperation,€it€will€transmit,€as€it€considersÏappropriate,€the€report€of€the€State€party€and€the€Committee's€observations€toÏcompetent€UnitedNations€bodies€including€international€financialÏinstitutions,€specialized€agencies,€UNICEF€and€others.ÌÌ28.àb..bàIn€this€regard,€the€Committee€recognized€the€importance€of€periodicallyÏreviewing€the€implementation€by€States€parties€of€its€suggestions€andÏrecommendations,€as€well€as€the€follow-up€given€to€any€programme€of€technicalÏadvice€or€assistance€it€might€have€proposed.€€To€that€purpose,€the€CommitteeÏdecided:€€(i)€to€indicate€in€the€concluding€observations,€whenever€necessary,Ïa€time-limit€within€which€relevant€information€would€be€required€from€theÏState€party€(rule71€of€its€provisional€rules€of€procedure);€and€(ii)toÏrequest€the€secretariat€to€include€in€the€note€it€prepares€on€the€status€ofÏsubmission€of€reports€a€reference€in€all€cases€where€a€follow-up€was€suggestedÏby€the€Committee.ÌÌ29.àb..bàThe€Committee€also€recalled€in€this€context€article44,€paragraph6,€ofÏthe€Convention€and€the€commitment€thereby€undertaken€by€States€parties€to€makeÏtheir€reports€widely€available€to€the€public€in€their€own€countries.€ÏRecognizing€the€importance€of€this€measure€to€encourage€popular€participationÌand€to€achieve€a€comprehensive€national€approach€to€the€implementation€processÏof€the€Convention,€as€recently€emphasized€by€the€World€Conference€on€HumanÏRights,€the€Committee€decided€to€encourage€States€parties€to€inform€it€aboutÏthe€steps€taken€to€ensure€the€widespread€dissemination€of€the€results€of€theÏdialogue€with€the€Committee.ÌÌ30.àb..bàThe€Committee€further€recognized€that€the€undertaking€of€a€visit€by€aÏtreaty€body,€or€by€some€of€its€members,€to€a€State€party€could€also€perform€aÏvery€valuable€follow-up€function.€€In€this€framework€the€Committee€recalledÏthe€meaningful€visit€to€Viet€Nam,€organized€in€the€context€of€the€AsianÏregional€informal€meeting,€some€months€after€the€consideration€of€theÏVietnamese€initial€report.ÌÌà@”..àB.€€òòConsideration€of€reportsóóˆÌÌ31.àb..bàAt€its€fourth€session,€the€Committee€examined€initial€reports€submittedÏby€six€States€parties€under€article44€of€the€Convention.€€It€devoted€16€ofÏits€30€meetings€to€the€consideration€of€reports€(CRC/C/SR.79-87,€89-93Ïand97-98).ÌÌ32.àb..bàThe€following€reports,€listed€in€the€order€in€which€they€had€beenÏreceived€by€the€Secretary-General,€were€before€the€Committee€at€its€fourthÏsession:€€Sudan€(CRC/C/3/Add.3€and€Add.20),€Rwanda€(CRC/C/8/Add.1),€PeruÏ(CRC/C/3/Add.7),€CostaRica€(CRC/C/3/Add.8),€ElSalvador€(CRC/C/3/Add.9),ÏIndonesia€(CRC/C/3/Add.10).ÌÌ33.àb..bàIn€accordance€with€rule68€of€the€provisional€rules€of€procedure€of€theÏCommittee,€representatives€of€all€the€reporting€States€were€invited€to€attendÏthe€meetings€of€the€Committee€when€their€reports€were€examined.€€All€theÏStates€parties€whose€reports€were€considered€by€the€Committee€sentÏrepresentatives€to€participate€in€the€examination€of€their€respective€reports.ÌÌ34.àb..bàThe€following€sections,€arranged€on€a€country-by-country€basis€accordingÏto€the€sequence€followed€by€the€Committee€in€its€consideration€of€the€report,Ïcontain€preliminary€or€concluding€observations€reflecting€the€main€points€ofÏthe€discussion€and€indicating,€where€necessary,€issues€that€would€require€aÏspecific€follow-up.ÌÌ35.àb..bàMore€detailed€information€is€contained€in€the€reports€submitted€by€theÏStates€parties€and€in€the€summary€records€of€the€relevant€meetings€of€theÏCommittee.ÌÌà@”..Ä à1.€€òòPreliminary€observations:€€IndonesiaóóˆÌÌ36.àb..bàThe€Committee€began€consideration€of€the€initial€report€of€IndonesiaÏ(CRC/C/3/Add.10)€at€its€79th,€80th€and€81stmeetings€(CRC/C/SR.79„81),€heldÏon22€and€23September1993.€€In€view€of€the€fact€that€there€was€notÏsufficient€time€during€the€session€to€fully€clarify€a€number€of€questions€bothÏÌin€written€and€oral€form€relating€to€the€implementation€of€the€Convention,€theÏCommittee€decided€to€continue€its€consideration€of€the€report€at€a€futureÏsession€and€adoptedÙ*Ù*€the€following€preliminary€observations:ÌÌ(a)àb..bàòòIntroductionóóÌÌ37.àb..bàThe€Committee€welcomes€the€State€party's€commitment€to€the€promotion€andÏprotection€of€the€rights€of€the€child€as€reflected€by€its€early€ratificationÏof€the€Convention€and€the€timely€submission€of€its€initial€report€underÏarticle44€of€the€Convention.€€However,€the€Committee€feels€that€on€the€basisÏof€the€information€provided€in€the€initial€report€and€the€dialogue€ensuingÏfrom€its€consideration€existing€legislation€is€not€sufficient€to€ensure€theÏimplementation€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ(b)àb..bàòòPositive€aspectsóóÌÌ38.àb..bàThe€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€the€importance€Indonesia€attachesÏto€the€Committee's€advice€and€assistance€on€measures€to€be€taken€to€improveÏthe€implementation€of€the€rights€of€the€child€and€welcomes€the€State€party'sÏcommitment€to€cooperating€with€the€Committee€and€other€UnitedNations€bodiesÏand€agencies€with€a€view€to€reviewing€and€developing€policies€and€programmesÏto€enhance€the€situation€of€children.ÌÌ39.àb..bàThe€Committee€takes€note€of€the€willingness€expressed€by€the€State€partyÏto€review€its€national€legislation€in€the€light€of€its€obligations€under€theÏConvention€and€as€reflected€in€the€"Beijing€consensus"€of€August1992.€€ItÏalso€welcomes€the€State€party's€commitment€to€review€the€reservations€it€hasÏmade€to€the€Convention€with€a€view€to€considering€withdrawing€them.ÌÌ40.àb..bàThe€Committee€also€notes€the€steps€taken€to€give€higher€priority€toÏchildren's€concerns,€especially€within€the€context€of€development€strategies.ÌÌ(c)àb..bàòòFactors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€implementation€of€the€ConventionóóÌÌ41.àb..bàThe€Committee€takes€note€of€the€difficulties€impeding€the€rapidÏimplementation€of€the€Convention€in€the€State€party,€particularly€theÏexistence€of€360€ethnic€groups,€the€dispersal€of€the€population€throughout€theÏIndonesian€archipelago,€as€well€as€the€economic€problems€still€facing€theÏState€party€in€general€and€sectors€of€the€Indonesian€population,€inÏparticular.ÌÌ(d)àb..bàòòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóÌÌ42.àb..bàThe€Committee€is€deeply€concerned€at€the€extent€of€the€reservations€madeÏto€the€Convention€by€the€State€party.€€The€Committee€feels€that€the€broad€andÏimprecise€nature€of€these€reservations€raises€serious€concern€as€to€theirÏcompatibility€with€the€object€and€purposes€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ43.àb..bàWhile€the€Committee€takes€note€of€the€delegation's€statement€that€theÏrights€of€the€child€as€contained€in€the€Convention€are€not€in€contradictionÌÌ_______________________Ì€*àb..bàAt€the€103rd€meeting,€held€on€8€October€1993.̇with€the€Constitution,€it€is€concerned€that€national€legislation€does€notÏappear€to€ensure€that€all€children,€including€non-nationals,€are€protected€byÏthe€rights€guaranteed€in€the€Convention.ÌÌ44.àb..bàThe€Committee€is€also€concerned€that€the€rights€contained€in€article14Ïof€the€Convention€are€not€fully€protected,€in€spite€of€the€fact€that€they€areÏnon-derogable.ÌÌ45.àb..bàIt€is€also€a€concern€of€the€Committee€that€national€legislation€withÏrespect€to€the€age€at€which€a€child€may€marry€may€not€be€compatible€with€theÏnon-discrimination€provisions€of€the€Convention,€as€reflected€in€itsÏarticle2.ÌÌ46.àb..bàThe€Committee€expresses€its€concern€at€the€insufficient€effortsÏundertaken€to€make€the€principles€and€provisions€of€the€Convention€widelyÏknown€to€children.ÌÌ47.àb..bàThe€Committee€is€also€concerned€at€the€lack€of€participation€ofÏnon-governmental€organizations,€particularly€of€human€rights€groups,€in€theÏpromotion€and€protection€of€the€rights€of€the€child€as€well€as€at€the€absenceÏof€efforts€to€provide€training€about€the€rights€of€the€child€to€personnelÏworking€directly€with€children.ÌÌ48.àb..bàThe€Committee€is€concerned€that€insufficient€attention€is€given€to€theÏimplementation€of€the€general€principles€of€the€Convention,€particularly€itsÏarticles2,€3€and€12.€€The€Committee€wishes€to€emphasize€that€theÏimplementation€of€these€principles€is€not€to€be€made€dependent€on€budgetaryÏresources.ÌÌ49.àb..bàThe€Committee€is€concerned€at€the€small€proportion€of€the€budget€devotedÏto€the€social€sectors,€particularly€primary€health€care€and€primary€education.€ÏIn€this€connection,€the€Committee€draws€the€State€party's€attention€to€theÏneed€to€respect€the€provisions€of€article4€of€the€Convention,€which€emphasizeÏthat€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights€should€be€implemented€to€the€maximumÏextent€of€available€resources.€€The€Committee€emphasizes€that€such€action€isÏrequired,€regardless€of€the€economic€model€followed€by€the€State€party.ÌÌ50.àb..bàThe€Committee€expresses€its€concern€as€regards€the€implementation€ofÏarticle14€of€the€Convention,€as€it€relates€to€freedom€of€religion.€€TheÏCommittee€deems€it€important€to€underline€the€fact€that€limiting€officialÏrecognition€to€certain€religions€may€give€rise€to€practices€of€discrimination.ÌÌ51.àb..bàThe€Committee€regrets€that€the€written€information€requested€on€specialÏprotection€measures€was€not€provided€and€also€expresses€its€concern€at€theÏlack€of€compatibility€of€the€system€of€administration€of€juvenile€justice€withÏarticles37,€39€and€40€of€the€Convention€and€other€UnitedNations€standardsÏrelating€to€juvenile€justice.ÌÌ52.àb..bàThe€Committee€expresses€its€concern€at€the€absence€of€a€reply€from€theÏGovernment€of€Indonesia€to€its€urgent€communication€of€November1991€relatingÏto€excessive€use€of€violence€by€security€forces€against€demonstrating€childrenÏin€SantaCruz,€Dili.€€In€this€regard,€the€Committee€draws€the€attention€of€theÏGovernment€of€Indonesia€to€its€request€for€information€about€the€safeguards€established€in€accordance€with€the€provisions€of€articles37€and€40€of€theÏConvention,€to€ensure€that€such€violations€would€not€occur€again.€€TheÏCommittee€also€requests€information€on€the€strategies€formulated€andÏfacilities€provided€to€rehabilitate€the€victims€of€serious€human€rightsÏviolations,€in€accordance€with€the€provisions€of€article39€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ53.àb..bàThe€Committee€is€also€concerned€at€the€lack€of€information€provided€aboutÏthe€situation€of€child€labour€and€the€situation€of€children€who,€to€survive,Ïare€forced€to€work€or€live€in€the€street€(often€known€as€"street€children").ÌÌ(e)àb..bàòòFurther€actionóóÌÌ54.àb..bàThe€Committee€encourages€the€Government€of€Indonesia€to€undertake€aÏreview€of€the€child-related€laws€so€as€to€ensure€their€conformity€with€theÏprovisions€of€the€Convention€and,€in€this€regard,€draws€attention€to€theÏactivities€developed€by€the€Programme€of€Advisory€Services€and€TechnicalÏAssistance€of€the€UnitedNations€Centre€for€Human€Rights.€€In€the€foregoingÏconnection,€the€Committee€welcomes€the€delegation's€invitation€to€members€ofÏthe€Committee€to€visit€the€State€party.€€The€Committee€requests€informationÏinwriting€on€the€concerns€raised€during€its€dialogue€with€the€delegation,Ïasspelled€out€in€paragraphs7-18€of€the€present€document.€€The€CommitteeÏalsorequests€that€this€written€information€be€forwarded€to€the€secretariatÏby31December1993€with€a€view€to€the€Committee€formulating€its€concludingÏobservations€on€the€initial€report€of€Indonesia€by€September/October€1994.ÌÌà@”..ð à2.€€òòConcluding€observations:€€PeruˆÌóóÌ55.àb..bàThe€Committee€considered€the€initial€report€of€Peru€(CRC/C/3/Add.7)Ïatits€82nd,€83rd€and€84th€meetings€(CRC/C/SR.82€to€84),€held€on€23Ïand24September€1993,€and€adoptedÑ  Ñ€**the€following€concluding€observations:ÌÌ(a)àb..bàòòIntroductionóóÌÌ56.àb..bàThe€Committee€notes€with€appreciation€the€timely€submission€of€theÏinitial€report€of€Peru,€which€was€one€of€the€first€States€to€become€a€party€toÏthe€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child.€€The€Committee€regrets,€however,Ïthat€the€information€provided€in€the€report€was€in€many€respects€vague€andÏincomplete€and€did€not€follow€the€Committee's€guidelines.€€Furthermore,€theÏlack€of€information€in€the€report€on€factors€and€difficulties€impeding€theÏimplementation€of€the€various€rights€recognized€by€the€Convention€preventedÏthe€Committee€from€gaining€a€clear€idea€of€the€real€situation€of€children'sÏrights€in€the€country.ÌÌ57.àb..bàHowever,€the€dialogue€with€the€State€party's€delegation€enabled€theÏCommittee€to€understand€better€the€situation€of€children€in€the€country.€€TheÏCommittee€therefore€expresses€its€appreciation€to€the€State€party's€delegationÏfor€the€valuable€information€supplementing€the€report.ÌÌ_______________________Ì€€**àb..bàAt€the€103rd€meeting,€held€on€8€October€1993.Ç(b)àb..bàòòPositive€aspectsÌÌóó58.àb..bàThe€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€the€considerable€progress€achievedÏduring€the€period€under€review€in€bringing€domestic€law€into€line€with€theÏConvention,€through€the€enactment€of€new€laws€and€codes€and€the€establishmentÏand€strengthening€of€institutions€and€processes€aimed€at€promoting€andÏprotecting€the€rights€of€the€child.€€Among€these€legislative€achievements€areÏthe€adoption€of€a€Code€on€Children€and€Adolescents€and€the€approval€of€aÏNational€Plan€of€Action€for€Children.€€The€establishment€of€the€"DefensoraÏdel€Nio"€and€the€possibility€for€individuals€to€invoke€the€provisions€of€theÏConvention€before€Peruvian€courts€are€other€welcome€developments.€€TheÏCommittee€also€notes€with€interest€the€decision€taken€by€the€PeruvianÏGovernment€to€establish€a€National€Week€for€the€Rights€of€the€Child€as€well€asÏNational€Monitoring€Committees€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child.€€These€measuresÏhave€a€positive€impact€on€the€promotion€of€popular€participation€in€theÏrealization€of€the€rights€of€the€child.ÌÌ(c)àb..bàòòFactors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€implementation€of€the€ConventionóóÌÌ59.àb..bàThe€Committee€notes€that€political€violence€and€terrorism€have€had€aÏconsiderable€negative€impact€on€the€situation€of€children€in€Peru.€€ManyÏchildren€have€been€subjected€to€various€forms€of€violations€and€have€beenÏobliged€to€flee€areas€affected€by€such€violence.ÌÌ60.àb..bàThe€Committee€further€notes€that€economic€factors,€including€a€high€levelÏof€external€debt,€have€adversely€affected€the€situation€of€children.ÌÌ(d)àb..bàòòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóÌÌ61.àb..bàThe€Committee€expresses€its€deep€concern€at€the€continued€violence€whichÏhas€already€caused€thousands€of€killings,€disappearances€and€displacements€ofÏchildren€and€parents.€€It€is€therefore€necessary€that€the€Peruvian€GovernmentÏand€Peruvian€society€adopt€an€urgent,€effective€and€fair€response€to€protectÏthe€rights€of€the€child.ÌÌ62.àb..bàThe€Committee€is€concerned€that,€due€to€the€internal€violence,€severalÏregistration€centres€have€been€destroyed,€adversely€affecting€the€situation€ofÏthousands€of€children€who€are€often€left€without€any€identity€document,€thusÏrunning€the€risk€of€their€being€suspected€of€involvement€in€terroristÏactivities.ÌÌ63.àb..bàThe€Committee€deplores€that,€under€Decree-Law€No.€25564,€childrenÏbetween15€and€18€years€of€age€who€are€suspected€of€being€involved€inÏterrorist€activities€do€not€benefit€from€safeguards€and€guarantees€afforded€byÏthe€system€of€administration€of€juvenile€justice€under€normal€circumstances.ÌÌ64.àb..bàThe€Committee€expresses€its€concern€that€stringent€budgetary€measuresÏamounting€to€decreases€in€the€resources€allocated€for€social€expenditures€haveÏentailed€high€social€costs€and€have€adversely€affected€the€rights€of€the€childÏin€Peru.€€Vulnerable€groups€of€children,€including€children€living€in€areasÏaffected€by€the€internal€violence,€displaced€children,€orphans,€disabledÏchildren,€children€living€in€poverty€and€children€living€in€institutions€areÏparticularly€disadvantaged€in€their€access€to€adequate€health€and€educational€facilities€and€are€the€primary€victims€of€various€forms€of€exploitation,€suchÏas€child€prostitution.€€Furthermore,€the€long-term€considerations€embodied€inÏthe€structural€adjustment€policies€have€not€adequately€taken€into€account€theÏspecific€needs€of€the€children€and,€accordingly,€dramatic€cuts€have€been€madeÏin€many€social€expenditures€in€recent€years,€to€the€detriment€of€children.€€InÏthis€respect,€the€Committee€notes€with€concern€that€47€per€cent€of€theÏNational€Plan€of€Action€for€Children€remains€to€be€financed.ÌÌ65.àb..bàThe€Committee€is€also€concerned€at€the€extent€of€violence€within€theÏfamily;€at€the€high€number€of€abandoned€and€institutionalized€children€due€toÏwidespread€family€problems;€and€about€the€fact€that€the€Code€on€Children€andÏAdolescents€is€not€completely€in€conformity€with€the€relevant€provisions€ofÏthe€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€and€relevant€Conventions€of€theÏInternational€Labour€Organisation,€especially€with€regard€to€minimum€ages€forÏadmission€to€employment.ÌÌ66.àb..bàThe€Committee€is€concerned€at€the€serious€situation€of€children€who,€inÏview€of€increasing€poverty€and€misery€as€well€as€of€situations€of€abandonmentÏor€violence€within€the€family,€are€forced€to€live€and€work€in€the€streets,Ïeven€at€an€early€stage€of€their€lives.€€For€these€reasons€children€oftenÏbecome€victims€of€different€forms€of€exploitation€and€abuse.ÌÌ67.àb..bàThe€Committee€notes€with€concern€the€absence€in€the€National€Plan€ofÏAction€of€strategies€and€targets€to€secure€the€civil€rights€of€children.ÌÌ(e)àb..bàòòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóÌÌ68.àb..bàThe€Committee€acknowledges€the€fact€that,€since€the€Code€on€Children€andÏAdolescents€and€the€National€Plan€of€Action€for€Children€were€adopted€onlyÏrecently,€there€has€not€been€sufficient€time€to€implement€them€or€to€evaluateÏtheir€effectiveness.€€In€those€circumstances,€the€Committee€decides€to€requestÏthe€Government€of€Peru€to€submit€information€on€measures€taken€in€response€toÏconcerns€expressed€and€recommendations€made€in€the€present€"concludingÏobservations".€€It€wishes€to€receive€that€information€before€the€end€of€1994.ÌÌ69.àb..bàThe€Committee€suggests€that€coordination€between€the€various€governmentalÏagencies€and€non-governmental€organizations€involved€in€the€implementation€ofÏthe€Convention€and€the€monitoring€thereof€be€strengthened.ÌÌ70.àb..bàThe€Committee€recommends€that€investigations€be€conducted€into€cases€ofÏextrajudicial€executions,€disappearances€and€torture€which€are€carried€out€inÏthe€context€of€the€internal€violence€prevailing€in€several€parts€of€theÏcountry.€€Those€accused€of€such€abuses€should€be€tried€and,€when€found€guilty,Ïpunished.€€Furthermore,€special€measures€should€be€taken€to€ensure€thatÏchildren€are€protected€against€the€occurrence€of€such€human€rights€violationsÏand€that€they€benefit€from€recovery€and€reintegration€programmes€in€anÏenvironment€which€fosters€the€dignity€and€the€self-confidence€of€the€child.ÌÌ71.àb..bàSpecific€measures€should€be€undertaken€to€provide€undocumented€childrenÏfleeing€zones€affected€by€internal€violence€with€adequate€identity€documents.ÌÌÇ72.àb..bàThe€Committee€also€recommends€that€the€provisions€of€Decree-Law€No.25564Ïdealing€with€the€liability€of€children€suspected€of€being€involved€inÏterrorist€activities€be€repealed€or€amended€in€order€for€childrenÏbelow18years€of€age€to€enjoy€fully€the€rights€set€forth€in€articles€37,€39Ïand€40€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ73.àb..bàThe€Committee€urges€the€Government€of€Peru€to€take€all€the€necessaryÏsteps€to€minimize€the€negative€impact€of€the€structural€adjustment€policies€onÏthe€situation€of€children.€€The€authorities€should,€in€the€light€of€articles3Ïand4€of€the€Convention,€undertake€all€appropriate€measures€to€the€maximumÏextent€of€their€available€resources€to€ensure€that€sufficient€resources€areÏallocated€to€children.€€In€that€regard,€particular€attention€should€be€paid€toÏthe€protection€of€children€living€in€areas€affected€by€internal€violence,Ïdisplaced€children,€disabled€children,€children€living€in€poverty€and€childrenÏliving€in€institutions.€€The€Committee€recognizes,€in€that€regard,€thatÏinternational€assistance€will€also€be€needed€to€address€more€effectively€theÏchallenge€of€improving€the€situation€of€these€children.ÌÌ74.àb..bàThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€Code€on€Children€and€Adolescents€beÏamended€along€the€lines€suggested€by€the€Minister€of€Labour€of€Peru€inÏMay1993,€following€comments€made€to€that€effect€by€the€International€LabourÏOffice.ÌÌ75.àb..bàThe€Committee€underlines€that€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€should€beÏwidely€publicized€among€the€general€public€and,€in€particular,€among€judges,Ïlawyers,€teachers€and€members€of€other€professions€who€are€concerned€with€theÏimplementation€of€the€Convention.€€Particularly€important€in€this€regard€isÏthe€training€of€law€enforcement€officials€and€the€staff€in€correctionalÏfacilities.€€In€view€of€the€extent€of€domestic€violence€in€the€country,€aÏspecific€campaign€of€education€for€peace,€tolerance€and€respect€for€humanÏrights€may€also€be€envisaged.ÌÌà@”..’ à3.€€òòConcluding€observations:€€El€SalvadoróóˆÌÌ76.àb..bàCommittee€considered€the€initial€report€of€El€Salvador€(CRC/C/3/Add.9)€atÏits€85th,€86th€and€87th€meetings€(CRC/C/SR.85,€86€and€87),€held€on€27Ïand28September€1993,€and€adopted*€the€following€concluding€observations:ÌòòóóÌ(a)àb..bàòòIntroductionÌóóÌ77.àb..bàThe€Committee€expresses€satisfaction€at€the€State€party's€earlyÏratification€of€the€Convention€and€for€the€timely€submission€of€its€initialÏreport.€€The€Committee€regrets,€however,€that€substantive€and€factualÏinformation,€particularly€in€reply€to€the€list€of€issues€that€was€transmittedÏto€the€Government€of€El€Salvador€well€in€advance€of€the€Committee's€session,Ïcould€not€be€provided€in€time€for€the€consideration€of€the€report.€€InÏaddition,€the€Committee€notes€that€the€Government€of€El€Salvador€had€notÏincluded€in€the€delegation€anyone€directly€involved€in€the€implementation€ofÏthe€Convention€at€the€national€level.€€At€the€same€time,€the€Committee€takes€ÌÌÌ__________________________Ì€€*àb..bàAt€the€103rd€meeting,€held€on€8€October€1993.̇note€of€the€commitment€made€by€the€representative€of€El€Salvador,€on€behalf€ofÏhis€Government,€to€provide€in€writing€the€substantive€information€requested€byÏthe€Committee,€even€during€the€present€session.ÌòòóóÌòòóó(b)àb..bàòòPositive€aspectsóóÌÌ78.àb..bàThe€Committee€welcomes€the€frank€and€critical€approach€taken€by€the€StateÏparty€in€preparing€the€report€and,€in€particular,€the€reference€therein€to€theÏmain€difficulties€encountered€by€the€Government€of€El€Salvador€in€ensuring€theÏimplementation€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ79.àb..bàThe€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€that€public€institutions€have€beenÏestablished€recently€for€the€protection€and€improvement€of€living€conditionsÏof€children.€€Legal€measures€adopted€or€envisaged€to€better€protect€the€rightsÏof€the€child,€such€as€the€new€Family€Code€pending€adoption€by€Parliament,€alsoÏappear€to€be€encouraging€initiatives.€€In€addition,€the€Committee€appreciatesÏthe€Government's€intention€to€ratify€International€Labour€Convention€No.138Ïand€other€instruments€relating€to€the€minimum€age€for€employment.ÌÌ80.àb..bàThe€Committee€welcomes€the€above€initiatives,€particularly€in€view€of€theÏfact€that€measures€to€protect€children€are€necessary€and€urgent€at€the€end€ofÏa€long€period€of€violence€and€internal€conflict€in€El€Salvador€which€hasÏcaused€severe€damage€to€the€national€economy€and€deeply€affected€its€society.€ÏIt€hopes€that€the€measures€envisaged€by€the€Government€will€be€effectivelyÏtranslated€into€reality.ÌÌ(c)àb..bàòòFactors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€implementation€of€the€ConventionóóÌÌ81.àb..bàThe€Committee€takes€note€of€the€difficult€economic€and€social€situationÏof€ElSalvador,€compounded€by€persistent€poverty€and€12€years€of€internalÏconflict€and€violence.€€The€Government€recognizes€the€need€for€nationalÏefforts€to€solve€many€of€the€problems€resulting€from€the€conflict€and€toÏcreate€guarantees€for€the€full€respect€of€the€provisions€of€the€Convention.€ÏThe€Committee€hopes€that€the€democratic€institutions€of€the€country,€as€wellÏas€its€policy€of€social€reconciliation,€will€be€consolidated€soon.ÌÌ(d)òòàb..bàPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóÌÌ82.àb..bàThe€Committee€regrets€that€the€Government€of€El€Salvador€has€not€takenÏdue€consideration€of€the€provisions€of€article€4€of€the€Convention€and€thatÏrestrictions€in€the€national€budget€affecting€social€programmes€have€beenÏdetrimental€to€the€protection€of€the€rights€of€children.ÌÌ83.àb..bàThe€Committee€also€notes€the€lack€of€coordination€between€public€andÏprivate€bodies€and€organizations€dealing€with€the€rights€of€the€child.ÌÌ84.àb..bàThe€Committee€expresses€concern€at€the€concept€of€children€in€"irregularÏsituations"€in€Salvadorian€law.€€Clarification€is€needed€with€regard€to€theÏcriteria€used€to€define€this€concept,€as€well€as€the€possible€applicability€ofÏpenal€law€to€such€children.ÌÌ85.àb..bàIn€addition,€the€Committee€feels€that€there€is€a€need€to€considerÏseriously€questions€relating€to€the€legal€definition€of€the€child,€inÏparticular€the€minimum€age€for€marriage,€employment,€military€service€andÌtestimony€before€a€court.€€It€appears€that€these€provisions€do€notÏsufficiently€take€into€consideration€the€principles€of€the€best€interest€ofÏthe€child€and€non„discrimination.ÌÌ86.àb..bàThe€Committee€is€alarmed€at€the€large€number€of€children€who€have€beenÏabandoned,€displaced€or€have€become€orphans€as€a€result€of€the€armed€conflict,Ïas€well€as€those€who,€in€order€to€survive,€are€forced€to€live€and€work€in€theÏstreet.ÌÌ87.àb..bàThe€Committee€is€also€preoccupied€by€the€widespread€discriminatoryÏattitudes€towards€girls€and€disabled€children,€as€well€as€by€the€existence€onÏa€large€scale€of€child€abuse€and€violence€within€the€family.ÌÌ88.àb..bàThe€Committee€notes€with€concern€the€lack€of€training€of€professionalÏgroups€working€with€and€for€children.ÌÌ(e)òòàb..bàSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóÌÌ89.àb..bàThe€Committee€recommends€that€in€accordance€with€article€44,€paragraph4,Ìof€the€Convention€and€rule€69€of€its€provisional€rules€of€procedure,Ïadditional€information€be€requested€from€the€Government€of€El€Salvador€inÏorder€to€respond€to€the€questions€and€concerns€expressed€by€the€CommitteeÏduring€its€consideration€of€the€initial€report.€€Such€information€should€beÏsubmitted€by€the€end€of€1994.€€The€Committee€also€suggests€that€ElSalvadorÏsubmits€its€"core€document"€(see€HRI/1991/1)€as€referred€to€in€paragraph5€ofÏthe€Committee's€adopted€guidelines€concerning€the€initial€part€of€State€partyÏreports€to€be€submitted€under€the€various€international€human€rightsÏinstruments€(CRC/C/5).ÌÌ90.àb..bàThe€Committee€would€also€like€to€receive€information€with€regard€to€theÏactual€implementation€of€the€legislation€and€the€impact€of€the€action€plannedÏby€the€Government€to€improve€respect€for€the€rights€of€children.€€TheÏGovernment€should€provide,€in€particular,€clarification€on€the€status€of€theÏConvention€in€the€domestic€legislation€of€El€Salvador€and€the€possibility€ofÏinvoking€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€directly€in€court.ÌÌ91.àb..bàIn€relation€to€the€adverse€impact€of€the€internal€conflict€on€childrenÏwho€live€in€exceptionally€difficult€situations,€the€Committee€wishes€toÏreceive€precise€information€with€regard€to€rehabilitation€programmes€forÏaffected€children€and€the€progress€of€such€programmes,€as€well€as€statisticalÏdata€with€regard€to€displaced€children€within€the€country.ÌÌ92.àb..bàThe€Committee€is€also€interested€in€being€informed€about€the€distributionÏof€child€care€services€in€rural€and€urban€areas€and€the€training€of€relevantÏpersonnel.ÌÌ93.àb..bàStrategies€and€educational€programmes€along€with€the€adequateÏdissemination€of€information€should€be€undertaken€in€order€to€counter€certainÏprejudices€which€affect€children€negatively,€such€as€gender„basedÏdiscrimination€(known€as€"òòmachismoóó")€and€discrimination€against€disabled€children€(specially€in€rural€areas),€and€to€enhance€the€participation€ofÏchildren,€in€particular€within€the€family.ÌÌÌ94.àb..bàIn€the€light€of€the€discussions€and€taking€into€account€the€situation€ofÏchildren€in€El€Salvador,€the€Committee€recommends€that€urgent€measures€beÏadopted€for€the€protection€of€children€belonging€to€vulnerable€groups,€inÏparticular€displaced€and€refugee€children,€disabled€and€homeless€children,€asÏwell€as€children€subject€to€abuse€or€violence€within€the€family.€€SuchÏmeasures€should€encompass€social€assistance€and€rehabilitation€programmesÏoriented€towards€those€groups€of€children€and€be€undertaken,€with€theÏcooperation€and€support€of€the€relevant€United€Nation€agencies€andÏinternational€organizations,€in€the€spirit€of€article€45€(b)€of€theÏConvention.ÌÌà@”..¾ à4.€€òòConcluding€observations:€€SudanóóˆÌÌ95.àb..bàThe€Committee€began€consideration€of€the€initial€report€of€the€SudanÏ(CRC/C/3/Add.3)€at€its€69th,€70th€and€71st€meetings€(CRC/C/SR.€69„71),€heldÏon26€and€27€January€1993.€€In€view€of€the€complexity€of€the€situation€and€theÏproblems€facing€children€in€the€Sudan,€the€Committee€decided€to€continue€itsÏconsideration€of€the€initial€report€of€Sudan€at€its€next€(fourth)€session,€toÏbe€held€from€20€September€to€8€October€1993.€€To€assist€it€in€the€continuationÏof€its€dialogue€with€the€State€party,€the€Committee€requested€the€GovernmentÏof€the€Sudan€to€provide€it€with€additional€information,€in€accordance€withÏrule€69€of€its€provisional€rules€of€procedure€and€article€44,€paragraph€4,Ïofthe€Convention,€relating€in€particular€to€the€areas€of€concern€identifiedÏbythe€Committee€in€its€preliminary€observations€(CRC/C/15/Add.6).€€TheÏadditional€information€submitted€by€the€State€party€is€contained€inÏdocumentCRC/C/3/Add.20.ÌÌ96.àb..bàThe€Committee,€having€continued€its€consideration€of€the€initial€reportÏof€the€Sudan€and€having€examined€the€additional€information€at€its€89thÏand90th€meetings€(CRC/C/SR.89„90),€held€on€29€September€1993,€adopted*€theÏfollowing€concluding€observations:ÌÌ(a)àb..bàòòIntroductionóóÌÌ97.àb..bàThe€Committee€welcomes€the€continuation€of€the€dialogue€with€theÏrepresentative€of€the€Government€of€the€Sudan.€€It€notes€the€effortsÏundertaken€thus€far€by€the€Government€to€follow€up€on€the€concerns€raisedÏpreviously€by€the€Committee€as€regards€the€seriousness€of€the€situation€ofÏchildren€in€that€country.ÌÌ(b)àb..bàòòPositive€aspectsóóÌÌ98.àb..bàThe€Committee€notes€the€willingness€shown€by€the€Government€of€the€SudanÏto€take€into€account€the€recommendations€made€by€the€Committee€with€a€view€toÏreviewing€existing€legislation€in€order€to€bring€it€into€conformity€with€theÏConvention.€€In€this€regard,€the€Committee€welcomes€the€State€party's€decisionÌÌ__________________________Ì€€*àb..bàAt€the€103rd€meeting,€held€on€8€October€1993.̇to€establish€a€committee€to€review€national€laws€pertaining€to€children€andÏthat€its€preliminary€observation€in€the€area€of€the€abolition€of€theÏpunishment€of€flogging€has€been€taken€into€account€by€the€reviewing€committee.ÌÌ99.àb..bàAdditionally,€the€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€the€initial€stepsÏtaken€by€the€State€party€to€develop€monitoring€and€follow„up€mechanisms€forÏthe€implementation€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ100.àb..bàThe€Committee€welcomes€the€positive€steps€taken€recently€by€theÏGovernment€to€improve€its€cooperation€with€international€intergovernmental€andÏnon„governmental€organizations.€€The€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€theÏrecent€agreements€concluded€between€the€parties€concerned€with€a€view€toÏimproving€the€provision€of€humanitarian€assistance.ÌÌ101.àb..bàThe€Committee€acknowledges€the€contribution€made€by€the€Sudanese€peopleÏin€accepting€and€offering€refuge€to€persons,€including€children,€coming€fromÏneighbouring€countries.ÌÌ(c)à0b..bàòòFactors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€implementation€of€the€ConventionóóÌÌ102.àb..bàThe€Committee€recognizes€that€natural€and€man„made€disasters€have€had€aÏnegative€impact€on€efforts€by€the€State€party€to€ensure€full€implementation€ofÏthe€Convention.€€In€this€regard,€the€Committee€notes€the€problems€caused€byÏcivil€war€in€the€south€of€the€Sudan€and€that€the€different€groups€involved€inÏthis€conflict€have€often€disregarded€the€best€interests€of€the€child.ÌÌ103.àb..bàThe€Committee€takes€note€of€the€seriousness€of€the€economic€situationÏfacing€the€Sudan€and€the€debilitating€effect€this€has€had€on€the€situation€ofÏchildren.€€ÌÌ(d)àb..bàòòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóÌÌ104.àb..bàThe€Committee€considers€that€several€of€the€concerns€it€raised€previouslyÏwith€regard€to€the€implementation€of€the€Convention€in€the€State€party,€(seeÏCRC/C/15/Add.6)€still€remain€to€be€addressed€effectively.€€In€this€regard,ÏtheCommittee€emphasizes€that€it€remains€very€much€concerned€about€theÏnon-compatibility€of€Sudanese€legislation€relating€to€the€rights€of€the€childÏwith€the€principles€and€provisions€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ105.àb..bàThe€Committee€is€concerned€at€the€lack€of€training€on€the€rights€of€theÏchild€given€to€personnel€working€with€children.ÌÌ106.àb..bàThe€Committee€expresses€its€deep€concern€at€the€insufficient€attentionÏpaid€to€the€implementation€of€the€general€principles€of€the€Convention,€namelyÏits€articles€2,€3,€6€and€12€and€their€relationship€to€the€implementation€ofÏall€the€articles€in€the€Convention,€including€those€relating€to€the€civil€andÏpolitical€rights€of€children.ÌÌ107.àb..bàThe€Committee€notes€the€seriousness€of€the€general€health€conditionsÏprevailing€in€the€Sudan€and€their€detrimental€effect€on€children.€€ItÏexpresses€its€serious€concern€at€the€continuance€of€traditional€practicesÏharmful€to€the€health€of€women€and€children,€particularly€the€practice€of€Ìfemale€genital€mutilation.€€In€addition,€the€Committee€draws€attention€to€theÏplight€of€disabled€children,€in€view€of€their€particular€vulnerability,€andÏthe€need€for€effective€measures€to€improve€their€situation.€ÌÌ108.àb..bàThe€Committee€continues€to€be€seriously€alarmed€at€the€effects€ofÏemergency€situations€on€children,€as€well€as€at€the€problems€faced€by€homelessÏand€internally€displaced€children.€€Reports€on€the€forced€labour€and€slaveryÏof€children€give€cause€for€the€Committee's€deepest€concern.€ÌÌ109.àb..bàThe€Committee€is€of€the€opinion€that€the€system€of€administration€ofÏjuvenile€justice€in€the€Sudan€is€not€fully€compatible€with€articles€37,€39Ïand40€of€the€Convention€and€other€relevant€United€Nations€standards.€ÌÌ(e)àb..bàòòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóÌÌ110.àb..bàThe€Committee€encourages€the€development€of€mechanisms€to€monitor€andÏfollow€up€the€implementation€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ111.àb..bàThe€Committee€expresses€the€hope€that€the€review€of€child„related€lawsÏwill€result€in€the€total€abolition€of€flogging.ÌÌ112.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€review€of€national€legislationÏcontinues€to€take€into€account€concerns€expressed€by€the€Committee€with€regardÏto€the€definition€of€the€child€and€the€age€of€criminal€responsibility.€€InÏaddition,€the€Committee€suggests€that€the€State€party€consider€introducingÏenforcement€measures€to€ensure€that€officials€responsible€for€theÏimplementation€of€the€Convention€fulfil€their€duties€effectively.ÌÌ113.àb..bàThe€Committee€also€recommends€that€training€about€child€rights€should€beÏprovided€to€relevant€professional€groups€such€as€judges,€teachers€and€socialÏworkers.ÌÌ114.àb..bàThe€Committee€encourages€the€Government€to€continue€its€cooperation€withÏintergovernmental€and€non„governmental€organizations€with€a€view€to€improvingÏthe€effectiveness€of€measures€to€alleviate€the€suffering€of€children.€ÌÌ115.àb..bàThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€general€principles€of€the€Convention€asÏexpressed€in€its€articles€2,€3,€6€and€12€guide€the€review€of€nationalÏlegislation€and€the€development€of€policies€and€strategies€for€ensuring€theÏeffective€enjoyment€by€children€of€all€their€rights.€ÌÌ116.àb..bàThe€Committee€also€recommends€that€further€efforts€be€undertaken€to€raiseÏawareness€in€order€to€eradicate€traditional€practices€harmful€to€the€health€ofÏwomen€and€children.€€The€Committee€suggests€that€the€Government€and€religiousÏand€community€leaders€take€an€active€role€in€supporting€efforts€to€eliminateÏthe€practice€of€female€genital€mutilation.ÌÌ117.àb..bàThe€Committee€further€recommends€that€attention€be€given€to€extending€theÏprovision€of€primary€health€care€and€primary€education€in€order€to€improve€theÏgeneral€health€and€nutritional€and€educational€status€of€children.€€InÏaddition,€the€Committee€recommends€that€future€development€plans€should€accordÏpriority€to€the€situation€of€disabled€children.ÌÌ118.àb..bàThe€Committee€emphasizes€the€need€for€further€urgent€efforts€to€improveÏthe€protection€and€promotion€of€the€rights€of€internally€displaced€children.ÌÌ119.àb..bàThe€Committee€also€emphasizes€the€need€to€pay€urgent€and€due€regard€toÏthe€reports€of€forced€labour€and€slavery€of€children.€€The€Committee€believesÏthat€international€cooperation,€particularly€technical€assistance€and€advice,Ïcould€be€used€to€that€end.ÌÌ120.àb..bàThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€system€of€administration€of€juvenileÏjustice€be€reviewed€in€order€to€ensure€its€compatibility€with€articles€37,€39Ïand€40€of€the€Convention€and€other€relevant€United€Nations€standards.ÌÌ121.àb..bàThe€Committee€expresses€the€hope€that€improvements€in€the€implementationÏof€the€Convention€will€be€forthcoming€and€appreciates€the€willingness€of€theÏState€party€to€keep€it€regularly€informed€of€relevant€developments.ÌÌà@”..Ä à5.€€òòConcluding€observations:€€Costa€RicaˆÌÌóó122.àb..bàThe€Committee€considered€the€initial€report€of€CostaRica€(CRC/C/3/Add.8)Ïat€its€91st,€92nd€and€93rd€meetings€(CRC/C/SR.91„93),€held€on€30SeptemberÏand1October1993,€and€adopted€*€the€following€concluding€observations:ÌÌ(a)àb..bàòòóóòòIntroductionóóÌÌ123.àb..bàThe€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€the€early€ratification€of€theÏConvention€and€the€timely€submission€of€the€initial€report€of€CostaRica.€€InÏparticular,€the€Committee€appreciates€the€comprehensiveness€of€the€report,Ïwhich€contains€self„criticism€and€defines€areas€for€priority€action.€€TheÏCommittee,€however,€notes€with€regret€the€lack€of€information€relating€toÏspecial€protection€measures,€with€particular€reference€to€the€system€ofÏadministration€of€juvenile€justice.ÌÌ124.àb..bàThe€Committee€expresses€its€appreciation€to€the€delegation€whichÏpresented€the€report€for€providing€helpful€additional€information€and€forÏfacilitating€an€open€and€constructive€dialogue.ÌÌ(b)àb..bàòòPositive€aspectsÌÌóó125.àb..bàThe€Committee€welcomes€the€commitment€shown€by€the€Government€ofÏCostaRica€in€undertaking€its€obligations€under€the€Convention.€€ThatÏcommitment€is€reflected€in€the€efforts€of€the€Government€to€establishÏimplementation€mechanisms,€to€evaluate€the€existing€situation€and€to€identifyÏfactors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€implementation€of€the€Convention.€€InÏparticular,€the€Committee€welcomes€the€establishment€of€special€entities€aimedÏat€coordinating€policies€and€activities€for€children.€€This€should€hopefullyÏfacilitate€the€collection€of€relevant€data€and€potentially€foster€a€moreÏintegrated€and€dynamic€approach€to€the€implementation€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ126.àb..bàThe€Committee€also€notes€with€satisfaction€efforts€to€create€greaterÏpublic€awareness€of€the€Convention;€the€importance€attached€to€children'sÌÌ__________________________Ì€€*àb..bàAt€the€103rd€meeting,€held€on€8€October€1993.̇rights€advocacy€and€training€for€professional€groups€working€with€children;Ïand€efforts€to€educate€children€with€respect€to€the€Convention€and€encourageÏtheir€participation€in€the€implementation€process.ÌÌ(c)òòàb..bàFactors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€implementation€of€the€ConventionóóÌÌ127.àb..bàThe€Committee€notes€that€due€to€economic€factors,€including€pressuresÏresulting€from€external€debt,€there€has€been€a€restructuring€of€theÏGovernment's€budget€with€the€result€that€fewer€resources€have€been€availableÏfor€social€welfare€programmes.ÌÌ(d)àb..bàòòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóÌÌ128.àb..bàThe€Committee€expresses€its€concern€at€the€fact€that€legislation€relevantÏto€the€application€of€the€Convention€is€not€only€dispersed,€but€sometimesÏcontradictory.€€Similarly,€there€are€many€programmes€focused€on€specific€areasÏof€the€Convention€which€are€not€yet€coordinated.€€This€inadequate€legalÏharmonization€and€policy€coordination€has€resulted€in€a€limited€capacity€toÏenforce€existing€measures.ÌÌ129.àb..bàThe€Committee€expresses€its€concern€at€the€impact€of€economic€adjustmentÏpolicies.€€In€particular,€the€Committee€notes€that,€with€the€cuts€inÏallocations€in€the€social€sector,€the€basic€welfare€of€the€children€who€areÏmost€vulnerable,€such€as€abandoned€children,€children€living€in€extremeÏpoverty€and€children€of€disadvantaged€groups,€may€not€be€adequately€protected.€ÏAs€a€consequence,€many€of€CostaRica's€past€achievements€in€the€areas€ofÏhealth,€education,€welfare€and€social€stability€would€appear€to€be€seriouslyÏthreatened.ÌÌÓS€ , $ 1 A. 1. a.(1)(a) i) a)SÓØØ130.àb..bàThe€Committee€notes€that€there€have€been€alarming€tendencies€in€recentÏyears€of€increasing€problems€concerning€vulnerable€children,€such€asÏdiscrimination€against€the€girl€child€and€sexual€abuse€including€incest€andÏother€forms€of€violence€perpetrated€against€children.€€In€this€connection,€theÏCommittee€notes€that€there€has€not€always€been€adequate€enforcement€ofÏexisting€legislation€nor€have€public€education€activities€been€sufficientlyÏfocused€on€those€problems.ÌÌ131.àb..bàThe€Committee€notes€the€high€number€of€domestic€and€internationalÏadoptions€of€CostaRican€children.€€It€also€notes€the€high€number€of€teenageÏpregnancies€as€a€result€of€early€sexual€activity,€which€is€symptomatic€ofÏunderlying€social€problems.ÌÌ(e)àb..bàòòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóÌÌ132.àb..bàIn€order€to€apply€more€effectively€all€of€the€provisions€of€theÏConvention,€the€Committee€recommends€that€laws€and€regulations€concerning€theÏrights€of€the€child€be€harmonized.ÌÌ133.àb..bàInformation€and€statistical€data€to€be€used€for€evaluating€progress€inÏimplementing€the€Convention€should€be€standardized€and€compiledÏsystematically.ÌÌ134.àb..bàWith€respect€to€economic€adjustment€policies,€the€Committee€recommendsÏthat€the€Government€undertake€a€thorough€review€of€the€impact€of€theseÏpolicies€with€a€view€to€identifying€ways€to€ensure€adequate€protection€forÏchildren,€in€particular€the€disadvantaged€and€vulnerable€ones,€in€the€light€ofÏarticles2,€3€and€4€of€the€Convention.€€Necessary€support€should€be€given€toÏstrengthen€the€family€environment€for€such€children.ÌÌ135.àb..bàThe€Committee€emphasizes€that€the€best€interests€of€the€child€must€be€theÏguiding€principle€in€the€application€of€the€Convention,€especially€with€regardÏto€labour€legislation€and€adoption.€€In€the€framework€of€the€adoption€process,Ïdue€consideration€should€be€given€to€the€provisions€of€article12€as€regardsÏrespect€for€the€views€of€the€child.ÌÌ136.àb..bàThe€Committee€recommends€that€measures€should€be€taken€in€conformity€withÏthe€UnitedNations€Guidelines€for€the€Prevention€of€Juvenile€Delinquency€(theÏRiyadh€Guidelines)€and€that€action€in€this€regard€should€be€focused€especiallyÏat€the€community€and€family€levels.€€In€this€connection,€the€Committee€alsoÏemphasizes€the€necessity€of€ensuring€adequate€training€for€law€enforcementÏofficials,€social€workers€and€other€professionals€who€work€with€vulnerableÏchildren€and€youth€at€risk.€€A€comprehensive€system€for€the€administration€ofÏjuvenile€justice€should€be€developed€in€accordance€with€articles39€and€40€ofÏthe€Convention€and€the€safeguards€required€under€the€Convention€concerningÏchildren€in€conflict€with€the€law€should€be€assured.ÌÌ137.àb..bàThe€Committee€encourages€the€Government€to€intensify€its€information€andÏadvocacy€campaigns€at€the€community€and€family€levels.€€The€CommitteeÏtherefore€suggests€that€efforts€should€be€made€to€widen€educational€campaignsÏto€focus€on€gender€discrimination€and€the€role€of€parents,€particularly€withÏrespect€to€the€prevention€of€violence€and€abuse€in€the€family€and€the€problemsÏassociated€with€early€marriage€and€early€pregnancy.ÌÌà@”..Z à6.€€òòPreliminary€observations:€€RwandaˆÌÌóó138.àb..bàThe€Committee€began€consideration€of€the€initial€report€of€RwandaÏ(CRC/C/8/Add.1)€at€its€97th€and€98th€meetings€(CRC/C/SR.97„98),€heldÏon5October€1993,€and€adopted*€the€following€preliminary€observations:ÌÌ139.àb..bàThe€Committee€appreciates€the€willingness€of€the€Government€of€Rwanda€toÏpresent€a€report€to€the€Committee€and€to€engage€in€a€dialogue€with€it,Ïespecially€in€view€of€the€serious€difficulties€faced€by€the€State€party€inÏrecent€years.€€The€Committee,€having€considered€the€information€contained€inÏthe€initial€report€and€the€oral€replies€to€the€questions€raised,€decides€toÏrecommend€to€the€State€party€that€it€prepare€a€new€and€more€comprehensiveÏinitial€report,€in€accordance€with€the€Committee's€guidelines€on€reportingÏ(CRC/C/5)€and€the€comprehensive€list€of€issues€previously€transmitted€to€theÏState€party.€€The€Committee€also€suggests€that€the€new€report€should€take€intoÏaccount€the€points€raised€during€its€dialogue€with€the€delegation.ÌÌÌ__________________________€Ì€€*àb..bàAt€the€103rd€meeting,€held€on€8€October€1993.Ì140.àb..bàThe€Committee€wishes€to€draw€attention€to€the€provisions€ofÏarticle45(b)€of€the€Convention€relating€to€technical€advice€and€assistanceÏin€the€context€of€the€preparation€of€the€report€by€the€State€party.ÌÌ141.àb..bàThe€Committee€suggests€that€the€State€party€consider€establishing€aÏnational€coordinating€committee€or€similar€mechanism€composed€of€members€ofÏdifferent€ministries€and€bodies€dealing€with€matters€relating€to€theÏimplementation€of€the€rights€of€the€child,€including€budgetary€resources,Ïwhich€could€also€assist€in€the€preparation€of€the€report.ÌÌ142.àb..bàIn€view€of€recent€developments€in€Rwanda,€the€Committee€would€welcome€theÏpreparation€of€the€new€report€in€the€light€of€the€changing€realities.€€TheÏCommittee€considers€that€such€a€report€would€permit€it€to€engage€in€a€moreÏconstructive€and€fruitful€dialogue€with€the€State€party€and€requests€that€theÏreport€be€submitted€to€it€within€one€year€with€a€view€to€the€resumption€of€theÏCommittee's€dialogue€with€representatives€of€the€State€party.ÌÌà@”.. àIV.€€OVERVIEW€OF€THE€OTHER€ACTIVITIES€OF€THE€COMMITTEEˆÌÌà@”..¬àA.€€òòInformal€meetingóóˆÌÌ143.àb..bàThe€informal€meeting€of€the€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€for€theÏAsian€region€was€held€at€Bangkok€from€23to29May1993.€€The€purposes€of€theÏmeeting,€organized€by€UNICEF€with€support€and€assistance€from€the€Centre€forÏHuman€Rights,€other€UnitedNations€agencies€and€bodies€and€other€competentÏbodies€active€in€the€field€of€the€rights€of€the€child€were€as€follows:ÌÌàb..bà(a)à™ ..™ àTo€promote,€at€the€regional€and€subregional€level,€greaterÏawareness€and€understanding€of€the€principles€of€the€Convention,€increasedÏmobilization€for€the€implementation€of€its€provisions€and€better€knowledge€ofÏthe€role€and€functions€of€the€Committee€in€monitoring€the€implementation€ofÏthe€rights€of€the€child;ÌÌàb..bà(b)à™ ..™ àTo€enhance€cooperation€and€integrated€efforts€between€the€variousÏorgans€and€bodies€which€have€a€role€to€play€in€the€implementation€of€theÏrights€provided€for€in€the€Convention€at€the€international,€regional,€nationalÏand€community€levels;ÌÌàb..bà(c)à™ ..™ àTo€provide€an€opportunity€for€the€members€of€the€Committee€toÏobserve€directly€and€thus€better€assess,€through€on-site€visits€and€contacts,Ïthe€reality€facing€children€in€a€specific€region.ÌÌ144.àb..bàDuring€their€stay€in€Bangkok€members€of€the€Committee€were€briefedÏextensively€about€the€political,€economic,€social€and€cultural€situation€inÏAsia€and€the€Pacific€as€it€affects€the€implementation€of€the€rights€of€theÏchild.€€Through€discussions€with€UNICEF€regional€advisers,€representatives€ofÏUnitedNations€agencies€and€organs,€representatives€of€international€andÏnational€non-governmental€organizations€active€in€the€field€of€child€rights,€Ìas€well€as€presentations€made€by€children€in€especially€difficultÏcircumstances,€various€issues€relating€to€the€situation€of€children€in€theÏregion€were€outlined,€including€the€rapid€changes€in€societal€structures€andÏthe€high€rate€of€urbanization€and€industrialization€and€their€effects€onÏchildren.€€The€major€problems€faced€by€children€in€the€region€were€stressed.€€These€included€poverty,€the€social€cost€of€economic€transition,€the€disruptionÏof€family€structures€and€the€growing€number€of€female-headed€households,€theÏwide€gender€gap€in€the€field€of€basic€services€such€as€health,€nutrition€andÏeducation,€the€shortcomings€in€the€field€of€the€administration€of€juvenileÏjustice.€€Specific€reference€was€made€to€children€in€need€of€specialÏprotection,€including€the€girl€child,€children€affected€by€armed€conflicts,Ïworking€children€including€those€living€in€the€street,€children€victims€ofÏsexual€abuse€and€exploitation,€drug„addicted€children€or€children€used€inÏdrug-trafficking,€disabled€children,€HIV„infected€children,€children€born€outÏof€wedlock€and€children€belonging€to€minorities.ÌÌ145.àb..bàMembers€of€the€Committee€were€also€provided€the€opportunity€to€explain€toÏthe€various€participants€and€to€the€media€the€main€principles€and€provisionsÏof€the€Convention€as€well€as€the€purpose€and€work€of€the€Committee.€ÏParticipants€were€also€given€a€brief€overview€of€the€activities€of€the€CentreÏfor€Human€Rights€in€support€of€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child.ÌÌÌ146.àb..bàOn€25May€the€members€of€the€Committee€were€divided€into€three€groupsÏandproceeded€to€field€trips€in€three€different€countries€of€the€regionÏ(thePhilippines,€Thailand€and€Viet€Nam),€which€provided€them€with€anÏopportunity,€through€meetings€with€governmental€and€non-governmentalÏrepresentatives,€members€of€the€judiciary€and€parliamentarians,Ïrepresentatives€of€local€government€and€community€leaders€and€members,€forÏanexchange€of€views€on€howbest€to€ensure€the€implementation€of€theÏConvention.€€During€field€visits,members€of€the€Committee€also€visitedÏvarious€governmental€and€non-governmental€community€projects€such€as€youth€andÏrehabilitation€centres€within€the€system€of€administration€of€justice,€healthÏand€multipurpose€centres€for€children€living€and€working€in€the€street,Ïrehabilitation€programmes€for€child€prostitutes,€education€programmes€forÏchildren€at€risk,homes€for€working€children,€centres€for€disabled€childrenÏand€income-generating€programmes.€€The€fact€that€the€field€visits€took€placeÏin€countries€expected€shortly€to€submit€their€reports€on€the€implementation€ofÏthe€Convention,€as€was€the€case€for€Thailand€and€the€Philippines,€gave€theÏCommittee€the€opportunity€to€create€greater€awareness€of€the€reporting€systemÏand€its€decisive€importance€in€encouraging€popular€participation€and€aÏmeaningful€national€debate€on€the€situation€of€the€rights€of€the€child.ÌÌ147.àb..bàOn€the€other€hand,€the€visit€to€Viet€Nam€was€an€effective€follow-up€toÏthe€discussion€of€the€initial€report€of€the€State€party,€giving€way€to€anÏimportant€evaluation€of€the€impact€of€the€dialogue€which€the€Committee€had€hadÏat€the€country€level€and€reaffirming€in€an€encouraging€manner€the€spirit€ofÏcooperation€and€assistance€provided€for€by€the€reporting€system.€€In€this€Ìregard,€it€should€be€recalled€that€the€visit€provided€an€occasion€forÏVietnamese€officials€to€formulate€a€request€for€the€advisory€services€of€theÏCentre€for€Human€Rights€in€the€field€of€the€administration€of€juvenileÏjustice,€as€had€been€suggested€by€the€Committee€during€its€consideration€ofÏthe€initial€report€of€VietNam€in€January1993.ÌÌ148.àb..bàIn€assessing€the€results€of€the€meeting,€members€of€the€CommitteeÏexpressed€the€opinion€that€the€informal€regional€meeting€and€field€visitsÏhadprovided€an€opportunity€for€increased€advocacy€and€awareness„raising€onÏthe€rights€of€the€child€at€various€levels;€it€had€also€encouraged€better€coordination€and€integration€of€efforts€of€various€sectors€and€called€for€theÏbuilding€or€strengthening€of€the€national€capacity€through€adequate€mechanismsÏfor€child€rights€implementation.€€Finally,€the€regional€meeting€enabled€theÏCommittee€to€better€identify€and€explain€its€role€as€a€catalyst€for€a€betterÏimplementation,€at€the€regional€and€national€levels,€of€the€principles€andÏprovisions€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ149.àb..bàIn€close€cooperation€with€UNICEF,€the€Committee€considered€theÏorganization€in€1994€of€a€regional€informal€meeting€in€Africa.€€The€CommitteeÏemphasized€that€the€holding€of€such€a€meeting€and€the€possibility€ofÏorganizing€field€visits€to€different€countries€would€be€an€important€step€toÏachieve€universal€ratification€of€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€ChildÏby1995,€as€well€as€its€effective€implementation€in€the€African€region.ÌÌà@”..àB.€€òòReview€of€developments€relevant€to€the€work€of€the€CommitteeóóˆÌÌ150.àb..bàAt€its€first€session,€the€Committee€had€requested€the€secretariat€toÏreport,€at€the€beginning€of€each€session,€on€the€action€taken€pursuant€toÏdecisions€adopted€by€the€Committee€at€its€previous€session.€€Accordingly,ÏtheCommittee€was€provided€with€informal€notes€prepared€by€theÏsecretariatcontaining€summaries€of€action€taken€by€the€General€AssemblyÏatits€forty-seventh€session,€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights€at€itsÏforty-ninthsession€and€the€Sub-Commission€on€Prevention€of€DiscriminationÏandProtection€of€Minorities€at€its€forty-fifth€session€on€the€question€ofÏtherights€of€the€child€and€related€matters.ÌÌ151.àb..bàFollowing€a€decision€taken€at€the€first€session,€the€Rapporteur€made€aÏcomprehensive€oral€report€on€the€developments€relevant€to€the€work€ofÏtheCommittee€which€had€occurred€since€the€preceding€session.€€In€thisÏpresentation,€particular€emphasis€was€put€on€action€taken€within€the€frameworkÏof€the€GeneralAssembly,€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights€and€the€Sub-CommissionÏon€Prevention€of€Discrimination€and€Protection€of€Minorities,€including€€Ïspecial€rapporteurs€and€working€groups,€as€well€as€by€the€different€treatyÏbodies,€which€was€of€interest€for€the€consideration€by€the€Committee€ofÏquestions€relating€to€its€methods€of€work€and€to€the€study€of€issues€of€aÏthematic€nature.€€Specific€mention€was€made€of€the€World€Conference€on€HumanÏRights€and€the€Vienna€Declaration€and€Programme€of€Action,€in€particular€inÏthe€light€of€recommendations€concerning€the€rights€of€the€child€and€the€workÏof€the€Committee€as€a€treaty€monitoring€body.ÌÌà@”..˜ àC.€€òòQuestion€of€reservations€to€the€ConventionóóˆÌÌ152.àb..bàThe€Committee€continued€to€tackle€the€question€of€reservations€to€theÏConvention,€within€the€framework€of€its€consideration€of€States€partiesÏreports.ÌÌ153.àb..bàIt€recalled€in€this€connection€the€attention€paid€by€the€World€ConferenceÏon€Human€Rights€to€this€important€question,€in€particular€the€appeal€addressedÏto€States€to€consider€limiting€the€extent€of€reservations,€ensuring€that€theyÏare€formulated€as€precisely€and€narrowly€as€possible,€and€that€they€are€notÏincompatible€with€the€object€and€purpose€of€the€Convention€or€contrary€toÏinternational€treaty€law.ÌÌ154.àb..bàThe€Committee€decided€to€pursue€its€dialogue€with€States€parties€on€thisÏissue€in€order€to€encourage€them€to€consider€withdrawing€such€reservations.ÌÌà@”..BàD.€€òòUrgent€actionóóˆÌÌ155.àb..bàThe€Committee€continued€its€consideration€of€the€urgent€procedure€it€hadÏadopted€at€its€second€session.€€It€recalled€in€this€regard€the€role€suchÏprocedures€might€play€as€an€early€warning€to€prevent€the€deterioration€of€theÏsituation€or€to€limit€the€scale€of€existing€violations€of€children's€rights.ÌIt€further€reaffirmed€that€the€urgent€procedure€should€be€envisaged€in€theÏlight€of€the€spirit€of€dialogue€and€cooperation€which€guides€the€Committee'sÏwork.ÌÌ156.àb..bàThe€Committee€decided€to€establish€a€working€group€composed€of€some€ofÏits€members€to€study€ways€and€means€to€ensure€that€these€urgent€procedures,Ïwhenever€adopted,€are€pursued€effectively.€€It€therefore€decided€to€appointÏone€of€its€members€as€the€focal€point€for€that€purpose.ÌÌ157.àb..bàThe€Committee€was€provided€with€a€working€paper€on€the€urgent€procedure,Ïwhich€would€constitute€the€basis€for€future€consideration.ÌÌà@”..` àE.€€òòCooperation€with€UnitedNations€bodiesóóˆÌÌ158.àb..bàThe€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€reaffirmed€the€importance€ofÏensuring€effective€interaction€and€cooperation€with€UnitedNations€bodiesÏactive€in€the€field€of€the€rights€of€the€child.€€It€furthermore€recognized€theÏgreat€importance€that€the€Convention€attaches€to€the€area€of€technical€adviceÏand€assistance.ÌÌ159.àb..bàThe€Committee€also€took€note€of€the€emphasis€given€by€the€WorldÏConference€on€Human€Rights€to€the€achievement€of€progress€in€human€rightsÏendeavours€through€an€increased€and€sustained€effort€of€internationalÏcooperation€and€solidarity,€as€well€of€its€recommendation€that€the€humanÏrights€and€the€situation€of€children€be€regularly€reviewed€and€monitored€byÏall€relevant€organs€and€mechanisms€of€the€UnitedNations€system.ÌÌ160.àb..bàIn€this€regard,€the€Committee€decided€to€hold€a€meeting€with€specializedÏagencies€at€its€next€session.ÌÌòòDraft€optional€protocol€to€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,ÏInhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€PunishmentóóÌÌ161.àb..bàThe€Committee€was€informed€that€the€Secretary-General€had€submitted€toÏthe€Committee€the€draft€optional€protocol€to€the€Convention€against€TortureÏand€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment€and,€inÏaccordance€with€Commission€on€Human€Rights€resolution1993/34,€was€invited€toÏsubmit€its€observations€thereon.ÌÌ162.àb..bàThe€Committee€recognized€the€importance€of€any€steps€taken€to€protect€anyÏperson€against€the€use€of€torture€or€other€cruel,€inhuman€or€degradingÏtreatment€or€punishment,€as€well€as€to€prevent€their€occurrence.€€In€thisÏperspective,€it€welcomed€the€progress€achieved€at€the€first€session€of€theÏworking€group€on€the€draft€optional€protocol€established€by€the€Commission.̇163.àb..bàThe€Committee€recalled€the€importance€attached€by€the€Convention€on€theÏRights€of€the€Child€to€this€subject.€€Article37€of€the€Convention€prohibitsÏthe€use€of€torture€or€other€cruel,€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment€orÏpunishment€on€children.€€Moreover,€in€cases€of€deprivation€of€liberty,€whichÏis€to€be€used€only€as€a€measure€of€last€resort€and€for€the€shortestÏappropriate€period€of€time,€the€Convention€states€that€children€shall€beÏtreated€with€humanity€and€respect€for€the€inherent€dignity€of€the€human€personÏand€in€a€manner€which€takes€into€account€the€needs€of€persons€of€their€age.ÌÌ164.àb..bàFurthermore,€in€any€situation€where€the€child€is€alleged,€accused€orÏrecognized€to€have€infringed€the€penal€law,€the€child€has€the€right€to€beÏtreated€in€a€manner€consistent€with€the€promotion€of€the€child's€sense€ofÏdignity€and€worth,€and€which€reinforces€the€child's€respect€for€human€rights.ÌÌ165.àb..bàIn€situations€where€torture€or€other€cruel,€inhuman€or€degradingÏtreatment€or€punishment€may€arise,€States€parties€are€called€upon€to€take€allÏappropriate€measures€to€promote€the€physical€recovery€and€social€reintegrationÏof€the€child,€in€an€environment€which€fosters€the€health,€self-respect€andÏdignity€of€the€child.ÌÌ166.àb..bàParticular€reference€was€also€made€to€the€general€principles€of€theÏConvention,€namely€the€principle€of€the€best€interests€of€the€child,as€the€Ïprimary€consideration€in€all€actions€concerning€children,€whether€undertakenÏby€public€or€private€institutions,€including€administrative€authorities€andÏlegislative€bodies€(art.3€of€the€Convention);€and€to€the€right€of€the€childÏto€express€his€or€her€views€and€for€those€to€be€taken€duly€into€account,€inÏparticular€by€providing€the€opportunity€for€the€child€to€be€heard€in€anyÏjudicial€or€administrative€proceeding€affecting€the€child,€either€directly€orÏthrough€a€representative€or€an€appropriate€body€(art.€12).ÌÌ167.àb..bàIn€the€Committee's€view,€it€would€be€important€to€bring€these€provisionsÏto€the€attention€of€the€working€group€and€to€suggest€that€they€be€taken€intoÏconsideration€in€its€work.€€The€Committee€therefore€decided€to€transmit€itsÏsuggestions€to€the€working€group€and€to€continue€to€follow€developments.ÌÌòòInternational€Day€for€the€Eradication€of€PovertyóóÌÌ168.àb..bàThe€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€welcomed€the€decision€of€theÏGeneralAssembly€to€declare€17October€as€International€Day€for€theÏEradication€of€Poverty.ÌÌ169.àb..bàThe€Committee€decided€to€associate€itself€with€the€commemoration€of€thisÏinternational€day€and€to€issue€a€message€to€this€effect€(annex€IV).ÌÌà@”... àF.€€òòCooperation€with€other€competent€bodiesóóˆÌÌ170.àb..bàThe€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€recalled€the€recognition€paid€byÏthe€World€Conference€on€Human€Rights€to€the€important€role€played€byÏnon-governmental€organizations€in€the€effective€implementation€of€theÏConvention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child.ÌÌ171.àb..bàIt€recalled€in€this€framework€that€the€treaty€bodies,€in€their€commonÏrecommendation€to€the€World€Conference,€had€suggested€that€an€NGO€Liaison€Unit€be€established€within€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights€in€order€to€facilitateÏeffective€access€by€the€treaty€bodies€to€NGOs.ÌÌ172.àb..bàThe€Committee€held€a€working€meeting€with€the€Coordinator€of€the€NGOÏGroup€on€the€implementation€of€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€toÏdiscuss€the€important€contribution€national€coalitions€might€play€in€thatÏregard€and€concerning€other€issues€of€common€interest€in€the€field€ofÏinternational€cooperation.ÌÌ173.àb..bàThe€Representative€of€The€Hague€Conference€on€Private€International€LawÏreported€to€the€Committee€on€the€recently€adopted€Convention€on€Protection€ofÏChildren€and€Cooperation€in€Respect€of€Intercountry€Adoption.ÌÌ174.€€The€Committee€welcomed€this€significant€development€and€the€role€theÏConvention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€had€played€in€the€drafting€of€the€newÏinstrument,in€particular€the€paramount€importance€of€the€principle€of€theÏbest€interests€of€the€child€and€the€subsidiary€nature€of€intercountryÏadoption.ÌÌ175.àb..bàThe€Committee€was€informed€by€the€representative€of€Epoch€Worldwide€onÏthe€research€developed€by€that€organization€on€the€use€of€corporal€punishmentÏagainst€children.€€In€that€context,€mention€was€made€of€the€child's€right€toÏbe€protected€from€all€forms€of€violence,€neglect€or€abuse,€as€referred€to€inÏarticle19€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ176.àb..bàThe€Committee€recognized€the€importance€of€the€question€of€corporalÏpunishment€in€improving€the€system€of€promotion€and€protection€of€the€rightsÏof€the€child€and€decided€to€continue€to€devote€attention€to€it€in€the€processÏof€examining€States€parties€reports.ÌÌà@”... àG.€€òòSystem€of€documentation€and€informationóóˆÌÌòòQuestion€of€indicatorsóóÌÌ177.àb..bàThe€Committee€reiterated€its€decision€to€continue€to€study€the€questionÏof€the€use€of€appropriate€indicators€to€better€assess€how€the€rights€of€theÏchild€are€enjoyed€and€implemented,€as€well€as€to€evaluate€the€progressÏachieved,€namely€through€the€working€group€established€at€its€second€sessionÏ(CRC/C/10,€recommendation€2).ÌÌ178.àb..bàA€representative€of€the€Committee€had€participated€in€the€expert€seminarÏon€appropriate€indicators€to€measure€achievements€in€the€progressiveÏrealization€of€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights,€held€at€Geneva€from€25€toÏ29January1993.€€The€Committee€took€note€of€the€report€of€the€seminarÏ(A/CONF.157/PC/73)€and€decided€to€request€its€working€group€to€consider€theÏconclusions€and€recommendations€proposed€therein€(paras.152-207),€to€reportÏback€to€the€Committee€and€to€propose€possible€follow-up€measures.€€TheÏCommittee€also€took€note€of€the€consideration€given€by€the€Commission€on€HumanÏRights,€in€its€resolution€1993/14€of€26€February€1993,€to€the€conclusions€ofÏthe€expert€seminar,€as€well€as€of€the€request€to€the€Secretary-General€toÏprepare€basic€policy€guidelines€on€structural€adjustment€and€economic,€socialÏand€cultural€rights€which€would€serve€as€a€basis€for€a€continued€dialogueÏbetween€human€rights€bodies€and€the€international€financial€institutions.€Moreover,€the€Committee€welcomed€the€timely€organization,€on€9€October€1993,Ïof€a€consultative€meeting€on€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child,€inÏclose€cooperation€with€UNICEF.€€That€consultative€meeting,€which€would€ensureÏthe€participation€of€different€UnitedNations€and€other€competent€bodies€inÏthe€field€of€the€rights€of€the€child,€would€be€an€important€occasion€to€pursueÏthe€consideration€of€such€an€important€question,€with€the€aim€of€developing€aÏright-by-right€approach€in€the€light€of€fundamental€human€rights€principles.ÌÌòòSources€of€informationóóÌÌ179.àb..bàThe€Committee€held€a€working€meeting€at€the€World€Health€Organization€andÏwas€informed€about€the€important€steps€taken€by€WHO€to€monitor€progress€in€theÏimplementation€of€the€Global€Strategy€for€Health€for€All€by€the€Year€2000,€asÏwell€as€about€the€information€network€in€the€field€of€health,€includingÏnational€legislation.ÌÌ180.àb..bàThe€Committee€reaffirmed€the€importance€of€maintaining€close€cooperationÏwith€UnitedNations€bodies€in€the€field€of€children's€rights€in€order€toÏbetter€monitor€the€situation€of€children,as€recommended€by€the€WorldÏConference€on€Human€Rights.€€Such€cooperation€in€the€field€of€informationÏwould€be€a€decisive€step€towards€the€establishment€of€a€comprehensiveÏcomputerized€network.ÌÌà@”.."àH.€€òòPublic€information€activitiesóóˆÌÌ181.àb..bàIn€the€light€of€its€previous€recommendations€adopted€in€this€field,€theÏCommittee€reiterated€the€essential€importance€of€enhancing€awareness€of€theÏConvention€and€its€implementation€system.ÌÌ182.àb..bàIn€order€to€facilitate€easier€access€to€and€ensure€better€understandingÏof€the€work€of€the€Committee,€it€decided€to€issue,€as€one€of€its€documents,€anÏanalytical€compilation€of€the€conclusions€and€recommendations€adopted€by€theÏCommittee€at€its€previous€sessions;€it€recognized€the€importance€of€keepingÏsuch€a€compilation€up€to€date.ÌÌ183.àb..bàThe€Committee€recognized€the€role€of€public€information€activities€inÏachieving€the€goal,€set€by€the€World€Conference€on€Human€Rights,€of€universalÏratification€of€the€Convention€by€the€year€1995.ÌÌ184.àb..bàHaving€this€in€mind,€the€Committee€decided€to€reaffirm€its€request€to€theÏSecretary-General€to€consider€the€inclusion€in€the€òòManual€on€Human€RightsÏReportingóó€of€a€chapter€on€the€work€of€the€Committee;€the€completion€andÏissuance€of€the€òòtravaux€prparatoiresóó€and€the€commentary€on€the€Convention€onÏthe€Rights€of€the€Child;€and€the€preparation€and€dissemination€of€publicationsÏspecially€addressed€to€children.ÌÌ185.àb..bàThe€Committee€further€decided€to€request€the€Secretary-General€toÏconsider€the€preparation€of€a€new€Fact€Sheet€on€the€implementation€process€ofÏthe€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child.€€Such€a€publication€would€enable€aÏbetter€understanding€and€consideration€by€States€of€the€comprehensive€nationalÏapproach€taken€by€the€Committee€in€the€fulfilment€of€its€tasks€as€a€treatyÏmonitoring€body.ÌÌà@”..FàI.€€òòGeneral€discussion€on€the€economic€exploitation€of€childrenóóˆÌÌ186.àb..bàIn€view€of€the€importance€it€attaches€to€the€enhancement€of€a€deeperÏunderstanding€of€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child,€the€Committee€hadÏdecided€to€devote€one€day€of€its€fourth€session€to€a€general€discussion€on€theÏeconomic€exploitation€of€children.€€The€decision€to€consider€this€topicÏreflected€the€importance€of€the€issue€in€the€framework€of€the€promotion€andÏprotection€of€the€rights€of€the€child,€the€urgency€of€creating€awareness€andÏraising€concern€at€the€growing€number€of€children€in€situations€of€economicÏexploitation;€the€need€for€integrated€and€concerted€action€by€Governments,ÏUnitedNations€bodies€and€other€competent€bodies€active€in€the€field€of€theÏrights€of€the€child,€as€well€as€the€decisive€role€the€Convention€on€the€RightsÏof€the€Child€could€play€in€that€regard.ÌÌ187.àb..bàThe€Committee€had€been€provided€with€some€important€background€documents,Ïin€addition€to€the€two€Programmes€of€Action€adopted€by€the€Commission€on€HumanÏRights€for€the€Elimination€of€Child€Labour€and€for€the€Prevention€of€the€SaleÏof€Children,€Child€Prostitution€and€Child€Pornography.€ÌÌ188.àb..bàSeveral€organizations€had€submitted€documents€on€the€theme,€as€follows:ÌÌà0b..bàProtection€of€children€against€economic€exploitation€by€the€InternationalÏLabour€Organisation;ÌÌà0b..bàSale€of€children€by€the€Special€Rapporteur€on€the€sale€of€children€of€theÏCommission€on€Human€Rights;ÌÌà0b..bàEliminating€the€exploitation€of€child€labour€by€the€sub-group€on€childÏlabour€of€the€NGO€Group€for€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child;ÌÌà0b..bàComments€regarding€the€monitoring€by€the€Committee€of€the€Convention'sÏarticles€relating€to€child€victims€of€sexual€exploitation€by€theÏSub-group€on€sexual€exploitation€of€children€of€the€NGO€Group€for€theÏConvention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child;ÌÌà0b..bàEconomic€exploitation€of€children€(extreme€poverty€and€child€labour)€byÏthe€International€Movement€ATD€Fourth€World;ÌÌà0b..bàNios€trabajadores:€organizando€la€esperanza€de€Amrica€Latina€y€elÏCaribe€by€Radda€Barnen;ÌÌà0b..bàWish€you€weren't€there:€€the€sexual€exploitation€of€children€inÏconnection€with€tourism€and€international€travel,€and€Children€andÏincome-generating€projects€by€Save€the€Children€UK;ÌÌà0b..bàPossible€causes€and€solutions€of€child€prostitution€in€Taiwan€by€the€ÏAssociation€Fran ois-XavierBagnoud;ÌÌà0b..bàReflexiones€en€torno€al€trabajo€infantil€en€el€Pru€by€the€Grupo€deÏIniciativa€Nacional€por€los€Derechos€del€Nio.ÌÌ189.àb..bàThe€following€organizations€and€bodies€made€statements€on€the€day€of€theÏgeneral€discussion:€€United€Nations€Children's€Fund,€United€Nations€Development€Programme,€International€Labour€Organisation,€Food€and€AgricultureÏOrganization€of€the€United€Nations,€United€Nations€Educational,€Scientific€andÏCultural€Organization,€World€Health€Organization,€International€Monetary€Fund,ÏBoard€of€Trustees€of€the€UnitedNations€Voluntary€Fund€on€Contemporary€FormsÏof€Slavery,€Anti-Slavery€International,€Child€Workers€in€Nepal,€InternationalÏCatholic€Child€Bureau,€International€Confederation€of€Free€Trade€Unions,ÏInternational€Federation€of€Social€Workers,€International€Institute€for€HumanÏRights,€Environment€and€Development,€International€Movement€ATD€Fourth€World,ÏInternational€Movement€of€Apostolate€of€Children,€Movement€for€Child€WorkersÏin€Latin€America,€World€Federation€of€Methodist€Women,€Youth€for€Unity€andÏVoluntary€Action.ÌÌ190.àb..bàThe€Committee€took€note€of€the€steps€taken€in€that€regard€by€theÏSub-Commission€on€Prevention€of€Discrimination€and€Protection€of€Minorities,Ïnamely€its€decision,€contained€in€resolution€1993/5€of€20€August€1993,€toÏappoint€a€Special€Rapporteur€to€update€the€report€of€Mr.€Abdelwahab€BoudhibaÏon€the€exploitation€of€child€labour€(E/CN.4/Sub.2/479/Rev.1).ÌÌ191.àb..bàThe€Special€Rapporteur€on€the€sale€of€children,€child€prostitution€andÏchild€pornography€also€submitted€a€document€concerning€the€steps€he€has€takenÏwithin€the€framework€of€his€mandate€and€made€a€statement€before€the€Committee.ÌÌ192.àb..bàThe€general€discussion€was€a€meaningful€occasion€for€a€fruitful€exchangeÏof€views€between€the€members€of€the€Committee€and€UnitedNations€bodies,Ïspecialized€agencies€and€other€competent€bodies,€in€particularÏnon-governmental€organizations.ÌÌ193.àb..bàSituations€of€child€labour,€including€the€question€of€domestic€servants,Ïchild€prostitution€and€pornography€and€sale€of€children,€were€considered€byÏthe€participants.€€During€the€discussion,€which€was€introduced€by€members€ofÏthe€Committee€(Mrs.MartaSantosPais,€Mr.ThomasHammarberg€andÏMrs.AkilaBelembaogo;€see€annex€V),€particular€emphasis€was€put€on€the€needÏfor€the€child€to€be€put€at€the€centre€of€all€polices,€whether€they€are€adoptedÏby€international€financial€institutions,€development€agencies€or€Governments.€ÏAttention€was€also€drawn€to€the€need€to€respect€the€dignity€of€the€child,Ïwhile€enhancing€the€values€of€solidarity,€participation€and€equity.ÌÌ194.àb..bàThe€discussion€made€clear€the€need€for€a€comprehensive€and€concertedÏaction€for€prevention,€protection€and€rehabilitation.€€The€need€to€strengthenÏpreventive€actions€was€stressed€and€education€was€referred€to€in€that€regardÏas€an€essential€tool.€€Recommendations€were€also€made€in€the€field€of€theÏprotection€of€the€rights€of€the€child,€including€the€establishment€of€anÏombudsperson€who€might€intervene€and€assist€the€child€victim€of€economicÏexploitation.€€The€important€role€of€recovery€and€social€reintegration€ofÏchild€victims€of€any€form€of€economic€exploitation€was€recognized.€€At€allÏlevels€of€action,€effective€coordination€was€recognized€as€an€essential€aspectÏto€achieve€progress,both€at€the€national€and€the€international€level.ÌÌ195.àb..bàThe€discussion€emphasized€the€relevance€of€the€general€principles€of€theÏConvention€to€assess€the€reality,€design€adequate€policies€and€implementÏeffective€plans€of€action€to€combat€the€plight€of€exploited€children€andÏensure€the€effective€enjoyment€of€their€right€to€childhood.ÌÌ196.àb..bàIn€view€of€the€contributions€made€and€the€importance€of€the€problemsÏconsidered,€the€Committee€decided€that€there€was€a€need€for€a€continuousÏresponse€to€this€urgent€question.€€It€therefore€decided€(i)€to€make€a€publicÏstatement€on€the€outcome€of€the€general€discussion€day€(see€annex€VI);€(ii)toÏestablish€a€working€group€among€its€members€to€prepare,€in€the€light€of€theÏdiscussion€and€of€the€provisions€of€the€Convention,€a€set€of€recommendationsÏto€be€considered€at€its€regular€session€scheduled€for€January1994;€(iii)€toÏconsider€issuing€a€publication€based€on€the€general€discussion€on€the€economicÏexploitation€of€children.ÌÌà@”..Ð àV.€€DRAFT€PROVISIONAL€AGENDA€FOR€THE€FIFTH€SESSIONˆÌÌ197.àb..bàThe€following€is€the€draft€provisional€agenda€for€the€fifth€session€ofÏthe€Committee:ÌÌà0b..bà1.à™ ..™ àAdoption€of€the€agenda.ÌÌà0b..bà2.à0™ ..™ àInformation€by€the€secretariat€on€the€action€taken€pursuant€toÏdecisions€adopted€by€the€Committee€at€its€previous€sessions.ÌÌà0b..bà3.à0™ ..™ àSubmission€of€reports€by€States€parties€in€accordance€withÏarticle44€of€the€Convention.ÌÌàb..bà4.à0™ ..™ àConsideration€of€reports€of€States€parties.ÌÌà0b..bà5.à0™ ..™ àSystem€of€documentation€and€information.ÌÌà0b..bà6.à0™ ..™ àQuestion€of€indicators.ÌÌà0b..bà7.à0™ ..™ àFollow-up€on€the€general€discussion€on€"Protection€of€the€childÏagainst€economic€exploitation".ÌÌà0b..bà8.à0™ ..™ àCooperation€with€other€United€Nations€bodies€and€specializedÏagencies.ÌÌà0b..bà9.à0™ ..™ àMethods€of€work€of€the€Committee.ÌÌàb..bà10.à0™ ..™ àFuture€meetings.ÌÌàb..bà11.à0™ ..™ àOther€matters.ÌÌà@”..NàVI.€€ADOPTION€OF€THE€REPORTˆÌÌ198.àb..bàAt€its€104th€meeting,€held€on€8€October€1993,€the€Committee€consideredÏthe€draft€report€on€its€fourth€session.€€The€report,€as€amended€during€theÏcourse€of€the€discussion,€was€unanimously€adopted€by€the€Committee.ÌÌÇÓ +û ËÿÓà@”..6àòòAnnex€IóóˆÌÌSTATES€WHICH€HAVE€RATIFIED€OR€ACCEDED€TO€THE€CONVENTION€ON€THE€RIGHTS€OF€THEÌà@”..TàCHILD€AS€AT€8€OCTOBER€1993€(149)ˆÌÌòòStatesóóàû ..û àòòDate€of€signatureóóàË..ËàòòDate€of€receiptóóà0ÿ..ÿàòòDate€of€entryóóÌà0û ..û àà0Ë..Ëàòòof€instrumentóóà0ÿ..ÿàòòinto€forceóóÌà0û ..û àà0Ë..Ëàòòof€ratification/óóÌà0û ..û àà0Ë..Ëàòòaccessionóó€òòaóó/ÌÌAlbaniaàû ..û à26€January€1990àË..Ëà27€February€1992àÿ..ÿà28€March€1992ÌAlgeriaà0û ..û à26€January€1990à0Ë..Ëà16€April€1993à0ÿ..ÿà16€May€1993ÌAngolaàû ..û à14€February€1990àË..Ëà€5€December€1990àÿ..ÿà€4€January€1991ÌAntigua€andÌ€€Barbudaà0û ..û à12€March€1991à0Ë..Ëà€5€October€1993à0ÿ..ÿà€4€November€1993ÌArgentinaàû ..û à29€June€1990àË..Ëà€4€December€1990àÿ..ÿà€3€January€1991ÌÌArmeniaà0û ..û àà0Ë..Ëà23€June€1993à0ÿ..ÿà22€July€1993ÌAustraliaàû ..û à22€August€1990àË..Ëà17€December€1990àÿ..ÿà16€January€1991ÌAustriaàû ..û à26€January€1990àË..Ëà€6€August€1992àÿ..ÿà€5€September€1992ÌAzerbaijanàû ..û ààË..Ëà13€August€1992€òòaóó/àÿ..ÿà12€September€1992ÌBahamasàû ..û à30€October€1990àË..Ëà20€February€1991àÿ..ÿà22€March€1991ÌÌBahrainàû ..û ààË..Ëà13€February€1992€òòaóó/àÿ..ÿà14€March€1992ÌBangladeshàû ..û à26€January€1990àË..Ëà€3€August€1990àÿ..ÿà€2€September€1990ÌBarbadosàû ..û à19€April€1990àË..Ëà€9€October€1990àÿ..ÿà€8€November€1990ÌBelarusàû ..û à26€January€1990àË..Ëà€1€October€1990àÿ..ÿà31€October€1990ÌBelgiumàû ..û à26€January€1990àË..Ëà16€December€1991àÿ..ÿà15€January€1992ÌÌBelizeàû ..û à€2€March€1990àË..Ëà€2€May€1990àÿ..ÿà€2€September€1990ÌBeninàû ..û à25€April€1990àË..Ëà€3€August€1990àÿ..ÿà€2€September€1990ÌBhutanàû ..û à€4€June€1990àË..Ëà€1€August€1990àÿ..ÿà€2€September€1990ÌBoliviaàû ..û à€8€March€1990àË..Ëà26€June€1990àÿ..ÿà€2€September€1990ÌBosnia€andÌ€€HerzegovinaÑ  Ñ*à0û ..û àà0Ë..Ëààÿ..ÿà€6€March€1992ÌÌBrazilàû ..û à26€January€1990àË..Ëà24€September€1990àÿ..ÿà24€October€1990ÌBulgariaàû ..û à31€May€1990àË..Ëà€3€June€1991àÿ..ÿà€3€July€1991ÌBurkina€Fasoàû ..û à26€January€1990àË..Ëà31€August€1990àÿ..ÿà30€September€1990ÌBurundiàû ..û à€8€May€1990àË..Ëà19€October€1990àÿ..ÿà18€November€1990ÌCambodiaàû ..û à22€September€1992àË..Ëà15€October€1992àÿ..ÿà14€November€1992ÌÌCameroonàû ..û à25€September€1990àË..Ëà11€January€1993àÿ..ÿà10€February€1993ÌCanadaàû ..û à28€May€1990àË..Ëà13€December€1991àÿ..ÿà12€January€1992ÌCape€Verdeàû ..û ààË..Ëà€4€June€1992€òòaóó/àÿ..ÿà€4€July€1992ÌCentral€AfricanÌ€€Republicàû ..û à30€July€1990àË..Ëà23€April€1992àÿ..ÿà23€May€1992ÌChadàû ..û à30€September€1990àË..Ëà€2€October€1990àÿ..ÿà€1€November€1990ÌÌÌÌ________________________Ì*€€€SuccessionÌòòStatesóóàû ..û àòòDate€of€signatureóóàË..ËàòòDate€of€receiptóóà0ÿ..ÿàòòDate€of€entryóóÌà0û ..û àà0Ë..Ëàòòof€instrumentóóà0ÿ..ÿàòòinto€forceóóÌà0û ..û àà0Ë..Ëàòòof€ratification/óóÌà0û ..û àà0Ë..Ëàòòaccessionóó€òòaóó/ÌÌChileàû ..û à26€January€1990àË..Ëà13€August€1990àÿ..ÿà12€September€1990ÌChinaàû ..û à29€August€1990àË..Ëà€2€March€1992àÿ..ÿà€1€April€1992ÌColombiaàû ..û à26€January€1990àË..Ëà28€January€1991àÿ..ÿà27€February€1991ÌComorosà0û ..û à30€September€1990à0Ë..Ëà22€June€1993à0ÿ..ÿà21€July€1993ÌCosta€Ricaàû ..û à26€January€1990àË..Ëà21€August€1990àÿ..ÿà20€September€1990ÌÌCð=ðte€d'Ivoireàû ..û à26€January€1990àË..Ëà€4€February€1991àÿ..ÿà€6€March€1991ÌCroatia*àû ..û ààË..Ëàà0ÿ..ÿà€8€October€1991ÌCubaàû ..û à26€January€1990àË..Ëà21€August€1991àÿ..ÿà20€September€1991ÌCyprusàû ..û à€5€October€1990àË..Ëà€7€February€1991àÿ..ÿà€9€March€1991ÌCzech€Republic*à0û ..û àà0Ë..Ëàà0ÿ..ÿà€1€January€1993ÌÌDemocraticÌ€€People'sÌ€€Republic€ofÌ€€Koreaà0û ..û à23€August€1990àË..Ëà21€September€1990àÿ..ÿà21€October€1990ÌDenmarkàû ..û à26€January€1990àË..Ëà19€July€1991àÿ..ÿà18€August€1991ÌDjiboutiàû ..û à30€September€1990àË..Ëà€6€December€1990àÿ..ÿà€5€January€1991ÌDominicaàû ..û à26€January€1990àË..Ëà13€March€1991àÿ..ÿà12€April€1991ÌDominican€Republicàû ..û à€8€August€1990àË..Ëà11€June€1991àÿ..ÿà11€July€1991ÌÌEcuadoràû ..û à26€January€1990àË..Ëà23€March€1990àÿ..ÿà€2€September€1990ÌEgyptàû ..û à€5€February€1990àË..Ëà€6€July€1990àÿ..ÿà€2€September€1990ÌEl€Salvadoràû ..û à26€January€1990àË..Ëà10€July€1990àÿ..ÿà€2€September€1990ÌEquatorial€Guineaàû ..û ààË..Ëà15€June€1992€òòaóó/àÿ..ÿà15€July€1992ÌEstoniaàû ..û ààË..Ëà21€October€1991€òòaóó/àÿ..ÿà20€November€1991ÌÌEthiopiaàû ..û ààË..Ëà14€May€1991€òòaóó/àÿ..ÿà13€June€1991ÌFijià0û ..û à€2€July€1993à0Ë..Ëà13€August€1993à0ÿ..ÿà12€September€1993ÌFinlandàû ..û à26€January€1990àË..Ëà20€June€1991àÿ..ÿà20€July€1991ÌFranceàû ..û à26€January€1990àË..Ëà€7€August€1990àÿ..ÿà€6€September€1990ÌGambiaàû ..û à€5€February€1990àË..Ëà€8€August€1990àÿ..ÿà€7€September€1990ÌÌGermanyàû ..û à26€January€1990àË..Ëà€6€March€1992àÿ..ÿà€5€April€1992ÌGhanaàû ..û à29€January€1990àË..Ëà€5€February€1990àÿ..ÿà€2€September€1990ÌGreeceà0û ..û à29€January€1990à0Ë..Ëà11€May€1993à0ÿ..ÿà10€June€1993ÌGrenadaàû ..û à21€February€1990àË..Ëà€5€November€1990àÿ..ÿà€5€December€1990ÌGuatemalaàû ..û à26€January€1990àË..Ëà€6€June€1990àÿ..ÿà€2€September€1990ÌÌGuineaàû ..û ààË..Ëà13€July€1990€òòaóó/àÿ..ÿà€2€September€1990ÌGuinea„Bissauàû ..û à26€January€1990àË..Ëà20€August€1990àÿ..ÿà19€September€1990ÌGuyanaàû ..û à30€September€1990àË..Ëà14€January€1991àÿ..ÿà13€February€1991ÌHoly€Seeàû ..û à20€April€1990àË..Ëà20€April€1990àÿ..ÿà€2€September€1990ÌHondurasàû ..û à31€May€1990àË..Ëà10€August€1990àÿ..ÿà€9€September€1990ÌÌòòÇStatesóóàû ..û àòòDate€of€signatureóóàË..ËàòòDate€of€receiptóóà0ÿ..ÿàòòDate€of€entryóóÌà0û ..û àà0Ë..Ëàòòof€instrumentóóà0ÿ.