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àCooperation€with€Interpol€à“)..)àˆà¶..¶à169€„€175à‘£#..Û"à36ˆÌÌÇà@”..¬àCONTENTS€(òòcontinuedóó)ˆÌÌòòChapterà€ý#..YàParagraphsóó€€€òòPageóóˆÌÌà‘b..bàˆàÜ..ÜàD.à .. àFollow-up€to€the€general€discussion€on€the€Ìà‘b..bàˆàÜ..Üàà .. àeconomic€exploitation€of€children€à“)..)àˆà¶..¶à176€„€177à‘£#..Û"à37ˆÌÌÓ#++bÜ J ²"£##Óà‘b..bàˆàÜ..Üàà .. àRecommendations€concerning€economic€Ìà‘b..bàˆàÜ..Üàà .. àexploitation€of€children€à“²"..²"àˆà‘£#..Û"à38ˆÌÌÓ&++bÜ J )¶£#&Óà‘b..bàˆàÜ..ÜàE.à .. àFuture€day€of€general€discussion€à“)..)àˆà¶..¶à178€„€182à‘£#..Û"à43ˆÌÌà‘b..šàV.ˆàÜ..ÜàDRAFT€PROVISIONAL€AGENDA€FOR€THE€SIXTH€SESSION€à“)..)àˆà¶..¶à€€€183à‘£#..Û"à44ˆÌÌà‘b..6àVI.ˆàÜ..ÜàADOPTION€OF€THE€REPORT€à“)..)àˆà¶..¶à€€€184à‘£#..Û"à45ˆÌÌà@”..6àòòAnnexesóóˆÌÌÓ#++bÜ J "£##Óà‘b..šàI.ˆàÜ..ÜàStates€which€have€ratified€or€acceded€to€the€ConventionÌà‘b..bàˆàÜ..Üàon€the€Rights€of€the€Child€as€at€20€December€1993€(154)€à“".."àˆà‘£#..Û"à46ˆÌÌà‘b..6àII.ˆàÜ..ÜàMembership€of€the€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€à“".."àˆà‘£#..Û"à51ˆÌÌà‘b..ÒàIII.ˆàÜ..ÜàStatus€of€submission€of€reports€by€States€parties€underÌà‘b..bàˆàÜ..Üàarticle44€of€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€à“".."àˆà‘£#..Û"à52ˆÌÌà‘b..6àIV.ˆàÜ..ÜàGeneral€discussion€on€the€economic€exploitation€of€Ìà‘b..bàˆàÜ..Üàchildren€àJ ..J àà“".."àˆà‘£#..Û"à61ˆÌÌà‘b..šàV.ˆàÜ..Üà"Role€of€the€family€in€the€promotion€of€the€rights€ofÌà‘b..bàˆàÜ..Üàthe€child"€(Outline€of€issues€to€be€raised€during€the€Ìà‘b..bàˆàÜ..Üàgeneral€discussion€on€the€topic)€à“".."àˆà‘£#..Û"à63ˆÌÌà‘b..6àVI.ˆàÜ..ÜàList€of€documents€issued€for€the€fifth€session€of€theÌà‘b..bàˆàÜ..ÜàCommittee€.€.€.€.€.€à“".."àˆà‘£#..Û"à65ˆÌÌÇÓ8.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!8Óà@”..˜ àI.€€CONCLUSIONS€AND€RECOMMENDATIONS€ADOPTED€BYˆÌÔ ( ÔTHE€COMMITTEE€ON€THE€RIGHTS€OF€THE€CHILDÌÌà@”..` à1.€€òòOrganization€of€work€„€sessions€of€theˆÌÔ ï ÔCommittee€and€of€its€subsidiary€bodiesóóÌÌàb..bàòòThe€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child,ÌÌàb..bàRecallingóó€that€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€has€become,Ïwithin€an€exceptionally€short€period,€the€international€human€rightsÏinstrument€with€the€largest€number€of€ratifications,€demonstrating€theÏinternational€community's€special€commitment€to€the€promotion€and€protectionÏof€the€rights€of€children,ÌÌàb..bàòòConcernedóó€about€the€workload€of€the€Committee€and€the€risk€of€building€upÏan€undesirable€backlog€in€the€consideration€of€State€party€reports€submittedÏpursuant€to€article44€of€the€Convention,ÌÌàb..bàòòRecallingóó€that€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights€has€also€expressed€concernÏat€the€increasingly€heavy€workload€of€the€Committee€and€the€resultingÏdifficulties€faced€by€it€in€the€fulfilment€of€its€functions,ÌÌàb..bàòòRecalling€alsoóó€the€recommendation€made€by€the€World€Conference€on€HumanÏRights€that€the€Committee,€with€the€assistance€of€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights,Ïbe€enabled€expeditiously€and€effectively€to€meet€its€mandate,€especially€inÏview€of€the€unprecedented€extent€of€ratifications€and€subsequent€submission€ofÏcountry€reports,ÌÌàb..bàòòConvincedóó€that€having€an€adequate€amount€of€time€for€the€meetings€of€theÏCommittee€is€a€vital€factor€in€ensuring€the€continued€effectiveness€of€theÏCommittee€in€future€years,ÌÌàb..bà1.à™ ..™ àòòRequestsóó€the€Secretary-General€to€convene€a€Meeting€of€the€StatesÏParties€to€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child,€in€advance€of€or€duringÏthe€course€of€the€forty-ninth€session€of€the€GeneralAssembly,€with€a€view€toÏreviewing,€pursuant€to€paragraph10€of€article43€of€the€Convention,€theÏduration€of€the€meetings€of€the€Committee;ÌÌàb..bà2.à™ ..™ àòòFurther€requestsóó,€in€accordance€with€the€above-mentioned€provisionÏof€the€Convention,€the€States€parties€to€determine€that€the€number€of€annualÏsessions€of€the€Committee€as€from€1995,€as€well€as€the€number€of€sessions€ofÏthe€working€group€established€to€conduct€a€preliminary€review€of€State€partyÏreports€and€to€consider€questions€relating€to€technical€assistance€andÏinternational€cooperation,€should€be€increased€to€three;ÌÌàb..bà3.à™ ..™ àòòRequestsóó€the€General€Assembly€at€its€forty-ninth€session€to€approveÏany€such€determination€that€may€be€adopted€by€the€States€parties;ÌÌàb..bà4.à™ ..™ àòòDecidesóó€to€fix€the€dates€of€such€third€regular€session€and€of€itsÏpre-sessional€working€group€in€consultation€with€the€Secretary-General,€takingÏinto€account€the€calendar€of€conferences€as€approved€by€the€General€Assembly.ÌÌÔ&  Ôà@”..` à2.€€òòOrganization€of€work€„€special€sessionˆÌÔ ï Ôof€the€Committee€in€1994óóÌÌàb..bàòòThe€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€the€Childóó,ÌÔ'  ÔÌàb..bàòòNotingóó€the€previous€conclusions€and€recommendations€it€has€adopted€inÏorder€to€ensure€effectiveness€to€its€work€and€prevent€the€building€up€of€anÏundesirable€backlog€in€the€consideration€of€States€parties'€reports,ÌÌàb..bàòòStressingóó€the€need€to€adopt€urgent€and€adequate€solutions€to€meet€theÏhigh€expectations€created€by€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€and€itsÏsystem€of€implementation,ÌÌàb..bàòòRecallingóó€in€particular€the€decision€adopted€at€its€fourth€session€toÏconvene€a€special€session€of€the€Committee€in€1994,€in€accordance€with€rule3Ïof€its€rules€of€procedure,ÌÌàb..bàòòNotingóó€that,€pursuant€to€article44,€paragraph5,€of€the€Convention,€andÏin€accordance€with€rule64€of€its€rules€of€procedure,€the€Committee€willÏsubmit€to€the€GeneralAssembly,€through€the€Economic€and€Social€Council,€everyÏtwo€years,€reports€on€its€activities,ÌÌàb..bàòòRecallingóó€that€the€biennial€report€of€the€Committee€will€only€be€examinedÏduring€the€forty-ninth€session€of€the€GeneralAssembly,€to€take€place€at€theÏend€of€1994,ÌÌàb..bàòòReaffirmsóó€the€decisive€importance€and€urgency€of€holding€such€a€specialÏsession€in€1994,€preceded€by€a€pre-sessional€working€group€meeting,€as€anÏessential€measure€in€facing€its€workload€in€an€effective€and€expeditiousÏmanner,€in€the€light€of€the€recommendations€of€the€World€Conference€on€HumanÏRights.ÌÌÔ&  Ôà@”..’ à3.€€òòCooperation€with€other€United€NationsˆÌÔ # Ôbodies€and€treaty€bodiesóóÌÌàb..bàòòThe€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€the€Childóó,ÌÔ'  ÔÌàb..bàòòReaffirmingóó€the€importance€of€ensuring€effective€interaction€andÏcooperation€with€UnitedNations€bodies€acting€in€the€field€of€the€rights€ofÏthe€child,ÌÌàb..bàòòRecognizingóó€the€need€to€maintain€an€effective€dialogue€with€other€humanÏright€bodies€on€common€issues€and€problems,ÌÌàb..bàòòRecallingóó€the€Vienna€statement€adopted€by€the€international€human€rightsÏtreaty€bodies€(A/CONF.157/TBB/4),€which€stressed€the€need€to€accord€highÏpriority€to€efforts€designed€to€promote€greater€coordination€among€the€variousÏinternational€treaty€bodies,ÌÌàb..bàòòFurther€recallingóó€the€recommendation€adopted€by€the€World€Conference€onÏHuman€Rights€that€matters€relating€to€human€rights€and€the€situation€ofÏchildren€be€regularly€reviewed€and€monitored€by€all€relevant€organs€andÏmechanisms€of€the€UnitedNations€system,̇àb..bàòòReaffirmingóó€the€need€to€provide€the€Committee€with€adequate€resources€toÏenable€it€to€develop€effective€communication€and€dialogue€with€other€humanÏrights€bodies€and€to€participate€effectively€in€UnitedNations€meetingsÏrelevant€to€its€work,ÌÌàb..bà1.à™ ..™ àòòDecidesóó€to€be€represented€at,€and€to€that€end€to€closely€follow,Ïthe€preparatory€process€of€the€World€Summit€for€Social€Development,€to€takeÏplace€in€March1995,€in€Denmark,€as€well€as€of€the€World€Conference€on€Women,Ïto€take€place€in€Beijing€in€1995;ÌÌàb..bà2.à™ ..™ àòòAlso€decidesóó€to€be€represented€by€two€of€its€members€at€theÏInternational€Conference€on€Population€Development,€to€be€held€in€Cairo€inÏSeptember1994;ÌÌàb..bà3.à™ ..™ àòòReaffirmsóó€the€fundamental€importance€it€attaches€to€itsÏparticipation€in€the€meeting€of€experts€on€the€application€of€internationalÏstandards€concerning€the€human€rights€of€detained€juveniles,€to€be€organizedÏin€Geneva€in€1994,€in€the€light€of€resolution1993/80€adopted€by€theÏCommission€on€Human€Rights,€and€recalls€in€this€regard€the€recommendationsÏformulated€by€the€Committee€in€the€framework€of€the€consideration€of€StatesÏparties'€reports;ÌÌàb..bà4.à™ ..™ àòòDecidesóó€to€follow€closely€the€general€discussions€to€be€held€by€theÏCommittee€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights€in€1994,€on€"the€role€ofÏsocial€safety€nets€as€a€means€of€protecting€economic,€social€and€culturalÏrights,€with€particular€reference€to€situations€involving€major€structuralÏadjustment€and/or€transition€to€a€free€market€economy"€and€on€"human€rightsÏeducation€and€public€information",€and€stresses€the€important€attention€it€hasÏgiven€to€these€areas,€namely€in€the€framework€of€its€dialogue€with€StatesÏparties.ÌÌÇà@”..Z àII.€€ORGANIZATIONAL€AND€OTHER€MATTERSˆÌÌà@”..Œ àA.€€òòStates€parties€to€the€ConventionóóˆÌÌ1.àb..bàAs€at€28January1994,€the€closing€date€of€the€fifth€session€of€theÏCommittee€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child,€there€were€154States€parties€to€theÏConvention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child.€€The€Convention€was€adopted€by€theÏGeneralAssembly€in€resolution44/25€of€20November1989€and€opened€forÏsignature€and€ratification€or€accession€in€New€York€on€26January1990.€€ItÏentered€into€force€on€2September1990,€in€accordance€with€the€provisions€ofÏits€article49.€€A€list€of€States€that€have€signed,€ratified€or€acceded€to€theÏConvention€is€contained€in€annexI€to€the€present€report.ÌÌ2.àb..bàThe€texts€of€the€declarations,€reservations€or€objections€made€by€StatesÏparties€with€respect€to€the€Convention€are€reproduced€in€documentÏCRC/C/2/Rev.2.ÌÌà@”..ö àB.€€òòOpening€and€duration€of€the€sessionóóˆÌÌ3.àb..bàThe€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€held€its€fifth€session€at€theÏUnitedNations€Office€at€Geneva€from€10to28January1994.€€The€CommitteeÏheld€26meetings€(105th€to€130th).€€An€account€of€the€Committee'sÏdeliberations€at€its€fifth€session€is€contained€in€the€relevant€summaryÏrecords€(CRC/C/SR.105-130).ÌÌà@”..êàC.€€òòMembership€and€attendanceóóˆÌÌ4.àb..bàAll€members€attended€the€fifth€session.€€A€list€of€the€members€of€theÏCommittee,€together€with€an€indication€of€the€duration€of€their€terms€ofÏoffice,€appears€in€annex€II€to€the€present€report.ÌÌ5.àb..bàThe€following€UnitedNations€bodies€were€also€represented€at€the€session:€ÏUnitedNations€Children's€Fund;€Office€of€the€UnitedNations€High€CommissionerÏfor€Refugees.ÌÌ6.àb..bàThe€following€specialized€agencies€were€also€represented€at€the€session:€ÏInternational€Labour€Organisation;€UnitedNations€Educational,€Scientific€andÏCultural€Organization;€World€Health€Organization.ÌÌ7.àb..bàIn€addition,€the€International€Criminal€Police€Organization€wasÏrepresented€at€the€session.ÌÌ8.àb..bàRepresentatives€of€the€following€non-governmental€organizations€were€alsoÏin€attendance€at€the€session:ÌÌà0b..bàòòCategory€Ióó:€€International€Movement€ATD€Fourth€World,€SoroptimistÏInternational,€Zonta€International.ÌÌÌÌÌÌà0b..bàòòCategory€IIóó:€€Defence€for€Children€International,€Friends€World€CommitteeÏfor€Consultation€(Quakers),€International€Association€of€Penal€Law,ÏInternational€Catholic€Child€Bureau,€International€Federation€of€Women€inÏLegal€Careers,€International€Federation€Terre€des€Hommes,€InternationalÏService€for€Human€Rights.ÌÌàb..bàòòRosteróó:€€World€Organization€against€Torture.ÌÌà0b..bàòòOthersóó:€€Indigenous€Peoples'€Documentation€Center€(DOCIP),€NGO€Group€forÏthe€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child,€One€World€Productions.ÌÌà@”.. àD.€€òòAgendaóóˆÌÌ9.àb..bàAt€its€105th€meeting,€on€10January1994,€the€Committee€adopted€theÏprovisional€agenda€(CRC/C/21).€€The€agenda€of€the€fifth€session,€as€adopted,Ïwas€as€follows:ÌÌàb..bà€1.à™ ..™ àAdoption€of€the€agenda.ÌÌàb..bà€2.à™ ..™ àOrganizational€and€other€matters.ÌÌàb..bà€3.à0™ ..™ àInformation€by€the€secretariat€on€the€action€taken€pursuant€toÏdecisions€adopted€by€the€Committee€at€its€previous€sessions.ÌÌàb..bà€4.à0™ ..™ àSubmission€of€reports€by€States€parties€in€accordance€withÏarticle44€of€the€Convention.ÌÌàb..bà€5.à0™ ..™ àConsideration€of€reports€of€States€parties.ÌÌàb..bà€6.à0™ ..™ àSystem€of€documentation€and€information.ÌÌàb..bà€7.à0™ ..™ àQuestion€of€indicators.ÌÌàb..bà€8.à0™ ..™ àFollow-up€on€the€general€discussion€on€"Protection€of€the€childÏagainst€economic€exploitation".ÌÌàb..bà€9.à0™ ..™ àCooperation€with€other€UnitedNations€bodies€and€specializedÏagencies.ÌÌàb..bà10.à0™ ..™ àMethods€of€work€of€the€Committee.ÌÌàb..bà11.à0™ ..™ àFuture€meetings.ÌÌàb..bà12.à0™ ..™ àOther€matters.ÌÌàb..bà13.à0™ ..™ àBiennial€report€of€the€Committee€on€its€activities.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌ̇à@”..†àE.€€òòPre-sessional€working€groupóóˆÌÌ10.àb..bàIn€accordance€with€the€decision€of€the€Committee€at€its€first€session,€aÏpre-sessional€working€group€met€in€Geneva€from€15€to€19November1993.€€AllÏmembers€except€Mrs.MariliaSardenberg€participated€in€the€working€group.ÌÌ11.àb..bàIn€the€course€of€its€meetings€the€pre-sessional€working€group€examinedÏlists€of€issues€put€before€it€by€members€of€the€Committee€relating€to€theÏinitial€reports€of€the€following€five€countries:€€Belarus,€Colombia,€France,ÏPakistan€and€Romania.ÌÌ12.àb..bàIn€addition,€the€working€group€had€before€it€the€lists€of€issues€drawn€upÏat€the€previous€pre-sessional€working€group€in€relation€to€the€initial€reportsÏof€Mexico€and€Namibia,€which€had€been€kept€in€reserve€as€possible€substitutes,Ïfor€the€fourth€session€of€the€Committee,€and€were€subsequently€scheduled€forÏconsideration€at€the€fifth€session.ÌÌ13.àb..bàThe€lists€of€issues€thus€drawn€up€were€transmitted€directly€to€theÏPermanent€Missions€of€the€States€concerned€with€a€note€which€stated,Ïòòinteraliaóó,€the€following:ÌÌà0b..bà"The€Committee€wishes€to€receive,€if€possible€before€the€end€of€1993,Ïwritten€answers€to€the€issues€raised€in€the€list.€€The€list€is€notÏintended€to€be€exhaustive€and€it€should€not€be€interpreted€as€limiting€orÏin€any€other€way€prejudging€the€type€and€range€of€questions€which€membersÏof€the€Committee€might€wish€to€pose.€€However,€the€Working€Group€believesÏthat€the€constructive€dialogue€which€the€Committee€wishes€to€have€withÏthe€representatives€of€the€reporting€States€can€be€facilitated€by€makingÏthe€list€and€the€written€answers€to€it€available€in€advance€of€theÏCommittee's€session."ÌÌ14.àb..bàThe€working€group€also€decided€that€it€should,€whenever€possible,Ïestablish€informal€contacts€with€the€Permanent€Missions€of€States€whoseÏreports€are€scheduled€for€consideration€at€forthcoming€sessions,€in€order€toÏinform€them€of€the€procedure€followed€by€the€Committee€for€the€considerationÏof€reports€and€clarify€the€purposes€of€the€dialogue€it€intends€to€conduct€withÏthe€representatives€of€the€States€parties.ÌÌà@”..äàF.€€òòOrganization€of€workóóˆÌÌ15.àb..bàThe€Committee€considered€the€organization€of€work€at€its€105thmeeting,Ïon€10January1994.€€The€Committee€had€before€it€the€draft€programme€of€workÏfor€the€fifth€session,€prepared€by€the€Secretary-General€in€consultation€withÏthe€Chairperson€of€the€Committee,€and€the€report€of€the€Committee€on€itsÏfourth€session€(CRC/C/20).ÌÌà@”..ÞàG.€€òòFuture€meetingsóóˆÌÌ16.àb..bàAt€its€fourth€session,€the€Committee,€recognizing€the€need€to€adoptÏurgentand€adequate€solutions€to€enable€it€expeditiously€and€effectively€toÏmeet€its€mandate,€had€decided,€in€accordance€with€rule3€of€its€provisionalÏrules€of€procedure,€to€convene€a€special€session€of€the€Committee€in€1994.€€ÌAccordingly,€the€sixth€(special)€session€would€take€place€from€5€toÏ22April1994€and€the€pre-sessional€working€group€would€meet€from€31JanuaryÏto€4February1994.ÌÌ17.àb..bàThe€tentative€schedule€for€the€Committee's€meetings€in€1994€is€asÏfollows:ÌÌà0b..bàPre-sessional€working€groupàu..uàà¬..¬àà0ã..ãà31January€to€4February1994ÌÌà0b..bàSixth€(special)€sessionà0u..uàà¬..¬ààã..ãà€5€to€22April1994ÌÌà0b..bàPre-sessional€working€groupàu..uàà¬..¬àà0ã..ãà25€to€29April1994ÌÌà0b..bàSeventh€sessionà..àà>..>ààu..uàà¬..¬àà0ã..ãà26€September€to€14October1994ÌÌà0b..bàPre-sessional€working€groupàu..uàà¬..¬àà0ã..ãà17€to€21October1994ÌÌÌÇà@”..°àIII.€€REPORTS€BY€STATES€PARTIES€UNDER€ARTICLE€44€OF€THE€CONVENTIONˆÌÌà@”..²àA.€€òòSubmission€of€reportsóóˆÌÌ18.àb..bàIn€connection€with€this€item,€the€Committee€had€before€it€the€followingÏdocuments:€€(a)€notes€by€the€Secretary„General€on€initial€reports€by€StatesÏparties€due€in€1992€(CRC/C/3),€1993€(CRC/C/8/Rev.2)€and€1994€(CRC/C/11/Rev.3);Ï(b)€a€note€by€the€Secretary„General€on€the€States€parties€to€the€ConventionÏand€the€status€of€submission€of€reports€(CRC/C/22);€(c)€a€note€by€theÏSecretary-General€on€the€status€of€consideration€of€reports€(CRC/C/23).€€TheÏCommittee€was€informed€that,€in€addition€to€the€six€reports€that€wereÏscheduled€for€consideration€by€the€Committee€at€its€present€session€(seeÏparas.19„123€below)€and€those€which€had€been€received€prior€to€theÏCommittee's€fourth€session€(see€CRC/C/20,€para.19),€the€Secretary-General€hadÏreceived€the€initial€reports€of€Jamaica€(CRC/C/8/Add.12),€NicaraguaÏ(CRC/C/3/Add.25),€Poland€(CRC/C/8/Add.11)€and€Ukraine€(CRC/C/8/Add.10,€as€wellÏas€additional€information€submitted€by€Peru€(CRC/C/3/Add.24)€and€IndonesiaÏ(CRC/C/3/Add.26)€following€the€requests€made€by€the€Committee€in€the€course€ofÏits€consideration€of€the€initial€reports€submitted,€respectively,€by€Peru€(seeÏCRC/C/20,€para.68)€and€Indonesia€(ibid.,€para.€54).ÌÌà@”..àB.€€òòConsideration€of€reportsˆÌÌóó19.àb..bàAt€its€fifth€session,€the€Committee€examined€initial€reports€submitted€byÏfive€States€parties€under€article€44€of€the€Convention.€€It€devoted€13€ofÏits26€meetings€to€the€consideration€of€reports€(CRC/C/SR.106„107,€109„110,Ï113-115,€120„122€and€124„126).ÌÌ20.àb..bàAt€the€request€of€the€Government€of€France,€consideration€of€the€initialÏreport€of€France€which€was€scheduled€for€the€fifth€session,€was€postponed.ÌÌ21.àb..bàThe€following€reports,€listed€in€the€order€in€which€they€had€beenÏreceived€by€the€Secretary„General,€were€before€the€Committee€at€its€fifthÏsession:€€Mexico€(CRC/C/3/Add.11),€Namibia€(CRC/C/3/Add.12),€ColombiaÏ(CRC/C/8/Add.3),€Romania€(CRC/C/3/Add.16),€Pakistan€(CRC/C/3/Add.13),ÏBelarus(CRC/C/3/Add.14).ÌÌ22.àb..bàIn€the€course€of€the€session,€the€consideration€of€the€initial€report€ofÏPakistan€was€postponed€at€the€request€of€the€Government€of€Pakistan.€€However,Ïin€view€of€the€fact€that€a€representative€of€the€Government€of€Pakistan€wasÏpresent€in€Geneva,€an€informal€meeting€was€held€between€the€representative€andÏsome€of€the€members€of€the€Committee.€€This€informal€meeting€provided€theÏopportunity€for€the€representative€of€Pakistan€to€submit€written€informationÏin€reply€to€the€list€of€issues€that€had€previously€been€sent€to€the€GovernmentÏof€Pakistan,€and€for€members€of€the€Committee€who€attended€the€meeting€toÏexplain€the€procedure€followed€during€the€consideration€of€States€parties'Ïreports.ÌÌ23.àb..bàIn€accordance€with€rule€68€of€the€rules€of€procedure€of€the€Committee,Ïrepresentatives€of€all€the€reporting€States€were€invited€to€attend€theÏmeetings€of€the€Committee€when€their€reports€were€examined.€€All€the€StatesÏparties€whose€reports€were€considered€by€the€Committee€sent€representatives€toÏparticipate€in€the€examination€of€their€respective€reports.̇24.àb..bàThe€following€sections,€arranged€on€a€country„by„country€basis€accordingÏto€the€sequence€followed€by€the€Committee€in€its€consideration€of€the€reports,Ïcontain€concluding€or€preliminary€observations€reflecting€the€main€points€ofÏdiscussion€and€indicating,€where€necessary,€issues€that€would€require€aÏspecific€follow„up.ÌÌ25.àb..bàMore€detailed€information€is€contained€in€the€reports€submitted€by€theÏStates€parties€and€in€the€summary€records€of€the€relevant€meetings€of€theÏCommittee.ÌÌà@”..Œ à1.€€òòConcluding€observations:€€MexicoóóˆÌÌ26.àb..bàThe€Committee€considered€the€initial€report€of€Mexico€(CRC/C/3/Add.11)€atÏits€106th€and€107th€meetings€(CRC/C/SR.106„107),€held€on€11€January€1994,€andÏadopted*€the€following€concluding€observations:ÌÌ(a)à0b..bàòòIntroductionóóÌÌ27.àb..bàThe€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€the€early€ratification€of€theÏConvention€and€the€timely€submission€of€the€initial€report€of€Mexico.€€InÏparticular,€the€Committee€appreciates€the€comprehensiveness€of€the€report,Ïwhich€contains€detailed€information€on€the€legal€framework€within€which€theÏConvention€is€implemented.€€The€Committee,€however,€notes€with€regret€the€lackÏof€information€on€the€factors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€implementation€ofÏthe€various€rights€recognized€in€the€Convention,€as€well€as€the€insufficiencyÏof€information€on€the€concrete€effects€of€measures€adopted.ÌÌ28.àb..bàThe€Committee€welcomes€the€written€information€provided€by€the€GovernmentÏin€reply€to€the€questions€set€out€in€the€list€of€issues€(CRC/C/4/WP.3),€whichÏwere€communicated€to€it€before€the€session.€€Furthermore,€the€supplementaryÏinformation€provided€by€the€delegation€and€its€knowledge€of€matters€connectedÏwith€the€Convention€made€it€possible€to€engage€in€an€open€and€constructiveÏdialogue.€€The€Committee€also€notes€with€appreciation€the€fact€that€replies€toÏa€number€of€questions€raised€during€the€dialogue€were€sent€in€writing€to€theÏCommittee€shortly€after€the€consideration€of€the€report.ÌÌ(b)à0b..bàòòPositive€aspectsóóÌÌ29.àb..bàThe€Committee€welcomes€the€efforts€made€by€the€State€party€in€bringingÏdomestic€law€into€line€with€the€Convention,€through€the€enactment€of€new€laws,Ïthe€amendment€of€the€Constitution€and€the€adoption€of€programmes€specificallyÏaimed€at€promoting€and€protecting€the€rights€of€the€child.€€Among€theseÏachievements€was€the€adoption,€following€the€World€Summit€for€ChildrenÏin1990,€of€the€National€Programme€of€Action,€which€focused€on€the€areas€ofÏhealth,€education,€basic€sanitation€and€assistance€to€minors€in€especiallyÏdifficult€circumstances€as€well€as€the€periodical€evaluation€of€the€NationalÏProgramme€of€Action.€€Other€welcome€developments€are€the€adoption€of€the€LawÏon€the€Treatment€of€Juvenile€Offenders€and€the€incorporation€in€theÏConstitution€of€the€right€of€everyone€to€education€through€the€amendment€of€ÌÌ_________ÌÌàb..bà*€€At€the€130th€meeting,€held€on€28€January€1994.̇its€articles€3€and€31.€€The€Committee€also€notes€with€interest€the€variousÏactivities€undertaken€by€the€National€Human€Rights€Commission€in€the€field€ofÏchildren's€rights€as€well€as€the€adoption€of€the€National€Development€Plan€andÏthe€Solidarity€Programme€aimed€at€solving€the€serious€economic€and€socialÏproblems€encountered€by€the€country.ÌÌ30.àb..bàThe€Committee€also€notes€with€satisfaction€the€serious€efforts€undertakenÏto€inform€children€with€respect€to€the€Convention€and€to€encourage€theirÏparticipation€in€the€implementation€process€through€various€innovative€means.ÌÌ(c)à0b..bàòòFactors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€implementation€of€the€ConventionóóÌÌ31.àb..bàThe€Committee€takes€note€of€the€existing€disparities€in€the€country€andÏthe€difficult€economic€and€social€situation€of€Mexico,€characterized€by€a€highÏlevel€of€foreign€debt,€the€inadequacy€of€budgetary€resources€earmarked€forÏessential€social€services€benefiting€children€and€the€unequal€distribution€ofÏthe€national€wealth.€€These€difficulties€severely€affect€children,Ïparticularly€those€living€in€poverty€and€children€belonging€to€minority€groupsÏor€indigenous€communities.€€The€Committee€also€notes€that€the€high€level€ofÏviolence€in€the€society€and€within€the€family€and€the€recent€politicalÏviolence€connected€with€the€uprising€in€the€Chiapas€region€have€a€considerableÏnegative€impact€on€the€situation€of€children€in€Mexico.ÌÌ(d)à0b..bàòòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóÌÌ32.àb..bàThe€Committee€expresses€its€concern€at€the€fact€that€laws€and€regulationsÏrelevant€to€the€enforcement€of€the€rights€of€the€child€are€not€alwaysÏcompatible€with€the€provisions€of€the€Convention.€€It€regrets€that€there€is€noÏprovision€in€the€national€legislation€relating€to€the€best€interests€of€theÏchild€or€the€prohibition€of€discrimination€against€children.€€Mere€referenceÏin€the€report€to€the€Convention€as€being€the€"Supreme€Law€of€the€Land",Ïpursuant€to€article€133€of€the€Constitution,€should€not€preclude€theÏGovernment€from€taking€the€necessary€steps€to€fully€harmonize€nationalÏlegislation€with€the€provisions€of€the€Convention,€namely€in€the€light€ofÏarticle4€of€the€Convention.€€Similarly,€the€National€Programme€of€ActionÏadopted€in€1990€and€its€enforcement€machinery,€based€on€the€targets€identifiedÏby€the€World€Summit€for€Children,€do€not€fully€take€into€account€theÏparticularities€of€the€Convention.€€Furthermore,€similarly€to€the€NationalÏProgramme€of€Action€adopted€in€1990€and€its€enforcement€machinery€based€on€theÏtargets€identified€by€the€World€Summit€for€Children,€a€monitoring€mechanismÏshould€be€established€to€follow€the€implementation€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ33.àb..bàThe€national€legislation€and€practice€should€take€into€fullÏconsideration,€in€the€light€of€article€5€of€the€Convention,€the€capacity€ofÏthe€child€to€exercise€his€or€her€rights,€namely€in€the€field€of€citizenship.ÌÌ34.àb..bàThe€Committee€expresses€its€concern€at€the€unequal€distribution€of€theÏnational€wealth€in€the€country€and€the€disparities€and€discrepancies€in€theÏenforcement€of€the€rights€provided€for€under€the€Convention€between€theÏdifferent€regions€of€the€country,€to€the€detriment€of€rural€children€andÏchildren€belonging€to€minorities€or€indigenous€communities.ÌÌ35.àb..bàThe€Committee€is€troubled€by€the€great€number€of€complaints€ofÏill-treatment€of€children€attributed€to€the€police€and€security€or€militaryÏpersonnel€and€is€disturbed€by€the€failure€to€take€effective€steps€to€punishÏthose€found€guilty€of€such€violations€or€to€make€public€eventual€punishments;Ïthis€may€lead€to€a€feeling€on€the€part€of€the€population€that€impunityÏprevails€and€that€it€is€therefore€useless€or€dangerous€to€bring€complaintsÏbefore€the€competent€authorities.€€The€Committee€is€also€preoccupied€by€theÏexistence€on€a€large€scale€of€child€abuse€and€violence€within€the€family.ÌÌ36.àb..bàThe€Committee€is€worried€at€the€lack€of€implementation,€in€practice,€ofÏthe€provisions€of€the€Convention€and€domestic€legislation€relating€to€theÏadministration€of€juvenile€justice€and€the€treatment€of€young€offenders.ÌÌ37.àb..bàThe€Committee€is€alarmed€at€the€large€number€of€children€who€have€beenÏforced,€in€order€to€survive,€to€live€and/or€work€in€the€streets.€€TheÏexploitation€of€children€as€migrant€workers€is€also€of€deep€concern.€€DomesticÏlaw€and€its€application€in€practice€do€not€appear€to€be€in€conformity€with€theÏprovisions€of€the€Convention€and€relevant€Conventions€of€the€InternationalÏLabour€Organisation€relating€to€the€employment€of€minors.ÌÌ38.àb..bàA€large€percentage€of€children€living€in€difficult€circumstances,€inÏparticular€children€belonging€to€minorities€or€indigenous€communities,€appearÏto€have€left€school€without€having€been€able€to€complete€their€primaryÏeducation.ÌÌ39.àb..bàThe€Committee€also€notes€with€concern€the€high€number€of€internationalÏadoptions€of€Mexican€children.ÌÌ(e)à0b..bàòòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóÌÌ40.àb..bàThe€Government€must€take€all€necessary€steps,€in€all€areas,€to€ensure€theÏrespect€and€actual€implementation€of€the€provisions€contained€in€nationalÏlegislation€relating€to€the€rights€of€the€child.€€Furthermore,€the€CommitteeÏrecommends€that€the€State€party€take€necessary€steps€to€fully€harmonizeÏfederal€and€State€legislation€with€the€provisions€of€the€Convention.€ÏPrinciples€relating€to€the€best€interests€of€the€child€and€the€prohibition€ofÏdiscrimination€in€relation€to€children€should€be€incorporated€into€domesticÏlaw,€and€it€should€be€possible€to€invoke€them€before€the€courts.€€RelevantÏmechanisms€should€also€be€set€up,€parallel€to€those€deriving€from€the€NationalÏProgramme€of€Action,€to€monitor€the€implementation€of€the€Convention€at€theÏfederal,€State€and€local€levels.€€Coordination€between€the€various€levels€ofÏthe€administration€as€well€as€cooperation€with€non„governmental€organizationsÏinvolved€in€the€implementation€of€the€Convention€and€the€monitoring€thereofÏshould€be€strengthened.ÌÌ41.àb..bàThe€Committee€emphasizes€that€the€best€interests€of€the€child€must€be€aÏguiding€principle€in€the€application€of€the€Convention€and€that€theÏauthorities€should€undertake€all€appropriate€measures€to€the€maximum€extent€ofÏtheir€available€resources€to€ensure€that€sufficient€resources€are€allocated€toÏchildren,€particularly€children€living€and/or€working€in€the€streets,€childrenÏbelonging€to€minority€groups€or€indigenous€communities€and€other€vulnerableÏchildren.ÌÌ42.àb..bàThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€should€intensify€its€actionÏagainst€all€violence€resulting€in€cases€of€ill„treatment€of€children,€inÏparticular€when€committed€by€members€of€the€police€force€and€security€servicesÏand€the€military.€€The€State€party€should€ensure€that€cases€of€crimesÏcommitted€against€children€by€members€of€the€armed€forces€or€the€police€areÏtried€before€civilian€courts.ÌÌ43.àb..bàThe€Committee€recommends€that€urgent€measures€be€adopted€to€combatÏdiscrimination€against€children€belonging€to€the€most€vulnerable€groups,€inÏparticular€children€subject€to€abuse€or€violence€within€the€family,€childrenÏliving€and/or€working€in€the€streets€and€children€belonging€to€indigenousÏcommunities,€including€measures€to€eliminate€and€prevent€discriminatoryÏattitudes€and€prejudices€such€as€those€based€on€gender.€€In€the€framework€ofÏthe€adoption€process,€due€consideration€should€be€given€to€the€provisions€ofÏarticle€12€of€the€Convention.€€Furthermore,€intercountry€adoption€should€beÏconsidered€in€the€light€of€article€21,€namely€as€a€measure€of€last€resort.ÌÌ44.àb..bàFinally,€the€Committee€recommends€that€the€provisions€of€the€ConventionÏshould€be€widely€publicized€among€the€general€public€and,€in€particular,€amongÏteachers,€social€workers,€law€enforcement€officials,€the€staff€in€correctionalÏfacilities,€judges€and€members€of€other€professions€who€are€concerned€with€theÏimplementation€of€the€Convention.€€The€Committee€further€recommends€that,€inÏthe€light€of€article€44,€paragraph€6,€of€the€Convention,€the€report€submittedÏby€the€Government€be€made€widely€available€to€the€public€at€large,€includingÏnon-governmental€organizations,€and€that€the€publication€of€the€report€beÏconsidered,€along€with€the€relevant€summary€records€and€the€concludingÏobservations€thereon€adopted€by€the€Committee.ÌÌà@”..Z à2.€€òòConcluding€observations:€€NamibiaˆÌóóÌ45.àb..bàThe€Committee€considered€the€initial€report€of€Namibia€(CRC/C/3/Add.12)Ïat€its€109th€and€110th€meetings€(CRC/C/SR.109„110),€held€on€13January1994,Ïand€adoptedÙ*Ù× ƒ- ××  ×€the€following€observations:ÌÌ(a)àb..bàòòIntroductionóóÌÌ46.àb..bàThe€Committee€welcomes€the€ratification€of€the€Convention€by€theÏGovernment€of€Namibia.€€The€Committee€also€wishes€to€express€its€appreciationÏto€the€State€party€for€the€particularly€detailed€and€comprehensive€reportÏprepared€and€for€the€frank€and€constructive€dialogue€with€the€delegation.ÌÌ(b)àb..bàòòPositive€aspectsóóÌÌ47.àb..bàThe€Committee€welcomes€the€political€commitment€within€the€country€toÏimprove€the€situation€of€children.€€The€Committee€also€wishes€to€express€itsÏappreciation€as€regards€the€Government's€willingness€to€be€self„critical€andÏto€search€for€creative€and€innovative€approaches€to€address€the€problemsÏfacing€children€in€society.€€The€Committee€takes€particular€note€of€theÏfollowing€initiatives:€€the€activities€undertaken€to€promote€greater€publicÏawareness€of€the€rights€of€the€child,€also€among€children€themselves;€the€encouragement€of€cooperation€with€the€local,€national€and€internationalÏcommunities€in€efforts€to€promote€and€protect€the€rights€of€the€child;€theÏEarly€Childhood€Protection€and€Development€Programme;€the€"street€children"Ïprogramme;€the€"Discipline€from€Within"€Programme€in€the€schools;€and€theÏdevelopment€of€Youth€Councils.€€With€regard€to€the€latter€two€programmes,€theÏCommittee€underlines€their€importance€in€respect€of€the€possible€measures€toÏbe€taken€to€make€a€reality€of€various€provisions€of€the€Convention,Ïparticularly€its€article12.ÌÌ48.àb..bàThe€Committee€also€notes€with€interest€the€suggestion€that€moreÏvocational€schools€be€established€to€try€to€reduce€the€level€of€schoolÏdrop-outs.ÌÌ(c)àb..bàòòFactors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€implementation€of€the€ConventionóóÌÌ49.àb..bàThe€Committee€takes€note€that€Namibia€became€an€independent€State€in€1990Ïhaving€suffered€the€consequences€of€colonial€administration,€apartheid€andÏwar.€€The€Committee€recognizes€that€these€factors,€combined€with€the€problemsÏof€poverty,€have€had€a€constraining€influence€on€the€implementation€of€theÏprovisions€of€the€Convention.€€In€particular,€the€Committee€draws€attention€toÏthe€legacy€of€laws€from€the€pre„independence€period€which€are€contrary€to€theÏprovisions€of€international€instruments€and€the€Namibian€Constitution.ÌÌ(d)àb..bàòòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóÌÌ50.àb..bàThe€Committee€observes€that€Namibia€is€not€yet€a€State€party€to€all€theÏmajor€international€human€rights€instruments€and€is€concerned€that€the€reformÏof€much€national€legislation€remains€to€be€undertaken€to€bring€it€intoÏconformity€with€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child.€ÏIn€this€connection,€the€Committee€notes€the€contradictions€to€be€found€inÏnational€legislation€with€respect€to€the€definition€of€the€child.ÌÌ51.àb..bàThe€Committee€is€concerned€at€the€extent€of€discrimination€on€the€groundÏof€gender€as€well€as€against€children€born€out€of€wedlock€and€children€inÏespecially€difficult€circumstances.€€It€also€expresses€concern€at€theÏdiscrimination€practised€against€children€with€disabilities.ÌÌ52.àb..bàCertain€phenomena€which€may€have€a€possible€negative€impact€orÏconsequence€on€the€situation€of€children,€such€as€teenage€pregnancies,€theÏhigh€incidence€of€households€headed€by€a€single€person,€and€the€apparent€lackÏof€widespread€understanding€among€parents€of€their€joint€parentalÏresponsibilities,€are€of€concern€to€the€Committee.ÌÌ53.àb..bàThe€Committee€also€takes€note€of€the€problems€involved€with€improving€theÏquality€of€education.ÌÌ54.àb..bàEqually,€the€Committee€is€concerned€at€the€situation€of€children€inÏespecially€difficult€circumstances,€including€the€incidence€of€child€labour,Ïparticularly€on€farms€and€in€the€informal€sector,€and€the€number€of€childrenÏdropping€out€of€school.ÌÌ55.àb..bàAs€regards€the€system€of€juvenile€justice€in€place€in€Namibia,€theÏCommittee€is€concerned€as€to€its€conformity€with€the€Convention€on€the€RightsÏof€the€Child,€namely€its€articles37€and€40,€as€well€as€with€relevant€Ìinternational€instruments€such€as€the€Beijing€Rules,€the€Riyadh€Guidelines€andÏthe€UnitedNations€Rules€for€the€Protection€of€Juveniles€Deprived€of€theirÏLiberty.ÌÌ(e)àb..bàòòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóÌÌ56.àb..bàThe€Committee€recommends€that€consideration€be€given€to€the€possibilityÏof€Namibia€becoming€a€party€to€all€the€major€international€human€rightsÏinstruments,€and€suggests€that€the€State€party€may€wish€to€request€assistanceÏfrom€the€UnitedNations€Centre€for€Human€Rights€in€this€regard.ÌÌ57.àb..bàEqually,€the€Committee€suggests€that€the€State€party€fully€integrate€theÏConvention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€into€the€national€legal€framework€andÏinto€national€plans€of€action€for€the€implementation€of€the€rights€of€theÏchild.€€Moreover,€the€Committee€recommends€the€early€adoption€of€a€newÏChildren's€Act€which€will€take€fully€into€account€the€principles€andÏprovisions€of€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€and€observations€madeÏby€the€Committee€during€its€dialogue€with€the€State€party.ÌÌ58.àb..bàWhile€noting€with€satisfaction€the€establishment€of€an€Ombudsman's€OfficeÏwhich€has€a€mandate€to€deal€with€complaints€of€human€rights€violations,Ïincluding€those€relating€to€children,€the€Committee€suggests€that€the€StateÏparty€evaluate€the€work€of€the€present€Ombudsman's€Office€to€protect€theÏrights€of€the€child€with€a€view€to€determining€whether€any€further€measuresÏwould€be€required€to€support€the€Office€in€its€endeavours€to€contribute€to€theÏimplementation€of€the€rights€of€the€child.ÌÌ59.àb..bàThe€Committee€notes€the€important€role€being€played€by€community€leadersÏin€efforts€to€improve€the€implementation€of€the€rights€of€the€child,Ïparticularly€in€order€to€overcome€the€negative€influences€of€certainÏtraditions€and€customs€which€may€contribute€to€discrimination€against€the€girlÏchild,€children€suffering€from€disabilities€and€children€born€out€of€wedlock.€ÏThe€Committee€also€encourages€the€State€party€to€continue€to€fully€involveÏcivil€society€and€non„governmental€organizations€in€activities€to€promote€andÏprotect€the€rights€of€the€child.ÌÌ60.àb..bàConcerning€the€implementation€of€the€rights€of€children€to€participateÏand€express€their€views,€the€Committee€is€interested€in€receiving€moreÏinformation€in€the€State€party's€next€report€on€the€functioning€of€the€YouthÏand€School€Councils€and€on€their€involvement€in€any€initiatives€to€addressÏproblems€facing€children€and€youth.ÌÌ61.àb..bàThe€Committee€notes€the€clear€recognition€by€the€State€party€of€theÏproblems€facing€children€in€the€family€situation€and€the€need€to€developÏprogrammes,€such€as€the€training€of€social€workers,€education€in€familyÏplanning€and€the€establishment€of€an€alcohol€and€drug€abuse€centre,€to€addressÏthese€problems.€€It€also€suggests€that€research€be€undertaken€on€the€issue€ofÏsexual€abuse€within€the€family€context.ÌÌ62.àb..bàWith€regard€to€educational€matters,€the€Committee€encourages€theÏdevelopment€of€the€initiative€to€provide€more€training€to€schoolteachers€as€aÏmeans€to€improve€the€quality€of€education€and€provide€an€opportunity€to€raiseÏawareness€within€this€profession€of€the€rights€of€the€child.ÌÌ63.àb..bàThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€study€on€marginalized€groups€ofÏchildren€be€undertaken€as€a€matter€of€priority.ÌÌ64.àb..bàThe€Committee€is€of€the€opinion€that€the€system€of€the€administration€ofÏjuvenile€justice€in€the€State€party€must€be€guided€by€the€provisions€ofÏarticles37€and€40€of€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€as€well€asÏrelevant€international€standards€in€this€field,€including€the€Beijing€Rules,Ïthe€Riyadh€Guidelines€and€the€UnitedNations€Rules€for€the€Protection€ofÏJuveniles€Deprived€of€their€Liberty.€€Moreover,€it€is€suggested€that€measuresÏbe€taken€to€train€law€enforcement€officials,€judges,€personnel€working€inÏdetention€centres€and€counsellors€of€young€offenders€about€internationalÏstandards€for€the€administration€of€juvenile€justice.€€The€CommitteeÏunderlines€the€need€for€technical€assistance€programmes€in€the€light€of€theseÏrecommendations€and€encourages€the€State€party€to€continue€its€cooperationÏwith€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights,€the€Crime€Prevention€and€Criminal€JusticeÏBranch€of€the€UnitedNations€Secretariat€and€UNICEF€in€this€regard.ÌÌ65.àb..bàThe€Committee€also€recommends€that€the€State€party€ensure€that€its€policyÏand€legislation€on€the€issue€of€child€labour€is€in€conformity€with€theÏprovisions€of€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€and€relevant€ILOÏConventions.ÌÌ66.àb..bàFurthermore,€the€Committee€suggests€that€the€State€party€undertakeÏmeasures€and€programmes€to€educate€the€general€public€on€parentalÏresponsibilities€and€to€consider€the€possibility€of€providing€counselling€inÏthis€regard.€€In€addition,€the€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party,€inÏits€efforts€to€further€disseminate€awareness€of€the€Convention€on€the€RightsÏof€the€Child,€make€widely€available,€by€appropriate€means,€the€State€partyÏreport,€the€summary€records€and€the€concluding€observations€of€the€Committee.ÌÌà@”..ö à3.€€òòPreliminary€observations:€€ColombiaˆÌóóÌ67.àb..bàThe€Committee€began€consideration€of€the€initial€report€of€ColombiaÏ(CRC/C/8/Add.3)€at€its€113th,€114th€and€115th€meetings€(CRC/C/SR.113„115),Ïheld€on€17€and€18€January€1994.€€In€view€of€the€fact€that€it€was€not€possibleÏduring€the€session€to€fully€clarify€a€number€of€serious€concerns€about€theÏimplementation€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€decided€to€continueÏconsideration€of€the€initial€report€of€Colombia€at€a€future€session€andÏadoptedØØ× ƒ/ ××  ×€the€following€preliminary€observations.€€In€this€connection,€theÏCommittee€requests€the€State€party€to€provide€it€with€written€answers€to€theÏquestions€set€out€in€the€list€of€issues€(CRC/C.5/WP.2)€which€had€been€formallyÏtransmitted€to€the€State€party.€€Equally,€the€Committee€requests€the€StateÏparty€to€provide€it€with€additional€information€on€particular€areas€of€concernÏÌidentified€by€the€Committee,€as€set€out€in€paragraphs€76€to€82€below.€€TheÏCommittee€recommends€that€the€information€requested€be€submitted€byÏ28February€1994.ÌÌ(a)àb..bàòòIntroductionóóÌÌ68.àb..bàThe€Committee€expresses€its€appreciation€to€the€State€party€for€theÏsubmission€of€its€initial€report€and€takes€note€of€the€information€containedÏin€the€report,€particularly€with€regard€to€the€steps€taken€to€provide€aÏlegislative€framework€for€the€implementation€of€the€Convention.€€The€CommitteeÏregards€its€preliminary€dialogue€with€the€State€party€to€have€been€fruitfulÏand€as€one€which€was€undertaken€in€a€cooperative€spirit.€€The€Committee,Ïhowever,€regrets€that€it€was€not€given€sufficient€information€regarding€theÏactual€situation€of€children€in€Colombia€or€on€specific€measures€being€takenÏat€present€to€protect€vulnerable€groups€at€grave€risk.ÌÌ(b)àb..bàòòPositive€aspectsóóÌÌ69.àb..bàThe€Committee€welcomes€the€major€legislative€initiatives€adopted€with€aÏview€to€providing€a€legal€framework€for€the€implementation€of€the€Convention,Ïnamely€the€adoption€of€the€Minors'€Code€and€the€references€to€the€rights€ofÏthe€child€contained€in€the€revised€Constitution.€€The€Committee€also€welcomesÏthe€steps€taken€by€the€Government€towards€creating€special€mechanisms€for€theÏimplementation€of€the€Convention,€such€as€the€Inter„Agency€Committee€for€theÏDefence,€Protection€and€Promotion€of€the€Human€Rights€of€Children€and€YoungÏPeople€and€the€Office€of€the€President's€Programme€for€Youth,€Women€and€theÏFamily.€€The€Committee€also€welcomes€in€this€connection€the€efforts€made€toÏfacilitate€the€participation€of€non„governmental€organizations€(NGOs)€in€theÏimplementation€process.ÌÌ70.àb..bàThe€Committee€notes€the€progress€which€has€been€made€over€theÏlast10years€in€lowering€the€infant€mortality€rate.€€The€Committee€alsoÏwelcomes€the€formulation€by€the€State€party€of€a€National€Plan€of€Action€andÏthe€setting€of€concrete€goals€as€a€follow„up€to€the€World€Summit€for€Children.ÌÌ(c)àb..bàòòFactors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€implementation€of€theÌàb..bàConventionóóÌÌ71.àb..bàThe€Committee€takes€note€that€Colombia€is€going€through€a€difficultÏeconomic€transition€period€and€is€facing€serious€political€problems€stemmingÏfrom€drug„related€terrorism,€violence€and€poverty.€€The€Committee€takes€noteÏof€the€disparities€existing€in€the€country€at€the€economic€and€social€levels.€ÌÌ(d)àb..bàòòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóÌÌ72.àb..bàThe€Committee€expresses€its€concern€over€the€significant€gap€between€theÏlaws€adopted€to€promote€and€protect€the€rights€of€the€child€and€the€practicalÏapplication€of€those€laws€to€the€actual€situation€of€a€great€number€ofÏchildren€in€Colombia.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€at€the€lack€of€sufficientÏcoordination€of€the€various€efforts€to€implement€the€Convention.€€TheÏCommittee€is€also€concerned€about€discriminatory€and€adverse€social€attitudes,Ïparticularly€among€law€enforcement€officials,€towards€vulnerable€groups€ofÏchildren.̇73.àb..bàThe€Committee€expresses€its€grave€concern€over€the€life„threateningÏsituation€faced€by€an€alarming€number€of€children€in€Colombia,€particularlyÏthose€who,€in€order€to€survive,€are€working€and/or€living€in€the€streets.€ÏMany€of€those€children€are€subject€to€arbitrary€arrest€and€torture€and€otherÏinhuman€or€degrading€treatment€by€authorities.€€€They€are€also€subject€toÏcoercion,€disappearance,€trafficking€and€murder€by€criminal€groups.€€ÌÌ74.àb..bàThe€Committee€expresses€its€grave€concern€over€the€large€proportion€ofÏColombian€children€who€continue€to€live€in€extreme€poverty€despite€the€factÏthat€Colombia€has€one€of€the€most€favourable€economic€growth€rates€and€one€ofÏthe€lowest€amounts€of€per€capita€foreign€indebtedness€in€the€region.€€ManyÏchildren€in€Colombia,€including€a€large€proportion€of€rural€and€indigenous€Ïchildren,€have€been€economically€and€socially€marginalized€and€have€limited€orÏno€access€to€adequate€education€or€health€care€services.€€ÌÌ75.àb..bàThe€rules€on€the€minimum€age€of€employment€are€below€internationalÏstandards€and€even€then€are€not€enforced.€€Hazardous€child€labour,€includingÏin€mines,€is€a€matter€of€the€deepest€concern.ÌÌ(e)àb..bàòòPreliminary€suggestionsóóÌÌ76.àb..bàThe€Committee€suggests€that€firm€measures€be€taken€urgently€to€ensure€theÏright€to€survival€for€all€children€in€Colombia,€including€those€fromÏvulnerable€groups.€€Such€measures€should€include€a€quick€response€to€reportsÏof€and€complaints€from€children€who€are€victims€of€violence,€disappearance,Ïassassination€or€alleged€organ€trafficking.€€Thorough€and€systematicÏinvestigation€should€be€carried€out€and€severe€penalties€applied€in€casesÏinvolving€violence€against€children.€€The€outcome€of€investigations€and€casesÏof€convictions€should€be€widely€publicized€in€order€to€deter€future€offences.€ÌÌ77.àb..bàThe€Committee€suggests€that,€in€order€to€increase€the€coverage€andÏquality€of€services€for€children€and€to€include€those€from€vulnerable€groups,Ïmore€substantial€budgetary€allocations€be€provided€to€services€for€children,Ïparticularly€in€the€areas€of€education€and€health,€namely€in€the€light€ofÏarticles€2€and€3€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ78.àb..bàThe€Committee€suggests€that€reliable€quantitative€and€qualitativeÏinformation€be€systematically€collected€and€analysed€to€monitor€closely€theÏsituation€of€marginalized€children,€particularly€those€from€indigenous€groups,Ïin€order€to€guide€further€efforts€to€improve€their€situation.€€ÌÌ79.àb..bàIn€regard€to€the€problems€of€working€children,€the€Committee€suggestsÏthat€Colombia€ratify€ILO€Convention€No.€138€concerning€the€minimum€age€forÏadmission€to€employment€and€review€all€relevant€legislation€with€a€view€toÏbringing€it€up€to€minimum€international€standards.€€Child€labour€laws€shouldÏbe€enforced,€complaints€should€be€investigated€and€severe€penalties€imposedÏfor€violations.€€The€Committee€suggests€that€the€Government€more€activelyÏenlist€the€support€of€NGOs€and€other€private€sector€organizations€in€raisingÏpublic€awareness€of€the€problem€and€in€monitoring€enforcement€of€the€laws.ÌÌ80.àb..bàIn€the€field€of€the€administration€of€juvenile€justice,€greater€effortsÏshould€be€made€to€ensure€respect€for€the€standards€and€legal€safeguardsÏcontained€in€the€Convention,€in€particular€in€the€light€of€articles€37,€39€and40€and€taking€into€due€consideration€other€relevant€internationalÏinstruments€adopted€in€this€field€by€the€United€Nations.€€Furthermore,€theÏCommittee€suggests€that€all€children€deprived€of€their€liberty€should€beÏregistered€and€closely€monitored€in€order€to€ensure€that€they€are€afforded€theÏprotection€provided€by€the€Convention.ÌÌ81.àb..bàThe€Committee€suggests€that€steps€be€taken€to€strengthen€the€educationalÏsystem,€particularly€in€the€rural€areas.€€The€quality€of€teaching€should€beÏimproved€and€the€high€number€of€school€drop„outs€should€be€reduced.€ÏCounselling€services€for€youth€should€be€developed€as€a€preventive€measureÏaimed€at€lowering€the€high€incidence€of€teenage€pregnancies€and€stemming€theÏdramatic€rise€in€the€number€of€single€mothers.€€Educational€campaigns€shouldÏbe€undertaken€to€reduce€violence€in€society€and€in€the€family€and€to€combatÏprejudice€on€the€basis€of€gender.ÌÌ82.àb..bàTo€assess€the€implementation€of€the€Convention€and€to€narrow€the€gapÏbetween€the€law€and€its€practice,€the€Committee€suggests€that€the€State€partyÏestablish€a€mechanism€to€monitor€the€actual€situation€of€children,Ïparticularly€those€from€vulnerable€groups.€€Given€the€seriousness€of€theÏproblem,€the€Committee€suggests€that€the€State€party€seek€closer€cooperationÏwith€international€agencies€which€may€be€able€to€provide€assistance€andÏexpertise€and€to€embark€upon€major€reform€in€the€problem€areas€identified€byÏthe€Committee.€€The€Committee€suggests€that€a€new€attitude€and€approach€beÏdeveloped,€particularly€as€regards€the€police€and€the€military,€in€order€toÏenhance€respect€for€all€children,€regardless€of€their€social,€economic€orÏother€background,€and€to€reaffirm€their€value.€€In€this€connection,Ïinformation€and€training€programmes€should€be€strengthened€at€the€level€of€theÏcommunity€and€the€family.€€Further€measures€should€be€envisaged€to€strengthenÏcooperation€with€NGOs€aiming€at€greater€social€mobilization€on€behalf€of€theÏrights€of€the€child.ÌÌà@”..Z à4.€€òòConcluding€observations:€€RomaniaóóˆÌÌ83.àb..bàThe€Committee€considered€the€initial€report€of€RomaniaÏ(CRC/C/3/Add.16)at€its€120th€to€122nd€meetings€(CRC/C/SR.120„122),€heldÏon20and21January1994€and€adoptedØØ× ƒ0 ××  ×€the€following€concluding€observations:ÌÌ(a)òòàb..bàIntroductionóóÌÌ84.àb..bàThe€Committee€expresses€its€appreciation€to€the€State€party€forÏsubmitting,€prior€to€the€session,€written€replies€to€its€list€of€issuesÏ(CRC/C.4/WP.5)€ò òó óand€for€engaging€in€a€fruitful€dialogue€with€the€Committee.€€ÌÌ(b)€òòàb..bàPositive€aspectsÌóóÌ85.àb..bàThe€Committee€welcomes€measures€undertaken€by€the€Government€of€Romania,Ïsince€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Convention€in€1990,€in€order€to€promote€andÏprotect€children's€rights.€€It€notes€the€establishment€of€such€governmentalÏagencies€as€the€Central€Committee€for€the€Orientation€and€Coordination€ofÏActivities€on€Behalf€of€Minors,€the€Committee€for€the€Support€of€Child-care€Institutions€and€the€Romanian€Adoption€Committee.€€Of€particular€importanceÏwas€the€creation,€in€February€1990,€of€the€Romanian€National€Committee€forÏUNICEF€and€in€1993€of€the€National€Committee€for€the€Protection€of€the€Child.€ÏThe€Committee€also€notes€with€satisfaction€that€a€number€of€laws€have€beenÏamended€or€supplemented€and€that€new€legislation€has€been€drafted€in€order€toÏbring€domestic€laws€into€conformity€with€the€provisions€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ86.àb..bàThe€Committee€notes€that€the€Government€of€Romania€has€committed€itselfÏto€a€policy€of€bringing€institutionalized€children€into€a€family€environment.€ÏEfforts€have€been€made€to€protect€the€value€of€the€child€allowance.€€AÏprogramme€for€the€education€of€social€workers€has€been€initiated.ÌÌ87.àb..bàThe€Government€has€demonstrated€willingness€and€readiness€to€cooperateÏwith€various€intergovernmental€and€non„governmental€organizations€active€inÏthe€field€of€the€rights€of€the€child.€ÌÌ(c)à8b..bàòòFactors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€implementation€of€theÏConventionóóÌÌ88.àb..bàThe€reform€of€certain€laws,€ò òó ópolicies€and€institutions€in€place€before€theÏratification€of€the€Convention€had€to€be€undertaken€in€order€to€allow€for€itsÏeffective€implementation.€€Difficulties€have€also€been€caused€by€prejudices,Ïintolerance€and€other€popular€attitudes€in€contradiction€with€the€generalÏprinciples€of€the€Convention.€€The€Committee€further€notes€the€problemsÏrelated€to€the€transition€economy€and€that€the€situation€of€children€hasÏworsened€as€a€consequence€of€growing€poverty€and€increasing€unemployment.ÌÌ(d)€òòàb..bàPrincipal€subjects€of€concernÌóóÌ89.àb..bàThe€Committee€is€worried€about€the€effect€on€children€of€the€difficultÏeconomic€situation€prevailing€in€the€country.€€In€this€connection,€theÏCommittee€is€particularly€concerned€as€to€whether€there€are€adequate€measuresÏto€protect€children€from€being€the€victims€of€economic€reform,€in€the€light€ofÏarticles€3€and€4€of€the€Convention.€€The€rights€and€basic€needs€of€allÏchildren€in€the€country€should€be€taken€into€account€also€during€the€processÏof€decentralization€and€privatization.ÌÌ90.àb..bàThe€Committee€is€concerned€about€the€insufficient€steps€taken€in€theÏframework€of€legal€reform€to€bring€existing€legislation€into€full€conformityÏwith€the€Convention,€including€in€the€light€of€the€basic€principles€of€theÏConvention,€in€order€to€overcome€existing€discrepancies€such€as€the€oneÏreflected€in€the€present€law€on€marriage€age.€€The€Committee€is€equallyÏconcerned€about€existing€lacunae€in€national€legislation€which€may€hamperÏefforts€to€implement€the€Convention.€€The€various€legislative€andÏadministrative€measures€undertaken€to€ensure€implementation€seem€not€to€haveÏbeen€sufficiently€coordinated€and€streamlined.ÌÌ91.àb..bàThe€Committee€is€concerned€at€the€occurrence€of€child€abuse€and€neglectÏwithin€the€family€and€the€disruption€of€family€values€which€in€some€cases€leadÏto€children€being€abandoned€or€running€away.€€Children€in€such€families€areÏvulnerable€to€sexual€abuse,€drug€abuse€and€alcoholism.€€The€growing€number€ofÏchildren€living€and/or€working€in€the€streets€is€a€matter€of€deep€concern.ÌÌ92.àb..bàThe€Committee€is€concerned€about€the€situation€of€children€of€minorities,Ïespecially€within€the€context€of€articles€2,€28,€29€and€30€of€the€Convention.€ÏThe€low€school€attendance€of€the€Roma€(gypsy)€group€of€children€is€a€seriousÏproblem.€€In€more€general€terms,€the€Committee€finds€that€there€is€a€need€forÏmore€effective€measures€to€combat€prejudices€against€this€minority.ÌÌ93.àb..bàThe€Committee€is€also€concerned€at€the€lack€of€adequate€training€ofÏsocial€workers,€law€enforcement€officials€and€judicial€personnel€on€theÏprinciples€and€provisions€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ(e)€òòàb..bàSuggestions€and€recommendationsÌóóÌ94.àb..bàThe€Government€should€regularly€monitor€the€impact€of€the€structuralÏadjustment€programmes€on€children€and€take€adequate€measures€for€theirÏprotection.ÌÌ95.àb..bàThe€Committee€also€recommends€that€a€more€coherent€approach€be€taken€byÏthe€Government€in€implementing€the€Convention,€particularly€in€assuring€betterÏcoordination€between€the€various€mechanisms€and€institutions€already€in€placeÏto€deal€with€promotion€and€protection€of€the€rights€of€children.€€Of€greatÏimportance,€in€that€context,€is€the€establishment€of€an€appropriate€structureÏat€the€local€level€and€the€coordination€of€efforts€undertaken€at€the€local€andÏnational€levels.ÌÌ96.àb..bàSpecial€efforts€should€be€made€to€bring€the€existing€legislation€fullyÏinto€line€with€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€and€thereby€take€into€accountÏthe€principles€of€non„discrimination,€the€best€interests€of€the€child,€andÏrespect€for€the€views€of€the€child,€as€in€the€case€of€labour€legislation.€€TheÏFamily€Code€of€1954€needs€to€be€revised€in€the€light€of€the€Convention.ÌÌ97.àb..bàThe€Committee€considers€that€greater€efforts€should€be€made€to€provideÏfamily€education;€to€develop€awareness€of€the€equal€responsibilities€ofÏparents;€and€to€disseminate€widely€knowledge€about€modern€methods€of€familyÏplanning€and€thereby€reduce€the€practice€of€abortion.ÌÌ98.àb..bàThe€Committee€suggests€that€research€be€undertaken€on€the€issue€of€childÏabuse€and€neglect€within€the€family.ÌÌ99.àb..bàThe€Committee€recommends€that€personnel€dealing€with€children€be€providedÏwith€adequate€training€in€the€basic€principles€and€norms€contained€in€theÏConvention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child.€€Special€training€should€be€given€toÏsocial€workers€in€recognition€of€the€importance€of€this€profession.ÌÌ100.àb..bàThe€legislation€on€adoption€should€be€further€amended€and€enforced€toÏeffectively€prevent,€in€particular,€intercountry€adoptions€in€violation€of€theÏspirit€and€letter€of€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€and€taking€intoÏaccount€the€1993€Hague€Convention€on€Protection€of€Children€and€Cooperation€inÏRespect€of€Intercountry€Adoption,€namely€in€view€of€the€statement€made€by€theÏdelegation€of€the€Government€of€Romania€as€to€its€intention€to€ratify€thisÏConvention.€ÌÌ101.àb..bàFurther€efforts€are€recommended€to€create€a€better€understanding€amongÏthe€public€about€the€situation€of€children€with€disabilities.€€The€promotion€of€their€rights€should€be€further€advanced€through,€for€instance,€support€toÏparents'€organizations€and€a€sustained€programme€for€moving€children€fromÏinstitutions€to€a€good€family€environment.ÌÌ102.àb..bàThe€system€of€administration€of€juvenile€justice€should€be€guided€by€theÏprovisions€of€articles€37€and€40€of€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€ChildÏas€well€as€other€relevant€international€standards€such€as€the€Beijing€Rules,Ïthe€Riyadh€Guidelines€and€the€UnitedNations€Rules€for€the€Protection€ofÏJuveniles€Deprived€of€their€Liberty.€€The€Committee€suggests€that€part€of€theÏtraining€of€the€law€enforcement€personnel,€judges€and€other€administration€ofÏjustice€officials€be€devoted€to€an€understanding€of€these€internationalÏstandards€of€juvenile€justice.ÌÌ103.àb..bàThe€Government€should€adopt€an€active€non„discrimination€policy€withÏrespect€to€children€of€minorities.€€This€would€also,€particularly€in€relationÏto€the€Roma€(gypsy)€population,€require€proactive€measures€to€encourageÏparticipation€and€break€a€vicious€circle€of€widespread€prejudices€resulting€inÏhostility€or€neglect.€€The€problem€of€low€school€attendance€among€childrenÏfrom€the€Roma€minority€should€be€urgently€addressed.ÌÌ104.àb..bàThe€Committee€also€recommends€that€the€report€submitted€by€the€StateÏparty,€the€summary€records€of€its€consideration€and€the€concludingÏobservations€of€the€Committee€be€disseminated€as€widely€as€possible€within€theÏcountry.€€These€documents€might€also€serve€the€discussion€about€further€stepsÏtowards€systematic€mechanisms€to€monitor€and€promote€the€implementation€of€theÏConvention.ÌÌ105.àb..bàThe€State€party€is€encouraged€to€continue€its€cooperation€with€the€CentreÏfor€Human€Rights€in€the€field€of€advisory€services€and€technical€assistanceÏand€with€the€support€of€the€international€community€to€strengthen€further€theÏchild€rights€component€in€such€programmes,€and€to€that€end€due€account€shouldÏbe€taken€of€the€recommendations€and€suggestions€contained€in€theseÏobservations.ÌÌà@”..Z à5.€€òòConcluding€observations:€€BelarusóóˆÌÌ106.àb..bàThe€Committee€considered€the€initial€report€of€Belarus€(CRC/C/3/Add.14)Ïat€its€124th€to€126th€meetings€(CRC/C/SR.124„126),€held€on€25€andÏ26January1994,€and€adoptedØØ× ƒ1 ××  ×€the€following€concluding€observations:ÌÌàb..bà(a)à™ ..™ àòòIntroductionóóÌÌ107.àb..bàThe€Committee€welcomes€the€ratification€of€the€Convention€by€theÏGovernment€of€Belarus.€€The€Committee€appreciates€the€opportunity€to€engage€inÏa€dialogue€with€the€State€party€and€its€efforts€to€provide€further€informationÏto€that€contained€in€the€initial€report€of€Belarus€submitted€under€theÏConvention.€ÌÌÌÌàb..bà(b)à™ ..™ àòòPositive€aspectsóóÌÌ108.àb..bàThe€Committee€observes€that€Belarus€is€a€State€party€to€all€the€majorÏinternational€human€rights€instruments.€€Note€is€also€taken€of€the€recentÏadoption€by€the€State€party€of€the€Rights€of€the€Child€Act€and€otherÏlegislative€and€administrative€measures€in€an€effort€to€address€the€problemsÏfacing€children,€which€serve€as€an€indication€of€the€importance€the€StateÏparty€attaches€to€its€obligations€under€the€Convention.ÌÌ109.àb..bàThe€Committee€also€notes€the€State€party's€willingness€to€seek€advice€andÏtechnical€assistance€in€developing€appropriate€mechanisms€to€implement€theÏrights€of€the€child.ÌÌàb..bà(c)à™ ..™ àòòFactors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€implementation€of€theÌÔ ¢ ÔConventionóóÌÌ110.àb..bàThe€Committee€recognizes€that€the€State€party€is€facing€serious€obstaclesÏin€implementing€the€provisions€of€the€Convention.€€It€notes€that€significantÏpolitical€changes€have€had€an€impact€on€the€legislative€system€and€on€societyÏin€general.€€The€Committee€further€notes€the€problems€related€to€theÏtransition€economy€and€that€the€situation€of€children€has€worsened€as€aÏconsequence€of€growing€poverty€and€increasing€unemployment.€€The€CommitteeÏalso€recognizes€that€the€State€party€is€experiencing€major€difficulties€inÏcountering€the€negative€consequences€of€the€Chernobyl€nuclear€plant€disasterÏon€the€environment€and€on€the€health€of€the€population,€including€children.ÌÌàb..bà(d)à™ ..™ àòòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóÌÌ111.àb..bàThe€Committee€expresses€its€concern€as€to€the€full€compatibility€ofÏnational€legislation,€measures€and€programmes€with€the€provisions€andÏprinciples€of€the€Convention,€especially€as€regards€such€matters€asÏchildrenas€the€subjects€of€rights,€family€education€and€equal€parentalÏresponsibilities.€€Moreover,€the€Committee€is€concerned€about€an€apparentÏdiscrepancy€in€the€legislation€between€the€age€for€completion€of€mandatoryÏeducation,€which€is€15,€and€the€minimum€age€for€labour,€which€is€16.ÌÌ112.àb..bàThe€Committee€is€concerned€as€to€whether€the€most€disadvantaged€groups€ofÏchildren€in€the€society€have€been€identified€and€programmes€targetedÏaccordingly€to€ensure€that€adequate€safety€nets€are€in€place€to€prevent€aÏdeterioration€of€the€rights€they€are€entitled€to€under€the€Convention.€€TheÏsituation€of€rural€children€is€also€a€matter€of€general€concern.ÌÌ113.àb..bàThe€Committee€is€concerned€about€the€continuation€of€the€practice€ofÏtheinstitutionalization€of€children€in€spite€of€the€policy€adopted€to€theÏcontrary€and€about€the€number€of€intercountry€adoptions€which,€though€stillÏcomparatively€low,€is€on€the€increase.ÌÌ114.àb..bàThe€Committee€expresses€its€concern€at€the€health€status€of€children,Ïparticularly€in€the€aftermath€of€the€Chernobyl€nuclear€disaster,€the€apparentÏpriority€given€to€curative€health€care€rather€than€decentralized€preventiveÏhealth€care,€the€low€prevalence€of€breast-feeding€and€the€high€number€ofÏabortions.ÌÌ115.àb..bàAs€regards€children€requiring€special€protection€measures,€the€situationÏin€relation€to€the€administration€of€juvenile€justice€is€a€matter€of€generalÏconcern€to€the€Committee.€€The€Committee€is€also€concerned€that€adequateÏmeasures€are€not€being€taken€to€protect€children€from€exploitation€throughÏlabour,€the€appearance€of€the€problem€of€sexual€exploitation€of€children€andÏthe€problem€of€drug€abuse.€ÌÌàb..bà(e)à™ ..™ àòòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóÌÌ116.àb..bàThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€consider€the€possibility€ofÏestablishing€a€permanent€body€to€coordinate€the€implementation€and€monitoringÏof€the€rights€of€the€child.€€It€is€also€recommended€that€the€State€partyÏprepare,€as€a€matter€of€priority,€a€national€plan€of€action€for€children.€€TheÏCommittee€would€like€to€see€the€provisions€and€principles€of€the€ConventionÏfully€integrated€into€this€plan,€particularly€its€articles€2,€3,€4,€6€and€12.€ÌÌ117.àb..bàThe€Committee€would€also€like€to€see€a€considerably€stronger€involvementÏof€non„governmental€organizations€in€the€work€of€protecting€and€promoting€theÏrights€of€the€child.ÌÌ118.àb..bàThe€Committee€expresses€the€hope€that€the€State€party€will€become€a€partyÏto€the€1993€Hague€Convention€on€Protection€of€Children€and€Cooperation€inÏRespect€of€Intercountry€Adoption,€as€well€as€the€1980€Convention€on€the€CivilÏAspects€of€International€Child€Abduction.€€Equally,€the€Committee€recommendsÏthe€early€adoption€of€the€Family€and€Marriage€Law€and€that€it€take€account€ofÏthe€need€to€undertake€appropriate€measures€to€address€the€serious€problems€ofÏfamily€breakdown€in€the€State€party.ÌÌ119.àb..bàThe€Committee€would€like€to€see€a€stronger€emphasis€placed€on€primaryÏhealth€care€activities,€which€would€include€the€development€of€educationalÏprogrammes€to€cover€such€matters€as€family€education,€family€planning,€sexÏeducation€and€the€benefits€of€breast-feeding.€€Equally,€the€CommitteeÏencourages€the€training€of€community€health€care€workers€to€develop€awarenessÏof€these€subjects€among€the€general€public,€including€children.€€In€addition,Ïthe€Committee€recommends€that€programmes€of€rehabilitation€and€reintegrationÏfor€emotionally€disturbed€or€traumatized€children€be€developed.ÌÌ120.àb..bàThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€evaluate€the€adequacy€ofÏthe€measures€it€has€taken€to€provide€social€security€for€the€benefit€ofÏchildren.€€It€is€also€suggested€that€programmes€be€carefully€targeted€to€theÏneeds€of€both€rural€and€urban€children€and€that€adequate€social€safety€nets€beÏput€in€place€for€the€most€disadvantaged€groups€of€children.ÌÌ121.àb..bàIn€view€of€the€significant€risk€of€the€exploitation€of€children€throughÏlabour,€particularly€in€the€light€of€recent€changes€to€national€legislation,Ïthe€Committee€suggests€that€this€matter€be€urgently€addressed€and€that€theÏnecessary€action€be€taken€in€line€with€the€Convention€and€in€particular€itsÏarticle€3€as€it€relates€to€the€best€interests€of€the€child.ÌÌ122.àb..bàThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party,€in€its€efforts€toÏdevelopgeneral€public€awareness€of€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child,Ïmake€available€the€State€party's€report,€the€summary€records€and€theÏconcluding€observations€of€the€Committee.̇123.àb..bàThe€Committee€encourages€the€international€community€to€provide€technicalÏassistance€and€advice€to€the€State€party€in€its€efforts,€òòinter€aliaóó,€toÏharmonize€national€legislation€and€measures€with€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€Ìof€the€Child,€to€develop€a€coordinating€body€on€children's€rights€and€toÏdetermine€the€targeting€of€programmes,€the€major€thrust€of€policies€and€theÏmobilization€of€resources€for€the€rights€of€the€child.€€It€is€suggested€thatÏtechnical€assistance€be€sought€from€UNICEF,€WHO,€the€Centre€for€Human€RightsÏand€other€interested€organizations.€€The€Committee€also€encouragesÏinternational€support€for€measures€to€cope€with€the€aftermath€of€theÏChernobylnuclear€disaster.ÌÌÇà@”.. àIV.€€OVERVIEW€OF€THE€OTHER€ACTIVITIES€OF€THE€COMMITTEEˆÌÌà@”..` àA.€€òòCooperation€with€United€Nations€bodiesóóˆÌÌà@”..xà1.€€òòInformal€meeting€on€cooperation€with€United€Nations€bodiesóóˆÌÌ124.€Following€a€decision€taken€at€its€previous€session€(see€CRC/C/20,Ïparas.158„160),€the€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€held€an€informalÏmeeting€with€specialized€agencies,€at€ILO€headquarters,€to€consider€ways€andÏareas€in€which€existing€cooperation€could€be€strengthened€to€enhance€theÏpromotion€and€protection€of€the€rights€of€the€child.€€For€this€purpose,€aÏworking€paper€had€been€prepared€by€a€member€of€the€Committee€on€"Goals€andÏstrategies€for€the€international€work€for€the€rights€of€the€child€up€to€theÏyear€2000".€€ILO€also€submitted€a€working€paper€on€"The€specialized€agenciesÏand€the€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child".ÌÌ125.àb..bàThe€issues€raised€during€this€consultation€reaffirmed€the€relevanceÏattached€by€the€Committee€to€cooperation€with€United€Nations€bodies,€namely€inÏthe€light€of€article€45€of€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€and€ofÏthe€importance€attached€by€the€World€Conference€on€Human€Rights€toÏinternational€cooperation€and€solidarity€as€an€essential€means€to€achieveÏprogress€in€human€rights.€€The€World€Conference€had€emphasized€a€framework€forÏthe€implementation€of€the€Convention€and€there€was€a€need€to€envisage€theÏnecessary€and€appropriate€strategies€to€achieve€the€basic€goals€it€had€definedÏto€bring€the€rights€of€the€child€into€reality.ÌÌ126.àb..bàIn€this€framework€it€was€recalled€that,€in€the€Vienna€Declaration€andÏProgramme€of€Action,€the€World€Conference€had€urged€the€United€Nations€systemÏto€"increase€considerably€the€resources€allocated€to€programmes"€aiming€at,€inÏparticular,€the€establishment€and€strengthening€of€national€legislation,Ïnational€institutions€and€related€infrastructures€which€uphold€the€rule€of€lawÏand€democracy,€as€well€as€human€rights€awareness€through€training,€teachingÏand€education,€popular€participation€and€civil€society€(A/CONF.157/24Ï(PartI),€chap.III,€partI,€para.34).ÌÌ127.àb..bàIt€was€further€recalled€that€the€World€Conference€had€stressed€theÏimportance€for€organs€and€specialized€agencies€dealing€with€human€rightsÏtoenhance€the€coordination€of€their€activities€based€on€the€consistentÏandobjective€application€of€international€human€rights€instrumentsÏ(ibid.,para.4),€as€well€as€to€strengthen,€rationalize€and€streamline€theirÏactivities,€taking€into€account€the€need€to€avoid€unnecessary€duplication,€andÏto€assess€the€impact€of€their€strategies€and€policies€on€the€enjoyment€of€allÏhuman€rights€(ibid.,€part€II,€para.1).ÌÌ128.àb..bàIn€the€specific€area€of€the€rights€of€the€child,€the€World€Conference€hadÏstressed€that€the€rights€of€the€child€should€be€a€priority€in€United€NationsÏsystem„wide€action€on€human€rights€(ibid.,€part€I,€para.€21€òòin€fineóó),€andÏrecommended€that€matters€relating€to€human€rights€and€the€situation€ofÏchildren€be€regularly€reviewed€and€monitored€by€all€relevant€organs€andÏmechanisms€of€the€United€Nations€system€and€by€the€supervisory€bodies€of€theÏspecialized€agencies€in€accordance€with€their€mandates€(ibid.,€part€II,Ïpara.51).ÌÌ129.àb..bàIn€the€light€of€these€general€considerations,€the€exchange€of€views€atÏthe€informal€meeting€between€members€of€the€Committee€and€the€representativesÏof€the€different€United€Nations€bodies€present€stressed€the€shared€interest€inÏimproving€the€system€of€cooperation€and€strengthening€the€existing€spirit€ofÏpartnership€for€the€promotion€and€protection€of€the€rights€of€the€child.ÌÌ130.àb..bàTo€that€end,€having€in€mind€the€tasks€entrusted€to€the€Committee€underÏthe€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child,€several€proposals€were€presentedÏaimed€at€planning€the€essential€areas€to€be€covered€and€the€strategies€to€beÏfollowed€to€reach€the€following€basic€goals€for€action€defined€by€the€ViennaÏDeclaration€and€Programme€of€Action:ÌÌàb..bà(a)à0™ ..™ àuniversal€ratification€of€the€Convention€by€1995;ÌÌàb..bà(b)à0™ ..™ àwithdrawal€of€reservations€contrary€to€the€object€and€purpose€ofÏthe€Convention;ÌÌàb..bà(c)à0™ ..™ àeffective€implementation€of€the€Convention,€namely€through€theÏsubmission€of€States€parties'€reports€in€a€timely€and€thoroughÏmanner;ÌÌàb..bà(d)à0™ ..™ àfulfilment€of€the€Committee's€mandate€in€an€expeditious€andÏeffective€manner;ÌÌàb..bà(e)à0™ ..™ àintegration€of€the€Convention€into€national€action€plans€andÏfollowing€the€comprehensive€national€approach€taken€by€theÏCommittee;ÌÌàb..bà(f)à0™ ..™ àinternational€cooperation€and€solidarity,€including€through€àö!..ö!à¼programmes€of€technical€advice€or€assistance.ÌÌ131.àb..bàThe€discussion€underlined€important€areas€of€cooperation€to€achieve€theseÏgoals.€€It€was€interesting€to€note€that€there€were€often€common€references€toÏimportant€fields€of€action€to€be€pursued.€€That€was€the€case€of€a€system€ofÏinformation,€the€organization€of€conferences€and€visits€at€the€regional€andÏcountry€level,€the€relevance€of€the€concluding€observations€adopted€by€theÏCommittee,€and€the€importance€of€active€cooperation€with€non-governmentalÏorganizations.ÌÌ132.àb..bàAt€the€level€of€òòinformationóó,€it€was€reiterated€that,€following€theÏconsultative€meeting€held€on€9€October€1993€(see€CRC/C/20,€para.€178€òòin€fineóó),Ïit€would€be€important€to€strengthen€the€cooperative€spirit€of€work€aiming€at€aÏsystem€of€mutual€assistance€and€sharing€of€available€information,€in€the€caseÏof€the€study€both€of€a€country€situation€(where€special€importance€wasÏrecognized€for€the€Committee's€pre„sessional€working€group,€including€toÏconsider€the€field€of€technical€advice€or€assistance)€and€of€thematicÏquestions€(such€as€in€the€case€of€general€discussions,€studies€or€generalÏcomments).€€In€this€regard,€reference€was€made€to€the€steps€that€have€been€Ìundertaken€to€build€up€a€network€of€information€on€the€rights€of€the€child,€inÏclose€cooperation€with€United€Nations€organs,€specialized€agencies€and€otherÏcompetent€bodies.€× ƒ3 ××  ×ÌÌ133.àb..bàòòConferences€and€visitsóó€to€specific€regions€or€countries€were€consideredÏas€essential€means€to€achieve€universal€ratification,€to€create€deeperÏawareness€of€the€principles€and€provisions€of€the€Convention,€to€encourage€theÏwithdrawal€of€invalid€reservations,€to€pave€the€way€for€an€effective€system€ofÏimplementation€through€the€consideration€and€coordination€of€appropriateÏpolicies€and€programmes€and€the€development€of€a€meaningful€process€ofÏevaluation,€monitoring€and€follow„up,€and€to€enhance€international€cooperationÏthrough€technical€advice€or€assistance.ÌÌ134.àb..bàThe€òòconcluding€observationsóó€adopted€by€the€Committee€following€theÏconsideration€of€each€State€party€report€were€mentioned€as€a€crucial€referenceÏdocument€to€strengthen€the€implementation€of€the€Convention.€€Such€concludingÏobservations€naturally€emphasize€the€indivisibility€and€interdependence€of€theÏrights€of€the€child,€while€stressing€the€interdisciplinary€character€of€theÏpolicies€to€be€envisaged€and€implemented.€In€this€regard,€they€encourageÏStates€parties€and€United€Nations€bodies€periodically€to€review€the€measuresÏadopted€in€the€framework€of€their€competence,€to€evaluate€the€progressÏachieved,€and€to€monitor€the€follow„up€given,€including€in€the€field€of€commonÏprogrammes€of€technical€advice€and€assistance.ÌÌ135.àb..bàòòCooperation€with€non-governmental€organizationsóó€was€stressed€once€againÏas€an€essential€element€of€the€implementation€process€of€the€Convention,€inÏthe€light€of€their€decisive€contribution€to€strengthening€its€comprehensiveÏnational€approach€and€of€their€role€in€increasing€public€awareness€of€humanÏrights€through€advocacy,€education,€training€and€research,€as€well€as€inÏencouraging€social€mobilization€and€popular€participation€for€the€realizationÏof€the€rights€of€the€child.ÌÌ136.àb..bàThe€participants€stressed€the€importance€of€the€informal€meeting€forÏimproving€the€system€of€international€cooperation€for€the€protection€andÏpromotion€of€the€rights€of€the€child.€€They€recognized,€therefore,€theÏimportance€of€pursuing€in€future€meetings€this€fruitful€dialogue€on€actionsÏand€strategies€to€reach€the€basic€goals€considered€in€this€regard€by€the€WorldÏConference€on€Human€Rights.ÌÌà@”... à2.€€òòSystem€of€information€and€documentationóóˆÌÌ137.àb..bàThe€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€has€reaffirmed€on€many€occasionsÏthe€importance€of€building€a€network€of€information€and€documentation€in€theÏfield€of€children's€rights.€€It€has€stressed€that€such€a€network€should€beÏestablished€in€close€cooperation€with€United€Nations€organs,€specializedÏagencies€and€other€competent€bodies,€human€rights-monitoring€treaty€bodies,€asÏwell€as€other€relevant€mechanisms€active€in€the€field,€including€the€SpecialÏRapporteur€of€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights€on€sale€of€children,€childÏprostitution€and€child€pornography€and€the€Working€Group€on€Contemporary€FormsÏof€Slavery€of€the€Sub„Commission€on€Prevention€of€Discrimination€andÏProtection€of€Minorities.€ÌÌ138.àb..bàMoreover,€the€Committee€has€emphasized€the€importance€of€ensuring€aÏsystematic€interaction€and€a€meaningful€dialogue€with€all€these€bodies€activeÏin€the€field€of€the€rights€of€the€child,€paving€the€way€for€a€thematic€and€Ô&  Ôintegrated€approach.€€For€this€purpose,€it€has€suggested€the€establishment€ofÏa€focal€point€on€children's€issues€within€the€Centre€for€Human€RightsÏÔ'  Ô(seeCRC/C/16,€paras.€126„130).ÌÌ139.àb..bàFor€all€these€reasons€the€Committee€decided,€at€its€second€session,€toÏestablish€a€working€group€to€consider€the€question€of€the€system€ofÏinformation€and€documentation€relevant€to€its€work,€including€computerizationÏ(CRC/C/10,€recommendation€2,€para.€7).ÌÌ140.àb..bàThe€Committee€was€informed,€by€the€members€who€had€participated€in€it,Ïabout€the€consultative€meeting€on€indicators€and€information€systems€forÏchildren's€rights,€organized€on€9€October€1993€in€close€cooperation€withÏUNICEF.€€The€report€given€thereon€reflected€the€emphasis€put€on€the€importanceÏof€a€meaningful€spirit€of€cooperation€between€all€the€entities€representedÏthere€„€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights,€United€Nations€organs€and€specializedÏagencies,€non„governmental€organizations€and€the€Committee€itself.€€Such€aÏspirit€would€be€essential€to€building€up€a€network€of€information€and€ensuringÏaccess€to€comprehensive,€accurate€and€updated€data.€ÌÌ141.àb..bàThere€had€been€a€deep€interest€at€the€meeting€in€the€Convention€on€theÏRights€of€the€Child€and€its€system€of€implementation,€recognized€as€crucialÏfor€the€consideration€and€development€of€new€steps€in€this€area.€€For€thisÏreason,€the€members€of€the€Committee€had€the€opportunity€of€explaining€inÏdetail€the€procedures€followed€in€their€work,€as€well€as€the€value€of€theirÏguidelines€for€the€thematic€approach€they€ensured€to€the€different€areasÏcovered€by€the€Convention.ÌÌ142.àb..bàAt€the€same€meeting,€information€had€been€provided€on€important€projectsÏconcerning€the€establishment€of€an€effective€system€of€monitoring€theÏimplementation€of€the€Convention€and€the€use,€in€that€regard,€of€appropriateÏindicators€to€assess€existing€trends€and€evaluate€the€progress€achieved.€€TheÏCommittee€felt€that€it€was€extremely€encouraging€to€see€the€results€alreadyÏachieved€in€this€important€area,€which€constitutes€an€essential€tool€forÏevaluating€the€way€children€enjoy€their€fundamental€rights.ÌÌ143.àb..bàIn€the€light€of€all€these€important€developments,€the€Committee€took€noteÏwith€particular€interest€of€the€invitation€addressed€to€it€by€the€Centre€forÏHuman€Rights€to€participate,€on€19€January€1994,€in€a€consultative€meeting€onÏan€information€and€documentation€system€to€support€the€Convention€on€theÏRights€of€the€Child,€a€meeting€which€would€in€fact€constitute€a€follow„up€toÏthat€of€9€October€1993.ÌÌ144.àb..bàRepresentatives€of€various€United€Nations€bodies€and€other€competentÏbodies€were€present€at€the€meeting,€reaffirming€once€again€their€interest€inÏbuilding€up€an€integrated€system€of€information€and€documentation€andÏcooperating€to€achieve€that€purpose.ÌÌ145.àb..bàDuring€the€meeting,€the€Committee€was€able€to€present€its€expectations€inÏthis€regard,€underlining€its€priorities€in€the€light€of€the€workload€it€facesÏin€dealing€with€the€large€number€of€States€parties'€reports,€resulting€fromÏthe€fact€that€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€is€the€most€widelyÏratified€instrument€in€the€field€of€human€rights.€ÌÌ146.àb..bàIn€this€framework,€reference€was€also€made€to€the€report€andÏrecommendations€of€the€Task€Force€appointed€by€the€Commission€on€Human€RightsÏto€study€the€question€of€the€computerization€of€the€work€of€the€treaty€bodiesÏ(E/CN.4/1990/39),€which€had€listed€the€needs€of€the€committees€established€byÏthe€different€human€rights€conventions,€reflecting€the€common€areas€ofÏinterest€for€the€information€system,€naturally€also€shared€by€the€Committee€onÏthe€Rights€of€the€Child.ÌÌ147.àb..bàThe€participating€United€Nations€bodies,€as€well€as€the€representativesÏof€non-governmental€organizations,€presented€the€different€computerizedÏsystems€they€have€developed€within€their€organizations,€which€had€in€factÏalready€been€shown€to€the€Committee€at€previous€sessions,€in€particular€by€ILOÏ(see€CRC/C/10,€para.€30),€UNHCR€(see€CRC/C/16,€para.€124)€and€WHOÏ(seeCRC/C/20,€para.€179,€and€by€UNICEF€during€the€consultative€meeting€ofÏ9October€1993.€€Furthermore,€they€identified€the€areas€where€cooperationÏcould€be€foreseen,€as€well€as€the€fields€where€assistance€could€be€provided€toÏthe€Centre€for€Human€Rights€in€general,€and€to€the€Committee€on€the€Rights€ofÏthe€Child€in€particular.€€In€view€of€the€urgent€nature€of€these€measures,€theÏparticipants€decided€to€establish€a€working€committee€to€plan€the€steps€to€beÏundertaken€in€the€near€future€and€the€priorities€to€be€defined.ÌÌ148.àb..bàThe€Committee€expressed€its€willingness€to€continue€to€be€associated€withÏall€these€efforts€in€order€to€ensure€that€the€actions€to€be€developed€in€theÏfuture€will€take€the€user's€perspective€and€needs€into€due€consideration.ÏFurthermore,€it€stressed€that€it€was€particularly€encouraging€to€see€that€theÏrights€of€the€child€had€paved€the€way€for€a€constructive€dialogue€between€theÏdifferent€bodies€of€the€United€Nations€system,€non-governmental€organizationsÏand€the€Committee€in€such€a€decisive€field€as€that€of€information.€€Children'sÏrights€had€also€created€the€occasion€for€efforts€to€be€brought€together,€in€aÏspirit€of€interaction€and€complementarity,€and€to€give€a€new€impetus€to€theÏactions€previously€initiated€within€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights.€€TheÏCommittee€further€reaffirmed€that€it€was€confident€that€the€steps€to€beÏundertaken€to€support€the€implementation€of€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€ofÏthe€Child€would€also€be€extremely€beneficial€to€the€work€and€computerizationÏof€all€the€other€treaty€bodies.ÌÌà@”..ž à3.€€òòEducation€on€human€rights€and€children's€rightsóóˆÌÌ149.àb..bàThe€Committee€took€note€with€particular€interest€of€the€letter€addressedÏto€it€by€the€Assistant€Secretary„General€for€Human€Rights€inviting€theÏCommittee€to€express€its€views€and€give€its€suggestions€on€how€to€ensureÏeffective€promotion€and€protection€of€human€rights€education,€training€andÏpublic€information,€in€the€light€of€the€Vienna€Declaration€and€Programme€ofÏAction€adopted€by€the€World€Conference€on€Human€Rights.ÌÌ150.àb..bàThe€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€has€often€reaffirmed€theÏdecisive€importance€it€attaches€to€the€fields€of€education€and€information€asÏessential€elements€of€an€effective€overall€human€rights€strategy,€and€inÏparticular€in€order€to€create€awareness,€to€promote€respect€for€and€effectiveÏprotection€of€the€rights€of€the€child,€and€to€prevent€the€violation€of€thoseÏrights.€€It€recalled€in€this€regard€the€emphasis€placed€by€the€WorldÏConference€on€the€need€to€include€human€rights€as€a€subject€in€the€curriculaÏof€all€learning€institutions,€in€formal€and€non„formal€settings.€€It€was€the€belief€of€the€Committee€that€this€approach€offered€an€encouraging€opportunityÏfor€considering€the€inclusion€of€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€inÏschool€curricula€and€as€an€inspiring€instrument€in€the€area€of€non„formalÏeducation.ÌÌ151.àb..bàThe€Committee€therefore€stressed€the€relevance€of€education€to€ensure€theÏdevelopment€of€the€child's€personality,€talents€and€mental€and€physicalÏabilities€to€their€fullest€potential,€to€develop€the€child's€respect€for€humanÏrights€and€to€prepare€the€child€for€a€responsible€life€in€a€free€society,€inÏthe€spirit€of€understanding,€peace€and€tolerance.€€This€approach€had€in€factÏagain€been€reflected€during€the€general€discussion€on€the€economicÏexploitation€of€children€and€in€the€set€of€recommendations€adoptedÏsubsequently€by€the€Committee€(see€paras.€176„177€below).ÌÌ152.àb..bàThe€Committee€also€expressed€the€view€that€the€field€of€education€shouldÏbe€envisaged€in€the€light€of€the€new€vision€promoted€by€the€Convention€on€theÏRights€of€the€Child,€based€on€the€enjoyment€of€rights€by€all€children€withoutÏdiscrimination,€the€primary€consideration€of€the€best€interests€of€the€child,Ïand€the€need€to€ensure€survival€and€development€of€children€to€the€maximumÏextent€and€to€encourage€respect€for€the€views€of€children€and€their€activeÏparticipation€in€society.€€The€education,€information€and€training€of€childrenÏin€the€field€of€human€rights€was€therefore€seen€as€a€priority.ÌÌ153.àb..bàRecalling€the€holistic€approach€of€the€Convention€to€children's€rights,Ïthe€Committee€further€underlined€the€fact€that€programmes€aimed€at€enhancingÏthe€right€to€education€should€take€into€account€all€the€other€rightsÏrecognized€by€the€Convention€and€form€part€of€an€overall€integrated€approach.ÏIn€addition,€having€in€mind€its€experience€in€the€consideration€of€StatesÏparties'€reports,€the€Committee€emphasized€the€importance€for€training€onÏhuman€rights€in€general,€and€children's€rights€in€particular,€to€be€addressedÏto€teachers,€law€enforcement€officials,€members€of€the€judiciary,€socialÏworkers,€members€of€the€medical€profession€and€health€workers,€journalists,Ïemployers€and€labour€inspectors.ÌÌ154.àb..bàIn€order€to€enhance€international€cooperation€in€the€field€of€educationÏand€to€envisage€ways€of€improving€the€system€of€implementation€of€theÏConvention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€in€this€area,€the€Committee,€representedÏby€some€of€its€members€(Mrs.€Hoda€Badran,€Mrs.€Akila€Belembaogo€and€Mrs.€MartaÏSantos€Pais),€held€an€informal€meeting€with€representatives€of€UNESCO,€inÏParis,€in€November€1993.ÌÌ155.àb..bàThis€informal€meeting€was€an€important€occasion€to€consider€areas€ofÏcommon€concern,€such€as€information„sharing,€programmes€of€technicalÏassistance€and€the€organization€of€conferences€and€studies€in€the€field€ofÏeducation€for€children.€€The€exchange€of€views€made€it€possible€to€addressÏspecific€fields€for€future€cooperation.ÌÌ156.àb..bàIn€this€regard,€the€participation€of€UNESCO€in€the€meetings€of€theÏò òpre-sessional€working€groupsó ó€of€the€Committee€was€stressed€as€being€ofÏparticular€importance,€namely€for€the€opportunity€it€would€provide€for€theÏCommittee€to€have€access€to€relevant€information€gathered€for€that€purpose€by€Ìa€focal€point€within€that€organization.€€It€might€at€the€same€time€enable€aÏcommon€approach€to€programmes€of€technical€advice€or€assistance€to€be€launchedÏat€the€national€or€regional€levels.ÌÌ157.àb..bàFurthermore,€UNESCO€expressed€its€willingness€to€contribute€to€making€theÏConvention€better€known,€through€the€organization€and€dissemination€of€schoolÏversions€of€its€text€prepared€by€children,€as€well€as€through€trainingÏprogrammes€for€teachers€and€other€professional€groups.€€In€this€connection,Ïreference€was€made€to€the€1993€World€Plan€on€Education€for€Human€Rights€andÏDemocracy,€which€would€include€important€sections€on€children's€rights.ÌÌ158.àb..bàMoreover,€UNESCO€recognized€that€pilot€information€and€participationÏcampaigns€could€also€be€undertaken€through€the€Associated€Schools€network€orÏUNESCO€clubs€as€a€step€towards€the€consideration€of€the€Convention€withinÏschool€curricula.ÌÌà@”..âàB.€€òòAction€taken€by€the€General€Assembly€and€cooperation€with€theóóˆÌ€€€€€€€€€€€òòSub-Commission€on€Prevention€of€Discrimination€and€ProtectionóóÌ€€€€€€€€€€€òòof€MinoritiesóóÌÌà@”..Là1.€€òòAction€taken€by€the€General€Assembly€at€its€forty-eighth€sessionóóˆÌÌ159.àb..bàThe€Committee€took€note€of€the€adoption€by€the€GeneralAssembly€ofÏresolution48/156€on€the€"Need€to€adopt€efficient€international€measures€forÏthe€prevention€of€the€sale€of€children,€child€prostitution€and€childÏpornography".€€It€also€took€note€of€the€concern€expressed€therein€on€theÏpersistence€in€the€world€of€situations€of€the€sale€of€children,€childÏprostitution€and€child€pornography,€as€well€as€the€value€attached€in€thisÏframework€to€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€and€its€effectiveÏimplementation€at€the€national€level,€as€an€essential€means€to€prevent€andÏcombat€such€situations.ÌÌ160.àb..bàThe€Committee€noted€that€the€political€commitment€expressed€by€theÏinternational€community€in€general,€and€States€parties€to€the€Convention€inÏparticular,€to€ensure€the€realization€of€the€rights€of€the€child,€to€promoteÏinternational€cooperation€and€solidarity€and€to€integrate€the€Convention€intoÏnational€action€plans€would€undoubtedly€contribute€to€preventing€and€combatingÏsituations€of€exploitation€of€children€such€as€the€sale€of€children,€childÏprostitution€and€child€pornography.ÌÌ161.àb..bàThe€Committee€further€noted€that€there€were€encouraging€signs€at€theÏpresent€time€of€achieving€that€aim.€€It€was€important€to€recall€the€undeniableÏtrend€for€the€universal€ratification€of€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€theÏChild€by€1995,€as€recommended€by€the€World€Conference€on€Human€Rights,€theÏconstructive€dialogue€established€between€the€Committee€and€States€parties€inÏthe€framework€of€the€reporting€system€established€by€the€Convention,€as€wellÏas€the€close€and€fruitful€cooperation€developed€with€the€Special€Rapporteur€ofÏthe€Commission€on€Human€Rights€on€sale€of€children,€child€prostitution€andÏchild€pornography.€€This€close€cooperation€on€questions€of€shared€concern,Ïoften€reaffirmed€by€the€Committee€had€been€shown€once€again€to€be€crucialÏduring€the€Committee's€fourth€session€when€it€organized€a€general€discussionÏon€the€economic€exploitation€of€children,€in€which€the€realities€of€the€saleÏof€children,€child€pornography€and€child€prostitution,€òòinteraliaóó,€were€considered.€€The€Special€Rapporteur€took€part€in€the€extensive€considerationÏgiven€to€this€important€subject€on€that€occasion€(see€CRC/C/20,€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ïparas.€186-196).€€In€the€light€of€the€importance€attached€to€this€question,Ïand€taking€into€account€the€exchange€of€views€during€the€general€discussion€onÏthe€economic€exploitation€of€children,€the€Committee€decided€to€organize€aÏcomprehensive€dossier€containing€the€relevant€instruments€adopted€in€thisÏfield,€namely€the€two€Programmes€of€Action€adopted€by€the€Commission€on€HumanÏRights€(see€para.177(a)€below),€together€with€an€extended€record€of€theÏtheme€day,€as€well€as€to€adopt€a€set€of€recommendations€designed€to€improveÏthe€system€of€prevention,€protection€and€rehabilitation€regarding€children€inÏsituations€of€economic€exploitation€(see€para.€177€(b)€below).ÌÌ€€€€€2.€€òòCooperation€with€the€Sub-Commission€on€Prevention€ofóóÌ€€€€€€€€€òòDiscrimination€and€Protection€of€MinoritiesóóÌÌ162.àb..bàThe€Committee€took€note€of€the€letter€addressed€to€it€by€the€AssistantÏSecretary-General€for€Human€Rights€concerning€the€mandate€of€Mrs.Warzazi,€theÏSpecial€Rapporteur€of€the€Sub-Commission€on€Prevention€of€Discrimination€andÏProtection€of€Minorities€to€update€the€report€of€Mr.AbdelwahabBoudhiba€onÏthe€exploitation€of€child€labour€(E/CN.4/Sub.2/479/Rev.1)€and€to€extend€theÏstudy€to€the€problem€of€debt€bondage.ÌÌ163.àb..bàIn€this€framework,€the€Committee€recalled€that€it€had€devoted€one€day€ofÏits€fourth€session€to€a€general€discussion€on€the€economic€exploitation€ofÏchildren,€thus€reflecting€the€importance€it€attached€to€this€issue€in€theÏframework€of€the€promotion€and€protection€of€the€rights€of€the€child.€€TheÏCommittee€had€on€that€occasion€stressed€the€urgency€of€creating€awareness€andÏraising€concern€at€the€growing€number€of€children€in€situations€of€economicÏexploitation,€the€need€for€integrated€and€concerted€action€by€Governments,ÏUnitedNations€bodies€and€other€competent€bodies€active€in€the€field€of€theÏrights€of€the€child,€and€the€decisive€role€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€theÏChild€could€play€in€that€regard€(see€CRC/C/20,€paras.186„196€andÏannexesVand€VI).ÌÌ164.àb..bàFurthermore,€the€Committee€recalled€that€issues€relevant€to€the€ProgrammeÏof€Action€for€the€Elimination€of€the€Exploitation€of€Child€Labour€were€takenÏinto€account€when€it€considered€reports€submitted€by€States€parties€underÏarticle44€of€the€Convention,€as€reflected€in€the€concluding€observationsÏadopted€by€the€Committee€at€the€end€of€its€dialogue€with€States€parties.ÌÌ165.àb..bàThe€Committee€decided€to€inform€the€Special€Rapporteur€of€theÏSub-Commission€about€all€the€steps€it€had€taken€in€this€regard€and€to€expressÏits€interest€in€maintaining€close€cooperation€with€her.ÌÌ166.àb..bàThe€Committee€also€took€note€of€the€letter€addressed€to€it€by€theÏAssistant€Secretary-General€for€Human€Rights€concerning€the€mandate€ofÏMrs.Ksentini,€the€Special€Rapporteur€of€the€Sub-Commission€on€Prevention€ofÏDiscrimination€and€Protection€of€Minorities€on€human€rights€and€theÏenvironment.ÌÌ167.àb..bàThe€Committee€recalled€that,€in€the€light€of€the€Convention€on€the€RightsÏof€the€Child,€States€parties€are€requested€to€provide€relevant€information€onÏmeasures€taken,€factors€and€difficulties€encountered€and€progress€achieved€in€implementing€the€provisions€of€the€Convention,€including€measures€to€combatÏthe€risks€of€environmental€pollution€(art.24,€para.€2€(c));€to€ensure€thatÏall€segments€of€society€are€informed,€have€access€to€education€and€areÏsupported€in€the€use€of€environmental€sanitation€(art.€24,€para.€2€(e));€andÏto€ensure€that€the€child's€education€shall€be€directed€to€the€development€ofÏrespect€for€the€natural€environment€(art.€29,€para.€1€(e)).€€The€informationÏprovided€should€also€reflect€the€interdependence€and€indivisibility€of€theÏrights€of€the€child€and€take€into€account€the€general€principles€reflected€inÏthe€Convention,€namely€non-discrimination,€the€best€interests€of€the€child,Ïthe€child's€right€to€survival€and€development,€and€respect€for€the€views€ofÏthe€child.ÌÌ168.àb..bàThe€Committee€noted€with€appreciation€that€the€Special€Rapporteur€onÏhuman€rights€and€the€environment€had€included€in€her€second€progress€reportÏ(E/CN.4/1993/2,€paras.71-76)€relevant€information€from€States€parties'Ïreports€indicating€their€concern€for€children€and€the€state€of€theÏenvironment.€€In€this€spirit,€and€in€view€of€the€interest€it€attaches€to€theÏfield€of€the€environment,€the€Committee€decided€to€inform€the€SpecialÏRapporteur€about€the€specific€measures€brought€to€its€attention€in€theÏframework€of€States€parties'€initial€reports.€€The€Committee€also€expressedÏits€interest€in€being€informed€of€relevant€recent€developments€brought€to€theÏattention€of€the€Special€Rapporteur.ÌÌà@”..àC.€òòCooperation€with€InterpolóóˆÌÌ169.àb..bàFollowing€a€first€meeting€organized€during€its€second€session,€theÏCommittee€held€an€exchange€of€views€with€the€Standing€Working€Party€onÏOffences€against€Minors€of€Interpol,€to€further€discuss€matters€of€mutualÏconcern€in€the€field€of€the€rights€of€the€child€and€envisage€future€areas€ofÏcooperation.ÌÌ170.àb..bàFor€that€purpose,€Interpol€had€submitted€a€document€containing€theÏconclusions€of€the€First€International€Symposium€on€Offences€against€ChildrenÏand€Young€Persons,€as€well€as€a€proposal€for€a€plan€of€action€for€cooperationÏwith€the€United€Nations€in€the€area€of€training€of€law€enforcement€officials.ÌÌ171.àb..bàThe€representatives€of€Interpol€stressed€the€importance€its€StandingÏWorking€Party€attached€to€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€and€to€theÏwork€developed€by€the€Committee,€in€particular€in€the€fields€of€sexualÏexploitation€of€children,€the€instrumental€use€of€children€in€criminalÏactivities,€and€the€sale€and€trafficking€of€children,€and€in€the€area€of€theÏrights€and€interests€of€children€throughout€the€police€investigation€process.ÏThey€further€emphasized€that€the€approach€of€the€Standing€Working€Party€hadÏbeen€inspired€by€the€principle€of€the€best€interests€of€the€child€to€be€takenÏas€a€primary€consideration;€it€envisaged€the€child€as€the€victim€and€not€theÏperpetrator€and€it€encouraged€multidisciplinary€cooperation€in€the€policies€toÏbe€adopted.ÌÌ172.àb..bàThe€Committee€recalled€that,€during€its€recent€general€discussion€on€theÏeconomic€exploitation€of€children,€reference€had€been€made€to€the€workÏdeveloped€by€Interpol€in€these€areas.€€For€that€reason€the€Committee€hadÏincluded€a€specific€recommendation€in€the€public€statement€it€had€made€on€the€outcome€of€the€general€discussion€(CRC/C/20,€annex€VI),€encouraging€theÏadoption€of€initiatives€to€combat€corruption€within€police€forces.ÌÌ173.àb..bàThe€Committee€further€stressed€that,€in€the€examination€of€StatesÏparties'€reports,€the€question€of€training€of€law€enforcement€officials€onÏhuman€rights€in€general,€and€children's€rights€in€particular,€had€been€raisedÏand€reflected€in€the€recommendations€addressed€to€the€States€partiesÏconcerned.€In€that€spirit,€the€Committee's€concluding€observations€had€oftenÏencouraged€the€organization€of€information€and€education€campaigns€on€theÏrights€of€the€child€to€strengthen€the€prevention€of€crimes€committed€againstÏchildren,€as€well€as€of€training€courses€in€cooperation€with€the€Programme€ofÏAdvisory€Services€and€Technical€Assistance€of€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights.ÏSome€steps€had€already€been€taken€by€that€Programme€in€this€particular€area.€€ÌÌ174.àb..bàThe€field€of€advocacy€and€training,€recognized€as€an€ongoing€process,€wasÏtherefore€a€common€area€of€concern€and€could€in€fact€contribute€to€enhancingÏrespect€for€the€dignity€of€the€child,€preventing€any€kind€of€discrimination,Ïfully€protecting€the€child€as€the€victim€against€all€forms€of€abuse,€includingÏill„treatment,€and€ensuring€to€the€child€the€right€to€freely€express€his€orÏher€views€in€all€legal€proceedings,€including€during€a€police€investigation.€ÌÌ175.€The€Committee€therefore€decided€to€continue€to€pay€attention€to€thisÏimportant€question€and€to€plan€the€actions€to€be€developed€in€the€future€atÏthe€national€or€regional€levels€in€close€cooperation€with€the€Centre€for€HumanÏRights,€United€Nations€bodies€and€organs,€such€as€the€Crime€Prevention€andÏCriminal€Justice€Branch,€Interpol€and€other€competent€bodies€active€in€theÏfield.€For€their€part,€reaffirming€the€relevance€of€close€cooperation€with€theÏUnited€Nations€and€the€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child,€theÏrepresentatives€of€Interpol€invited€the€Committee€to€be€represented€at€theÏmeeting€of€its€Standing€Working€Party€in€April€1994,€which€could€constitute€aÏfirst€step€in€the€planning€of€future€concerted€efforts.ÌÌà@”..LàD.€€òòFollow„up€to€the€general€discussion€on€the€economic€exploitationóóˆÌ€€€€€€€€€òòof€childrenóóÌÌ176.àb..bàFollowing€the€holding,€at€its€fourth€session,€of€a€general€discussion€onÏthe€economic€exploitation€of€children,€the€Committee€had€stressed€the€need€forÏa€continuous€response€to€this€urgent€matter,€and€decided€to€take€the€followingÏsteps€(CRC/C/20,€para.€196):ÌÌàb..bà(a)à™ ..™ àto€make€a€public€statement€on€the€outcome€of€the€general€discussionÏday€(which€was€included€in€the€Committee's€report€on€its€fourth€sessionÏ(ibid.,€annex€VI));ÌÌàb..bà(b)à™ ..™ àto€establish€a€working€group€among€its€members€× ƒ5 ××  ×€to€prepare,€inÏthe€light€of€the€discussion€and€of€the€provisions€of€the€Convention,€a€set€ofÏrecommendations€to€be€considered€at€the€Committee's€fifth€regular€session;ÌÌàb..bà(c)à™ ..™ àto€consider€possible€ways€of€issuing€a€publication€based€on€theÏgeneral€discussion.ÌÌ177.àb..bàIn€the€light€of€the€above„mentioned€mandate,€the€working€group€made€twoÏproposals€which€were€endorsed€by€the€Committee€at€its€fifth€session:̇àb..bà(a)à™ ..™ àthe€compilation€of€a€dossier,€putting€together€an€extended€recordÏof€the€theme€day,€containing€the€statements€made€on€behalf€of€the€CommitteeÏ(ibid.,€Annexes€V€and€VI),€the€summary€records€of€the€discussion€reflectingÏthe€statements€made€by€the€participants€in€the€meeting,€including€the€SpecialÏRapporteur€of€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights€on€sale€of€children,€childÏprostitution€and€child€pornography,€as€well€as€basic€documents€adopted€withinÏthe€framework€of€the€United€Nations€system€in€the€field€of€the€protection€ofÏchildren€against€economic€exploitation€„€namely€the€two€Programmes€of€ActionÏadopted€by€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights€for€the€Elimination€of€theÏExploitation€of€Child€Labour€(resolution€1993/79,€annex),€and€for€theÏPrevention€of€the€Sale€of€Children,€Child€Prostitution€and€Child€PornographyÏ(resolution€1992/74,€annex).€This€dossier,€to€be€produced€and€distributed€inÏclose€cooperation€with€ILO,€should€be€brought€to€the€attention€of€all€StatesÏparties,€United€Nations€organs€and€specialized€agencies,€financialÏinstitutions€and€development€agencies,€and€other€bodies€competent€in€theÏfield,€including€Interpol€and€the€NGO€community€(see€annex€IV€to€the€presentÏreport);ÌÌàb..bà(b)à™ ..™ àthe€adoption€of€the€following€set€of€recommendations€for€follow„upÏinitiatives,€designed€to€improve€the€system€of€prevention,€protection€andÏrehabilitation€regarding€children€in€situations€of€economic€exploitation:ÌÌà@”..ÜàòòRecommendations€concerning€economic€exploitation€of€childrenóóˆÌÌà0b..bàà™ ..™ àThe€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child,€at€its€fifthsession,Ïrecognizing€the€importance€of€the€problems€considered€during€its€generalÏdiscussion€on€the€economic€exploitation€of€children,€namely€relating€toÏchild€labour,€including€in€the€informal€sector€as€is€the€case€of€domesticÏservants,€the€sale€of€children,€child€prostitution€and€child€pornography,Ïand€in€the€light€of€the€fruitful€exchange€of€views€between€the€CommitteeÏand€United€Nations€organs,€specialized€agencies€and€other€competentÏbodies,€in€particular€non„governmental€organizations,€decided€to€continueÏto€pay€attention€to€this€reality€in€the€framework€of€its€activities€andÏto€adopt€a€set€of€reco