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E +?EX+     Distr.    GENERAL    CRC/C/46    18December1995    Original:ENGLISHE.++b >uQ!??E@ "COMMITTEEONTHERIGHTSOFTHECHILD@OO'Reportonthetenthsession e3 @ !(Geneva,30October17November1995)@0CONTENTSChapter//H#Paragraphs󀀀Page  *+ o#++7*WWI.  ORGANIZATIONALANDOTHERMATTERSooFo.7J115?#?#Z#3    A. StatespartiestotheConventionooFo.##;J12?#?#Z#3     B. OpeninganddurationofthesessionooFo.OO>++M3?#?#Z#3  g "   C. MembershipandattendanceooFo.gg4J48?#?#Z#3 w"E"$   D. AgendaooFo. !++M9?#?#Z#4 U$#$&   E. PresessionalworkinggroupooFo.//6I1013?#?#Z#5 3&&(   F. OrganizationofworkooFo.ss/L14?#?#Z#5 ('*   G. FutureregularmeetingsooFo.2L15?#?#Z#5 )), II.  REPORTSBYSTATESPARTIESUNDERARTICLE44OF ++.   THECONVENTIONooFo.%I16185?#?#Z#6 ,,/   A. SubmissionofreportsooFo.0I1618?#?#Z#6 .h.1   B. ConsiderationofreportsooFo.3I1924?#?#Z#6 x0F03 .. ..  .. 1.Concludingobservations:Italyo..o..2546#..?#7.. ..  .. 2.Concludingobservations:Ukraineo..o..4778#.."11 . GE.9514878(E)  33 ++P   } F    G@..CONTENTS(continued)Chapter#..-Paragraphs󀀀Page + o# .. ..  .. 3.Concludingobservations:Germanyo..o..79114#.."15.. ..  .. 4.Concludingobservations:Senegalo..o..7115144#.."21.. ..  .. 5.Concludingobservations:Portugalo..o..7145171#.."24.. ..  .. 6.Concludingobservations:HolySeeo..o..7172185#.."27..III. .. OVERVIEWOFTHEOTHERACTIVITIESOFTHE.. .. COMMITTEEo..o..7186241#.."30.. .. A. .. Informalmeetingo..o..7186194#.."30.. .. B. .. Reviewofdevelopmentsrelevanttothework.. ..  .. oftheCommitteeo..o..7195202#.."31.. .. C. .. Generaldiscussionontheadministrationof.. ..  .. juvenilejusticeo..o..7203238#.."33.. .. D. .. Futuredayofgeneraldiscussiono..o..c239#.."39.. .. E. .. Guidelinesforperiodicreportso..o..7240241#.."40..IV. .. DRAFTPROVISIONALAGENDAFORTHE.. .. ELEVENTHSESSIONo..o..c242#.."41..WV. .. ADOPTIONOFTHEREPORTo..o..c243#.."41@..6Annexes+ !#+ "#..WI. .. StateswhichhaveratifiedoraccededtotheConventionon.. .. theRightsoftheChildasat17November1995".."#.."42..II. .. MembershipoftheCommitteeontheRightsoftheChild".."#.."48..III. .. StatusofsubmissionofreportsbyStatespartiesunder.. .. article44oftheConventionontheRightsoftheChild.. .. asat17November1995".."#.."49..IV. .. ListofinitialreportsconsideredbytheCommitteeonthe.. .. RightsoftheChildasof17November1995".."#.."60..WV. .. Provisionallistofinitialreportsscheduledfor.. .. considerationattheCommittee'seleventhand.. .. twelfthsessions".."#.."62..VI. .. Generaldiscussion:Listofdocumentscontributed".."#.."63..VII. .. Listofdocumentsissuedforthetenthsessionof.. .. theCommittee".."#.."66   } 8.++b >uQ!8@.. I.ORGANIZATIONALANDOTHERMATTERS@.. A.StatespartiestotheConvention1.b..bAsat17November1995,theclosingdateofthetenthsessionoftheCommitteeontheRightsoftheChild,therewere180StatespartiestotheConventionontheRightsoftheChild.AnotherStatehaddepositeditsinstrumentofaccessiontotheConventionon6November1995.TheConventionwasadoptedbytheGeneralAssemblyinresolution44/25of20November1989andopenedforsignatureandratificationoraccessioninNewYorkon26January1990.Itenteredintoforceon2September1990,inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofitsarticle49.AlistofStatesthathavesigned,ratifiedoraccededtotheConventioniscontainedinannexItothepresentreport.2.b..bThetextsofthedeclarations,reservationsorobjectionsmadebyStatespartieswithrespecttotheConventionarereproducedindocumentCRC/C/2/Rev.4.@.. B.Openinganddurationofthesession3.b..bTheCommitteeontheRightsoftheChildhelditstenthsessionattheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom30Octoberto17November1995.TheCommitteeheld26meetings(234thto259th).AnaccountoftheCommittee'sdeliberationsatitstenthsessioniscontainedintherelevantsummaryrecords(CRC/C/SR.234-245,247-256and259).Attheopeningofthesession,theAssistantSecretaryGeneralforHumanRights,addressedtheCommittee,andinformeditofrecentdevelopmentsrelevanttotheprotectionandpromotionoftherightsofthechildintheUnitedNationssystem.@..C.Membershipandattendance4.b..bAllthemembersoftheCommitteeattendedthetenthsession.Alistofthemembers,togetherwithanindicationofthedurationoftheirtermsofoffice,appearsinannexIItothepresentreport.5.b..bThefollowingUnitedNationsbodieswerealsorepresentedatthesession:UnitedNationsChildren'sFund,OfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugees.6.b..bThefollowingspecializedagencieswerealsorepresentedatthesession:InternationalLabourOrganization,FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations,UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization,WorldHealthOrganization.7.b..bArepresentativeoftheHagueConferenceonPrivateInternationalLawalsoattendedthesession.8.b..bRepresentativesofthefollowingnongovernmentalorganizationswerealsoinattendanceatthesession:&  b..bCategoryI0b..bInternationalMovementATDFourthWorld,InternationalSavetheChildren'  Alliance,ZontaInternational.b..bCategoryII0b..bCaritasInternationalis,DefenceforChildrenInternational,FriendsWorldCommitteeforConsultation(Quakers),InterAfricanCommitteeonTraditionalPracticesAffectingtheHealthofWomenandChildren,InternationalAbolitionistFederation,InternationalCatholicChildBureau,InternationalFederationofHumanRights,InternationalFederationofWomeninLegalCareers,InternationalFederationTerredesHommes,InternationalServiceforHumanRights,WorldFederationofMethodistWomen.b..bRoster0b..bWorldOrganizationagainstTorture.b..bOthers0b..bEpochWorldwide,InternationalInnerWheel,NGOGroupfortheRightsoftheChild,OneWorldProductions,RaddaBarnen,VereinZurFrderungDerPsychologischenMenschenkenntnis,WomenLivingunderMuslimLaw.@..D.Agenda9.b..bAtits234thmeeting,on30October1995,theCommitteeadoptedthefollowingagenda.b..b1. .. Adoptionoftheagenda.b..b2. .. Organizationalandothermatters.b..b3.0 .. SubmissionofreportsbyStatespartiesinaccordancewitharticle44oftheConvention.b..b4.0 .. ConsiderationofreportsofStatesparties.b..b5.0 .. ReviewofdevelopmentsrelevanttotheworkoftheCommittee.b..b6.0 .. Generaldiscussionon"TheAdministrationofJuvenileJustice".b..b7.0 .. CooperationwithotherUnitedNationsbodies,specializedagenciesandothercompetentbodies.b..b8.0 .. MethodsofworkoftheCommittee.b..b9.0 .. FuturemeetingsoftheCommittee.b..b10.0 .. Othermatters.    ч@..E.Presessionalworkinggroup10.b..bInaccordancewiththedecisionoftheCommitteeatitsfirstsession,apresessionalworkinggroupmetinGenevafrom12to16June1995.Allthemembersparticipatedintheworkinggroup.RepresentativesofUNICEF,UNHCR,ILO,WHOandUNESCOalsoparticipatedinthemeetingsoftheworkinggroup.ArepresentativeoftheNGOGroupfortheConventionontheRightsoftheChild,aswellasrepresentativesofvariousnongovernmentalorganizations,alsoattendedthesession.11.b..bThepurposeofthepresessionalworkinggroupistofacilitatetheCommittee'sworkunderarticles44and45oftheConvention,primarilybyreviewingStatepartyreportsandidentifyinginadvancethemainquestionsthatwouldneedtobediscussedwiththerepresentativesofthereportingStates.Italsoprovidesanopportunitytoconsiderquestionsrelatingtotechnicalassistanceandinternationalcooperation.12.b..bThepresessionalworkinggroupheldsevenmeetings,atwhichitexaminedlistsofissuesputbeforeitbymembersoftheCommitteerelatingtotheinitialreportsofGermany,Italy,Portugal,SenegalandUkraine.ThelistsofissuesweretransmittedtothePermanentMissionsoftheStatesconcernedwithanotewhichstated,interalia:0b..b"TheCommitteewishestoreceive,ifpossiblebefore10August1995,writtenanswerstotheissuesraisedinthelist.ThelistisnotintendedtobeexhaustiveanditshouldnotbeinterpretedaslimitingorinanyotherwayprejudgingthetypeandrangeofquestionswhichmembersoftheCommitteemightwishtopose.However,theworkinggroupbelievesthattheconstructivedialoguewhichtheCommitteewishestohavewiththerepresentativesofthereportingStatescanbefacilitatedbymakingthelistandthewrittenanswerstoitavailableinadvanceoftheCommittee'ssession."13.b..bOnthebasisofadecisiontakenatthepresessionalworkinggroupofthefifthsessionoftheCommittee,theworkinggroupestablishedinformalcontactswiththePermanentMissionsofStateswhosereportswerescheduledforconsiderationattheforthcomingsession,inordertoinformthemoftheprocedurefollowedbytheCommitteefortheconsiderationofreportsandclarifythepurposesofthedialoguewithrepresentativesoftheStatesparties.@..F.Organizationofwork14.b..bTheCommitteeconsideredtheorganizationofworkatits234thmeeting,on30October1995.TheCommitteehadbeforeitthedraftprogrammeofworkforthetenthsession,preparedbytheSecretaryGeneralinconsultationwiththeChairpersonoftheCommittee,andthereportoftheCommitteeonitsninthsession(CRC/C/43).@..NG.Futureregularmeetings15.b..bTheCommitteenotedthatitseleventhsessionwouldtakeplacefrom8to26January1996anditspresessionalworkinggroupwouldmeetfrom29Januaryto2February1996.   } @..II.REPORTSBYSTATESPARTIESUNDERARTICLE44OFTHECONVENTION@..A.Submissionofreports16.b..bInconnectionwiththisitem,theCommitteehadbeforeitthefollowingdocuments:(a)notesbytheSecretaryGeneraloninitialreportsbyStatespartiesduein1992(CRC/C/3),1993(CRC/C/8/Rev.3),1994(CRC/C/11/Rev.3),1995(CRC/C/28)and1996(CRC/C/41);(b)anotebytheSecretaryGeneralontheStatespartiestotheConventionandthestatusofsubmissionofreports(CRC/C/44);(c)anotebytheSecretaryGeneralonthefollowuptotheconsiderationofinitialreportsbyStatespartiestotheConvention(CRC/C/27/Rev.3);and(d)anotebytheSecretaryGeneralonareasinwhichtheneedfortechnicaladviceandadvisoryserviceshavebeenidentifiedinthelightoftheobservationsadoptedbytheCommittee(CRC/C/40/Rev.1).TheCommitteewasinformedthat,inadditiontothesixreportsthatwerescheduledforconsiderationbytheCommitteeatitspresentsession(seeparas.1924below)andthosewhichhadbeenreceivedpriortotheCommittee'sninthsession(seeCRC/C/43,para.18),theSecretaryGeneralhadreceivedtheinitialreportsofAlgeria(CRC/C/28/Add.4),Azerbaijan(CRC/C/11/Add.8),Bangladesh(CRC/C/3/Add.38),Bulgaria(CRC/C/8/Add.29),Cuba(CRC/C/8/Add.30)Ethiopia(CRC/C/8/Add.27),Mauritius(CRC/C/3/Add.36),Morocco(CRC/C/28/Add.1),Myanmar(CRC/C/8/Add.9),NewZealand(CRC/C/28/Add.3),Nigeria(CRC/C/8/Add.26),Panama(CRC/C/8/Add.28),SyrianArabRepublic(CRC/C/28/Add.2),Uruguay(CRC/C/3/Add.37).ThestatusofsubmissionofreportsbyStatespartiesunderarticle44oftheConventionisgiveninannexIIItothepresentreport.17.b..bAlistofinitialreportsconsideredbytheCommittee,asof17November1995,aswellasaprovisionallistofinitialreportsscheduledforconsiderationattheCommittee'seleventhandtwelfthsessionsarecontainedrespectivelyinannexesIVandVtothepresentreport.18.b..bByaletterdated6November1995addressedtotheAssistantSecretary-GeneralforHumanRights,thePermanentRepresentativeofTunisiatotheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevaindicatedthat,inthespiritoftherecommendationsmadebytheCommitteeinitsdialoguewiththeGovernmentofTunisiainthecourseoftheconsiderationoftheinitialreportofTunisiaattheCommittee'sninthsession,theGovernmentofTunisiahadrecentlytakenaseriesofmeasurestopromotetheimplementationoftheConventionontheRightsoftheChild.@..B.Considerationofreports19.b..bAtitstenthsession,theCommitteeexaminedinitialreportssubmittedbysixStatespartiesunderarticle44oftheConvention.Itdevoted19ofits26meetingstotheconsiderationofreports(seeCRC/C/SR.235245,247-252,255and256).20.b..bThefollowingreports,listedintheorderinwhichtheyhadbeenreceivedbytheSecretaryGeneral,werebeforetheCommitteeatitstenthsession:HolySee(CRC/C/3/Add.27),Ukraine(CRC/C/8/Add.10/Rev.1),Portugal(CRC/C/3/Add.30),Germany(CRC/C/11/Add.5),Senegal(CRC/C/3/Add.31)andItaly(CRC/C/8/Add.18).21.b..bInaccordancewithrule68oftheprovisionalrulesofprocedureoftheCommittee,representativesofallthereportingStateswereinvitedtoattendthemeetingsoftheCommitteeatwhichtheirreportswereexamined.22.b..bAlltheStatespartieswhosereportswereconsideredbytheCommitteesentrepresentativestoparticipateintheexaminationoftheirrespectivereports.23.b..bThefollowingsections,arrangedonacountrybycountrybasisaccordingtothesequencefollowedbytheCommitteeinitsconsiderationofthereports,containconcludingobservationsreflectingthemainpointsofdiscussionandindicating,wherenecessary,issuesthatwouldrequireaspecificfollowup.24.b..bMoredetailedinformationiscontainedinthereportssubmittedbytheStatespartiesandinthesummaryrecordsoftherelevantmeetingsoftheCommittee.@.. 1.Concludingobservations:Italy25.b..bTheCommitteeconsideredtheinitialreportofItaly(CRC/C/8/Add.18)atits235thto238thmeetings(CRC/C/SR.235238),heldon31Octoberand1November1995andadopted*thefollowingconcludingobservations:@..tA.Introduction..26.b..bTheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtotheStatepartyforengaging,throughahighlevelandmultidisciplinarydelegation,inanopenandfruitfuldialoguewiththeCommittee.ItwelcomesthewritteninformationsubmittedbythedelegationofItalyinreplytothequestionsincludedinitslistofissues(CRC/C.10/WP.2)aswellasstatisticaldataprovidedinthecourseofthediscussion.WhilenotingwithsatisfactionthatsuchsupplementaryinformationenabledtheCommitteetoengageinaconstructivedialoguewiththeStateparty,theCommitteeregretsthatitsguidelinesforthepreparationofStateparties'reportshavenotbeenfollowedbytheGovernmentandthatacertainnumberofissuesaddressedinthewrittenlistofissueshavebeenleftunanswered.@..B.Positiveaspects27.b..bTheCommitteewelcomesthelegislativeandadministrativemeasurestakenbytheGovernmentofItalysincetheentryintoforceoftheConventionin1991topromoteandprotecttherightsofthechild.ItappreciatesthattheConventionisselfexecutinginItalyandassuchcanbe,andinfacthasbeen,applieddirectlybytheItaliancourts,andthatItalyappliesthe_________̀*Atthe259thmeeting,heldon17November1995.principleoftheprimacyofinternationalhumanrightsstandardsovernationallegislationincaseofconflictoflaw.TheCommitteealsowelcomesthepreliminarystepstakeninviewoftheratificationofthe1993HagueConventiononProtectionofChildrenandCooperationinRespectofIntercountryAdoption.28.b..bTheCommitteewelcomesthesettingupofvariousinstitutionsandmechanismsfortheprotectionandmonitoringoftherightsofthechildinItaly,includinginparticulartheSpecialCommitteeonChildIssuesestablishedwithintheParliament;theDepartmentoftheFamilyandSocialAffairscreatedwithinthePrimeMinister'sOffice;theNationalCentrefortheProtectionofChildren,entrustedwiththecollectionofdataconcerningchildren;andtheNationalObservatoryfortheProblemsofMinors,whichanalysesdatacollectedbytheNationalCentreandpreparesannualreportsfortheParliament.29.b..bTheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactiontheprogressachievedinthefieldofchildhealthandwelfare,includinginparticularthenoticeabledecreaseinperinatalmortality.b..b@.."C.Principalsubjectsofconcern30.b..bTheCommitteeisconcernedatthelackofanoverallintegratedmechanismtomonitortheactivitiesdesignedtopromoteandprotecttherightsofthechild.Itstressesthatcoordinationbetweenthevariousgovernmentalentitiesinvolved,aswellasbetweennational,regionalandmunicipallevels,isinsufficientandthatthereisaneedforacomprehensivenetworkforthecollectionofdatacoveringallareasoftheConventionandtakingintoaccountallgroupsofchildrenwithinItaly,whichisessentialfortheimplementationoftargetedprogrammesontherightsofthechildandtheevaluationoftheeffectivenessoflegislativeandadministrativemeasures.31.b..bTheCommitteeisconcernedabouttheinsufficientmeasurestakentoensurethattheprinciplesandprovisionsoftheConventionarewidelyknowntochildrenandadultsalikeandtoprovideadequatetrainingontheprinciplesandprovisionsoftheConventiontothevariousprofessionalgroupsinvolvedwithchildren.32.b..bAsregardstheimplementationofarticle4oftheConvention,theCommitteeisconcernedabouttheinadequacyofmeasurestakentoensuretheimplementationofeconomic,socialandculturalrightstothemaximumextentofavailableresources.ItappearstotheCommitteethatinsufficientexpenditureisallocatedtothesocialsectorbothwithintheStatepartyandwithinthecontextofinternationaldevelopmentassistance.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedoverthelaginthecivilparticipationofcitizensinissuesrelatingtochildren.33.b..bTheCommitteeisalsoconcernedthatthebasicprinciplesoftheConvention,namelytheprovisionsofitsarticles2,3and12,havenotalwaysbeenadequatelyreflectedinnationallegislationandpolicymaking.34.b..bTheCommitteeisalsoconcernedaboutpersistingandsignificanteconomicandsocialdisparitiesbetweenthenorthernandsouthernpartsofthecountry,whichbearanegativeimpactonthesituationofchildren.35.b..bWithregardtoarticle2oftheConventionrelatingtonon-discrimination,theCommitteeisconcernedthatsufficientmeasureshavenotbeentakentoassessandprovidefortheneedsofchildrenfromvulnerableanddisadvantagedgroups,suchaschildrenfrompoorfamiliesandfromsingleparenthouseholds,childrenofforeignandRomaoriginandchildrenbornoutofwedlock.TheCommitteeisconcernedthatchildrenbelongingtothesedisadvantagedgroupsseemmorelikelytobestigmatizedinpublicperception,todropoutofschool,tobeemployedinclandestineworkoreveninillegalactivities,includingbeinginstrumentalizedinorganizedcriminalactivities.̀36.b..bTheCommitteeispreoccupiedbytheexistenceofchildabuse,includingphysicalandsexualabuseandviolencewithinthefamily,andtheinsufficientprotectionaffordedbythePenalCodeinthisregard,aswellasthelackofadequatemeasuresforthepsycho-socialrecoveryofchildvictimsofsuchabuses.@.. D.Suggestionsandrecommendations37.b..bTheCommitteerecommendsthatanationalpermanentmechanismbedevelopedforthepurposeofcoordinatingandmonitoringtheimplementationoftheConventionincludingbetweengovernmentaldepartmentsandbetweencentral,regionalandmunicipalauthorities.ItisalsosuggestedthattheGovernmentconsiderensuringcloserandmoreactivecooperationwithnongovernmentalorganizationsworkingfortherightsofthechild.Suchmeasurescouldcontributetopromotinganongoingdialoguewiththecivilsocietyandpublicscrutinyofgovernmentalactioninthefieldofthepromotionandprotectionofchildren'srights.38.b..bTheCommitteerecommendsthesystematiccollectionofdataonchildrenandresearchonchildrelatedissues,includingchangesinthefamilystructure,withaviewtoensuringadequatepolicymakinginthefieldofchildren'srights.39.b..bTheCommitteewishestoencouragetheStatepartytofurtherdevelopasystematicapproachtomakingtheprinciplesandprovisionsoftheConventionwidelyknowntochildrenandadultsalike,thusincreasingpublicawarenessofandcivilparticipationinpromotingchildren'srights.InthespiritoftheUnitedNationsDecadeforHumanRightsEducation,theCommitteefurtherencouragestheGovernmenttogiveconsiderationtotheincorporationoftherightsofthechildintheschoolcurricula.Similarly,trainingabouttheConventionshouldbeincorporatedintothecurriculaofprofessionalsworkingwithorforchildren,includingteachers,socialworkers,lawenforcementofficials,judicialpersonnelandpersonneloftheItaliancontingentsoftheUnitedNationspeacekeepingforces.40.b..bTheStatepartyshouldpursueitseffortswithaviewtofullyreflectinginitslegislationandpracticetheprovisionsandprinciplesoftheConvention,inparticulartheprinciplesofnondiscrimination,thebestinterestsofthechildandtherightofthechildtofreelyexpresshisorherviews.Inthisregard,theCommitteerecommendsthatexistinglegislationbemodifiedtofullyensureequaltreatmentbetweenchildrenborninandoutofwedlock.41.b..bFurthermeasuresshouldalsobetakentopreventariseindiscriminatoryattitudesandprejudicestowardsparticularlyvulnerablechildrensuchaschildrenlivinginpoverty,childrenfromthesouthernregion,Romachildrenandforeignchildren.TheGovernmentshouldconsideradoptingamoreactivestandandcoherentpolicywithrespecttothetreatmentofthesechildrenandtocreateanenvironmentfavourabletotheirfullestpossibleintegrationintoItaliansociety.Comprehensivemeasuresshouldbeprovidedforresponsibleparenthoodandforsupporttoneedyfamilies,inordertoassistthemintheirchildrearingresponsibilitiesinthelightofarticles18and27oftheConvention,thuslimitingfamilydisruption,reducingthenumbersofinstitutionalizedchildrenandlimitingtherecoursetoinstitutionalizationtoameasureoflastresort.42.b..bTheCommitteeencouragestheGovernmentofItalytopayparticularattentiontothefullimplementationofarticle4oftheConventioninthelightofthegeneralprinciplesoftheConvention,inparticularthebestinterestsofthechild.TheCommitteealsostressestheneedforajudiciousdistributionoftheresourcesatthecentral,regionalandmunicipallevelswithaviewtoovercomingpersistingeconomicandsocialdisparities,andtopayparticularattentiontothemostdisadvantagedgroupsinsociety,includingsingle-parentfamilies.43.b..bItisalsosuggestedthattheStatepartyshouldusetheprinciplesoftheConventionasaframeworkforstrengtheninginternationaldevelopmentassistanceinordertoassessthepossibilityofgivingmoreemphasistothesocialprioritiesforchildren.̀44.b..bTheCommitteealsosuggeststhattheclearpreventionandprohibitionoftortureorothercruel,inhumanordegradingtreatmentorpunishment,aswellasabanoncorporalpunishmentwithinthefamily,bereflectedinthenationallegislation.45.b..bTheCommitteerecommendsthatmeasuresincludingassistancetodisadvantagedfamiliesbeundertakentopreventtheillegaluseofchildreninthelabourforceandtopreventjuveniledelinquencyandtheinstrumentalizationofchildrenincriminalactivities.Inthisconnection,itisalsosuggestedthatanadequateadjustmentofthecontentsofschoolcurriculasoastoincorporatevocationaleducation,inthelightofarticle28oftheConvention,mightcontributetoreducingthedropoutrateandpreventtheentryofchildrenintotheillegallabourmarketoreventheirinvolvementincriminalactivities.46.b..bTheCommitteerecommendsthattheinitialreportandwrittenrepliessubmittedbytheStateparty,thesummaryrecordsofitsconsiderationandtheconcludingobservationsoftheCommitteebedisseminatedaswidelyaspossiblewithinthecountry,andtransmittedtotheParliamentforfurtherdebateandfollowup.Inthisregard,theCommitteealsoinvitestheStatepartytotransmittoittheannualreportsthattheNationalObservatoryfortheProblemsofMinorswillsubmittotheParliament,andwouldliketosuggestthatsuchannualreports,aswellastheplanofactionwithspecifictargetsandtime-frameforthenextfiveyears,shouldtakeintoconsiderationthepriorityareasidentifiedbytheCommitteeinitsconsiderationoftheinitialreportofItaly,asreflectedintherelevantsummaryrecords.@..Z 2.Concludingobservations:Ukraine47.b..bTheCommitteeconsideredtheinitialreportofUkraine(CRC/C/8/Add.10/Rev.1)atits239th,240th,241stand242ndmeetings(CRC/C/SR.239242),heldon2and3November1995andadopted*thefollowingobservations:@..tA.Introduction48.b..bTheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtotheGovernmentofUkraineforthesubmissionofitsinitialreportanditsopennessandfruitfuldialogue.TheCommitteeisencouragedbythefrankandcooperativetoneofthediscussion,inwhichtherepresentativesoftheStatepartyindicatednotonlythepolicyandprogrammedirections,butalsothedifficultiesencounteredduringimplementationoftheConvention.@..B.Positiveaspects49.b..bTheCommitteetakesnoteoftheattentionpaidbytheGovernmenttothesituationofchildreninthepresentperiodofpoliticaltransition.50.b..bTheCommitteewelcomestheestablishmentofmechanismstodealwithchildren'sissuesandthequestionofchildren'srights,inparticulartheParliamentaryCommissiononHealthCare,MotherandChildWelfarewithitsdepartmentsandregionaldivisions,andthePresidentialCommitteeforWomen's,MaternalandChildren'sAffairs.51.b..bTheCommitteenoteswithappreciationtheimportanteffortsbytheGovernmentinthefieldoflawreform,especiallytherevisionoftheConstitutionwithaviewtoincorporatingtherightsofthechild,andseverallawssuchastheFamilyCodeandthePenalCode,whichaimtopromoteandprotectchildren'srights.52.b..bTheCommitteealsowelcomestheadoptionbytheGovernmentofanumberofnationalprogrammesaimingattheeffectiveimplementationofchildren'srightsinthecountryandtheestablishmentofavoluntaryfundtosupportchildrenundertheauspicesoftheParliamentaryCommissiononHealthCare,MotherandChildWelfare.@.. C.Factorsanddifficultiesimpedingtheimplementation 4 oftheConvention53.b..bTheCommitteenotesthedifficultiesfacingUkraineinthepresentperiodofpoliticaltransitionandinaclimateofsocialchangeanddeepeconomiccrisis.TheCommitteealsonotestheproblemsrelatingtothetransitioneconomyandthatthesituationofmanychildrenhasworsenedasaconsequenceofgrowingpovertyandincreasingunemployment.TheCommitteerecognizesthattheStatepartyisexperiencingmajordifficultiesincounteringthenegativeconsequencesoftheChernobylnuclearplantdisaster,inparticularontheenvironmentandonthephysicalandpsychologicalhealthofthepopulation,includingchildren.@.."D.Principalsubjectsofconcern54.b..bTheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernastofullcompatibilityofnationallegislation,measuresandprogrammeswiththeprovisionsandprinciplesoftheConvention,particularlywithregardtotheprinciplesofnondiscrimination(art.2),includinginrelationtothedifferentageofmarriageforgirlsandboys,thebestinterestsofthechild(art.3)andtherightofthechildtoexpresshis/heropinioninalldecisionsaffectinghim/her(art.12).TheCommitteealsonotesthatthereisadiscrepancyinthelegislationbetweentheageforcompletionofmandatoryeducation,whichis15,andtheminimumageforlabour,whichis16.55.b..bTheCommitteeisconcernedattheinsufficientbudgetaryallocationprovidedfortheimplementationofeconomic,socialandculturalrightsofchildren.56.b..bTheCommitteeisconcernedattheinsufficientattentionpaidtotheneedforanefficientcoordinatingandmonitoringmechanismthatcouldprovideasystematicandcomprehensivecompilationofdataandindicatorsonallareascoveredbytheConventionandinrelationtoallgroupsofchildren,includingchildreninsingleparentfamilies,childrenofdivorcedparents,abandonedchildrenandinstitutionalizedchildren.SuchamechanismwouldenabletheGovernmenttoidentifyareasofconcernandtohelptodefinestrategiestoaddressthem.57.b..bTheCommitteeisworriedbythehighrateofabandonmentofchildren,especiallynewbornbabies,andthelackofacomprehensivestrategytoassistvulnerablefamilies.Thissituationcanleadtoillegalintercountryadoptionorotherformsoftraffickingandsaleofchildren.InthiscontexttheCommitteeisalsoconcernedabouttheabsenceofanylawprohibitingthesaleandtraffickingofchildren,andthefactthattherightofthechildtohavehis/heridentitypreservedisnotguaranteedbythelaw.58.b..bTheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernatthehealthstatusofchildren,particularlyintheaftermathoftheChernobylnucleardisaster,theincreasingchildmortalityrate,theapparentprioritygiventocurativeratherthanpreventivehealthcare,thelowprevalenceofbreastfeeding,thehighnumberofabortionsandinsufficienthealth,educationandservicesonfamilyplanning,andthediscrepancybetweentheurbanandruralhealthsystems.59.b..bTheCommitteeisconcernedabouttheabsenceinUkraineofaprogrammeinvolvingsocialwork.Inparticular,theCommitteeexpressesitsconcernatthesituationoftheinstitutionalization,treatmentandprotectionofhandicappedchildren.Alternativestoinstitutionalizationarenotsufficientlytakenintoaccount;supportservicestoparentswhokeeptheirhandicappedchildathomeareinadequate.60.b..bTheCommitteeregretsthatappropriatemeasureshavenotyetbeentakentoeffectivelypreventandcombatilltreatmentofchildreninschoolsorininstitutionswherechildrenmaybeplaced.TheCommitteeisalsopreoccupiedbytheexistenceonalargescaleofchildabuseandviolencewithinthefamilyandtheinsufficientprotectionaffordedbytheexistinglegislationandservicesinthatregard.Theproblemofsexualexploitationofchildrenalsorequiresspecialattention.61.b..bTheCommitteeisconcernedbytheabsenceofanationalinformationanddisseminationstrategyregardingtheConventionontheRightsoftheChild.62.b..bThepresentsituationinthefieldoftheadministrationofjuvenilejusticeisamatterofconcerntotheCommittee.@.. E.Suggestionsandrecommendations63.b..bTheCommitteeencouragestheGovernmentofUkrainetopursuetherevisionofthelegislativeframeworkinordertofullyreflecttheConventionandensuretherealizationofchildren'srightsinrelationtoallthechildrensubjecttothejurisdictionofUkraine,andfullcompliancewiththeprovisionsandprinciplesoftheConventionontheRightsoftheChild,especiallytheprinciplesofnondiscrimination(art.2)andthebestinterestsofthechild(art.3),therighttolife,survivalanddevelopment(art.6)andtherightofthechildtoexpresshis/heropinioninalldecisionsaffectinghim/her(art.12).TheCommitteesuggeststhatlegislationconcerningtheageofmandatoryeducationandthatconcerningtheminimumageforemploymentbeadjustedandthattheageofmarriageforgirlsandboysbethesame.64.b..bTheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartystrengthenthecoordinationbetweenthedifferentgovernmentalmechanismsinvolvedinchildren'srights,bothatthenationalandlocallevels,withaviewtodevelopingacomprehensivepolicyonchildrenandensuringaneffectiveevaluationoftheimplementationoftheConventionontheRightsoftheChildinthecountry.Closercooperationwithnongovernmentalorganizationsshouldbepromoted.65.b..bTheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyundertaketogatherallthenecessaryinformationonthesituationofchildreninthevariousareascoveredbytheConvention,includinginrelationtochildrenbelongingtothemostvulnerablegroups.66.b..bTheCommitteeencouragestheGovernmentofUkrainetopayparticularattentiontothefullimplementationofarticle4oftheConventionandtoensureajudiciousdistributionoftheresourcesatthecentral,regionalandlocallevels.Budgetaryallocationsfortheimplementationofeconomic,socialandculturalrightsshouldbeensuredduringtheperiodoftransitiontomarketeconomytothemaximumextentofavailableresourcesandinthelightofthebestinterestsofthechild.̀67.b..bTheCommitteeisoftheopinionthatsystematicandcontinuousstepsarerequiredtomaketheprovisionsandprinciplesoftheConventionwidelyknownandunderstoodbyadultsandchildrenalike,inthelightoftheConvention.TheConventionontheRightsoftheChildshouldbemadeavailableinallthelanguagesspokenbyminoritiesinUkraineandspecifictrainingshouldbeprovidedtoallprofessionalgroupsworkingwithchildren(judges,teachers,socialworkers,lawenforcementofficials,etc.).InthelightoftheUnitedNationsDecadeforHumanRightsEducation,attentionshouldbegiventoincorporatingtheConventionintheschoolcurriculum.TheCommitteeencouragestheStatepartytogivefurtherconsiderationtotheestablishmentofanombudspersonforchildren,orofanyequivalentpermanentandindependentcomplaintandmonitoringmechanism.Theparticipationofchildrenthemselvesinthepromotionoftherightsofthechildisofgreatimportance,especiallyatthecommunitylevel.68.b..bInthelightofarticle2oftheConvention,measuresshouldbetakentopreventariseindiscriminatoryattitudesorprejudicestowardschildrenbelongingtominoritygroups,childrenlivinginruralareas,RomachildrenandchildrenafflictedwithHIV/AIDS.69.b..bTheCommitteewouldliketoseeastrongeremphasisplacedonprimaryhealthcareactivities,especiallyinruralareas,whichwouldincludethedevelopmentofeducationalprogrammestocoversuchmattersasfamilyeducation,familyplanning,sexeducationandthebenefitsofbreastfeeding.70.b..bTheCommitteeencouragesinternationalsupportformeasurestocopewiththenegativeconsequencesoftheChernobylnucleardisaster,inparticularinthesocial,healthandenvironmentalareas.71.b..bTheCommitteeconsidersthatgreatereffortsshouldbemadetodevelopawarenessoftheimportantroleofthefamilyandoftheequalresponsibilitiesofparents.Furtherstepsshouldbetakentostrengthenthesystemofassistancetobothparentsintheperformanceoftheirchildrearingresponsibilities.72.b..bInviewofthehighrateofabandonmentofchildrenandofabortion,theCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyadoptastrategyandpolicytoassistvulnerablefamiliesforthesupportoftheirchildren.Theadequacyofthecurrentsocialsecuritysystemandofthefamilyplanningprogrammesshouldbeevaluated.TheCommitteealsorecommendsthetrainingofsocialworkerswiththeaimofmobilizingandstrengtheningcommunities.73.b..bTheCommitteeencouragestheStatepartytoaddressthesituationofchildrenininstitutions,withaviewtoenvisagingandmakingavailablepossiblealternativestoinstitutionalcarethrough,forexample,guidanceandcounselling,fostercareandeducationandvocationaltrainingprogrammes.TheCommitteealsorecommendstheestablishmentofeffectivemonitoringmechanismsoftherealizationoftherightsofthechildplacedinaninstitution.74.b..bWithregardtothesaleandtraffickingofchildren,theCommitteeencouragestheGovernmenttoclearlyprohibitthisillegalactivityandtoensurethattherightofthechildtohavehis/heridentitypreservedisfullyendorsed.TheCommitteealsorecommendsthattheStatepartyconsidertheratificationoftheHagueConventiononProtectionofChildrenandCooperationinRespectofIntercountryAdoption.75.b..bTheCommitteefurthersuggeststhattheclearprohibitionoftortureorothercruel,inhumanordegradingtreatmentorpunishment,aswellasabanoncorporalpunishmentinthefamily,bereflectedinthenationallegislation.TheCommitteealsosuggeststhedevelopmentofproceduresandmechanismstomonitorcomplaintsofmaltreatmentandcrueltywithinoroutsidethefamily.Specialprogrammesshouldbesetuptopromotephysicalandpsychologicalrecoveryandsocialreintegrationofchildvictimsofanyformofneglect,abuse,exploitation,tortureorilltreatmentinanenvironmentwhichfostersthehealth,selfrespectanddignityofthechild,inthelightofarticle39oftheConvention.76.b..bTheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyenvisagethepossibilityoftransferringthesupervisionofcorrectionallabourcoloniesforjuvenilesfromtheMinistryoftheInteriortothestructureitmayconsiderthemostappropriatetoensurethepromotionandprotectionofchildren'srights.77.b..bInthefieldoftheadministrationofjuvenilejustice,theCommitteerecommendsthatthecurrentlegalreformtakefullyintoaccounttheConventionontheRightsoftheChild,inparticulararticles37,39and40,andthatotherrelevantinternationalstandardsinthisfield,suchastheBeijingRules,theRiyadhGuidelinesandtheUnitedNationsRulesfortheProtectionofJuvenilesDeprivedoftheirLibertybeseenasaguideinthisrevision.Particularattentionshouldbepaidtothepreventionofjuveniledelinquency,theprotectionoftherightsofchildrendeprivedofliberty,respectforfundamentalrightsandlegalsafeguardsinallaspectsofthejuvenilejusticesystemandthefullindependenceandimpartialityofthejuvenilejudges.Trainingprogrammesontherelevantinternationalstandardsshouldbeorganizedforallthoseprofessionalsinvolvedwiththesystemofjuvenilejustice,inparticularjudges,lawenforcementofficials,correctionalofficersandsocialworkers.78.b..bTheCommitteeencouragestheStatepartytodisseminatewidelytheStateparty'sreport,summaryrecordsofthediscussionofthereportwithintheCommitteeandtheconcludingobservationsadoptedbytheCommitteefollowingitsconsiderationofthereport.TheCommitteewouldliketosuggestthatthesedocumentsbebroughttotheattentionofParliamentandthatthesuggestionsandrecommendationsforactioncontainedthereinbefollowedup.Inthisregard,theCommitteesuggeststhatcooperationwithnongovernmentalorganizationsbepursued.@..Z 3.Concludingobservations:Germany79.b..bTheCommitteeconsideredtheinitialreportofGermany(CRC/C/11/Add.5)atits243rdto245thmeetings(CRC/C/SR.243245),heldon6and7November1995,andadopted*thefollowingconcludingobservations:@..tA.Introduction80.b..bTheCommitteenotesthatthereportpreparedbytheStatepartyofferedacomprehensiveexplanationofthelegislativeframeworkfortheimplementationoftheConvention;however,itdidnotcontainsufficientinformationontheactualimplementationoftheprinciplesandprovisionsoftheConventionthroughoutthecountry.TheCommittee,therefore,expressesitsappreciationforthefrankandselfcriticalapproachofthedelegationtoansweringthequestionsraisedbytheCommitteeandfortheclarificationsregardingthemeasuresbeingtakenandenvisagedfortheimplementationoftheConvention.TheCommitteewelcomestheconstructivediscussionandexchangeofviewswiththedelegation.@..B.Positivefactors81.b..bTheCommitteewelcomesthestatementbythedelegationexpressingthewillingnessoftheStatepartytoconsiderreviewingthedeclarationsmadetotheConventionwithaviewtotheirpossiblewithdrawal.82.b..bTheCommitteewelcomesthedeclarationmadebytheStatepartythattheparticipationofchildrenaged15andoverassoldiersinarmedconflictisnotcompatiblewiththebestinterestsofthechild,aswellasthewillingnessoftheGovernmenttosupportthedraftingofanoptionalprotocoltotheConventioninthisarea.TheStateparty'ssupportfortheinternationalcallforabanonthemanufacturingandtradeinantipersonnellandminesisalsowarmlywelcomed.83.b..bTheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthatacommitteeofexpertshasbeenestablishedtoprepareacomprehensivepictureoftheactualsituationofchildreninGermanyandhasembarkeduponitswork,withaviewtocontributingtotheChildandYouthreporttobepresentedtotheBundestagandBundesrat.84.b..bTheCommitteeacknowledgesthedeterminationoftheStatepartytopreventandcombatxenophobictendenciesandmanifestationsofracism.TheGovernmentistobecommendedfortheextensiveeffortsundertakentoensuretheinvolvementofandeffectivecooperationbetweentheFederal,Lnderandlocalauthoritiesintheimplementationofacountrywidecampaigntopreventandcombatsuchphenomenonandtopromoteethnicandracialharmony,inthegeneralframeworkoftheYouthCampaignlaunchedbytheCouncilofEurope.85.b..bTheCommitteealsoappreciatesthewillingnessoftheStatepartytoundertakeresearchandadditionalmeasuresfortheearlydetectionandpreventionofviolenceandsexualabusewithinthefamily.Equally,theCommitteewelcomestheStateparty'swillingnesstoorganizeinitiativestoeducatethemediaabouttheneedtoprotectchildrenfromharmfulinfluences.86.b..bThemeasuresbeingtakenbytheGovernmenttopreparethegroundforthefutureratificationbyGermanyoftheHagueConventionontheProtectionofChildrenandCooperationinRespectofIntercountryAdoptionarewelcomed.87.b..bTheCommitteeacknowledgestheeffortsmadebytheStatepartywithaviewtoacceptingcomparativelylargenumbersofrefugeesandasylumseekers,particularlyfromtheformerYugoslavia.88.b..bWithregardtotheeffortsundertakenbytheStatepartytocombatthesexualexploitationofchildren,theCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthattheCriminalLawhasbeenextendedtomakesexualabuseofchildrenabroadacriminaloffence.Inaddition,noteistakenoftherecentmeasurestomakethepossessionofpornographicmaterialsfeaturingchildrenapunishableoffence.89.b..bTheCommitteetakesnotewithappreciationofthesupportoftheStatepartyfortheInternationalLabourOrganization'sprogrammefortheeliminationofchildlabour.90.b..bTheCommitteenoteswithinterestthatasof1996everychildinGermanywillhavethelegalrighttoaplaceinakindergarten.@.."D.Principalsubjectsofconcern91.b..bTheCommitteeregretstheextentofthedeclarationsmadebytheStatepartytotheConvention.ItistheviewoftheCommitteethatseveralofthedeclarationsmaderaiseconcernastotheirimplicationsandcompatibilitywiththefullenjoymentoftherightsrecognizedbytheConvention.92.b..bItisamatterofconcerntotheCommitteethatinsufficientattentionappearstohavebeengiventothematteroftheestablishmentofaneffectivecoordinationandmonitoringmechanismattheFederal,LandandlocallevelsfortheimplementationoftheConvention.Suchamechanismisofessentialimportancefortheevaluationandpromotionofthedevelopmentofpoliciesandprogrammesforthebenefitofchildren,inthelightoftheConvention.93.b..bTheCommitteeisconcernedabouttheinsufficientawarenessandunderstandingamongadultsandchildrenoftheprinciplesandprovisionsoftheConvention.94.b..bWhileacknowledgingtheclearlystatedcommitmentoftheStatepartytotaketheConventionastheframeworkforactiononbehalfofthechild,theCommitteeisconcernedattheinsufficientreflectiongiventothechildasasubjectofrightsasprovidedforintheConventioninnationallegislation,policyandprogrammes.Inthisregard,itisofconcerntotheCommitteethattheincorporationofthegeneralprinciplesoftheConventionaslaiddown,interalia,initsarticles2and3appearstohavebeenneglected.95.b..bWithrespecttotheimplementationofarticles12,13and15oftheConventioninsufficientattentionhasbeenaccordedtoensuringtheinvolvementofchildrenindecisions,includingwithinfamily,andinadministrativeandjudicialproceduresregardingthem.96.b..bTheCommitteerecognizesthatwhileconsiderableeffortshavebeenundertakenbytheGovernmentandsubstantialprogresshasbeenachievedinensuringcompleteunitybetweentheoldandnewLnder,thegoalsofequalizinglivingconditionsandestablishingcomparablestructuresforchildandyouthservicesthroughoutthecountryremaintobeaccomplished.Thus,theCommitteeremainsconcernedabouttheprevailingdisparitiesinlivingstandardsandinthequalityofservicesbetweenthedifferentLnderandaboutthedifficultiesfacedbyparticularlyvulnerablegroupsinsociety,suchaschildrenbornoutofwedlockandsingle-parentfamilies.97.b..bTheCommitteeremainsconcernedabouttheextenttowhichaccountistakenofthespecialneedsandrightsofchildreninasylumseekingandrefugeesituations.Proceduresgoverningasylum-seekingchildren,particularlythoserelatingtofamilyreunification,expulsionofchildrentosafethirdcountriesandthe"airportregulation"givecauseforconcern.InthisrespecttheCommitteenotesthattheguaranteesprovidedforintheConvention,inparticularinitsarticles2,3,12,22and37(d)donotappeartobecompliedwith,whileinsufficientattentionseemstohavebeenensuredtotheimplementationofarticles9and10oftheConvention.TheCommitteealsonoteswithconcernthattheprovisionofmedicaltreatmentandservicestoasylum-seekingchildrendoesnotappeartobeinterpretedinthelightoftheprinciplesandprovisionsoftheConvention,initsarticles2and3.98.b..bWithregardtomattersrelatingtojuvenilejustice,theCommitteeexpressesitsconcernaboutthedeclarationmadebytheStatepartytoarticle40(2)(b)(ii)whichappearstolimitthechild'srightstoaccesstojusticeandtoafairhearingaswellastherighttolegalassistanceanddefence.@.. E.Suggestionsandrecommendations99.b..bTheCommitteewarmlywelcomestheinformationprovidedbytheStatepartythatconsiderationisbeinggiventotheincorporationoftheConventionontheRightsoftheChildintheConstitutionofGermanyand,inthisspirit,itencouragestheStatepartytopursuetheongoingeffortsaimingataccordingconstitutionalstatustotheConvention.100.b..bTheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartypursuethereviewofthedeclarationsenteredtotheConventionwithaviewtoconsideringtheirwithdrawal.TheCommitteeisoftheopinionthat,inthelightofproposedreformstonationallegislation,itwouldappearthatsuchdeclarationsareunnecessary;doubtsareraisedastotheircompatibilitywiththeConvention.101.b..bTheCommitteesuggeststhattheStatepartygivefurtherconsiderationtotheestablishmentofapermanentandeffectivecoordinationmechanismontherightsofthechildattheFederal,Landandlocallevels.Considerationshouldalsobegiventothedevelopmentofanevaluationandmonitoringsystem,addressingallareascoveredbytheConventionbasedonthecomprehensiveandsystematiccollectionofdataandensuringpriorityattentiontothemostvulnerablegroups,whilebridgingprevailingeconomicandsocialdisparities.TheCommitteeisencouragedbytheStateparty'scommitmenttocontinuefosteringclosercooperationanddialoguewiththenon-governmentalorganizationsandchildren'sgroupsinvolvedinthemonitoringandimplementationofchildren'srights.TheCommitteealsoencouragestheStatepartytolookmorecloselyintotheworkoftheOmbudsinstitutionforchildren,particularlywithrespecttoitspotentialcontributionformonitoringtheimplementationoftherightsofthechild.102.b..bWithrespecttoarticle4oftheConvention,theCommitteeemphasizestheimportanceoftheallocationofresourcestothemaximumextentfortheimplementationofeconomic,socialandculturalrightsofthechildatFederal,Landandlocallevels,inthelightoftheprinciplesoftheConvention,inparticularthoseofitsarticles2and3relatingtonon-discriminationandthebestinterestsofthechild.103.b..bWhileacknowledgingthestrongcommitmentofGermanytoprovidingstructuralassistancetothirdcountries,theCommitteewouldliketoencouragetheStatepartyinitseffortstoachievethe0.7percenttargetforinternationalassistancetodevelopingcountries,aswellastogiveconsiderationtotheuseofdebtconversionandforgivenessmeasuresinfavourofprogrammestoimprovethesituationofchildren.Inthisrespect,theCommitteeemphasizesthattheundertakingofastudyontheimpactonchildrenofaStateparty'sinternationalcooperationanddevelopmentassistanceprogrammeshasprovedausefultoolinevaluatingtheeffectivenessofsuchinitiativesfortheimplementationoftheConventionontheRightsoftheChild.104.b..bTheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactiontheacknowledgementbytheStatepartythatakeyareaofattentionshouldbethedevelopmentofacomprehensiveandsystematicstrategyfordisseminatinginformationandcreatingawarenessoftherightsofthechild.Thedevelopmentofpubliccampaignsthroughtheuseofthemediaandtheinvolvementofthecivilsociety,includingnongovernmentalorganizationsandchildren'sgroups,wouldcontributetoeffectivelyaddressingtheneedtoincreaseunderstandingandtopromoterespectfortherightsofthechild.105.b..bTheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartymakefulluseoftheopportunityofferedbytheUnitedNationsDecadeforHumanRightsEducation,topursuefurtherthepreparationofeducationalmaterialsonhumanandchildren'srightsandtheincorporationofhumanrightseducation,particularlyabouttherightsofthechild,intoschoolcurriculaandintothetrainingprogrammesofprofessionalgroupsworkingwithorforchildren,includingteachers,judges,lawyers,socialworkers,healthservicepersonnel,policeandimmigrationofficials.106.b..bTheCommitteeisencouragedbytheStateparty'sproposedreformofnationallegislationinthelightofarticle2oftheConvention,interaliatoensurethatchildrenbornoutofwedlockarenotdiscriminatedagainst.TheCommittee,therefore,recommendsthattheeffortstoharmonizelegislationwiththeprovisionsandprinciplesoftheConventionbefurtherpursuedandthattheStatepartycontinuetogiveprioritytoreflectinitslegislationandpoliciesthegeneralprinciplesoftheConvention,particularlythoselaiddowninarticles2(nondiscrimination)and3(bestinterestsofthechild).107.b..bTheCommitteenotesthatprovisionsoftheConventionrelatingtotheparticipationofchildren,includingitsarticles12,13and15,needtobemorethoroughlyconsideredandencouraged.Tothisendinformationandawarenesscampaignsshouldbedeveloped.Similarly,theCommitteerecommendsthatconsiderationbegiventoextendingandbroadeningtheinvolvementofchildrenindecisionsaffectingtheminthefamilyandinsociallife,includinginproceedingsrelatingtofamilyreunificationandadoption.108.b..bAppreciationisexpressedoftheStateparty'sacknowledgementofusingtheConventionontheRightsoftheChildasaninstrumenttosharpenawarenessoftheresponsibilitiesofpersonstakingcareofchildrenandtheneedtoequalizetheresponsibilitiesbetweenparentsinbringinguptheirchildren.TheCommitteeencouragestheStatepartytopursueitseffortstowardschangingattitudeswithaviewtoeradicatingallformsofviolenceagainstchildren,includingtheuseofcorporalpunishmentwithinthefamily.Inthisregard,itfurtherencouragesthat,intheongoingprocessofreformoftheCivilCode,considerationbegiventotheincorporationofanabsolutebanoncorporalpunishment.I109.b..bTakingnoteoftheallocationofadditionalresourcestofamilyrelatedbenefitsandofthewillingnesstoundertakeothermeasurestoachievefurtherprogressinaddressingtheproblemsfacingsingleparents,andrecognizingtheStateparty'scommitmenttoundertakemeasurestoimprovepoorerchildren'saccesstoout-of-schoolactivities,includingleisureactivities,theCommitteebelievesthatgreaterpriorityshouldbegiventoananalysisoftheoccurrenceofchildpoverty.Suchananalysisshouldbeundertakenfromaholisticperspective,takingintoaccountthepossiblelinkagesbetweensuchmattersashousingconditions,familysupporttothechildathomeandinschool,andtheriskofdroppingoutofschool.TheresultsofthisresearchcouldserveasavehiclefordiscussionofthesemattersbothinParliamentandwiththerelevantauthoritiesaswellasforthedevelopmentofamorecomprehensiveandintegratedapproachforrespondingtotheproblemsidentified.̀110.b..bTheCommitteesuggeststhattheStatepartyundertakemorecomprehensiveresearchonthepossibleeffectsofenvironmentalpollutiononthehealthofchildren.111.b..bTheCommitteeisoftheopinionthattheissueofasylum-seekingandrefugeechildrendeservesfurtherstudywithaviewtoitsreforminthelightoftheConventionandoftheconcernsexpressedduringthediscussionwiththeCommittee.Suchinitiativesshouldreflect,interalia,ontheprocedures,especiallyastheyaffectchildren16to18,whichgoverntheexpulsionofchildrentothirdsafecountries,familyreunificationandthe"airportregulation"astotheircompatibilitywiththeprovisionsandprinciplesoftheConvention,inparticularthoseofitsarticles2,3,5,9paragraph3,10,12,22and37(d).112.b..bNoteistakenoftheGovernment'sintentiontoreformthesystemofjuvenilejustice,includingwithregardtoconsideringstrengtheningtheservicesandthedevelopmentofchild-friendlyproceedingsfordealingwithchildvictimsandwitnesses.Itisalsonotedthattheeliminationofthepossibilityofapplyinganindeterminatesentenceonjuvenileshasbeentakenintoaccountinthecontextofthisreform.Additionallywithinthisframework,theCommitteeexpressesthehopethatthedeclarationsmadebytheStatepartytoarticle40(2)(b)(ii)and(v)willbereviewedwithaviewtotheirpossiblewithdrawal.113.b..bTheCommitteealsorecommendsthataplanofactionwithtime-boundtargetsbepreparedfortheundertakingofthelegislativereform,policiesandactiontoimplementfullytheprovisionsandprinciplesoftheConvention.TheCommitteesuggeststhattheoccasionoftheChildandYouthreporttobepresentedbytheFederalGovernmenttotheBundestagandBundesratbeusedtogenerateadebatebyparliamentariansoftheissuesfacingchildrenintheStatepartyandtodeterminepoliciestoaddressthesematters.114.b..bTheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty'sreporttotheCommittee,thesummaryrecordsofthediscussionofthereportandtheconcludingobservationsadoptedbytheCommitteebewidelydisseminatedinthecountrywithaviewtopromotingwiderawarenessofchildren'srights,includingattheLandandlocallevels,amongtheauthorities,nongovernmentalorganizations,relevantprofessionalgroupsandthecommunityatlarge,includingchildren.@..Z 4.Concludingobservations:Senegal115.b..bTheCommitteeconsideredtheinitialreportofSenegal(CRC/C/3/Add.31)atits247th,248thand249thmeetings(CRC/C/SR.247249),heldon8and9November1995andadopted*thefollowingconcludingobservations:@..tA.Introduction116.b..bTheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtotheGovernmentofSenegalforengaging,throughahighrankingdelegation,inaconstructivedialoguewiththeCommittee.TheCommitteeregrets,however,thatthereporthasnotfollowedtheguidelinesforthepreparationofStatesparties'initialreportsandthatsomeareascoveredbytheConventionhavenotbeenaddressedtherein.@..B.Positivefactors117.b..bTheCommittee,notingthelongstandingattachmentoftheStatepartytointernationalhumanrightsinstrumentsandrecallingitsactiveparticipationinthedraftingprocessoftheConvention,expressessatisfactionattheearlyratificationoftheConventionbySenegal.118.b..bTheCommitteewelcomesthefactthatSenegalappliestheprincipleoftheprimacyofinternationalhumanrightsstandardsovernationallegislation.TheCommitteealsonoteswithsatisfactionthefactthattheConventionisself-executingandthatitsprovisionsmaybeinvokedbeforethecourt.119.b..bTheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactiontheactiveroleplayedbySenegaltopromoteawarenessofchildren'srights,asreflectedinthe1992DakarInternationalConferenceontheAssistancetotheAfricanChildandattherecentAfricanPreparatoryMeetingfortheFourthWorldConferenceonWomen,duringwhichparticularattentionwaspaidtothesituationofthegirlchild.120.b..bSpecificinitiativesadoptedinthecontextoftheratificationoftheConventionarealsowelcomed,includingtheestablishmentofChildren'sParliamentsatthenationalandregionallevels,theestablishmentofaPresidentialCommitteetoensurefollowuptotheWorldSummitforChildrenandthepromotionoftheMovementofMayorsforChildren.@..Z C.Factorsanddifficultiesimpeding  theapplicationoftheConvention121.b..bTheCommitteeacknowledgestheeconomicdifficultiesencounteredbytheStateparty,particularlythosearisingfromtheimplementationofthestructuraladjustmentpoliciesandtherecentdevaluationoftheCFAfranc.̇@.."D.Principalsubjectsofconcern122.b..bTheCommitteeisconcernedthatsometraditionalculturalattitudestowardschildrenmayhamperthefullenjoymentoftherightsembodiedintheConventionbychildreninSenegal.AnunderstandingofchildrenassubjectsofrightshasnotyetpenetratedallstrataofSenegalesesociety.123.b..bTheCommitteeisconcernedattheinsufficientattentionpaidtothesystematictrainingofprofessionalgroupsworkingforchildren,includingteachers,socialworkers,judgesandlawenforcementofficials.124.b..bTheCommitteeisconcernedattheinsufficientmeasurestakentoensureasystemofdatacollectionrelevantformonitoringtheimplementationoftheConvention;disaggregateddataandappropriateindicatorswouldallowforanassessmentofprogresstobemadeinallareas,inrelationtoallgroupsofchildren,atthenational,regionalandlocallevels.125.b..bTheCommitteeisalsoconcernedattheinsufficientstepstakentoensurethefullconformityofnationallegislationwiththeprovisionsoftheConvention.TheCommitteenotesinparticularthelackofconformityoflegislativeprovisionsinmattersrelatingtothelegaldefinitionofthechild.TheearlyandlowermarriageableageforgirlscomparedwithboysraisesseriousquestionsastoitscompatibilitywiththeConvention,inparticulararticle2.Thediscrepancybetweentheageforcompletionofcompulsoryeducationandtheminimumageforadmissiontoemploymentisanothermatterofconcern.Thelackofaminimumagebelowwhichchildrenarepresumednottohavethecapacitytoinfringepenallawisalsonotedwithconcern.126.b..bTheCommitteeisparticularlyconcernedattheinsufficientmeasurestoensuretheeffectiveimplementationoftheprincipleofnondiscrimination.Inthisregard,itnotesthepersistentdiscriminatoryattitudestowardsgirls,alsoreflectedintheirnotablylowerschoolattendanceandtheirhigherdropoutrate.Italsoregretstheprevailingdefactoanddejurediscriminationtowardschildrenbornoutofwedlock.127.b..bWithregardtoarticle4oftheConvention,theCommitteeisconcernedabouttheinadequacyofmeasurestakentoensuretheimplementationofeconomic,socialandculturalrightstothemaximumextentofavailableresources.TheproportionofGDPallocatedtohealthaccordingtotherecommendationsoftheWorldHealthOrganization.128.b..bTheabsenceofcompulsoryandfreeeducationattheprimarylevelraisesdeepconcern.129.b..bTheCommitteeisseriouslyworriedatthedifficultlivingconditionsfacedbyagreatnumberoftalibs,whoaredeprivedoftheenjoymentoftheirfundamentalrightsunderthelaw.130.b..bTheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernaboutthenumberofworkingchildren,particularlythoseworkingintheinformalsector,andaboutthesituationofgirlsworkingasdomesticservants.131.b..bTheCommitteeisalsoconcernedabouttheinadequacyoftheexistingjuvenilejusticesystemanditslackofcompatibilitywiththeConvention.̇@.. E.Suggestionsandrecommendations132.b..bTheCommitteeencouragestheGovernmenttopursueitseffortsaimingatpromotingadvocacyandawarenessandunderstandingoftheConventionandhavingitsbasicprinciplesgraspedbythegeneralpublic,inparticularbyensuringthetranslationoftheConventioninallnationallanguagesandpayingparticularattentiontopeoplelivinginruralareas.TheGovernmentshouldpursuesucheffortsinclosecooperationwithcommunityandreligiousleaders,withaviewtopromotingchangeinpersistingnegativeattitudestowardschildren,particularlygirls,andtoabolishingpracticesprejudicialtothehealthofchildren,inparticularfemalegenitalmutilations.133.b..bTheCommitteealsoencouragestheStatepartytoensureonasystematicbasistrainingactivitiesontheConventiontoprofessionalgroupsworkingwithandforchildren,includingteachers,judges,socialworkers,lawenforcementofficialsandpersonnelentrustedwiththetaskofensuringdatacollectionintheareascoveredbytheConvention.134.b..bTheCommitteerecommendsthatapermanentandmultidisciplinarycoordinatingmechanismbedevelopedformonitoringandevaluatingtheprogressachievedintheimplementationoftheConvention.135.b..bTheCommitteealsorecommendsthatmeasuresbetakentoimprovethesystemofcollectingstatisticalandotherdatainallareascoveredbytheConventionandonthebasisofappropriateindicatorsatthenational,regionalandlocallevels.Suchasystemshouldincludeallgroupsofchildren,whilepayingparticularattentiontothemostvulnerablegroups,includingpoorchildren,girls,domesticservantsandtalibs.136.b..bTheCommitteesuggeststhatspecialeffortsbedevelopedtoensureaneffectivesystemofbirthregistration,inthelightofarticle7,toensuretheenjoymentofthefundamentalrightsoftheConventionbyallchildrenwithoutdiscriminationandasameaningfultooltoassessprevailingdifficultiesandtopromoteprogress.137.b..bWithrespecttotheimplementationofarticle4oftheConvention,theCommitteerecommendsthatparticularattentionbepaidtotheneedtoensurebudgetallocations,tothemaximumextentofavailableresources,toimplementeconomic,socialandculturalrightsinthelightoftheprinciplesofnon-discriminationandthebestinterestofthechild.Effortsshouldbepursuedtoreducethenegativeimpactonchildrenofpoliciesofstructuraladjustment.138.b..bTheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyensurethatnationallegislationconformsfullytotheprovisionsandprinciplesoftheConvention,inthelightoftheconcernsidentifiedbytheCommitteeandofthestudyonacomprehensivelawreformconductedundertheauspicesofUNICEF.TheprinciplesoftheConventionincludingthoserelatingtothebestinterestsofthechildandtheprohibitionofdiscriminationandofparticipationofchildreninmattersaffectingthemshouldbereflectedindomesticlaw.Specificprovisionsshouldbeincludedwithaviewtoclearlyforbiddingfemalegenitalmutilationandanyformoftortureorcruel,inhumanordegradingtreatmentorpunishment,aswellasofanyformofcorporalpunishmentwithinthefamily.Adequatelegislativeandothermeasuresshouldalsobetakentoestablishacomplaintsprocedureforchildrenwhosefundamentalrightshavebeenviolated.139.b..bTheCommitteerecommendsthatlegislativemeasuresbetakentoestablishadefinitionofthechildinthelightoftheConvention,includingwithaviewtoensuringanequalageformarriageforgirlsandboysinthelightofarticle2,aminimumageofcriminalresponsibilityinthelightofarticle40,paragraph3(a),andanequalageofcompletionofcompulsoryeducationandminimumageforadmissiontoemployment,inthelightofarticles28,29and32.TheCommitteealsorecommendsthattheprincipleofnon-discriminationbeclearlyreflectedinthelaw,includinginrelationtochildrenbornoutofwedlock.140.b..bTheCommitteerecommendsthatintheprocessofacomprehensivelawreformconsiderationbegiventothefullimplementationoftheprinciplesandprovisionsoftheConventionandofotherrelevantUnitedNationsstandardsinthefieldoftheadministrationofjuvenilejustice,includingtheBeijingRules,theRiyadhGuidelinesandtheUnitedNationsRulesfortheProtectionofJuvenilesDeprivedoftheirLiberty,aimingatachild-orientedsysteminthelightofthebestinterestsofthechild.141.b..bTheCommitteefurtherrecommendsthatreformofchildlabourlegislationshouldaddressthesituationofchildrenworkingintheinformalsector,payingdueattentiontodomesticservice,inthelightoftherecommendationsmadeinthestudypreparedundertheauspicesofILO.Inthisregard,theCommitteewouldliketosuggestthattheStatepartyconsiderrequestingtechnicalassistancefromILO.142.b..bTheCommitteesuggeststhatfurtherstepsbetakentostrengthentheeducationsystem,particularlyintheruralareas,toimprovethequalityofteachingandtoreducedropoutrates.TheCommitteealsorecommendsthattheStatepartyadoptallnecessarymeasurestoensureasystemofcompulsoryandfreeprimaryeducation,onthebasisofequalopportunity,payingdueregardtothesituationofgirls.143.b..bTheCommitteerecommendsthatintheimplementationprocessoftheConventiontheStatepartypayspecialattentiontothesituationoftalibs.Furthermeasuresshouldbeadoptedtoensuretheeffectiveenjoymentoftheirfundamentalrightsandthattheyareprotectedagainstanyformofdiscrimination.EffortsshouldbemadetoensureaneffectivemonitoringsystemoftheirsituationbytheStateparty,inclosecooperationwithreligiousandcommunityleaders.144.b..bInthelightofarticle44,theCommitteesuggeststhattheinitialreportpresentedbySenegalbemadewidelyavailabletothepublicatlargeandthatthepublicationofthereportbeconsidered,alongwiththesummaryrecordsofthediscussionandtheconcludingobservationsadoptedthereonbytheCommittee.@..( 5.Concludingobservations:Portugal145.b..bTheCommitteeconsideredtheinitialreportofPortugal(CRC/C/3/Add.30)atits250th,251stand252ndmeetings(CRC/C/SR.250252),heldon9and10November1995andadopted*thefollowingobservations:̇@..tA.Introduction146.b..bTheCommitteenotesthatalthoughthereportpreparedbytheStatepartywascomprehensiveinofferinginformationonthelegislativeframeworkfortheimplementationoftheConvention,itdidnotcontainsufficientinformationontheactualimplementationoftheprovisionsoftheConventionthroughoutthecountry.TheCommittee,therefore,wishestoexpressitsappreciationtothedelegationwhichpresentedthereportforitsfrankandselfcriticalapproachtoansweringthequestionsraisedbytheCommitteeandforthehelpfulandvaluableresponsesinclarifyingthemeasuresbeingtakenandconsideredfortheimplementationoftheConvention.ItistheviewoftheCommitteethatthediscussionandexchangeofviewswiththedelegationwasconstructiveandfruitful.@..B.Positivefactors147.b..bTheCommitteewelcomesthepoliticalcommitmentsmadebytheStateparty'srecentlyelectedGovernmenttoimplementalltheprovisionsandprinciplesoftheConventioninthecountry.148.b..bTheCommitteewelcomesthedecisiontakenbytheGovernmenttoimprovetheimplementationofeconomic,socialandculturalrights,andnoteswithsatisfactiontheestablishmentofanationalminimumguaranteedincome.149.b..bTheCommitteewelcomesthestepsundertakenbytheGovernmentconcerningeducation,i.e.anincreaseinthebudgetaryallocationforeducationequivalentto1percentofGDPuntil1999andanincreaseinthenetworkofpreschoolfacilities.150.b..bTheCommitteewelcomestheestablishmentofanombudsperson("ProvedadeJusti a")andthecreationintheombudsperson'sofficeofafocalpointonchildren'srights.151.b..bTheCommitteewelcomesthefactthattheStatepartyhasindicateditsintentiontoconsideradheringtotheHagueConventiononProtectionofChildrenandCooperationinRespectofIntercountryAdoption.152.b..bTheCommitteewelcomesthefactthatratificationofILOConventionNo.138iscurrentlybeingdiscussedwithaviewtoitsratificationinthenearfuture.@.."C.Principalsubjectsofconcern153.b..bTheCommitteeisconcernedbytheabsenceofanefficientcoordinatingandmonitoringmechanismthatisabletoofferasystematicandcomprehensivecompilationofdataandindicatorsonallareascoveredbytheConventionandinrelationtoallgroupsofchildren.Suchamechanismwouldfacilitatecoordinationandmonitoringbetweenthelocal,regionalandnationallevelsandimprovetheimplementationofallpoliciesandprogrammesrelatingtotherightsofthechild.154.b..bTheCommitteeisconcernedbytheabsenceofasystematicinformationpolicyforthedisseminationoftheConventionamongchildrenandadults.ItalsoexpressesconcernabouttheinsufficienttrainingactivitiesontheConvention,especiallyforprofessionalgroupssuchasjudges,lawyers,teachers,socialworkers,doctors,lawenforcementpersonnel,etc.155.b..bTheCommitteeisconcernedbytheabsenceofapermanentconsultationmechanismthatwouldpermiteffectiveparticipationbythecivilsociety,inparticularnongovernmentalorganizations(NGOs).156.b..bWithregardtoarticle4oftheConvention,theCommitteeisconcernedbythefactthattheGovernmenthasnotyetfullyimplementedtheeconomic,socialandculturalrightsofthechildtothemaximumextentofavailableresources.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedthattheStateparty'sinternationalcooperationpoliciesdonotyetfullygiveprioritytochildren.157.b..bWithregardtoarticle2oftheConvention,theCommitteenoteswithconcernthattheprincipleofnondiscriminationisnotfullyimplementedforgirls,disabledchildrenandillegalimmigrantchildren,nonaccompaniedchildrenandchildrenlivinginruralareas,especiallyinthefieldsofeducationandhealth.158.b..bTheCommitteeexpressesitsconcerninrelationtothefullimplementationoftheparticipatoryrightsofchildren(art.12oftheConvention).159.b..bTheCommitteeisworriedabouttheinsufficientmeasuresadoptedtopreventandfightabuseandcorporalpunishment,inparticularwithinthefamily.160.b..bWithregardtoarticle17oftheConvention,theCommitteenotesthataccesstoappropriateinformationisnotalwaysguaranteedforchildren,especiallythoselivinginruralareas.161.b..bTheCommitteeisconcernedbytheincreasingnumberofchildrenlivinginthestreetsofthemaincitiesandthelackofinformationinthisarea.162.b..bTheCommitteeisworriedaboutthefullimplementationoftheConventioninthefieldoftheadministrationofjuvenilejustice.@.. D.Suggestionsandrecommendations163.b..bTheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartystrengthencoordinationandmonitoringbetweenthedifferentgovernmentalmechanismsinvolvedinchildren'srights,atnational,regionalandlocallevels,withaviewtoensuringeffectiveimplementationoftheConventionthroughoutthecountryandforallgroupsofchildren.ClosercooperationwithNGOsshouldbepromoted.164.b..bIntheframeworkoftheUnitedNationsDecadeforHumanRightsEducation,theCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartylaunchapermanentinformationcampaign,bothforchildrenandadults,ontheConventionontheRightsoftheChild.TheGovernmentshouldconsiderincorporatingtheConventionintotheschoolcurriculaandtakeappropriatemeasurestofacilitateaccessbychildrentoinformationproducedforthem.TheCommitteesuggeststhattheStatepartypromoteacomprehensivetrainingprogrammepolicyforprofessionalgroupssuchasteachers,socialworkers,doctors,lawenforcementpersonnelandimmigrationsofficers.165.b..bTheprincipleofnondiscriminationshouldbefullyimplementedbytheStateparty;theCommitteethereforerecommendsthateffectivemeasuresbetakentopromoteandimprovethesituationofthemostvulnerablegroupsofchildren,includinggirlsanddisabledchildren,andthattherightsofillegalimmigrantchildrenandnonaccompaniedchildrenbefullyprotected.Informationonchildren'srightsshouldbemadeavailabletoallrefugeechildrenintheirownlanguage.166.b..bTheCommitteeencouragestheStatepartytopursueitseffortswithaviewtoratifyingILOConventionNo.138inthenearfuture.167.b..bTheCommitteerecommendsthattheauthoritiestakethenecessarymeasures,includingtheimplementationofanationalpolicy,topreventabuseandcorporalpunishmentofchildren,includingwithinthefamily.168.b..bTheCommitteerecommendsthatmeasuresbetakentogiveappropriatesupporttoallchildrenlivingatrisk,especiallychildrenlivingonthestreets.TheCommitteesuggeststhatacomprehensivestudybeundertakenbytheauthoritiessothattheymaybeinapositiontopromoteandimplementpoliciesandprogrammes.169.b..bWithregardtojuvenilejustice,theCommitteerecommendsthatallappropriatemeasuresbetakentoensurefullcompatibilitywiththeprinciplesandprovisionsoftheConvention.Alternativestoinstitutionalizationanddetentionshouldbesystematicallyreviewedtoensurethatthosemeasurearetakenonlyasalastresort.170.b..bTheCommitteeencouragestheStatepartytopursueitseffortstoimplementtheConventionintheterritoryofMacauandencouragesthesubmissionofinformationonthisprocesstotheCommitteeassoonasnewdevelopmentsoccur.171.b..bTheCommitteeencouragestheStatepartytodisseminatewidelytheStateparty'sreport,thesummaryrecordsofthediscussionofthereportwithintheCommitteeandtheCommittee'sconcludingobservations.ThesedocumentsmightbebroughttotheattentionofParliamentandthatthesuggestionsandrecommendationsforactioncontainedthereinbefollowedup.@..( 6.Concludingobservations:HolySee172.b..bTheCommitteeconsideredtheinitialreportoftheHolySee(CRC/C/3/Add.27)atits255thand256thmeetings(CRC/C/SR.255and256),heldon14November1995,andadopted*thefollowingconcludingobservations:@..tA.Introduction173.b..bTheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtotheHolySeeforitsinitialreport,although,duetotheparticularnatureoftheStateparty,itdidnotfollowtheCommittee'sguidelines.Italsoexpressesitsappreciationforthefrankandopendialogueengagedwithahighleveldelegation.TheCommitteetakesnoteoftheanswersgiventothequestionsraisedbymembersandthedocumentationprovidedtotheCommitteeduringthediscussion,whichenabledtheCommitteetobetterassesstheroleoftheHolySeeintheimplementationoftheConvention.@..B.Positivefactors174.b..bTheCommitteewelcomestheeffortsoftheStatepartywithaviewtoencouraginguniversalratificationoftheConvention.175.b..bTheCommitteewelcomestheStateparty'srecognitionoftheimportantroletheHolySeeanditsconstituenciescouldplaythroughouttheworldtoachievetheaimsandobjectivesoftheConvention.TheCommitteetakesnoteofthenetworkofinstitutionsandstructuressetupbytheHolySeeforthewelfareofchildren,suchasthePontificalCouncilfortheFamily,theCongregationforCatholicEducation,thePontificalCouncilforPastoralAssistancetoHealthCareWorkersandthePontificalMissionarySocietyoftheHolyChildhood.176.b..bTheCommitteenotesthepositiveeffortsmadebytheStatepartytodisseminateandtranslatetheConventionworldwideandwelcomesitsreadinesstocooperateactivelywithandtoprovideassistancetootherStatespartiesinthatregard.177.b..bItwelcomesthedecisiontakenbythePontificalCouncilfortheFamily,asaconcretecontributiontotheInternationalYearoftheFamily,tosetupsheltersforstreetchildreninBrazil,thePhilippinesandRwanda.@.."C.Principalsubjectsofconcern178.b..bTheCommitteeisconcernedaboutreservationsenteredbytheHolySeetotheConventionontheRightsoftheChild,inparticularwithrespecttothefullrecognitionofthechildasasubjectofrights.179.b..bTheCommitteeisconcernedthatdiscriminationbetweenchildrenmayariseinCatholicschoolsandinstitutions,inparticularwithregardtogender.180.b..bTheCommitteeisconcernedattheinsufficientattentionpaidtothepromotionofeducationofchildrenonhealthmatters,thedevelopmentofpreventivehealthcare,guidanceforparentsandfamilyplanningeducationandservices,inthelightoftheprovisionsoftheConvention.@.. D.Suggestionsandrecommendations181.b..bInthespiritofthefinaldocumentoftheWorldConferenceonHumanRights,theCommitteewishestoencouragetheStatepartytoconsiderreviewingitsreservationstotheConventionwithaviewtowithdrawingthem.182.b..bInviewofthemoralinfluencewieldedbytheHolySeeandthenationalCatholicChurches,theCommitteerecommendsthateffortsforthepromotionandprotectionoftherightsprovidedforintheConventionbepursuedandstrengthened.Inthatregard,theCommitteewishestounderlinetheimportanceofwidedisseminationoftheprinciplesoftheConventionanditstranslationintolanguagesspokenthroughouttheworld,andrecommendstotheStatepartytocontinuetoplayanactiveroletothatend.183.b..bTheCommitteeemphasizestheneedforprofessionalsandvoluntaryworkersinvolvedintheeducationandprotectionofchildrentoreceiveadequatetrainingandeducation,takingintoaccounttheprinciplessetforthintheConvention.TheCommitteealsorecommendsthattheConventionbeincludedinthecurriculaofCatholicschools.Inthisrespect,itistheviewoftheCommitteethattheteachingmethodsusedinschoolsshouldreflectthespiritandphilosophyoftheConventionandtheaimsofeducationlaiddowninitsarticles28and29.184.b..bTheCommitteerecommendsthatthepositionoftheHolySeewithregardtotherelationshipbetweenarticles5and12oftheConventionbeclarified.Inthisrespect,itwishestorecallitsviewthattherightsandprerogativesoftheparentsmaynotunderminetherightsofthechildasrecognizedbytheConvention,especiallytherightofthechildtoexpresshisorherownviewsandthathisorherviewsbegivendueweight.185.b..bItalsorecommendsthatthespiritoftheConventionandtheprinciplessetforththerein,inparticulartheprinciplesofnondiscrimination,ofthebestinterestsofthechildandofrespectfortheviewsofthechild,befullytakenintoaccountintheconductofalltheactivitiesoftheHolySeeandofthevariousChurchinstitutionsandorganizationsdealingwiththerightsofthechild.@.. III.OVERVIEWOFTHEOTHERACTIVITIESOFTHECOMMITTEEb..b@..A.Informalmeetingb..b186.b..bTheCommitteehelditsfourthinformalmeetingfortwoweeksinOctoberintheSouthAsianregion.Likethepreviousones,thisinformalmeeting,organizedinclosecooperationwithUNICEF,designedtoensurewiderawarenessoftheConventionontheRightsoftheChild,aswellasoftheactivitiesoftheCommitteeontheRightsoftheChildanditsroleinpromotingactioninfavourofchildrenandmonitoringprogressmadebyStatespartiesintherealizationofchildren'srightsandinencouragingamoreeffectivesystemfortheimplementationoftheConventionatthenationalandinternationallevels.TheinformalmeetingwasalsoaimedatenablingtheCommitteememberstounderstandthesituationofchildrenintheregion,throughonsitevisitsandcontactswithgovernmentalofficials,representativesofUnitedNationsbodies,nongovernmentalorganizationsandthedonorcommunity.187.b..bThefourthinformalmeetingwasalsointendedtoallowforasubstantiveconsiderationofthesubjectofchildlabourinthespecificcontextoftheregionandinthelightofthestrategiesidentifiedtoaddresstheproblem.Forthatpurpose,athematicregionalconsultationthereonwasincludedintheagendaofthemeeting.188.b..bTheCommitteemembers,indifferentgroups,visitedIndia,Pakistan,Bangladesh,NepalandSriLankawiththethreemaingoalsofexplainingthereportingsystemandencouragingthefinalizationofthenationalprocessinthatregard;becomingfamiliarwiththeexistingsituation,prevailingdifficultiesandrelevantachievementsineachcountry;andinthecaseofPakistanandSriLankaassessingtheconsiderationgiventotherecommendationsithadaddressedinitsconcludingobservationstotherespectiveGovernments.189.b..bInitscontactsandofficialmeetings,theCommitteestressedtheessentialrelevanceofgovernmentalactiontoachieveacomprehensiveapproachtochildren'srights,aswellasthedecisiveroleplayedbythecivilsocietyinpromotingpopularparticipationandpublicscrutinyofStatepolicies.Moreover,theexchangeofviewsheldwiththedonorcommunityandinternationalorganizationsactiveinthedifferentcountriesmadeclearhowimportantitistopromoteinternationalcooperationandsolidaritytofostertheeffectiverealizationofchildren'srightsingeneral,andtoensurefullimplementationoftheConventiontoprotectchildrenfrombeingeconomicallyexploited,includingthroughchildlabour,inparticular.190.b..bTheinformalvisitsallowedtheCommitteetobeinformedaboutprojectsdesignedtoeradicatechildlabour,bothintheformalandinformalsectors.Particularattentionwaspaidtocommunityandfamilybasedprogrammes,aswellastotheimportantroleplayedbyeducationinenablingchildrentogainskills,todeveloptheirabilitiestothefullestpotentialandtomakefreeandinformedchoicesinlife.191.b..bTheregionalthematicconsultationheldinKathmanduprovidedtheopportunityfortheCommitteememberstoexchangeviewsontheirdifferentvisitsandtoidentifythespecificstrategiesfollowedinthecountriesconcernedtopreventandcombattheexploitationofchildrenthroughwork,toensuretheeffectiveprotectionofchildren'srightsandtoabolishchildlabour.192.b..bThethematicdebateontheeconomicexploitationofchildrenandthesetofrecommendationstheCommitteeadoptedthereafterwereofcrucialimportancefortheprogrammesofILOandofnongovernmentalorganizationsinthatarea.193.b..bInthedebatetheimportancewasstressedoftakingtheConventionasabasisfortheconsiderationofpoliciesdesignedtoaddresschildlabour,duerespectbeingpaidtothegeneralprinciplesofnondiscrimination,respectfortheviewsofthechild,survivalanddevelopmentofthechildandthebestinterestsofthechildasprimaryconsiderationsinallmeasuresadopted.Insituationswhere,inthelightoftheConventionontheRightsoftheChild,inparticularitsarticle32,andILOstandards,legalworkwasperformed,providingforminimumagesforadmissiontoemploymentandforappropriateregulationofthehoursandconditionsofemploymentwasofdecisiveimportance.194.b..bTheabolitionofchildlabourwasidentifiedasanessentialandurgentgoalandtheneedrecognizedforspecificnationalstrategiestobedefinedtoachieveit.Inthatregard,compulsoryeducationwasidentifiedasanessentialtool.Itwasalsostressedthateachnationalstrategyshouldaddressallformsoflabour,inboththeformalandinformalsectors,andthatlessvisiblesituations,suchasdomesticservice,shouldnotbeneglected.Inaddition,thestrengtheningofinternationalcooperation,inparticularbetweenUNICEFandILO,wasencouragedasameansoffosteringtherealizationofchildren'srightsinthatimportantfield.@.. B.Reviewofdevelopmentsrelevanttotheworkofthe  Committee195.b..bAtitsfirstsession,theCommitteehadrequestedtheSecretariattoreport,atthebeginningofeachsession,ontheactiontakenpursuanttodecisionsadoptedbytheCommitteeatitsprevioussession.Accordingly,atthe234thmeeting,theAssistantSecretaryGeneralforHumanRightsinformedtheCommitteeaboutrecentactivitiesoftheUnitedNationshumanrightsprogrammerelevanttotherightsofthechild.ThosedevelopmentsincludedactivitiesrelatedtotheplanofactionoftheHighCommissionerforHumanRightsforthestrengtheningoftheimplementationoftheConventionontheRightsoftheChild,theFourthWorldConferenceonWomenandrelatedmeetings,theSixthMeetingofpersonschairingthehumanrightstreatybodiesandrecentdevelopmentsinotherhumanrightsorgansandtreatybodies.TheCommitteewasalsoprovidedwithaninformalnotepreparedbytheSecretariatcontainingasummaryofactiontakenattheSubCommissiononPreventionofDiscriminationandProtectionofMinoritiesatitsfortyseventhsessiononissuesrelevanttotherightsofthechild.196.b..bFollowingadecisiontakenatthefirstsession,theRapporteur,Mrs.MartaSantosPais,madeacomprehensiveoralreportonmaindevelopmentsrelevanttotheworkoftheCommitteewhichhadoccurredsincetheseventhsessionoftheCommittee,focusinginparticularontheCairoInternationalConferenceonPopulationandDevelopment,theCopenhagenWorldSummitforSocialDevelopmentandtheNinthUnitedNationsCongressonthePreventionofCrimeandtheTreatmentofOffenders.Theconsiderationofthefinaldocumentsadoptedatthosethreemeetingshadallowedforawiderexaminationoftheextenttowhichchildren'srightswerehavingaclearimpactonactivitiesdevelopedwithintheUnitedNationssystemasinthecaseofviolenceagainstchildren.Similarly,clearimportancehadbeengiventotheenjoymentoffundamentalrightsbygirls,includinginrelationtoaminimumlegalageofmarriage,theprohibitionofearlyorforcedmarriage,aswellastotheessentialimportanceofnationalimplementationofinternationalinstruments.Further,considerationofthosefinaldocumentshadenabledtheCommitteetobealertedtoareasofconcernidentifiedelsewhereandtoplayanincreasingroleininternationalcooperationonbehalfofchildren.Inthatregard,attentionwascalledtotheneedforreviewingtheimpactofstructuraladjustmentprogrammeswithaviewtoreducingtheirnegativeimpactonchildren.Thenegotiationofdurablesolutions,includingdebtforgiveness,debtreductionordebtrelief,wasencouragedasameansofpromotingdebtconversioninfavourofsocialdevelopmentprogrammes.Intheareaofofficialdevelopmentassistance,acallwasmadeforthefulfilmentoftheagreedtargetof0.7percentofGNPforoverallofficialdevelopmentassistance.197.b..bTheChairperson,Mrs.AkilaBelembaogo,informedtheCommitteeaboutthemeetingheldon19June1995betweentheSecretaryGeneralandthechairpersonsoftreatybodies,andaboutthemaindecisionstakenandrecommendationsmadebytheSixthMeetingofpersonschairingthehumanrightstreatybodies,heldatGenevafrom18to22September1995(seeA/50/505,annex).198.b..bShealsoprovidedanaccountofthemaindevelopmentswhichhadoccurredattheFourthWorldConferenceonWomen,heldatBeijingfrom4to15September1995,atwhichsheandMrs.FloraEufemiohadrepresentedtheCommittee.Mrs.HodaBadran,whohadparticipatedintheNGOForumonWomen,informedtheCommitteeoftheattentionithadpaidtothesituationofthegirlchildandtheneedtopreventandcombatgenderdiscrimination,aswellastotheimportanceofensuringanappropriatebalancebetweentherightsofthechildandtherightsandresponsibilitiesofparents.ThepresenceofrepresentativesoftheCommitteeatthosemeetingshadbeencrucialtoensureaclearreferencetotheConventionontheRightsoftheChildwasincludedinthefinaldocumentoftheConference,aswellasaspecificchapterdevotedtothegirlchild.Mrs.MariliaSardenberg,whohadrepresentedtheCommitteeatanexpertmeetingheldinViennafrom3to7July1995onthedevelopmentofguidelinesfortheincorporationofagenderperspectiveintotheworkoftheUnitedNationshumanrightsregime,providedtheCommitteewithanaccountofthemeeting,inparticularasitappliedtothehumanrightstreatybodies.Shestressedthatagenderperspectivetohumanrightstheoryandpractice,includingrecommendationsaddressedtoStatespartiesandfollowupaction,wouldcontributedecisivelytopreventingthemarginalizationofwomen'sandgirls'humanrightsandwouldpromoteachangeinattitudesandbehaviouratalllevels.199.b..bTheCommitteewasprovidedwithanupdateonactivitiescarriedoutintheframeworkofthestudybeingundertakenbyMrs.Gra aMachelontheimpactofarmedconflictsonchildren.Duringtherecentperiod,thecooperationbetweenMrs.MachelandtheCommitteehadcontinued.TwomembersoftheCommittee,Mrs.HodaBadranandMr.ThomasHammarberghadparticipated,askeynotespeakers,inaregionalArabconsultationheldinCairoinAugust1995.Themeetinghadaddressedthequestionofwaysandmeanstoprotectchildrenaffectedbyarmedconflictsandtorehabilitatechildvictimsofsuchconflicts,theviolationofthefundamentalrightsofchildrenandtherootcausesofthoseconflicts,whilemakingsuggestionsforpreventingarmedconflicts.200.b..bTherepresentativeoftheInternationalLabourOrganizationintroducedadocumentonchildlaboursubmittedtotheCommitteeonEmploymentandSocialPolicyoftheGoverningBodyofILOinNovember1995.Hestressedthatthedocumentreflected,initssectiononcollaborationwithotherinternationalorganizations,theexistingcooperationbetweenILOandtheCommittee.Itwaspointedoutthatthatcooperationshouldcontinueandfinditsnaturalextensionatthenationallevelwiththeparticipationofemployers'andworkers'organizationsinthenationalbodiesthathadbeensetupinalargenumberofStatestoimplementtheConventionontheRightsoftheChild.201.b..bTherepresentativeoftheHagueConferenceonPrivateInternationalLawprovidedtheCommitteewithanupdateonthestatusofthe1993ConventiononProtectionofChildrenandCooperationinRespectofIntercountryAdoption.HealsobriefedtheCommitteeonprogressmadeinpreparingthepreliminarydraftconventionontheprotectionofchildren,aswellasontheimplementationoftheHagueConventionontheLawapplicabletoMaintenanceObligationsandoftheUnitedNationsConventionontheRecoveryAbroadofMaintenance.202.b..bInviewoftheimportanceitattachestothedisseminationofinformationontheConventionontheRightsoftheChild,theCommitteeheldtwoinformalmeetingswithrepresentativesofchildren'sorganizations(onewithchildrenfromallovertheworldrepresentingparticipantsatthe1995WorldSummitforChildren,andonewithchildrensponsoredbytheFrenchAssociationVacancesVoyagesLoisirs).AmeaningfulexchangeofviewstookplacebetweenCommitteemembersandthechildrenpresentatthemeetingswhichprovidedaspecialopportunitytomaketheprinciplesandprovisionsoftheConventionbetterunderstood,inadialogueinwhichchildrenwereabletomakeknowntheirviewsontheirfundamentalrights.@.. C.Generaldiscussionontheadministrationofjuvenilejustice203.Inthelightofrule74ofitsprovisionalrulesofprocedure,theCommitteeontheRightsoftheChildhasdecidedperiodicallytodevoteoneormoremeetingstoageneraldiscussiononaspecificarticleoftheConventionortoathemeintheareaoftherightsofthechildinordertoenhanceunderstandingofthecontentandimplicationsoftheConvention.204.b..bEncouragedbythesuccessfulcontributionofitspreviousthematicdebatestowardscreatingwiderawarenessoftheprinciplesandprovisionsoftheConventionandtowardsprovidingguidancetoStatesforitsimplementation,theCommitteehaddecidedtodevotethedayof13November1995todiscussionoftheadministrationofjuvenilejustice.205.b..bThetopicoftheadministrationofjuvenilejusticehasreceivedconsistentattentionfromtheCommittee,particularlyintheconcludingobservationsadoptedbytheCommitteeinrelationtoStatespartiesreports(CRC/C/15andaddenda).ThegeneraldiscussionthereforeprovidedanopportunitytoevaluatetheCommittee'sexperienceinthefirstyearsofitsmandate.̇206.b..bTheexperienceoftheCommitteehasshownthattheadministrationofjuvenilejusticeisofpracticalconcerninallregionsoftheworldandinrelationtoalllegalsystems.ThechallengingandinnovativephilosophyarisingfromtheConventionontheRightsoftheChildandotherUnitedNationsstandardsadoptedinthefieldtheUnitedNationsStandardMinimumRulesfortheAdministrationofJuvenileJustice(BeijingRules),theUnitedNationsGuidelinesforthePreventionofJuvenileDelinquency(RiyadhGuidelines)andtheUnitedNationsRulesfortheProtectionofJuvenilesDeprivedoftheirLibertypredicatesachildorientedsystemthatrecognizesthechildasasubjectoffundamentalrightsandfreedomsandensuresthatallactionsconcerninghimorherareguidedbythebestinterestsofthechildasaprimaryconsideration.ToachievesuchasystemtherewasaneedforStatespartiestoadoptallnecessarymeasurestoensurefullcomplianceoftheirnationallawandpracticewiththeConventionontheRightsoftheChild,inparticularinthelightofitsarticle4.207.b..bInanoutlinepreparedtoguidethegeneraldiscussion,theCommitteerecalledtheincreasingandspecialinterestpaidbydifferentinstancesoftheUnitedNationssystemtothefieldoftheadministrationofjuvenilejustice,andinparticulartothestandardsrelatingtojuvenilesdeprivedoftheirliberty.SpecialreferencewasmadeinthisspirittotheexpertgroupmeetingonchildrenandjuvenilesindetentionheldinViennainOctoberNovember1994andtheimportantsetofrecommendationsitadopted(E/CN.4/1995/100),aswellastothesubsequentendorsementofthembytheCommissiononHumanRights(initsresolution1995/41)andtheNinthUnitedNationsCongressonthePreventionofCrimeandtheTreatmentofOffenders.ConsiderationwasalsogiventotheimportantresolutionsadoptedatthefourthsessionoftheCommissiononCrimePreventionandCriminalJustice,inparticularthoserelatingtochildrenasvictimsandperpetratorsofcrimeandtheeffectiveapplicationofUnitedNationsstandardsandnormsinjuvenilejustice.208.b..bTheCommitteehadidentifiedtwomainareastobeconsideredduringthedebate:therelevanceoftheeffectiveimplementationofexistingstandards;andthevalueofinternationalcooperation,namelythroughprogrammesoftechnicalassistance.Itwasoftheopinionthatdiscussionofthosethemeswouldcontributetoemphasizingtheimportanceofaccountabilityfortheprotectionof,andrespectfor,thehumanrightsofchildren,andwouldstresstheneedtofosterinternationalsolidarityfortherealizationofthoserights.209.b..bAsforpreviousthematicdiscussions,theCommitteehadinvited,inthelightofarticle45oftheConvention,representativesofUnitedNationsorgans,bodiesandspecializedagencies,andothercompetentbodies,includingnongovernmentalorganizationsandresearchandacademicinstitutions,tocontributetothediscussionandprovideexpertadviceonthetwoidentifiedtopics.210.b..bSeveralorganizationssubmitteddocumentsonthetheme.WrittencontributionswerealsoreceivedfromtheGovernmentsofAustriaandtheFormerYugoslavRepublicofMacedonia.ThelistofthesedocumentsandcontributionsistobefoundinannexVItothepresentreport.211.b..bRepresentativesofthefollowingorganizationsandbodiesmadestatementsonthedayofthegeneraldiscussion:CentreforHumanRights,UnitedNationsCentreforSocialDevelopmentandHumanitarianAffairs(CrimePreventionandCriminalJusticeBranch),UnitedNationsChildren'sFund,OfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugees,WorldHealthOrganization,InternationalCommitteeoftheRedCross,ChildrenRightsCentreofGhentUniversity,DefenceforChildrenInternational,EpochWorldwide,HumanRightsWatchChildren'sRightsProject,InternationalAssociationofJuvenileandFamilyCourtMagistrates,InternationalFederationofSocialWorkers,InternationalSavetheChildrenAlliance,JapanFederationofBarAssociations,RddaBarnen,TerredesHommes(BalSakha),WorldOrganizationagainstTorture.Mr.BruceAdamson,Mr.DanO'Donnel,Ms.DulceP.EstrellaGust,andMs.AnnSkelton(Coordinator,ChildRightsforLawyersforHumanRights,SouthAfrica)intheircapacityasindividualexpertsalsomadestatementsduringthedebate.212.b..bThethemedaywasintroducedbyaCommitteemember,Ms.SandraMason.Inherstatement,theholisticapproachoftheConventiontochildren'srightswasstressed,aswellastheessentialvalueofitsgeneralprinciples,whichwereofaparticularrelevanceintheareaofjuvenilejustice.Envisagingthechildasasubjectofrights,ensuringclearrecognitionandimplementationoftheprincipleofequalitybeforethelawandrecognizingtheinherentlinkexistingbetweenhumanrightsandlegalrightswereemphasizedasessentialmeanstoensurerespectforexistingstandards,inparticulartheConventionontheRightsoftheChild.213.b..bThevariousinterventionsofCommitteemembersandinvitedparticipantsensuredalivelydebateduringwhichtheimportanceofexistingUnitedNationsnormsandprincipleswasstressed,concreteexamplesofprojectscarriedoutatthecountryandregionallevelswerepresented,andsuccessfulachievementsordifficultiesencounteredintheprocessofensuringtherealizationofchildren'srightsworldwidewerementioned.214.b..bInthatframework,theuniversalityoftheConventionwasreferredtoashavingparticularsignificance.Inviewofthefactthatithadbeenratifiedby181States,theConventionprovidedacommonreferenceandanethicalvisionforaddressingtheissueoftheadministrationofjuvenilejustice.Thebinding natureofitsprovisionsimpliedaclearrecognitiononthepartofStatespartiesoftherightssetforththerein.Inaddition,theConventioncalledfortheimplementationofthemostconduciveprovisionsfortherealizationoftherightsofthechild,andhadthereforetobeconsideredinconjunctionwithotherrelevantinternationalinstruments,namelytheBeijingRules,theRiyadhGuidelinesandtheRulesfortheProtectionofJuvenilesDeprivedoftheirLiberty.ThoseinstrumentscomplementedandprovidedguidancefortheimplementationoftherightsrecognizedbytheConventionandconfirmedthattherewasnopossibleconflictbetweenhumanrightsandjuvenilejustice.215.b..bThatapproachwasprevalentintheconsiderationofStatespartiesreportsbytheCommittee,inthepreparationofthelistofissues,aswellasintheformulationofconcludingobservationsandoftherecommendationsaddressedtoGovernments.ItwouldfurtherguidetheCommitteeinthepreparationoftheguidelinesforthefutureperiodicreportstobesubmittedinthelightofarticle44oftheConvention.216.b..bSuchanapproachshouldalsoinspireactionfortherealizationofchildren'srightsinabroadercontext,sincejuvenilejusticecouldnotbereducedtosituationswhereaconflictwithcriminallawhadarisen.Asanillustration,attentionwaspaidtotheareaofasylumseeking,refugeeandunaccompaniedchildren.Infact,thediversityofprovisionsintheConventionontheRightsoftheChildapplicabletothem,andtheuniversalnatureofthatlegalinstrument,extendedtheleveloftheprotectionoftheirfundamentalhumanrightsandlegalsafeguards,inparticularinsituationsofdeprivationoflibertyorseparationfromtheirfamilies.Insuchcircumstances,itwasessentialtoensurethatthechildwastreatedinamannerconsistentwiththepromotionofhisorhersenseofdignityandworthandthatdecisionswereclearlytakeninthelightofthebestinterestsofthechild,inadueprocessthatgavethechildwhowascapableofforminghisorherownviewstherighttoexpressthoseviewsfreely.217.b..bIntheevaluationoftheexperienceoftheCommitteeinitsmonitoringfunction,itwasstressedthatveryoftenreportslackedinformationconcerningjuvenilejustice,includingdataonthenumberofchildrendeprivedoflibertythrougharrest,detentionorimprisonment.Reportswereusuallylimitedtoageneraldescriptionoflegalprovisions,rarelyaddressingsocialfactorsleadingtotheinvolvementofjuvenileswiththesystemofadministrationofjusticeorthesocialconsequencesofthedecisionstakeninthatcontext.Similarly,theyusuallydidnotidentifyfactorsordifficultieswhichimpededprogresstowardstheeffectiverealizationofchildren'srights.218.b..bItwasparticularlyfeltthatthegeneralprinciplesoftheConventionhadnotbeenadequatelyreflectedinnationallegislationorpractice.Inrelationtonondiscrimination,particularconcernwasexpressedaboutinstanceswherecriteriaofasubjectiveandarbitrarynature(suchaswithregardtotheattainmentofpuberty,theageofdiscernmentorthepersonalityofthechild)stillprevailedintheassessmentofthecriminalresponsibilityofchildrenandindecidinguponthemeasuresapplicabletothem.Attentionwasalsopaidtothesituationofchildrenlivingand/orworkingonthestreet,whoinviewoftheirlowstatuswereoftenconfrontedwithsocialexclusionandstigmatization,includingonthepartofpoliceofficials.Suchasituationpavedthewayforfrequentandextremeabusesthatwererarelymonitoredorpunishedandwerethereforecommittedwithunacceptableimpunity.219.b..bTheprincipleofthebestinterestsofthechildwasreaffirmedbytheConventioninthecontextoftheadministrationofjuvenilejustice,particularlywhenitstressedthatthechildshouldbetreatedinamannerconsistentwiththepromotionofhisorhersenseofdignityandworthwhichreinforcedrespectforthechild'shumanrightsandfundamentalfreedomsandtookintoaccountthechild'sageandspecialneeds.However,reportsrevealedthatspecialjuvenilejusticesystemswereoftennonexistent,thatjudges,lawyers,socialworkersorpersonnelininstitutionswerenotgivenanyspecialtrainingandthatinformationonfundamentalrightsandlegalsafeguardswerenotprovidedtochildren.Forthosereasons,andcontrarytotheConvention,deprivationoflibertywasnotusedonlyasameasureoflastresortorfortheshortestperiodoftimepossibleascalledforintheConvention,norwerecontactswiththefamilytherule;accesstolegalandotherassistancewasnotprovidedandfreelegalaidwasoftennotavailable.220.b..bSimilarly,inrelationtotherightofthechildtoparticipateinproceedingsaffectinghimorher,Statesparties'reportshadindicatedthatchildrenwereseldommadesufficientlyawareoftheirrights,includingtherighttoassistancefromalegalcounsel,orofthecircumstancessurroundingthecaseorofthemeasuresdecided.Theywerealsooftendeniedtherighttolodgecomplaintswhentheywerevictimsofviolationoftheirfundamentalrights,includingincasesofilltreatmentandsexualabuse.Moreover,theincreasingtrendforjuvenilejusticetobecomethesubjectofsocialandemotionalpressurewasamatterofparticularconcern,sinceitcreatedopportunitiestounderminerespectforthebestinterestsofthechild.221.b..bItwasnotedwithdeepregretthatthedeathpenaltywasstilladmittedinsomecountriesforpersonsbelowtheageof18,thatwhippingandfloggingwereusedaseducativeandpunitivemeasures,andthatinsufficientattentionwaspaidtotheneedforthepromotionofaneffectivesystemofphysicalandpsychologicalrecoveryandsocialreintegrationofthechild,inanenvironmentthatfosteredhisorherhealth,selfrespectanddignity.222.b..bInthatcontext,itwasfeltthattherewasaclearneedtoensure,inthelightofarticle42oftheConventionandinthespiritoftheUnitedNationsDecadeforHumanRightsEducation,asystematiccampaignofinformationandawarenessoftherightsofthechild.Particulareffortsshouldbemadetoprovideaccessibleinformationtochildren,includingthroughtheschoolsystem,asameanstostrengthenthepreventionofviolationoftheirfundamentalrightsorneglectoffundamentallegalsafeguards.223.b..bSimilarly,furtherstepsshouldbetakentoensurethatsystematictrainingactivitieswereprovidedtorelevantprofessionalgroupsworkingwithandforchildreninthatarea.Inthatconnection,theimportancewasstressedofincorporatingtheConventionontheRightsoftheChildintrainingcurriculaandofreflectingitsbasicvaluesinrelevantcodesofconduct.Particularreferencewasmadetotheroleplayedbyjudges,lawyers,socialworkers,lawenforcementofficials,immigrationofficersandpersonnelworkingininstitutionsforchildren.224.b..bItwasemphasizedthattherewasanurgentneedtoensurethepublicationandwidedisseminationofamanualonstandardsofjuvenilejustice,includingtheConventionandotherrelevantUnitedNationsstandardsadoptedinthisfield,ifpossiblewithacommentarythereon,aswellasofamanualontrainingforlawenforcementofficials.Expressingitswillingnesstobeassociatedinsuchefforts,theCommitteerecognizedtheimportanceofsuchmanualsastoolsforadvocacyandtrainingactivities,includingthosedevelopedbytheCentreforHumanRightsandtheCrimePreventionandCriminalJusticeBranch.225.b..bAllthosemeasureswouldfurthercontributetoensuringtheeffectiverealizationofchildren'srightsandwouldpromotethefullcomplianceofnationallegislationwithinternationalstandardsadoptedinthefieldofjuvenilejustice.226.b..bMoreover,alltheabovementionedmeasureswouldhelptoensurethatthechildwasalwaysenvisagedasasubjectoftherightsinherenttothehumandignityofthepersonandthatthechildwasenvisagedmainlyasavictim,includinginsituationsofsexualabuse,childprostitutionandchildpornography.Thecriminalresponsibilityofthechildshouldbebasedonobjectivecriteriaclearlyexcludingsituationswherethechildwassimplyconfrontedwithpovertyandsocialexclusion.̇227.b..bMoreover,deprivationofliberty,inparticularpretrialdetention,shouldneverbeunlawfulorarbitraryandshouldonlybeusedonceallotheralternativesolutionswouldhaveprovedtobeinadequate.Whendeprivedoflibertyeverychildshouldhavetherighttopromptlegalorotherappropriateassistance,andtherighttochallengethedeprivationoflibertybeforeacourtorotherimpartialandindependentbody.Theprivacyofthechildshouldbefullyrespectedinallstagesoftheproceedings,includinginrelationtocriminalrecordsandpossiblereportingbythemedia.228.b..bInthesamecontext,concernwasexpressedattheplacementofchildrenininstitutions,underawelfarepretext,withouttakingintodueconsiderationthebestinterestsofthechildnorensuringthefundamentalsafeguardsrecognizedbytheConvention,includingtherighttochallengethedecisionofplacementbeforeajudicialauthority,toaperiodicreviewofthetreatmentprovidedtothechildandallothercircumstancesrelevanttothechild'splacementandtherighttolodgecomplaints.229.b..bItwasurgedthatalternativestoinstitutionalcareshouldbesought,andacallwasmadefortheadoptionofadequatemeasurestoendtheprevailinglackoftransparencyininstitutionsforchildren.Inthatregard,itwassuggestedthatseriousconsiderationbegiventothedevelopmentofindependentmechanisms,atthenationalandinternationallevels,toensureperiodicvisitstoandaneffectivemonitoringofsuchinstitutions,includinginrelationtocomplaintsthatmighthavebeenlodged.RecallingthesignificantroleplayedbytheInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCross,inparticularinsituationsofarmedconflict,andthecurrenteffortsoftheCommissiononHumanRightsaimedatintroducingasystemofperiodicvisitstoplacesofdetentionintheframeworkofanoptionalprotocoltotheConventionagainstTortureandOtherCruel,InhumanorDegradingTreatmentorPunishment,participantshighlightedtheparticularrelevanceofnationalindependentmechanisms.Inthatconnection,referencewasmadetotherolejudgesmightplayandtotheimportanceoftheinterventionofanOmbudsmantoensurerespectfortherightsandinterestsofyoungpersons.230.b..bDuringthedebate,theroleofthefamilywasrecognizedasfundamentalensuringtheeffectiveenjoymentoftherightsofchildrenandtheirreintegrationinanenvironmentthatfosteredtheirselfrespectanddignity.InthelightofboththeConventionandtheRiyadhGuidelines,familiesshouldbeencouragedtohavecloserandmorefrequentcontactswithchildrenplacedininstitutionsandtohaveasayinchildren'streatment.Thechild'ssocializationshouldbepromotedthroughincreasingtheinvolvementoffamiliesinchildren'sprogrammesandthroughfacilitatingthereleaseofchildrenforhomevisits.Researchonpsycho-socialimplicationsofjuvenilejusticewasrecommendedinthatregard.231.b..bItwasinterestingtonote,inthatconnection,theimportanceattachedbytraditionalsystemstothefamily,includingtheextendedfamily,aswellastothecommunity,intheprocessofensuringthesocialreintegrationofchildrenandthepromotionoftheiractiveparticipationinsociety.Suchsystemsallowedforrespectoftheprivacyofthefamilyandencouragedtheconsiderationofhealingandreconciliationmeasuresasalternativestocustodyorcorporalpunishment.232.b..bResearchinthatareawasthereforeconsideredasbeingimportanttoidentifythetraditionalsolutionswhichwerefullycompatiblewiththeConventionanditsbasicvalues.Whenwidelysharedinagivensociety,suchsolutionsmightbeinstrumentalintheeffectiverealizationofchildren'srights.233.b..bThegeneraldiscussionstressedthegreatrelevanceofinternationalcooperationinthefieldofjuvenilejustice,anareawhichhadbecomeaclearpriorityintheUnitedNationssystem.234.b..bRelevantbodies,includingtheCommitteeontheRightsoftheChild,theCommissiononCrimePreventionandCriminalJusticeandtheCrimePreventionandCriminalJusticeBranchoftheUnitedNationsCentreforSocialDevelopmentandHumanitarianAffairs,theCommissiononHumanRights,aswellastheAdvisoryServices,TechnicalAssistanceandInformationBranchoftheCentreforHumanRightsshouldthereforecooperateincreasinglyintheareasofresearch,training,disseminationandtheexchangeofinformation,implementationandmonitoringofexistingstandards,aswellasinspecificprogrammesoftechnicalassistance.Onlyinthatwaywoulditbepossibletorationalizetheuseofresources,streamlineactivitiesandenhancetheefficiencyofprogrammes,whileclearlyreaffirmingtheinherentlinkbetweencriminaljusticeandhumanrights.Forthatreason,theparticipationinthethematicdiscussionofrepresentativesofsomeofthosebodieswaswelcomed.235.b..bThereportingsystemoftheConvention,includingthedialogueheldwiththeStatespartiesandtheconcludingobservationsadoptedbytheCommittee,wasrecognizedasdecisivelyimportanttoensureacomprehensiveframeworkforprogrammesoftechnicalassistance.Itprovidedthebasisforaclearunderstandingofthesituationinanygivencountryandforfosteringinternationalcooperationandstrengtheningnationalcapacitiesandinfrastructures.236.b..bTherecommendationsaddressedtoStatespartiesbytheCommitteecouldbeofspecialbenefitintheimplementationofprogrammesoftechnicalassistanceintheareasofresearch,lawreformandtrainingofprofessionalgroupsorintheconsiderationofalternativestocustodialmeasures,aswellasforneedsassessmentmissionsandevaluationprocedures.237.b..bForallthosereasons,andinthelightofthealmostuniversalratificationoftheConventionontheRightsoftheChild,theCommitteewasanaturalfocalpointandplayedacentralandcatalyticroleintheareaofinternationalcooperationandassistanceinthefieldofjuvenilejustice.238.b..bInthatspirit,theCommitteewelcomedtheinitiativesdesignedtoconsiderastrategyfortechnicalcooperationandtheestablishmentofapossiblenetworkforthatpurpose.ItfurtherwelcomedtheproposalsmadetoensureanincreasingassistancetotheCommittee,inthelightofthePlanofActionoftheHighCommissionerforHumanRightsorthroughtheestablishmentofanindependentinstitutionforthatpurpose.@.. D.Futuredayofgeneraldiscussion239.b..bTheCommitteeenvisageddevotingitsnextdayofgeneraldiscussion,scheduledtotakeplaceduringtheCommittee'sthirteenthsession(September-October1996),tothetopicofsexualexploitationandsexualabuseofchildren,inthelightoftheprovisionsofarticle34oftheConvention.Topreparethatthematicdiscussion,theCommitteewouldestablishaworkinggroupamongitsmembers(Mrs.FloraEufemioandMs.SandraMason)inordertodraftanoutlineidentifyingthemainissuestoberaisedduringthedebate,forinclusioninthereportoftheCommitteeonitseleventhsessioninJanuary1996.@.. E.Guidelinesforperiodicreports240.b..bInaccordancewitharticle44,paragraph1oftheConvention,StatespartiestotheConventionundertaketosubmitreportstotheCommitteeontheimplementationoftheConventionb..b(a) .. WithintwoyearsoftheentryintoforceoftheConventionfortheStatePartyconcerned;b..b(b) .. Thereaftereveryfiveyears.241.b..bInviewofthefactthattheCommitteeshouldstartreceivingperiodicreportsfromStatesparties,asfromSeptember1997,theCommitteedecidedtoestablishaworkinggroupcomposedoftwoofitsmembers(Mrs.HodaBadranandMr.YouriKolosov)withaviewtopreparing,forthenextsessionoftheCommittee,inJanuary1996,aworkingpaperontheconceptualframeworkforguidelinesregardingtheformandcontentofperiodicreportsfromStatesparties.Theworkingpaperwillserveasabasisfortheelaborationoftheguidelines,whichwillbefinalizedforadoptionattheCommittee'stwelfthsession(MayJune1996).@.. IV.DRAFTPROVISIONALAGENDAFORTHEELEVENTHSESSION242.b..bThedraftprovisionalagendafortheeleventhsessionoftheCommitteereadsasfollows:b..b1.0 .. Adoptionoftheagenda.b..b2.0 .. Organizationalandothermatters.b..b3.0 .. SubmissionofreportsbyStatespartiesinaccordancewitharticle44oftheConvention.b..b4.0 .. ConsiderationofreportsofStatesparties.b..b5.0 .. MethodsofworkoftheCommittee.b..b6.0 .. FuturemeetingsoftheCommittee.b..b7.0 .. Othermatters.@..V.ADOPTIONOFTHEREPORT243.b..bAtits259thmeeting,on17November1995,theCommitteeadoptedthereportonitstenthsession.@..6AnnexI@.. STATESWHICHHAVERATIFIEDORACCEDEDTOTHE@..Z CONVENTIONONTHERIGHTSOFTHECHILD@..ASAT17NOVEMBER1995(181)  PF+{+ gK!#%S(*-[/1 4c68;k=?BPStates .. Dateofsignatureg..gDateofreceipt..Dateofentry .. g..gofinstrumentof..intoforce .. g..gratification/ .. g..gaccession    a/..Afghanistan .. 27September1990g..g28March1994..27April1994Albania .. 26January1990g..g27February1992..28March1992Algeria .. 26January1990g..g16April1993..16May1993Angola .. 14February1990g..g5December1990..4January1991Antiguaand̀Barbuda .. 12March1991g..g5October1993..4November1993#..#Argentina .. 29June1990g..g4December1990..3January1991Armenia .. g..g23June1993a/..22July1993Australia .. 22August1990g..g17December1990..16January1991Austria .. 26January1990g..g6August1992..5September1992Azerbaijan .. g..g13August1992a/..12September1992Bahamas .. 30October1990g..g20February1991..22March1991Bahrain .. g..g13February1992a/..14March1992Bangladesh .. 26January1990g..g3August1990..2September1990Barbados .. 19April1990g..g9October1990..8November1990Belarus .. 26January1990g..g1October1990..31October1990Belgium .. 26January1990g..g16December1991..15January1992Belize .. 2March1990g..g2May1990..2September1990Benin .. 25April1990g..g3August1990..2September1990Bhutan .. 4June1990g..g1August1990..2September1990Bolivia .. 8March1990g..g26June1990..2September1990Bosniaand̀Herzegovina* .. g..g..6March1992Botswana .. g..g14March1995a/..13April1995Brazil .. 26January1990g..g24September1990..24October1990Bulgaria .. 31May1990g..g3June1991..3July1991BurkinaFaso .. 26January1990g..g31August1990..30September1990Burundi .. 8May1990g..g19October1990..18November1990Cambodia .. 22September1992g..g15October1992..14November1992Cameroon .. 25September1990g..g11January1993..10February1993Canada .. 28May1990g..g13December1991..12January1992CapeVerde .. g..g4June1992a/..4July1992  PF+{+ gK!#%S(*-[/1 4c68;k=?BPStates .. Dateofsignatureg..gDateofreceipt..Dateofentry .. g..gofinstrumentof..intoforce .. g..gratification/ .. g..gaccessiona/CentralAfricaǹRepublic .. 30July1990g..g23April1992..23May1992Chad .. 30September1990g..g2October1990..1November1990Chile .. 26January1990g..g13August1990..12September1990China .. 29August1990g..g2March1992..1April1992Colombia .. 26January1990g..g28January1991..27February1991Comoros .. 30September1990g..g22June1993..21July1993Congo .. g..g14October1993a/..13November1993CostaRica .. 26January1990g..g21August1990..20September1990C=ted'Ivoire .. 26January1990g..g4February1991..6March1991Croatia* .. g..g..8October1991Cuba .. 26January1990g..g21August1991..20September1991Cyprus .. 5October1990g..g7February1991..9March1991CzechRepublic* .. g..g..1January1993Democratic̀People's̀Republicof̀Korea .. 23August1990g..g21September1990..21October1990Denmark .. 26January1990g..g19July1991..18August1991Djibouti .. 30September1990g..g6December1990..5January1991Dominica .. 26January1990g..g13March1991..12April1991DominicaǹRepublic .. 8August1990g..g11June1991..11July1991Ecuador .. 26January1990g..g23March1990..2September1990Egypt .. 5February1990g..g6July1990..2September1990ElSalvador .. 26January1990g..g10July1990..2September1990Equatorial̀Guinea .. g..g15June1992a/..15July1992Eritrea .. 20December1993g..g3August1994..2September1994Estonia .. g..g21October1991a/..20November1991Ethiopia .. g..g14May1991a/..13June1991Fiji .. 2July1993g..g13August1993..12September1993Finland .. 26January1990g..g20June1991..20July1991France .. 26January1990g..g7August1990..6September1990Gabon .. 26January1990g..g9February1994..11March1994Gambia .. 5February1990g..g8August1990..7September1990Georgia .. g..g2June1994a/..2July1994Germany .. 26January1990g..g6March1992..5April1992Ghana .. 29January1990g..g5February1990..2September1990Greece .. 26January1990g..g11May1993..10June1993Grenada .. 21February1990g..g5November1990..5December1990  PF+{+ gK!#%S(*-[/1 4c68;k=?BPStates .. Dateofsignatureg..gDateofreceipt..Dateofentry .. g..gofinstrumentof..intoforce .. g..gratification/ .. g..gaccessiona/Guatemala .. 26January1990g..g6June1990..2September1990Guinea .. g..g13July1990a/..2September1990Guinea-Bissau .. 26January1990g..g20August1990..19September1990Guyana .. 30September1990g..g14January1991..13February1991Haiti .. 20January1990g..g8June1995..8July1995HolySee .. 20April1990g..g20April1990..2September1990Honduras .. 31May1990g..g10August1990..9September1990Hungary .. 14March1990g..g7October1991..6November1991Iceland .. 26January1990g..g28October1992..27November1992India .. g..g11December1992a/..11January1993Indonesia .. 26January1990g..g5September1990..5October1990Iran,Islamic̀Republicof .. 5September1991g..g13July1994..12August1994Iraq .. g..g15June1994a/..15July1994Ireland .. 30September1990g..g28September1992..28October1992Israel .. 3July1990g..g3October1991..2November1991Italy .. 26January1990g..g5September1991..5October1991Jamaica .. 26January1990g..g14May1991..13June1991Japan .. 21September1990g..g22April1994..22May1994Jordan .. 29August1990g..g24May1991..23June1991Kazakhstan .. 16February1994g..g12August1994..11September1994Kenya .. 26January1990g..g30July1990..2September1990Kuwait .. 7June1990g..g21October1991..20November1991Kyrgyzstan .. g..g7October1994..6November1994LaoPeople's̀Democratic̀Republic .. g..g8May1991a/..7June1991Latvia .. g..g14April1992a/..14May1992Lebanon .. 26January1990g..g14May1991..13June1991Lesotho .. 21August1990g..g10March1992..9April1992Liberia .. 26April1990g..g4June1993..4July1993LibyanArab̀Jamahiriya .. g..g15April1993a/..15May1993Lithuania .. g..g31January1992a/..1March1992Luxembourg .. 21March1990g..g7March1994..6April1994Madagascar .. 19April1990g..g19March1991..18April1991Malawi .. g..g2January1991a/..1February1991Malaysia .. g..g17February1995a/..19March1995Maldives .. 21August1990g..g11February1991..13March1991  PF+{+ gK!#%S(*-[/1 4c68;k=?BPStates .. Dateofsignatureg..gDateofreceipt..Dateofentry .. g..gofinstrumentof..intoforce .. g..gratification/ .. g..gaccessiona/Mali .. 26January1990g..g20September1990..20October1990Malta .. 26January1990g..g30September1990..30October1990MarshallIslands .. 14April1993g..g4October1993..3November1993Mauritania .. 26January1990g..g16May1991..15June1991Mauritius .. g..g26July1990a/..2September1990Mexico .. 26January1990g..g21September1990..21October1990Micronesia,̀Federated̀Statesof .. g..g5May1993a/..4June1993Monaco .. g..g21June1993a/..21July1993Mongolia .. 26January1990g..g5July1990..2September1990Morocco .. 26January1990g..g21June1993..21July1993Mozambique .. 30September1990g..g26April1994..26May1994Myanmar .. g..g15July1991a/..14August1991Namibia .. 26September1990g..g30September1990..30October1990Nauru .. g..g27July1994a/..26August1994Nepal .. 26January1990g..g14September1990..14October1990Netherlands .. 26January1990g..g6February1995..7March1995NewZealand .. 1October1990g..g6April1993..6May1993Nicaragua .. 6February1990g..g5October1990..4November1990Niger .. 26January1990g..g30September1990..30October1990Nigeria .. 26January1990g..g19April1991..19May1991Norway .. 26January1990g..g8January1991..7February1991Pakistan .. 20September1990g..g12November1990..12December1990Palau .. g..g4August1995a/Panama .. 26January1990g..g12December1990..11January1991PapuàNewGuinea .. 30September1990g..g1March1993..31March1993Paraguay .. 4April1990g..g25September1990..25October1990Peru .. 26January1990g..g4September1990..4October1990Philippines .. 26January1990g..g21August1990..20September1990Poland .. 26January1990g..g7June1991..7July1991Portugal .. 26January1990g..g21September1990..21October1990Qatar .. 8December1992g..g3April1995..3May1995Republicof̀Korea .. 25September1990g..g20November1991..20December1991Republicof̀Moldova .. g..g26January1993a/..25February1993Romania .. 26January1990g..g28September1990..28October1990RussiaǹFederation .. 26January1990g..g16August1990..15September1990  PF+{+ gK!#%S(*-[/1 4c68;k=?BPStates .. Dateofsignatureg..gDateofreceipt..Dateofentry .. g..gofinstrumentof..intoforce .. g..gratification/ .. g..gaccessiona/Rwanda .. 26January1990g..g24January1991..23February1991SaintKitts̀andNevis .. 26January1990g..g24July1990..2September1990SaintLucia .. g..g16June1993a/..16July1993SaintVincent̀andthèGrenadines .. 20September1993g..g26October1993..25November1993Samoa .. 30September1990g..g29November1994..29December1994SanMarino .. g..g25November1991a/..25December1991SaoTom .. g..g..̀andPrincipe .. g..g14May1991a/..13June1991Senegal .. 26January1990g..g31July1990..2September1990Seychelles .. g..g7September1990a/..7October1990SierraLeone .. 13February1990g..g18June1990..2September1990Singapore .. g..g5October1995a/..4November1995Slovakia* .. g..g..1January1993Slovenia* .. g..g..25June1991SolomoǹIslands .. g..g10April1995a/..10May1995SouthAfrica .. 29January1993g..g16June1995..16July1995Spain .. 26January1990g..g6December1990..5January1991SriLanka .. 26January1990g..g12July1991..11August1991Sudan .. 24July1990g..g3August1990..2September1990Suriname .. 26January1990g..g1March1993..31March1993Swaziland .. 22August1990g..g7September1995..6October1995Sweden .. 26January1990g..g29June1990..2September1990SyrianArab̀Republic .. 18September1990g..g15July1993..14August1993Tajikistan .. g..g26October1993a/..25November1993Thailand .. g..g27March1992a/..26April1992TheFormer̀Yugoslav̀Republicof̀Macedonia* .. g..g..17September1991Togo .. 26January1990g..g1August1990..2September1990Tonga .. g..g6November1995a/..6December1995Trinidadand̀Tobago .. 30September1990g..g5December1991..4January1992Tunisia .. 26February1990g..g30January1992..29February1992Turkey .. 14September1990g..g4April1995..4May1995  PF+{+ gK!#%S(*-[/1 4c68;k=?BPStates .. Dateofsignatureg..gDateofreceipt..Dateofentry .. g..gofinstrumentof..intoforce .. g..gratification/ .. g..gaccessiona/Turkmenistan .. g..g20September1993a/..19October1993Tuvalu .. g..g22September1995a/..22October1995Uganda .. 17August1990g..g17August1990..16September1990Ukraine .. 21February1991g..g28August1991..27September1991UnitedKingdom̀ofGreatBritaiǹandNortherǹIreland .. 19April1990g..g16December1991..15January1992UnitedRepublic̀ofTanzania .. 1June1990g..g10June1991..10July1991Uruguay .. 26January1990g..g20November1990..20December1990Uzbekistan .. g..g29June1994a/..29July1994Vanuatu .. 30September1990g..g7July1993..6August1993Venezuela .. 26January1990g..g13September1990..13October1990VietNam .. 26January1990g..g28February1990..2September1990Yemen .. 13February1990g..g1May1991..31May1991Yugoslavia .. 26January1990g..g3January1991..2February1991Zaire .. 20March1990g..g27September1990..27October1990Zambia .. 30September1990g..g5December1991..5January1992Zimbabwe .. 8March1990g..g11September1990..11October1990򀀀̀*Succession.̀a/Accession.@..AnnexII@.. COMMITTEEONTHERIGHTSOFTHECHILD@..Membership +{Nameofmember..CountryofnationalityMrs.HodaBADRAN*..EgyptMrs.AkilaBELEMBAOGO**..BurkinaFasoMrs.FloraC.EUFEMIO*..PhilippinesMr.ThomasHAMMARBERG**..SwedenMrs.JudithKARP**..IsraelMr.YouriKOLOSOV**..RussianFederationMissSandraPrunellaMASON**..BarbadosMr.SwithunTachionaMOMBESHORA*..ZimbabweMrs.MartaSANTOSPAIS*..PortugalMrs.MariliaSARDENBERG*..Brazil33______________>4+{+b >uQ!>b..b* .. Termexpireson28February1997.b..b** .. Termexpireson28February1999.    \R&6\ +      J + n         \R&6\L + @%..cAnnexIII@%..STATUSOFSUBMISSIONOFREPORTSBYSTATESPARTIESUNDERARTICLE44OF@%..THECONVENTIONONTHERIGHTSOFTHECHILDASAT17NOVEMBER1995*OP d,} dd,Qdd,Qdd,dd,,dd+  &@x@&@%..Initialreportsduein1992 "x@"Stateparty  @Dateofentryintoforce  @Datedue  @Dateofsubmission  @Symbol "@x"Bangladesh  Ѐ2September1990  Ѐ1September1992  16November1995  CRC/C/3/Add.38 "@x"Barbados  Ѐ8November1990  Ѐ7November1992     "@x"Belarus  31October1990  30October1992  12February1993  CRC/C/3/Add.14 "@x"Belize  Ѐ2September1990  Ѐ1September1992     "@x"Benin  Ѐ2September1990  Ѐ1September1992     "@x"Bhutan  Ѐ2September1990  Ѐ1September1992     "@x"Bolivia  Ѐ2September1990  Ѐ1September1992  14September1992  CRC/C/3/Add.2 "@x"Brazil  24October1990  23October1992     "@x"BurkinaFaso  30September1990  29September1992  Ѐ7July1993  CRC/C/3/Add.19 "@x"Burundi  18November1990  17November1992     "@x"Chad  Ѐ1November1990  31October1992     "@x"Chile  12September1990  11September1992  22June1993  CRC/C/3/Add.18 "@x"CostaRica  20September1990  20September1992  28October1992  CRC/C/3/Add.8 "x"DemocraticPeople'sπRepublicofKorea  21October1990  20October1992     "@x"Ecuador  Ѐ2September1990  Ѐ1September1992    &@x&@%..Initialreportsduein1992(continued) "x@"Stateparty  @Dateofentryintoforce  @Datedue  @Dateofsubmission  @Symbol "@x"Egypt  Ѐ2September1990  Ѐ1September1992  23October1992  CRC/C/3/Add.6 "x"ElSalvador  Ѐ2September1990  Ѐ1September1992  Ѐ3November1992  CRC/C/3/Add.9andAdd.28 "@x"France  Ѐ6September1990  Ѐ5September1992  Ѐ8April1993  CRC/C/3/Add.15 "@x"Gambia  Ѐ7September1990  Ѐ6September1992     "@x"Ghana  Ѐ2September1990  Ѐ1September1992     "@x"Grenada  Ѐ5December1990  Ѐ4December1992     "@x"Guatemala  Ѐ2September1990  Ѐ1September1992  5January1995  CRC/C/3/Add.33 "@x"Guinea  Ѐ2September1990  Ѐ1September1992     "@x"GuineaBissau  19September1990  18September1992     "@x"HolySee  Ѐ2September1990  Ѐ1September1992  Ѐ2March1994  CRC/C/3/Add.27 "@x"Honduras  Ѐ9September1990  Ѐ8September1992  11May1993  CRC/C/3/Add.17 "x"Indonesia  Ѐ5October1990  Ѐ4October1992  17November1992  CRC/C/3/Add.10andAdd.26 "@x"Kenya  Ѐ2September1990  Ѐ1September1992     "@x"Mali  20October1990  19October1992     "@x"Malta  30October1990  29October1992     "@x"Mauritius  Ѐ2September1990  Ѐ1September1992  25July1995  CRC/C/3/Add.36 "@x"Mexico  21October1990  20October1992  15December1992  CRC/C/3/Add.11 "@x"Mongolia  Ѐ2September1990  Ѐ1September1992  20October1994  CRC/C/3/Add.32 "@x"Namibia  30October1990  29October1992  21December1992  CRC/C/3/Add.12&@x&@%..Initialreportsduein1992(continued) "x@"Stateparty ..   @Dateofentryintoforce  @Datedue  @Dateofsubmission  @Symbol "@x"Nepal  14October1990  13October1992  10April1995  CRC/C/3/Add.34 "@x"Nicaragua  Ѐ4November1990  Ѐ3November1992  12January1994  CRC/C/3/Add.25 "x"Niger  30October1990  29October1992  27April1994  CRC/C/3/Add.29(toberevised) "@x"Pakistan  12December1990  11December1992  25January1993  CRC/C/3/Add.13 "@x"Paraguay  25October1990  24October1992  30August1993  CRC/C/3/Add.22 "x"Peru  Ѐ4October1990  Ѐ3October1992  28October1992  CRC/C/3/Add.7andAdd.24 "@x"Philippines  20September1990  19September1992  21September1993  CRC/C/3/Add.23 "@x"Portugal  21October1990  20October1992  17August1994  CRC/C/3/Add.30 "@x"Romania  28October1990  27October1992  14April1993  CRC/C/3/Add.16 "@x"RussianFederation  15September1990  14September1992  16October1992  CRC/C/3/Add.5 "@x"SaintKittsandNevis  Ѐ2September1990  Ѐ1September1992     "@x"Senegal  Ѐ2September1990  Ѐ1September1992  12September1994  CRC/C/3/Add.31 "@x"Seychelles  Ѐ7October1990  Ѐ6October1992     "@x"SierraLeone  Ѐ2September1990  Ѐ1September1992     "x"Sudan  Ѐ2September1990  Ѐ1September1992  29September1992  CRC/C/3/Add.3andAdd.20 "@x"Sweden  Ѐ2September1990  Ѐ1September1992  Ѐ7September1992  CRC/C/3/Add.1 "@x"Togo  Ѐ2September1990  Ѐ1September1992    &@x&@%..Initialreportsduein1992(continued) "x@"Stateparty  @Dateofentryintoforce  @Datedue  @Dateofsubmission  @Symbol "@x"Uganda  16September1990  15September1992     "@x"Uruguay  20December1990  19December1992  Ѐ2August1995  CRC/C/28/Add.1 "@x"Venezuela  13October1990  12October1992     "x"VietNam  Ѐ2September1990  Ѐ1September1992  30September1992  CRC/C/3/Add.4andAdd.21 "@x"Zaire  27October1990  26October1992     "@x"Zimbabwe  11October1990  10October1992  23May1995  CRC/C/3/Add.35 "@x"         &@x&@%..Initialreportsduein1993 "@x"Angola  Ѐ4January1991  Ѐ3January1991     "x"Argentina  Ѐ3January1991  Ѐ2January1993  17March1993  CRC/C/8/Add.2andAdd.17 "@x"Australia  16January1991  15January1993     "@x"Bahamas  22March1991  21March1993     "@x"Bulgaria  Ѐ3July1991  Ѐ2July1993  29September1995  CRC/C/8/Add.29 "@x"Colombia  27February1991  26February1993  14April1993  CRC/C/8/Add.3 "@x"C=ted'Ivoire  Ѐ6March1991  Ѐ5March1993     "@x"Croatia  Ѐ7November1991  Ѐ6November1993  Ѐ8November1994  CRC/C/8/Add.19 "@x"Cuba  20September1991  19September1993  27October1995  CRC/C/8/Add.30 "@x"Cyprus  Ѐ9March1991  Ѐ8March1993  22December1994  CRC/C/8/Add.24 "@x"Denmark  18August1991  17August1993  14September1993  CRC/C/8/Add.8&@x&@%..Initialreportsduein1993(continued) "x@"Stateparty  @Dateofentryintoforce  @Datedue  @Dateofsubmission  @Symbol "@x"Djibouti  Ѐ5January1991  Ѐ4January1993     "@x"Dominica  12April1991  11April1993     "@x"DominicanRepublic  11July1991  10July1993     "@x"Estonia  20November1991  19November1993     "@x"Ethiopia  13June1991  12June1993  10August1995  CRC/C/8/Add.27 "@x"Finland  20July1991  19July1993  12December1994  CRC/C/8/Add.22 "@x"Guyana  13February1991  12February1993     "@x"Hungary  Ѐ6November1991  Ѐ5November1993     "@x"Israel  Ѐ2November1991  Ѐ1November1993     "@x"Italy  Ѐ5October1991  Ѐ4October1993  11October1994  CRC/C/8/Add.18 "@x"Jamaica  13June1991  12June1993  25January1994  CRC/C/8/Add.12 "@x"Jordan  23June1991  22June1993  25May1993  CRC/C/8/Add.4 "@x"Kuwait  20November1991  19November1993     "x"LaoPeople's̀DemocraticRepublic  Ѐ7June1991  Ѐ6June1993     "@x"Lebanon  13June1991  12June1993  21December1994  CRC/C/8/Add.23 "@x"Madagascar  18April1991  17May1993  20July1993  CRC/C/8/Add.5 "@x"Malawi  Ѐ1February1991  31January1993     "x"Maldives  13March1991  12March1993  Ѐ6July1994  CRC/C/8/Add.15(toberevised) "@x"Mauritania  15June1991  14June1993    &@x&@%..Initialreportsduein1993(continued) "x@"Stateparty  @Dateofentryintoforce  @Datedue  @Dateofsubmission  @Symbol "@x"Myanmar  14August1991  13August1993  14September1995  CRC/C/8/Add.9 "@x"Nigeria  19May1991  18May1993  19July1995  CRC/C/8/Add.26 "@x"Norway  Ѐ7February1991  Ѐ6February1993  30August1993  CRC/C/8/Add.7 "@x"Panama  11January1991  10January1993  19September1995  CRC/C/8/Add.28 "@x"Poland  Ѐ7July1991  Ѐ6July1993  11January1994  CRC/C/8/Add.11 "@x"RepublicofKorea  20December1991  19December1993  17November1994  CRC/C/8/Add.21 "@x"Rwanda  23February1991  22February1993  30September1992  CRC/C/8/Add.1 "@x"SanMarino  25December1991  24December1993     "@x"SaoTomeandPrincipe  13June1991  12June1993     "@x"Slovenia  25June1991  24June1993  29May1995  CRC/C/8/Add.25 "@x"Spain  Ѐ5January1991  Ѐ4January1993  1(!..(!10August1993  CRC/C/8/Add.6 "@x"SriLanka  11August1991  10August1993  23March1994  CRC/C/8/Add.13 "x"TheformerYugoslav̀Republicof̀Macedonia  17September1991  16September1993     "x"Ukraine  27September1991  26September1993  Ѐ8October1993  CRC/C/8/Add.10/Rev.1 "x"UnitedRepublicof̀Tanzania  10July1991  Ѐ9July1993  29April1994  CRC/C/8/Add.14(toberevised) "@x"Yemen  31May1991  30May1993  14November1994  CRC/C/8/Add.20 "@x"Yugoslavia  Ѐ2February1991  Ѐ1February1993  21September1994  CRC/C/8/Add.16 &@x&&@x&@%..Initialreportsduein1994 "x@"Stateparty  @Dateofentryintoforce  @Datedue  @Dateofsubmission  @Symbol "@x"Albania  28March1992  27March1994     "@x"Austria  Ѐ5September1992  Ѐ4September1994     "@x"Azerbaijan  12September1992  11September1994  9November1995  CRC/C/11/Add.8 "@x"Bahrain  14March1992  14March1994     "@x"Belgium  15January1992  14January1994  12July1994  CRC/C/11/Add.4 "@x"BosniaandHerzegovina  Ѐ6March1992  Ѐ5March1994     "@x"Cambodia  14November1992  15November1994     "@x"Canada  12January1992  11January1994  17June1994  CRC/C/11/Add.3 "@x"CapeVerde  Ѐ4July1992  Ѐ3July1994     "x"CentralAfricaǹRepublic  23May1992  23May1994     "@x"China  Ѐ1April1992  31March1994  27March1995  CRC/C/11/Add.7 "@x"CzechRepublic  Ѐ1January1993  31December1994     "@x"EquatorialGuinea  15July1992  14July1994     "@x"Germany  Ѐ5April1992  Ѐ4May1994  30August1994  CRC/C/11/Add.5 "@x"Iceland  27November1992  26November1994  30November1994  CRC/C/11/Add.6 "@x"Ireland  28October1992  27October1994     "@x"Latvia  14May1992  13May1994     "@x"Lesotho  Ѐ9April1992  Ѐ8April1994     "@x"Lithuania  Ѐ1March1992  28February1994    &@x&@%..Initialreportsduein1994(continued) "x@"Stateparty  @Dateofentryintoforce  @Datedue  @Dateofsubmission  @Symbol "@x"Slovakia  Ѐ1January1993  31December1994     "@x"Thailand  26April1992  25April1994     "@x"TrinidadandTobago  Ѐ4January1992  Ѐ3January1994     "@x"Tunisia  29February1992  28February1994  16May1994  CRC/C/11/Add.2 "x"UnitedKingdomof̀GreatBritainand̀NorthernIreland  15January1992  14January1994  15March1994  CRC/C/11/Add.1 "@x"Zambia  Ѐ5January1992  Ѐ4January1994     "@x"         &@x&@%..Initialreportsduein1995 "@x"Algeria  16May1993  15May1995  16November1995  CRC/C/28/Add.4 "@x"AntiguaandBarbuda  Ѐ4November1993  Ѐ3November1995     "@x"Armenia  23July1993  Ѐ5August1995     "@x"Cameroon  10February1993  Ѐ9February1995     "@x"Comoros  22July1993  21July1995     "@x"Congo  13November1993  12November1995     "@x"Fiji  12September1993  11September1995     "@x"Greece  10June1993  Ѐ9June1995     "@x"India  11January1993  10January1995     "@x"Liberia  Ѐ4July1993  Ѐ3July1995     "@x"LibyanArabJamahiriya  15May1993  14May1995    &@x&@%..Initialreportsduein1995(continued) "x@"Stateparty  @Dateofentryintoforce  @Datedue  @Dateofsubmission  @Symbol "@x"MarshallIslands  Ѐ3November1993  Ѐ2November1995     "x"Micronesia(Federated̀Statesof)  Ѐ4June1993  Ѐ3June1995     "@x"Monaco  21July1993  20July1995     "@x"Morocco  21July1993  20July1995  27July1995  CRC/C/28/Add.1 "@x"NewZealand  Ѐ6May1993  Ѐ5May1995  29September1995  CRC/C/28/Add.3 "@x"PapuaNewGuinea  31March1993  31March1995     "@x"RepublicofMoldova  25February1993  24February1995     "@x"SaintLucia  16July1993  15July1995     "x"SaintVincentand̀theGrenadines  25November1993  24November1995     "@x"Suriname  31March1993  31March1995     "@x"SyrianArabRepublic  14August1993  13August1995  22September1995  CRC/C/28/Add.2 "@x"Tajikistan  25November1993  24November1995     "@x"Turkmenistan  20October1993  19October1995     "@x"Vanuatu  Ѐ6August1993  Ѐ5August1995     "@x"         &@x&@%..Initialreportsduein1996 "@x"Afghanistan  27April1994  26April1996     "@x"Gabon  11March1994  10March1996     "@x"Luxembourg  Ѐ6April1994  Ѐ5April1996    &@x&@%..Initialreportsduein1996(continued) "x@"Stateparty  @Dateofentryintoforce  @Datedue  @Dateofsubmission  @Symbol "@x"Japan  22May1994  21May1996     "@x"Mozambique  26May1994  25May1996     "@x"Georgia  Ѐ2July1994  Ѐ1July1996     "@x"Iraq  15July1994  14July1996     "@x"Uzbekistan  29July1994  28July1996     "x"Iran(Islamic̀Republicof)  12August1994  11August1996     "@x"Nauru  26August1994  25August1996     "@x"Eritrea  Ѐ2September1994  Ѐ1September1996     "@x"Kazakhstan  11September1994  10September1996     "@x"Kyrgyzstan  Ѐ6November1994  Ѐ5November1996     "@x"Samoa  29December1994  28December1996     &@x& &@x&Initialreportsduein1997 "@x"Netherlands  Ѐ7March1995  Ѐ6March1997     "@x"Malaysia  19March1995  18March1997    Ѐ "@x"Botswana  13April1995  12April1997     "@x"Qatar  Ѐ3May1995  Ѐ2May1997     "@x"Turkey  Ѐ4May1995  Ѐ3May1997     "@x"SolomonIslands  10May1995  Ѐ9May1997     "@x"Haiti  Ѐ8July1995  Ѐ7July1997    &@x&@%..Initialreportsduein1997(continued) "x"Stateparty  Dateofentryintoforce  Datedue  Dateofsubmission  Symbol "@x"SouthAfrica  16July1995  15July1997     "@x"Palau  Ѐ3September1995  Ѐ2September1997     "@x"Swaziland  Ѐ6October1995  Ѐ5October1997     "@x"Tuvalu  22October1995  21October1997     "@x"Singapore  Ѐ4November1995  Ѐ3November1997     "@x"Tonga  Ѐ6December1995  Ѐ5December1997    п    \R6&\  33 +    ++P   } QR   } @..AnnexIV@.. LISTOFINITIALREPORTSCONSIDEREDBYTHECOMMITTEE@.. ONTHERIGHTSOFTHECHILDASOF17NOVEMBER1995++bb..b..Statepartyreports..Observationsadoptedb..b....bytheCommitteeThirdsession(January1993)Bolivia..CRC/C/3/Add.2......CRC/C/15/Add.1Sweden..CRC/C/3/Add.1......CRC/C/15/Add.2VietNam..CRC/C/3/Add.4and21..CRC/C/15/Add.3RussianFederation..CRC/C/3/Add.5......CRC/C/15/Add.4Egypt..CRC/C/3/Add.6......CRC/C/15/Add.5Sudan..CRC/C/3/Add.3......CRC/C/15/Add.6b..b....(preliminary)Fourthsession(SeptemberOctober1993)Indonesia..CRC/C/3/Add.10......CRC/C/15/Add.7b..b..................(preliminary)Perub..b..CRC/C/3/Add.7......CRC/C/15/Add.8ElSalvador..CRC/C/3/Add.9and28....CRC/C/15/Add.9Sudan..CRC/C/3/Add.3and20....CRC/C/15/Add.10CostaRica..CRC/C/3/Add.8......CRC/C/15/Add.11Rwanda..CRC/C/8/Add.1......CRC/C/15/Add.12b..b..................(preliminary)Fifthsession(January1994)Mexico..CRC/C/3/Add.11......CRC/C/15/Add.13Namibia..CRC/C/3/Add.12......CRC/C/15/Add.14Colombia..CRC/C/8/Add.3......CRC/C/15/Add.15b..b..................(preliminary)Romania..CRC/C/3/Add.16......CRC/C/15/Add.16Belarus..CRC/C/3/Add.14......CRC/C/15/Add.17Sixthsession(April1994)Pakistan..CRC/C/3/Add.13......CRC/C/15/Add.18BurkinaFaso..CRC/C/3/Add.19......CRC/C/15/Add.19France..CRC/C/3/Add.15......CRC/C/15/Add.20Jordan..CRC/C/8/Add.4......CRC/C/15/Add.21Chile..CRC/C/3/Add.18......CRC/C/15/Add.22Norway..CRC/C/8/Add.7......CRC/C/15/Add.23̇++bb..b..Statepartyreports..Observationsadoptedb..b....bytheCommitteeSeventhsession(SeptemberOctober1994)Honduras..CRC/C/3/Add.17......CRC/C/15/Add.24Indonesia..CRC/C/3/Add.10and26....CRC/C/15/Add.25Madagascar..CRC/C/8/Add.5......CRC/C/15/Add.26Paraguay..CRC/C/3/Add.22......CRC/C/15/Add.27b..b..................(preliminary)Spain..CRC/C/8/Add.6......CRC/C/15/Add.28Argentina..CRC/C/8/Add.2and17....CRC/C/15/Add.35b..b..................(adoptedattheb..b..................eighthsession)Eighthsession(January1995)Philippines..CRC/C/3/Add.23......CRC/C/15/Add.29Colombia..CRC/C/8/Add.3......CRC/C/15/Add.30Poland..CRC/C/8/Add.11......CRC/C/15/Add.31Jamaica..CRC/C/8/Add.12......CRC/C/15/Add.32Denmark..CRC/C/8/Add.8......CRC/C/15/Add.33UnitedKingdomof..CRC/C/11/Add.1......CRC/C/15/Add.34̀GreatBritainand̀NorthernIrelandNinthsession(MayJune1995)Nicaragua..CRC/C/3/Add.25......CRC/C/15/Add.36Canada..CRC/C/11/Add.3......CRC/C/15/Add.37Belgium..CRC/C/11/Add.4......CRC/C/15/Add.38Tunisia..CRC/C/11/Add.2......CRC/C/15/Add.39SriLanka..CRC/C/8/Add.13......CRC/C/15/Add.40Tenthsession(OctoberNovember1995)Italy..CRC/C/8/Add.18......CRC/C/15/Add.41Ukraine..CRC/C/8/Add.10/Rev.1....CRC/C/15/Add.42Germany..CRC/C/11/Add.5......CRC/C/15/Add.43Senegal..CRC/C/3/Add.31......CRC/C/15/Add.44Portugal..CRC/C/3/Add.30......CRC/C/15/Add.45HolySee..CRC/C/3/Add.27......CRC/C/15/Add.46@..6AnnexV@..  PROVISIONALLISTOFINITIALREPORTSSCHEDULED  FORCONSIDERATIONATTHECOMMITTEE'SELEVENTH@..ANDTWELFTHSESSIONS ++{{..{StatepartyreportsEleventhsession(826January1996)Yemen{..{CRC/C/8/Add.20RepublicofKorea{..{CRC/C/8/Add.21FederalRepublicofYugoslavia{..{CRC/C/8/Add.16Iceland{..{CRC/C/11/Add.6Mongolia{..{CRC/C/3/Add.32Croatia{..{CRC/C/8/Add.19Finland{..{CRC/C/8/Add.22Twelfthsession(20May7June1996)Lebanon{..{CRC/C/8/Add.23Cyprus{..{CRC/C/8/Add.24Guatemala{..{CRC/C/3/Add.33China{..{CRC/C/11/Add.7Nepal{..{CRC/C/3/Add.34Zimbabwe{..{CRC/C/3/Add.35Slovenia{..{CRC/C/8/Add.25@..AnnexVI@..GENERALDISCUSSIONONTHEADMINISTRATIONOFJUVENILEJUSTICE,@..4 13NOVEMBER1995:LISTOFDOCUMENTSCONTRIBUTED8.++b >uQ!8@..1.ByGovernmentsAustriaAustrianFederalMinistryforYouthandFamily,"Childrenintrouble".UnitedNationsExpertGroupMeeting,Vienna,Austria,30October4November1994"Humanrightsinjuvenilejustice:towardsanintegratedinternationalstrategy"TheformerYugoslavRepublicofMacedonia"Implementationofjuvenilejustice",byMs.E.Andreevska,AdvisertotheMinistryofForeignAffairs@..2.ByUnitedNationsorgansUnitedNationsChildren'sFundEmilioGarciaMendez,RegionalAdviseronChildRights,UNICEFRegionalOfficeforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,"Adolescentsinconflictwithcriminallaw:citizensecurityandbasicrights"@.. 3.Byintergovernmentalandnongovernmental Z organizationsandindividualexpertsChildren'sRightsCentreofGhentUniversityEugenVerhellenandGeertCappelaere,"UnitedNationsGuidelinesforthePreventionofJuvenileDelinquency:preventionofjuveniledelinquencyorpromotionofasocietywhichrespectschildrentoo?"DefenceforChildrenInternationalWestBankLegalAidProgram,"JuvenileJusticeinIsraelioccupiedWestBank.LessonsofthejointprojectofDCIPalestineandDCIIsrael""Unrseauinternationalsurlajusticedesmineurs.Delacrationdesnormeslamiseenoeuvre"EpochWorldwidePeterNewell,"Physicalpunishmentofchildreninthejuvenilejusticesystem""Juvenilejustice:usingtheUNConventiontoauditjuvenilejusticesystemsandrelatedservices"̇HumanRightsWatchChildren'sRightsProjectLoisWhitman,"UnitedStates:childreninconfinementinLouisiana"InternationalCatholicChildBureauProject"Childreninprison"inAfricaProjectoncommunitybasedalternativestoimprisoningchildrenincentralandnorth-easternBrazil"Liberarlaesperanza.NiasyniosprivadosdelibertadenAmricaLatina"InternationalCommitteeoftheRedCross"Administrationofjuvenilejustice"JapanFederationofBarAssociationsAreportfromtheJapanFederationofBarAssociationstotheGeneralDiscussionoftheCommitteeontheRightsoftheChildAreporttotheEighthUnitedNationsCongressonCrimePrevention:"Japan'sjuvenilejusticesystem:anoverview"AreportontheapplicationandpracticeinJapanoftheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRightsAreportfromtheJapanFederationofBarAssociationstotheNinthUnitedNationsCongressonthePreventionofCrimeandtheTreatmentofOffendersJusticeSubmissionstotheConventionontheRightsoftheChildNationalChildren'sBureau,UnitedKingdomSubmissiontotheGeneralDiscussiondayontheadministrationofjuvenilejustice"Safetoletout?Thecurrentandfutureuseofsecureaccommodationforchildrenandyoungpeople"ChildRightsforLawyersforHumanRights,SouthAfricaAnnSkelton,"DevelopingajuvenilejusticesystemforSouthAfrica:internationalinstrumentsandrestorativejustice"DanO'Donnell"ThearrestanddetentionofstreetchildrenundertheConventionontheRightsoftheChild"̇OrganisationMondialecontrelaTorture(OMCT/SOSTorture)"Lesenfantsenconflitaveclaloi"RddaBarnenTimO'Flynn,"SummaryoffindingsrejuvenilejusticeinSriLanka,IndiaandNepal"SavetheChildrenFund,UnitedKingdomJohnParryWilliamsetal.,"Theadministrationofjuvenilejustice;adiscussionpaper"PetrusTrevi,DepartmentofSocialWelfare,Ghana,"Reportonthere-establishmentofprobationservicesandcommunitysupervisionforjuvenilesinGhana,19921995"TerredesHommesBalSakha,"Programmefortheprotectionofchildren'srights,Patna,Bihar,India""ThejuvenilejusticesysteminIndia"@..AnnexVII@..FLISTOFDOCUMENTSISSUEDFORTHETENTHSESSIONOFTHECOMMITTEE ++SCRC/C/2/Rev.40S..SReservations,declarationsando..oobjectionsrelatingtotheConventionontheRightsoftheChildCRC/C/3/Add.270S..SInitialreportoftheHolySeeCRC/C/3/Add.300S..SInitialreportofPortugalCRC/C/8/Add.10/Rev.10S..SInitialreportofUkraineCRC/C/8/Add.18S..SInitialreportofItalyCRC/C/11/Add.5S..SInitialreportoftheFederalRepublicofGermanyCRC/C/15/Add.410S..SConcludingobservations:ItalyCRC/C/15/Add.420S..SConcludingobservations:UkraineCRC/C/15/Add.430S..SConcludingobservations:GermanyCRC/C/15/Add.440S..SConcludingobservations:SenegalCRC/C/15/Add.450S..SConcludingobservations:PortugalCRC/C/15/Add.46S..SS..SConcludingobservations:HolySeeCRC/C/19/Rev.50S..SCompilationoftheconclusionsandrecommendationsadoptedbytheCommitteeCRC/C/27/Rev.30S..SNotebytheSecretaryGeneralonthefollowuptotheconsiderationofreportsCRC/C/40/Rev.10S..SNotebytheSecretaryGeneralonareasidentifiedbytheCommitteefortechnicalassistanceCRC/C/440S..SNotebytheSecretaryGeneralontheStatespartiestotheConventionandthestatusofsubmissionofreportsCRC/C/45S..SProvisionalagendaandannotationsCRC/C/SR.234259S..SSummaryrecordsofthetenthsession@..