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E +?EX+     Distr.    GENERAL    CRC/C/46    18December1995    Original:ENGLISHE.++b >uQ!??E@ "COMMITTEEONTHERIGHTSOFTHECHILD@OO'Reportonthetenthsession e3 @ !(Geneva,30October17November1995)@0CONTENTSChapter//H#Paragraphs󀀀Page  *+ o#++7*WWI.  ORGANIZATIONALANDOTHERMATTERSooFo.7J115?#?#Z#3    A. StatespartiestotheConventionooFo.##;J12?#?#Z#3     B. OpeninganddurationofthesessionooFo.OO>++M3?#?#Z#3  g "   C. MembershipandattendanceooFo.gg4J48?#?#Z#3 w"E"$   D. AgendaooFo. !++M9?#?#Z#4 U$#$&   E. PresessionalworkinggroupooFo.//6I1013?#?#Z#5 3&&(   F. OrganizationofworkooFo.ss/L14?#?#Z#5 ('*   G. FutureregularmeetingsooFo.2L15?#?#Z#5 )), II.  REPORTSBYSTATESPARTIESUNDERARTICLE44OF ++.   THECONVENTIONooFo.%I16185?#?#Z#6 ,,/   A. SubmissionofreportsooFo.0I1618?#?#Z#6 .h.1   B. ConsiderationofreportsooFo.3I1924?#?#Z#6 x0F03 .. ..  .. 1.Concludingobservations:Italyo..o..2546#..?#7.. ..  .. 2.Concludingobservations:Ukraineo..o..4778#.."11 . GE.9514878(E)  33 ++P   } F    G@..CONTENTS(continued)Chapter#..-Paragraphs󀀀Page + o# .. ..  .. 3.Concludingobservations:Germanyo..o..79114#.."15.. ..  .. 4.Concludingobservations:Senegalo..o..7115144#.."21.. ..  .. 5.Concludingobservations:Portugalo..o..7145171#.."24.. ..  .. 6.Concludingobservations:HolySeeo..o..7172185#.."27..III. .. OVERVIEWOFTHEOTHERACTIVITIESOFTHE.. .. COMMITTEEo..o..7186241#.."30.. .. A. .. Informalmeetingo..o..7186194#.."30.. .. B. .. Reviewofdevelopmentsrelevanttothework.. ..  .. oftheCommitteeo..o..7195202#.."31.. .. C. .. Generaldiscussionontheadministrationof.. ..  .. juvenilejusticeo..o..7203238#.."33.. .. D. .. Futuredayofgeneraldiscussiono..o..c239#.."39.. .. E. .. Guidelinesforperiodicreportso..o..7240241#.."40..IV. .. DRAFTPROVISIONALAGENDAFORTHE.. .. ELEVENTHSESSIONo..o..c242#.."41..WV. .. ADOPTIONOFTHEREPORTo..o..c243#.."41@..6Annexes+ !#+ "#..WI. .. StateswhichhaveratifiedoraccededtotheConventionon.. .. theRightsoftheChildasat17November1995".."#.."42..II. .. MembershipoftheCommitteeontheRightsoftheChild".."#.."48..III. .. StatusofsubmissionofreportsbyStatespartiesunder.. .. article44oftheConventionontheRightsoftheChild.. .. asat17November1995".."#.."49..IV. .. ListofinitialreportsconsideredbytheCommitteeonthe.. .. RightsoftheChildasof17November1995".."#.."60..WV. .. Provisionallistofinitialreportsscheduledfor.. .. considerationattheCommittee'seleventhand.. .. twelfthsessions".."#.."62..VI. .. Generaldiscussion:Listofdocumentscontributed".."#.."63..VII. .. Listofdocumentsissuedforthetenthsessionof.. .. theCommittee".."#.."66   } 8.++b >uQ!8@.. I.ORGANIZATIONALANDOTHERMATTERS@.. A.StatespartiestotheConvention1.b..bAsat17November1995,theclosingdateofthetenthsessionoftheCommitteeontheRightsoftheChild,therewere180StatespartiestotheConventionontheRightsoftheChild.AnotherStatehaddepositeditsinstrumentofaccessiontotheConventionon6November1995.TheConventionwasadoptedbytheGeneralAssemblyinresolution44/25of20November1989andopenedforsignatureandratificationoraccessioninNewYorkon26January1990.Itenteredintoforceon2September1990,inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofitsarticle49.AlistofStatesthathavesigned,ratifiedoraccededtotheConventioniscontainedinannexItothepresentreport.2.b..bThetextsofthedeclarations,reservationsorobjectionsmadebyStatespartieswithrespecttotheConventionarereproducedindocumentCRC/C/2/Rev.4.@.. B.Openinganddurationofthesession3.b..bTheCommitteeontheRightsoftheChildhelditstenthsessionattheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom30Octoberto17November1995.TheCommitteeheld26meetings(234thto259th).AnaccountoftheCommittee'sdeliberationsatitstenthsessioniscontainedintherelevantsummaryrecords(CRC/C/SR.234-245,247-256and259).Attheopeningofthesession,theAssistantSecretaryGeneralforHumanRights,addressedtheCommittee,andinformeditofrecentdevelopmentsrelevanttotheprotectionandpromotionoftherightsofthechildintheUnitedNationssystem.@..C.Membershipandattendance4.b..bAllthemembersoftheCommitteeattendedthetenthsession.Alistofthemembers,togetherwithanindicationofthedurationoftheirtermsofoffice,appearsinannexIItothepresentreport.5.b..bThefollowingUnitedNationsbodieswerealsorepresentedatthesession:UnitedNationsChildren'sFund,OfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugees.6.b..bThefollowingspecializedagencieswerealsorepresentedatthesession:InternationalLabourOrganization,FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations,UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization,WorldHealthOrganization.7.b..bArepresentativeoftheHagueConferenceonPrivateInternationalLawalsoattendedthesession.8.b..bRepresentativesofthefollowingnongovernmentalorganizationswerealsoinattendanceatthesession:&  b..bCategoryI0b..bInternationalMovementATDFourthWorld,InternationalSavetheChildren'  Alliance,ZontaInternational.b..bCategoryII0b..bCaritasInternationalis,DefenceforChildrenInternational,FriendsWorldCommitteeforConsultation(Quakers),InterAfricanCommitteeonTraditionalPracticesAffectingtheHealthofWomenandChildren,InternationalAbolitionistFederation,InternationalCatholicChildBureau,InternationalFederationofHumanRights,InternationalFederationofWomeninLegalCareers,InternationalFederationTerredesHommes,InternationalServiceforHumanRights,WorldFederationofMethodistWomen.b..bRoster0b..bWorldOrganizationagainstTorture.b..bOthers0b..bEpochWorldwide,InternationalInnerWheel,NGOGroupfortheRightsoftheChild,OneWorldProductions,RaddaBarnen,VereinZurFrderungDerPsychologischenMenschenkenntnis,WomenLivingunderMuslimLaw.@..D.Agenda9.b..bAtits234thmeeting,on30October1995,theCommitteeadoptedthefollowingagenda.b..b1. .. Adoptionoftheagenda.b..b2. .. Organizationalandothermatters.b..b3.0 .. SubmissionofreportsbyStatespartiesinaccordancewitharticle44oftheConvention.b..b4.0 .. ConsiderationofreportsofStatesparties.b..b5.0 .. ReviewofdevelopmentsrelevanttotheworkoftheCommittee.b..b6.0 .. Generaldiscussionon"TheAdministrationofJuvenileJustice".b..b7.0 .. CooperationwithotherUnitedNationsbodies,specializedagenciesandothercompetentbodies.b..b8.0 .. MethodsofworkoftheCommittee.b..b9.0 .. FuturemeetingsoftheCommittee.b..b10.0 .. Othermatters.    ч@..E.Presessionalworkinggroup10.b..bInaccordancewiththedecisionoftheCommitteeatitsfirstsession,apresessionalworkinggroupmetinGenevafrom12to16June1995.Allthemembersparticipatedintheworkinggroup.RepresentativesofUNICEF,UNHCR,ILO,WHOandUNESCOalsoparticipatedinthemeetingsoftheworkinggroup.ArepresentativeoftheNGOGroupfortheConventionontheRightsoftheChild,aswellasrepresentativesofvariousnongovernmentalorganizations,alsoattendedthesession.11.b..bThepurposeofthepresessionalworkinggroupistofacilitatetheCommittee'sworkunderarticles44and45oftheConvention,primarilybyreviewingStatepartyreportsandidentifyinginadvancethemainquestionsthatwouldneedtobediscussedwiththerepresentativesofthereportingStates.Italsoprovidesanopportunitytoconsiderquestionsrelatingtotechnicalassistanceandinternationalcooperation.12.b..bThepresessionalworkinggroupheldsevenmeetings,atwhichitexaminedlistsofissuesputbeforeitbymembersoftheCommitteerelatingtotheinitialreportsofGermany,Italy,Portugal,SenegalandUkraine.ThelistsofissuesweretransmittedtothePermanentMissionsoftheStatesconcernedwithanotewhichstated,interalia:0b..b"TheCommitteewishestoreceive,ifpossiblebefore10August1995,writtenanswerstotheissuesraisedinthelist.ThelistisnotintendedtobeexhaustiveanditshouldnotbeinterpretedaslimitingorinanyotherwayprejudgingthetypeandrangeofquestionswhichmembersoftheCommitteemightwishtopose.However,theworkinggroupbelievesthattheconstructivedialoguewhichtheCommitteewishestohavewiththerepresentativesofthereportingStatescanbefacilitatedbymakingthelistandthewrittenanswerstoitavailableinadvanceoftheCommittee'ssession."13.b..bOnthebasisofadecisiontakenatthepresessionalworkinggroupofthefifthsessionoftheCommittee,theworkinggroupestablishedinformalcontactswiththePermanentMissionsofStateswhosereportswerescheduledforconsiderationattheforthcomingsession,inordertoinformthemoftheprocedurefollowedbytheCommitteefortheconsiderationofreportsandclarifythepurposesofthedialoguewithrepresentativesoftheStatesparties.@..F.Organizationofwork14.b..bTheCommitteeconsideredtheorganizationofworkatits234thmeeting,on30October1995.TheCommitteehadbeforeitthedraftprogrammeofworkforthetenthsession,preparedbytheSecretaryGeneralinconsultationwiththeChairpersonoftheCommittee,andthereportoftheCommitteeonitsninthsession(CRC/C/43).@..NG.Futureregularmeetings15.b..bTheCommitteenotedthatitseleventhsessionwouldtakeplacefrom8to26January1996anditspresessionalworkinggroupwouldmeetfrom29Januaryto2February1996.   } @..II.REPORTSBYSTATESPARTIESUNDERARTICLE44OFTHECONVENTION@..A.Submissionofreports16.b..bInconnectionwiththisitem,theCommitteehadbeforeitthefollowingdocuments:(a)notesbytheSecretaryGeneraloninitialreportsbyStatespartiesduein1992(CRC/C/3),1993(CRC/C/8/Rev.3),1994(CRC/C/11/Rev.3),1995(CRC/C/28)and1996(CRC/C/41);(b)anotebytheSecretaryGeneralontheStatespartiestotheConventionandthestatusofsubmissionofreports(CRC/C/44);(c)anotebytheSecretaryGeneralonthefollowuptotheconsiderationofinitialreportsbyStatespartiestotheConvention(CRC/C/27/Rev.3);and(d)anotebytheSecretaryGeneralonareasinwhichtheneedfortechnicaladviceandadvisoryserviceshavebeenidentifiedinthelightoftheobservationsadoptedbytheCommittee(CRC/C/40/Rev.1).TheCommitteewasinformedthat,inadditiontothesixreportsthatwerescheduledforconsiderationbytheCommitteeatitspresentsession(seeparas.1924below)andthosewhichhadbeenreceivedpriortotheCommittee'sninthsession(seeCRC/C/43,para.18),theSecretaryGeneralhadreceivedtheinitialreportsofAlgeria(CRC/C/28/Add.4),Azerbaijan(CRC/C/11/Add.8),Bangladesh(CRC/C/3/Add.38),Bulgaria(CRC/C/8/Add.29),Cuba(CRC/C/8/Add.30)Ethiopia(CRC/C/8/Add.27),Mauritius(CRC/C/3/Add.36),Morocco(CRC/C/28/Add.1),Myanmar(CRC/C/8/Add.9),NewZealand(CRC/C/28/Add.3),Nigeria(CRC/C/8/Add.26),Panama(CRC/C/8/Add.28),SyrianArabRepublic(CRC/C/28/Add.2),Uruguay(CRC/C/3/Add.37).ThestatusofsubmissionofreportsbyStatespartiesunderarticle44oftheConventionisgiveninannexIIItothepresentreport.17.b..bAlistofinitialreportsconsideredbytheCommittee,asof17November1995,aswellasaprovisionallistofinitialreportsscheduledforconsiderationattheCommittee'seleventhandtwelfthsessionsarecontainedrespectivelyinannexesIVandVtothepresentreport.18.b..bByaletterdated6November1995addressedtotheAssistantSecretary-GeneralforHumanRights,thePermanentRepresentativeofTunisiatotheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevaindicatedthat,inthespiritoftherecommendationsmadebytheCommitteeinitsdialoguewiththeGovernmentofTunisiainthecourseoftheconsiderationoftheinitialreportofTunisiaattheCommittee'sninthsession,theGovernmentofTunisiahadrecentlytakenaseriesofmeasurestopromotetheimplementationoftheConventionontheRightsoftheChild.@..B.Considerationofreports19.b..bAtitstenthsession,theCommitteeexaminedinitialreportssubmittedbysixStatespartiesunderarticle44oftheConvention.Itdevoted19ofits26meetingstotheconsiderationofreports(seeCRC/C/SR.235245,247-252,255and256).20.b..bThefollowingreports,listedintheorderinwhichtheyhadbeenreceivedbytheSecretaryGeneral,werebeforetheCommitteeatitstenthsession:HolySee(CRC/C/3/Add.27),Ukraine(CRC/C/8/Add.10/Rev.1),Portugal(CRC/C/3/Add.30),Germany(CRC/C/11/Add.5),Senegal(CRC/C/3/Add.31)andItaly(CRC/C/8/Add.18).21.b..bInaccordancewithrule68oftheprovisionalrulesofprocedureoftheCommittee,representativesofallthereportingStateswereinvitedtoattendthemeetingsoftheCommitteeatwhichtheirreportswereexamined.22.b..bAlltheStatespartieswhosereportswereconsideredbytheCommitteesentrepresentativestoparticipateintheexaminationoftheirrespectivereports.23.b..bThefollowingsections,arrangedonacountrybycountrybasisaccordingtothesequencefollowedbytheCommitteeinitsconsiderationofthereports,containconcludingobservationsreflectingthemainpointsofdiscussionandindicating,wherenecessary,issuesthatwouldrequireaspecificfollowup.24.b..bMoredetailedinformationiscontainedinthereportssubmittedbytheStatespartiesandinthesummaryrecordsoftherelevantmeetingsoftheCommittee.@.. 1.Concludingobservations:Italy25.b..bTheCommitteeconsideredtheinitialreportofItaly(CRC/C/8/Add.18)atits235thto238thmeetings(CRC/C/SR.235238),heldon31Octoberand1November1995andadopted*thefollowingconcludingobservations:@..tA.Introduction..26.b..bTheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtotheStatepartyforengaging,throughahighlevelandmultidisciplinarydelegation,inanopenandfruitfuldialoguewiththeCommittee.ItwelcomesthewritteninformationsubmittedbythedelegationofItalyinreplytothequestionsincludedinitslistofissues(CRC/C.10/WP.2)aswellasstatisticaldataprovidedinthecourseofthediscussion.WhilenotingwithsatisfactionthatsuchsupplementaryinformationenabledtheCommitteetoengageinaconstructivedialoguewiththeStateparty,theCommitteeregretsthatitsguidelinesforthepreparationofStateparties'reportshavenotbeenfollowedbytheGovernmentandthatacertainnumberofissuesaddressedinthewrittenlistofissueshavebeenleftunanswered.@..B.Positiveaspects27.b..bTheCommitteewelcomesthelegislativeandadministrativemeasurestakenbytheGovernmentofItalysincetheentryintoforceoftheConventionin1991topromoteandprotecttherightsofthechild.ItappreciatesthattheConventionisselfexecutinginItalyandassuchcanbe,andinfacthasbeen,applieddirectlybytheItaliancourts,andthatItalyappliesthe_________̀*Atthe259thmeeting,heldon17November1995.principleoftheprimacyofinternationalhumanrightsstandardsovernationallegislationincaseofconflictoflaw.TheCommitteealsowelcomesthepreliminarystepstakeninviewoftheratificationofthe1993HagueConventiononProtectionofChildrenandCooperationinRespectofIntercountryAdoption.28.b..bTheCommitteewelcomesthesettingupofvariousinstitutionsandmechanismsfortheprotectionandmonitoringoftherightsofthechildinItaly,includinginparticulartheSpecialCommitteeonChildIssuesestablishedwithintheParliament;theDepartmentoftheFamilyandSocialAffairscreatedwithinthePrimeMinister'sOffice;theNationalCentrefortheProtectionofChildren,entrustedwiththecollectionofdataconcerningchildren;andtheNationalObservatoryfortheProblemsofMinors,whichanalysesdatacollectedbytheNationalCentreandpreparesannualreportsfortheParliament.29.b..bTheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactiontheprogressachievedinthefieldofchildhealthandwelfare,includinginparticularthenoticeabledecreaseinperinatalmortality.b..b@.."C.Principalsubjectsofconcern30.b..bTheCommitteeisconcernedatthelackofanoverallintegratedmechanismtomonitortheactivitiesdesignedtopromoteandprotecttherightsofthechild.Itstressesthatcoordinationbetweenthevariousgovernmentalentitiesinvolved,aswellasbetweennational,regionalandmunicipallevels,isinsufficientandthatthereisaneedforacomprehensivenetworkforthecollectionofdatacoveringallareasoftheConventionandtakingintoaccountallgroupsofchildrenwithinItaly,whichisessentialfortheimplementationoftargetedprogrammesontherightsofthechildandtheevaluationoftheeffectivenessoflegislativeandadministrativemeasures.31.b..bTheCommitteeisconcernedabouttheinsufficientmeasurestakentoensurethattheprinciplesandprovisionsoftheConventionarewidelyknowntochildrenandadultsalikeandtoprovideadequatetrainingontheprinciplesandprovisionsoftheConventiontothevariousprofessionalgroupsinvolvedwithchildren.32.b..bAsregardstheimplementationofarticle4oftheConvention,theCommitteeisconcernedabouttheinadequacyofmeasurestakentoensuretheimplementationofeconomic,socialandculturalrightstothemaximumextentofavailableresources.ItappearstotheCommitteethatinsufficientexpenditureisallocatedtothesocialsectorbothwithintheStatepartyandwithinthecontextofinternationaldevelopmentassistance.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedoverthelaginthecivilparticipationofcitizensinissuesrelatingtochildren.33.b..bTheCommitteeisalsoconcernedthatthebasicprinciplesoftheConvention,namelytheprovisionsofitsarticles2,3and12,havenotalwaysbeenadequatelyreflectedinnationallegislationandpolicymaking.34.b..bTheCommitteeisalsoconcernedaboutpersistingandsignificanteconomicandsocialdisparitiesbetweenthenorthernandsouthernpartsofthecountry,whichbearanegativeimpactonthesituationofchildren.35.b..bWithregardtoarticle2oftheConventionrelatingtonon-discrimination,theCommitteeisconcernedthatsufficientmeasureshavenotbeentakentoassessandprovidefortheneedsofchildrenfromvulnerableanddisadvantagedgroups,suchaschildrenfrompoorfamiliesandfromsingleparenthouseholds,childrenofforeignandRomaoriginandchildrenbornoutofwedlock.TheCommitteeisconcernedthatchildrenbelongingtothesedisadvantagedgroupsseemmorelikelytobestigmatizedinpublicperception,todropoutofschool,tobeemployedinclandestineworkoreveninillegalactivities,includingbeinginstrumentalizedinorganizedcriminalactivities.̀36.b..bTheCommitteeispreoccupiedbytheexistenceofchildabuse,includingphysicalandsexualabuseandviolencewithinthefamily,andtheinsufficientprotectionaffordedbythePenalCodeinthisregard,aswellasthelackofadequatemeasuresforthepsycho-socialrecoveryofchildvictimsofsuchabuses.@.. D.Suggestionsandrecommendations37.b..bTheCommitteerecommendsthatanationalpermanentmechanismbedevelopedforthepurposeofcoordinatingandmonitoringtheimplementationoftheConventionincludingbetweengovernmentaldepartmentsandbetweencentral,regionalandmunicipalauthorities.ItisalsosuggestedthattheGovernmentconsiderensuringcloserandmoreactivecooperationwithnongovernmentalorganizationsworkingfortherightsofthechild.Suchmeasurescouldcontributetopromotinganongoingdialoguewiththecivilsocietyandpublicscrutinyofgovernmentalactioninthefieldofthepromotionandprotectionofchildren'srights.38.b..bTheCommitteerecommendsthesystematiccollectionofdataonchildrenandresearchonchildrelatedissues,includingchangesinthefamilystructure,withaviewtoensuringadequatepolicymakinginthefieldofchildren'srights.39.b..bTheCommitteewishestoencouragetheStatepartytofurtherdevelopasystematicapproachtomakingtheprinciplesandprovisionsoftheConventionwidelyknowntochildrenandadultsalike,thusincreasingpublicawarenessofandcivilparticipationinpromotingchildren'srights.InthespiritoftheUnitedNationsDecadeforHumanRightsEducation,theCommitteefurtherencouragestheGovernmenttogiveconsiderationtotheincorporationoftherightsofthechildintheschoolcurricula.Similarly,trainingabouttheConventionshouldbeincorporatedintothecurriculaofprofessionalsworkingwithorforchildren,includingteachers,socialworkers,lawenforcementofficials,judicialpersonnelandpersonneloftheItaliancontingentsoftheUnitedNationspeacekeepingforces.40.b..bTheStatepartyshouldpursueitseffortswithaviewtofullyreflectinginitslegislationandpracticetheprovisionsandprinciplesoftheConvention,inparticulartheprinciplesofnondiscrimination,thebestinterestsofthechildandtherightofthechildtofreelyexpresshisorherviews.Inthisregard,theCommitteerecommendsthatexistinglegislationbemodifiedtofullyensureequaltreatmentbetweenchildrenborninandoutofwedlock.41.b..bFurthermeasuresshouldalsobetakentopreventariseindiscriminatoryattitudesandprejudicestowardsparticularlyvulnerablechildrensuchaschildrenlivinginpoverty,childrenfromthesouthernregion,Romachildrenandforeignchildren.TheGovernmentshouldconsideradoptingamoreactivestandandcoherentpolicywithrespecttothetreatmentofthesechildrenandtocreateanenvironmentfavourabletotheirfullestpossibleintegrationintoItaliansociety.Comprehensivemeasuresshouldbeprovidedforresponsibleparenthoodandforsupporttoneedyfamilies,inordertoassistthemintheirchildrearingresponsibilitiesinthelightofarticles18and27oftheConvention,thuslimitingfamilydisruption,reducingthenumbersofinstitutionalizedchildrenandlimitingtherecoursetoinstitutionalizationtoameasureoflastresort.42.b..bTheCommitteeencouragestheGovernmentofItalytopayparticularattentiontothefullimplementationofarticle4oftheConventioninthelightofthegeneralprinciplesoftheConvention,inparticularthebestinterestsofthechild.TheCommitteealsostressestheneedforajudiciousdistributionoftheresourcesatthecentral,regionalandmunicipallevelswithaviewtoovercomingpersistingeconomicandsocialdisparities,andtopayparticularattentiontothemostdisadvantagedgroupsinsociety,includingsingle-parentfamilies.43.b..bItisalsosuggestedthattheStatepartyshouldusetheprinciplesoftheConventionasaframeworkforstrengtheninginternationaldevelopmentassistanceinordertoassessthepossibilityofgivingmoreemphasistothesocialprioritiesforchildren.̀44.b..bTheCommitteealsosuggeststhattheclearpreventionandprohibitionoftortureorothercruel,inhumanordegradingtreatmentorpunishment,aswellasabanoncorporalpunishmentwithinthefamily,bereflectedinthenationallegislation.45.b..bTheCommitteerecommendsthatmeasuresincludingassistancetodisadvantagedfamiliesbeundertakentopreventtheillegaluseofchildreninthelabourforceandtopreventjuveniledelinquencyandtheinstrumentalizationofchildrenincriminalactivities.Inthisconnection,itisalsosuggestedthatanadequateadjustmentofthecontentsofschoolcurriculasoastoincorporatevocationaleducation,inthelightofarticle28oftheConvention,mightcontributetoreducingthedropoutrateandpreventtheentryofchildrenintotheillegallabourmarketoreventheirinvolvementincriminalactivities.46.b..bTheCommitteerecommendsthattheinitialreportandwrittenrepliessubmittedbytheStateparty,thesummaryrecordsofitsconsiderationandtheconcludingobservationsoftheCommitteebedisseminatedaswidelyaspossiblewithinthecountry,andtransmittedtotheParliamentforfurtherdebateandfollowup.Inthisregard,theCommitteealsoinvitestheStatepartytotransmittoittheannualreportsthattheNationalObservatoryfortheProblemsofMinorswillsubmittotheParliament,andwouldliketosuggestthatsuchannualreports,aswellastheplanofactionwithspecifictargetsandtime-frameforthenextfiveyears,shouldtakeintoconsiderationthepriorityareasidentifiedbytheCommitteeinitsconsiderationoftheinitialreportofItaly,asreflectedintherelevantsummaryrecords.@..Z 2.Concludingobservations:Ukraine47.b..bTheCommitteeconsideredtheinitialreportofUkraine(CRC/C/8/Add.10/Rev.1)atits239th,240th,241stand242ndmeetings(CRC/C/SR.239242),heldon2and3November1995andadopted*thefollowingobservations:@..tA.Introduction48.b..bTheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtotheGovernmentofUkraineforthesubmissionofitsinitialreportanditsopennessandfruitfuldialogue.TheCommitteeisencouragedbythefrankandcooperativetoneofthediscussion,inwhichtherepresentativesoftheStatepartyindicatednotonlythepolicyandprogrammedirections,butalsothedifficultiesencounteredduringimplementationoftheConvention.@..B.Positiveaspects49.b..bTheCommitteetakesnoteoftheattentionpaidbytheGovernmenttothesituationofchildreninthepresentperiodofpoliticaltransition.50.b..bTheCommitteewelcomestheestablishmentofmechanismstodealwithchildren'sissuesandthequestionofchildren'srights,inparticulartheParliamentaryCommissiononHealthCare,MotherandChildWelfarewithitsdepartmentsandregionaldivisions,andthePresidentialCommitteeforWomen's,MaternalandChildren'sAffairs.51.b..bTheCommitteenoteswithappreciationtheimportanteffortsbytheGovernmentinthefieldoflawreform,especiallytherevisionoftheConstitutionwithaviewtoincorporatingtherightsofthechild,andseverallawssuchastheFamilyCodeandthePenalCode,whichaimtopromoteandprotectchildren'srights.52.b..bTheCommitteealsowelcomestheadoptionbytheGovernmentofanumberofnationalprogrammesaimingattheeffectiveimplementationofchildren'srightsinthecountryandtheestablishmentofavoluntaryfundtosupportchildrenundertheauspicesoftheParliamentaryCommissiononHealthCare,MotherandChildWelfare.@.. C.Factorsanddifficultiesimpedingtheimplementation 4 oftheConvention53.b..bTheCommitteenotesthedifficultiesfacingUkraineinthepresentperiodofpoliticaltransitionandinaclimateofsocialchangeanddeepeconomiccrisis.TheCommitteealsonotestheproblemsrelatingtothetransitioneconomyandthatthesituationofmanychildrenhasworsenedasaconsequenceofgrowingpovertyandincreasingunemployment.TheCommitteerecognizesthattheStatepartyisexperiencingmajordifficultiesincounteringthenegativeconsequencesoftheChernobylnuclearplantdisaster,inparticularontheenvironmentandonthephysicalandpsychologicalhealthofthepopulation,includingchildren.@.."D.Principalsubjectsofconcern54.b..bTheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernastofullcompatibilityofnationallegislation,measuresandprogrammeswiththeprovisionsandprinciplesoftheConvention,particularlywithregardtotheprinciplesofnondiscrimination(art.2),includinginrelationtothedifferentageofmarriageforgirlsandboys,thebestinterestsofthechild(art.3)andtherightofthechildtoexpresshis/heropinioninalldecisionsaffectinghim/her(art.12).TheCommitteealsonotesthatthereisadiscrepancyinthelegislationbetweentheageforcompletionofmandatoryeducation,whichis15,andtheminimumageforlabour,whichis16.55.b..bTheCommitteeisconcernedattheinsufficientbudgetaryallocationprovidedfortheimplementationofeconomic,socialandculturalrightsofchildren.56.b..bTheCommitteeisconcernedattheinsufficientattentionpaidtotheneedforanefficientcoordinatingandmonitoringmechanismthatcouldprovideasystematicandcomprehensivecompilationofdataandindicatorsonallareascoveredbytheConventionandinrelationtoallgroupsofchildren,includingchildreninsingleparentfamilies,childrenofdivorcedparents,abandonedchildrenandinstitutionalizedchildren.SuchamechanismwouldenabletheGovernmenttoidentifyareasofconcernandtohelptodefinestrategiestoaddressthem.57.b..bTheCommitteeisworriedbythehighrateofabandonmentofchildren,especiallynewbornbabies,andthelackofacomprehensivestrategytoassistvulnerablefamilies.Thissituationcanleadtoillegalintercountryadoptionorotherformsoftraffickingandsaleofchildren.InthiscontexttheCommitteeisalsoconcernedabouttheabsenceofanylawprohibitingthesaleandtraffickingofchildren,andthefactthattherightofthechildtohavehis/heridentitypreservedisnotguaranteedbythelaw.58.b..bTheCommitteeexpressesitsconcernatthehealthstatusofchildren,particularlyintheaftermathoftheChernobylnucleardisaster,theincreasingchildmortalityrate,theapparentprioritygiventocurativeratherthanpreventivehealthcare,thelowprevalenceofbreastfeeding,thehighnumberofabortionsandinsufficienthealth,educationandservicesonfamilyplanning,andthediscrepancybetweentheurbanandruralhealthsystems.59.b..bTheCommitteeisconcernedabouttheabsenceinUkraineofaprogrammeinvolvingsocialwork.Inparticular,theCommitteeexpressesitsconcernatthesituationoftheinstitutionalization,treatmentandprotectionofhandicappedchildren.Alternativestoinstitutionalizationarenotsufficientlytakenintoaccount;supportservicestoparentswhokeeptheirhandicappedchildathomeareinadequate.60.b..bTheCommitteeregretsthatappropriatemeasureshavenotyetbeentakentoeffectivelypreventandcombatilltreatmentofchildreninschoolsorininstitutionswherechildrenmaybeplaced.TheCommitteeisalsopreoccupiedbytheexistenceonalargescaleofchildabuseandviolencewithinthefamilyandtheinsufficientprotectionaffordedbytheexistinglegislationandservicesinthatregard.Theproblemofsexualexploitationofchildrenalsorequiresspecialattention.61.b..bTheCommitteeisconcernedbytheabsenceofanationalinformationanddisseminationstrategyregardingtheConventionontheRightsoftheChild.62.b..bThepresentsituationinthefieldoftheadministrationofjuvenilejusticeisamatterofconcerntotheCommittee.@.. E.Suggestionsandrecommendations63.b..bTheCommitteeencouragestheGovernmentofUkrainetopursuetherevisionofthelegislativeframeworkinordertofullyreflecttheConventionandensuretherealizationofchildren'srightsinrelationtoallthechildrensubjecttothejurisdictionofUkraine,andfullcompliancewiththeprovisionsandprinciplesoftheConventionontheRightsoftheChild,especiallytheprinciplesofnondiscrimination(art.2)andthebestinterestsofthechild(art.3),therighttolife,survivalanddevelopment(art.6)andtherightofthechildtoexpresshis/heropinioninalldecisionsaffectinghim/her(art.12).TheCommitteesuggeststhatlegislationconcerningtheageofmandatoryeducationandthatconcerningtheminimumageforemploymentbeadjustedandthattheageofmarriageforgirlsandboysbethesame.64.b..bTheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartystrengthenthecoordinationbetweenthedifferentgovernmentalmechanismsinvolvedinchildren'srights,bothatthenationalandlocallevels,withaviewtodevelopingacomprehensivepolicyonchildrenandensuringaneffectiveevaluationoftheimplementationoftheConventionontheRightsoftheChildinthecountry.Closercooperationwithnongovernmentalorganizationsshouldbepromoted.65.b..bTheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyundertaketogatherallthenecessaryinformationonthesituationofchildreninthevariousareascoveredbytheConvention,includinginrelationtochildrenbelongingtothemostvulnerablegroups.66.b..bTheCommitteeencouragestheGovernmentofUkrainetopayparticularattentiontothefullimplementationofarticle4oftheConventionandtoensureajudiciousdistributionoftheresourcesatthecentral,regionalandlocallevels.Budgetaryallocationsfortheimplementationofeconomic,socialandculturalrightsshouldbeensuredduringtheperiodoftransitiontomarketeconomytothemaximumextentofavailableresourcesandinthelightofthebestinterestsofthechild.̀67.b..bTheCommitteeisoftheopinionthatsystematicandcontinuousstepsarerequiredtomaketheprovisionsandprinciplesoftheConventionwidelyknownandunderstoodbyadultsandchildrenalike,inthelightoftheConvention.TheConventionontheRightsoftheChildshouldbemadeavailableinallthelanguagesspokenbyminoritiesinUkraineandspecifictrainingshouldbeprovidedtoallprofessionalgroupsworkingwithchildren(judges,teachers,socialworkers,lawenforcementofficials,etc.).InthelightoftheUnitedNationsDecadeforHumanRightsEducation,attentionshouldbegiventoincorporatingtheConventionintheschoolcurriculum.TheCommitteeencouragestheStatepartytogivefurtherconsiderationtotheestablishmentofanombudspersonforchildren,orofanyequivalentpermanentandindependentcomplaintandmonitoringmechanism.Theparticipationofchildrenthemselvesinthepromotionoftherightsofthechildisofgreatimportance,especiallyatthecommunitylevel.68.b..bInthelightofarticle2oftheConvention,measuresshouldbetakentopreventariseindiscriminatoryattitudesorprejudicestowardschildrenbelongingtominoritygroups,childrenlivinginruralareas,RomachildrenandchildrenafflictedwithHIV/AIDS.69.b..bTheCommitteewouldliketoseeastrongeremphasisplacedonprimaryhealthcareactivities,especiallyinruralareas,whichwouldincludethedevelopmentofeducationalprogrammestocoversuchmattersasfamilyeducation,familyplanning,sexeducationandthebenefitsofbreastfeeding.70.b..bTheCommitteeencouragesinternationalsupportformeasurestocopewiththenegativeconsequencesoftheChernobylnucleardisaster,inparticularinthesocial,healthandenvironmentalareas.71.b..bTheCommitteeconsidersthatgreatereffortsshouldbemadetodevelopawarenessoftheimportantroleofthefamilyandoftheequalresponsibilitiesofparents.Furtherstepsshouldbetakentostrengthenthesystemofassistancetobothparentsintheperformanceoftheirchildrearingresponsibilities.72.b..bInviewofthehighrateofabandonmentofchildrenandofabortion,theCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyadoptastrategyandpolicytoassistvulnerablefamiliesforthesupportoftheirchildren.Theadequacyofthecurrentsocialsecuritysystemandofthefamilyplanningprogrammesshouldbeevaluated.TheCommitteealsorecommendsthetrainingofsocialworkerswiththeaimofmobilizingandstrengtheningcommunities.73.b..bTheCommitteeencouragestheStatepartytoaddressthesituationofchildrenininstitutions,withaviewtoenvisagingandmakingavailablepossiblealternativestoinstitutionalcarethrough,forexample,guidanceandcounselling,fostercareandeducationandvocationaltrainingprogrammes.TheCommitteealsorecommendstheestablishmentofeffectivemonitoringmechanismsoftherealizationoftherightsofthechildplacedinaninstitution.74.b..bWithregardtothesaleandtraffickingofchildren,theCommitteeencouragestheGovernmenttoclearlyprohibitthisillegalactivityandtoensurethattherightofthechildtohavehis/heridentitypreservedisfullyendorsed.TheCommitteealsorecommendsthattheStatepartyconsidertheratificationoftheHagueConventiononProtectionofChildrenandCooperationinRespectofIntercountryAdoption.75.b..bTheCommitteefurthersuggeststhattheclearprohibitionoftortureorothercruel,inhumanordegradingtreatmentorpunishment,aswellasabanoncorporalpunishmentinthefamily,bereflectedinthenationallegislation.TheCommitteealsosuggeststhedevelopmentofproceduresandmechanismstomonitorcomplaintsofmaltreatmentandcrueltywithinoroutsidethefamily.Specialprogrammesshouldbesetuptopromotephysicalandpsychologicalrecoveryandsocialreintegrationofchildvictimsofanyformofneglect,abuse,exploitation,tortureorilltreatmentinanenvironmentwhichfostersthehealth,selfrespectanddignityofthechild,inthelightofarticle39oftheConvention.76.b..bTheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyenvisagethepossibilityoftransferringthesupervisionofcorrectionallabourcoloniesforjuvenilesfromtheMinistryoftheInteriortothestructureitmayconsiderthemostappropriatetoensurethepromotionandprotectionofchildren'srights.77.b..bInthefieldoftheadministrationofjuvenilejustice,theCommitteerecommendsthatthecurrentlegalreformtakefullyintoaccounttheConventionontheRightsoftheChild,inparticulararticles37,39and40,andthatotherrelevantinternationalstandardsinthisfield,suchastheBeijingRules,theRiyadhGuidelinesandtheUnitedNationsRulesfortheProtectionofJuvenilesDeprivedoftheirLibertybeseenasaguideinthisrevision.Particularattentionshouldbepaidtothepreventionofjuveniledelinquency,theprotectionoftherightsofchildrendeprivedofliberty,respectforfundamentalrightsandlegalsafeguardsinallaspectsofthejuvenilejusticesystemandthefullindependenceandimpartialityofthejuvenilejudges.Trainingprogrammesontherelevantinternationalstandardsshouldbeorganizedforallthoseprofessionalsinvolvedwiththesystemofjuvenilejustice,inparticularjudges,lawenforcementofficials,correctionalofficersandsocialworkers.78.b..bTheCommitteeencouragestheStatepartytodisseminatewidelytheStateparty'sreport,summaryrecordsofthediscussionofthereportwithintheCommitteeandtheconcludingobservationsadoptedbytheCommitteefollowingitsconsiderationofthereport.TheCommitteewouldliketosuggestthatthesedocumentsbebroughttotheattentionofParliamentandthatthesuggestionsandrecommendationsforactioncontainedthereinbefollowedup.Inthisregard,theCommitteesuggeststhatcooperationwithnongovernmentalorganizationsbepursued.@..Z 3.Concludingobservations:Germany79.b..bTheCommitteeconsideredtheinitialreportofGermany(CRC/C/11/Add.5)atits243rdto245thmeetings(CRC/C/SR.243245),heldon6and7November1995,andadopted*thefollowingconcludingobservations:@..tA.Introduction80.b..bTheCommitteenotesthatthereportpreparedbytheStatepartyofferedacomprehensiveexplanationofthelegislativeframeworkfortheimplementationoftheConvention;however,itdidnotcontainsufficientinformationontheactualimplementationoftheprinciplesandprovisionsoftheConventionthroughoutthecountry.TheCommittee,therefore,expressesitsappreciationforthefrankandselfcriticalapproachofthedelegationtoansweringthequestionsraisedbytheCommitteeandfortheclarificationsregardingthemeasuresbeingtakenandenvisagedfortheimplementationoftheConvention.TheCommitteewelcomestheconstructivediscussionandexchangeofviewswiththedelegation.@..B.Positivefactors81.b..bTheCommitteewelcomesthestatementbythedelegationexpressingthewillingnessoftheStatepartytoconsiderreviewingthedeclarationsmadetotheConventionwithaviewtotheirpossiblewithdrawal.82.b..bTheCommitteewelcomesthedeclarationmadebytheStatepartythattheparticipationofchildrenaged15andoverassoldiersinarmedconflictisnotcompatiblewiththebestinterestsofthechild,aswellasthewillingnessoftheGovernmenttosupportthedraftingofanoptionalprotocoltotheConventioninthisarea.TheStateparty'ssupportfortheinternationalcallforabanonthemanufacturingandtradeinantipersonnellandminesisalsowarmlywelcomed.83.b..bTheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthatacommitteeofexpertshasbeenestablishedtoprepareacomprehensivepictureoftheactualsituationofchildreninGermanyandhasembarkeduponitswork,withaviewtocontributingtotheChildandYouthreporttobepresentedtotheBundestagandBundesrat.84.b..bTheCommitteeacknowledgesthedeterminationoftheStatepartytopreventandcombatxenophobictendenciesandmanifestationsofracism.TheGovernmentistobecommendedfortheextensiveeffortsundertakentoensuretheinvolvementofandeffectivecooperationbetweentheFederal,Lnderandlocalauthoritiesintheimplementationofacountrywidecampaigntopreventandcombatsuchphenomenonandtopromoteethnicandracialharmony,inthegeneralframeworkoftheYouthCampaignlaunchedbytheCouncilofEurope.85.b..bTheCommitteealsoappreciatesthewillingnessoftheStatepartytoundertakeresearchandadditionalmeasuresfortheearlydetectionandpreventionofviolenceandsexualabusewithinthefamily.Equally,theCommitteewelcomestheStateparty'swillingnesstoorganizeinitiativestoeducatethemediaabouttheneedtoprotectchildrenfromharmfulinfluences.86.b..bThemeasuresbeingtakenbytheGovernmenttopreparethegroundforthefutureratificationbyGermanyoftheHagueConventionontheProtectionofChildrenandCooperationinRespectofIntercountryAdoptionarewelcomed.87.b..bTheCommitteeacknowledgestheeffortsmadebytheStatepartywithaviewtoacceptingcomparativelylargenumbersofrefugeesandasylumseekers,particularlyfromtheformerYugoslavia.88.b..bWithregardtotheeffortsundertakenbytheStatepartytocombatthesexualexploitationofchildren,theCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthattheCriminalLawhasbeenextendedtomakesexualabuseofchildrenabroadacriminaloffence.Inaddition,noteistakenoftherecentmeasurestomakethepossessionofpornographicmaterialsfeaturingchildrenapunishableoffence.89.b..bTheCommitteetakesnotewithappreciationofthesupportoftheStatepartyfortheInternationalLabourOrganization'sprogrammefortheeliminationofchildlabour.90.b..bTheCommitteenoteswithinterestthatasof1996everychildinGermanywillhavethelegalrighttoaplaceinakindergarten.@.."D.Principalsubjectsofconcern91.b..bTheCommitteeregretstheextentofthedeclarationsmadebytheStatepartytotheConvention.ItistheviewoftheCommitteethatseveralofthedeclarationsmaderaiseconcernastotheirimplicationsandcompatibilitywiththefullenjoymentoftherightsrecognizedbytheConvention.92.b..bItisamatterofconcerntotheCommitteethatinsufficientattentionappearstohavebeengiventothematteroftheestablishmentofaneffectivecoordinationandmonitoringmechanismattheFederal,LandandlocallevelsfortheimplementationoftheConvention.Suchamechanismisofessentialimportancefortheevaluationandpromotionofthedevelopmentofpoliciesandprogrammesforthebenefitofchildren,inthelightoftheConvention.93.b..bTheCommitteeisconcernedabouttheinsufficientawarenessandunderstandingamongadultsandchildrenoftheprinciplesandprovisionsoftheConvention.94.b..bWhileacknowledgingtheclearlystatedcommitmentoftheStatepartytotaketheConventionastheframeworkforactiononbehalfofthechild,theCommitteeisconcernedattheinsufficientreflectiongiventothechildasasubjectofrightsasprovidedforintheConventioninnationallegislation,policyandprogrammes.Inthisregard,itisofconcerntotheCommitteethattheincorporationofthegeneralprinciplesoftheConventionaslaiddown,interalia,initsarticles2and3appearstohavebeenneglected.95.b..bWithrespecttotheimplementationofarticles12,13and15oftheConventioninsufficientattentionhasbeenaccordedtoensuringtheinvolvementofchildrenindecisions,includingwithinfamily,andinadministrativeandjudicialproceduresregardingthem.96.b..bTheCommitteerecognizesthatwhileconsiderableeffortshavebeenundertakenbytheGovernmentandsubstantialprogresshasbeenachievedinensuringcompleteunitybetweentheoldandnewLnder,thegoalsofequalizinglivingconditionsandestablishingcomparablestructuresforchildandyouthservicesthroughoutthecountryremaintobeaccomplished.Thus,theCommitteeremainsconcernedabouttheprevailingdisparitiesinlivingstandardsandinthequalityofservicesbetweenthedifferentLnderandaboutthedifficultiesfacedbyparticularlyvulnerablegroupsinsociety,suchaschildrenbornoutofwedlockandsingle-parentfamilies.97.b..bTheCommitteeremainsconcernedabouttheextenttowhichaccountistakenofthespecialneedsandrightsofchildreninasylumseekingandrefugeesituations.Proceduresgoverningasylum-seekingchildren,particularlythoserelatingtofamilyreunification,expulsionofchildrentosafethirdcountriesandthe"airportregulation"givecauseforconcern.InthisrespecttheCommitteenotesthattheguaranteesprovidedforintheConvention,inparticularinitsarticles2,3,12,22and37(d)donotappeartobecompliedwith,whileinsufficientattentionseemstohavebeenensuredtotheimplementationofarticles9and10oftheConvention.TheCommitteealsonoteswithconcernthattheprovisionofmedicaltreatmentandservicestoasylum-seekingchildrendoesnotappeartobeinterpretedinthelightoftheprinciplesandprovisionsoftheConvention,initsarticles2and3.98.b..bWithregardtomattersrelatingtojuvenilejustice,theCommitteeexpressesitsconcernaboutthedeclarationmadebytheStatepartytoarticle40(2)(b)(ii)whichappearstolimitthechild'srightstoaccesstojusticeandtoafairhearingaswellastherighttolegalassistanceanddefence.@.. E.Suggestionsandrecommendations99.b..bTheCommitteewarmlywelcomestheinformationprovidedbytheStatepartythatconsiderationisbeinggiventotheincorporationoftheConventionontheRightsoftheChildintheConstitutionofGermanyand,inthisspirit,itencouragestheStatepartytopursuetheongoingeffortsaimingataccordingconstitutionalstatustotheConvention.100.b..bTheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartypursuethereviewofthedeclarationsenteredtotheConventionwithaviewtoconsideringtheirwithdrawal.TheCommitteeisoftheopinionthat,inthelightofproposedreformstonationallegislation,itwouldappearthatsuchdeclarationsareunnecessary;doubtsareraisedastotheircompatibilitywiththeConvention.101.b..bTheCommitteesuggeststhattheStatepartygivefurtherconsiderationtotheestablishmentofapermanentandeffectivecoordinationmechanismontherightsofthechildattheFederal,Landandlocallevels.Considerationshouldalsobegiventothedevelopmentofanevaluationandmonitoringsystem,addressingallareascoveredbytheConventionbasedonthecomprehensiveandsystematiccollectionofdataandensuringpriorityattentiontothemostvulnerablegroups,whilebridgingprevailingeconomicandsocialdisparities.TheCommitteeisencouragedbytheStateparty'scommitmenttocontinuefosteringclosercooperationanddialoguewiththenon-governmentalorganizationsandchildren'sgroupsinvolvedinthemonitoringandimplementationofchildren'srights.TheCommitteealsoencouragestheStatepartytolookmorecloselyintotheworkoftheOmbudsinstitutionforchildren,particularlywithrespecttoitspotentialcontributionformonitoringtheimplementationoftherightsofthechild.102.b..bWithrespecttoarticle4oftheConvention,theCommitteeemphasizestheimportanceoftheallocationofresourcestothemaximumextentfortheimplementationofeconomic,socialandculturalrightsofthechildatFederal,Landandlocallevels,inthelightoftheprinciplesoftheConvention,inparticularthoseofitsarticles2and3relatingtonon-discriminationandthebestinterestsofthechild.103.b..bWhileacknowledgingthestrongcommitmentofGermanytoprovidingstructuralassistancetothirdcountries,theCommitteewouldliketoencouragetheStatepartyinitseffortstoachievethe0.7percenttargetforinternationalassistancetodevelopingcountries,aswellastogiveconsiderationtotheuseofdebtconversionandforgivenessmeasuresinfavourofprogrammestoimprovethesituationofchildren.Inthisrespect,theCommitteeemphasizesthattheundertakingofastudyontheimpactonchildrenofaStateparty'sinternationalcooperationanddevelopmentassistanceprogrammeshasprovedausefultoolinevaluatingtheeffectivenessofsuchinitiativesfortheimplementationoftheConventionontheRightsoftheChild.104.b..bTheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactiontheacknowledgementbytheStatepartythatakeyareaofattentionshouldbethedevelopmentofacomprehensiveandsystematicstrategyfordisseminatinginformationandcreatingawarenessoftherightsofthechild.Thedevelopmentofpubliccampaignsthroughtheuseofthemediaandtheinvolvementofthecivilsociety,includingnongovernmentalorganizationsandchildren'sgroups,wouldcontributetoeffectivelyaddressingtheneedtoincreaseunderstandingandtopromoterespectfortherightsofthechild.105.b..bTheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartymakefulluseoftheopportunityofferedbytheUnitedNationsDecadeforHumanRightsEducation,topursuefurtherthepreparationofeducationalmaterialsonhumanandchildren'srightsandtheincorporationofhumanrightseducation,particularlyabouttherightsofthechild,intoschoolcurriculaandintothetrainingprogrammesofprofessionalgroupsworkingwithorforchildren,includingteachers,judges,lawyers,socialworkers,healthservicepersonnel,policeandimmigrationofficials.106.b..bTheCommitteeisencouragedbytheStateparty'sproposedreformofnationallegislationinthelightofarticle2oftheConvention,interaliatoensurethatchildrenbornoutofwedlockarenotdiscriminatedagainst.TheCommittee,therefore,recommendsthattheeffortstoharmonizelegislationwiththeprovisionsandprinciplesoftheConventionbefurtherpursuedandthattheStatepartycontinuetogiveprioritytoreflectinitslegislationandpoliciesthegeneralprinciplesoftheConvention,particularlythoselaiddowninarticles2(nondiscrimination)and3(bestinterestsofthechild).107.b..bTheCommitteenotesthatprovisionsoftheConventionrelatingtotheparticipationofchildren,includingitsarticles12,13and15,needtobemorethoroughlyconsideredandencouraged.Tothisendinformationandawarenesscampaignsshouldbedeveloped.Similarly,theCommitteerecommendsthatconsiderationbegiventoextendingandbroadeningtheinvolvementofchildrenindecisionsaffectingtheminthefamilyandinsociallife,includinginproceedingsrelatingtofamilyreunificationandadoption.108.b..bAppreciationisexpressedoftheStateparty'sacknowledgementofusingtheConventionontheRightsoftheChildasaninstrumenttosharpenawarenessoftheresponsibilitiesofpersonstakingcareofchildrenandtheneedtoequalizetheresponsibilitiesbetweenparentsinbringinguptheirchildren.TheCommitteeencouragestheStatepartytopursueitseffortstowardschangingattitudeswithaviewtoeradicatingallformsofviolenceagainstchildren,includingtheuseofcorporalpunishmentwithinthefamily.Inthisregard,itfurtherencouragesthat,intheongoingprocessofreformoftheCivilCode,considerationbegiventotheincorporationofanabsolutebanoncorporalpunishment.I109.b..bTakingnoteoftheallocationofadditionalresourcestofamilyrelatedbenefitsandofthewillingnesstoundertakeothermeasurestoachievefurtherprogressinaddressingtheproblemsfacingsingleparents,andrecognizingtheStateparty'scommitmenttoundertakemeasurestoimprovepoorerchildren'saccesstoout-of-schoolactivities,includingleisureactivities,theCommitteebelievesthatgreaterpriorityshouldbegiventoananalysisoftheoccurrenceofchildpoverty.Suchananalysisshouldbeundertakenfromaholisticperspective,takingintoaccountthepossiblelinkagesbetweensuchmattersashousingconditions,familysupporttothechildathomeandinschool,andtheriskofdroppingoutofschool.TheresultsofthisresearchcouldserveasavehiclefordiscussionofthesemattersbothinParliamentandwiththerelevantauthoritiesaswellasforthedevelopmentofamorecomprehensiveandintegratedapproachforrespondingtotheproblemsidentified.̀110.b..bTheCommitteesuggeststhattheStatepartyundertakemorecomprehensiveresearchonthepossibleeffectsofenvironmentalpollutiononthehealthofchildren.111.b..bTheCommitteeisoftheopinionthattheissueofasylum-seekingandrefugeechildrendeservesfurtherstudywithaviewtoitsreforminthelightoftheConventionandoftheconcernsexpressedduringthediscussionwiththeCommittee.Suchinitiativesshouldreflect,interalia,ontheprocedures,especiallyastheyaffectchildren16to18,whichgoverntheexpulsionofchildrentothirdsafecountries,familyreunificationandthe"airportregulation"astotheircompatibilitywiththeprovisionsandprinciplesoftheConvention,inparticularthoseofitsarticles2,3,5,9paragraph3,10,12,22and37(d).112.b..bNoteistakenoftheGovernment'sintentiontoreformthesy