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ÐSupplement€No.38óó€(A/50/38),€chap.I,€sect.B,€suggestion7.€€For€aÐ â#Æ Ðcomprehensive€analysis,€see€A.Byrnes€and€J.Connors,€ð ðEnforcing€the€humanÐ ¨$Œ Ðrights€of€women:€€A€complaints€procedure€for€the€women's€Convention?ðð,Ð n%R ÐòòBrooklynJournal€of€International€Lawóó,€vol.XXI,€No.3€(1996),€p.679.œœœŸ@œ@œ7@œ Ÿ@œŸ@žžžÀ]@ž Ÿ@ž Ÿ@ Ý ƒÉA%ÝÒ+°ÒÒ °ÒÔ€XãXXXÔÔ€ô”-ôXXãÔÓ  ÓÓÆÓÔUKUS.,ÔÙƒêé!Ùà ƒ àÓÓòòÚ  Ú5Ú  Úóó/à Û àÝ  ÝF.€Coomans€and€G.J.H.€van€Hoof,€eds.,€òòThe€Right€to€Complain€aboutÐ x ÐEconomic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights:€€Proceedings€of€the€Expert€Meeting€onÏthe€Adoption€of€an€Optional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€onÏEconomic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rightsóó€(Utrecht,€25ðMð28January1995)€(Utrecht,Ð Ê R ÐNetherlands€Institute€of€Human€Rights,€1995).«<þ6X9`("Courier 12cpiôÂdþ6X@Ƀ8Ç;ô@   Ÿ@ øž@  €`@ÛÛ4Ÿ@ Ñ } Ñ ¡Ý ƒÉA%ÝÒ+°ÒÒ °ÒÔ€XãXXXÔÔ€ô”-ôXXãÔÓ  ÓÓÆÓÔUKUS.,ÔÙƒêé!Ùà ƒ àÓÓòòÚ  Ú4Ú  Úóó/à Û àÝ  ÝSee€E/C.12/1994/SR.42,€45€and€56;€E/C.12/1995/SR.5€and€50;Ð & ÐE/C.12/1996/SR.19ðMð20;€E/C.12/1996/SR.43,€45,€46/Add.1,€47ðMð49€and€54/Add.1. =Ý ƒ D 'ÝÒ+°ÒÒ °ÒÔ€XãXXXÔÔ€ô”-ôXXãÔÓ  ÓÓÆÓÔUKUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÒ¥+ÒÒØ Ò߀€ìTJ:6z \رt pÀ  €@@@EF1رXëÆX~0%è€ß ¨Ý ƒîJG"ÝÔ€XãXXXÔÔ€ô”-ôXXãÔÓ  ÓÓÆÓÔUKUS.,ÔÝ  ÝðMð€Ú  Ú74Ú  Ú€ðMð)ˆ‡  Z 2CG Times (W1) Regular eÝ ƒÉA%ÝÒ+°ÒÒ °ÒÔ€XãXXXÔÔ€ô”-ôXXãÔÓ  ÓÓÆÓÔUKUS.,ÔÙƒêé!Ùà ƒ àÓÓòòÚ  Ú3Ú  Úóó/à Û àÝ  ÝE/C.12/1991/WP.2,€E/C.12/1992/WP.9,€E/C.12/1994/12€andÐ Ô ÐE/C.12/1996/CRP.2/Add.1. #Ý ƒÉA%ÝÒ+°ÒÒ °ÒÔ€XãXXXÔÔ€ô”-ôXXãÔÓ  ÓÓÆÓÔUKUS.,ÔÙƒêé!Ùà ƒ àÓÓòòÚ  Ú2Ú  Úóó/à Û àÝ  ÝSee€E/1992/23,€paras.€360ðMð366. $Ý ƒÉA%ÝÒ+°ÒÒ °ÒÔ€XãXXXÔÔ€ô”-ôXXãÔÓ  ÓÓÆÓÔUKUS.,ÔÙƒêé!Ùà ƒ àÓÓòòÚ  Ú1Ú  Úóó/à Û àÝ  ÝA/CONF.157/24€(Part€I),€chap.€III. Ý ƒÉA%ÝÒ+°ÒÒ °ÒÔ€XãXXXÔÔ€ô”-ôXXãÔÓ  ÓÓÆÓÔUKUS.,ÔÙƒêé!Ùà ƒ àÓÓòòÚ  Ú2Ú  Úóó/à Û àÝ  ÝòòReport€of€the€World€Food€Summit,€13ðMð17€November€1997óó,€Part€oneÐ d, Ð(Rome,€Food€and€Agriculture€Organization€of€the€United€Nations,€1997),Ïpp.122ðMð123,€Appendix,€World€Food€Summit€Plan€of€Action,€para.€61,ÏObjective7.4€(c)€and€(e). aÝ ƒÉA%ÝÒ+°ÒÒ °ÒÔ€XãXXXÔÔ€ô”-ôXXãÔÓ  ÓÓÆÓÔUKUS.,ÔÙƒêé!Ùà ƒ àÓÓòòÚ  Ú1Ú  Úóó/à Û àÝ  ÝA/CONF.165/14,€chap.€I,€resolution€1,€annex€II€(Habitat€Agenda),Ð * Ðpara.€233. &Ý ƒ2’ø$ÝÒ+°ÒÒ °ÒÔ€XãXXXÔÔ€ô”-ôXXãÔÓ  ÓÓÆÓÔUKUS.,Ôà ƒ àòòÙƒÅ×!ÙÚ  Ú15Ú  Úóó/à Û àÝ  ÝSee€E/C.12/1996/SR.43,€45,€46/Add.1,€49€and€54/Add.1. Ý ƒ2’ø$ÝÒ+°ÒÒ °ÒÔ€XãXXXÔÔ€ô”-ôXXãÔÓ  ÓÓÆÓÔUKUS.,Ôà ƒ àòòÙƒÅ×!ÙÚ  Ú14Ú  Úóó/à Û àÝ  ÝSee€E/C.12/1996/SR.47ðMð48. Ý ƒ2’ø$ÝÒ+°ÒÒ °ÒÔ€XãXXXÔÔ€ô”-ôXXãÔÓ  ÓÓÆÓÔUKUS.,Ôà ƒ àòòÙƒÅ×!ÙÚ  Ú13Ú  Úóó/à Û àÝ  ÝSee€E/C.12/1996/SR.19ðMð20. Ý ƒ2’ø$ÝÒ+°ÒÒ °ÒÔ€XãXXXÔÔ€ô”-ôXXãÔÓ  ÓÓÆÓÔUKUS.,Ôà ƒ àòòÙƒÅ×!ÙÚ  Ú12Ú  Úóó/à Û àÝ  ÝSee€E/C.12/1995/SR.50. !Ý ƒ2’ø$ÝÒ+°ÒÒ °ÒÔ€XãXXXÔÔ€ô”-ôXXãÔÓ  ÓÓÆÓÔUKUS.,Ôà ƒ àòòÙƒÅ×!ÙÚ  Ú11Ú  Úóó/à Û àÝ  ÝSee€E/1995/22,€paras.€264ðMð266€and€281ðMð304. Ý ƒ2’ø$ÝÒ+°ÒÒ °ÒÔ€XãXXXÔÔ€ô”-ôXXãÔÓ  ÓÓÆÓÔUKUS.,Ôà ƒ àòòÙƒÅ×!ÙÚ  Ú10Ú  Úóó/à Û àÝ  ÝSee€footnote€2€above. õÝ ƒ2’ø$ÝÒ+°ÒÒ °ÒÔ€XãXXXÔÔ€ô”-ôXXãÔÓ  ÓÓÆÓÔUKUS.,Ôà ƒ àòòÙƒÅ×!ÙÚ  Ú9Ú  Úóó/à Û àÝ  ÝIbid. Ý ƒ2’ø$ÝÒ+°ÒÒ °ÒÔ€XãXXXÔÔ€ô”-ôXXãÔÓ  ÓÓÆÓÔUKUS.,Ôà ƒ àòòÙƒÅ×!ÙÚ  Ú8Ú  Úóó/à Û àÝ  ÝSee€E/1995/22,€paras.€309ðMð335. õÝ ƒ2’ø$ÝÒ+°ÒÒ °ÒÔ€XãXXXÔÔ€ô”-ôXXãÔÓ  ÓÓÆÓÔUKUS.,Ôà ƒ àòòÙƒÅ×!ÙÚ  Ú7Ú  Úóó/à Û àÝ  ÝIbid. Ý ƒ2’ø$ÝÒ+°ÒÒ °ÒÔ€XãXXXÔÔ€ô”-ôXXãÔÓ  ÓÓÆÓÔUKUS.,Ôà ƒ àòòÙƒÅ×!ÙÚ  Ú6Ú  Úóó/à Û àÝ  ÝSee€footnote€2€above. 1Ý ƒ2’ø$ÝÒ+°ÒÒ °ÒÔ€XãXXXÔÔ€ô”-ôXXãÔÓ  ÓÓÆÓÔUKUS.,Ôà ƒ àòòÙƒÅ×!ÙÚ  Ú5Ú  Úóó/à Û àÝ  ÝÔUSUK.,ÔE/1991/23,€annex€III.ÔUK.,US.,ðÔ 4Ý ƒ2’ø$ÝÒ+°ÒÒ °ÒÔ€XãXXXÔÔ€ô”-ôXXãÔÓ  ÓÓÆÓÔUKUS.,Ôà ƒ àòòÙƒÅ×!ÙÚ  Ú4Ú  Úóó/à Û àÝ  ÝÔUSUK.,ÔSee€E/1994/23,€para.19.ÔUK.,US.,ðÔTable_ATable_BTable_CTable_DTable_ETable_FTable_GTable_HTable_I Table_J Table_K Table_L Table_M {Ý ƒ2’ø$ÝÒ+°ÒÒ °ÒÔ€XãXXXÔÔ€ô”-ôXXãÔÓ  ÓÓÆÓÔUKUS.,Ôà ƒ àòòÙƒÅ×!ÙÚ  Ú3Ú  Úóó/à Û àÝ  ÝÔ‡ô”-ôôô”-ÔSee€E/1988/14,€para.€361Ô#†ô”-ôôô”-ð#ÔÔUS.,UK.,Ô.ÔUK.,US.,JÔ Ý ƒ2’ø$ÝÒ+°ÒÒ °ÒÔ€XãXXXÔÔ€ô”-ôXXãÔÓ  ÓÓÆÓÔUKUS.,Ôà ƒ àòòÙƒÅ×!ÙÚ  Ú2Ú  Úóó/à Û àÝ  ÝE/1991/23,€annex€IV. xÝ ƒ2’ø$ÝÒ+°ÒÒ °ÒÔ€XãXXXÔÔ€ô”-ôXXãÔÓ  ÓÓÆÓÔUKUS.,Ôà ƒ àòòÙƒÅ×!ÙÚ  Ú1Ú  Úóó/à Û àÝ  ÝSee€E/1996/22,€chap.€I,€draft€resolution€(Annual€sessions€of€theÐ Ø ÐCommittee€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights).Table_A åÝ ƒ D 'ÝÒ+°ÒÒ °ÒÔ€XãXXXÔÔ€ô”-ôXXãÔÓ  ÓÓÆÓÔUKUS.,ÔÝ  Ýà@vvvpà„€Ú  Ú4Ú  Ú€„ˆÐ Ø Ð$ÿÿ57=CIQYag391.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)$ÿÿ57=CIQYag151.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)'ÈÈÈÈdxd„ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(2JG$££Ý ƒêé!ÝÑTRW Ï6Á&ÿA43Ø'Ï6Á&ÿA4ÿ3Ø'TÑÒ+°ÒÒ °ÒÑ}°ÑÑØ°ÑÔ€XãXXXÔÔ€ô”-ôXXãÔÓ  ÓÓÆÓÔUKUS.,ÔÑ  ÑÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$••ò òÚ  ÚÚ  Úó óéêëèAýÿ<< cÿÿ(2JG$¢¢Ý ƒêé!ÝÑTRW Ï6Á&ÿA43Ø'Ï6Á&ÿA4ÿ3Ø'TÑÒ+°ÒÒ °ÒÑ}°ÑÑØ°ÑÔ€XãXXXÔÔ€ô”-ôXXãÔÓ  ÓÓÆÓÔUKUS.,ÔÑ  ÑÝ  Ý^uÿÿ:endnote refeendnote referenceÔ‡XXXÔÔC‡<þ6X9`(CourierCÔÔ  ÔÔ  Ôòò<M7Dn":QuickFormat1Ô‡ôÔÔ‡ôÿÿôÔÔ  ÔÓˆÄÓÔ‡ôÔÔ‡ôÿÿôÔÔ  Ô(ÿÿ$‘‘òòÚ  ÚÚ  Úóó/(7G2ÉA$¥¥Ý ƒêé!ÝÑTRW Ï6Á&ÿA43Ø'Ï6Á&ÿA4ÿ3Ø'TÑÒ+°ÒÒ °ÒÑ}°ÑÑØ°ÑÔ€XãXXXÔÔ€ô”-ôXXãÔÓ  ÓÓÆÓÔUKUS.,ÔÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÙƒêé!Ùà ƒ àÓÓòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó/à Û àÝ ƒêé!ÝÑTRW Ï6Á&ÿA43Ø'Ï6Á&ÿA4ÿ3Ø'TÑÒ+°ÒÒ °ÒÑ}°ÑÑØ°ÑÔ€XãXXXÔÔ€ô”-ôXXãÔÓ  ÓÓÆÓÔUKUS.,ÔÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ‡ô”-ôôô”-ÔÌà€1 1 Cµ#àE/1997/22ˆÌà€¡¡?µ#àE/C.12/1996/6ˆÌÌÌÌÌò òÌÌòòCOMMITTEE€ON€ECONOMIC,€SOCIAL€ANDÐ Îö  ÐÌCULTURAL€RIGHTSÌÌóóREPORT€ON€THE€FOURTEENTH€AND€FIFTEENTH€SESSIONSÐ æ   ÐÌó ó(30€AprilðMð17€May€1996,€18€NovemberðMð6€December€1996)Ð r š  ÐÌÌÌÌÌÌò òòòECONOMIC€AND€SOCIAL€COUNCILÐ Ü ÐÌÌÌóóó óOFFICIAL€RECORDS,€1997Ð ô ÐÌÌÌò òòòSUPPLEMENT€No.€2Ð  4 ÐÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌUNITED€NATIONSó óÐ #B!+ ÐÌóóÌÐ  l%”#. 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àœà‘¦"¦"In#à65›ˆÐ – j ÐÌà ¬ àB.à & àDecisions€adopted€by€the€Committee€at€itsÐ " ö  Ðà ¬ àà & àfifteenth€sessionàùƒ.ÊÊ&àà ¶ à389€ðMð€399à $" àœà‘¦"¦"In#à70›ˆÐ è ¼  ÐÌ€€VII.à ¬ àADOPTION€OF€THE€REPORTàùƒ.DD(àà ¶ à€€€œ400à $" àà‘¦"¦"In#à73›ˆÐ t H  ÐÌÓN+,Ó+ag!$"û%ŒX+ +¬& Ï ù¶$"n#û%S(ª*—XNÓà@(pàòòAnnexesóóˆÐ Ô  ÐÌÓB+,Ó+¬g!$"û%ŒX+,Ó+ag!$"û%ŒXBÓ€€€€I.à ¬ àStates€parties€to€the€Covenant€and€status€of€submission€ofÐ Œ`  ÐÓB+,Ó+¬g!n#û%ŒX+,Ó+¬g!$"û%ŒXBÓà ¬ àreportsàg!ƒ.h h àœà‘¦"¦"In#à74›ˆÐ R&  ÐÌ€€€II.à ¬ àMembership€of€the€Committee€on€Economic,€Social€and€CulturalÐ Þ² Ðà ¬ àRightsàg!ƒ.  àà‘¦"¦"In#àœ88›ˆÐ ¤x ÐÌÓH"+ ,Ó+¬& g!$"n#û%ŒX+,Ó+¬g!n#û%ŒXHÓ€€III.à ¬ àA.à & àAgenda€of€the€fourteenth€session€of€the€Committee€onÐ 0 Ðà ¬ àà & àEconomic,€Social€and€Cultural€œRightsÌà ¬ àà & à(30›€AprilðMð17€May€œ1996)àg!ƒ.¾¾+àà $" àà‘¦"¦"In#à89›ˆÐ ¼ ÐÌà ¬ àB.à & àAgenda€of€the€fifteenth€session€of€the€Committee€onÐ H Ðà ¬ àà & àEconomic,€Social€and€Cultural€RightsÌà ¬ àà & 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àof€the€International€Covenant€on€Economic,€Social€and€Ìà ¬ àCultural€Rightsàg!ƒ.ˆˆ!àœà $" àà‘B"B"Hn#à112›ˆÐ †(Z$/ ÐÌÐ  *æ%1 Ðà@ˆˆ!pàCONTENTS€(òòcontinuedóó)ˆÐ , ÐÌòòAnnexesóó€(òòcontinuedóó)à€%"%"Hµ#àòòPageóóˆÐ ¸Œ ÐÌ€VIII.à ¬ àA.à & àList€of€States€parties'€delegations€which€participatedÐ D Ðà ¬ àà & àin€the€consideration€of€their€respective€reports€byÌà ¬ àà & àthe€Committee€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€RightsÌà ¬ àà & àat€its€fourteenth€sessionàg!ƒ.êê.àà $" àœà‘B"B"Hn#à116›ˆÐ – j ÐÌà ¬ àB.à & àList€of€States€parties'€delegations€which€participatedÐ " ö  Ðà ¬ àà & àin€the€consideration€of€their€respective€reports€byÌà ¬ àà & àthe€Committee€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€RightsÌà ¬ àà & àat€its€fifteenth€sessionàg!ƒ.††-àà $" àœà‘B"B"Hn#à118›ˆÐ t H  ÐÌ€€€IX.à ¬ àA.à & àList€of€documents€of€the€Committee€at€itsÐ Ô  Ðà ¬ àà & àfourteenth€sessionàg!ƒ...'àà $" àœà‘B"B"Hn#à121›ˆÐ Æš  ÐÌà ¬ àB.à & àList€of€documents€of€the€Committee€at€itsÐ R&  Ðà ¬ àà & àfifteenth€sessionàg!ƒ.ÊÊ&àà $" àœà‘B"B"Hn#à122›ˆÐ ì  ÐÌÐ  ¤x Ðà@ææ%pàABBREVIATIONSˆÌÌÓ<++Xª*—X+ ,Ó+¬& g!$"n#û%ŒX<ÓAIDSà ƒ àà Û àAcquired€immune€deficiency€syndromeÐ ¸Œ ÐÌHIVà ƒ àà Û àHuman€œimmunodeficiency›€virusÐ D ÐÌILOà ƒ àà Û àInternational€Labour€OrganizationРФ ÐÌOASà ƒ àà Û àOrganization€of€American€StatesÐ \ 0 ÐÌœUNDP›à ƒ àà Û àUnited€Nations€Development€ProgrammeÐ è ¼  ÐÌUNESCOà Û àUnited€Nations€Educational,€Scientific€and€Cultural€OrganizationÐ t H  ÐÌœUNHCR›à ƒ àà Û àOffice€of€the€United€Nations€High€Commissioner€for€RefugeesÐ Ô  ÐÌUNICEFà Û àUnited€Nations€Children's€FundÐ Œ`  ÐÌWHOà ƒ àà Û àWorld€Health€OrganizationÐ ì  ÐÌWorld€Bankà Û àInternational€Bank€for€Reconstruction€and€DevelopmentÐ ¤x Ð̜Р 0 Лà@®®'pàòòChapter€IóóÓ$ +{§X++Xª*—X$ӈР, ÐÌà@00pàORGANIZATIONAL€AND€OTHER€MATTERSˆÌÌà@Ì Ì pàA.€€òòStates€parties€to€the€CovenantóóˆÐ D ÐÌ1.à ƒ àAs€at€6€December€1996,€the€closing€date€of€the€fifteenth€session€of€theРФ ÐCommittee€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights,€135States€had€ratified€orÏacceded€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights,Ïwhich€was€adopted€by€the€General€Assembly€in€resolution2200A(XXI)€ofÏ16December1966€and€opened€for€signature€and€ratification€in€NewYork€onÏ19December1966.€€The€Covenant€entered€into€force€on€3January1976€inÏaccordance€with€the€provisions€of€its€article27.€€A€list€of€States€parties€toÏthe€Covenant€is€contained€in€annexI€to€the€present€report.ÌÌà@òò pàB.€€òòSessions€and€agendaóóˆÐ Æš  ÐÌ2.à ƒ àThe€Committee€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights,€at€itsÐ R&  Ðtwelfthsession,€requested€the€Economic€and€Social€Council€to€authorize€theÏholding€of€two€annual€sessions€of€the€Committee,€in€May€and€NovemberðMðDecember,Ïeach€of€three€weeks'€duration,€in€addition€to€a€preðMðsessional€working€group€ofÏfive€members€to€meet€for€fivedays€immediately€after€each€session€to€prepareÏthe€list€of€issues€for€consideration€at€the€subsequent€session.œ×ƒ§×Ý ƒ4c¯ÝòòÙñòòñññÙÚ  Ú1Ú  Úóó/Ý  Ý×  ×›€€TheÐ 0 ÐEconomic€and€Social€Council,€by€its€resolution1995/39€of€25July1995,Ïendorsed€the€Committee's€recommendation.€€Accordingly,€in€1996,€the€CommitteeÏheld€its€fourteenth€session€from€30April€to€17May€and€its€fifteenth€sessionÏfrom€18November€to€6December.€€Both€sessions€were€held€at€the€UnitedNationsÏOffice€at€Geneva.€€The€agenda€for€each€session€is€shown€in€annexIII€to€theÏpresent€report.ÌÌ3.à ƒ àAn€account€of€the€Committee's€deliberations€at€its€fourteenth€andÐ `4 Ðfifteenth€sessions€is€contained€in€the€relevant€summary€recordsÏ(E/C.12/1996/SR.1ðMð26€and€E/C.12/1996/SR.27ðMð55/Add.1,€respectively).ÌÌà@ÆÆpàC.€€òòMembership€and€attendanceóóˆÐ xL" ÐÌ4.à ƒ àAll€members€of€the€Committee€attended€the€fourteenth€session.€Ð  Ø$ ÐMr.Kenneth€OsborneRattray,€Mr.BrunoSimma€and€Mr.PhilippeTexierÏattendedœonly›€part€of€the€session.€€All€members€of€the€Committee,ÏexceptœMs.›MargeritaVysokajova,€attended€the€fifteenthsession.€ÏMr.œKennethOsborneRattray›€and€Mr.BrunoSimma€attended€only€part€ofÏtheœsession.›ÌÌ5.à ƒ àThe€following€specialized€agencies€and€UnitedNations€organs€wereÐ n%B!+ Ðrepresented€by€observers€at€the€fourteenthsession:€€ILO,€UNESCO,€WHO,€UNHCRÏand€UNDP;€and€at€the€fifteenthsession:€€ILO,€WHO€and€the€Division€for€theÏAdvancement€of€Women€of€the€United€Nations€Department€for€Policy€CoordinationÏand€Sustainable€Development.Ìâ âÐ L) %0 Ð6.à ƒ àThe€following€non-governmental€organizations€in€consultative€status€withÐ , Ðâ âthe€Economic€and€Social€Council€were€represented€by€observers€at€theÏfourteenthsession:ÌÌà ƒ àCategory€I:à 3 àà0 ‹ àInternational€Confederation€of€Free€Trade€Unions,Ð D ÐWorld€Federation€of€United€Nations€AssociationsÐ ‹µ#‹µ# ÐÌà ƒ àCategory€II:à0 ‹ àAmerican€Association€of€Jurists,€Commission€for€theÐ – j ÐDefense€of€Human€Rights€in€CentralAmerica,€HabitatÏInternational€Coalition,€International€Commission€ofÏJurists,€International€Federation€of€Human€Rights,ÏInternational€Organization€for€the€Development€ofÏFreedom€of€Education,€International€Service€for€HumanÏRights,€OXFAMÐ ‹µ#‹µ# ÐÌà ƒ àRoster:à 3 àà0 ‹ àAmerican€Association€for€the€Advancement€of€Science,€Ð Æš  ÐFIAN€ðMð€Foodfirst€Information€and€Action€Network.Ð ‹µ#‹µ# ÐÌand€at€the€fifteenth€session:ÌÌà ƒ àCategory€I:à0 3 àà0‹3 µ#3 µ#àInternational€Confederation€of€Free€œTrade›€Unions,Ð ¤x ÐWorld€Federation€of€United€Nations€Associations€Ð ‹µ#‹µ# ÐÌà ƒ àCategory€II:à0 ‹ àAmerican€Association€of€Jurists,€Andean€Commission€ofÐ öÊ ÐJurists,€Habitat€International€Coalition,ÏInternational€Commission€of€Jurists,€InternationalÏFederation€Terre€des€Hommes,€InternationalÏOrganization€for€the€Development€of€Freedom€ofÏEducation,€International€Service€for€Human€Rights,ÏWomen's€International€League€for€Peace€and€FreedomÐ ‹µ#‹µ# ÐÌà ƒ àRoster:à 3 àà0 ‹ àAmerican€Association€for€the€Advancement€of€Science,Ð &ú ÐFIAN€ðMð€Foodfirst€Information€and€Action€Network.Ð ‹µ#‹µ# ÐÌà@bbpàD.€€òòPreðMðsessional€working€groupóóˆÐ xL" ÐÌ7.à ƒ àThe€Economic€and€Social€Council,€in€its€resolution1988/4€ofÐ  Ø$ Ð24May1988,€authorized€the€establishment€of€a€preðMðsessional€working€groupÏcomposed€of€fivemembers€to€be€appointed€by€the€Chairman€to€meet€for€up€toÏoneweek€prior€to€each€session.€€By€decision1990/252€of€25May1990,€theÏCouncil€authorized€the€meetings€of€the€working€group€to€be€held€one€toÏthreemonths€prior€to€a€session€of€the€Committee.ÌÌ8.à ƒ àThe€Chairperson€of€the€Committee,€in€consultation€with€the€members€ofÐ n%B!+ Ðthe€Bureau,€designated€the€following€individuals€as€members€of€theÏpreðMðsessional€working€group€to€meet:ÌÌà ƒ àòòPrior€to€the€fourteenth€sessionóó:Ð †(Z$/ ÐÌà ƒ àMr.€Ade€ADEKUOYEÌÌà ƒ àMs.€Chikako€TAYAÌÌà ƒ àMs.€Mara€de€los€Angeles€JIMENEZ€BUTRAGUEOÐ *-þ(5 Їà ƒ àMr.€Juan€ALVAREZ€VITAÌÌà ƒ àMr.€Valeri€KOUZNETSOVÌÌà ƒ àòòPrior€to€the€fifteenth€sessionóó:Ð D ÐÌà ƒ àMr.€Mahmoud€Samir€AHMEDÌÌà ƒ àMr.€Juan€ALVAREZ€VITAÌÌà ƒ àMs.€Virginia€BONOANðMðDANDANÌÌà ƒ àMr.€Dumitru€CEAUSUÌÌà ƒ àMs.€Mara€de€los€Angeles€JIMENEZ€BUTRAGUEO.ÌÌ9.à ƒ àThe€preðMðsessional€working€group€held€its€meetings€at€the€UnitedNationsÐ Œ`  ÐOffice€at€Geneva€from€11€to€15€December€1995€and€from€20€to€24May1996,Ïrespectively.€€All€members€of€the€working€group€attended€its€meetings.€€TheÏworking€group€identified€issues€that€might€most€usefully€be€discussed€with€theÏrepresentatives€of€the€reporting€States€and€lists€of€such€questions€wereÏtransmitted€to€the€permanent€missions€of€the€States€concerned.ÌÌà@ÆÆpàE.€€òòOfficers€of€the€CommitteeóóˆÐ öÊ ÐÌ10.à ƒ àThe€following€members€of€the€Committee,€elected€for€a€term€of€twoyears€Ð ‚V Ðin€accordance€with€rule14€of€the€Committee's€rules€of€procedure,€continued€toÏserve€as€members€of€the€Committee's€Bureau:ÌÌà ƒ àòòChairpersonóó:à ‹ àà ã àMr.€Philip€ALSTONÐ šn ÐÌà ƒ àòòViceðMðChairpersonsóó:à ã àMr.€Juan€ALVAREZ€VITAÐ &ú ÐÌà ƒ àà Û àà 3 àà ‹ àà ã àMr.€Abdessatar€GRISSAÌÌà ƒ àà Û àà 3 àà ‹ àà ã àMr.€Dumitru€CEAUSUÌÌà ƒ àòòRapporteuróó:à 3 àà ‹ àà ã àMs.€Virginia€BONOANðMðDANDANÐ Ê ž% ÐÌà@ÀÀpàF.€€òòOrganization€of€workóóˆÐ V"*' ÐÌòòFourteenth€sessionóóÐ â#¶) ÐÌ11.à ƒ àThe€Committee€considered€its€organization€of€work€at€its€6thmeetingÐ n%B!+ Ðon2May,€8thmeeting€on€3May,€9th€and€10thmeetings€on€6May,€15thmeetingÏon€9May,€17thmeeting€on€10May,€19thmeeting€on€13May,€22ndmeetingÏonœ14›May,€24th€meeting€on€15€May€and€25thmeeting€on€17May1996.€€InÏconnection€with€this€item,€the€Committee€had€before€it€the€followingÏdocuments:ÌÌà ƒ à(a)à Û àDraft€programme€of€work€for€the€fourteenth€session,€prepared€byÐ Ø*¬&2 Ðthe€Secretary-General€in€consultation€with€the€Chairperson€of€the€CommitteeÏ(E/C.12/1996/L.1);ÌÐ *-þ(5 Ðà ƒ à(b)à Û àReports€of€the€Committee€on€the€work€of€its€first€(E/1987/28),Ð , Ðsecond€(E/1988/14),€third€(E/1989/22),€fourth€(E/1990/23),€fifth€(E/1991/23),Ïsixth(E/1992/23),€seventh€(E/1993/22),€eighth€and€ninth€(E/1994/23),€tenthÏand€eleventh€(E/1995/22),€and€twelfth€and€thirteenthsessions€(E/1996/22).ÌÌ12.à ƒ àIn€accordance€with€rule8€of€its€rules€of€procedure,€the€Committee,€atÐ  Þ Ðits€1stmeeting€on€30April1996,€considered€the€draft€programme€of€work€forÏits€fourteenthsession€and€approved€it,€as€amended€during€consideration€(seeÏE/C.12/1996/L.1/Rev.1).ÌÌòòFifteenth€sessionóóÐ è ¼  ÐÌ13.à ƒ àThe€Committee€considered€its€organization€of€work€at€its€27thmeetingÐ t H  Ðon18November,€30thmeeting€on€19œNovember,€54th›meeting€on€5€December€andÏ55th€meeting€on€6€December€1996.€€In€connection€with€this€item,€the€CommitteeÏhad€before€it€the€following€documents:ÌÌà ƒ à(a)à Û àDraft€programme€of€work€for€the€fifteenth€session,€prepared€by€theÐ R&  ÐSecretary-General€in€consultation€with€the€Chairperson€of€the€CommitteeÏ(E/C.12/1996/L.2);ÌÌà ƒ à(b)à Û àReports€of€the€Committee€on€the€work€of€its€first€(E/1987/28),Ð j> Ðsecond(E/1988/14),€third€(E/1989/22),€fourth(E/1990/23),€fifth€(E/1991/23),Ïsixth(E/1992/23),€seventh(E/1993/22),€eighth€and€ninth(E/1994/23),€tenthÏand€eleventh€(E/1995/22),€and€twelfth€and€thirteenthsessions€(E/1996/22).ÌÌ14.à ƒ àIn€accordance€with€rule8€of€its€rules€of€procedure,€the€Committee,€atÐ H Ðits€27th€meeting€on€18November1996,€considered€the€draft€programme€of€workÏfor€its€fifteenth€session€and€approved€it,€as€amended€during€considerationÏ(see€E/C.12/1996/L.2/Rev.1).ÌÌà@PP#pàG.€€òòNext€sessionóóˆÐ &ú ÐÌ15.à ƒ àIn€accordance€with€the€established€schedule,€the€sixteenth€andÐ ²†! Ðseventeenthsessions€would€take€place€from€28April€to€16May1997€andÏfrom17November€to€5December1997,€respectively.ÌÌà ƒ àà Û à€€œH.à8 3 àòòStates›€parties'€reports€scheduled€for€œconsiderationÐÊ ž%3 ]!3 ]! Ðà0 ƒ àà0Û ƒµ#ƒµ#àà03 Û µ#Û µ#àby›€the€Committee€at€its€sixteenth€sessionóóÐ!d&3 µ#3 µ# ÐÌ16.€€The€Committee,€at€its€54thmeeting€on€5€December€1996,€decided€thatÏthefollowing€States€parties'€reports€would€be€considered€at€itsÏsixteenthsession:ÌÌà@êêpàòòInitial€reports€concerning€articles€1€to€15€of€the€CovenantóóˆÐ 4&", ÐÌà ƒ àà Û àLibyan€Arab€Jamahiriyaà ; àà “ àà ë àE/1990/5/Add.26Ð À'”#. ÐÌà ƒ àà Û àGuyanaà ‹ àà ã àà ; àà “ àà ë àE/1990/5/Add.27Ð L) %0 ÐÌà ƒ àà Û àZimbabweà ‹ àà ã àà ; àà “ àà ë àE/1990/5/Add.28Ð Ø*¬&2 ÐÌà ƒ àà Û àPeruà 3 àà ‹ àà ã àà ; àà “ àà ë àE/1990/5/Add.29Ð d,8(4 ÐòòÐ *-þ(5 ÐÔ& ¤ Ôà@ŒŒ pàThird€periodic€reports€concerning€articles€1€to€15€of€the€CovenantóóˆÐ , ÐÌà ƒ àà Û àRussian€Federationà ; àà “ àà ë àE/1994/104/Add.8Ð ¸Œ ÐÌ17.à ƒ àThe€Committee€also€decided€that€it€would€review€the€implementation€ofÐ D ÐÔ'¤,WiÔthe€provisions€of€the€Covenant€in€the€Central€African€Republic,€which€had€notÏsubmitted€any€report€at€all€since€its€ratification€of€the€Covenant,€on€theÏbasis€of€any€information€that€might€be€available€to€the€Committee.ÌÌà@¬ ¬ pàI.€€òòComposition€of€the€preðMðsessional€working€groupóóˆÐ " ö  ÐòòÌSixteenth€sessionóóÐ ® ‚  ÐÌ18.à ƒ àThe€Chairperson€of€the€Committee€designated€the€following€membersÐ :  Ðtoserve€on€the€preðMðsessional€working€group:€€Mr.€A.€Grissa,ÏMs.M.JimnezButragueo,€Mr.V.Kouznetsov,€Mr.€N.€Thapalia€andÏMr.WimerZambrano.ÌòòÌSeventeenth€sessionóóÐ ì  ÐÌ19.à ƒ àThe€Chairperson€of€the€Committee€designated€the€following€members€toÐ ¤x Ðserve€on€the€preðMðsessional€working€group:€€Mr.A.Adekuoye,ÏMs.V.BonoanðMðDandan,€Ms.M.JimnezButragueo,€Mr.V.Kouznetsov€andÏMr.K.O.€Rattray.ÌÐ  ¼ Ðà@||&pàòòChapter€IIóóˆÐ , ÐÌà@€ € pàOVERVIEW€OF€THE€PRESENT€WORKING€METHODS€OF€THE€COMMITTEEˆÌÌ20.à ƒ àThis€chapter€of€the€Committee's€report€aims€at€providing€a€concise€andÐ D Ðup-to-date€overview€and€explanation€of€the€ways€in€which€the€Committee€onÏEconomic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights€carries€out€its€various€functions.€€It€isÏdesigned€to€make€the€Committee's€current€practice€more€transparent€and€readilyÏaccessible€so€as€to€assist€States€parties€and€others€interested€in€theÏimplementation€of€the€Covenant.€€ÌÌ21.à ƒ àSince€its€first€session,€in€1987,€the€Committee€has€made€a€concertedÐ ® ‚  Ðeffort€to€devise€appropriate€working€methods€which€adequately€reflect€theÏnature€of€the€tasks€with€which€it€has€been€entrusted.€€In€the€course€of€itsÏ15œsessions›€it€has€sought€to€modify€and€develop€these€methods€in€the€light€ofÏits€experience.€€These€methods€will€continue€to€evolve.ÌÌà@h h pàA.€€òòGeneral€guidelines€for€reportingóóˆÐ R&  ÐÌ22.à ƒ àThe€Committee€attaches€major€importance€to€the€need€to€structure€theÐ Þ² Ðreporting€process€and€the€dialogue€with€each€State€party's€representatives€inÏsuch€a€way€as€to€ensure€that€the€issues€of€principal€concern€to€it€are€dealtÏwith€in€a€methodical€and€informative€manner.€€For€this€purpose,€the€CommitteeÏhas€adopted€detailed€reporting€guidelines€×ƒ¥×Ý ƒ4c¯ÝòòÙñòòñññÙÚ  Ú2Ú  Úóó/Ý  Ý×  ×€with€a€view€to€assisting€StatesÐ öÊ Ðin€the€reporting€process€and€improving€the€effectiveness€of€the€monitoringÏsystem€as€a€whole.€€The€Committee€strongly€urges€all€States€parties€to€reportÏto€it€in€accordance€with€the€guidelines€to€the€greatest€extent€possible.€ÏThese€guidelines€will€be€revised€in€the€course€of€the€Committee's€nextÏsession(s)€in€order€to€reflect€more€fully€the€issues€dealt€with€by€the€majorÏworld€conferences€held€in€recent€years.ÌÌà@< < pàB.€€òòExamination€of€States€parties'€reportsóóˆÐ &ú ÐÌ€à ƒ à1.à Û àòòWork€of€the€pre-sessional€working€groupóóÐ ²†! ÐÌ23.à ƒ àA€pre-sessional€working€group€meets,€for€five€days,€prior€to€each€of€theÐ ># ÐCommittee's€sessions.€€It€is€composed€of€five€members€of€the€CommitteeÏnominated€by€the€Chairperson,€taking€account€of€the€desirability€of€a€balancedÏgeographical€distribution.ÌÌ24.à ƒ àThe€principal€purpose€of€the€working€group€is€to€identify€in€advance€theÐ #ð( Ðquestions€which€might€most€usefully€be€discussed€with€the€representatives€ofÏthe€reporting€States.€€The€aim€is€to€improve€the€efficiency€of€the€system€andÏto€facilitate€the€task€of€States'€representatives€by€providing€advance€noticeÏof€many€of€the€principal€issues€which€will€arise€in€the€examination€of€theÏreports.€×ƒ£V×Ý ƒ4c¯ÝòòÙñòòñññÙÚ  Ú3Ú  Úóó/Ý  Ý×  ×Ð ú&Î"- ÐÌ25.à ƒ àIt€is€generally€accepted€that€the€complex€nature€and€diverse€range€ofÐ †(Z$/ Ðmany€of€the€issues€raised€in€connection€with€the€implementation€of€theÐ L) %0 ÐCovenant€constitute€a€strong€argument€in€favour€of€providing€States€partiesÏwith€the€possibility€of€preparing€in€advance€to€answer€some€of€the€principalÏquestions€arising€out€of€their€reports.€€Such€an€arrangement€also€enhances€theÏlikelihood€that€the€State€party€will€be€able€to€provide€precise€and€detailedÏinformation.ÌÌ26.à ƒ àWith€regard€to€its€own€working€methods,€the€working€group,€in€theРФ Ðinterests€of€efficiency,€allocates€to€each€of€its€members€initialÏresponsibility€for€undertaking€a€detailed€review€of€a€specific€number€ofÏreports€and€for€putting€before€the€group€a€preliminary€list€of€issues.€€TheÏdecision€as€to€how€the€reports€should€be€allocated€for€this€purpose€is€basedÏin€part€on€the€areas€of€expertise€of€the€member€concerned.€€Each€draft€by€aÏcountry€rapporteur€is€then€revised€and€supplemented€on€the€basis€ofÏobservations€by€the€other€members€of€the€group€and€the€final€version€of€theÏlist€is€adopted€by€the€group€as€a€whole.€€This€procedure€applies€equally€toÏboth€initial€and€periodic€reports.ÌÌ27.à ƒ àIn€preparation€for€the€pre-sessional€working€group,€the€Committee€hasÐ R&  Ðasked€the€Secretariat€to€place€at€the€disposal€of€its€members€a€countryÏanalysis€as€well€as€all€pertinent€documents€containing€information€relevant€toÏeach€of€the€reports€to€be€examined.€€For€this€purpose,€the€Committee€hasÏinvited€all€concerned€individuals,€bodies€and€non-governmental€organizationsÏto€submit€relevant€and€appropriate€documentation€to€the€Secretariat.€€It€hasÏalso€asked€the€Secretariat€to€ensure€that€certain€types€of€information€areÏregularly€placed€in€the€relevant€files.ÌÌ28.à ƒ àIn€order€to€ensure€that€the€Committee€is€as€well€informed€as€possible,Ð H Ðit€provides€opportunities€for€non-governmental€organizations€to€submitÏrelevant€information€to€it.€€They€may€do€this€in€writing€at€any€time.€€TheÏCommittee's€pre-sessional€working€group€is€also€open€to€the€submission€ofÏinformation€in€person€or€in€writing€from€any€non-governmental€organizations,Ïprovided€that€it€relates€to€matters€on€the€agenda€of€the€working€group.€€InÏaddition,€the€Committee€sets€aside€part€of€the€first€afternoon€at€each€of€itsÏsessions€to€enable€representatives€of€non-governmental€organizations€toÏprovide€oral€information.€€Such€information€should:€€(a)focus€specifically€onÏthe€provisions€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Economic,€Social€andCulturalÏRights;€(b)be€of€direct€relevance€to€matters€under€consideration€by€theÏCommittee;€(c)be€reliable;€(d)not€be€abusive.€€The€relevant€meeting€is€openÏand€provided€with€interpretation€services,€but€is€not€covered€by€summaryÏrecords.ÌÌ29.à ƒ àThe€Committee€has€requested€the€Secretariat€to€ensure€that€any€writtenÐ â#¶) Ðinformation€formally€submitted€to€it€by€individuals€or€non-governmentalÏorganizations€in€relation€to€the€consideration€of€a€specific€State€partyÏreport€is€made€available€as€soon€as€possible€to€the€representative€of€theÏState€concerned.ÌÌ30.à ƒ àThe€lists€of€issues€drawn€up€by€the€working€group€are€given€directly€toÐ †(Z$/ Ða€representative€of€the€States€concerned,€along€with€a€copy€of€the€Committee'sÏmost€recent€report€and€with€a€note€stating,€òòinteraliaóó,€the€following:Ð *æ%1 ÐÌà0 ƒ àà Û àð ðThe€list€is€not€intended€to€be€exhaustive€and€it€should€not€beÐ ž+r'3 Ðinterpreted€as€limiting€or€in€any€other€way€prejudging€the€type€andÏrange€of€questions€which€members€of€the€Committee€might€wish€to€ask.€Ð *-þ(5 ÐHowever,€the€working€group€believes€that€the€constructive€dialogue€whichÏthe€Committee€wishes€to€have€with€the€representatives€of€the€State€partyÏcan€be€facilitated€by€making€the€list€available€in€advance€of€theÏCommittee's€session.€€In€order€to€improve€the€dialogue€that€theÏCommittee€seeks,€it€strongly€urges€each€State€party€to€provide€inÏwriting€its€replies€to€the€list€of€issues€and€to€do€so€sufficiently€inÏadvance€of€the€session€at€which€its€report€will€be€considered€to€enableÏthe€replies€to€be€translated€and€made€available€to€all€members€of€theÏCommittee.ððÐ\ 0ƒµ#ƒµ# ÐÌ31.à ƒ àIn€addition€to€the€task€of€formulating€the€lists€of€issues,€theÐ è ¼  Ðpre-sessional€working€group€is€also€entrusted€with€a€variety€of€other€tasksÏdesigned€to€facilitate€the€work€of€the€Committee€as€a€whole.€€These€haveÏincluded:€€discussing€the€most€appropriate€allocation€of€time€for€theÏconsideration€of€each€State€report;€considering€the€issue€of€how€best€to€Ìrespond€to€supplementary€reports€containing€additional€information;€examiningÏdraft€general€comments;€considering€how€best€to€structure€the€day€of€generalÏdiscussion;€and€other€relevant€matters.ÌÌÔ&  Ôà ƒ à2.à Û àòòPresentation€of€the€reportÐ Þ² ÐÌóó32.à ƒ àIn€accordance€with€the€established€practice€of€each€of€theÐ j> ÐUnitedœNations›€Ô'Þ£Ôhuman€rights€treaty€monitoring€bodies,€representatives€of€theÏreporting€States€are€entitled,€and€indeed€are€strongly€encouraged,€to€beÏpresent€at€the€meetings€of€the€Committee€when€their€reports€are€examined.€€TheÏfollowing€procedure€is€generally€followed.€€The€representative€of€the€StateÏparty€is€invited€to€introduce€the€report€by€making€brief€introductory€commentsÏand€introducing€any€written€œreplies›€to€the€list€of€issues€drawn€up€by€theÏpre-sessional€working€group.€€The€Committee€then€considers€the€report€on€anÏarticleðMðbyðMðarticle€basis,€taking€particular€account€of€the€replies€furnishedÏin€response€to€the€list€of€issues.€€During€this€period,€representatives€ofÏrelevant€specialized€agencies€and€other€international€bodies€are€also€able€toÏcontribute€to€the€dialogue.€€The€representatives€of€the€State€party€areÏinvited€to€reply€immediately€to€questions€that€do€not€require€furtherÏreflection€or€research.€€Other€questions€remaining€to€be€answered€are€taken€upÏat€a€subsequent€meeting.€€Members€of€the€Committee€are€free€to€pursue€specificÏissues€in€the€light€of€the€replies€thus€provided.€€Questions€which€cannotÏadequately€be€dealt€with€in€this€manner€may€be€the€subject€of€additionalÏinformation€provided€to€the€Committee€in€writing.ÌÌ33.à ƒ àThe€final€phase€of€the€Committee's€examination€of€the€report€consists€ofÐ #ð( Ðthe€drafting€and€adoption€of€its€concluding€observations.€€For€this€purpose,Ïthe€Committee€usually€sets€aside€a€brief€period,€in€closed€session,€to€enableÏits€members€to€express€their€preliminary€views.€€The€country€rapporteur€thenÏprepares,€with€the€assistance€of€the€Secretariat,€a€draft€set€of€concludingÏobservations€for€consideration€by€the€Committee.€€The€agreed€structure€of€theÏconcluding€observations€is€as€follows:€€introduction;€positive€aspects;Ïfactors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€implementation€of€the€Covenant;Ïprincipal€subjects€of€concern;€and€suggestions€and€recommendations.€€At€aÏlater€stage,€the€Committee€then€discusses€the€draft,€again€in€private€session,Ïwith€a€view€to€adopting€it€by€consensus.ÌÌ34.à ƒ àThe€concluding€observations€are€formally€adopted€in€public€session€onÐ d,8(4 Ðthe€final€day€of€the€session.€€As€soon€as€this€occurs€they€are€considered€toÐ *-þ(5 Ðhave€been€made€public€and€are€available€to€all€interested€parties.€€They€areÏforwarded€as€soon€as€possible€to€the€State€party€concerned€and€included€in€theÏCommittee's€report.€€If€it€so€wishes,€the€State€party€may€address€any€of€theÏCommittee's€concluding€observations€in€the€context€of€any€additionalÏinformation€which€it€provides€to€the€Committee.ÌÌ35.à ƒ àIn€general,€the€Committee€devotes€three€meetings€(of€three€hours€each)РФ Ðto€its€public€examination€of€each€global€report€(dealing€with€arts.€1-15).€€InÏaddition,€it€generally€devotes€between€two€and€three€hours€towards€the€end€ofÏthe€session,€in€private,€to€its€discussion€of€each€set€of€concludingÏobservations.ÌÌà ƒ à3.à Û àòòDeferrals€of€the€presentation€of€reportsóóÐ t H  ÐÌ36.à ƒ àLast-minute€requests€by€States€to€defer€the€presentation€of€a€reportÐ Ô  Ðwhich€has€been€scheduled€for€consideration€at€a€particular€session€areÏextremely€disruptive€for€all€concerned€and€have€caused€major€problems€for€theÏCommittee€in€the€past.€€Accordingly,€the€Committee's€longðMðstanding€policy€Ô& R ÔisÏnot€to€grant€such€requests€and€to€proceed€with€its€consideration€of€allÏscheduled€reports,€even€in€the€absence€of€a€Ô'RRÓ›Ôrepresentative€of€the€StateÏconcerned.ÌÌÔ& j Ôà@t t pàC.€€òòProcedures€in€relation€to€follow-up€actionóóˆÐ 0 ÐÌ37.à ƒ àIn€situations€in€which€the€Committee€considers€that€additionalÐ ¼ Ðinformation€is€necessary€to€enable€it€to€continue€its€dialogue€with€the€StateÏparty€concerned,€there€are€several€options€that€might€be€pursued:ÌÌÔ'j0‘œÔà ƒ à(a)à Û àThe€Committee€might€note€that€specific€issues€should€be€addressedÐ Ô¨ Ðin€a€detailed€manner€in€the€State€party's€next€periodic€report,€which€wouldÏnormally€be€due€in€five€years'€time;ÌÌà ƒ à(b)à Û àThe€Committee€might€take€note€specifically€of€the€State€party'sÐ ìÀ  Ðstated€intention€to€submit€additional€information€in€writing,€particularly€inÏresponse€to€questions€posed€by€the€members€of€the€Committee;ÌÌà ƒ à(c)à Û àThe€Committee€might€specifically€request€that€additionalÐ  Ø$ Ðinformation,€relating€to€matters€that€it€would€identify,€be€submitted€to€theÏCommittee€within€six€months,€thus€enabling€it€to€be€considered€by€theÏpre-sessional€working€group.€€In€general,€the€working€group€could€recommendÏone€or€another€of€the€following€responses€to€the€Committee:ÌÌÓ! ++Ç Ð +{§X!Óà‘› › Ç à(i)ˆà Ð àThat€it€take€note€of€such€information;Ð ¨$| * ÐÌà‘7 7 Ç à(ii)ˆà0 Ð àThat€it€adopt€specific€concluding€observations€in€response€toÐ 4&", Ðthat€information;Ð Ð µ#Ð µ# ÐÌà‘ÓÓÇ à(iii)ˆà0 Ð àThat€the€matter€be€pursued€through€a€request€for€furtherÐ †(Z$/ Ðinformation;€orÐ Ð µ#Ð µ# Ðâ âÐ *æ%1 ÐÔ& j Ôâ âà‘7 7 Ç à(iv)ˆà0 Ð àThat€the€Committee's€Chairperson€be€authorized€to€inform€theÐ , ÐState€party,€in€advance€of€the€next€session,€that€theÏCommittee€would€take€up€the€issue€at€its€next€session€andÏthat,€for€that€purpose,€the€participation€of€a€representativeÏof€the€State€party€in€the€work€of€the€Committee€would€beÏwelcome;Ð Ð µ#Ð µ# ÐÔ'j,5£ÔÌÓE.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!++Ç Ð EÓà b à(d)à ™ àThe€Committee€might€determine€that€the€receipt€of€additionalÐ – j Ðinformation€is€urgent€and€request€that€it€be€provided€within€a€givenÏtime-limit€(perhaps€two€to€three€months).€€In€such€a€case,€the€Chairperson,€inÏconsultation€with€the€members€of€the€Bureau,€could€be€authorized€to€follow€upÏthe€matter€with€the€State€party€if€no€response€is€received€or€if€the€responseÏis€patently€unsatisfactory.ÌÌ38.à b àIn€situations€in€which€the€Committee€considers€that€it€is€unable€toÐ Ô  Ðobtain€the€information€it€requires€on€the€basis€of€the€above-mentionedÏprocedures,€it€may€decide€to€adopt€a€different€approach€instead.€€InÏparticular,€the€Committee€may,€as€has€already€been€done€in€connection€with€twoÏStates€parties,€request€that€the€State€party€concerned€accept€a€missionÏconsisting€of€one€or€two€members€of€the€Committee.€€Such€a€decision€would€beÏtaken€only€after€the€Committee€had€satisfied€itself€that€there€was€no€adequateÏalternative€approach€available€to€it€and€that€the€information€in€itsÏpossession€warranted€such€an€approach.€€The€purposes€of€such€an€on-site€visitÏwould€be:€€(a)€to€collect€the€information€necessary€for€the€Committee€toÏcontinue€its€constructive€dialogue€with€the€State€party€and€to€enable€it€toÏcarry€out€its€functions€in€relation€to€the€Covenant;€(b)€to€provide€a€moreÏcomprehensive€basis€upon€which€the€Committee€might€exercise€its€functions€inÏrelation€to€articles€22€and€23€of€the€Covenant€concerning€technical€assistanceÏand€advisory€services.€€The€Committee€would€state€specifically€the€issue(s)Ïwith€respect€to€which€its€representative(s)€would€seek€to€gather€informationÏfrom€all€available€sources.€€The€representative(s)€would€also€have€the€task€ofÏconsidering€whether€the€programme€of€advisory€services€administered€by€theÏUnited€Nations€High€Commissioner€for€Human€Rights/Centre€for€Human€RightsÏcould€be€of€assistance€in€connection€with€the€specific€issue€at€hand.ÌÌ39.à b àAt€the€conclusion€of€the€visit,€the€representative(s)€would€report€toÐ ># Ðthe€Committee.€€In€the€light€of€the€report€presented€by€its€representative(s),Ïthe€Committee€would€then€formulate€its€own€conclusions.€€Those€conclusionsÏwould€relate€to€the€full€range€of€functions€carried€out€by€the€Committee,Ïincluding€those€relating€to€technical€assistance€and€advisory€services.€€ÌÌ40.à b àIn€a€case€where€the€State€party€concerned€did€not€accept€the€proposedÐ â#¶) Ðmission,€the€Committee€would€consider€making€whatever€recommendations€might€beÏappropriate€to€the€Economic€and€Social€Council.ÌÌà@ÊÊpàD.€€òòProcedure€in€response€to€non-submitted€and€considerably€overdue€reportsóóˆÐ ú&Î"- ÐÌ41.à b àThe€Committee€believes€that€a€situation€of€persistent€non-reporting€byÐ †(Z$/ ÐStates€parties€risks€bringing€the€entire€supervisory€procedure€into€disrepute,Ïthereby€undermining€one€of€the€foundations€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ42.à b àAccordingly,€the€Committee€resolved€at€its€sixth€session€to€begin€in€dueÐ ž+r'3 Ðcourse€to€consider€the€situation€concerning€the€implementation€of€the€CovenantÏin€respect€of€each€State€party€whose€reports€arevery€significantly€overdue.€Ð *-þ(5 ÐAt€its€seventh€session€it€resolved€to€begin€scheduling€consideration€of€suchÏreports€at€its€future€sessions€and€to€notify€the€States€parties€concerned.€€ItÏbegan€to€apply€this€procedure€at€its€ninth€session.ÌÌ43.à b àThe€Committee€has€adopted€the€following€procedure:Ð D ÐÌà b à(a)à ™ àTo€select€States€parties€whose€reports€are€very€much€overdue€onРФ Ðthe€basis€of€the€length€of€time€involved;ÌÌà b à(b)à ™ àTo€notify€each€such€State€party€that€the€Committee€intends€toÐ " ö  Ðconsider€the€situation€with€respect€to€that€country€at€a€specified€futureÏsession;ÌÌà b à(c)à ™ àTo€move,€in€the€absence€of€any€report,€to€consider€the€status€ofÐ :  Ðeconomic,€social€and€cultural€rights€in€the€light€of€all€availableÏinformation;ÌÌà b à(d)à ™ àTo€authorize€its€Chairperson,€in€situations€where€the€State€partyÐ R&  Ðconcerned€indicates€that€a€report€will€be€provided€to€the€Committee€and€upon€aÏrequest€from€the€State€party,€to€defer€consideration€of€the€situation€for€oneÏsession,€but€not€longer.ÌÌÔ& ¤ Ôà@ÆÆpàE.€€òòDay€of€general€discussionóóˆÐ 0 ÐÌ44.à b àAt€each€session,€the€Committee€devotes€one€day,€usually€the€Monday€ofÐ ¼ Ðthe€third€week,€to€a€general€discussion€of€a€particular€right€or€of€aÏparticular€aspect€of€the€Covenant.€€The€purpose€is€twofold:€€the€day€assistsÏthe€Ô'¤0J¶ÔCommittee€in€developing€in€greater€depth€its€understanding€of€the€relevantÏissues;€and€it€enables€the€Committee€to€encourage€inputs€into€its€work€fromÏall€interested€parties.€€The€following€issues€have€been€the€focus€ofÏdiscussion:€€the€right€to€adequate€food€(third€session);€the€right€to€housingÏ(fourth€session);€economic€and€social€indicators€(sixth€session);€the€right€toÏÔ& 0 Ôtake€part€in€cultural€life€(seventh€session);€the€rights€of€the€ageing€andÏelderly€(eighth€session);€the€right€to€health€(ninth€session);€the€role€ofÏsocial€safety€nets€(tenth€session);€human€rights€education€(eleventh€session);Ïthe€interpretation€and€practical€application€of€the€obligations€incumbent€onÏStates€parties€(twelfth€session);€and€a€draft€optional€protocol€to€theÏCovenant€(thirteenth,€fourteenth€and€fifteenth€sessions).ÌÌÔ'0ì.¹Ôà@òò pàF.€€òòOther€consultationsóóˆÐ V"*' ÐÌ45.à b àThe€Committee€has€sought€to€coordinate€its€activities€with€those€ofÐ â#¶) Ðother€bodies€to€the€greatest€extent€possible€and€to€draw€as€widely€as€it€canÏon€available€expertise€in€the€fields€of€its€competence.€€For€this€purpose,€itÏhas€consistently€invited€individuals€such€as€special€rapporteurs€of€the€ÌSub-Commission€on€Prevention€of€Discrimination€and€Protection€of€Minorities,Ïchairpersons€of€Commission€on€Human€Rights€working€groups€and€others€toÏaddress€it€and€engage€in€discussions.ÌÌ46.à b àThe€Committee€has€also€sought€to€draw€on€the€expertise€of€the€relevantÐ *æ%1 Ðspecialized€agencies€and€UnitedNations€organs,€both€in€its€work€as€a€wholeÏand,€more€particularly,€in€the€context€of€its€general€discussions.Ìâ âÐ d,8(4 Ð47.à b àIn€addition,€the€Committee€has€invited€a€variety€of€experts€who€have€aÐ , Ðâ âparticular€interest€in,€and€knowledge€of,€some€of€the€issues€under€review€toÏcontribute€to€its€discussions.€€These€contributions€have€added€considerably€toÏits€understanding€of€some€aspects€of€the€questions€arising€under€the€Covenant.ÌÌà@ˆˆ!pàG.€€òòGeneral€commentsóóˆÐ  Þ ÐÌ48.à b àIn€response€to€an€invitation€addressed€to€it€by€the€Economic€and€SocialÐ – j ÐCouncil,€the€Committee€decided€to€begin,€as€from€its€third€session,€theÏpreparation€of€general€comments€based€on€the€various€articles€and€provisionsÏof€the€International€Covenant€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights€with€aÏview€to€assisting€the€States€parties€in€fulfilling€their€reportingÏobligations.ÌÌ49.à b àBy€the€end€of€its€fifteenth€session,€the€Committee€and€the€SessionalÐ Ô  ÐWorking€Group€of€Governmental€Experts€which€existed€prior€to€the€creation€ofÏthe€Committee€had€examined€153€initial€reports,€71€second€periodic€reportsÏconcerning€rights€covered€by€articles€6€to€9,€10€to€12€and€13€to€15€of€theÏCovenant,€and€34€global€reports.€€This€work€covered€a€significant€number€ofÏthe€States€parties€to€the€Covenant,€which€totalled€135€at€the€end€of€theÏfifteenth€session.€€They€represented€all€regions€of€the€world,€with€differentÏpolitical,€legal,€socio-economic€and€cultural€systems.€€Their€reportsÏsubmitted€so€far€had€illustrated€many€of€the€problems€which€might€arise€inÏimplementing€the€Covenant,€although€they€had€not€yet€provided€any€completeÏpicture€of€the€global€situation€with€regard€to€the€enjoyment€of€economic,Ïsocial€and€cultural€rights.ÌÌ50.à b àThe€Committee€endeavours,€through€its€general€comments,€to€make€theÐ â Ðexperience€gained€so€far€through€the€examination€of€States'€reports€availableÏfor€the€benefit€of€all€States€parties€in€order€to€assist€and€promote€theirÏfurther€implementation€of€the€Covenant;€to€draw€the€attention€of€the€StatesÏparties€to€insufficiencies€disclosed€by€a€large€number€of€reports;€to€suggestÏimprovements€in€the€reporting€procedures;€and€to€stimulate€the€activities€ofÏthe€States€parties,€international€organizations€and€the€specialized€agenciesÏconcerned€in€achieving€progressively€and€effectively€the€full€realization€ofÏthe€rights€recognized€in€the€Covenant.€€Whenever€necessary,€the€Ô& R ÔCommittee€may,Ïin€the€light€of€the€experience€of€States€parties€and€of€the€conclusions€drawnÏtherefrom,€revise€and€update€its€general€Ô'R>ÙÇÔcomments.ÌÌ51.à b àThe€Committee€has€so€far€adopted€the€following€general€comments:€Ð V"*' ÐGeneralComment€No.€1€(1989)€on€reporting€by€States€parties;€GeneralÏCommentNo.2€(1990)€on€international€technical€assistance€measures;ÏGeneralComment€No.€3€(1990)€on€the€nature€of€States€parties'€obligations;ÏGeneral€Comment€No.4€(1991)€on€the€right€to€adequate€housing;€General€CommentÏNo.€5€(1994)€on€the€rights€of€persons€with€disabilities;€and€General€CommentÏNo.€6€(1995)€on€the€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights€of€older€persons.ÌœÌÐ  †(Z$/ Ðà@JJ&pàòòChapter€IIIóóˆÐ , ÐÌà@¦ ¦ pàSUBMISSION€OF€REPORTS€BY€STATES€PARTIES€UNDERˆÌà@Ì Ì pàARTICLES€16€AND€17€OF€THE€COVENANTˆÌÌ52.à b àIn€accordance€with€rule58€of€its€rules€of€procedure,€the€Committee,€atÐ  Þ Ðits€54thmeeting€on€5€December1996,€considered€the€status€of€submission€ofÏreports€under€articles16€and€17€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ53.à b àIn€that€connection,€the€Committee€had€before€it€the€following€documents:Ð " ö  ÐÌà b à(a)à ™ àNote€by€the€Secretary-General€on€the€revised€general€guidelinesÐ ® ‚  Ðregarding€the€form€and€contents€of€reports€to€be€submitted€by€States€partiesÏ(E/C.12/1991/1);ÌÌà b à(b)à ™ àNote€by€the€Secretary-General€on€States€parties€to€the€CovenantÐ Æš  Ðand€the€status€of€submission€of€reports€as€at€1August1996€(E/C.12/1996/4);ÌÌà b à(c)à ™ àNote€by€the€SecretaryðMðGeneral€on€followðMðup›€to€the€consideration€ofÐ ì  Ðreports€under€article16€of€the€Covenant€(E/C.12/1996/5).ÌœÌ54.›à b àThe€Secretary-General€informed€the€Committee€that,€in€addition€to€theÐ j> Ðreports€scheduled€for€consideration€by€the€Committee€at€its€fifteenthsessionÏ(see€œpara.€60›€below),€he€had€received,€as€at€œ5›€December1996,€the€reportsÏsubmitted€under€articles16€and17€of€the€Covenant€by€the€following€StatesÏœparties:Ì›Ìà0 b àInitial€reports€of€the€Libyan€Arab€Jamahiriya€(E/1990/5/Add.26),€GuyanaÏœ(E/1990/5/Add.27)›€and€Zimbabwe€(E/1990/5/Add.28);€thirdperiodic€reportÏof€the€RussianFederation€(E/1994/104/Add.8);€initial€report€of€PeruÏ(E/1990/5/Add.29);€second€periodic€report€of€LuxembourgÏ(E/1990/6/Add.9);€third€periodic€report€of€Iraq€œ(E/1994/104/Add.9);›Ïinitial€reports€of€Azerbaijan€(E/1990/5/Add.30)€and€NigeriaÏ(E/1990/5/Add.31);€third€periodic€report€of€the€UnitedKingdom€ofÏGreatBritain€and€NorthernIreland€(E/1994/104/Add.11);€initial€reportÏof€SriLanka€(E/1990/5/Add.32);€second€periodic€report€of€UruguayÏ(E/1990/6/Add.10);€third€periodic€reports€of€Cyprus€(E/1994/104/Add.12)Ïand€Poland€(E/1994/104/Add.13);€second€periodic€reports€ofÏtheNetherlands€(E/1990/6/Add.11),€Netherlands€AntillesÏ(E/1990/6/Add.12)€and€œNetherlands€(Aruba)›€(E/1990/6/Add.13);€initialÏreport€of€Switzerland€(E/1990/5/Add.33);€third€periodic€report€ofÏGermany€(E/1994/104/Add.14);€second€periodic€report€of€TunisiaÏ(E/1990/6/Add.14);€third€periodic€reports€of€Denmark€(E/1994/104/Add.15)Ïand€Bulgaria€œ(E/1994/104/Add.16);€initial€report€of€IrelandÏ(E/1990/5/Add.34);€and€second€periodic€report€of€IcelandÏ(E/1990/6/Add.15).Ð bµ#bµ# Л̜55.›à b àIn€accordance€with€rule57,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Committee's€rules€ofÐ †(Z$/ Ðprocedure,€a€list€of€States€parties€together€with€an€indication€of€the€statusÏof€submission€of€their€reports€is€contained€in€annex€I€to€the€present€report.€ÏIn€accordance€with€rule57,€paragraph2,€the€Committee€made€a€number€ofÏrecommendations€to€the€Economic€and€Social€Council€which€are€included€inÏœchapter€VI€of›€the€present€œreport.̛Р*-þ(5 Ðà@||&pàòòChapter€œIVóóˆÐ , ЛÌà@H H pàCONSIDERATION€OF€REPORTS€SUBMITTED€BY€STATES€PARTIESˆÌà@    pàUNDER€ARTICLES€16€AND€17€OF€THE€COVENANTˆÌœòòÌFourteenth›€sessionóóÐ  Þ МÌ56.›à b àAt€its€fourteenth€session,€the€Committee€examined€four€reports€submittedÐ – j Ðby€four€States€parties€under€articles16€and17€of€the€Covenant€and€reviewedÏthe€implementation€of€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€in€Guinea€œinÌaccordance›€with€the€decision€taken€at€its€ninthsession.œ×ƒ†×Ý ƒ4c¯ÝòòÙñòòñññÙÚ  Ú4Ú  Úóó/Ý  Ý×  ×›€€It€devoted€21€ofÐ è ¼  Ðthe€26meetings€it€held€during€the€fourteenthsession€to€the€consideration€ofÏthese€œmatters›€œ(E/C.12/1996/SR.1ðMð7,›€œ11ðMð18,›€œ20ðMð22›€and€œ24ðMð26).̛̜57.›à b àThe€reports€before€the€Committee€at€its€fourteenth€session€were€theÐ Ô  Мfollowing:̛̜à@êêpàòòInitial›€reports€concerning€articles€1€to€15€of€the€CovenantóóˆÐ R&  М̛à b àà ™ àà Ð àParaguayà > àà u àà ¬ àE/1990/5/Add.23Ð Þ² Ðà b àà ™ àà Ð àGuatemalaà > àà u àà ¬ àE/1990/5/Add.24Ð ¤x Ðà b àà ™ àà Ð àEl€Salvadorà u àà ¬ àE/1990/5/Add.25Ð j> МÌà@ŒŒ pàòòThird›€periodic€reports€concerning€articles€1€to€15€of€the€CovenantóóˆÐ öÊ М̛à b àà ™ àà Ð àSpainà > àà u àà ¬ àE/1994/104/Add.5Ð ‚V МÌ58.›à b àIn€accordance€with€rule€62€of€the€Committee's€rules€of€procedure,Ð â Ðrepresentatives€of€all€the€reporting€States€were€invited€to€participate€in€theÏmeetings€of€the€Committee€when€their€reports€were€examined.€€All€the€StatesÏparties€whose€reports€were€considered€by€the€Committee€sent€representatives€toÏparticipate€in€the€examination€of€their€respective€reports.ÌœòòÌFifteenth›€sessionóóÐ ²†! МÌ59.›à b àAt€its€fifteenth€session,€the€Committee€examined€fivereports€submittedÐ ># Ðby€five€States€parties€under€articles16€and17€of€the€Covenant.€€It€devotedÏœ21›€of€the€œ29›meetings€it€held€during€the€fifteenth€session€to€theÏconsideration€of€these€reports€œ(E/C.12/1996/SR.29ðMð42,€44€and€50ðMð55).ÌÌ60.›à b àThe€following€reports€were€before€the€Committee€at€itsÐ #ð( Ðfifteenthsession:ÌœòòÌà@ZZ pàSecond›€periodic€reports€concerning€articles€1€to€15€of€the€CovenantóóˆÐ n%B!+ М̛à b àà ™ àà Ð àDominican€Republicà ¬ àE/1990/6/Add.7Ð ú&Î"- Ðà b àà ™ àà Ð àPortugal€œ(Macau)›à u àà ¬ àœE/1990/6/Add.8Ð À'”#. Л̜Р L) %0 Ðà@ŒŒ pàòòThird›€periodic€reports€concerning€articles€1€to€15€of€the€CovenantóóˆÐ , М̛à b àà ™ àœà Ð àBelarus›à > àà u àà ¬ àE/1994/104/Add.6Ð ¸Œ Ðà b àà ™ àœà Ð àFinland›à > àà u àà ¬ àE/1994/104/Add.7Ð ~R Мà b à›à ™ àà Ð àUnitedKingdom€œofÌà b àà ™ àà Ð àGreat€Britain›€œandÌà b àà ™ àà Ð àNorthern›Ireland€Ìà b àà ™ àœà Ð à(Hong›€œKong)›à u àà ¬ àE/1994/104/Add.10Ð – j МÌ61.›à b àIn€accordance€with€rule€62€of€the€Committee's€rules€of€procedure,Ð " ö  Ðrepresentatives€of€all€the€reporting€States€were€invited€to€participate€in€theÏmeetings€of€the€Committee€when€their€reports€were€examined.€€All€the€StatesÏparties€whose€reports€were€considered€by€the€œCommittee,€except€the€DominicanÏRepublic,€sent›€representatives€to€participate€in€the€examination€of€theirÏrespective€reports.€€In€accordance€with€a€decision€adopted€by€the€Committee€atÏits€second€session,€the€names€and€positions€of€the€members€of€each€StateÏparty's€delegation€are€listed€in€annexœVIII›€to€the€present€œreport.̛̜62.›à b àAt€its€eighth€session€the€Committee€had€decided€to€discontinue€itsÐ ì  Ðpractice€of€including€in€its€annual€report€summaries€of€the€consideration€ofÏcountry€reports.€€In€accordance€with€modified€rule57€of€the€Committee's€rulesÏof€procedure,€the€annual€report€should€œcontain,›€òòinteraliaóó,€the€concludingÐ j> Ðobservations€of€the€Committee€relating€to€each€State€party's€report.€ÏAccordingly,€the€following€œparagraphs,›€arranged€on€a€countryðMðbyðMðcountry€basisÏaccording€to€the€sequence€followed€by€the€Committee€in€its€consideration€ofÏthe€œreports,›€contain€the€concluding€observations€adopted€by€the€Committee€withÏrespect€to€the€States€parties'€reports€considered€at€its€fourteenth€andÏfifteenthœsessions.Ì›ÌòòFourteenth€sessionóóÐ šn М̛à@àà'pàPARAGUAYˆÌœÌ63.›à b àThe€Committee€considered€the€initial€report€of€œParaguay€on€articles€1Ð ²†! Ðto15€of€the€Covenant›€(E/1990/5/Add.23)€at€its€1st,€2nd€and€4th€œmeetings›€onÏ30œApril›€and1Mayœ1996›€œand,›€at€its€22nd€œmeeting›€on€14€May€1996,€œadopted€the›Ïfollowing€concluding€observations.̛̜à@PP#pàA.€€òòIntroductionóóˆÐ !d& МÌ64.›à b àThe€Committee€expresses€its€satisfaction€to€the€State€party€for€itsÐ #ð( Ðdetailed€and€frank€initial€report€and€for€the€substantial€additionalÏinformation€supplied€by€the€delegation€verbally,€as€well€œas€for›€theÏconstructive€dialogue€maintained€between€the€delegation€and€Committee€members.€ÏHowever,€œthe€Committee€regrets›€the€lack€of€clear€statistics€and€the€StateÏparty's€failure€to€provide€written€replies€in€due€time€to€the€list€of€issuesÏsubmitted€to€œit,€as€well€as›€the€delegation's€inability€to€provide€satisfactoryÏanswers€on€many€of€those€issues.€€The€Committee€notes€that€replies€to€some€ofÏthe€questions€raised€during€the€dialogue€established€with€the€State€party€wereÏreceived€œsubsequently.Ìâ â›Ð Ø*¬&2 ÐÔ& Þ Ôâ ââ ââ âà@ˆˆ!pàB.€€òòPositive€aspectsóóˆÐ , МÌ65.›à b àThe€Committee€notes€with€great€satisfaction€that€the€State€party€isÐ ¸Œ Ðundergoing€a€process€of€peaceful€democratization,€which€has€begun€to€have€aÏÔ'Þ,.ïÔnotable€impact€on€the€enjoyment€of€human€rights.€€The€ratification€of€the€twoÏœInternational€Covenants€on€Human€Rights›€in€1992€and€the€adoption€of€the€newÏConstitution€guaranteeing€many€of€the€rights€embodied€in€the€œInternationalÏConvenant€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights›€in€1992€and€of€the€newÏLabour€Code€in€1993€are€highly€appreciated€developments.€€The€Committee€alsoÏwelcomes€the€clearly€defined€place€of€the€Covenant€(and€of€the€otherÏinternational€human€rights€instruments)€in€the€country's€internal€legal€order.€ÏThe€repeal€of€ActsNos.€294/55€and€209/70€is€noted€with€œsatisfaction.̛̜66.›à b àThe€creation€of€a€Directorate„General€œfor›€Human€Rights€within€theÐ :  ÐMinistry€of€Justice€and€Labour€and€the€State€party's€initiation€of€a€programmeÏof€technical€cooperation€with€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights€of€theÏUnitedNations€are€seen€by€the€Committee€as€encouraging€œdevelopments.̛̜67.›à b àThe€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€the€creation€of€a€Secretariat€forÐ ì  ÐWomen€to€coordinate€activities€undertaken€by€the€Government€in€relation€to€theÏmandate€contained€in€the€Constitution,€which€proclaims€the€principle€of€equalÏrights€for€men€and€women.ÌœÌ68.›à b àThe€Committee€also€notes€the€progress€made€by€the€State€party€in€theÐ öÊ Ðfield€of€education.€€The€constitutional€provision€whereby€20€per€cent€of€theÏState€budget€must€be€allocated€to€education€is€noted€with€great€interest.̛̜à@€ € pàC.€€òòœFactors›€and€difficulties€impeding€œthe€implementationˆÐ â Ðà@  pàof›€the€œCovenantóó€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ˆÐ Ô¨ Л̜69.›à b àThe€Committee€is€well€aware€that€democracy€in€Paraguay€must€beÐ `4 Ðconsolidated€and€that€it€will€take€many€more€years€to€eradicate€completely€theÏattitudes€created€by€decades€of€dictatorship,€glaring€social€inequalities€andÏòòlatifundismoóó.€€The€economic€difficulties€encountered€by€the€State€party,€theÐ ²†! Ðhigh€degree€of€poverty€throughout€the€country€and€the€constraints€imposed€byÏforeign€debt€repayment€are€further€obstacles€to€the€full€realization€of€theÏeconomic,€social€and€cultural€rights€embodied€in€the€Covenant.€€The€CommitteeÏalso€recognizes€that€the€persistence€in€Paraguayan€society€of€attitudesÏengendered€by€a€culture€in€which€men€are€treated€as€superior€to€women€does€notÏfacilitate€the€full€implementation€of€article€3€of€the€Covenant.̛̜à@þ þ pàD.€€òòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóˆÐ â#¶) МÌ70.›à b àOf€particular€concern€to€the€Committee€is€the€persistence€of€clearÐ n%B!+ Ðdisparities€in€the€exercise€of€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights€inÏParaguayan€society,€where€a€high€percentage€of€the€population€œstill›€œlives›€inÏconditions€of€poverty.€€The€Committee€therefore€notes€with€concern€the€slowÏpace€at€which€the€Government,€through€the€œSocial€Welfare€Institute,›€isÏproceeding€with€the€land€reform€provided€for€in€the€Constitution,€since€thatÏslow€pace€is€a€continuing€cause€of€labour€and€social€conflict€and€is€hamperingÏthe€exercise€by€the€agricultural€sector€of€the€rights€recognized€in€theÏœCovenant.Ìâ â›Ð d,8(4 М71.›à b àThe€Committee€is€very€concerned€at€the€plight€of€the€indigenousÐ , Ðâ âpopulation,€as€well€as€the€estimated€200,000€landless€mestizo€peasantÏfamilies.€€The€main€reason€for€hunger€and€malnutrition€œamong›€the€indigenousÏpopulation€and€the€deprivation€of€their€rights€is€linked€to€the€severe€problemÏof€obtaining€access€to€traditional€and€ancestral€lands.€€Though€recognized€byÏLaw€904/81€and€other€subsequent€laws,€this€right€remains€in€abeyance.€€EightyÏdocumented€claims€for€legalizing€indigenous€access€to€traditional€land€haveÏbeen€pending€for€a€number€of€years.€€All€indigenous€groups€in€the€Chaco€wereÏexpelled€from€their€traditional€land€by€cattle€ranchers€or€industrialÏenterprises.€€The€Committee€is€also€concerned€œabout›€the€situation€of€landlessÏpeasant€families,€of€whom€50,000,€on€15€March€1996,€marched€on€the€capital,ÏAsuncið;ðn,€demanding€adoption€of€legislative€measures€with€respect€to€the€landÏoccupied€by€them€and€denouncing€the€Government's€failure€to€fulfil€pastÏpromises€of€agrarian€reform.€€In€Paraguay€today,€5€per€cent€of€the€populationÏowns€between€60€and€80€per€cent€of€the€national€territory,€a€situation€fraughtÏwith€danger€œfor›€peace€and€œstability.̛̜72.›à b àThe€Committee€expresses€its€concern€at€the€many€forms€of€discriminationÐ R&  Ðagainst€women.€€Discrimination€in€employment€is€a€serious€problem,Ïparticularly€in€the€form€of€unequal€pay€for€equal€work.€€The€Committee€alsoÏregrets€that€no€information€has€been€received€from€the€State€party€regardingÏthe€actual€status€of€women€in€Paraguay,€in€particular€on€violence€againstÏwomen.ÌœÌ73.›à b àRegarding€the€implementation€of€article€7€of€the€Covenant,€the€CommitteeÐ ¼ Ðis€most€concerned€that,€despite€the€existence€of€legislation€governing€theÏminimum€wage,€many€workers€„€perhaps€even€as€many€as€50€per€cent€„€do€not€earnÏthat€wage.ÌœÌ74.›à b àWhile€recognizing€that€the€right€to€form€and€join€trade€unions€isÐ šn Ðestablished€by€law,€the€Committee€is€concerned€œabout›€the€excessive€number€ofÏcases€of€discriminatory€practices€by€employers€against€unionized€workers,Ïincluding€wrongful€dismissal€for€œtradeðMðunion›€activities.€€While€aware€of€theÏimpact€of€decades€of€dictatorship€on€the€culture€of€entrepreneurs,€theÏCommittee€is€compelled€to€point€out€that€the€free€exercise€of€trade„unionÏrights€is€one€of€the€fundamental€rights€of€workers,€as€elaborated€in€article€8Ïof€the€œCovenant.̛̜75.›à b àThe€Committee€expresses€its€concern€about€the€restrictive€nature€of€theÐ !d& Ðlegislation€governing€the€right€to€strike.ÌœÌ76.›à b àWith€regard€to€the€implementation€of€article€9€of€the€Covenant,€theÐ â#¶) ÐCommittee€expresses€its€concern€that€large€sectors€of€the€population€areÏexcluded€from€any€social€protection€because€the€informal€sector€accounts€for€aÏlarge€share€of€the€economy.ÌœÌ77.›à b àThe€Committee€is€particularly€concerned€about€the€large€number€of€childÐ À'”#. Ðworkers€and€street€children€in€Paraguay.€€It€draws€attention€to€the€inadequacyÏof€the€measures€taken€by€the€Government€to€combat€these€phenomena,€which€areÏserious€violations€of€the€fundamental€rights€of€the€child.ÌœÌÐ  ž+r'3 Ð78.›à b àThe€Committee€expresses€its€concern€about€the€inequitable€distributionÐ , Ðof€health€services€between€urban€and€rural€areas.€€It€also€notes€the€veryÏsmall€number€of€medical€and€paramedical€personnel€in€the€country.€€The€highÏœrates›€of€infant€mortality€and€infant€morbidity€are€also€matters€of€concern€forÏthe€Committee,€as€are€the€high€maternal€mortality€rate€and€the€inadequacy€ofÏguidance€and€œfamilyðMðplanning›€œservices.ÌÌ79.›à b àWith€regard€to€the€implementation€of€articles€13€and€14€of€the€Covenant,Ð – j Ðthe€Committee€recognizes€the€sustained€efforts€made€by€the€Government€ofÏParaguay,€but€is€very€concerned€about€the€disparities€between€the€schoolÏœsystems›€in€urban€and€rural€areas€and€the€high€drop-out€rate.€€The€CommitteeÏalso€expresses€concern€about€the€inadequate€training€and€pay€of€teachers€atÏall€educational€levels.€€The€decline€in€the€quality€of€education,€theÏœirrelevance›€of€educational€methods€and€the€œexcessively›€centralized€andÏbureaucratic€management€of€the€educational€sector,€as€diagnosed€by€UNICEF,€areÏnoted€with€concern€by€the€œCommittee.ÌÌ80.›à b àThe€Committee€regrets€the€apparent€failure€to€disseminate€the€CovenantÐ R&  Ðin€the€various€sectors€of€society,€particularly€in€the€œGuarani›€language.€€TheÏCommittee€notes€that€little€has€been€done€to€inform€the€general€œpopulation,›Ïœand›€in€œparticular›€the€indigenous€population,€of€its€fundamental€rights.̛̜à@š š pàE.€€òòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóˆÐ 0 МÌ81.›à b àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€office€of€the€Ombudsman,€as€providedÐ ¼ Ðfor€in€œchapter›€IV€of€the€1992€œConstitution,›€be€established€without€œdelay.̛̜82.›à b àThe€Committee€urges€the€œGovernment›€œof€Paraguay€to›€continue€the€economicÐ â Ðdevelopment,€agrarian€reform€and€fiscal€reform€programmes€now€under€way€inÏorder€to€deal€with€the€serious€problem€of€œunfair›€distribution€of€wealth,€as€aÏmeans€of€combating€œpoverty.̛̜83.›à b àThe€Committee€urges€the€State€party€to€take€energetic€measures€toÐ ìÀ  Ðeliminate€the€forms€of€discrimination€to€which€œindigenous›€peoples€areÏsubjected€in€the€enjoyment€of€their€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights.€€ItÏis€essential€that€particular€œattention›€be€paid€to€the€land€problems€whichÏaffect€them€and€that€genuine€political€œwill›€be€displayed€to€solve€theseÏproblems€in€a€human€rights€context.€€The€Committee€also€recommends€that€aÏdetailed€œstudy›€be€carried€out,€under€government€auspices,€on€theÏsocio-economic€situation€of€indigenous€œwomen.̛̜84.›à b àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€œGovernment›€pursue€policies€designed€toÐ â#¶) Ðachieve€genuine€equality€of€rights€between€men€and€œwomen›€and€eliminate€theÏdiscriminatory€provisions€that€are€still€contained€in€civil,€criminal,€tradeÏand€labour€laws,€as€well€as€in€family€œlaw.̛̜85.›à b àThe€Committee€recommends€that€appropriate€legal€œmeasures›€be€undertakenÐ À'”#. Ðin€relation€to€crimes€of€violence€against€women€and€children€within€or€outsideÏthe€œfamily.̛̜Р Ø*¬&2 Ð86.›à b àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€œGovernment›€adopt€an€affirmative€actionÐ , Ðpolicy€to€improve€the€social€status€of€women,€òòinter€aliaóó€at€the€workplace.€Ð òÆ ÐThe€Committee€encourages€the€State€party€to€take€all€necessary€measures€forÏthe€full€implementation€of€legislation€on€equal€pay€and€equality€ofÏopportunity.ÌœÌ87.›à b àThe€Committee€recommends€that€urgent€œmeasures›€be€adopted,€òòinteraliaóó€byРФ Ðincreasing€the€awareness€of€employers,€labour€judges€and€the€police,€in€orderÏœto›€guarantee€the€œfull€implementation›€of€the€right€to€engage€in€œtradeðMðunion›Ïactivities€and€the€right€to€œstrike.̛̜88.›à b àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€necessary€legislative€and€otherÐ ® ‚  Мmeasures›€be€adopted€to€prevent€and€remedy€situations€of€distress€caused€by€theÏabandonment€of€families€by€fathers,€making€them€responsible€for€assisting€andÏsupporting€their€œfamilies.ÌÌ89.›à b àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€œlaunch›€a€programme,€inÐ Œ`  Ðcooperation€with€UNICEF€and€ILO,€to€combat€the€exploitation€of€child€labourÏand€the€abandonment€and€exploitation€of€street€children.ÌœÌ90.›à b àThe€Committee€encourages€the€State€party€to€take€measures€to€improve€theÐ ¤x Ðsystem€of€health€œcare,›€which€should€take€into€account€the€needs€of€allÏsegments€of€œsociety,›€and€reduce€the€disparities€from€which€the€system€nowÏœsuffers.̛̜91.›à b àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€Government€of€œParaguay›€energeticallyÐ ‚V Ðpursue€its€efforts€and€increase€its€investment€in€education,€particularlyÏprimary€education.€€Greater€attention€should€be€paid€to€this€sector€in€theÏtechnical€cooperation€programmes€in€which€the€country€is€involved.€€TheÏCommittee€urges€the€œGovernment›€to€expand€the€campaign€undertaken€by€theÏœDirectorateðMðGeneral€for€Human€Rights›€of€the€Ministry€of€Justice€and€Labour€inÏrelation€to€human€rights€education€at€the€primary,€secondary€and€universityÏlevels€and€extend€its€scope€to€include€elected€officials,€the€military,Ïprofessors€and€the€œjudiciary.̛̜92.›à b àThe€State€party€is€encouraged€to€ratify€the€Additional€Protocol€to€theÐ ># МAmerican›€Convention€on€Human€Rights€in€the€Area€of€Economic,€Social€andÏCultural€œRights€(Protocol€of€San€Salvador).̛̜93.›à b àThe€Committee€considers€that€systems€for€collecting€statistics€should€beÐ V"*' Ðimproved€on€the€basis€of€more€appropriate€indicators,€with€a€view€to€theÏobjective€evaluation€of€problems€and€the€progress€made€in€the€implementationÏof€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant.ÌœÌ94.›à b àThe€Committee€requests€the€State€party€to€provide€it€with€writtenÐ 4&", Ðreplies€to€the€unanswered€œquestions€in›€the€list€of€issues€submitted€to€itÏprior€to€the€consideration€of€the€report€(questions€2,€6,€10,€12,€19,€20,€30Ïand€32),€as€well€as€all€those€relating€to€the€rights€contained€in€articles€13Ïto€15€of€the€œCovenant›€œ(questions›€34€to€œ42),›€and€asks€that€such€œinformation›€beÏsent€to€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights€by€31€October€1996.€€The€Committee€wouldÏalso€like€the€next€report€œof›€Paraguay€to€fill€in€the€information€gapsÏidentified€during€the€consideration€of€the€œinitial›€report€by€the€Committee.€ÏThe€report€should€contain€detailed€information€on€the€full€implementation€ofÏlegislative€and€administrative€measures€relating€to€prevention€and€enforcementÐ *-þ(5 Ðin€respect€of€safe€and€healthy€working€conditions.€€The€Committee€would€alsoÏlike€information€to€be€transmitted€on€cases€in€which€the€Covenant€has€beenÏinvoked€in€the€œcourts.Ì›Ìà@vv)pàSPAINˆÌœÌ95.›à b àAt€its€3rd,€5th,€6th€and€7th€œmeetings›€on€1,€2€and€3May1996,€theРФ ÐCommittee€considered€the€third€periodic€report€of€Spain€œon€articles1€to15€ofÏthe€Covenant€(E/1994/104/Add.5),€as€well€as€the€written€replies€to€theÏadditional€questions€drawn€up€by€the€pre„sessional€working€group,€and,€at€itsÏ22nd€meeting€on€14€May€1996,€adopted€the€following€concluding€observations.ÌÌà@PP#pàA.€€òòIntroductionóóˆÐ t H  ÐÌ96.à b àThe€Committee€expresses€its€satisfaction€with€the€detailed€reportÐ Ô  Ðsubmitted€by€the€State€party€and€the€substantial€additional€informationÏsupplied€in€writing,€as€well€as€with€the€excellent€dialogue€establishedÏbetween€its€members€and€the€large€delegation€of€experts,€including€women,Ïrepresenting€the€ministries€concerned.ÌÌ97.à b àHowever,€the€Committee€regrets€that€the€Government€did€not€coverÐ ¤x Ðarticles7,€8,€9€and12€of€the€Covenant€in€its€report.€€Nevertheless,€theÏCommittee€is€satisfied€with€the€oral€information€concerning€thoseÏarticlesprovided€during€the€dialogue,€which€demonstrates€the€Government'sÏfirm€resolve€to€implement€all€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌà@ˆˆ!pàB.€€òòPositive€aspectsóóˆÐ H ÐÌ98.à b àThe€Committee€congratulates€Spain€on€the€many€steps€it€has€taken,€inÐ Ô¨ Ðconstitutional€law€and€otherwise,€to€promote€the€realization€of€the€economic,€Ìsocial€and€cultural€rights€set€forth€in€the€Covenant.€€It€notes€withÏsatisfaction€the€particular€efforts€which€the€Government€has€made€to€addressÏunemployment€in€various€forms,€the€positive€action€taken€to€enable€adults€toÏpursue€academic€studies,€even€through€distance€learning,€the€improvement€ofÏthe€status€of€motherhood€and€fatherhood,€and€the€special€attention€paid€toÏprotecting€the€rights€of€elderly€persons.ÌÌà@n n pàC.€€òòFactors€and€difficulties€impeding€theóóˆÐ Ê ž% Ðòòà@þ þ pàimplementation€of€the€Covenantóó€€€ˆÐ !d& ÐÌ99.à b àThe€Committee€notes€the€difficulties€currently€being€experienced€byÐ #ð( ÐSpain€as€a€result€of€structural€changes€and€the€economic€recession.€€TheÏdecentralization€and€privatization€of€some€social€services,€persistentÏlarge-scale€unemployment€and€budget€cuts€affect€the€whole€population,€andÏespecially€the€most€vulnerable€groups.ÌÌà@þ þ pàD.€€òòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóˆÐ À'”#. ÐÌ100.à b àThe€Committee€notes€with€concern€that,€despite€the€new€legislativeÐ L) %0 Ðprovisions€in€force,€discrimination€continues€against€women€with€regard€to€theÏright€to€equal€treatment€at€work,€the€right€to€equal€pay€and€access€toÏeducation.Ìâ âÐ d,8(4 Ð101.à b àThe€Committee€also€notes€with€concern€that,€as€a€result€of€the€economicÐ , Ðâ ârecession,€budget€cuts€have€been€made€in€the€social€welfare€sector€and€haveÏhad€a€particular€impact€on€the€most€vulnerable€groups€in€society.€€In€thisÏregard,€the€Committee€emphasizes€the€importance€of€the€view€expressed€in€itsÏGeneral€Comment€No.3€(1990)€on€the€nature€of€States€parties'€obligations׃„×Ý ƒ4c¯ÝòòÙñòòñññÙÚ  Ú5Ú  Úóó/Ý  Ý×  ×Ð D Ð(para.€12),€that€even€in€times€of€severe€resource€constraints,€whether€causedÏby€a€process€of€adjustment,€by€economic€recession€or€by€other€factors,€theÏvulnerable€members€of€society€can,€and€indeed€must,€be€protected€by€theÏadoption€of€relatively€low„cost€targeted€programmes.ÌÌ102.à b àThe€Committee€further€notes€with€concern€that€the€unemployment€rate€inÐ è ¼  ÐSpain€is€extremely€high,€and€particularly€so€for€women€and€young€people.ÌÌ103.à b àThe€Committee€notes€the€persistence€of€a€worrying€rate€of€illiteracy,Ð :  Ðespecially€among€women€and€in€certain€southern€regions.ÌÌ104.à b àThe€Committee€notes€with€great€concern€the€growth€in€the€number€of€actsÐ Œ`  Ðof€discrimination€and€racism€against€foreigners€in€Spain,€particularlyÏdirected€at€groups€from€NorthAfrica,€asylum€seekers,€illegal€workers€and€theÏRomany€(Gypsy)€population.ÌÌ105.à b àThe€Committee€notes€that€the€central€Government€does€not€systematicallyÐ j> Ðcollect€disaggregated€national€statistics€concerning€the€rights€covered€by€theÏCovenant,€and€that€consequently€it€does€not€always€possess€adequate€data€toÏenable€it€to€evaluate€the€application€of€the€Covenant€fully€and€appropriately.ÌÌ106.à b àThe€Committee€notes€that€the€public€as€a€whole€and€the€media€are€stillÐ H Ðlargely€ignorant€of€the€Covenant's€provisions,€with€the€result€that€the€vastÏmajority€of€the€population€is€unaware€of€the€commitments€entered€into€by€theÏSpanish€authorities€with€regard€to€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights.ÌÌà@š š pàE.€€òòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóˆÐ &ú ÐÌ107.à b àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€Spanish€authorities€continue€theirÐ ²†! Ðefforts€to€ensure€effective€equality€between€men€and€women,€in€particular€withÏregard€to€access€to€education€and€jobs€and€equal€pay€for€equal€work.ÌÌ108.à b àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€special€steps€toÐ Ê ž% Ðprotect€the€most€vulnerable€groups€in€society€as€effectively€as€possibleÏagainst€the€impact€of€the€budget€cuts€currently€affecting€the€social€sector.ÌÌ109.à b àThe€Committee€encourages€the€Government€of€Spain€to€continue€to€deviseÐ â#¶) Ðand€apply€all€possible€measures€to€curb€the€present€rate€of€unemployment.€€InÏthat€context,€it€suggests€that€the€State€party€retain€the€integration€of€womenÏand€young€people€in€the€labour€market€as€a€priority€policy.ÌÌ110.à b àThe€Committee€encourages€the€Spanish€authorities€to€take€all€necessaryÐ À'”#. Ðsteps€to€reduce€the€level€of€illiteracy,€which€particularly€affects€women€andÏcertain€population€groups€living€in€particular€parts€of€the€country.ÌÌÐ  Ø*¬&2 Ð111.à b àThe€Committee€urges€the€Government€to€take€all€appropriate€preventiveÐ , Ðand€penal€measures€to€combat€effectively€all€forms€of€racial€discrimination,Ïwhich€particularly€affects€groups€from€North€Africa,€asylum€seekers,€illegalÏworkers€and€the€Romany€(Gypsy)€population.ÌÌ112.à b àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€the€necessary€stepsÐ  Þ Ðsystematically€to€collect€and€analyse€disaggregated€national€statisticsÏrelating€to€the€rights€covered€by€the€Covenant,€in€order€to€have€an€effectiveÏtool€for€monitoring€the€realization€of€those€rights.ÌÌ113.à b àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party's€report€and€theÐ è ¼  ÐCommittee's€concluding€observations€be€extensively€publicized€within€theÏcountry,€especially€through€the€media,€the€universities€and€interestedÏnon-governmental€organizations.ÌÌà@®®'pàGUATEMALAˆÌÌ114.à b àThe€Committee€considered€the€initial€report€of€Guatemala€on€articles€1Ð R&  Ðto15€of€the€Covenant€(E/1990/5/Add.24)€at€its€11th€to€14th€meetings€onÏ7and8€May€1996€and,€at€its€26th€meeting€on€17€May€1996,€adopted€theÏfollowing€concluding€observations.ÌÌà@PP#pàA.€€òòIntroductionóóˆÐ 0 ÐÌ115.à b àThe€Committee€expresses€its€appreciation€to€the€State€party€for€theÐ ¼ Ðsubmission€of€a€comprehensive€core€document€and€written€replies€to€its€list€ofÏquestions,€and€for€an€introductory€statement€which€offered€an€overview€ofÏrecent€developments€and€plans€in€relation€to€the€promotion€and€protection€ofÏthe€rights€provided€for€in€the€Covenant.ÌÌ116.à b àThe€Committee€welcomes€the€willingness€of€the€high-level€delegation€toÐ `4 Ðengage€in€an€open€and€constructive€dialogue€with€the€Committee.€€In€thisÏregard,€the€Committee€appreciates€the€delegation's€frank€admission€thatÏnumerous€difficulties€continue€to€be€encountered€and€problems€remain€to€beÏovercome€in€order€to€ensure€the€effective€enjoyment€of€the€rights€provided€forÏin€the€Covenant.€€The€readiness€of€the€State€party€to€distribute€to€theÌmembers€of€the€Committee€copies€of€the€Human€Rights€Procurator's€report,€whichÏcontains€material€critical€of€the€present€situation€with€regard€to€theÏimplementation€of€human€rights€in€the€country,€is€indicative€of€the€opennessÏof€the€Government€in€acknowledging€and€pointing€out€the€present€weaknesses€andÏfailures€of€the€system€for€the€implementation€of€human€rights€standards€inÏGuatemala.ÌÌà@ˆˆ!pàB.€€òòPositive€aspectsóóˆÐ n%B!+ ÐÌ117.à b àThe€Committee€is€encouraged€by€the€Government's€commitment€to€theÐ ú&Î"- Ðcontinuity€of€the€process€of€negotiating€a€comprehensive€peace€agreement,€asÏillustrated€by€the€signing€in€Mexico€City€on€6€May€1996€of€the€Agreement€onÏSocial€and€Economic€Aspects€and€Agrarian€Situation,€which€forms€part€of,€andÏwill€come€into€effect€with€the€signing€of,€the€Agreement€on€a€Firm€and€LastingÏPeace.Ìâ âÐ ž+r'3 ÐÔ&  Ôâ â118.à b àThe€Committee€welcomes€the€signing€on€29€March€1994€of€the€ComprehensiveÐ , ÐAgreement€on€Human€Rights€and€the€establishment€of€the€UnitedNations€MissionÏfor€the€Verification€of€Human€Rights€and€of€Compliance€with€the€Commitments€ofÏÔ',€HÔthe€Comprehensive€Agreement€on€Human€Rights€in€Guatemala€(MINUGUA).€€FurtherÏpositive€developments€are€the€conclusion€of€the€Agreement€on€Resettlement€ofÏthe€Population€Groups€Uprooted€by€the€Armed€Conflict,€of€17€June€1994,€and€theÏAgreement€on€the€Identity€and€Rights€of€Indigenous€Peoples,€of€31€March1995,Ïsigned€between€the€Government€of€Guatemala€and€the€Unidad€RevolucionariaÏNacional€Guatemalteca€(URNG).€€The€Government's€recent€adherence€to€ILOÏConvention€No.€169€of€1989€concerning€Indigenous€and€Tribal€Peoples€is€alsoÏnoted€with€interest.Ì€Ì119.à b àThe€Committee€notes€the€establishment€of€the€Presidential€Commission€forÐ t H  ÐCoordinating€Executive€Policy€in€the€Field€of€Human€Rights€and€the€Office€ofÏthe€Human€Rights€Procurator.€€It€is€noted€that€the€latter€Office€has€a€unitÏfor€the€promotion€and€protection€of€the€rights€of€persons€with€disabilitiesÏand€the€elderly€and€that€a€bill€concerning€the€care€of€persons€withÏdisabilities€is€currently€being€considered.ÌÌ120.à b àThe€Committee€expresses€satisfaction€at€the€ending€of€the€illegalÐ Þ² Ðpractice€of€forced€enlistment€into€military€service.ÌÌ121.à b àThe€Committee€takes€note€of€the€measures€introduced€to€promote€equalityÐ 0 Ðbetween€men€and€women€through€reform€of€the€Labour€Code€by€CongressionalÏDecree€64„92€of€November€1992€and€the€Constitutional€Court's€declaration€thatÏarticles€232€to€235€of€the€Penal€Code€are€null€and€void€on€the€grounds€thatÏthey€conflicted€with€article€4€of€the€Constitution,€which€states€that€allÏhuman€beings€are€free€and€equal€in€dignity,€responsibilities€and€rights.ÌÌ122.à b àThe€Committee€further€notes€that€the€Guatemalan€Housing€Fund€(FOGUAVI)Ð šn Ðwas€set€up€in€February€1995€for€the€principal€purpose€of€providing€funding€forÏprojects€designed€to€solve€the€housing€problems€of€Guatemalan€families€livingÏin€poverty€or€extreme€poverty.ÌÌà@n n pàC.€€òòFactors€and€difficulties€impeding€theóóˆÐ xL" ÐÔý ý ý ÒÒÔòòimplementation€of€the€CovenantóóÐ ># ÐÌ123.à b àThe€Committee€recognizes€that€Guatemala€continues€to€suffer€from€theÐ Ê ž% Ðconsequences€of€armed€conflict€which€has€lasted€more€than€30€years.€ÏOvercoming€the€resistance€to€reform€from€vested€interests€which€have,€in€theÏpast,€caused€the€failure€of€agrarian€reform,€and€which€continue€to€be€relevantÏtoday,€is€of€major€importance.€€Thus,€as€recognized€by€the€State€party,€theÏroot€causes€of€the€armed€conflict€remain€to€be€tackled,€embedded€as€they€areÏin€socio-economic€disparities€and€uneven€land€distribution€in€an€almostÏfeudalðMðlike€system€characterized€by€discrimination€against€the€indigenous€andÏrural€populations.ÌÌ124.à b àThe€Committee€agrees€with€the€observations€made€by€the€Government€thatÐ †(Z$/ Ðthe€situation€of€armed€conflict€has€resulted€in€serious€human€rightsÏviolations.€€The€continuing€existence€of€paramilitary€groups€in€the€guise€ofÏso-called€ð ðcivilian€self-defence€committeesðð,€which€are€responsible€for€manyÐ Ø*¬&2 Ðthousands€of€extrajudicial€executions,€remains€a€serious€obstacle€to€peace.€ÏThe€continuing€difficulties€encountered€in€combating€the€problem€of€impunityÏand€the€uneven€distribution€of€economic€resources€have€led€to€a€loss€ofÐ *-þ(5 Ðconfidence€on€the€part€of€the€civilian€population€which€needs€to€be€addressedÏin€order€to€secure€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights€and€a€return€to€theÏrule€of€law€in€the€country.ÌÌ125.à b àThe€Committee€is€of€the€opinion€that€traditional€values€and€practicesÐ D Ðassigning€an€inferior€role€to€women€in€society€and€within€the€family€areÏserious€factors€impeding€the€full€realization€by€women€of€their€economic,Ïsocial€and€cultural€rights€as€provided€for€in€the€Covenant.ÌÌà@þ þ pàD.€€òòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóˆÐ " ö  ÐÌ126.à b àWhile€the€Committee€welcomes€the€Government's€intention€to€reformÐ ® ‚  Ðdomestic€legislation€to€bring€it€into€greater€conformity€with€the€provisionsÏof€international€human€rights€instruments,€among€them€the€InternationalÏCovenant€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights,€it€remains€concerned€aboutÏthe€significant€gap€existing€between€the€rights€provided€for€in€legislationÏand€their€implementation€in€practice.€€It€notes€with€concern€the€fact€thatÏprovisions€of€the€Civil€Code€of€Guatemala,€especially€its€articles€109,€114Ïand€131,€discriminate€against€women.ÌÌ127.à b àThe€Committee€is€extremely€concerned€about€adverse€effects€which€theÐ ¤x Ðeconomic€and€social€disparities€existing€in€the€country€have€on€the€enjoymentÏof€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights€by€the€majority€of€the€population,Ïparticularly€by€the€indigenous€and€rural€populations€of€Guatemala,€as€well€asÏby€other€vulnerable€groups€in€society,€especially€children,€persons€withÏdisabilities€and€elderly€persons.ÌÌ128.à b àFar„reaching€racial€discrimination,€extreme€poverty€and€social€exclusionÐ â Ðin€relation€to€the€indigenous€populations€negatively€affect€the€enjoyment€ofÏeconomic,€social€and€cultural€rights€by€these€populations,€and€are€matters€ofÏdeep€concern€for€the€Committee.ÌÌ129.à b àThe€Committee€wishes€to€voice€its€serious€concern€about€the€continuingÐ ìÀ  Ðproblem€of€violence€against€women€and€the€insufficient€attention€paid€to€theÏproblem€by€governmental€institutions,€which€has€led€to€the€invisibility€of€theÏproblem€of€domestic€violence€against€women.ÌÌ130.à b àWhile€the€Committee€appreciates€the€open€admission€by€the€GovernmentÐ Ê ž% Ðthat€land€was€illegally€appropriated€by€force€in€the€past€and€that€plans€areÏin€place€to€address€this€problem,€the€Committee€remains€convinced€that€theÏissue€of€land€ownership€and€distribution€of€land€is€crucial€to€addressingÏeconomic,€social€and€cultural€grievances€of€a€substantial€segment€of€theÏpopulation.ÌÌ131.à b àThe€Committee€is€deeply€disturbed€at€the€apparent€flagrant€disregard€ofÐ 4&", Ðlabour€laws,€the€alarming€reports€of€employer€impunity,€and€the€lack€ofÏrespect€for€minimum€wages,€conditions€of€work€and€unionization,€particularlyÏas€these€issues€affect€individuals€employed€in€a€large€number€of€the€farmingÏsectors.€€The€ineffectiveness€of€labour€laws€in€protecting€tradeðMðunion€rightsÏwhen€coupled€with€the€problems€of€high€levels€of€unemployment€andÏunderemployment€gives€cause€for€deep€concern.€€Thus,€despite€the€Government'sÏstated€policy€of€undertaking€further€commitments€to€strengthen€the€labourÏinspectorate€and€introduce€changes€in€the€monitoring€and€enforcement€of€labourÏstandards,€including€through€the€proposals€on€economic€policy€and€labourÐ *-þ(5 Ðlegislation€contained€in€recently€signed€agreements,€the€possibilities€forÏensuring€effective€implementation€of€the€new€proposals€continue€to€giveÏgrounds€for€concern€to€the€Committee.€€One€aspect€which€is€of€serious€concernÏto€the€Committee€is€the€situation€of€those€persons€working€in€the€òòmaquilasóóÐ ~R Ð(expert€sector€industries),€many€of€whom€are€women.ÌÌ132.à b àThe€Committee€remains€unclear€as€to€the€adequacy€of€social€protectionРФ Ðprovided€to€those€employed€in€the€informal€sector.ÌÌ133.à b àThe€general€situation€faced€by€internally€and€externally€displacedÐ " ö  Ðpersons€remains€a€serious€cause€of€concern€for€the€Committee.ÌÌ134.à b àThe€Committee€expresses€its€concern€at€the€issue€of€low€access€to€safeÐ t H  Ðwater€for€the€rural€population,€the€higher€incidence€of€infant€mortalityÏwithin€certain€socio„economic€groups,€the€situation€of€persons€withÏdisabilities,€the€prevalence€of€endemic€diseases,€the€problem€of€theÏinadequacy€of€social€welfare€and€security,€the€persisting€housing€shortage€andÏthe€inadequacy€of€access€to€health€care.€€The€Committee€is€of€the€view€thatÏthis€general€situation€affecting€the€most€vulnerable€in€Guatemalan€societyÏdeprives€them€of€their€full€enjoyment€of€the€economic,€social€and€culturalÏrights€provided€for€in€the€Covenant.ÌÌ135.à b àParticular€concern€is€expressed€by€the€Committee€at€the€persistingÐ 0 Ðproblems€of€illiteracy€and€lack€of€access€to€education€as€they€affect€theÏpoorest€sectors€of€the€population.€€Notice€is€also€taken€by€the€Committee€ofÏthe€inadequacy€of€human€rights€education€provided€for€the€entire€population.ÌÌà@š š pàE.€€òòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóˆÐ â ÐÌ136.à b àThe€Committee€acknowledges€the€goodwill€of€the€Government€and€its€openÐ šn Ðadmission€of€the€need€for€reform€in€all€areas€of€economic,€social€and€culturalÏlife.€€The€Committee€stresses€that€the€implementation€of€the€Covenant'sÏprovisions€cannot€be€ensured€without€reform€and€without€adequateÏimplementation€of€the€peace€accord,€which€require€above€all€the€justÏdistribution€of€wealth€and€of€land.ÌÌ137.à b àThus€the€