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O?x O?< ?0'~~??~??? ?  ?ALJ?ǃ??? ?? ?8???|?? ??>?p?~s???a?|?<?>>??????????????~?<? >?>>??`>~?????C????O?>?<???x@?<`?p<p?<|?|~|???x???<?x?x??>????~???????????????@?    w  e#XdXXXfXXd  UKUS.,  % $# I&mage <=8C HKKKK(3e$ !+}XdXXXfXXd  UKUS.,   \ `$Times NewRoman d'dxd( $ Figure  1  Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5<( 9Z &Courier RegularUF1F2F3(3e$ !+}XdXXXfXXd  UKUS.,   F4xhH  Z6Times New Roman Regular<( 9Z &Courier Regular'ON  Z 6Times New Roman RegularQ?P Pd&0 d d&P d d !+}XdXXXfXXd  UKUS.,   R}+7TRWT6&A43'6&A43'T+7vTXXdd7*w"ddd Xdd Xdd X$$w,h , +   R 3Bf3B33UNITED R NATIONS#3B#XdnX3B#XdXXXdnc#XvTXXXdA")F{ dEF{ A .$K  .#XXvT##|- :#  |-E#|-  -# |-##XvTX5+)R3 0  5u ?/+p|057 ` ED7dpu i$i$$$*f"ddh  "i$i$f,dd ,d , dd +   e   ststsGsG stststst stststst stststst sGsGstst 6,'5  3  6#XXvT#  # 2   p# m   2EconomicandSocial w  Council# 2   m#    2#  Y#XvTX )H   )#XdXXXvT ##fXXdN #33Distr. w  % ) GENERAL%) % * E/C.12/1998/98%*> % + 21April1998%+ "US  Original:% - ENGLISH%-  7-'m   7   f  /"""  /!f ) f""" )   f  #f!y # /""""   /!f) f   """" )#f!. #A;) QxdCEQP| A+ 7%  COMMITTEEONECONOMIC,SOCIALANDCULTURALRIGHTSEighteenthsessionGeneva,27AprilM15May1998Item7oftheprovisionalagendaff  @@pp+p#ff #fUSUK.,IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHEINTERNATIONALCOVENANTONECONOMIC,SOCIALAND @K!  @#  @  @  @3  @ CULTURALRIGHTS @  @  @3  @ DAYOFGENERALDISCUSSION: @  @ Globalisationanditsimpactontheenjoymentofeconomicandsocialrights @  @  @  @  @3  @ Monday,11May1998   @  @  @3 #  #  0+  @ #f #!fԀ H!, T@4 <DL!T$&)\+- 0d24XTBackgroundpapersubmittedbytheInternationalLabourOrganization#f!#UK.,US., THEILO,STANDARDSETTINGANDGLOBALIZATION ". +  +    GE.9815843  n.+= +  +  +  +    ?+ ` hp x 4X? H.(` hp x (((XH x|((((` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?ACPFHKXMOR`TVYh[(X  #.X.XvT#.&p&.Althoughthe"debate"overthelinkbetweentheliberalizationoftradeandtheprotectionofworkers'rights  atfirsttooktheformofmutualaccusationsofsocialdumpingandprotectionism,ithasmadesignificantheadway , duetoagreatextenttotheimpetusoftheILOandtheworkofitsvariousgroupsandcommittees V examiningtheissue.Today,nobodycanclaimthatdevelopingcountriesarenotentitledtotheadvantagestheyderivefromtheirwagesandlevelsofsocialprotectionwhicharecomparativelylower.Butifthisapproachistobeformalized,itpresupposestheuniversalrespectofcertainfundamentalhumanrightsofworkers:freedomofassociationandcollectivebargaining(ConventionsNos.87and98);theprohibitionofforcedlabour , includingforcedlabourofchildren(ConventionsNos.29and105);equalityof 4 treatmentandnon~discrimination(ConventionsNos.100and111);minimumageofemployment(ConventionNo.138).Thesefundamentalrights,whichmustbeacknowledgedassuchasbeinguniversallybinding,areofaparticularsignificanceinthecontextofglobalizationbecausetheyareinstrumentsenablingworkerstoclaimtheirfairshareoftheeconomicprogressgeneratedbytheliberalizationof#.&.&p#.XvTX.Ԁ#.X.XvT~##.&p&.trade. L" |((((` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?ACPFHKXMOR`TVYh[(((` XTheHeadsofStateattendingtheSocialSummitatCopenhagenagreedontheneedto#.&.&p##.XvTX.Ԁ#.X.XvT %#.&p&.promotethe#.&.&pL%#.XvTX. d# #.X.XvT%#.&p&.fundamentalConventionsoftheILO,whichhassincethenbeencarryingoutasuccessfulratifications *$ campaign.Furthermore,theparticularsignificanceofthesefundamentalrightswasofficiallyacknowledgedintheSingaporeMinisterialDeclarationwhichstressedthattheILOwas"thecompetentbodytosetanddealwiththesestandards".  xN1(` hp x (((` XNy'` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?ACPFHKXMOR`TVYh[(` X Thequestionmustnowbewhatparticularformthispoliticalwill,soclearlyexpressed,shouldtakewithintheILO.AlthoughtheratificationofILOConventionsisvoluntary,asinthecaseofanytreaty,noteverythingiscontingentuponthegoodwilloftheStates.Indeed,theConstitutionoftheILOallowsittorequestStateswhichhave riot ratifiedaninstrumenttogiveexplanationsontheirattitude.Inthisrespect,theGoverningBodyhas &#. alreadydecidedtorequesteachyearreportsonthereasonsforfailingtoratifyfundamentalConventions.ThesereportsmightinthefuturebeusedtoexamineregularlythesituationofcountrieswhichhavenotratifiedtheseConventions.Anotherapproachmoreovercomplementarywouldbetoraisethequestionofwhether,evenintheabsenceofratificationoftherelevantConventions,allmemberStates,byvirtueoftheiracceptanceoftheConstitution, *r'3 andtheobjectivesoftheprinciplesotheILO,arenotboundtoaminimumofobligationswithrespectto +8(4 fundamentalrights.ThesupervisorymachineryfortheapplicationofConventionsandprinciplesonfreedomofassociationprovidesaninterestingreferenceandexperienceinthisarea.Underthisprocedure,governmentsorworkers'andemployers'organizationsmaysubmitcomplaintsconcerningviolationsoftradeunionrightsbyStates,irrespectiveofwhetherornottheyhaveratifiedtheConventionsonfreedomofassociation. .P+8 AdeclarationoranyothertextenshriningprinciplesadoptedbytheConferencemighthelptodefinetheuniversallyacknowledgedcontentofthefundamentalrightswhichshouldberespectedbyallMembersoftheOrganization,whetherornottheyhaveratifiedthecorrespondingConventions,andtoestablishamechanismtoguaranteetheirpromotion.DiscussionsonthismatterhavealreadystartedintheGoverningBodyandwillcontinueattheConferenceonthebasisoftheReport. H.` hp x XH#.&.&p%#.XvTX.#.X.XvT1#E+ ` hp x XE#f.#!f !&p&!Asystemofmutualencouragementtoattainsocialprogress:Aregularreportonsocialprogressinthe j world?#!&!&p1#!S!  0 #!!S2#!XvTX! x|((((` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?ACPFHKXMOR`TVYh[X  #!X!XvT2#!&p&!Theguaranteeoffundamentalrightsisaprerequisiteforsocialprogressbutitisnotenough.AsMembers    oftheILO,theStatesundertaketotrytoattainactivelysocialprogressinallitsforms.AlthoughitisuptotheStatestoactinaccordancewiththeirpossibilitiesandpreferences,itisimportantthatanyeffortstheymaketoturnthebenefitsofglobalizationtogoodaccountintermsofsocialprogressshouldbeencouragedandevaluated.Inthisrespect,theILOhasthelegalmeansandnecessarymandatetosetinmotiononceagainthevirtuouscircleofsocialprogress.Itmight,inthelightofthepresentdiscussions,startbygatheringanddetermininganumberofbasicprinciplesorobjectiveswhichshouldguidetheactionofStatesinthearea,forexample:(i)thatacomparativeadvantagelinkedtoacertainlevelofwagesorsocialprotectionislegitimate,ifitisafactorofeconomicgrowth,providedthatitisnotartificiallymaintainedorusedasameremeansofwinningmarkets;(ii)thatthereis,inadditiontofundamentalrights,aminimumprogrammethateachStateshouldtrytoachieve;(iii)moregenerallyspeaking,thatallworkers,andnotonlythoseproducingexportgoods,shouldbeabletohaveafairshareofthefruitsofglobalizationandthat,toattainthisobjective,asystemoftripartiteconsultationshouldbeenvisagedatthenationallevel.|((((` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?ACPFHKXMOR`TVYh[(((` X#!&!&p3#!&p&!TheILOConstitutionandtheDeclarationofPhiladelphiaprovidetheOrganizationwiththemeansand  mandateallowingittosupervisetheimplementationofthesebasicprinciples.ByacceptingthecommitmenttoworktowardstheILO'sobjectivesingoodfaith,itsMembershaveacknowledgedamongstotherthingsthenecessaryinterdependencyoftheireffortsandconsequentlyareciprocalrighttoseewhatotherMembersare n doing.Althoughintroducingasocialconditionalitywouldbenonsense#&j&&!&p1#!&p&&&j 4 #&j&&!&p<#!&p&&&jbecausethe#&j&&!&p =#.&p&&&j#.&.&pQ:#.&p&.openingupofmarketsconstitutestoagreatextentakindofpreconditiontosocialprogress,it  wouldbejustasinconsistenttoclaimthatallpartners,inthenameofsocialprogress,shouldhaveaccesstoallmarketswithouthavingtogiveaccounttoanyoneontheirpracticesinthisfield. K.` hp x (((` XK#.&.&p=#.XvTX.y'` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?ACPFHKXMOR`TVYh[X #.X.XvTs?#.&p&.Onthisbasis,theConferencecould,bymeansofatextenshriningprinciplesorevenaRecommendation,   drawupalistofbasicprinciplesandestablishafollowupmechanism,forexampleintheformofaregularreportbytheDirectorGeneralonsocialprogressintheworldfollowedbyatripartitediscussion.Inthisway,alltheMembersoftheILOandmoregenerallynationalandinternationalpublicopinionmighthaveanoverallandobjectiveviewoftheeffortsmadebyeachStatetoturntheeconomicbenefitsresultingfromtheliberalizationoftradetogoodaccountintermsofsocialprogress. H.` hp x XH#.&.&pW@#.XvTX.E+ ` hp x XE#.X.XvTiC# .&p&.Themobilizationofnongovernmentalactorstopromotesocialprogress#.&.&pC# .XvTX. |!*' #.X.XvTD#.&p&.y'` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?ACPFHKXMOR`TVYh[X SocialprogressisnolongertheprerogativeofStates.Anincreasingnumberofenterprisesareconcerned #) aboutthesocialorenviromnentalrepercussionsoftheiractivities;consumersarealsoincreasinglyawareoftheresponsibilitiestheyundertakewhentheymakeacertainchoiceofproductorservices.Thistwoprongedconvergingmovementisgivingrisetoanabundanceofcharters,codesofpracticesor"labels",whicharesupposedtoguaranteetherespectofvariouscriteriasocialandothersinthemanufacturingofaparticulararticle.AlthoughatfirstsighttheobjectivesofthesevoluntaryarrangementsandtheILOmightseemtobethesame,theyriskbeingarbitrary,singlingoutaparticularrightorproductorbeingputtoimproperuse.Themaindisadvantageoftheselabelshoweveristhattheyconcern#.&.&pD#.&p&.exclusively,throughthe#.&.&p I#.XvTX.Ԁ#.X.XvTdI#.&p&.productsthey#.&.&pI#.XvTX.Ԁ#.X.XvTI#.&p&.y('((` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?ACPFHKXMOR`TVYh[Xaddress, 8)%1 workersproducingfortheinternationalmarketandcertainaspectsoffundamentalrights.Theydonotcometogripswiththereasonsforthesituation.TocontributeinamorerationalandconsistentwaytotheILO'sobjectives,itmightbeenvisagedtoawardan"overallsociallabel"tocountriescomplyingwithasetoffundamentalprinciplesandrightsandagreeingtohavetheirpracticessupervisedbyaninternationalinspectiononthespotwhichisreliableandlegallyindependent.ItwouldbeperfectlyfeasibletoprovideforsuchasystemofinspectionunderaninternationallabourConventionwhich,becauseofitsvoluntarynature,wouldalloweachStatetodecidefreelywhethertogiveanoverallsociallabeltoallgoodsproducedonitsterritoryprovidedthat .P+8 itacceptstheobligationsinherentintheConventionandagreestohavemonitoringonthespot.TheratificationofsuchaConventionwouldbeattractiveintermsofrealeconomicinterestsandnotonlyfromamoralstandpoint. xH.(` hp x (((XH#.&.&p9J#.XvTX. MORETARGETEDSTANDARDS 0 FORAGREATERIMPACT   #.X.XvTO#.&p&. xy('((` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?ACPFHKXMOR`TVYh[(XInitssecondpart,theReportrulesouttheideaoftakingabreakfromstandardsettingandadvocates  0 strengtheningtherelevanceandefficiencyofthestandardsettingmachinerybymakingamorejudiciouschoiceofsubjectsandexploitingbetterthevarietyandflexibilityofthemeansofactionprovidedforundertheILOConstitution. xH.(` hp x (((XHE+ ` hp x (XE Awiderandmoretargeted choiceofsubjects `   y'` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?ACPFHKXMOR`TVYh[X Inattemptingtobemoreselectiveinitschoiceofsubjects,theILOshouldtrytogathermoreinformationon   therealneedsofitsconstituentsbymakinggreateruseofitsdecentralizedstructures.ThisinformationwouldhelptheGoverningBodyconstituteawider,regularlyupdatedpotifolioofproposals,enablingittomakestrategic x&  choiceswhichcorrespondtoactualneeds.Itmustthenmakeastricterchoicefromamongthesubjectsenvisagedforstandardsetting,takingintoaccounttheaddedvaluethateachstandardmightcontributetotheexisting  instruments.TheReportputsforwarddetailedproposalsonthecriteriawhichwouldhelpguidebetterthechoiceofnewstandards,forinstancetheconsider~ationsofwhetherornotasubjectlendsitselftostandardsetting,orwhetheritwouldmakemorethananephemeralcontribution,etc.;itsuggestsanunofficialcodificationwhichwouldgiveamorecoherentsummaryofexistinginstruments;italsoraisesthequestionofwhetheritmightnotbepreferabletorelyonprinciplesofresponsibilityratherthanaccumulateprotectiveprovisions.Finally,theReportproposesanumberofways in whichadjustmentscouldbemadetotheprocedureinforcesothatthe V Organizationmighthaveanoverallviewofthepossiblecontentoftheinstrumentsenvisagedbeforemakinganirreversiblechoice. H.` hp x XH#.&.&p-P#.XvTX.E+ ` hp x XE #.X.XvTZ#.&p&.AgreaterrecoursetoRecommendations#.&.&pZ#.XvTX.  n #.X.XvT [#.&p&.y'` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?ACPFHKXMOR`TVYh[X Thedropoffinthenumberofratificationsisundoubtedlyinevitableandlinkednotonlytoglobalizationbut L alsotootherfactors,particularlytheproliferationofinternationalinstruments.Thisshouldnot,however,hampertheILO'sstandardsettingactionbecauseRecommendationsareanextremelyefficientmeansofaction,providedthattheirfullpotentialisexploited.If#.&.&pl[#.&p&.Recom#.&.&p]#E+ ` hp x XE.&p&.#&j&&.&pY=#!&p&&&jmendationsaretoregaintheirrightfulplace,theyshouldonce L" againbeconsideredasinstrumentsintheirownright,theyshouldthen,andthisisofparamountimportance, d# befolloweduponaregularbasisasprovidedforbytheConstitution.Bydefinition,Recommendationsdonot *$ imposeobligationsbuttheycanstillhaveastronginfluenceonsocialpolicyandlegislationiftheyaresubjecttoarealandefficientfollowup,whichhasnotbeenthecaseuntilnow.#!&!&pl^#!XVCX !+ !&p&!#&j&&!&p^#0&p&&&jOverallevaluationmechanism#&j&&0&pa#!&p&&&j#!&!&p[a#!XVCX ! #! X!XVCc#!&p&! B"( ItisindispensablethattheILOshouldhaveaselfcorrectingmechanismforitsstandardsettingtobeabletoascertaintheimpactandrelevanceofstandardsandthusdrawlessonsforthefuture.Thisevaluationwouldattemptnotonlytomeasurethesuccessachievedinfulfillingthespecificobjectivesetforthintheinstrument,butalsotoidentifyanypossibleindirectoradverserepercussionstheremightbewithrespecttootherIL0objectivesforexamplethatofemployment.ItwillbeliptotheGoverningBody,asthecasemaybe,tochoosetheappropriatebodyandprocedureforevaluation.   M    U     #!&!&pb#!^$^!#^^^!^$b#!^$^^^ .P+8  .P+8 #!^!^$e##f!(f#