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ŠRights€resolution€1993/16€of€26€February€1993.Š ų&¢&@ ŠĢĢĢĢŅeŅŌå.å..Ū*…*ŌGE.94„18482€€(E)Š  å..E ŠŃŲRŃŃ}‰ŃÖ€;’’ÖÖ€<’’ÖÓB.++b™ Š >u¬ćQˆæö!++7BÓ3.ą Q ąThe€major€international€event€in€the€human€rights€field€since€the€FourthŠ Ō ŠMeeting€of€the€Chairpersons€was€the€World€Conference€on€Human€Rights,€held€atŠ ›Ē ŠVienna€from€14€to€25June1993.€€In€sectionII,€paragraph€3,€of€the€ViennaŠ bŽ ŠDeclaration€and€Programme€of€Action€(A/CONF.157/23),€the€World€ConferenceŠ )U Šrecognized€"that€relevant€specialized€agencies€and€bodies€and€institutions€of€theŠ š ŠUnited€Nations€system€...€play€a€vital€role€in€the€formulation€and€implementationŠ ·ć Šof€human€rights€standards"€and€called€upon€such€bodies€to€take€into€account€theŠ ~ Ŗ Šoutcome€of€the€Conference€within€their€fields€of€competence.€€Accordingly,€thisŠ E q Šreport€contains€frequent€references€to€the€Conference's€main€actions€orŠ  8 Šrecommendations,€as€reflected€in€the€above„mentioned€document,€as€well€as€to€theŠ Ó ’  Šviews€or€recommendations€contained€in€the€Vienna€Statement€of€the€InternationalŠ š Ę  ŠHuman€Rights€Treaty€Bodies€(A/CONF.157/TBB/4)€and€in€the€interim€report€on€theŠ a   Šupdated€study€by€the€independent€expert€on€enhancing€the€long„term€effectivenessŠ (T  Šof€the€United€Nations€human€rights€treaty€regime€(A/CONF.157/PC/Add.11/Rev.1),Š ļ  Šboth€of€which€were€submitted€to€the€World€Conference.Š ¶ā  ŠĢą@…… ąI.€€FOLLOW„UP€ACTION€ON€THE€CONCLUSIONS€AND€RECOMMENDATIONSˆŠ Dp  ŠŌŠ Š Š ¶¶ŌOF€THE€FOURTH€MEETING€OF€CHAIRPERSONSŠ  7  ŠĢ4.ą Q ąThe€report€of€the€Fourth€Meeting€of€Chairpersons€(A/47/628)€was€consideredŠ ™Å Šby€the€General€Assembly€at€its€forty„sixth€and€forty„seventh€sessions.€Š `Œ ŠDevelopments€relating€directly€to€the€conclusions€and€recommendations€containedŠ 'S Štherein€are€discussed€below.Š ī ŠĢņņą0 Q ąRole€of€the€Security€Council€and€development€of€effective€responses€inŠ |Ø Šemergency€situationsóó€(paras.42„45)ŠCoQü#Qü# ŠĢ5.ą Q ąPursuant€to€the€Chairpersons'€suggestion€that€each€treaty€body€"undertakeŠ Ńż Šan€urgent€examination€of€all€possible€measures€that€it€might€take€within€itsŠ ˜Ä Šcompetence,€both€to€prevent€human€rights€violations€from€occurring€and€to€monitorŠ _‹ Šmore€closely€emergency€situations€of€all€kinds€arising€within€the€jurisdiction€ofŠ &R ŠStates€parties",€a€number€of€concrete€steps€have€already€been€undertaken.€€TheŠ ķ ŠCommittee€on€the€Elimination€of€Racial€Discrimination€adopted€a€working€paper€onŠ “ą  Šthe€prevention€of€racial€discrimination,€which€included€the€following€earlyŠ {§! Šwarning€and€urgent€procedures:Š Bn" ŠĢą Q ą(i)ą ˆ ąņņEarly€warning€measuresóóŠ Š ü$ ŠĢą Q ąą0 ˆ ąEstablishment€of€a€follow„up€mechanism€to€the€adoption€of€concludingŠ ^"Š& Šobservations,€particularly€in€cases€where€such€action€was€deemedŠ %#Q' Šespecially€important;Šģ#(ˆü#ˆü# ŠĢą Q ąą0 ˆ ąMembers€could€offer€to€visit€States€parties€to€facilitate€theŠ z%¦ * Šimplementation€of€certain€international€standards,€to€help€deal€withŠ A&m!+ Šspecific€problems€or€to€assist€in€efforts€to€establish€human€rightsŠ '4", Šinstitutional€infrastructure;ŠĻ'ū"-ˆü#ˆü# ŠĢą Q ąą0 ˆ ąThe€Committee's€concluding€observations€could€include€specificŠ ])‰$/ Šrecommendations€to€the€effect€that€States€parties€consider€availingŠ $*P%0 Šthemselves€of€assistance€under€the€technical€cooperation€programme€ofŠ ė*&1 Šthe€Centre€for€Human€Rights;в+Ž&2ˆü#ˆü# Šā āŠ y,„'3 Šą Q ąą0 ˆ ąCommittee€members€could€offer€their€expertise€to€the€Centre€for€HumanŠ Ō Šā āRights€in€the€implementation€of€the€Centre's€technical€cooperationŠ ›Ē Šprogrammes;ŠbŽˆü#ˆü# ŠĢą Q ąą0 ˆ ąThe€Committee€could€submit€information€to€the€Secretary„General€as€aŠ š Šcontribution€to€the€early€warning€mechanism€to€be€established€pursuantŠ ·ć Što€General€Assembly€resolution€47/120,€section€II€(1);Š~ Ŗˆü#ˆü# ŠĢą Q ąą0 ˆ ąGreater€cooperation€could€be€developed€with€regional€arrangements€forŠ  8 Šthe€promotion€and€protection€of€human€rights€as€such€cooperation€wouldŠ Ó ’  Šenhance€the€Committee's€information€base€and€facilitate€follow„up€toŠ š Ę  Šthe€Committee's€recommendations;Ša  ˆü#ˆü# ŠĢą Q ąą0 ˆ ąThe€Committee€could€take€a€more€active€approach€in€encouragingŠ ļ  Šinternational€assistance€for€the€promotion€and€protection€of€humanŠ ¶ā  Šrights.Š}© ˆü#ˆü# ŠĢą Q ą(ii)ą ˆ ąņņUrgent€proceduresóóŠ  7  ŠĢą Q ąą0 ˆ ąThe€Committee€could€request€the€urgent€submission€of€a€special€reportŠ ™Å Šcontaining€measures€taken€to€prevent€the€serious,€massive€orŠ `Œ Špersistent€racial€discrimination€(or€human€rights€violations);Š'Sˆü#ˆü# ŠĢą Q ąą0 ˆ ąThe€Committee€could€designate€a€special€rapporteur€to€act€as€a€focalŠ µį Špoint€for€monitoring€critical€situations,€to€consult€with€theŠ |Ø ŠChairperson€on€the€initiation€of€the€urgent€action€procedure€and€toŠ Co Šfollowup€on€decisions€taken;Š 6ˆü#ˆü# ŠĢą Q ąą0 ˆ ąThe€Committee€could€address€an€expression€of€its€concern,€along€withŠ ˜Ä Šrecommendations€for€action,€to:€€the€State€party€concerned;€specialŠ _‹ Šrapporteur(s)€of€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights;€the€Secretary„GeneralŠ &R Šfor€the€attention€of€the€early€warning€mechanism€to€be€establishedŠ ķ Špursuant€to€General€Assembly€resolution€47/120,€section€II€(1);€allŠ “ą  Šother€human€rights€bodies€dealing€with€the€question€concerned;€theŠ {§! ŠSecretary„General,€along€with€a€recommendation€that€the€matter€beŠ Bn" Šbrought€to€the€attention€of€the€Security€Council.Š 5#ˆü#ˆü# Šą Q ąą ˆ ąą æ ąą ö ąĢ6.ą Q ąSeveral€other€committees€have€also€introduced€or€made€use€of€urgentŠ —!Ć% Šprocedures.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee€has€made€requests€for€special€reports,€onŠ ^"Š& Šan€urgent€basis,€from€Bosnia€and€Herzegovina,€Croatia,€Yugoslavia€(Serbia€andŠ %#Q' ŠMontenegro),€Peru€and€Burundi.€€It€also€amended€its€rules€of€procedure€to€theŠ ģ#( Šeffect€that€in€between€sessions€the€Chairperson,€in€consultation€with€members€ofŠ ³$ß) Šthe€Committee,€can€request€the€submission€of€such€reports.€€The€Committee€onŠ z%¦ * ŠEconomic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights€has€developed€a€range€of€options€forŠ A&m!+ Šrequesting€additional€information€from€a€State€party,€including€in€seriousŠ '4", Šsituations€where€there€is€an€urgent€need€for€information.€€In€such€cases,€if€theŠ Ļ'ū"- Šadditional€information€is€not€forthcoming,€the€Committee€can€request€the€StateŠ –(Ā#. Šparty€concerned€to€accept€a€mission€consisting€of€one€or€two€of€the€CommitteeŠ ])‰$/ Šmembers,€for€the€purpose€of€continuing€the€Committee's€dialogue€with€the€StateŠ $*P%0 Šparty.€€To€date€no€State€party€has€complied€with€a€request€of€the€Committee€toŠ ė*&1 Špermit€its€members€to€visit€that€State€party.€€The€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€theŠ ²+Ž&2 ŠChild€has€drawn€its€concerns€regarding€the€plight€of€children€in€the€territoryŠ y,„'3 Šof,€for€example,€the€former€Yugoslavia€to€the€attention€of€the€Special€RapporteurŠ @-l(4 Šappointed€by€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights€to€follow€the€situation€of€humanŠ Ō Šrights€in€the€territory€of€the€former€Yugoslavia.€Š ›Ē ŠĢ7.ą Q ąThe€High€Commissioner€for€Human€Rights€has€expressed€his€intention€toŠ )U Šcooperate€fully€with€the€treaty€bodies€in€discharging€his€mandate€in€the€area€ofŠ š Špreventing€violations€and€responding€to€emergency€situations,€and€has€requestedŠ ·ć Štheir€suggestions€and€assistance.Š ~ Ŗ ŠĢ8.ą Q ąNo€formal€action€has€yet€been€taken€in€respect€of€the€proposal€by€theŠ  8 ŠSecretary„General€concerning€the€need€to€explore€the€possibility€of€"empowering"Š Ó ’  Šthe€treaty€bodies€„€along€with€the€Secretary„General€„€to€bring€massiveŠ š Ę  Šviolations€of€human€rights€to€the€attention€of€the€Security€Council,€togetherŠ a   Šwith€recommendations€for€action.€€However,€as€noted€above,€the€Committee€on€theŠ (T  ŠElimination€of€Racial€Discrimination,€under€the€early€warning€and€urgentŠ ļ  Šprocedures€it€has€now€adopted,€does€envisage€recommending€to€the€Secretary„Š ¶ā  ŠGeneral€that€its€concerns€be€brought€to€the€attention€of€the€Security€Council,€asŠ }©  Šappropriate.Š Dp  ŠĢą0 Q ąņņMore€effective€integration€of€human€rights€into€the€totality€ofŠ Ņž  ŠUnitedNations€activitiesóó€(para.€46)Š™ÅQü#Qü# ŠĢ9.ą Q ąThe€coordination€of€activities€relating€to€the€promotion€and€protection€ofŠ 'S Šhuman€rights€throughout€the€United€Nations€system€is€one€of€the€functions€of€theŠ ī ŠHigh€Commissioner€for€Human€Rights,€as€set€out€in€General€Assembly€resolutionŠ µį Š48/141.€€The€creation€of€the€position€in€itself€represents€a€major€advanceŠ |Ø Štowards€the€integration€of€human€rights€concerns€into€the€overall€range€of€theŠ Co ŠOrganization's€activities.€€The€Chairpersons€may€also€wish€to€note€in€thisŠ  6 Šconnection€that€the€Vienna€Statement€indicated€that€agencies€such€as€the€UnitedŠ Ńż ŠNations€Development€Programme,€the€World€Bank€and€the€International€MonetaryŠ ˜Ä ŠFund,€as€well€as€officials€responsible€for€peace-keeping,€election€monitoring€andŠ _‹ Šother€such€activities,€should€receive€human€rights€training.Š &R ŠĢņņóóą0 Q ąņņFinancing€of€the€treaty€bodiesóó€(paras.€47„48)Š“ą Qü#Qü# ŠĢ10.ą Q ąIn€its€resolution€47/111,€the€General€Assembly€ņņinter€aliaóó€endorsed€theŠ Bn" Šamendments€relating€to€financing€that€were€adopted€by€the€States€parties€to€theŠ  5# ŠInternational€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€Racial€DiscriminationŠ Š ü$ Šand€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€DegradingŠ —!Ć% ŠTreatment€or€Punishment€and€requested€the€Secretary„General€to€"take€theŠ ^"Š& Šappropriate€measures€to€provide€for€the€financing€of€the€Committees€establishedŠ %#Q' Šunder€those€Conventions€from€the€regular€budget€of€the€UnitedNations,€beginningŠ ģ#( Šwith€the€budget€for€the€biennium€1994„1995"€and€"to€ensure€that€the€twoŠ ³$ß) ŠCommittees€meet€as€scheduled€until€the€amendments€enter€into€force".Š z%¦ * ŠĢą Q ąņņSecretariat€servicingóó€€(paras.€49„50)Š '4", ŠĢ11.ą Q ąņņóóThe€World€Conference€recommended,€ņņinter€aliaóó,€that€sufficient€human,Š –(Ā#. Šfunding€and€other€resources€should€be€provided€to€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights€toŠ ])‰$/ Šenable€it€to€carry€out€its€activities€effectively,€efficiently€and€Ō_Ōexpeditiously.€Š $*P%0 ŠIt€also€stressed€the€importance€of€strengthening€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights€andŠ ė*&1 Šassuring€"adequate€means€for€the€ņņóósystem€of€thematic€and€country€rapporteurs,Š ²+Ž&2 Šexperts,€working€groups€and€treaty€bodies".Š y,„'3 ŠŠ @-l(4 Š12.ą Q ąThe€view€was€put€forward€in€the€Vienna€Statement€that€if€the€treatyŠ Ō Šsupervisory€system€were€to€function€efficiently€and€effectively€the€number€of€theŠ ›Ē Šrelevant€professional€staff€should€be€tripled.Š bŽ ŠĢņņą Q ąInformation€sourcesóó€(paras.€51„55)Š š ŠĢ13.ą Q ąIn€the€light€of€the€recommendations€adopted€by€the€Fourth€Meeting€ofŠ ~ Ŗ ŠChairpersons€in€respect€of€the€establishment€of€an€integrated€information€andŠ E q Šdocumentation€system,€including€computerization€of€the€work€of€the€treaty€bodies,Š  8 Šthe€establishment€of€country€dossiers,€and€ensuring€the€adequate€flow€ofŠ Ó ’  Šinformation€from€non„governmental€organizations,€the€following€information€is€ofŠ š Ę  Šrelevance:Š a   ŠĢą Q ą(i)ą0 ˆ ąņņEstablishing€an€integrated€information€and€documentation€system,Š ļ  Šincluding€computerization€of€the€work€of€the€treaty€bodiesóóŠ¶ā ˆü#ˆü# ŠĢ14.ą Q ąThe€creation€of€an€integrated€information€and€documentation€system€wouldŠ Dp  Šgreatly€facilitate€the€control€and€retrieval€of€information,€including€directlyŠ  7  Šrelevant€United€Nations€and€specialized€agency€documentation,€some€of€which€isŠ Ņž  Šavailable€in€existing€databases.€€For€example,€the€International€Labour€OfficeŠ ™Å Šand€the€Office€of€the€UnitedNations€High€Commissioner€for€Refugees€haveŠ `Œ Šinformation€of€direct€relevance€to€the€work€of€the€treaty€bodies€"on€line",€butŠ 'S Šsuch€information€is€not€being€systematically€accessed€by€the€Centre€for€HumanŠ ī ŠRights.Š µį ŠĢ15.ą Q ąThe€Commission€on€Human€Rights€in€its€resolution€1994/19€requested€theŠ Co ŠSecretary„General€to€give€high€priority€to€establishing€a€computerized€databaseŠ  6 Što€improve€the€efficiency€and€effectiveness€of€the€functioning€of€treaty€bodiesŠ Ńż Šand€to€give€priority€to€expediting€the€implementation€of€the€recommendations€ofŠ ˜Ä Šthe€Task€Force€on€Computerization€as€soon€as€possible.€Š _‹ ŠĢ16.ą Q ąThe€Centre€for€Human€Rights€has€appointed€a€coordinator€for€officeŠ ķ Šautomation.€€The€coordinator€will€be€responsible€for€such€matters€as€theŠ “ą  Špurchasing€of€hardware€and€software,€developing€a€local€area€network€for€theŠ {§! ŠCentre,€linking€the€Centre€to€existing€electronic€information€systems€andŠ Bn" Šdatabases€and€developing€further€databases.€€The€special€database€needs€of€theŠ  5# Štreaty€bodies€are€being€addressed€as€a€matter€of€priority,€including€theŠ Š ü$ Šdevelopment€of€databases€relating€to€the€status€of€international€instruments,€theŠ —!Ć% Šstatus€of€reporting,€and€information€concerning€follow„up€of€suggestions€andŠ ^"Š& Šrecommendations€contained€in€observations€emanating€from€the€consideration€ofŠ %#Q' ŠState€party€reports.€€The€establishment€of€free,€text„retrieval€databases€forŠ ģ#( ŠState€party€reports,€summary€records€of€the€consideration€of€such€reports,€andŠ ³$ß) Šfor€concluding€observations,€is€also€being€pursued.€Š z%¦ * ŠĢą Q ą(ii)ą ˆ ąņņCountry€dossiersóóŠ '4", ŠĢ17.ą Q ąThe€secretariat€has€begun€preparing€country€dossiers€for€individualŠ –(Ā#. Šcommittees.€€The€development€of€a€centralized€system€for€country„related€Š  ])‰$/ Šinformation€will€be€of€great€importance€to€the€success€of€such€efforts€and€to€theŠ Ō Ševentual€development€of€a€single€dossier€that€could€be€made€available€to€allŠ ›Ē Štreaty€bodies.Š bŽ ŠĢą Q ą(iii)€€ņņRole€of€non„governmental€organizationsóóŠ š ŠĢ18.ą Q ąThe€Vienna€Statement€reiterated€that€non„governmental€organizations€haveŠ ~ Ŗ Šimportant€roles€to€play€in€scrutinizing€State€party€reports€at€the€nationalŠ E q Šlevel;€providing€information€to€treaty€bodies;€assisting€in€the€dissemination€ofŠ  8 Šinformation;€contributing€to€the€implementation€of€recommendations€by€the€treatyŠ Ó ’  Šbodies.€€It€suggested€that€an€NGO€liaison€unit€should€be€established€by€theŠ š Ę  ŠCentre€for€Human€Rights€to€facilitate€outreach€by€the€treaty€bodies.€Š a   ŠĢ19.ą Q ąA€number€of€significant€developments€have€taken€place€recently€in€the€areaŠ ļ  Šof€cooperation€between€non„governmental€organizations€and€certain€treaty€bodiesŠ ¶ā  Šin€the€information€field:Š }©  ŠĢÓB.++K™ Š >u¬ćQˆæö!++7BÓąŃ:ą(i)ˆą0 ˆ ąNGOs€have€organized€themselves€into€an€NGO€Group€on€the€Convention€onŠ  7  Šthe€Rights€of€the€Child€and€have€appointed€a€coordinator€to€liaise€notŠ Ņž  Šonly€with€the€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€and€the€secretariatŠ ™Å Šbut€also€with€international€and€national€NGOs€working€on€children'sŠ `Œ Šrights.€€The€NGO€Group€has€prepared€a€guide€for€non„governmentalŠ 'S Šorganizations€on€how€they€may€present€complementary€information€to€theŠ ī ŠCommittee€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child.€€On€the€basis€of€the€writtenŠ µį Šinformation€submitted€by€NGOs€to€the€Committee,€particular€NGOs€may€beŠ |Ø Šinvited€to€present€information€orally€to€its€pre-sessional€workingŠ Co Šgroup.Š 6ˆü#ˆü# ŠĢąŃŖŖ:ą(ii)ˆą0 ˆ ąTo€improve€the€coordination€of€non„governmental€and€other€informationŠ ˜Ä Špresented€to€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€RacialŠ _‹ ŠDiscrimination,€an€organization€called€the€Anti€Racism€InformationŠ &R ŠService€(ARIS)€has€been€established€by€the€NGO€community.€€TheŠ ķ Šorganization€also€disseminates€official€UnitedNations€documents,Š “ą  Šreports,€observations€and€press€releases€to€human€rights€groups€andŠ {§! Šindividuals.ŠBn"ˆü#ˆü# ŠĢąŃFF :ą(iii)ˆą0 ˆ ąThe€Committee€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights€adopted,€in€MayŠ Š ü$ Š1993,€a€new€procedure€relating€to€the€participation€ofŠ —!Ć% Šnon-governmental€organizations€in€the€Committee's€activities.€Š ^"Š& ŠNon-governmental€organizations€have€been€encouraged€to€provide€writtenŠ %#Q' Šinformation€to€the€Committee€and€have€been€given€the€possibility€toŠ ģ#( Špresent€oral€information€that€is€reliable,€relevant€and€focused€on€theŠ ³$ß) Šprovisions€of€the€Covenant€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€RightsŠ z%¦ * Šand/or€country€situations€to€the€Committee€both€during€its€pre„Š A&m!+ Šsessional€working€group€and€at€the€beginning€of€each€of€its€sessions.€Š '4", ŠThe€Committee€requested€its€Chairperson,€in€conjunction€with€theŠ Ļ'ū"- Šsecretariat,€to€make€these€procedures€as€widely€known€as€possible.Š–(Ā#.ˆü#ˆü# ŠĢÓH.++b™ Š >u¬ćQˆæö!++K™ ‹7HÓą0 Q ąņņPublic€informationóó€(paras.€56„59)Š$*P%0Qü#Qü# ŠĢ20.ą Q ąA€procedure€has€been€instituted€for€sharing€information€through€theŠ ²+Ž&2 Špreparation€of€a€briefing€note€about€the€activities€of€the€Committees€after€eachŠ y,„'3 Šof€their€sessions.€€Some€Committees€have€also€begun€to€incorporate€in€theirŠ @-l(4 Šconcluding€observations€the€suggestion€that€States€parties€should€prepare€in€aŠ Ō Šspecial€package,€and€disseminate€as€widely€as€possible,€the€State€party€reportŠ ›Ē Šand€the€summary€records€and€concluding€observations€on€the€examination€of€theŠ bŽ Šreport.Š )U ŠĢ21.ą Q ąIn€the€Vienna€Statement€of€the€International€Human€Rights€Treaty€Bodies€itŠ ·ć Šis€noted€that€the€treaty€bodies€cannot€fulfil€their€functions€effectively€ifŠ ~ Ŗ Šinformation€about€their€activities€is€confined€to€Governments€and€that€effortsŠ E q Šshould€therefore€be€made€to€present€their€activities€in€ways€that€are€accessibleŠ  8 Što€the€community€at€large.€€It€is€suggested,€ņņinter€aliaóó,€that€such€informationŠ Ó ’  Šshould€be€made€available€for€discussion€to€community€groups€through€nationalŠ š Ę  Šinstitutions,€NGOs,€schools,€the€press€and€other€relevant€media,€and€theŠ a   Šimportance€of€efforts€to€educate€citizens€and€residents€about€human€rights€andŠ (T  Šdemocracy€as€essential€elements€of€an€effective€overall€human€rights€strategy€isŠ ļ  Šstressed.€€The€World€Conference,€for€its€part,€called€on€Governments,€with€theŠ ¶ā  Šassistance€of€intergovernmental€organizations,€national€institutions€and€non„Š }©  Šgovernmental€organizations,€to€promote€an€increased€awareness€of€human€rights€andŠ Dp  Šmutual€tolerance.Š  7  ŠĢą Q ąņņReservationsóó€(paras.€60„65)Š ™Å ŠĢ22.ą Q ąIn€the€Vienna€Declaration€and€Programme€of€Action,€the€World€Conference€onŠ 'S ŠHuman€Rights€recommended€that€States€"consider€limiting€the€extent€of€anyŠ ī Šreservations€they€lodge€to€international€human€rights€instruments,€formulate€anyŠ µį Šreservations€as€precisely€and€narrowly€as€possible,€ensure€that€none€isŠ |Ø Šincompatible€with€the€object€and€purpose€of€the€relevant€treaty€and€regularlyŠ Co Šreview€any€reservations€with€a€view€to€withdrawing€them".€€The€Conference€alsoŠ  6 Šexpressed€support€for€finding€ņņóóways€and€means€of€addressing€the€particularly€largeŠ Ńż Šnumber€of€reservations€to€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€ofŠ ˜Ä ŠDiscrimination€against€Women€and€urged€States€to€withdraw€reservations€that€wereŠ _‹ Šcontrary€to€the€object€and€purpose€of€that€Convention€or€which€were€otherwiseŠ &R Šincompatible€with€treaty€law.€€It€made€the€same€recommendation€in€respect€of€theŠ ķ ŠConvention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child.€Š “ą  ŠĢ23.ą Q ąIn€the€foregoing€connection,€it€may€also€be€noted€that€in€response€to€€Sub„Š Bn" ŠCommission€resolution€1992/3,€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€DiscriminationŠ  5# Šagainst€Women€recommended€ņņóóthat€the€Sub„Commission€should€support€steps€to€seek€anŠ Š ü$ Šadvisory€opinion€from€the€International€Court€of€Justice€that€would€clarify€theŠ —!Ć% Šissue€of€reservations€to€the€human€rights€treaties€and€thereby€assist€StatesŠ ^"Š& Šparties€in€their€ratification€and€implementation€of€those€internationalŠ %#Q' Šinstruments.€€Additionally,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€has€begun€preparatory€workŠ ģ#( Šon€a€general€comment€that€would€address€issues€relating€to€reservations€made€uponŠ ³$ß) Šratification€or€accession€to€the€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€or€itsŠ z%¦ * Šfirst€Optional€Protocol.€Š A&m!+ ŠĢņņą0 Q ąSuccession€in€relation€to€human€rights€obligationsóó€(para.€66)ŠĻ'ū"-Qü#Qü# ŠĢ24.ą Q ąThe€Commission€on€Human€Rights,€in€its€resolution€1994/16€on€succession€ofŠ ])‰$/ ŠStates€in€respect€of€international€human€rights€treaties,€reiterated€its€call€toŠ $*P%0 Šsuccessor€States€which€had€not€yet€done€so€to€confirm€that€they€continued€to€beŠ ė*&1 Šbound€by€obligations€under€international€human€rights€treaties.€€In€all,€sevenŠ ²+Ž&2 ŠStates€have€thus€far€done€so.€€The€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€RacialŠ y,„'3 ŠDiscrimination€and€the€Human€Rights€Committee€have€both€taken€steps€to€draw€toŠ @-l(4 Šthe€attention€of€successor€States€to€the€former€SovietUnion€the€fact€that€theŠ Ō Šprotections€and€obligations€contained€in€the€respective€instruments€continued€toŠ ›Ē Šextend€to€the€inhabitants€of€such€States€as€from€their€respective€dates€ofŠ bŽ Šindependence.Š )U ŠĢņņą0 Q ąNew€instrumentsóó€(paras.€67„69)€Š·ćQü#Qü# ŠĢ25.ą Q ąThe€€World€Conference€encouraged€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights,€inŠ E q Šcooperation€with€the€Committee€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights,€toŠ  8 Šcontinue€the€examination€of€optional€protocols€to€the€International€Covenant€onŠ Ó ’  ŠEconomic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights.€€It€reaffirmed€that€efforts€to€eradicateŠ š Ę  Štorture€should,€first€and€foremost,€be€concentrated€on€prevention€and€called€forŠ a   Šthe€early€adoption€of€an€optional€protocol€to€the€Convention€against€Torture€andŠ (T  ŠOther€Cruel,€Inhuman€and€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment€aimed€at€establishingŠ ļ  Ša€preventive€system€of€regular€visits€to€places€of€detention.€€The€ConferenceŠ ¶ā  Šalso€suggested€that€the€Commission€on€the€Status€of€Women€and€the€Committee€onŠ }©  Šthe€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women€should€examine€the€possibility€ofŠ Dp  Šintroducing€the€right€of€petition€through€the€preparation€of€an€optional€protocolŠ  7  Što€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women.Š Ņž  ŠĢ26.ą Q ąIn€addition,€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights,€in€its€resolutions€1994/90€andŠ `Œ Š1994/91,€decided€to€establish€two€open„ended€working€groups,€one€of€which€wouldŠ 'S Šconsider€drafting€an€optional€protocol€to€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€theŠ ī ŠChild€on€the€issue€of€raising€the€age€limit€for€children€in€the€armed€forces,€andŠ µį Šthe€other€to€elaborate€guidelines€for€a€possible€draft€optional€protocol€to€theŠ |Ø ŠConvention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€on€the€sale€of€children,€child€prostitutionŠ Co Šand€child€pornography,€as€well€as€basic€measures€for€their€prevention€andŠ  6 Šeradication.€The€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€prepared€a€draft€optionalŠ Ńż Šprotocol€to€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€in€respect€of€raising€theŠ ˜Ä Šage€limit€of€children€serving€in€the€armed€forces€and€is€preparing€a€response€onŠ _‹ Šthe€subject€of€the€sale€of€children,€child€prostitution€and€child€pornography.Š &R ŠĢ27.ą Q ąThe€Sub„Commission€prepared€for€comment€the€text€of€a€possible€draft€thirdŠ “ą  Šoptional€protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€RightsŠ {§! Š(annexed€to€its€resolution€1993/26).€The€Human€Rights€Committee€subsequentlyŠ Bn" Šinformed€the€Sub„Commission€that,€in€its€view,€it€was€inadvisable€to€pursue€theŠ  5# Šelaboration€of€an€optional€protocol€that€aimed€at€adding€article9.3€and€9.4€asŠ Š ü$ Šwell€as€article€14€to€the€list€of€non„derogable€rights€enumerated€in€article€4.2Š —!Ć% Šof€the€Covenant.Š ^"Š& ŠĢą Q ąņņOverdue€and€non„submitted€reportsóó€(paras.€70„72)Š ģ#( ŠĢ28.ą Q ąThe€issue€of€overdue€reports€and€non„submission€of€reports€has€continued€toŠ z%¦ * Šreceive€considerable€attention.Š A&m!+ ŠĢ29.ą Q ąThe€independent€expert,€in€his€interim€report,€stated€that€"the€currentŠ Ļ'ū"- Šlevel€of€overdue€reports€(in€excess€of€1,000)€is€chronic€and€entirelyŠ –(Ā#. Šunacceptable.€€As€long€as€it€is€tolerated,€the€credibility€of€the€entire€regimeŠ ])‰$/ Šis€threatened,€Governments€become€accustomed€to€ignoring€their€obligations,€andŠ $*P%0 Šthe€criticisms€of€those€who€portray€the€reporting€system€as€toothless€orŠ ė*&1 Šineffectual€are€partly€vindicated."€He€added€that€"the€immunity€from€scrutiny,Š ²+Ž&2 Šcurrently€enjoyed€by€non„reporting€States,€must€be€removed€by€scheduling€theŠ y,„'3 Šsituation€in€those€States€for€examination."€€The€Vienna€Statement€noted€thatŠ @-l(4 Š"Full€and€effective€compliance€with€international€treaty€obligations€is€anŠ Ō Šessential€component€of€an€international€order€based€on€the€rule€of€law.€FailureŠ ›Ē Što€comply,€including€a€failure€to€report€as€required,€constitutes€a€violation€ofŠ bŽ Šinternational€law."€Š )U ŠĢ30.ą Q ąThe€provision€of€advisory€services€to€States€parties€whose€reports€wereŠ ·ć Šoverdue€was€advocated€by€both€the€independent€expert€and€by€the€representativesŠ ~ Ŗ Šof€the€international€treaty€bodies€meeting€at€Vienna.€€The€World€Conference€alsoŠ E q Šendorsed€that€view,€statingņņóó€that€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights€"should€makeŠ  8 Šavailable€to€States,€upon€request,€assistance€on€specific€human€rights€issues,Š Ó ’  Šincluding€the€preparation€of€reports€under€human€rights€treaties".€Additionally,Š š Ę  Šthe€Commission€on€Human€Rights€in€its€resolution€1994/19€invited€States€partiesŠ a   Šthat€had€not€been€able€to€submit€their€initial€reports€to€avail€themselves€ofŠ (T  Štechnical€assistance.Š ļ  ŠĢ31.ą Q ąThe€advisory€services€programme€of€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights€hasŠ }©  Šsponsored€training€seminars€on€reporting€at€the€regional€level€and€the€trainingŠ Dp  Šof€government€officials€on€reporting€under€the€major€international€human€rightsŠ  7  Štreaties€has€become€the€focus€of€the€Centre's€fellowship€programme€for€1994.€Š Ņž  ŠĢą Q ąņņGlobal€reportsóó€(para.€73)Š `Œ ŠĢ32.ą Q ąConsiderable€attention€has€been€accorded€to€this€subject€since€the€FourthŠ ī ŠMeeting€of€Chairpersons,€especially€within€the€context€of:€€(a)coordinatingŠ µį Šmultiple€reporting€requirements€and€guidelines€for€preparing€State€party€reports,Š |Ø Šand€(b)€reducing€the€burden€of€reporting€including€through€studying€theŠ Co Šsuggestion€of€one€overall€report€on€treaty€obligations.€€The€World€ConferenceŠ  6 Šspecifically€recommended€to€the€human€rights€treaty€bodies,€to€the€meetings€ofŠ Ńż Šchairpersons€of€the€treaty€bodies€and€to€the€meetings€of€States€parties,€thatŠ ˜Ä Šthey€should€continue€to€take€steps€aimed€at€coordinating€the€multiple€reportingŠ _‹ Šrequirements€and€guidelines€for€preparing€State€reports€under€the€respectiveŠ &R Šhuman€rights€conventions€and€should€study€the€suggestion€that€one€overall€reportŠ ķ Šon€treaty€obligations€undertaken€by€each€State€would€make€these€procedures€moreŠ “ą  Šeffective€and€increase€their€impact.Š {§! ŠĢ33.ą Q ąThe€issue€of€how€the€treaty€bodies€should€address€this€matter€is€anŠ  5# Šimportant€one,€especially€for€the€longer€term.€€Options€include:Š Š ü$ ŠĢ€€€€€€(i)ą ˆ ąRevision€of€each€treaty€body's€guidelines;€Š ^"Š& ŠĢ€€€€€(ii)ą ˆ ąRevision€of€the€core€document€guidelines;€Š ģ#( ŠĢ€€€€(iii)ą ˆ ąRevision€of€both€sets€of€reporting€guidelines;€orŠ z%¦ * ŠĢ€€€€€(iv)ą0 ˆ ąDrawing€up€a€set€of€coordinated€reporting€guidelines,€either€for€bothŠ '4", Šinitial€and€periodic€reports,€or€only€for€periodic€reports,€with€theŠ Ļ'ū"- Šaim€of€having€States€submit€a€single€report€covering€theŠ –(Ā#. Šimplementation€of€their€obligations€under€all€of€the€majorŠ ])‰$/ Šinternational€human€rights€instruments€to€which€they€are€a€Ō_Ōparty.Š$*P%0ˆü#ˆü# ŠĢą Q ą(a)ą0 ˆ ąņņMultiple€reporting€requirements€and€guidelinesв+Ž&2ˆü#ˆü# Šā āŠ y,„'3 Šóó34.ą Q ąThe€World€Conference€recommended€that€the€"Treaty€monitoring€bodies€shouldŠ Ō Šā āinclude€the€status€of€women€and€the€human€rights€of€women€in€their€deliberationsŠ ›Ē Šand€findings,€making€use€of€gender„specific€data",€and€that€"States€should€beŠ bŽ Šencouraged€to€supply€information€on€the€situation€of€women€ņņde€jureóó€and€de€factoŠ )U Šin€their€reports€to€treaty€monitoring€bodies".€€Similarly,€the€Commission€onŠ š ŠHuman€Rights,€in€its€resolution€1994/19,€recommended€that€the€reportingŠ ·ć Šguidelines€adopted€by€the€treaty€bodies€be€amended€to€identify€gender„specificŠ ~ Ŗ Šinformation€to€be€addressed€by€States€parties€in€their€reports€and€invited€theŠ E q Špersons€chairing€the€human€rights€treaty€bodies€at€their€next€meeting€to€considerŠ  8 Šmeans€of€ensuring€information€exchange€and€cooperation€among€the€treaty€bodiesŠ Ó ’  Šregarding€their€practice€relating€to€the€human€rights€of€women.€€The€CommissionŠ š Ę  Šon€Human€Rights,€in€its€resolution1994/49,€invited€the€Human€Rights€Committee,Š a   Šthe€Committee€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights€and€other€similar€bodiesŠ (T  Šalso€to€give€full€attention€to€monitoring€compliance€by€States€parties€with€theirŠ ļ  Šcommitments€under€the€relevant€human€rights€instruments€regarding€the€rights€ofŠ ¶ā  Špeople€infected€with€HIV/AIDS,€their€families€and€people€with€whom€they€live,€orŠ }©  Špeople€presumed€to€be€at€risk€of€infection.€€In€the€future€the€treaty€bodies€mayŠ Dp  Šwell€be€asked€to€give€special€consideration€to€other€issues,€such€as€thoseŠ  7  Šrelating€to€the€family€and€to€human€rights€education.Š Ņž  Šą Q ąĢą Q ą(b)ą0 ˆ ąņņReducing€the€burden€of€reporting,€including€through€studying€theŠ `Œ Šsuggestion€of€one€overall€report€on€treaty€obligationsóóŠ'Sˆü#ˆü# ŠĢ35.ą Q ąThe€Commission€on€Human€Rights,€in€its€resolution€1994/19,€urged€the€treatyŠ µį Šbodies€to€examine€ways€of€reducing€the€duplication€of€reporting€required€underŠ |Ø Šthe€different€instruments€and€of€generally€reducing€the€reporting€burden€onŠ Co ŠMember€States,€ņņinter€aliaóó,€by€identifying€where€cross-referencing€can€be€used€inŠ  6 Šreport€writing€and€by€considering€the€utility€of€single€comprehensive€reports€andŠ Ńż Šof€replacing€periodic€reports€with€specifically€tailored€reports€and€thematicŠ ˜Ä Šreports.Š _‹ ŠĢ36.ą Q ąWith€regard€to€cross„referencing,€the€independent€expert€has€suggested€thatŠ ķ Šwhere€a€State€had€already€provided€information€in€a€report€to€one€treaty€body€theŠ “ą  Šrelevant€information€should€not€need€to€be€submitted€and€reproduced€several€timesŠ {§! Šbut€should€be€handled€simply€by€reference€to€the€relevant€report.€€He€emphasizedŠ Bn" Šthat€such€a€procedure€would€in€no€way€challenge€or€undermine€the€authority€of€aŠ  5# Štreaty€body€to€request€whatever€additional€information€it€required,€nor€would€theŠ Š ü$ Šconsideration€of€the€information€by€one€treaty€body€in€any€way€prejudice€theŠ —!Ć% Šapproach€that€another€treaty€body€might€adopt€towards€the€same€information.€Š ^"Š& ŠAccordingly,€the€approach€would€be€fully€compatible€with€the€preservation€of€theŠ %#Q' Šautonomy€of€each€treaty€body.Š ģ#( ŠĢ37.ą Q ąWith€respect€to€the€issue€of€the€utility€of€single€comprehensive€reportsŠ z%¦ * Šand€of€replacing€periodic€reports€with€specifically€tailored€reports€and€thematicŠ A&m!+ Šreports,€the€independent€expert€suggested,€ņņinter€aliaóó,€that€Š '4", ŠĢą0 Q ą"it€would€seem€possible,€at€least€in€principle,€for€a€particular€State€toŠ –(Ā#. Šadopt€this€approach€unilaterally€by€preparing€a€single€comprehensiveŠ ])‰$/ Šdocument€and€submitting€it€to€the€treaty€bodies€...€within€a€time€frameŠ $*P%0 Šacceptable€to€each€of€the€Committees€...€.€€If€such€an€approach€were€to€beŠ ė*&1 Šspecifically€endorsed€by€the€various€treaty€bodies€there€would€be€goodŠ ²+Ž&2 Šreason€for€a€major€effort€to€be€made€to€coordinate€reporting€requirementsŠ y,„'3 Šsomewhat€and€to€seek€to€synchronize€reporting€schedules€for€each€State.€€AŠ @-l(4 Šglobal€report€would€also€resolve€definitively€the€otherwise€unavoidablyŠ Ō Šcomplex€issue€of€overlapping€in€terms€of€issues€dealt€with".Š›ĒQü#Qü# ŠĢ38.ą Q ąAny€decision€that€may€be€made€with€regard€to€the€foregoing€would€clearlyŠ )U Šrequire€extensive€and€careful€consideration,€both€as€to€modalities€and€toŠ š Špossible€consequences.Š ·ć ŠĢą0 Q ąņņLanguage€versions€of€instrumentsóó€(para.€74)ŠE qQü#Qü# ŠĢ39.ą Q ąTreaty€bodies€occasionally€have€inquired€about€the€availability€of€a€givenŠ Ó ’  Šhuman€rights€instrument€in€local€languages,€but€have€not€done€so€on€a€systematicŠ š Ę  Šbasis.Š a   ŠĢą0 Q ąņņAdvisory€services€and€technical€assistanceóó€(paras.75„76)Šļ Qü#Qü# ŠĢ40.ą Q ąRelevant€information€is€provided€in€paragraphs€30€and€31€above.€€InŠ }©  Šaddition,€it€may€be€noted€that€the€General€Assembly€in€its€resolution€48/119Š Dp  Šinvited€the€Human€Rights€Committee€and€the€Committee€on€Economic,€Social€andŠ  7  ŠCultural€Rights,€ņņinter€aliaóó,€to€identify€specific€needs€of€States€parties€thatŠ Ņž  Šmight€be€addressed€through€the€advisory€services€and€technical€assistanceŠ ™Å Šprogramme€of€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights,€with€the€possible€participation€ofŠ `Œ Šmembers€of€the€committees,€where€appropriate.€€In€its€resolution€1994/19,€theŠ 'S ŠCommission€on€Human€Rights€also€ņņóóinvited€the€treaty€bodies€to€give€priorityŠ ī Šattention€to€identifying€possibilities€for€technical€assistance€and€advisoryŠ µį Šservices€in€the€regular€course€of€their€work€of€reviewing€the€periodic€reports€ofŠ |Ø ŠStates€parties€and€urged€all€States€parties€whose€reports€were€examined€by€treatyŠ Co Šbodies€to€provide€adequate€follow„up€to€the€observations€and€final€comments€ofŠ  6 Šthe€treaty€bodies€on€their€reports.Š Ńż ŠĢ41.ą Q ąAs€indicated€in€paragraph€31€above,€the€Centre's€fellowship€programme€forŠ _‹ Š1994€is€being€devoted€entirely€to€reporting€under€the€human€rights€instrumentsŠ &R Šand€will€involve€participants€from€more€than€30€countries€including,€inŠ ķ Šparticular,€countries€that€require€special€assistance€in€complying€with€reportingŠ “ą  Šobligations.Š {§! ŠĢą@g g " ąII.€€OTHER€ISSUES€AND€DEVELOPMENTSņņóóˆŠ  5# ŠĢą Q ąņņUniversal€ratificationóóŠ —!Ć% ŠĢ42.ą Q ąIn€the€Vienna€Declaration€and€Programme€of€Action,€the€World€Conference€onŠ %#Q' ŠHuman€Rights€called€for€universal€ratification€of€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€ofŠ ģ#( Šthe€Child€by€1995€and€of€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€DiscriminationŠ ³$ß) ŠAgainst€Women€by€the€year€2000.€€The€Conference€also€recommended€Š z%¦ * ŠĢą0 Q ą"that€a€concerted€effort€be€made€to€encourage€and€facilitate€theŠ '4", Šratification€of€and€accession€or€succession€to€international€human€rightsŠ Ļ'ū"- Štreaties€and€protocols€adopted€within€the€framework€of€the€United€NationsŠ –(Ā#. Šsystem€with€the€aim€of€universal€acceptance;€and€that€theŠ ])‰$/ ŠSecretary-General,€in€consultation€with€treaty€bodies,€should€considerŠ $*P%0 ŠŌ_Ōopening€a€dialogue€with€States€not€having€acceded€to€these€human€rightsŠ ė*&1 Štreaties,€in€order€to€identify€obstacles€and€to€seek€ways€of€overcomingŠ ²+Ž&2 Šthem".Šy,„'3Qü#Qü# ŠŠ @-l(4 Š43.ą Q ąAdditionally,€the€World€Conference€recommended€that€on€the€occasion€of€theŠ Ō Šfiftieth€anniversary€of€the€Universal€Declaration€of€Human€Rights€in€1998,€whenŠ ›Ē Šthe€General€Assembly€reviews€the€progress€achieved€in€implementing€the€ViennaŠ bŽ ŠDeclaration€and€Programme€of€Action,€special€attention€should€be€paid€toŠ )U Šassessing€the€progress€made€towards€the€goal€of€universal€ratification.Š š ŠĢ44.ą Q ąIn€his€interim€report,€the€independent€expert€also€made€several€proposalsŠ ~ Ŗ Šfor€action,€including€that€States€which€have€formally€acceded€to€some€of€the€sixŠ E q Šmajor€instruments€should€be€urged€in€the€strongest€possible€terms€to€accept€theŠ  8 Šother€major€instruments,€particularly€where€States€were€a€party€to€only€one€ofŠ Ó ’  Šthe€two€International€Covenants;€that€as€a€part€of€the€universality€strategyŠ š Ę  Šspecific€issues€should€be€identified€and€obstacles€targeted;€and€that€expertŠ a   Šassistance€should€be€provided€for€field€visits,€as€appropriate,€to€identify€andŠ (T  Šhelp€remove€such€obstacles.Š ļ  ŠĢą0 Q ąņņCoordination€and€information€flow€between€treaty€bodies€and€UnitedNationsŠ }©  Šorgans€and€agenciesóóŠDp Qü#Qü# ŠĢ45.ą Q ąThe€World€Conference€recommended€that€coordination€within€the€UnitedŠ Ņž  ŠNations€system€in€respect€of€human€rights€and€fundamental€freedoms€should€beŠ ™Å Šincreased€and€that€the€various€relevant€organs€and€bodies€should€cooperate€with€aŠ `Œ Šview€to€strengthening,€rationalizing€and€streamlining€their€activities.€€In€theŠ 'S ŠVienna€Statement,€which€also€called€for€greater€coordination,€in€particular€amongŠ ī Šthe€various€international€treaty€bodies,€specialized€agencies€and€regionalŠ µį Šorganizations,€it€was€pointed€out€that€failure€in€that€regard€involved€a€risk€ofŠ |Ø Šwasteful€duplication€and€the€adoption€of€divergent€interpretations€of€comparableŠ Co Šnorms.€€In€the€Statement€it€was€reiterated,€ņņinter€aliaóó,€that€regular€meetingsŠ  6 Šshould€take€place€between€members€of€the€treaty€bodies,€as€well€as€theirŠ Ńż Šsecretariats,€to€exchange€information€and€discuss€matters€of€common€interest€andŠ ˜Ä Šthat€coordinated€access€by€all€the€treaty€bodies€to€appropriate€human€rights„Š _‹ Šrelated€databases€operated€by€the€United€Nations€and€relevant€specializedŠ &R Šagencies€should€be€promoted.Š ķ ŠĢ46.ą Q ąIn€its€resolution€1994/19,€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights€requested€theŠ {§! ŠChairpersons€at€their€fifth€meeting€to€consider,€in€particular,€the€need€toŠ Bn" Šstrengthen€coordination€between€the€treaty€bodies€and€the€International€LabourŠ  5# ŠOrganisation,€with€a€view€to€identifying€areas€of€overlap€between€the€respectiveŠ Š ü$ Šinstruments€and€various€ILO€Conventions.Š —!Ć% ŠĢą0 Q ąņņThe€International€Convention€on€the€Suppression€and€Punishment€of€the€CrimeŠ %#Q' Šof€ApartheidóóŠģ#(Qü#Qü# ŠĢ47.ą Q ąIn€view€of€the€favourable€developments€that€have€taken€place€in€theŠ z%¦ * ŠRepublic€of€South€Africa€recently,€the€Chairpersons€may€wish€to€suggest€to€theŠ A&m!+ ŠCommission€on€Human€Rights€that€the€monitoring€mechanism€established€under€theŠ '4", ŠInternational€ņņóóConvention€on€the€Suppression€and€Punishment€of€the€Crime€ofŠ Ļ'ū"- ŠApartheid€(i.e.,€the€Group€of€Three)€be€suspended.Š –(Ā#. ŠĢŌ_ŌĢą0 Q ąņņManual€on€Human€Rights€ReportingóóŠė*&1Qü#Qü# ŠĢ48.ą Q ąOwing€to€the€need€to€include€a€new€chapter€relating€to€the€Convention€onŠ y,„'3 Šthe€Rights€of€the€Child€and€the€operations€of€the€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€theŠ @-l(4 ŠChild,€as€well€as€to€reflect€the€numerous€procedural€and€other€changes€that€haveŠ Ō Šbeen€adopted€by€the€various€committees€since€its€publication,€it€would€appearŠ ›Ē Šdesirable€to€revise€the€Manual€prior€to€its€issuance€in€loose„leaf€format,€asŠ bŽ Šrecommended€earlier.Š )U ŠĢĢą@1 ą„„„„„ˆĢĢ