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’’’ü’’ž>’’į’€š’’’’’š€ą’’š’ü’’’ü?’’ų>’’į’>š’’’š’’š€Ēš’ųų?’’’ü?’’š`>’’Ćž~ń’’’ž’’š€ēš’ų?šą’’’ü?’’ĄĄ’’Ćüžń’’’’’’š€’ų?’üą’š?’’ü?’’C’’‡üžń’’’’’ų€ų?’žį’ų’’ü?’ü’’ųŽó’’’’’ų€?ü’’Ć’ž’’ü?’šO’’ųžć’’’’’’ų€ž’’‡‡’’€’ü?’Ą>’žšē’’’’’’ü€ž’’Ć’’ą’ü?žļ’’üš<ļ’’’?’’ü€’’’ą’’ų’ž?ą’’’ü?ąx’’’’’’’ü€@’‡’’š’’’ü?’ž’ųĮš<’’’’ü’’ž€`’Ć’’š?’’’š’’žpš’ƒą<’’’’ü’’ž€pĮ’’š’’’žū’üü?į’‡Ą<’’’’’’’€|?ą’’ą’’’’ą’’’üüĮ’€|’’’’’’’€~š’ą’’’’’ü’’’üžĆ’|’’’’’’’‡€?š?’ĆĮ’’’’’ž?’’’ų’ƒžx’’’’ž’’’‡€?€ų?’‡ą’’’’’ž?’’’ų’Ąž<ų’’’’’’’’ƒĄĄü’š’’’’ž?’’’ą’ąžxų’’’’’’’’ĆĄąžžų’’’’ž?’’’Ą’š’ųų’’’’’’’’ćĄx’üž’’’’ž’’’Ą’š?’ąš?’’’’’’’ńĄ>’ƒų?’’’’’ž’’’ą’š’ąš’’’’’’’ńą€Įš’Ą’’’ž’ļ’€’ą’’Ąš’’’’’’’łąĄ?Ąą’’š’’’ž’Ļž’Į’’Ąš’’’’’’’’üąą?ą’’ų’’’ž’Ļųü’ƒ’’€į’’’’’’’’’’šųų’’ž’’’ž’’ąü?’’’į’’’’’’’’’š€~ü’’’€’’ž’’€?’’ž’’ć’’’’’ü’’’’ų€?ü’’’ą’’ž’ü’’’ü’ž?Ć’’’’’ž’’’’üĄĒ’’’’ü’’ž’Ą’’’ų?’ü’Ļ’’’’’’’’’’üĄē’’’’’’žü’’’ą’ü’’’’’’’’’’’žą÷’Ą’’’’ąž€’’’’Ą’’ü’’’’’’’Ą’’’’žą’’ą’’’ü’’’’ƒ’’ų’’’’’’’’’’’’’š’’š?’’’’€’’’ž’’ų’’’’’’’’’’’’ų’’ų’’’’ü’’’’ü’’š?’’’’’’’€’’’’’ų’ü’’’’’š’’’’ų’’ą’’’’’’’’’’’’’Ąü?’’’’’’’’ž’’’’ą?’’į’’’’’’’’’’’’’ąž’’€’’’’’’ž’’’’Ą’’’Ć’’’’’’’’’’’’’š’’’ą?’’’’’’’’’ž’’’Ļ’’’’’’’’’’’’’’ų€’’š’’’’’’’’’ü’’’ß’’’’’’’’ü’’’’’ü?Ą’’ü’’’’’’’’š’’’’’’’’’’’’Ą’’’’’ž?š’’’’’’’’’ą’’Ą?’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’ų’’’€’’’’’ü’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’ž’’’ą’’’’’’’’ü’’’’’’’’’’’’’ą’’’’’’Ļ’’’š’’’’’’’’ų’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’Ą?’’ü’’’’’’’’Ą’’’’’’’’’’’’’ž’’’’’’’’š’’’€’’’’’ßü’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’ü’’’ą’’’’’’š’’’’’’’’’’’’’’ų’’’’’’’’’’’’ü’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’Ē’’’’’’’’š?’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’ą’’’€’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’ü’’ą’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’?’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’€@’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’ą’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’ų’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’š’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’ą’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’€’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’ų’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’ž’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’?’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’9805357finalĻ $ ' $HRI/MC/1998/60bw .38   ‡Ż ƒ D#ŻŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŻ  ŻŌ_Ō% $# I&mage <=8’’’’’’’’’’C’’ HKKKK(¼3D$££Ż ƒ˜!ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŃ}°ŃŃŲ°ŃŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŃ  ŃŻ  Ż d)!ČČČČdxdx( ±ž$’’ņ ņFigure€Ś  Ś1Ś  Śó óLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5' ģŻ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś22Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌA/CONF.157/PC/62/Add.11/Rev.1,€paras.€156šMš163.’U‹’ĄĄĄ ÖŻ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś23Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌECOSOC€agreed€conclusions€1997/2€emphasize€the€continuing€relevance€of€aŠ ’’ Šdual€strategy€for€achieving€gender€equality.€€On€the€relevance€of€gender€inŠ ZZ Šinternational€human€rights€law€and€practice€see€Andrew€Byrnes,€ņņWomen,€FeminismŠ "" Šand€International€Human€Rights€Law€šMš€Methodological€Myopia,€Fundamental€FlawsŠ źź Šor€Meaningful€Ō_ŌMarginalizationŌ_Ō?óó,€The€Australian€Yearbook€of€International€Law,Š ²² Švol.12,€1992. Ż ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś24Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌThere€is€now€an€extensive€body€of€writing€available€on€genderŠ    ŠŌ_ŌmainstreamingŌ_Ō.€€The€Division€for€the€Advancement€of€Women€has€prepared€anŠ ŅŅ Šannotated€bibliography€on€gender€Ō_ŌmainstreamingŌ_Ō€including€in€the€area€ofŠ šš Šhumanrights,€available€on€its€Website:€€http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw).€Š bb ŠSee€also:€€ššGender€Ō_ŌmainstreamingŌ_Ō:€€conceptual€framework,€methodology€andŠ ** Špresentation€of€good€practices.€€Final€report€of€activities€of€the€GroupŠ ņņ ŠofSpecialists€on€Ō_ŌMainstreamingŌ_Ōšš,€Council€of€Europe,€Strasbourg,€May€1998Š ŗŗ Š(http://www.dhdirhr.coe.fr);€and€a€paper€presented€byŠ ‚‚ ŠDr.ChristopherŌ_ŌMcCruddenŌ_Ō,€University€of€Oxford,€at€the€InternationalŠ J J  ŠConference€on€Comparative€NonšMšDiscrimination€Law,€22šMš24June1998,€Utrecht,Š !!  Šthe€Netherlands.(¼3D$§§Ż ƒ˜!ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŃ}°ŃŃŲ°ŃŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŃ  ŃŻ  ŻC1C2 «Ż ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś25Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌThe€following€documentation€formed€the€basis€of€the€analysis:€€summaryŠ j#j# Šrecords€of€the€treaty€bodies'€consideration€of€States€parties€reports€sinceŠ 2$2$ ŠmidšMš1993€as€available;€a€complete€set€of€concluding€comments€issued€by€treatyŠ ś$ś$ Šbodies€between€midšMš1993€and€the€end€of€1997,€contained€in€the€Committees'Š Ā%Ā% Šannual€reports;€annual€reports€of€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€RacialŠ Š&Š& ŠDiscrimination:€€A/48/18€(starting€from€the€Committee's€fortyšMšthird€session€inŠ R'R' ŠAugust€1993),€A/49/18,€A/50/18,€A/51/18,€A/52/18;€annual€reports€of€theŠ (( ŠCommittee€against€Torture:€€A/49/44,€A/50/44,€A/51/44,€A/52/44;€annual€reportsŠ ā(ā( Šof€the€Human€Rights€Committee:€€A/49/40,€Vol.€I,€A/50/40,€Vol.€I,€A/51/40,Š Ŗ)Ŗ) ŠVol.€I,€A/52/40,€Vol.€I,€and€concluding€comments€from€the€sixtyšMšfirst€sessionŠ r*r*  Š(October€1997);€annual€reports€of€the€Committee€on€Economic,€Social€andŠ :+:+  ŠCultural€Rights:€€E/1994/23€(starting€from€the€Committee's€ninth€session),Š ,,  ŠE/1995/22,€E/1996/22,€E/1997/22,€E/1998/22.€€Annual€reports€of€the€CommitteeŠ Ź,Ź,   Šon€the€Rights€of€the€Child:€€A/49/41€(starting€from€the€Committee's€fourthŠ ņ Šsession€in€October€1993),€A/51/41,€and€the€concluding€comments€from€theŠ ŗČ ŠCommittee's€twelfth€to€sixteenth€sessions€from€July€1996€to€October€1997.€C3C4<čĄ( 9Z &Courier Regular(;3£$““Ō2#ŌŚ  Ś0Ś  Ś.Ō3  Ōą0  ą ÜŻ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś21Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌSee€A/51/322,€paras.€7„14.€€Gender,€gender€roles€and€relations€areŠ āā Šdiscussed,€ņņinter€aliaóó,€in€ņņ1994€World€Survey€on€the€Role€of€Women€inŠ ŖŖ ŠDevelopmentóó,€pp.€1„4.€€UnitedNations€publication,€Sales€Ō_ŌNo.E.95Ō_Ō.IV.1.($Ó$‘‘ņņŚ  Ś0Ś  Śóó(¼3¾$„„Ż ƒ˜!ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŃ}°ŃŃŲ°ŃŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŃ  ŃŻ  ŻŚ  Ś0Ś  Ś. DŻ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś26Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌSee€Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/SR.1166,€paragraphs€40€to€56€for€various€views€expressedŠ  Š(14August1996).ü’P Pd ?Ż ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś40Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌPeru,€CAT/C/SR.193,€Libyan€Arab€Ō_ŌJamahiriyaŌ_Ō,€CAT/C/SR.201,€Morocco,Š ā(ā( ŠCAT/C/SR.203.&’’0 d d ŪŻ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś41Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌRepublic€of€Korea,€CAT/C/SR.266. ĖŻ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś27Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌWhile€the€Platform€for€Action€uses€the€term€ššgenderšMšŌ_ŌdisaggregatedŌ_Ō€datašš,Š j j  Šthe€term€ššdata€Ō_ŌdisaggregatedŌ_Ō€by€sexšš€is€the€demographically€correctŠ 2 2  Šterminology. ¬Š ’-’-  ŠŻ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś20Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌThis€section€draws€largely€from€the€report€of€the€SecretaryšMšGeneral€on€theŠ ņ Šthematic€issues€before€the€Commission€on€the€Status€of€Women€at€itsŠ ŗČ ŠfortyšMšsecond€session,€E/CN.6/1998/5,€paras.€91„93,€and€the€report€of€theŠ ‚ Šexpert€group€meeting€ššPromoting€women's€enjoyment€of€their€economic€and€socialŠ JX Šrightsšš,€convened€by€the€Division€for€the€Advancement€of€Women€from€1„4Š   ŠDecember€1997.€€The€report,€Ō_ŌEGMŌ_Ō/Ō_ŌWESRŌ_Ō/1997/Report,€is€available€from€theŠ Śč ŠDivision€for€the€Advancement€of€Women€WebsiteŠ ¢ ° Š(http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw).€€The€SecretaryšMšGeneral's€report€onŠ j x ŠššWomen's€real€enjoyment€of€their€human€rights,€in€particular€those€relating€toŠ 2 @ Šthe€elimination€of€poverty,€economic€development€and€economic€resourcesššŠ ś   Š(E/CN.6/1998/11€„€E/CN.4/1998/22)€also€discusses€how€women's€gender€rolesŠ Ā Š  Šimpact€on€their€ability€to€access€rights,€resources€and€opportunities,€andŠ Š ˜  Štreatment€on€an€equal€basis€(see€especially€paras.€19„23). VŠ Ź,Ź,  ŠŻ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś42Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌņņOfficial€Records€of€the€GeneralAssembly,€FortyšMšninth€Session,€SupplementŠ ņ ŠNo.44óó€(A/49/44),€para.€21. EŻ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś43Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌņņOfficial€Records€of€the€GeneralAssembly,€FiftyšMšfirst€Session,€SupplementŠ JJ ŠNo.44óó€(A/51/44),€paras.€14€and€16. %Ż ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś19Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌIn€its€own€discussions€regarding€the€restructuring€and€revitalization€ofŠ R'R' Šthe€United€Nations€in€the€economic,€social€and€related€fields€and€theŠ (( Šintegrated€and€coordinated€implementation€and€follow„up€of€major€UnitedŠ ā(ā( ŠNations€conferences€and€summits,€the€Economic€and€Social€Council€has€increasedŠ Ŗ)Ŗ) Šits€attention€to€gender€issues€and€to€the€Ō_ŌmainstreamingŌ_Ō€of€a€genderŠ r*r* Šperspective€in€all€policies€and€programmes.€€See,€for€example,€ECOSOCŠ :+:+ Šresolutions€1998/46€and€E/1998/44.&õ’P d d SŻ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś28Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌDuring€the€period€under€review,€the€Committee€adopted€approximately€110Š Š Š  Šconcluding€observations.€€Approximately€25€of€those€are€of€a€largelyŠ RR Šprocedural€nature€dealing€with€the€nonšMšsubmission€of€reports,€the€deferral€ofŠ  Šconsideration€of€reports€or€the€nonšMšparticipation€of€representatives€of€StatesŠ āā Šparties€in€the€dialogue. žŻ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś44Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌMay€1998,€information€taken€from€the€summary€record€of€the€meeting. Ż ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś18Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌThe€ninth€(extraordinary)€meeting€of€the€chairpersons€was€convened€as€aŠ j#j# Šthree„day€meeting€to€pursue€the€reform€process€aimed€at€improving€theŠ 2$2$ Šeffective€implementation€of€international€instruments€on€human€rights.€€TheŠ ś$ś$ Šreport€of€the€meeting€is€contained€in€A/53/125. ZŻ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś45Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌSee€Turkey,€ņņOfficial€Records€of€the€GeneralAssembly,€FortyšMšeighth€Session,Š 2 2  ŠSupplement€No.44óó€(A/48/44/Add.1),€and€Egypt,€A/51/44. >Ż ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś29Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌņņOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€FiftyšMšfirst€Session,€SupplementŠ :: ŠNo.€18óó€(A/51/18),€para.€239. õŻ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś17Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌA/44/668,€A/CONF.157/PC/62/Add.11/Rev.1,€E/CN.4/1997/74.€€ 8Ż ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś46Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌņņOfficial€Records€of€the€GeneralAssembly,€FiftiethSession,Š Š Š  ŠSupplementNo.40óó€(A/50/40),€annex€VII. ÖŻ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś47Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌIbid.,€chap.III,€para.€43. „Ż ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś16Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌThe€meeting€will€be€attended€by€members€of€the€Inter„Agency€Committee€onŠ šš ŠWomen€and€Gender€Equality€and€by€members€of€the€Organization€for€EconomicŠ bb ŠCooperation€and€Development,€Development€Assistance€Committee€Working€Party€onŠ ** ŠGender€Equality.€€The€Commission€on€the€Status€of€Women,€in€its€agreedŠ ņņ Šconclusions€on€ššHuman€Rights€of€Womenšš,€supported€the€convening€of€thisŠ ŗŗ Šworkshop.€€See€ņņOfficial€Records€of€the€Economic€and€Social€Council,€1998,Š ‚‚ ŠSupplement€No.7óó€(E/1998/27),€chap.Ō_ŌI.BŌ_Ō,€draft€resolutionIV,€sect.Ō_ŌIII.C.Ō_Ō 3Ż ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś30Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌIbid.,€ņņFortyšMšeighth€Session,€Supplement€No.€18óó€(A/48/18),€paras.376€andŠ ’’ Š380,€respectively. IŻ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś48Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌņņOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€FortyšMšninth€Session,Š rr ŠSupplementNo.40óó€(A/49/40),€see€Japan,€para.€101. ~Ż ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś15Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌStatements€were€made€by€the€UnitedNations€High€Commissioner€for€HumanŠ źź ŠRights,€the€Administrator€of€the€United€Nations€Development€Programme,€theŠ ²² ŠExecutive€Director€of€the€United€Nations€Children's€Fund,€the€Special€AdviserŠ zz Što€the€Secretary„General€on€Gender€Issues€and€Advancement€of€Women€and€aŠ BB Šrepresentative€of€the€Office€for€the€Coordination€of€Humanitarian€Affairs. ,Ż ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś31Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌIbid.,€ņņFiftieth€Session,€Supplement€No.€18óó€(A/50/18),€paras.566€and€570,Š źź Šrespectively. ŚŻ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś49Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌIbid.,€see€Cameroon,€para.€185. £Ż ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś14Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌThe€UnitedNations€Development€Programme,€the€UnitedNations€Children'sŠ ŹŹ ŠFund€and€the€United€Nations€Population€Fund€have€developed€policies€toŠ ’’ Šincrease€attention€to€human€rights€in€their€work. Ż ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś32Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌIbid.,€ņņFiftyšMšsecond€Session,€Supplement€No.€18óó€(A/52/18),€para.521. &Ż ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś50Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌExamples€include€Jordan,€Togo€and€Cyprus,€see€A/49/40,€Bolivia,€and€India,Š ZZ Šsee€A/52/40. ¢Ż ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś13Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌThe€summary€of€proceedings€and€recommendations€of€the€round€table€has€beenŠ ŖŖ Špublished€by€the€UnitedNations€Population€Fund.€€It€is€also€available€on€theŠ rr ŠFund's€Website€(http://www.unfpa.org). WŻ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś51Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌExamples€include€Paraguay€and€Sri€Lanka,€see€A/50/40,€Switzerland,€seeŠ ²² ŠA/52/40,€and€Lithuania,€considered€at€the€sixtyšMšfirst€session. Ż ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś12Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌReport€of€the€expert€group€meeting€on€the€development€of€guidelines€for€theŠ Š Š  Šintegration€of€gender€perspectives€into€human€rights€activities€andŠ RR Šprogrammes,€E/CN.4/1996/105. ,Ż ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś52Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌExamples€include€Slovenia,€see€A/49/40,€Zambia,€see€A/51/40,€Georgia€andŠ    ŠFrance,€see€A/52/40. BŻ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś33Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌIbid.,€ņņFiftyšMšfirst€Session,€Supplement€No.€18óó€(A/51/18),€Zimbabwe,€para.Š ŅŅ Š93,€and€Namibia,€ibid.,€para.97. ĻŻ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś11Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌE/1998/84,€para.€18. %Ż ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś53Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌExamples€include€Tunisia,€see€A/50/40,€Nigeria,€see€A/51/40,€and€Lebanon,Š bb Šsee€A/52/40. eŻ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś54Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌExamples€include€Nepal,€Yemen,€and€the€Russian€Federation,€see€A/50/40,Š ŗŗ ŠMauritius,€Guatemala,€and€theSudan,€considered€at€the€sixtyšMšfirst€session. VŻ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś55Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌņņOfficial€Records€of€the€GeneralAssembly,€FiftyšMšsecond€Session,Š !! ŠSupplementNo.40óó€(A/52/40),€paras.€160€and€167,€respectively. ćŻ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś56Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌIbid.,€paras.€287€and€300,€respectively. ߯ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś57Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌIbid.,€report€of€Lebanon,€para.€348.$’’35;AGOW_e31.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)(’’$ņņŚ  ŚŚ  Śóó yŻ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś58Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌIbid.,€para.€17,€stating€that€ššAt€each€of€the€Committee's€sessions,€theŠ Š&Š& ŠRepresentative€of€the€Secretary-General€informed€the€Committee€aboutŠ R'R' Šactivities€carried€on€by€United€Nations€bodies€dealing€with€human€rightsŠ (( Šissues.€€...€results€of€the€...€sessions€of€the€Committee€on€the€EliminationŠ ā(ā( Šof€Discrimination€against€Women€...€were€presented€to€the€Committeešš.(Ķ!2,$¤¤Ż ƒ˜!ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŃ}°ŃŃŲ°ŃŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŃ  ŃŻ  ŻÓ…+Ӏ€€€€ņņŚ  Ś0Ś  Śóó ķŻ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś59Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌThe€Committee's€report€at€its€sixteenth€and€seventeenth€sessionsŠ :+:+ Š(E/1998/22,€para.€523)€noted€that€it€would€return€to€this€issue€at€itsŠ ,, Šeighteenth€session€(April1998).€€Information€currently€available€does€notŠ Ź,Ź,  Šreveal€what€action€was€taken.€€ ØŻ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś74Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌThe€Commission€on€the€Status€of€Women€agreed€conclusions€on€human€rights€ofŠ ś$ś$ Šwomen,€E/1998/27,€ššensure€that€their€periodic€reports€to€treaty€monitoringŠ Ā%Ā% Šbodies€mainstream€a€gender€perspectivešš. 7Ż ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś60Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌņņOfficial€Records€of€the€Economic€and€Social€Council,€1996,€SupplementNo.2óóŠ ‚‚ Š(E/1996/22),€annex€VI. Ż ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś34Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌExample€of€Morocco,€Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/SR.1021€and€A/49/18,€para.€217. õŻ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś62Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌThe€Gambia,€Republic€of€Korea€and€Paraguay,€see€E/1997/22. ŃŻ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś61Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌIbid.,€paras.€377-380. ģŻ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś63Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌMauritius,€see€E/1995/22,€Algeria,€see€E/1996/22. PŻ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś64Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌExamples€include€Austria,€see€E/1995/22,€Portugal€and€Ukraine,€seeŠ Š Š  ŠE/1996/22,€Belarus,€see€E/1997/22,€and€Uruguay,€see€E/1998/22. ÷Ż ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś35Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌŌ_ŌHRIŌ_Ō/GEN/1/Rev.3€and€A/52/18. &Š j-x(  ŠŻ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś10Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌWhile€several€UnitedNations€human€rights€mechanisms€use€the€termŠ ņ Šššintegration€of€gender€perspectivesšš,€the€term€commonly€used€by€all€otherŠ ŗČ ŠUnitedNations€entities€is€ššŌ_ŌmainstreamingŌ_Ō€a€gender€perspectivešš,€or€ššgenderŠ ‚ ŠŌ_ŌmainstreamingŌ_Ōšš€(see,€for€example,€the€Platform€for€Action,€ECOSOC€agreedŠ JX Šconclusions€1997/2€and€GeneralAssembly€resolution€52/100;€the€report€of€theŠ   ŠSecretary„General€contained€in€A/51/322,€paras.€7„15,€discusses€the€conceptŠ Śč Šand€implications€of€ššŌ_ŌmainstreamingŌ_Ō€a€gender€perspectivešš).€€In€both€instances,Š ¢ ° Šit€is€a€conceptual€approach€to€achieving€the€goal€of€gender€equality. (Ż ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś65Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌExamples€include€Germany,€see€E/1994/22,€Morocco,€see€E/1996/22,€and€Peru,Š āā Šsee€E/1998/22. 0Ż ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś9Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌAgreed€conclusions1997/2€were€subsequently€endorsed€by€the€General€AssemblyŠ + & Šin€resolution€52/100. GŻ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś66Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌExamples€include€Suriname,€see€E/1996/22,€Guatemala€and€Guinea,€seeŠ :: ŠE/1997/22€and€the€Russian€Federation,€see€E/1998/22. ÆŻ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś8Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌThe€definition€reads:€ššŌ_ŌMainstreamingŌ_Ō€a€gender€perspective€is€the€process€ofŠ  $ Šassessing€the€implications€for€women€and€men€of€any€planned€action,€includingŠ Ņ$ą Šlegislation,€policies€or€programmes,€in€all€areas€and€at€all€levels.€€It€is€aŠ š%Ø  Šstrategy€for€making€women's€as€well€as€men's€concerns€and€experiences€anŠ b&p! Šintegral€dimension€of€the€design,€implementation,€monitoring€and€evaluation€ofŠ *'8" Špolicies€and€programmes€in€all€political,€economic€and€societal€spheres€soŠ ņ'# Šthat€women€and€men€benefit€equally€and€inequality€is€not€perpetuated.€€TheŠ ŗ(Č# Šultimate€goal€is€to€achieve€gender€equalityšš. >Ż ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś36Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌņņOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€FiftyšMšfirst€Session,€SupplementŠ J J  ŠNo.€18óó€(A/51/18),€para.626. HŻ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś7Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌSee€ņņOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€FiftyšMšsecondSession,Š ²!Ą ŠSupplement€No.3óó€(A/52/3),€chap.IV,€sect.A. Ż ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś67Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌŌ_ŌHRIŌ_Ō/GEN/1/Rev.3,€general€comment€4,€para.€6. ÕŻ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś6Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌIbid.,€annexII,€para.222. Ż ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś68Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌŌ_ŌHRIŌ_Ō/GEN/1/Rev.3,€general€comment€5,€para.€19. §Ż ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś5Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌReport€of€the€Fourth€World€Conference€on€Women,€Beijing,€4šMš15September1995Š  Š(UnitedNations€publication,€Sales€No.E.96.IV.13),€chap.I,€resolution1,Š ŹŲ ŠannexI,€para.38€and€annexII,€para.229. ÅŻ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś37Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌExamples€include€the€Libyan€Arab€Ō_ŌJamahiriyaŌ_Ō,€CAT/C/SR.203,€the€UnitedŠ ¢"¢" ŠKingdom€of€Great€Britain€and€Northern€Ireland,€CAT/C/SR.234,€Senegal,Š j#j# ŠCAT/C/SR.247€and€the€Russian€Federation,€CAT/C/SR.264. bŻ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś4Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌA/52/507.€€The€reports€of€the€chairpersons€since€their€fifth€meeting€areŠ Ŗø Šcontained€in€documents€A/49/537,€A/50/505,€A/51/482,€A/52/507€and€A/53/125. 8Ż ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś69Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌņņOfficial€Records€of€the€Economic€and€Social€Council,€1998,€Supplement€No.€2óóŠ ²² Š(E/1998/22),€para.€522. ¶Ż ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś3Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌSee€Commission€on€the€Status€of€Women€resolution€38/2€of€March1994,Š Š˜ Šrecommending€that€the€chairpersons€consider€the€issue€of€Ō_ŌmainstreamingŌ_Ō€women'sŠ R` Šhuman€rights€on€a€regular€basis.g:\wpwin\template\draft.wpt Ż ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś2Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌA/CONF.157/24€(PartI),€chap.III,€sect.Ō_ŌII.BŌ_Ō,€para.42. ČŻ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś38Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌCAT/C/SR.285. ĶŻ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś1Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌA/52/507,€para.€62. tŻ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś70Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌThis€was€the€case€when€the€Committee€on€Economic,€Social€and€CulturalŠ    ŠRights€considered€the€state€of€implementation€of€the€Covenant€in€SaintVincentŠ ŅŅ Šand€the€Grenadines,€making€use€of€the€report€that€Ō_ŌthatŌ_Ō€State€party€hadŠ šš Šsubmitted€to€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€WomenŠ bb Š(E/1998/22,€paras.€409€to€437). ׯ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś39Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌCAT/C/SR.284/Add.1,€Ukraine. ŁŻ ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś71Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌE/1996/22,€annex€VI,€para.€11. 9Ż ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś72Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌņņOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€FiftyšMšfirst€Session,óó€ņņSupplementŠ J J  ŠNo.€41óó€(A/51/41). 'Ż ƒ9¾%ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŚ  Ś73Ś  Ś.Ż  ŻŌ_ŌA€consultation€on€violence€in€the€family€is€scheduled€for€8šMš9October1998Š ¢"¢" Šin€Geneva.˜HP LaserJet 4P,ü,,,,,ü0i)*‹h0 Ż ƒ˜!ŻŅ+°ŅŅÅ°ŅŃ}°ŃŃŲ°ŃŌ€XĶ XXXŌŌ€ō7ņXXĶ ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŃ  ŃŻ  ŻŌ_ŌŃRŲŃщ}ŃŅ+ŅŅ7ÅŅŃTRX<Ļ6Į&’A4Xą3Ų' Letter Ė6Ę&A4’3Ų'TŃŃ€ ŅSŃŌ*‹ƒ"ddd Xdd Xdd X$$‹ŌŌ,h ŌŌ, ŌŌ+  ŌŠ "RR ‚‚‹ ‹"ŠŌ‡ō 9ņņō7ŌŌ‡¼o»ņō 9ŌUNITEDŠ R ŠNATIONSŌ#†ō 9ņ»¼ot#ŌŌ‡XhńXņō 9ŌŌ#†XĶ XXXhńU#ŌŌ‡X©ąXXXĶ ŌßA€")°F{ dEF{ Aߊ 0&j  „„‹‹0ŠŌ#†ōWÜ ņXX©ąŲ#ŌŌ‡»ķ  ņōWÜŌŌ#†Qź  »ķ#ŌŌ‡č  QźŌŌ_ŌHRIŌ_ŌŌ#†Qź  č#ŌŌ‡»ķ  QźŌŌ#†ōWÜ ņ »ķĶ#ŌŌ‡X©ąX ņōWÜŌŠ7-+R3 0  7Šßu€ ?/+p|057Śž `ĄĢä €ED7ŚŠŚžĀČČłģp ußā i$i$$$āĢŌ*xƒ"ddh h "i$i$xŌŌ,œdd ŌŌ,ģd ŌŌ,Š dd ŌŌ+  ŌŠ >ģ>ģ ‹ ‹Šā ststsGsGāā āā āā āā āā āā āā ā°ā āā ststststā°ā āā ststststā°ā āā ststststā°ā āā ststststā°ā āā sGsGststāŠ '> ģ   ‹‹'ŠŌ#†ōWÜ ņXX©ą¶#ŌŌ‡ -  ņōWÜŌŌ#† <  -t#ŌŌ‡ ų. <ŌInternationalŠ ¢P  ŠHuman€RightsŠ ā  ŠInstrumentsŠ " Š  ŠŌ#† < ų.9 #ŌŌ‡ -  <ŌŌ#†ōWÜ ņ  -÷#ŌŌ‡X©ąX ņōWÜŌŠ 'b  ‹‹'ŠŌ#†XĶ XXX©ąŽ #ŌŌ#†ō7ņXXĶ #ŌÓĘÓĢDistr.Š h ŠŌ% ‡. ŌGENERALŌ%†.Ų ŌŠ . Ü ŠĢŌ% ‡/ ŌŌ_ŌHRIŌ_Ō/MC/1998/6Ō%†/ ŌŠ ŗ h ŠŌ% ‡1 Ō3€September€1998Ō%†1s ŌŌ"USś ś śŌŠ € . ŠĢOriginal:€€Ō% ‡2 ŌENGLISHŌ%†2Ž ŌŌ‡!ō©ąXņō7ŌŠ( ŗ   (ŠŌ#†ō7ņX!ō©ą #ŌßA€;) °QxdCEQP€ AßĢĢŅ+ŅŅ 7ŅĢŌ% € ŌĢTenth€meeting€of€persons€chairingŠ Č  Šhuman€rights€treaty€bodiesŠ ąŽ ŠGeneva,€14šMš18€September€1998Š ¦T ŠĢĢą@| | rąņņIntegrating€the€gender€perspective€into€the€work€ofˆŠ ų¦ Šą@p p rąUnited€Nations€human€rights€treaty€bodiesóóˆŠ ¾l  ŠĢą@__rąņņReport€by€the€SecretaryšMšGeneralóóˆŠ Jų" ŠĢĢą@āā'rąCONTENTSˆŠ œJ% ŠĢą€ŅŅBŗ#ąņņParagraphsóóˆŠ (Ö' ŠĢÓ$+aŪŽK °œX$Ӏ€I.ą a ąINTRODUCTIONąŽƒ.  ąą K ą€1€šMš€€3Š “b) Š€€Š z(* Š€II.ą a ąBACKGROUND€AND€CONTEXTąŽƒ.łł%ąą K ą€4€šMš€25Š @ī+ ŠĢą a ąA.ą Ū ąHuman€rights€of€women€and€gender€in€the€context€ofŠ Ģz- Šą a ąą Ū ąUnitedNations€conferences€and€their€followšMšupąŽƒ.ŻŻ@ąą K ą€4€šMš€13Š ’ @. ŠĢą a ąą Ū ą1.€€The€equal€status€and€human€rights€of€womenąŽƒ.ÓÓ@ąą K ą€5€šMš€€6Š "Ģ0 ŠĢą a ąą Ū ą2.€€Ō_ŌMainstreamingŌ_Ō€a€gender€perspectiveąŽƒ.³³8ąą K ą€7€šMš€€9Š Ŗ#X 2 ŠĢą a ąą Ū ą3.€€The€rightsšMšbased€approachąŽƒ.99/ąą K ą10€šMš€13Š 6%ä!4 ŠĢą a ąB.ą Ū ąReform€of€the€human€rights€treaty€systemąŽƒ.{{:ąą K ą14€šMš€15Š Ā&p#6 ŠĢą a ąC.ą Ū ąClarification€of€conceptsąŽƒ.ŸŸ+ąą K ą16€šMš€25Š N(ü$8 ŠĢą a ąą Ū ą1.€€Gender€and€international€human€rights€lawąŽƒ.oo?ąą K ą16€šMš€19Š Ś)ˆ&: ŠĢą a ąą Ū ą2.€€A€dual€strategy:€€a€womenšMšspecific€and€a€genderŠ f+(< Šą a ąą Ū ą€€€€approach€in€international€human€rights€lawąŽƒ.ÓÓ@ąą K ą20€šMš€25Š ,,Ś(= ŠĢĢĢā āGE.98šMš05357€€(E)Š D/ņ+A ŠŃ ŅSŃā  āŃ}‰ŃŃŲRŃā  āŃ  ŃŌ_ŌÖ€ ’’ÖŌ_ŌŌ_ŌÖ€’’ÖŌ_Ōą@ŠŠ!rąCONTENTS€(ņņcontinuedóó)ˆŠ ņ ŠĢą€ŅŅBŗ#ąņņParagraphsóóˆŠ ~Œ ŠĢÓ*+aŪ +aŪŽK *ÓIII.ą a ąSTEPS€ALREADY€TAKEN€BY€HUMAN€RIGHTS€TREATY€BODIESąƒ.……@ąą  ą26€šMš€96Š   ŠĢą a ąA.ą Ū ąCommittee€on€the€Elimination€of€Racial€Discriminationąƒ.Gąą  ą28€šMš€42Š – ¤ ŠĢą a ąą Ū ą1.€€FollowšMšup€to€the€chairpersons'€recommendationsąƒ.mmDąą  ą30€šMš€31Š " 0 ŠĢą a ąą Ū ą2.€€Constructive€dialogue€and€concludingŠ ® ¼  Šą a ąą Ū ą€€€€observationsąƒ."ąą  ą32€šMš€38Š t ‚  ŠĢą a ąą Ū ą3.€€General€recommendationsąƒ.gg-ąą  ą€€€39Š   ŠĢą a ąą Ū ą4.€€Interaction€with€the€Committee€on€the€EliminationŠ Œš  Šą a ąą Ū ą€€€€of€Discrimination€against€Womenąƒ.‡‡5ąą  ą€€€40Š R`  ŠĢą a ąą Ū ą5.€€Early€warning€procedureąƒ.gg-ąą  ą€€€41Š Žģ  ŠĢą a ąą Ū ą6.€€Next€steps€for€the€Committee€on€the€EliminationŠ jx Šą a ąą Ū ą€€€€of€Racial€Discriminationąƒ.ĖĖ.ąą  ą€€€42Š 0> ŠĢą a ąB.ą Ū ąCommittee€against€Tortureąƒ.ŸŸ+ąą  ą43€šMš€56Š ¼Ź ŠĢą a ąą Ū ą1.€€FollowšMšup€to€the€chairpersons'€recommendationsąƒ.mmDąą  ą€€€45Š HV ŠĢą a ąą Ū ą2.€€Constructive€dialogue€and€concluding€commentsąƒ.’’Cąą  ą46€šMš€50Š Ōā ŠĢą a ąą Ū ą3.€€General€recommendationsąƒ.gg-ąą  ą€€€51Š `n ŠĢą a ąą Ū ą4.€€Interaction€with€the€Committee€on€the€EliminationŠ ģś Šą a ąą Ū ą€€€€of€Discrimination€against€Womenąƒ.‡‡5ąą  ą€€€52Š ²Ą  ŠĢą a ąą Ū ą5.€€The€Committee's€inquiry€procedureąƒ.OO7ąą  ą€€€53Š >L" ŠĢą a ąą Ū ą6.€€Next€steps€for€the€Committee€against€Tortureąƒ.››Bąą  ą54€šMš€56Š Ź Ų$ ŠĢą a ąC.ą Ū ąHuman€Rights€Committeeąƒ.ss(ąą  ą57€šMš€71Š V"d& ŠĢą a ąą Ū ą1.€€FollowšMšup€to€the€chairpersons'€recommendationsąƒ.mmDąą  ą€€€58Š ā#š( ŠĢą a ąą Ū ą2.€€Constructive€dialogue€and€concluding€commentsąƒ.’’Cąą  ą59€šMš€65Š n%| * ŠĢą a ąą Ū ą3.€€General€commentsąƒ.««&ąą  ą66€šMš€67Š ś&", ŠĢą a ąą Ū ą4.€€Interaction€with€the€Committee€on€the€EliminationŠ †(”#. Šą a ąą Ū ą€€€€of€Discrimination€against€Womenąƒ.‡‡5ąą  ą€€€68Š L)Z$/ ŠĢą a ąą Ū ą5.€€Next€steps€for€the€Human€Rights€Committeeąƒ.oo?ąą  ą69€šMš€71Š Ų*ę%1 ŠĢŠ  d,r'3 Šą@ŠŠ!rąCONTENTS€(ņņcontinuedóó)ˆŠ ņ ŠĢą€ŅŅBŗ#ąņņParagraphsóóˆŠ ~Œ ŠĢą a ąD.ą Ū ąCommittee€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rightsąƒ.’’Cąą  ą€72€šMš€€88Š   ŠĢą a ąą Ū ą1.€€FollowšMšup€to€the€chairpersons'€recommendationsąƒ.mmDąą  ą€73€šMš€€75Š – ¤ ŠĢą a ąą Ū ą2.€€Constructive€dialogue€and€concluding€observationsąƒ.Gąą  ą€76€šMš€€79Š " 0 ŠĢą a ąą Ū ą3.€€General€commentsąƒ.««&ąą  ą€80€šMš€€83Š ® ¼  ŠĢą a ąą Ū ą4.€€Interaction€with€the€Committee€on€the€EliminationŠ :H  Šą a ąą Ū ą€€€€of€Discrimination€against€Womenąƒ.‡‡5ąą  ą€84€šMš€€85Š   ŠĢą a ąą Ū ą5.€€Next€steps€for€the€Committee€on€Economic,€SocialŠ Œš  Šą a ąą Ū ą€€€€and€Cultural€Rightsąƒ.××)ąą  ą€86€šMš€€88Š R`  ŠĢą a ąE.ą Ū ąCommittee€on€the€Rights€of€the€Childąƒ.ėė6ąą  ą€89€šMš€€96Š Žģ  ŠĢą a ąą Ū ą1.€€FollowšMšup€to€the€chairpersons'€recommendationsąƒ.mmDąą  ą€€€€90Š jx ŠĢą a ąą Ū ą2.€€Constructive€dialogue€and€concluding€commentsąƒ.’’Cąą  ą€91€šMš€€93Š ö ŠĢą a ąą Ū ą3.€€General€commentsąƒ.««&ąą  ą€€€€94Š ‚ ŠĢą a ąą Ū ą4.€€Interaction€with€the€Committee€on€the€EliminationŠ  Šą a ąą Ū ą€€€€of€Discrimination€against€Womenąƒ.‡‡5ąą  ą€€€€95Š Ōā ŠĢą a ąą Ū ą5.€€Next€steps€for€the€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€theŠ `n Šą a ąą Ū ą€€€€Childąƒ._ _ ąą  ą€€€€96Š &4 ŠĢ€IV.ą a ąCONCLUSIONSąƒ.­ ­ ąą  ą€97€šMš€101Š ²Ą  ŠĢ€€V.ą a ąRECOMMENDATIONS€FOR€FURTHER€ACTIONąƒ.©©1ąą  ą102€šMš€117Š  >L" ŠÓ$ +{§X+aŪ $Óą@RR#rąI.€€INTRODUCTIONˆŠ ņ ŠĢ1.ą ƒ ąDuring€their€eighth€meeting,€held€at€Geneva€from€15Š ~Œ Što19September1997,€the€persons€chairing€the€United€Nations€human€rightsŠ DR Štreaty€bodies€invited€the€Division€for€the€Advancement€of€Women€to€prepare€aŠ   Šbackground€paper€analysing€the€measures€that€have€been€and€should€be€taken€byŠ ŠŽ Šthe€treaty€bodies€in€order€to€integrate€gender€perspectives€into€their€work.× ƒ ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś1Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀Š – ¤ ŠThe€General€Assembly,€in€resolution€52/118€of€12December1997,€endorsed€theŠ \ j Šrequest€for€the€study,€to€be€used€by€the€United€Nations€HighCommissioner€forŠ " 0 ŠHuman€Rights€and€the€human€rights€treaty€bodies€as€a€guide€to€incorporatingŠ č ö  Šgender€perspectives€into€their€work.€€The€Commission€on€Human€Rights,€in€itsŠ ® ¼  Šresolution€1998/27€of17April1998,€also€welcomed€the€proposed€study.€€TheŠ t ‚  Špresent€report€has€been€prepared€in€response€to€these€requests.€€Š :H  ŠĢ2.ą ƒ ąThe€report€consists€of€two€main€parts.€€The€first,€on€background€andŠ ĘŌ  Šcontext,€sets€the€context€within€which€attention€to€gender€by€the€human€rightsŠ Œš  Štreaty€bodies€is€to€be€considered.€€To€that€end,€recent€developments€withinŠ R`  Šthe€United€Nations€system€to€increase€attention€to€the€human€rights€of€womenŠ &  Šand€the€gender€dimensions€of€human€rights€are€reviewed.€€Conceptual€aspects€ofŠ Žģ  Šthe€protection€and€promotion€of€human€rights€from€a€gender€perspective€areŠ ¤² Šalso€examined€in€this€part€of€the€report.Š jx ŠĢ3.ą ƒ ąThe€second€main€part,€on€steps€already€taken€by€human€rights€treatyŠ ö Šbodies€seeks€to€assess€progress€made€by€the€human€rights€treaty€bodies€inŠ ¼Ź Šmonitoring€women's€enjoyment€of€human€rights€within€the€framework€of€theŠ ‚ Šrespective€treaties.€€In€the€context€of€trends€elsewhere€in€the€UnitedNationsŠ HV Šsystem,€the€analysis€assesses€to€what€degree€treaty€bodies€have€recognizedŠ  Šthat€gender€is€an€important€dimension€in€defining€the€substantive€content€ofŠ Ōā Šhuman€rights€and€impacts€on€the€enjoyment€of€rights€by€women.€€To€that€end,Š šØ Šthe€second€part€of€the€report€summarizes€steps€taken€by€human€rights€treatyŠ `n Šbodies€to€increase€attention€to€gender€aspects€in€their€work.€€Based€on€theŠ &4 Štreaty€bodies'€review€of€States€parties'€reports€since€1993,€as€reflected€inŠ ģś Šsummary€records,€concluding€comments€and€general€comments/recommendations,Š ²Ą  Šthis€part€analyses€how€gender€considerations€are€shaping€the€work€of€treatyŠ x†! Šbodies.€€For€each€of€the€treaty€bodies,€suggestions€are€made€and€areas€areŠ >L" Šidentified€where€further€efforts€are€required.€€The€report€concludes€withŠ  # Šrecommendations€for€action€by€various€actors,€primarily€by€the€treaty€bodiesŠ Ź Ų$ Šthemselves,€to€increase€attention€to€the€gender€dimension€in€the€realizationŠ !ž% Šof€human€rights€for€all.€Š V"d& ŠĢą@,,rąII.€€BACKGROUND€AND€CONTEXTˆŠ ā#š( ŠĢą@ę ę rąA.€€ņņHuman€rights€of€women€and€gender€in€the€context€ofˆŠ n%| * Šą@v v rąUnited€Nations€conferences€and€their€follow„upóóˆŠ 4&B!+ ŠĢ4.ą ƒ ąThree€interlinked€and€mutually€reinforcing€trends€have€emanated€fromŠ Ą'Ī"- Šrecent€global€United€Nations€conferences€that€are€of€particular€relevance€forŠ †(”#. Šthe€present€study:Š L)Z$/ ŠĢą ƒ ą(a)ą Ū ąAttention€to€the€equal€status€and€human€rights€of€women€in€generalŠ Ų*ę%1 Šhuman€rights€activities€has€expanded€significantly€since€the€World€ConferenceŠ ž+¬&2 Šon€Human€Rights€held€at€Vienna€from€14€to€25€June€1993;Š d,r'3 ŠŠ *-8(4 Šą ƒ ą(b)ą Ū ąRecognition€of€the€impact€of€women's€gender€roles€on€theŠ ņ Šachievement€of€women's€equality,€including€the€full€enjoyment€of€their€humanŠ øĘ Šrights,€is€increasingly€shaping€the€development€and€implementation€of€policiesŠ ~Œ Šand€programmes€in€all€sectoral€areas€in€which€the€United€Nations€has€aŠ DR Šmandate;Š   ŠĢą ƒ ą(c)ą Ū ąA€growing€trend€among€entities€of€the€United€Nations€system€toŠ – ¤ Šemphasize€a€human€rights€„€or€rights„based€„€approach€to€planning€andŠ \ j Šprogramming.Š " 0 ŠĢą ƒ ą1.ą Ū ąņņThe€equal€status€and€human€rights€of€womenóóŠ ® ¼  ŠĢ5.ą ƒ ąThe€World€Conference€on€Human€Rights€fully€articulated€the€need€toŠ :H  Šintegrate€the€human€rights€of€women€into€the€work€of€human€rights€treatyŠ   Šbodies,€stating€that:€Š ĘŌ  ŠĢą0 ƒ ąššTreaty€monitoring€bodies€should€include€the€status€of€women€and€theŠ R`  Šhuman€rights€of€women€in€their€deliberations€and€findings,€making€use€ofŠ &  Šgender„specific€data.€€States€should€be€encouraged€to€supply€informationŠ Žģ  Šon€the€situation€of€women€ņņde€jureóó€and€de€facto€in€their€reports€...€Š ¤² ŠSteps€should€also€be€taken€...€to€ensure€that€the€human€rightsŠ jx Šactivities€of€the€United€Nations€regularly€address€violations€of€womenššsŠ 0> Šhuman€rights,€including€gender„specific€abusesšš.€Ō_Ō× ƒ ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś2Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ×Ō_ŌŠöƒŗ#ƒŗ# ŠĢ6.ą ƒ ąSince€their€fifth€meeting€in€September€1994,€in€follow„up€to€aŠ ‚ Šrecommendation€by€the€Commission€on€the€Status€of€Women,€Ō_Ō× ƒ} ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś3Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ×Ō_Ō€the€integration€ofŠ HV Ša€gender€perspective€in€the€work€of€the€treaty€bodies€has€been€a€regular€themeŠ  Šof€the€meetings€of€the€chairpersons€of€the€human€rights€treaty€bodies.€€TheŠ Ōā Šchairpersons€have€stated€their€support€for€the€relevant€recommendationsŠ šØ Šcontained€in€the€Vienna€Declaration€and€Programme€of€Action€and€have€proposedŠ `n Ša€number€of€recommendations€for€action€by€each€treaty€body€in€order€toŠ &4 Šeffectively€integrate€gender€considerations€into€their€work€practices.€€TheŠ ģś Šchairpersons'€discussion€at€their€eighth€meeting€in€1997€Ō_ŌfocusedŌ_Ō€on€the€reformŠ ²Ą  Šof€the€treaty€system€and€also€included€discussion€of€gender€perspectives.× ƒ{ ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś4Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׊ x†! ŠĢą ƒ ą2.ą Ū ąņņŌ_ŌMainstreamingŌ_Ō€a€gender€perspectiveóóŠ  # ŠĢ7.ą ƒ ąIn€the€Beijing€Declaration€and€Platform€for€Action€adopted€at€theŠ !ž% ŠFourthWorld€Conference€on€Women€held€in€Beijing€from€4€to€15September€1995,Š V"d& ŠGovernments€committed€themselves€to€the€promotion€of€an€active€and€visibleŠ #*' Špolicy€of€Ō_ŌmainstreamingŌ_Ō€a€gender€perspective€into€all€policies€and€programmes,Š ā#š( Šincluding€with€regard€to€human€rights€of€women.€× ƒy ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś5Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀€The€Platform€alsoŠ Ø$¶) Šemphasized€that€the€goal€of€full€realization€of€human€rights€for€all€requiredŠ n%| * Šexplicit€attention€to€the€systematic€and€systemic€nature€of€discriminationŠ 4&B!+ Šagainst€women€in€the€application€of€international€human€rights€instruments.€× ƒw ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś6Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׊ ś&", ŠĢ8.ą ƒ ąSince€the€convening€of€the€Vienna€and€Beijing€conferences,€steps€toŠ †(”#. Šintegrate€a€gender€perspective€within€the€United€Nations€human€rightsŠ L)Z$/ Šframework€have€been€taken€in€various€forums.€€The€General€Assembly€and€theŠ * %0 ŠEconomic€and€Social€Council€have€given€detailed€guidance€with€regard€to€theŠ Ų*ę%1 Šprinciples€and€practical€implications€of€the€gender€approach.€€Most€notably,Š ž+¬&2 Šthe€Economic€and€Social€Council€adopted€agreed€conclusions€1997/2€onŠ d,r'3 ŠššŌ_ŌMainstreamingŌ_Ō€a€gender€perspective€into€all€policies€and€programmes€in€theŠ *-8(4 ŠUnited€Nations€systemšš.€× ƒu ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś7Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀€These€provided€a€definition€of€the€concept€ofŠ ņ Šgender€Ō_ŌmainstreamingŌ_Ō,€× ƒs ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś8Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀a€set€of€principles€and€specific€recommendations€forŠ øĘ Šaction€by€intergovernmental€machinery€and€at€the€institutional€level.€× ƒq ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś9Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀Š ~Œ ŠAgreed€conclusions1997/2€also€make€repeated€reference€to€the€need€toŠ DR Šmainstream€a€gender€perspective€systematically€in€areas€including€humanŠ   Šrights.× ƒo ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś10Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׊ ŠŽ ŠĢ9.ą ƒ ąIn€its€review€of€the€critical€area€of€concern€ššhuman€rights€of€womenšš,€Š \ j Šthe€Commission€on€the€Status€of€Women,€at€its€fortyšMšsecond€session,€recognizedŠ " 0 Šthe€central€role€of€human€rights€treaty€bodies€in€strengthening€enjoyment€ofŠ č ö  Šhuman€rights€by€women.€€It€therefore€invited€treaty€bodies,€within€theirŠ ® ¼  Šmandates,€ššto€continue€to€monitor€a€better€understanding€of€the€rightsŠ t ‚  Šcontained€in€international€human€rights€instruments€and€their€particularŠ :H  Šsignificance€to€womenšš.€€The€Commission€on€Human€Rights€has€decided€to€reflectŠ   Ša€gender€perspective€under€all€its€agenda€items€while€also€including€aŠ ĘŌ  Šstanding€item€on€integration€of€human€rights€of€women€and€a€genderŠ Œš  Šperspective.× ƒ\ ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś11Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׊ R`  ŠĢą ƒ ą3.ą Ū ąņņThe€rights„based€approachóóŠ Žģ  ŠĢ10.ą ƒ ąIn€July€1995,€the€United€Nations€Development€Fund€for€Women€and€theŠ jx Š(then)€Centre€for€Human€Rights€organized€an€expert€group€meeting€in€Geneva€onŠ 0> Šthe€development€of€guidelines€for€the€integration€of€a€gender€perspective€intoŠ ö ŠUnited€Nations€human€rights€activities€and€programmes.€× ƒY ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś12Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׊ ¼Ź ŠĢ11.ą ƒ ąIn€1996,€the€UnitedNations€Population€Fund,€in€collaboration€with€theŠ HV ŠDivision€for€the€Advancement€of€Women€and€the€Office€of€the€United€NationsŠ  ŠHigh€Commissioner€for€Human€Rights,€organized€a€round€table€on€ššHuman€RightsŠ Ōā ŠApproaches€to€Womenššs€Health,€with€a€focus€on€Reproductive€and€Sexual€HealthŠ šØ ŠRightsšš.€€Experts€from€all€of€the€human€rights€treaty€bodies€attended€theŠ `n Šmeeting,€as€did€representatives€of€the€United€Nations€agencies,Š &4 ŠnonšMšgovernmental€organizations,€as€well€as€other€experts€and€observers.€€ItŠ ģś Šwas€the€first€time€that€a€group€of€this€nature€had€met€to€discuss€theŠ ²Ą  Šinterpretation€of€womenššs€rights€relating€to€a€particular€theme.€€The€meetingŠ x†! Šformulated€32€recommendations€for€improving€womenššs€health€rights,€several€ofŠ >L" Šwhich€Ō_ŌfocusedŌ_Ō€directly€upon€measures€to€be€taken€by€the€human€rights€treatyŠ  # Šbodies.€× ƒV ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś13Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׊ Ź Ų$ ŠĢ12.ą ƒ ąThe€United€Nations€Population€Fund/Division€for€the€Advancement€ofŠ V"d& ŠWomen/Office€of€the€UnitedNations€HighCommissioner€for€Human€Rights€roundŠ #*' Štable€on€human€rights€approaches€to€women's€health€is€indicative€of€theŠ ā#š( Šgrowing€trend€among€entities€of€the€United€Nations€system€to€emphasize€a€humanŠ Ø$¶) Šrights€„€or€rightsšMšbased€„€approach€to€planning€and€programming.€× ƒS ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś14Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀€ThisŠ n%| * Štrend€was€also€apparent€in€a€special€discussion€of€senior€United€NationsŠ 4&B!+ Šofficials€at€the€coordination€segment€on€ššfollow„up€to€and€implementation€ofŠ ś&", Šthe€Vienna€Declaration€and€Programme€of€Actionšš,€held€by€the€Economic€andŠ Ą'Ī"- ŠSocial€Council€in€July1998.€× ƒP ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś15Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׊ †(”#. ŠĢ13.ą ƒ ąIn€response€to€the€increased€emphasis€on€human€rights€throughout€theŠ * %0 ŠUnited€Nations€system,€and€recognizing€that€women's€enjoyment€of€human€rightsŠ Ų*ę%1 Šis€conditioned€by€their€gender€roles,€the€Administrative€Committee€onŠ ž+¬&2 ŠCoordination€Inter„Agency€Committee€on€Women€and€Gender€Equality€is€conveningŠ d,r'3 Ša€workshop€to€clarify€the€understanding€and€practical€implications€of€aŠ *-8(4 Šrights„based€approach€to€women's€empowerment€and€advancement.€€It€will€provideŠ ņ Ša€forum€for€exchanging€experiences€and€examining€ways€to€merge€protection€andŠ øĘ Špromotion€of€human€rights€and€the€realization€of€gender€equality€at€theŠ ~Œ Šprogrammatic€and€policy€level.€Ō_Ō× ƒM ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś16Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ×Ō_ŌŠ DR ŠĢą@Ś Ś rąB.€€ņņReform€of€the€human€rights€treaty€systemóóˆŠ ŠŽ ŠĢ14.ą ƒ ąOver€the€past€decade€the€human€rights€treaty€system€has€undergoneŠ \ j Šcritical€review€and€discussion€about€reform€is€continuing.€€The€reports€of€theŠ " 0 Šindependent€expert€appointed€to€identify€measures€for€improving€the€effectiveŠ č ö  Šfunctioning€of€the€human€rights€treaty€system,€submitted€in€1988,€1993Š ® ¼  Šand1997,€× ƒJ ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś17Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀have€been€the€basis€for€extensive€discussions,€including€by€theŠ t ‚  Šindividual€treaty€bodies€and€the€meeting€of€the€chairpersons.€× ƒG ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś18Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׊ :H  ŠĢ15.ą ƒ ąThis€climate€of€review€and€reform€affords€a€valuable€opportunity€for€theŠ ĘŌ  ŠUnited€Nations€human€rights€treaty€bodies€to€ensure€that€any€reform€measure,Š Œš  Šwhether€it€is€of€a€procedural€or€a€substantive€nature,€proceeds€from€anŠ R`  Šapproach€that€is€sensitive€to€the€gender€implications€of€human€rights.€€TheŠ &  Šunderstanding€of€international€human€rights€law€is€shaped€by€the€treaty€bodiesŠ Žģ  Šboth€through€norm„interpretation€and€assessment€of€compliance€of€StatesŠ ¤² Šparties€with€convention€obligations.€€The€challenge€is€thus€to€developŠ jx Šapproaches€to€norm„interpretation€and€monitoring€consistent€with€theŠ 0> Šobjectives€of€each€of€the€human€rights€treaties,€and€which€increase€attentionŠ ö Što€the€gender€dimensions€of€these€objectives.€Ō_Ō× ƒC ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś19Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ×Ō_ŌŠ ¼Ź ŠĢą@ČČrąC.€€ņņClarification€of€conceptsóóˆŠ HV ŠĢą ƒ ą1.ą Ū ąņņGender€and€international€human€rights€lawóó€Ō_Ō× ƒ@ ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś20Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ×Ō_ŌŠ Ōā ŠĢ16.ą ƒ ąThe€term€ššgenderšš€refers€to€the€socially€constructed€roles€of€women€andŠ `n Šmen€that€are€ascribed€to€them€on€the€basis€of€their€sex,€in€public€and€inŠ &4 Šprivate€life.€€The€term€ššsexšš€refers€to€the€biological€and€physicalŠ ģś Šcharacteristics€of€women€and€men.€€Gender€roles€are€contingent€on€a€particularŠ ²Ą  ŠŌ_ŌsocioŌ_Ō„economic,€political€and€cultural€context,€and€are€affected€by€otherŠ x†! Šfactors,€including€age,€race,€class€and€ethnicity.€€Gender€roles€are€learned,Š >L" Šand€vary€widely€within€and€between€cultures.€€As€social€constructs,€they€canŠ  # Šchange.€€Gender€roles€shape€women's€access€to€rights,€resources€andŠ Ź Ų$ Šopportunities.€Ō_Ō× ƒ7 ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś21Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ×Ō_ŌŠ !ž% ŠĢ17.ą ƒ ąBoth€the€Vienna€and€the€Beijing€conferences€and€other€recentŠ #*' ŠUnitedNations€conferences€have€contributed€to€the€understanding€that€women'sŠ ā#š( Šequality€and€non„discrimination€between€women€and€men,€as€well€as€women'sŠ Ø$¶) Šequal€enjoyment€of€human€rights€and€fundamental€freedoms,€do€not€occurŠ n%| * Šautomatically€as€a€result€of€the€overall€protection€and€promotion€of€humanŠ 4&B!+ Šrights.€€They€have€thus€strengthened€an€approach€whereby€these€goals€are€to€beŠ ś&", Šaddressed€explicitly€and€systematically€at€all€stages€of€the€implementation€ofŠ Ą'Ī"- Šhuman€rights€instruments,€including€in€the€conceptualization€of€the€protectedŠ †(”#. Šrights€and€freedoms.Š L)Z$/ ŠĢ18.ą ƒ ąMainstream€human€rights€approaches€have€long€been€based€on€theŠ Ų*ę%1 Špresumption€that€human€rights€norms€are€gender€neutral€or€unaffected€byŠ ž+¬&2 Šgender.€€However,€structural€imbalances€of€power€between€women€and€men,€theŠ d,r'3 Šsystemic€nature€of€discrimination€against€women€and€the€general€absence€ofŠ *-8(4 Šwomen€in€law€creation€and€implementation€processes€continue€to€reflectŠ ņ Šdisproportionately€the€experiences€of€men€and€exclude€the€experiences€ofŠ øĘ Šwomen.€€These€imbalances€also€influence€the€generally€accepted€understandingŠ ~Œ Šof€international€human€rights€law€whose€structure€and€substance€may€present€orŠ DR Špreserve€obstacles€to€women's€equality.€€Many€of€the€substantive€norms€ofŠ   Šinternational€law€are€defined€in€relation€to€men's€experience€and€stated€inŠ ŠŽ Šterms€of€discrete€violations€of€rights€in€the€public€realm.€€In€addition,Š – ¤ Šinattention€to€rights€of€particular€interest€to€women€in€international€humanŠ \ j Šrights€law€and€practice€has€resulted€in€neglect€and€pervasive€denial€of€theŠ " 0 Šrights€of€women,€in€particular€in€the€private€sphere.€€These€factors€haveŠ č ö  Šcontributed€to€a€lack€of€enjoyment€of€human€rights€by€women€that,€at€itsŠ ® ¼  Šroots,€has€gender„specific€explanations.€Š t ‚  ŠĢ19.ą ƒ ąA€focus€on€gender€recognizes€that€women's€unequal€status€is€based€on€andŠ   Šis€perpetuated€by€structures€of€systemic€inequality€and€discrimination€againstŠ ĘŌ  Šwomen.€€The€standard€of€measurement€in€the€realization€of€women's€equality€isŠ Œš  Šnot€the€current€male€standard€of€equality,€which€would€simply€be€aŠ R`  Šreaffirmation€of€the€status€quo.€€Rather,€a€new€standard€of€equality€should€beŠ &  Šenvisaged€based€on€a€reconsideration€of€current€assumptions€and€aŠ Žģ  ŠŌ_ŌreconceptualizationŌ_Ō€of€the€meaning€of€equality€from€a€gender€perspective.€Š ¤² ŠThis€standard€would€reflect€the€visions,€interests€and€needs€of€women,€as€wellŠ jx Šas€those€of€men.€Š 0> ŠĢą ƒ ą2.ą0 Ū ąņņA€dual€strategy:€€a€women„specific€and€a€gender€approach€inŠ ¼Ź Šinternational€human€rights€lawó󊂐Ū ŗ#Ū ŗ# ŠĢ20.ą ƒ ąCalls€for€attention€to€women's€human€rights€by€mainstream€human€rightsŠ  Šmechanisms€have€led€to€the€question€of€how€to€divide€„€or€share€„Š Ōā Šresponsibility€for€women's€human€rights€between€these€mechanisms€on€the€oneŠ šØ Šhand,€and€women„specific€mechanisms€(i.e.€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€ofŠ `n ŠDiscrimination€against€Women)€on€the€other.€€The€independent€expert€addressedŠ &4 Šthe€question€of€the€capacity€of€the€treaty€system€to€address€specific€themes,Š ģś Šincluding€the€rights€of€women.€€He€considered€that€an€approach€whichŠ ²Ą  Šincorporates€gender„specific€information€and€analysis€into€the€implementationŠ x†! Šof€all€human€rights€instruments€would€unquestionably€be€correct.€€GreaterŠ >L" Šcoordination€efforts€among€the€treaty€bodies€on€specific€themes,€and€theŠ  # Šdevelopment€of€clearer€proposals€as€to€what€ought€to€be€done€by€which€bodyŠ Ź Ų$ Šhave€been€suggested.× ƒ' ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś22Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׊ !ž% ŠĢ21.ą ƒ ąIntegrating€a€gender€perspective€into€the€work€of€the€mainstream€humanŠ #*' Šrights€mechanisms€raises€conceptual,€as€well€as€institutional€issues.€Š ā#š( ŠConceptually,€a€gender€perspective€of€human€rights€requires€more€thanŠ Ø$¶) Šrecognition€of€women's€experience€of€violations€which€are€identical€to€thoseŠ n%| * Šsuffered€by€men;€more€than€attention€to€discrimination€against€women€in€theŠ 4&B!+ Šenjoyment€of€rights€protected€in€mainstream€human€rights€instruments;€and€moreŠ ś&", Šthat€attention€to€specific€issues€of€relevance€to€women,€such€as€violenceŠ Ą'Ī"- Šagainst€women€or€women's€reproductive€function€and€connected€rights.€€€€Š †(”#. ŠĢ22.ą ƒ ąIntegrating€a€gender€perspective,€or€gender€Ō_ŌmainstreamingŌ_Ō,€is€aŠ * %0 Šconceptual€approach€to€rights/issues€requiring€that€women's€and€men's€sociallyŠ Ų*ę%1 Šconstructed€realities€be€addressed€explicitly€in€the€context€of€each€of€theŠ ž+¬&2 Šhuman€rights€conventions€with€a€view€to€preventing,€or€at€least€reducing,Š d,r'3 Šwomen's€disadvantages.Š *-8(4 Š‡23.ą ƒ ąIn€terms€of€institutions,€the€focus€for€integrating€gender€concerns€isŠ ņ Šthe€ššmainstreamšš,€i.e.€the€processes€and€institutions€that€currently€shape€theŠ øĘ Šhuman€rights€discourse,€rather€than€women„specific€institutions,€such€as€theŠ ~Œ ŠCommittee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women.€€Š DR ŠĢ24.ą ƒ ąŌ_ŌMainstreamingŌ_Ō€does€not€replace€the€need€for€targeted,€or€women„specificŠ ŠŽ Šinstitutions€and€mechanisms,€but€complements€them.Ō_Ō× ƒ) ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś23Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ×Ō_Ō€€A€women„specificŠ – ¤ Šapproach€starts€from€an€issue€of€women's€inequality.€€A€specific€policy,Š \ j Šstrategy€or€measure€is€then€developed€frequently€by€a€women„specificŠ " 0 Šmachinery,€to€address€the€issue.€€The€Ō_ŌmainstreamingŌ_Ō€approach€broadens€aŠ č ö  Šgeneral€policy€or€strategy€in€any€sector€to€take€into€account€considerationsŠ ® ¼  Šof€gender€with€a€view€to€achieving€gender€equality.Ō_Ō× ƒ+ ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś24Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ×Ō_Ō€€In€terms€of€humanŠ t ‚  Šrights,€it€requires€an€approach€to€rights€and€freedoms€that€accounts€forŠ :H  Šgender„based€differences.€€Š   ŠĢ25.ą ƒ ąA€dual€strategy€„€attention€to€women„specific€issues€by€women„specificŠ Œš  Šmachinery,€and€a€gender€approach€by€mainstream€mechanisms€„€reinforces€anŠ R`  Šunderstanding€that€gender€equality€must€be€addressed€as€a€strategic€objectiveŠ &  Šby€society€as€a€whole,€rather€than€being€a€ššwomen's€concernšš,€an€approachŠ Žģ  Šwhich€focuses€on€women€as€a€vulnerable€group€and€on€women's€issues€as€marginalŠ ¤² Šissues€on€the€global€and€national€agenda.€€Š jx ŠĢą@“ “ rąIII.€€STEPS€ALREADY€TAKEN€BY€HUMAN€RIGHTS€TREATY€BODIESˆŠ ö ŠĢ26.ą ƒ ąThe€five€human€rights€treaty€bodies€reviewed€in€this€study€haveŠ ‚ Šproceeded€at€a€different€pace€in€increasing€attention€to€the€status€and€humanŠ HV Šrights€of€women€and€to€gender€factors.€€While€each€has€developed€its€ownŠ  Šworking€methods€in€accordance€with€the€objectives€of€its€respective€treaty,Š Ōā Šall€use€a€similar€approach€to€the€consideration€of€States€parties'€reports.€Š šØ ŠThis€part€of€the€report€analyses,€in€five€sections,€progress€in€regard€to€theŠ `n Šamount€of€attention€paid€to€gender€issues€through€an€assessment€of:Š &4 ŠĢą ƒ ą(a)ą Ū ąConstructive€dialogue€and€concluding€comments/observations€adoptedŠ ²Ą  Šwith€regard€to€States€parties'€reports;€Š x†! ŠĢą ƒ ą(b)ą Ū ąGeneral€comments/recommendations€adopted€on€particular€articles€orŠ  # Šissues.€€Š Ź Ų$ ŠĢ27.ą ƒ ąEach€section€also€reviews€whether€the€recommendations€of€theŠ V"d& Šchairpersons€with€regard€to€gender€have€been€followed€up€and€assessesŠ #*' Šinteraction€between€the€mainstream€treaty€bodies€and€the€Committee€on€theŠ ā#š( ŠElimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women.€€Areas€are€identified€where€eachŠ Ø$¶) Štreaty€body€might€consider€taking€further€steps.€€The€analysis€is€based€on€theŠ n%| * Štreaty€bodies'€work€since€1993,€that€is,€after€the€adoption€of€the€ViennaŠ 4&B!+ ŠDeclaration€and€Programme€of€Action,€until€early€1998.× ƒ0 ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś25Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀€The€report€does€notŠ ś&", Šcover€the€work€of€treaty€bodies€under€communications€procedures.€Š Ą'Ī"- ŠĢą@P P rąA.€€ņņCommittee€on€the€Elimination€of€Racial€DiscriminationóóˆŠ L)Z$/ ŠĢ28.ą ƒ ąThe€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€Racial€DiscriminationŠ Ų*ę%1 Šmakes€no€reference€on€its€face€to€its€applicability€without€distinction€on€theŠ ž+¬&2 Šbasis€of€sex.€€However,€as€the€Convention€is€grounded€in€the€Universal€Š  d,r'3 ŠDeclaration€of€Human€Rights,€its€applicability€to€women€and€men€is€withoutŠ ņ Šdoubt,€and€the€Committee€would€thus€be€justified€in€addressing€the€genderŠ øĘ Šdimensions€of€the€articles€of€the€Convention.€€Š ~Œ ŠĢ29.ą ƒ ąThe€Platform€for€Action€adopted€at€the€Fourth€World€Conference€on€WomenŠ   Šrecognized€the€particular€vulnerability€of€women€belonging€to€groups€specifiedŠ ŠŽ Šin€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€Racial€Discrimination.€Š – ¤ ŠWomen€frequently€experience€double€discrimination€because€of€their€genderŠ \ j Šroles€and€intensified€by€other€aspects€such€as€race,€ethnicity€or€nationalŠ " 0 Šorigin.€€The€Platform€highlights€women's€vulnerability€to€multipleŠ č ö  Šdiscrimination€in€areas€including€education€and€training,€health,€violence,Š ® ¼  Šarmed€conflict,€participation€in€decision„making,€the€economy€and€humanŠ t ‚  Šrights.€€€Š :H  ŠĢą ƒ ą1.ą0 Ū ąņņFollow„up€to€the€chairpersons'€recommendationsóóŠĘŌ Ū ŗ#Ū ŗ# ŠĢ30.ą ƒ ąThe€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Racial€Discrimination€has€taken€noŠ R`  Šdecision€to€amend€its€reporting€guidelines€to€accommodate€genderŠ &  Šconsiderations,€nor€has€it€considered€other€specific€steps€to€increaseŠ Žģ  Šattention€to€the€gender€dimensions€of€racial€discrimination.€€In€itsŠ ¤² Šdiscussion€of€the€recommendation€of€the€chairpersons'€meeting€that€theŠ jx Šcommittees€consider€amending€their€reporting€guidelines€to€reflect€a€genderŠ 0> Šperspective,Ō_Ō× ƒ: ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś26Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ×Ō_Ō€some€members€of€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€RacialŠ ö ŠDiscrimination€suggested€that€gender€issues€did€not€fall€within€theŠ ¼Ź ŠCommittee's€mandate.€€Some€members,€while€expressing€sympathy€towards€genderŠ ‚ Šissues,€were€of€the€view€that€gender€perspectives€could€not€be€incorporatedŠ HV Šinto€their€work€until€problems€of€overlap€with€the€Committee€on€theŠ  ŠElimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women€were€resolved.€€Others€showedŠ Ōā Šsensitivity€to€the€Ō_ŌintersectionalityŌ_Ō€of€discrimination€on€the€basis€of€raceŠ šØ Šand€sex.€€Views€were€expressed€that€the€appropriate€approach€was€to€pass€onŠ `n Šany€information€regarding€sex€discrimination€to€the€relevant€Ō_ŌcommitteeŌ_Ō€via€aŠ &4 Šliaison€officer.€€The€discussion€revealed€a€certain€degree€of€uncertainty€overŠ ģś Šconcepts€such€as€ššgenderšš€and€ššgender„basedšš,€as€well€as€ššgender„Ō_ŌdisaggregatedŌ_ŌŠ ²Ą  Šdatašš.Ō_Ō× ƒ? ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś27Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ×Ō_Ō€€Š x†! ŠĢ31.ą ƒ ąNo€steps€were€taken€by€the€Committee€following€its€discussion€on€genderŠ  # Šin€1996.€€The€Committee's€current€guidelines€do€not€request€States€parties€toŠ Ź Ų$ ŠŌ_ŌdisaggregateŌ_Ō€data€and€information€by€sex.€Š !ž% ŠĢą ƒ ą2.ą0 Ū ąņņConstructive€dialogue€and€concluding€observationsóóŠ#*'Ū ŗ#Ū ŗ# ŠĢ32.ą ƒ ąA€review€of€the€Committee's€work€since€mid„1993€shows€that€among€theŠ Ø$¶) Šmain€areas€of€concern€raised€by€Committee€members€are€legislative€andŠ n%| * Šconstitutional€provisions,€including€the€definition€of€ššracialšš€discriminationŠ 4&B!+ Šand€ššminorityšš€groups;€discrimination€against€foreigners,€especially€foreignŠ ś&", Šworkers;€conduct€of€law€enforcement€officials€and€security€forces€in€a€seriesŠ Ą'Ī"- Šof€specific€situations;€militarization€of€society;€situation€of€refugees€andŠ †(”#. Šdisplaced€persons;€operation€of€the€legal€system;€discrimination€in€education,Š L)Z$/ Šemployment€and€with€regard€to€access€to€health€care;€treatment€of€children;Š * %0 Šstatistics€on€demographic€composition,€collection€of€social€indicators€andŠ Ų*ę%1 Šdata€Ō_ŌdisaggregatedŌ_Ō€on€the€basis€of€ethnicity;€specific€forms€of€discrimination€Š  ž+¬&2 Šsuch€as€caste€systems,€xenophobia;€role€of€mass€media;€poverty;€structuralŠ ņ Šdiscrimination€and€affirmative€action;€impact€of€economic€policies€such€asŠ øĘ Šstructural€adjustment.€€Š ~Œ ŠĢ33.ą ƒ ąThe€Committee€addressed€concerns€of€women€or€gender€issues€in€a€limitedŠ   Šnumber€(approximately€10€per€cent)€of€concluding€observations.× ƒE ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś28Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀€These€coverŠ ŠŽ Šthe€following€areas:€€Š – ¤ ŠĢą ƒ ą(a)ą Ū ąTreatment€of€foreign€women€working€as€domestic€servants;Š " 0 ŠĢą ƒ ą(b)ą Ū ąMaternal€health€care;€Š ® ¼  ŠĢą ƒ ą(c)ą Ū ąMarriage€and€family€laws;€Š :H  ŠĢą ƒ ą(d)ą Ū ąNationality€laws;€Š ĘŌ  ŠĢą ƒ ą(e)ą Ū ąImpunity€for€violations€of€women's€human€rights;€Š R`  ŠĢą ƒ ą(f)ą Ū ąEducation€of€girls;€Š Žģ  ŠĢą ƒ ą(g)ą Ū ąExploitation€of€prostitution;€Š jx ŠĢą ƒ ą(h)ą Ū ąSexual€violence,€including€rape,€and€deaths€of€women€civiliansŠ ö Šduring€armed€conflict;€Š ¼Ź ŠĢą ƒ ą(Ō_ŌiŌ_Ō)ą Ū ąRefugee€women€and€asylum€seekers.€Š HV ŠĢ34.ą ƒ ąOn€a€number€of€occasions,€the€Committee€has€demonstrated€in€itsŠ Ōā Šconcluding€observations€an€appreciation€of€the€way€in€which€gender€andŠ šØ Šrace/ethnicity€intersect.€€For€example,€in€considering€the€report€of€theŠ `n ŠUnited€Kingdom€of€Great€Britain€and€Northern€Ireland€on€its€(then)€dependentŠ &4 Šterritory,€Hong€Kong,× ƒI ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś29Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀the€Committee€noted€with€concern€the€operation€of€theŠ ģś Ššštwo€weekšš€rule,€pursuant€to€which€foreign€workers€cannot€remain€in€HongKongŠ ²Ą  Šmore€than€two€weeks€after€the€expiration€of€their€employment€contract,€thusŠ x†! Šleaving€workers€vulnerable€to€abusive€employers.€€The€Committee€identifiedŠ >L" Šfemale€Filipino€foreign€domestic€workers€as€the€most€vulnerable€group€andŠ  # Šnoted€that€the€rule€ššappears€to€have€discriminatory€aspects€under€the€terms€ofŠ Ź Ų$ Šthe€Conventionšš.€€The€Committee€also€examined€the€situation€and€treatment€ofŠ !ž% Šforeign€workers,€in€particular€of€women€domestic€servants,€in€KuwaitŠ V"d& Š(August1993)€and€the€United€Arab€Emirates€(August€1995).€€In€its€concludingŠ #*' Šobservations€with€regard€to€Kuwait,€the€Committee€expressed€concern€about€theŠ ā#š( Štreatment€of€ššforeign€domestic€servantsšš,€and€recommended€that€the€State€partyŠ Ø$¶) Štake€steps€to€guarantee€the€enjoyment€by€individuals€belonging€to€vulnerableŠ n%| * Šgroups€of€foreigners,€including€foreign€domestic€servants,€of€the€rightsŠ 4&B!+ Šenshrined€in€the€Convention.€× ƒN ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś30Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀€In€its€review€of€the€report€of€the€UnitedArabŠ ś&", ŠEmirates€in€1995,€the€Committee€identified€the€allegations€of€illšMštreatment€ofŠ Ą'Ī"- Šforeign€workers,€including€women€domestic€servants€of€foreign€origin,€as€aŠ †(”#. Šprincipal€subject€of€concern,€and€recommended€that€the€State€party€ššshow€theŠ L)Z$/ Šutmost€diligence€in€preventing€acts€of€ill„treatment€being€committed€againstŠ * %0 Šforeign€workers,€especially€foreign€women€domestic€servants,€and€take€allŠ Ų*ę%1 Šappropriate€measures€to€ensure€that€they€are€not€subjected€to€any€racialŠ ž+¬&2 Šdiscriminationšš.€× ƒQ ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś31Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀€€€Š d,r'3 ŠŠ *-8(4 Š35.ą ƒ ąThese€observations€indicate€that€in€the€States€parties€concerned,€theŠ ņ ŠCommittee€clearly€identified€the€two€overlapping€elements€contributing€to€theŠ øĘ Šdiscrimination€identified.€€The€fact€that€they€were€women€meant€that€theŠ ~Œ Šworkers€were€more€likely€to€be€employed€in€domestic€service.€€The€fact€thatŠ DR Šthey€were€foreign€domestic€workers€made€them€particularly€vulnerable€to€abuse.€Š   ŠĢ36.ą ƒ ąIn€considering€the€report€of€the€former€Yugoslav€Republic€ofŠ – ¤ ŠMacedonia,× ƒT ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś32Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀the€Committee€expressed€concern€over€the€low€levels€ofŠ \ j Šparticipation€of€Albanian€girls€in€rural€areas€in€secondary€and€higherŠ " 0 Šeducation.€€In€so€doing,€the€Committee€identified€several€factors€leading€toŠ č ö  Šthe€discrimination,€namely€nationality€and€location€in€rural€areas,€inŠ ® ¼  Šconjunction€with€gender.€Š t ‚  ŠĢ37.ą ƒ ąIn€several€concluding€observations,€the€Committee€addressed€theŠ   Špersistence€of€dual€legal€systems€in€the€area€of€personal€status€law€such€asŠ ĘŌ  Šmarriage,€inheritance€and€succession.× ƒ[ ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś33Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀€While€the€Committee€noted€that€thisŠ Œš  Šššcan€lead€to€unequal€treatment€between€Blacks€and€Whitesšš,€or€cause€ššseriousŠ R`  Šdiscrepancies€in€the€system€applicable€to€white,€coloured€and€black€peopleššŠ &  Šunder€existing€law,€the€Committee€did€not€go€further€and€inquire€into€theŠ Žģ  Šsituation€of€women€compared€to€that€of€men€in€specified€groups.€€Š ¤² ŠĢ38.ą ƒ ąThere€are€instances€where€Committee€members€have€addressed€the€situationŠ 0> Šof€women€per€se€in€the€reporting€State€rather€than€the€situation€of€women€of€aŠ ö Šspecified€group.Ō_Ō× ƒi ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś34Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ×Ō_Ō€€Š ¼Ź ŠĢą ƒ ą3.ą Ū ąņņGeneral€recommendationsóóŠ HV ŠĢ39.ą ƒ ąSo€far,€the€Committee€has€adopted€23€general€recommendations.Ō_Ō× ƒn ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś35Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ×Ō_Ō€€TheyŠ Ōā Šaddress€issues€such€as€refugee€and€displaced€persons,€the€rights€of€indigenousŠ šØ Špeoples,€training€of€law€enforcement€officials€in€the€protection€of€humanŠ `n Šrights,€the€situation€on€non„nationals,€and€paragraph€1€of€article€1€(theŠ &4 ŠConvention's€definition€of€racial€discrimination),€all€of€which€are€ofŠ ģś Šconsiderable€relevance€for€women€and€have€clear€gender€dimensions.€€NoŠ ²Ą  Šrecommendation€expressly€refers€to€gender€as€a€factor€in€the€issue,€or€right,Š x†! Šaddressed.€€General€recommendation€XVIII€on€the€establishment€of€anŠ >L" Šinternational€tribunal€to€prosecute€crimes€against€humanity,€considered€thatŠ  # Šsuch€a€tribunal€with€general€jurisdiction€should€be€established€to€prosecuteŠ Ź Ų$ Švarious€crimes,€including€rape.€€In€this€context,€the€general€recommendationŠ !ž% Šdoes€not€elaborate€further€the€issue€of€sexual€violence€against€women,Š V"d& Šincluding€rape.€€€Š #*' ŠĢą ƒ ą4.ą0 Ū ąņņInteraction€with€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€ofŠ Ø$¶) ŠDiscrimination€against€Womenóó€Šn%| *Ū ŗ#Ū ŗ# ŠĢ40.ą ƒ ąNo€particular€mechanism€has€been€put€in€place€by€the€Committee€to€followŠ ś&", Šthe€work€of€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€WomenŠ Ą'Ī"- Šand€to€maintain€liaison€with€it€on€issues€of€common€interest.€€Instead,€theŠ †(”#. ŠCommittee€uses€the€mechanism€of€the€meeting€of€chairpersons€to€consult€withŠ L)Z$/ Šother€committees€in€finding€ways€to€increasing€the€Committee's€efficiency€andŠ * %0 Šeffectiveness.× ƒt ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś36Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀Š Ų*ę%1 ŠĢŠ  d,r'3 Šą ƒ ą5.ą Ū ąņņEarly€warning€procedureóóŠ ņ ŠĢ41.ą ƒ ąWhile€no€comprehensive€analysis€of€the€Committee's€review€of€countryŠ ~Œ Šsituations€under€the€early€warning€procedure€has€been€conducted€for€theŠ DR Špurposes€of€this€study,€a€sample€analysis€of€this€mechanism€reveals€that€theŠ   ŠCommittee€did€not€pursue€gender„based€violations€of€rights€suffered€by€womenŠ ŠŽ Šof€ethnic€groups€in€countries€such€as€Rwanda,€Bosnia€and€Herzegovina€and€theŠ – ¤ ŠFederal€Republic€of€Yugoslavia.€Š \ j ŠĢą ƒ ą6.ą0 Ū ąņņNext€steps€for€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€RacialŠ č ö  ŠDiscriminationóóŠ® ¼ Ū ŗ#Ū ŗ# ŠĢ42.ą ƒ ąThe€Committee€has€recognized€in€some€cases€that€when€consideringŠ :H  Šracial/ethnic€discrimination,€a€range€of€factors€including€gender,€should€beŠ   Šconsidered.€€The€main€task€facing€the€Committee€now€is€to€apply€thisŠ ĘŌ  Šmethodology€in€a€more€consistent€and€systematic€manner€with€regard€to€allŠ Œš  Šprovisions€of€the€Convention.€€The€following€is€an€indicative€list€of€issuesŠ R`  Šwhich€the€Committee€may€wish€to€consider:€Š &  ŠĢą ƒ ą(a)ą Ū ąThe€extent€to€which€remedies,€such€as€compensation,€are€availableŠ ¤² Šfor€the€types€of€discrimination€that€women€of€the€specified€group€suffer€andŠ jx Šthe€extent€to€which€these€women€are€de€facto€able€to€access€complaintŠ 0> Šmechanisms€and€remedies;€Š ö ŠĢą ƒ ą(b)ą Ū ąThe€steps€taken€to€ensure€that€women€of€the€specified€groups€areŠ ‚ Šinformed€of€their€rights;€Š HV ŠĢą ƒ ą(c)ą Ū ąThe€extent€to€which€the€legislative€prohibitions€of€racialŠ Ōā Šdiscrimination€as€defined€by€the€Convention€are€sensitive€to€gender„based€actsŠ šØ Šof€racial€discrimination;€Š `n ŠĢą ƒ ą(d)ą Ū ąThe€extent€to€which€investigatory€mechanisms€accord€investigationŠ ģś Šof€racial€discrimination€against€women€equal€priority€as€acts€of€racialŠ ²Ą  Šdiscrimination€against€men;Š x†! ŠĢą ƒ ą(e)ą Ū ąRequest€that€all€data€provided€on€racial/ethnic€groups€beŠ  # ŠŌ_ŌdisaggregatedŌ_Ō€by€sex€and€evaluate€disadvantages€and€obstacles€that€women€ofŠ Ź Ų$ Šspecified€groups€encounter€when€compared€to€men€of€the€same€group;€Š !ž% ŠĢą ƒ ą(f)ą Ū ąThe€understanding€of€access€to€public€places€(for€example,€in€theŠ #*' ŠIndia€report,€access€to€ššwellsšš)€and€denial€of,€or€obstacles€to,€access€byŠ ā#š( Šwomen€of€specified€groups;Š Ø$¶) ŠĢą ƒ ą(g)ą Ū ąPortrayal€of€women€from€specified€groups:€€the€extent€to€whichŠ 4&B!+ Šwomen€from€specified€groups€are€constructed€for€purposes€of€anti„racial/ethnicŠ ś&", Špropaganda€and€to€incite€ethnic€hatred€(for€example,€the€way€Ō_ŌTutsiŌ_Ō€women€wereŠ Ą'Ī"- Športrayed€as€evil€temptresses€and€spies€during€the€genocide€in€Rwanda);€Š †(”#. ŠĢą ƒ ą(h)ą Ū ąEthnic/gender„based€violence€against€women,€such€as€rape€andŠ * %0 Šsexual€violence€perpetrated€against€women€of€an€ethnic€group,€forcedŠ Ų*ę%1 Špregnancy,€ššethnic€cleansingšš,€and€the€like;Š ž+¬&2 ŠĢŠ  *-8(4 Šą ƒ ą(Ō_ŌiŌ_Ō)ą Ū ąTraffic€in€women€of€specified€groups;€Š ņ ŠĢą ƒ ą(j)ą Ū ąThe€situation€of€migrant€women€workers€(as€in€the€examples€ofŠ ~Œ ŠKuwait€and€the€United€Arab€Emirates).Š DR Š€Ģą@ČČrąB.€€ņņCommittee€against€TortureóóˆŠ ŠŽ ŠĢ43.ą ƒ ąAs€with€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€RacialŠ \ j ŠDiscrimination,€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel€or€InhumanŠ " 0 ŠTreatment€or€Punishment€makes€no€reference€on€its€face€to€its€applicabilityŠ č ö  Šwithout€distinction€on€the€basis€of€sex.€€Again,€as€the€Convention€is€groundedŠ ® ¼  Šin€the€Universal€Declaration€of€Human€Rights,€its€applicability€to€women€andŠ t ‚  Šmen€is€without€doubt,€and€the€Committee€would€thus€be€justified€in€addressingŠ :H  Šthe€gender€specific€dimensions€of€the€articles€of€the€Convention.Š   ŠĢ44.ą ƒ ąWhile€it€is€obvious€that€not€all€violence€against€women€constitutesŠ Œš  Štorture€within€the€meaning€of€the€Convention,€there€are€a€number€of€issues€theŠ R`  ŠCommittee€could€raise.€€In€this€regard,€guidance€can€be€obtained€from€theŠ &  ŠPlatform€for€Action€adopted€at€Beijing.€€Two€of€the€areas€discussed€in€theŠ Žģ  ŠPlatform,€violence€against€women€and€women€and€armed€conflict,€containŠ ¤² Šprovisions€and€recommendations€that€are€pertinent€to€the€Convention€and€theŠ jx ŠCommittee's€work.€€Š 0> ŠĢą ƒ ą1.ą0 Ū ąņņFollow„up€to€the€chairpersons'€recommendationsó󀊼ŹŪ ŗ#Ū ŗ# ŠĢ45.ą ƒ ąDevelopments€concerning€the€integration€of€a€gender€perspective€haveŠ HV Šbeen€reported€to€the€Committee,€mainly€by€its€Chairperson€in€follow„up€to€theŠ  Šmeeting€of€the€chairpersons€of€human€rights€treaty€bodies.€€However,€theŠ Ōā ŠCommittee€has€not€yet€taken€any€specific€action€to€implement€variousŠ šØ Šrecommendations€of€the€chairpersons.€€In€its€recent€sessions,€the€CommitteeŠ `n Šhas€regularly€used€gender„inclusive€language€(references€are€to€ššpersonsšš,Š &4 Šššvictimsšš,€ššcitizensšš).€Š ģś ŠĢą ƒ ą2.ą0 Ū ąņņConstructive€dialogue€and€concluding€commentsóóŠx†!Ū ŗ#Ū ŗ# ŠĢ46.ą ƒ ąA€review€of€the€Committee's€work€since€late€1993,€indicates€that€theŠ  # Šmajor€areas€addressed€by€the€Committee€in€its€concluding€comments€include:Š Ź Ų$ Šremedies€for€victims€of€torture€including€compensation€and€rehabilitation;Š !ž% Šlegislative€provisions,€including€definitions€of€the€offences;€specificŠ V"d& Šmethods€of€torture€or€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment€or€punishment;€trainingŠ #*' Šfor€public€officials€and€other€relevant€personnel;€mechanisms€to€investigate,Š ā#š( Šprosecute€and€punish€torture;€conditions€in€police€detention;€treatment€ofŠ Ø$¶) Šasylum€seekers;€independence€of€the€judiciary;€fair€trial€and€due€processŠ n%| * Šissues;€amnesty/impunity€laws;€discriminatory€treatment€of€specified€groups;€Š 4&B!+ Šcomplaints€mechanisms;€cooperation€with€nonšMšgovernmental€organizations;Š ś&", Šmonitoring€mechanisms.€€Š Ą'Ī"- ŠĢ47.ą ƒ ąThe€Committee's€consideration€of€the€situation€of€women,€or€genderŠ L)Z$/ Šissues,€during€its€dialogue€with€States€parties€falls€into€the€following€broadŠ * %0 Šcategories:Š Ų*ę%1 ŠĢą ƒ ą(a)ą Ū ąRape€and€sexual€offences;€Š d,r'3 ŠŠ *-8(4 Šą ƒ ą(b)ą Ū ąSegregation€of€male€and€female€prisoners;Š ņ ŠĢą ƒ ą(c)ą Ū ąSituation€of€pregnant€women.€€Š ~Œ ŠĢ48.ą ƒ ąMost€cases€of€torture€or€ill„treatment€against€women€raised€by€theŠ   ŠCommittee€involve€rape,€sexual€assault€or€some€form€of€sexual€humiliation.Ō_Ō× ƒz ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś37Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ×Ō_Ō€Š ŠŽ ŠSome€Committee€members€have€expressed€the€view€that€rape€constitutes€torture,Š – ¤ Šas€in€the€example€of€Mexico,× ƒ€ ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś38Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀where€a€member€stated€that€rapes€of€arrestedŠ \ j Špersons€by€policemen€constitute,€by€definition,€acts€of€torture.€€One€StateŠ " 0 Šparty€has€been€questioned€as€to€whether€rape€was€viewed€as€an€act€ofŠ č ö  Štorture.× ƒ„ ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś39Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׊ ® ¼  ŠĢ49.ą ƒ ąDuring€the€Committee's€thirteenth€session,€the€segregation€of€prisonersŠ :H  Šwas€raised€with€several€reporting€States.Ų('ŲŌ_Ō× ƒ< ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś40Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ×Ō_Ō€€This€issue€did€not€receiveŠ   Šattention€in€subsequent€sessions.€€The€needs€of€women€specific€to€theirŠ ĘŌ  Šreproductive€function€has€also€been€raised,× ƒ> ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś41Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀although€the€emphasis€appearedŠ Œš  Što€have€been€on€the€well-being€of€the€foetus.€€Š R`  ŠĢ50.ą ƒ ąThe€review€indicates€that,€over€a€five-year€period,€during€which€theŠ Žģ  Šsituation€in€approximately€60different€States€parties€was€examined,€none€ofŠ ¤² Šthe€Committee's€concluding€comments€made€reference€to€the€situation€of€women.€Š jx ŠThis€is€particularly€noteworthy€as€Committee€members€have€either€askedŠ 0> Šspecific€questions€or€made€comments€Ō_ŌfocusingŌ_Ō€on€women€or€gender€issues€inŠ ö Šapproximately€onefourth€of€the€reports€considered.Š ¼Ź ŠĢą ƒ ą3.ą Ū ąņņGeneral€recommendationsóóŠ HV ŠĢ51.ą ƒ ąThe€Committee€does€not€adopt€general€recommendations.Š Ōā ŠĢą0 ƒ ą4.ą0Ū ƒŗ#ƒŗ#ąņņInteraction€with€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€ofŠ `n ŠDiscrimination€against€WomenóóŠ&4Ū ŗ#Ū ŗ# ŠĢ52.ą ƒ ąAt€its€twelfth€session,€the€Committee€designated€one€of€its€membersŠ ²Ą  Š(Mrs.Ō_ŌIliopoulosŌ_Ō-Ō_ŌStrangasŌ_Ō)€to€follow€the€activities€of€the€Committee€on€theŠ x†! ŠElimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women.× ƒA ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś42Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀€At€its€sixteenth€session,€heldŠ >L" Šduring€April€and€May1996,the€Committee€had€before€it€the€report€ofŠ  # ŠtheFourthWorld€Conference€on€Women€as€well€as€an€informal€note€by€theŠ Ź Ų$ Šsecretariat€on€the€implications€for€the€Committee's€methods€of€work€of€theŠ !ž% ŠBeijing€Declaration€and€Platform€for€Action€and€of€the€recommendationsŠ V"d& Šconcerning€gender€issues€adopted€by€the€persons€chairing€human€rights€treatyŠ #*' Šbodies€at€their€sixth€meeting.€€The€Committee€took€note€of€these€documents€andŠ ā#š( Šagreed€that€Mrs.Ō_ŌIliopoulosŌ_Ō-Ō_ŌStrangasŌ_Ō€would€continue€to€follow€the€activitiesŠ Ø$¶) Šof€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women.× ƒB ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś43Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀Š n%| * ŠAccording€to€the€Committee's€reports,€no€further€information€was€provided€byŠ 4&B!+ Šthe€designated€member€on€the€activities€of€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€ofŠ ś&", ŠDiscrimination€against€Women.€€During€its€twentieth€session,€the€CommitteeŠ Ą'Ī"- Šdecided€that€one€of€its€members€would€act€as€thematic€rapporteur€on€issuesŠ †(”#. Šrelating€to€gender.× ƒF ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś44Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׊ L)Z$/ ŠĢą ƒ ą5.ą Ū ąņņThe€Committee's€inquiry€procedureóóŠ Ų*ę%1 ŠĢ53.ą ƒ ąThe€Committee's€twopublished€reports€under€its€article20€(inquiry)Š d,r'3 Šprocedure€were€reviewed.× ƒH ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś45Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀€In€the€case€of€Turkey,€the€Committee€included€aŠ *-8(4 Šrecommendation€that€women€prisoners€be€transferred€from€a€particular€prison€toŠ ņ Šanother.€€The€body€of€the€report,€however,€provides€no€further€indication€thatŠ øĘ Šgender-based€torture€was€an€issue€raised€by€the€Committee.€€No€reference€toŠ ~Œ Šgender€issues€was€made€in€the€report€on€Egypt.Š DR ŠĢą ƒ ą6.ą Ū ąņņNext€steps€for€the€Committee€against€TortureóóŠ ŠŽ ŠĢ54.ą ƒ ąCommittee€members€have€shown€understanding€of€the€fact€that€women€areŠ \ j Šsubjected€to€gender-specific€forms€of€torture€and€ill-treatment€and€haveŠ " 0 Šraised€pertinent€gender€issues€during€the€constructive€dialogue€with€StatesŠ č ö  Šparties.€€So€far,€such€concerns€have€not€been€reflected€in€the€Committee'sŠ ® ¼  Šconcluding€comments.€€However,€since€the€Committee's€summary€records€are€muchŠ t ‚  Šless€accessible€and€less€widely€distributed€than€its€concluding€comments,€theŠ :H  ŠCommittee's€gender-specific€concerns€receive€substantially€less€visibilityŠ   Šthan€other€matters€addressed€by€the€Committee€in€its€concluding€comments.€Š ĘŌ  ŠThere€is€now€also€ample€evidence€that€women€are€frequently€subjected€to€sexualŠ Œš  Šviolence,€including€rape,€in€situations€of€conflict,€especially€armedŠ R`  Šconflict.€€Opportunities€could€be€sought€to€raise€such€violations,€not€onlyŠ &  Šduring€the€dialogue,€but€also€in€the€concluding€comments.Š Žģ  ŠĢ55.ą ƒ ąThe€Committee€has€the€opportunity€to€expand€the€lines€of€inquiry€onŠ jx Šgender-specific€issues€that€fall€within€the€scope€of€the€Convention.€€TheŠ 0> Šfollowing€is€an€indicative€list€of€issues€which€the€Committee€could€pursue:€Š ö ŠĢą ƒ ą(a)ą Ū ąThe€extent€to€which€legislative€prohibitions€of€torture€coverŠ ‚ Šgender-based€acts€such€as€sexual€violence,€genital€mutilation,€scientificŠ HV Šexperimentation,€and€so€forth;Š  ŠĢą ƒ ą(b)ą Ū ąThe€extent€to€which€sensitivity€to€gender-specific€acts€of€tortureŠ šØ Šhas€been€incorporated€into€information,€education€and€training€of€relevantŠ `n Šofficials€regarding€the€prohibition€of€torture€and€its€impact€on€women;Š &4 ŠĢą ƒ ą(c)ą Ū ąThe€extent€to€which€investigatory€mechanisms€recognize€the€gravityŠ ²Ą  Šof€acts€of€torture€committed€against€women,€especially€those€of€a€sexualŠ x†! Šnature,€and€accord€investigation€of€these€acts€equal€priority€to€thoseŠ >L" Šcommitted€against€men;Š  # ŠĢą ƒ ą(d)ą Ū ąNon-Ō_ŌrefoulementŌ_Ō€for€women,€particularly€the€recognition€ofŠ !ž% Šgender-based€persecution,€as€grounds€for€asylum;Š V"d& ŠĢą ƒ ą(e)ą Ū ąThe€extent€to€which€women€subjected€to€torture€and€ill-treatmentŠ ā#š( Šhave€effective€access€to€complaint€mechanisms€and€remedies,€includingŠ Ø$¶) Šgender-sensitive€rehabilitation€and€compensation;Š n%| * ŠĢą ƒ ą(f)ą Ū ąThe€steps€taken€to€ensure€that€compensation€is€provided€for€theŠ ś&", Šdependents€of€(male)€victims€of€torture,€who€are€frequently€women.Š Ą'Ī"- ŠĢ56.ą ƒ ąAn€area€which€has€not€yet€been€explored€by€the€Committee,€but€whichŠ L)Z$/ Šwould€be€especially€pertinent€from€a€gender€perspective,€is€the€question€ofŠ * %0 Šthe€responsibility€of€the€State€to€prevent,€and€to€take€action€in€response€to,€Š  Ų*ę%1 Šacts€carried€out€by€persons€in€their€private€capacity,€and€thus€addressŠ ņ Šdirectly€a€climate€of€impunity€for€acts€falling€within€the€meaning€of€theŠ øĘ ŠConvention€if€committed€by€public€officials€in€their€official€capacity.€€SoŠ ~Œ Šfar,€the€Committee's€attention,€both€during€the€dialogue€and€in€its€concludingŠ DR Šcomments,€is€strictly€directed€at€the€actions€of€public€officials.€Š   ŠConsequently,€the€violent€treatment€to€which€women€are€frequently€subjected€toŠ ŠŽ Šin€their€homes€and€their€communities,€such€as€harmful€traditional€practices,Š – ¤ Šgoes€without€comment.Š \ j ŠĢą@^^rąC.€€ņņHuman€Rights€CommitteeóóˆŠ č ö  ŠĢ57.ą ƒ ąThe€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€establishes€inŠ t ‚  Šits€article2€that€the€rights€recognized€therein€apply€to€individuals€withoutŠ :H  Šdistinction€on€the€basis€of,€ņņinteraliaóó,€sex.€€This€provision€is€reinforced€byŠ   Šarticle3,€which€establishes€the€States€parties'€obligation€to€ensure€theŠ ĘŌ  Šequal€right€of€women€and€men€to€the€enjoyment€of€the€rights€contained€in€theŠ Œš  ŠCovenant.€€Article26€guarantees€all€persons'€equality€before€the€law€andŠ R`  Šequal€protection€of€the€law,€without€distinction€on€the€basis€of,€ņņinteraliaóó,Š &  Šsex.€€Articles4,€6,€23€and24€also€contain€specific€references€to€women,€orŠ Žģ  Šsex-based€non-discrimination.Š ¤² ŠĢą0 ƒ ą1.ą0Ū ƒŗ#ƒŗ#ąņņFollow-up€to€the€chairpersons'€recommendationsóóŠ0>Ū ŗ#Ū ŗ# ŠĢ58.ą ƒ ąThe€Committee€amended€its€reporting€guidelines€in1995.€€As€a€result,Š ¼Ź ŠStates€parties€are€now€requested€to€include€information€on€the€factorsŠ ‚ Šaffecting€the€equal€enjoyment€of€rights€by€women€under€each€of€the€substantiveŠ HV Šarticles€of€the€Covenant.× ƒK ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś46Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀€The€guidelines€do€not€contain€specific€guidanceŠ  Šon€the€manner€in€which€each€article€applies€to€women,€nor€a€requirement€forŠ Ōā Šdata€Ō_ŌdisaggregatedŌ_Ō€by€sex.€€In€April1997,€the€Committee€held€an€exchange€ofŠ šØ Šviews€with€the€Special€Adviser€to€the€Secretary-General€on€Gender€Issues€andŠ `n ŠAdvancement€of€Women€relating€to€furthering€cooperation€between€the€DivisionŠ &4 Šfor€the€Advancement€of€Women€and€the€Committee.Š ģś ŠĢą ƒ ą2.ą Ū ąņņConstructive€dialogue€and€concluding€commentsóóŠ x†! ŠĢ59.ą ƒ ąIn€taking€note€of€the€various€recommendations€of€the€Vienna€DeclarationŠ  # Šand€Programme€of€Action€in1995,€the€Committee€stressed€that€the€lists€ofŠ Ź Ų$ Šissues€to€be€dealt€with€during€the€Committee's€consideration€of€StatesŠ !ž% Šparties'€reports€should€systematically€include€practical€matters€concerningŠ V"d& Šequality€of€status€and€the€human€rights€of€women.× ƒL ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś47Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׊ #*' ŠĢ60.ą ƒ ąSince€late1993,€including€its€sixtyšMšfirst€session€in€October1997,€theŠ Ø$¶) ŠHuman€Rights€Committee€has€reviewed€the€reports€of€some€60States€parties.€Š n%| * ŠThe€analysis€of€the€concluding€comments€shows€that€the€Committee€consistentlyŠ 4&B!+ Šrefers€to€issues€affecting€women's€enjoyment€of€their€human€rights,€often€inŠ ś&", Šconsiderable€detail,€and€with€regard€to€various€rights€protected€under€theŠ Ą'Ī"- ŠCovenant.€€With€perhaps€the€exception€of€those€relating€to€the€UnitedKingdomŠ †(”#. Š(then)€dependent€territory€of€HongKong€on€the€transfer€of€sovereignty€toŠ L)Z$/ ŠChina€and€Azerbaijan,€all€concluding€comments€address€the€situation€of€womenŠ * %0 Šin€the€reporting€State.Š Ų*ę%1 ŠĢŠ  d,r'3 Š61.ą ƒ ąThe€Committee's€consideration€of€women's€human€rights€and€gender€issuesŠ ņ Šfalls€within€the€following€categories:Š øĘ ŠĢą ƒ ą(a)ą Ū ąLegal€status€of€women,€including€constitutional€guarantees€ofŠ DR Šequality,€legislation€on€the€equal€status€of€women,€reform€of€family€codes,Š   Šcriminal€law€and€Ō_ŌcriminalizationŌ_Ō€of€women€forced€into€prostitution;Š ŠŽ ŠĢą ƒ ą(b)ą Ū ąEquality€before€the€law,€including€interpretation€of€laws,€forŠ \ j Šexample,€doctrine€of€provocation,€complaint€mechanisms;Š " 0 ŠĢą ƒ ą(c)ą Ū ąNational€machinery€to€promote€women's€equality;Š ® ¼  ŠĢą ƒ ą(d)ą Ū ąViolence€against€women,€including€domestic/family€violence,Š :H  Šinvestigation€of€rape€and€sexual€assault,€punishment€for€perpetrators€of€rapeŠ   Šor€abduction€of€women,€rape€in€marriage,€female€genital€mutilation,€dowry€andŠ ĘŌ  Šdowry-related€violence,€suttee€(self-immolation€of€widows),€remedies€for€womenŠ Œš  Švictims€of€violence,€rehabilitation€of€women€victims€of€sexual€violence,Š R`  Šprovision€of€crisis€centres/shelters€for€women;Š &  ŠĢą ƒ ą(e)ą Ū ąEnforcement€of€strict€dress€requirements€for€women€in€publicŠ ¤² Šplaces€and€inhuman€punishment€for€breach€of€these€requirements;Š jx ŠĢą ƒ ą(f)ą Ū ąDiscrimination€against€girls,€including€prenatal€sex€selection€andŠ ö Šinfanticide€of€females,€preference€for€male€children,€and€marriage€age€ofŠ ¼Ź Šgirls;Š ‚ ŠĢą ƒ ą(g)ą Ū ąGender€stereotyping€and€traditions€and€customs€impeding€equality;Š  ŠĢą ƒ ą(h)ą Ū ąDiscrimination€against€women€in€employment,€including€equalŠ šØ Šremuneration€for€equal€work,€employment€opportunities,€sexual€harassment€inŠ `n Šthe€workplace,€regulation€of€wages€for€domestic€work,€women€workers€in€freeŠ &4 Štrade€zones/export€processing€zones,€discrimination€against€workers€withŠ ģś Šfamily€responsibilities;Š ²Ą  ŠĢą ƒ ą(Ō_ŌiŌ_Ō)ą Ū ąDiscrimination€in€education,€including€illiteracy,€and€in€accessŠ >L" Što€higher€education;Š  # ŠĢą ƒ ą(j)ą Ū ąHealth€of€women,€including€life€expectancy,€maternal€mortality,Š !ž% Šillegal€abortion,€Ō_ŌcriminalizationŌ_Ō€of€abortion€without€exception,€availabilityŠ V"d& Šof€contraception;Š #*' ŠĢą ƒ ą(k)ą Ū ąParticipation€of€women€in€public€life,€including€voting;Š Ø$¶) ŠĢą ƒ ą(l)ą Ū ąFamily€rights€and€responsibilities,€including€polygamy,€forcedŠ 4&B!+ Šmarriage,€rights€of€young€single€mothers,€application€of€customary€laws€inŠ ś&", Šareas€such€as€personal€status,€marriage,€divorce€and€inheritance,€differencesŠ Ą'Ī"- Šin€punishment€for€adultery€for€women€and€men;Š †(”#. ŠĢą ƒ ą(m)ą Ū ąEnforcement€of€personal€laws€based€on€religion;Š * %0 ŠĢą ƒ ą(n)ą Ū ąWomen€in€detention,€including€detention€of€women€and€men€in€theŠ ž+¬&2 Šsame€cells,€imprisonment€of€women€for€offences€resulting€from€unwantedŠ d,r'3 Špregnancies,€treatment€of€female€detainees,€rape€of€women€in€custody;Š *-8(4 Š‡ą ƒ ą(o)ą Ū ąRights€of€women€in€the€areas€of€family€including€divorce,Š ņ Šinheritance,€property,€departure€from€the€country,€acquisition€of€nationality,Š øĘ Šcommercial€activities,€enjoyment€of€civil€and€political€rights;Š ~Œ ŠĢą ƒ ą(p)ą Ū ąTrafficking€in€women,€including€assistance€to€trafficked€women;Š   ŠĢą ƒ ą(q)ą Ū ąAffirmative€action;Š – ¤ ŠĢą ƒ ą(r)ą Ū ąPoverty,€including€households€headed€by€single€women;Š " 0 ŠĢą ƒ ą(s)ą Ū ąPublic€education€on€equality€of€women€and€men;Š ® ¼  ŠĢą ƒ ą(t)ą Ū ąData€collection€regarding€the€situation€of€women€and€men;Š :H  ŠĢą ƒ ą(u)ą Ū ąTraining€of€public€officials.Š ĘŌ  ŠĢ62.ą ƒ ąThe€Committee's€concluding€comments€address€structural€and€systemicŠ R`  Šgender€issues€that€affect€women's€enjoyment€of€their€human€rights.€€ExamplesŠ &  Šinclude€the€Committee's€identification,€under€ššfactors€and€difficultiesŠ Žģ  Šimpeding€the€application€of€the€Covenantšš,€of€traditional€concepts€of€theŠ ¤² Šdifferent€roles€of€the€sexes,× ƒO ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś48Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀or€the€survival€of€certain€traditions,€customsŠ jx Šand€outdated€laws,€as€an€obstacle€to€equality€of€women€and€men.× ƒR ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś49Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀€SimilarŠ 0> Šissues€have€been€identified€as€principal€subjects€of€concern€in€many€reportingŠ ö ŠStates.× ƒU ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś50Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׊ ¼Ź ŠĢ63.ą ƒ ąWhile€many€issues€are€considered€on€a€case-by-case€basis,€regularŠ HV Šattention€is€given€to€issues€of€inequality€and€discrimination€in€the€areas€ofŠ  Šemployment€including€equal€remuneration;× ƒW ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś51Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀access€to€public€service€andŠ Ōā Šparticipation€in€public€affairs;× ƒZ ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś52Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀family€and€marriage;× ƒ] ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś53Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀and€violenceŠ šØ Šagainst€women€including€female€genital€mutilation€and€trafficking.× ƒ^ ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś54Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׊ `n ŠĢ64.ą ƒ ąAlthough€the€Committee's€assessments€in€its€concluding€comments€are€notŠ ģś Šusually€linked€to€particular€provisions€of€the€International€Covenant,€onŠ ²Ą  Šoccasion€it€has€made€important€pronouncements€in€this€regard.€€For€example,Š x†! Šinconsidering€the€report€of€Peru,€the€Committee€expressed€its€concern€thatŠ >L" Šabortion€gave€rise€to€a€criminal€penalty€even€if€a€woman€was€pregnant€as€aŠ  # Šresult€of€rape€and€that€clandestine€abortions€were€the€main€cause€of€maternalŠ Ź Ų$ Šmortality.€€The€Committee€noted€that€ššthose€provisions€not€only€mean€thatŠ !ž% Šwomen€are€subject€to€inhumane€treatment€but€are€possibly€incompatible€withŠ V"d& Šarticles3,€6€and7€of€the€Covenantšš.€€It€consequently€recommended€theŠ #*' Šrevisions€of€the€Civil€and€Penal€Code,€as€Peru€ššmust€ensure€that€laws€relatingŠ ā#š( Što€rape,€sexual€abuse€and€violence€against€women€provide€women€with€effectiveŠ Ø$¶) Šprotection€and€must€take€the€necessary€measures€to€ensure€that€women€do€notŠ n%| * Šrisk€their€life€because€of€the€existence€of€restrictive€legal€provisions€onŠ 4&B!+ Šabortionšš.× ƒ_ ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś55Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀€In€considering€Colombia's€report,€the€Committee€noted€thatŠ ś&", Šviolence€against€women€remained€a€major€threat€to€their€right€to€life€andŠ Ą'Ī"- Šneeded€to€be€more€effectively€addressed.€€It€also€was€concerned€at€the€highŠ †(”#. Šmortality€rate€of€Colombian€women€resulting€from€clandestine€abortions,€andŠ L)Z$/ Šrecommended€that€priority€be€given€to€protecting€women's€right€to€life€byŠ * %0 Štaking€effective€measures€against€violence€against€women€and€by€ensuringŠ Ų*ę%1 Šaccess€to€safe€contraception.× ƒ` ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś56Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׊ ž+¬&2 Šā āŠ d,r'3 Š65.ą ƒ ąIn€other€instances,€the€Committee€has€identified€discrimination€againstŠ ņ Šā āwomen€in€conjunction€with€laws€which€may€restrict€the€right€to€leave€theŠ øĘ Šcountry€for€spouses€in€the€absence€of€the€consent€of€the€husband.× ƒa ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś57Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀€While€theŠ ~Œ ŠCommittee€considered€this€(and€other)€provisions€to€be€incompatible€withŠ DR Šarticles3€(and23)€of€the€Covenant,€it€did€not€address€the€relationship€ofŠ   Šarticle3€to€article12€(freedom€of€movement).Š ŠŽ ŠĢą ƒ ą3.ą Ū ąņņGeneral€commentsóóŠ \ j ŠĢ66.ą ƒ ąSo€far,€the€Committee€has€adopted€26general€comments.€€GeneralŠ č ö  Šcomment18€addresses€non-discrimination,€and€reference€to€gender€issues€areŠ ® ¼  Šincluded€in€general€comment4€(on€article3),€and19€(on€marriage€and€theŠ t ‚  Šfamily).Š :H  ŠĢ67.ą ƒ ąThe€Committee€has€acknowledged€that€more€remains€to€be€done€in€order€toŠ ĘŌ  Šreflect€gender€considerations€in€its€concluding€comments.€€One€of€the€stepsŠ Œš  Štaken€in€this€regard€is€the€Committee's€decision€to€update€its€general€commentŠ R`  Šon€article3,€concerning€women's€equal€right€to€the€enjoyment€of€all€rightsŠ &  Šcovered€by€the€Covenant.€€At€the€same€time,€the€Committee's€growingŠ Žģ  Šsensitivity€to€the€impact€of€gender€on€the€enjoyment€by€women€of€their€humanŠ ¤² Šrights€remains€to€be€reflected€more€systematically€in€its€general€comments.€Š jx ŠGiven€the€Committee's€own€experience€and€the€simultaneous€elaboration€by€theŠ 0> ŠCommittee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women€of€a€generalŠ ö Šcomment€on€articles7€and8€(women€in€public€life),€the€elaboration€of€generalŠ ¼Ź Šcomment25€(on€article25,€public€life)€provided€such€an€opportunity.€€TheŠ ‚ ŠCommittee's€ongoing€work€on€a€general€comment€on€article12€could€reflectŠ HV Šgender€issues€raised€by€the€Committee€in€the€past€(Lebanon).€€Revision€of€pastŠ  Šgeneral€comments€could€be€considered€in€order€to€reflect€the€Committee'sŠ Ōā Špronouncements€on,€for€example,€women's€right€to€life€(article6)€and€freedomŠ šØ Šfrom€torture€(article7).Š `n ŠĢą ƒ ą4.ą0 Ū ąņņInteraction€with€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€ofŠ ģś ŠDiscrimination€against€WomenóóŠ²Ą Ū ŗ#Ū ŗ# ŠĢ68.ą ƒ ąThe€Committee€has€designated€one€of€its€members€to€follow,€on€a€regularŠ >L" Šbasis,€the€work€of€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€againstŠ  # ŠWomen€(currently€Ms.ElizabethEvatt),€and€to€report€thereon€to€the€HumanŠ Ź Ų$ ŠRights€Committee.€€Information€about€the€work€of€the€Committee€on€theŠ !ž% ŠElimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women€is€also€provided€to€the€HumanŠ V"d& ŠRights€Committee€by€its€secretariat.× ƒd ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś58Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׊ #*' ŠĢą ƒ ą5.ą Ū ąņņNext€steps€for€the€Human€Rights€CommitteeóóŠ Ø$¶) ŠĢ69.ą ƒ ąThe€Committee€regularly€addresses€many€gender-specific€concerns€inŠ 4&B!+ Šconjunction€with€the€rights€protected€by€the€International€Covenant.€€TheŠ ś&", ŠCommittee€now€has€the€opportunity€to€explore€factors€that€impact€particularlyŠ Ą'Ī"- Šon€women's€enjoyment€of€human€rights,€including€through€action€by€privateŠ †(”#. Šactors€and€where€the€State€has€a€due€diligence€obligation€to€ensure€equalŠ L)Z$/ Šenjoyment€of€rights€by€women.Š * %0 ŠĢŠ  ž+¬&2 Š70.ą ƒ ąSome€of€the€further€issues€the€Committee€could€consider€include€theŠ ņ Šfollowing:Š øĘ ŠĢą ƒ ą(a)ą Ū ąThe€extent€to€which€obstacles€to€the€right€to€life€include€threatsŠ DR Šthat€are€particular€to€women,€such€as€harmful€traditional€and€customaryŠ   Špractices€or€threats€stemming€from€women's€reproductive€function,€such€asŠ ŠŽ Šreproductive€health€care,€along€the€lines€of€the€concluding€comments€of€PeruŠ – ¤ Šand€Colombia;€Š \ j ŠĢą ƒ ą(b)ą Ū ąThe€extent€to€which€sexual€abuse,€rape€and€violence€against€womenŠ č ö  Šcommitted€as€acts€of€war€or€in€armed€conflict€constitute€torture€and/orŠ ® ¼  Šill-treatment;Š t ‚  ŠĢą ƒ ą(c)ą Ū ąThe€extent€to€which€defacto€restrictions€are€placed€by€familyŠ   Šmembers€on€women's€exercise€of€freedom€of€movement-rights,€either€within€theŠ ĘŌ  Šcountry,€or€in€terms€of€leaving€the€country;€the€impact€of€such€restrictionsŠ Œš  Šon€other€rights,€such€as€rights€provided€for€under€article25;Š R`  ŠĢą ƒ ą(d)ą Ū ąRestrictions€on€women's€rights€in€public€life,€includingŠ Žģ  Šrequirements€that€women€receive€consent€for€political€participation€fromŠ ¤² Šhusbands€or€male€relatives;€harassment€of€politically€active€women;Š jx ŠĢą ƒ ą(e)ą Ū ąPersecution€of€women€because€of€family€relationships;Š ö ŠĢą ƒ ą(f)ą Ū ąRecognition€of€persecution€on€the€basis€of€sexual€abuse,Š ‚ Šharassment,€genital€mutilation€and€other€gender-based€oppression;Š HV ŠĢą ƒ ą(g)ą Ū ąRespect€for€women's€reproductive€rights€as€a€privacy€issue;Š Ōā ŠĢą ƒ ą(h)ą Ū ąRelationship€between€freedom€of€religion€and,€in€particular,€theŠ `n Šright€to€manifest€religious€beliefs,€and€women's€right€to€equality;Š &4 ŠĢą ƒ ą(Ō_ŌiŌ_Ō)ą Ū ąFreedom€of€expression€issues,€including€censorship€imposed€onŠ ²Ą  Šwomen€writers€or€of€materials€and€information€on€equality€rights;Š x†! ŠĢą ƒ ą(j)ą Ū ąLimits€on€the€production€and€distribution€of€family€planningŠ  # Šinformation€and€limitation,€including€by€private€actors,€of€women's€accessŠ Ź Ų$ Štosuch€information;Š !ž% ŠĢą ƒ ą(k)ą Ū ąRelationship€between€exercise€of€rights€provided€for€underŠ #*' Šarticle27,€and€women's€right€to€equality.Š ā#š( ŠĢ71.ą ƒ ąIn€preparing€the€new€general€comment€on€article3,€the€Committee€has€theŠ n%| * Šopportunity€to€link€explicitly€the€obligation€of€article3€with€all€the€otherŠ 4&B!+ Šsubstantive€provisions€of€the€Covenant€and€thus€to€develop€an€understanding€ofŠ ś&", Ševery€provision€of€the€Covenant€that€identifies€issues€of€special€relevance€toŠ Ą'Ī"- Šwomen€and€which€are€not€yet€receiving€sufficient€attention.Š †(”#. ŠĢą@  rąD.€€ņņCommittee€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€RightsóóˆŠ * %0 ŠĢ72.ą ƒ ąThe€International€Covenant€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€RightsŠ ž+¬&2 Šestablishes,€in€its€article2,€that€the€rights€recognized€therein€apply€toŠ d,r'3 Šindividuals€without€discrimination€on€the€basis€of,€ņņinteraliaóó,€sex.€€ThisŠ *-8(4 Šprovision€is€reinforced€by€article3,€which€establishes€States€parties'Š ņ Šobligation€to€ensure€the€equal€right€of€women€and€men€to€the€enjoyment€of€theŠ øĘ Šrights€contained€in€the€Covenant.€€Article7€includes€a€guarantee€of€equalŠ ~Œ Šconditions€of€work€for€women,€including€equal€pay€for€equal€work.€€Article10Š DR Šestablishes€that€both€parties€to€a€marriage€must€freely€consent€andŠ   Šestablishes€protection€for€working€mothers,€including€paid€maternity€leave.€Š ŠŽ ŠArticle12€addresses€the€reduction€of€the€stillbirth€rate€and€infantŠ – ¤ Šmortality.Š \ j ŠĢą ƒ ą1.ą Ū ąņņFollow-up€to€the€chairpersons'€recommendationsóóŠ č ö  ŠĢ73.ą ƒ ąThe€Committee€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights€amended€itsŠ t ‚  Šreporting€guidelines€in1990.€€They€contain€repeated€reference€to€the€specificŠ :H  Šsituation€of€women€in€relation€to€the€rights€protected€by€the€Covenant€andŠ   Šcall€for€the€provision€of€Ō_ŌdisaggregatedŌ_Ō€data€and€information€of€the€particularŠ ĘŌ  Šsituation€of€women,€under€relevant€articles€of€the€International€Covenant,Š Œš  Šincluding€under€article6€(employment€and€occupation),€article7€(remunerationŠ R`  Šand€working€conditions),€article9€(social€security€including€maternity),Š &  Šarticle10€(marriage),€article11€(adequate€food€for€particularly€vulnerableŠ Žģ  Šgroups€of€women),€article12€(infant€mortality€rate,€life€expectancy,€maternalŠ ¤² Šhealth€and€maternal€mortality)€and€article13€(education).€€States€parties€areŠ jx Šencouraged€to€refer€to€and€incorporate€relevant€sections€of€reports€they€haveŠ 0> Šsubmitted€under€any€of€the€other€human€rights€instruments,€including€theŠ ö ŠCommittee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women.€€In1996,€theŠ ¼Ź ŠCommittee€initiated€a€process€for€the€possible€revision€of€its€reportingŠ ‚ Šguidelines€in€the€light€of€the€results€of€the€International€Conference€onŠ HV ŠPopulation€and€Development,€the€World€Summit€for€Social€Development,€and€theŠ  ŠFourthWorld€Conference€on€Women.× ƒf ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś59Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׊ Ōā ŠĢ74.ą ƒ ąThe€Committee€submitted€a€statement€to€the€Fourth€World€Conference€onŠ `n ŠWomen€on€its€own€experience€in€monitoring€women's€enjoyment€of€the€rightsŠ &4 Šprotected€by€the€Covenant€and€recommendations€made€to€States€parties.× ƒh ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś60Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀Š ģś ŠItwas€also€represented€at€the€Conference€by€two€of€its€members.Š ²Ą  ŠĢ75.ą ƒ ąThe€Committee€has€expressed€its€willingness€to€identify€theŠ >L" Šgender-specific€issues€arising€under€each€of€the€substantive€articles€of€theŠ  # ŠCovenant.€€It€has€noted€that€this€may€lead€to€the€formulation€of€a€generalŠ Ź Ų$ Šcomment€and€eventually€to€the€revision€of€the€Committee's€reportingŠ !ž% Šguidelines.× ƒk ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś61Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀€(See€also€paragraph83,€below.)Š V"d& ŠĢą ƒ ą2.ą Ū ąņņConstructive€dialogue€and€concluding€observationsóóŠ ā#š( ŠĢ76.ą ƒ ąThe€Committee's€attention€to€the€enjoyment€and€protection€of€the€rightsŠ n%| * Šof€women€under€the€International€Covenant€is€reflected€in€the€formulation€ofŠ 4&B!+ Šthe€lists€of€issues€and€in€the€oral€questions€raised€during€consideration€ofŠ ś&", Šthe€reports€of€States€parties.€€A€review€of€the€Committee's€work€sinceŠ Ą'Ī"- Šlate1993€shows€that€the€Committee€now€regularly€addresses€women's€rightsŠ †(”#. Šandgender€issues,€often€in€some€detail,€and€with€regard€to€various€rightsŠ L)Z$/ Šprotected€under€the€Covenant.Š * %0 ŠĢŠ  ž+¬&2 Š77.ą ƒ ąThe€Committee's€consideration€of€the€situation€of€women€and€genderŠ ņ Šissues€falls€within€the€following€categories:Š øĘ ŠĢą ƒ ą(a)ą Ū ąEquality€legislation€and€its€implementation,€and€lack€thereof;Š DR ŠĢą ƒ ą(b)ą Ū ąPersistence€of€ņņdejureóó€and€defacto€discrimination,€lack€ofŠ ŠŽ Šequality;Š – ¤ ŠĢą ƒ ą(c)ą Ū ąWomen's€subordinate€role€in€society€and€the€persistence€of€customsŠ " 0 Šand€traditions€that€impact€on€women's€equal€enjoyment€of€the€rights€protectedŠ č ö  Šby€the€Covenant;Š ® ¼  ŠĢą ƒ ą(d)ą Ū ąMechanisms€to€promote€the€equal€status€and€equal€rights€of€womenŠ :H  Šand€men,€such€as€councils,€Ō_ŌombudsmensŌ_Ō'€organizations,€commissions,€and€toŠ   Šinvestigate€allegations€of€discrimination;Š ĘŌ  ŠĢą ƒ ą(e)ą Ū ąWomen's€inequality€and€discrimination€against€women€inŠ R`  Šemploymentand€remuneration,€including€equal€pay€legislation€and€itsŠ &  Š(nonšMš)implementation,€pay€and€wage€gaps,€equal€pay€for€work€of€equal€value,Š Žģ  Šaccess€to€employment,€working€conditions,€representation€in€and€access€toŠ ¤² Šhigher€professional€positions,€unemployment,€exploitation€of€female€workers,Š jx Šsexual€harassment,€paid/unpaid€maternity€leave,€freedom€of€movement;Š 0> ŠĢą ƒ ą(f)ą Ū ąEducation,€including€lack€of€education,€access€to€education,Š ¼Ź Šdisparities€between€women€and€men€in€educational€achievements,€women'sŠ ‚ Šparticipation€in€education€and€professional€life,€illiteracy;Š HV ŠĢą ƒ ą(g)ą Ū ąSocial€benefits,€including€social€security,€discrepancies€inŠ Ōā Špension€benefits;Š šØ ŠĢą ƒ ą(h)ą Ū ąDe€facto€discrimination€within€family€and€marriage,€includingŠ &4 Šarranged€marriages,€forced€marriages,€polygamy,€age€of€marriage;Š ģś ŠĢą ƒ ą(Ō_ŌiŌ_Ō)ą Ū ąViolence€against€women,€including€harmful€traditional€practices,Š x†! Šfemale€genital€mutilation,€domestic€violence,€marital€rape;Š >L" ŠĢą ƒ ą(j)ą Ū ąThe€situation€of€particularly€vulnerable€groups€of€women,€such€asŠ Ź Ų$ Šdivorced€women€with€children,€migrant€women€workers,€foreign€women€working€asŠ !ž% Šdomestic€servants;Š V"d& ŠĢą ƒ ą(k)ą Ū ąWomen's€overall€Ō_ŌsocioŌ_ŌšMšeconomic€situation;Š ā#š( ŠĢą ƒ ą(l)ą Ū ąHealth,€including€maternal€mortality€rate,€motheršMšchildŠ n%| * Šprogrammes,€teenage€pregnancy€rates,€abortion;Š 4&B!+ ŠĢą ƒ ą(m)ą Ū ąInheritance€rights,€credit€and€land€ownership€rights;Š Ą'Ī"- ŠĢą ƒ ą(n)ą Ū ąRights€of€rural€women€including€to€benefit€from€agrarian€reforms;Š L)Z$/ ŠĢą ƒ ą(o)ą Ū ąProstitution.Š Ų*ę%1 ŠĢŠ  d,r'3 Š78.ą ƒ ąThe€Committee's€concluding€comments€address€structural€and€systemicŠ ņ Šgender€issues€that€affect€women's€enjoyment€of€their€human€rights.€€AmongŠ øĘ Šššfactors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€implementation€of€the€Covenantšš,€theŠ ~Œ ŠCommittee€has€identified€women's€Ō_ŌsocioŌ_ŌšMšeconomic€situation€rooted€inŠ DR Štraditional€practices,€and€discriminatory€practices€including€those€thatŠ   Šresult€from€longšMšstanding€cultural€prejudice,Ų>=Ų× ƒj ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś62Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀€It€has€also€identifiedŠ ŠŽ Šwomen's€subordinate€role€in€society€and€many€forms€of€discrimination€againstŠ – ¤ Šwomen€in€legislation€and€in€everyday€life€as€principal€subjects€of€concern.× ƒl ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś63Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׊ \ j ŠĢ79.ą ƒ ąWhile€many€issues€are€considered€on€a€casešMšbyšMšcase€basis,€regularŠ č ö  Šattention€is€given€to€issues€of€inequality€and€discrimination€with€regard€toŠ ® ¼  Šthe€right€to€equal€treatment€at€work,€including€with€regard€to€equal€access€toŠ t ‚  Šand€opportunities€in€work,€equal€remuneration€and€unemployment€rates;€× ƒm ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś64Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׊ :H  Štheright€to€education,€including€illiteracy€rates,€and€educationalŠ   Šachievement;× ƒp ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś65Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀and€violence€against€women,€especially€domestic€violence,Š ĘŌ  Šandharmful€traditional€practices.× ƒr ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś66Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׊ Œš  ŠĢą ƒ ą3.ą Ū ąņņGeneral€commentsóóŠ &  ŠĢ80.ą ƒ ąAs€at€the€end€of€the€seventeenth€session,€in€December€1997,€theŠ ¤² ŠCommittee€has€adopted€eight€general€comments,€several€of€which€analyse€factorsŠ jx Šrequiring€explicit€attention€from€a€gender€perspective.€€In€its€generalŠ 0> Šcomment€4€on€the€right€to€adequate€housing,€the€Committee€states:Š ö ŠĢą0 ƒ ąššThe€right€to€adequate€housing€applies€to€everyone.€€While€the€referenceŠ ‚ Što€'himself€and€his€family'€[in€article€11€(1)€of€the€Covenant]€reflectsŠ HV Šassumptions€as€to€gender€roles€and€economic€activity€patterns€commonlyŠ  Šaccepted€in€1966€when€the€Covenant€was€adopted,€the€phrase€cannot€beŠ Ōā Šread€today€as€implying€any€limitations€upon€the€applicability€of€theŠ šØ Šright€to€individuals€or€to€femalešMšheaded€households€or€other€suchŠ `n Šgroups.€€Thus,€the€concept€of€'family'€must€be€understood€in€a€wideŠ &4 Šsense.€€Further,€individuals,€as€well€as€families,€are€entitled€toŠ ģś Šadequate€housing,€regardless€of€age,€economic€status,€group€or€otherŠ ²Ą  Šaffiliation€or€status€and€other€such€factors.€€In€particular,€enjoymentŠ x†! Šof€this€right€must,€in€accordance€with€article€2€(2)€of€the€Covenant,Š >L" Šnot€be€subject€to€any€form€of€discrimination.ššŌ_Ō× ƒv ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś67Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ×Ō_ŌŠ #ƒŗ#ƒŗ# ŠĢ81.ą ƒ ąWhile€general€comment€4€discusses€aspects€such€as€legal€security€ofŠ !ž% Štenure€and€availability€of€services,€such€as€potable€water,€energy€forŠ V"d& Šcooking,€sanitation€and€washing€facilities€and€food€storage,€all€of€which€mayŠ #*' Šbe€of€particular€significance€to€women,€the€general€comment€does€not€elaborateŠ ā#š( Šon€any€particular€factors€or€concerns€that€arise€in€conjunction€with€women'sŠ Ø$¶) Šenjoyment€of€various€aspects€of€the€right€to€housing.Š n%| * ŠĢ82.ą ƒ ąGeneral€comment€5€elaborates,€ņņinteraliaóó,€the€relevance€of€article€3€ofŠ ś&", Šthe€International€Covenant€for€women€with€disabilities€stating€that:Š Ą'Ī"- ŠĢą0 ƒ ąšš...€persons€with€disabilities€are€sometimes€treated€as€Ō_ŌgenderlessŌ_Ō€humanŠ L)Z$/ Šbeings,€with€the€result€that€the€double€discrimination€suffered€by€womenŠ * %0 Šwith€disabilities€is€often€neglected€...šš.Ō_Ō× ƒx ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś68Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ×Ō_ŌŠŲ*ę%1ƒŗ#ƒŗ# ŠĢŠ  d,r'3 Š83.ą ƒ ąThe€Committee€is€also€in€the€process€of€elaborating€a€general€comment€onŠ ņ Šensuring€gender€equity€[ņņsicóó]€in€the€implementation€of€economic,€social€andŠ øĘ Šcultural€rights,€and€has€designated€two€of€its€members€to€take€the€lead€inŠ ~Œ Špreparing€a€draft.× ƒ| ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś69Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׊ DR ŠĢą ƒ ą4.ą0 Ū ąņņInteraction€with€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€ofŠ ŠŽ ŠDiscrimination€against€WomenóóŠ– ¤Ū ŗ#Ū ŗ# ŠĢ84.ą ƒ ąAt€its€sixth€session,€the€Committee€designated€one€of€its€members€toŠ " 0 Šfollow€the€work€of€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€againstŠ č ö  ŠWomen€on€a€regular€basis.Š ® ¼  ŠĢ85.ą ƒ ąThe€Committee€proceeds€under€specific€conditions€with€the€considerationŠ :H  Šof€the€state€of€implementation€of€the€Covenant€in€a€State€party€in€the€absenceŠ   Šof€a€report.€€When€applicable,€the€Committee€has€made€extensive€use€of€reportsŠ ĘŌ  Šwhich€such€States€parties€have€submitted€to€the€Committee€on€the€EliminationŠ Œš  Šof€Discrimination€against€Women.Ō_Ō× ƒ‚ ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś70Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ×Ō_ŌŠ R`  ŠĢą ƒ ą5.ą0 Ū ąņņNext€steps€for€the€Committee€on€Economic,€Social€and€CulturalŠ Žģ  ŠRightsó󊤲Ū ŗ#Ū ŗ# ŠĢ86.ą ƒ ąThe€Committee€regularly€addresses€many€genderšMšspecific€concerns€inŠ 0> Šconjunction€with€the€rights€protected€by€the€Covenant.€€In€its€statement€toŠ ö Šthe€Fourth€World€Conference€on€Women,€the€Committee€noted€that€the€CovenantŠ ¼Ź Šššconstitutes€an€indispensable€element€in€any€comprehensive€framework€for€theŠ ‚ Špromotion€and€protection€of€the€rights€of€womenšš.× ƒ… ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś71Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׊ HV ŠĢ87.ą ƒ ąIn€addition€to€issues€already€addressed,€the€Committee€could€considerŠ Ōā Šexamining€the€following:Š šØ ŠĢą ƒ ą(a)ą Ū ąThe€extent€to€which€the€Committee's€and€States€parties'€currentŠ &4 Šunderstanding€and€interpretation€of€the€rights€protected€by€the€InternationalŠ ģś ŠCovenant€covers,€or€might€fail€to€cover,€women's€experiences.€€For€example,Š ²Ą  Šthe€extent€to€which€the€understanding€of€the€right€to€work€and€the€rights€atŠ x†! Šwork€linked€to€it,€cover€many€forms€of€remunerated€and€Ō_ŌunremuneratedŌ_Ō€workŠ >L" Špredominantly€performed€by€women€in€the€formal€and€informal€sector€(work€inŠ  # Šfamily€enterprises,€agricultural€and€subsistence€work,€sex€work,€etc.);Š Ź Ų$ ŠĢą ƒ ą(b)ą Ū ąObstacles€to€women's€full€enjoyment€of€the€right€to€work,€such€asŠ V"d& Šsexual€harassment,€childšMšcare€needs,€family€and€caring€responsibilities;Š #*' ŠĢą ƒ ą(c)ą Ū ąThe€extent€to€which€social€security€and€social€assistance€rightsŠ Ø$¶) Šare€responsive€to€women's€forms€of€work€and€explicitly€take€into€considerationŠ n%| * Šwomen's€greater€vulnerability€to€loss€of€employment€and€interruptedŠ 4&B!+ Šemployment,€health€issues€of€women€and€other€family€members,€loss€of€familyŠ ś&", Šmembers€who€provide€monetary€support€to€the€family;Š Ą'Ī"- ŠĢą ƒ ą(d)ą Ū ąThe€extent€to€which€women's€marital€status€affects€their€de€factoŠ L)Z$/ Šaccess€to€work€and€opportunities€at€work,€including€women's€childšMšbearingŠ * %0 Šfunction;Š Ų*ę%1 ŠĢą ƒ ą(e)ą Ū ąThe€extent€to€which€various€forms€of€violence€against€women,Š d,r'3 Šincluding€domestic€violence€and€sexual€harassment,€impact€on€women's€abilityŠ *-8(4 Što€enjoy€the€rights€provided€for€in€the€International€Covenant,€such€as€theirŠ ņ Šright€freely€to€choose€or€accept€gainful€employment,€or€the€right€to€adequateŠ øĘ Šhousing.Š ~Œ ŠĢ88.ą ƒ ąIn€preparing€a€new€general€comment€on€article€3,€the€Committee€has€theŠ   Šopportunity€to€explicitly€link€the€obligation€of€article€3€with€all€the€otherŠ ŠŽ Šsubstantive€provisions€of€the€Covenant,€and€thus€to€develop€an€understandingŠ – ¤ Šof€every€provision€of€the€Covenant€that€identifies€issues€of€special€relevanceŠ \ j Što€women€and€which€may€not€have€been€given€sufficient€attention.Š " 0 ŠĢą@¢ ¢ rąE.€€ņņCommittee€on€the€Rights€of€the€ChildóóˆŠ ® ¼  ŠĢ89.ą ƒ ąThe€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child,€adopted€in€1989,€is€the€onlyŠ :H  Šone€of€the€major€international€human€rights€instruments€currently€in€forceŠ   Šthat€consistently€uses€both€masculine€and€feminine€pronouns€throughout€andŠ ĘŌ  Šmakes€it€explicit€that€the€rights€apply€equally€to€female€and€male€children.€Š Œš  ŠThe€Convention€also€confers€certain€benefits€upon€women€where€they€areŠ R`  Šintegral€to€the€enjoyment€of€rights€by€children,€such€as€in€article€24,€whichŠ &  Šobliges€States€parties€to€take€all€appropriate€measures€to€provide€prenatalŠ Žģ  Šand€postšMšnatal€care€for€expectant€mothers,€education€relating,€ņņinteraliaóó,€toŠ ¤² Šthe€advantages€of€breastfeeding€and€family€planning€education€and€services.€Š jx ŠFurthermore,€article€18€of€the€Convention€recognizes€the€upbringing€ofŠ 0> Šchildren€as€a€common€responsibility€of€both€parents.Š ö ŠĢą ƒ ą1.ą0 Ū ąņņFollowšMšup€to€the€chairpersons'€recommendationsó󊂐Ū ŗ#Ū ŗ# ŠĢ90.ą ƒ ąThe€comprehensive€reporting€guidelines€of€the€Committee€on€the€Rights€ofŠ  Šthe€Child€include€sex€as€one€of€the€grounds€wherever€a€request€is€made€forŠ Ōā ŠŌ_ŌdisaggregatedŌ_Ō€data.€€They€also€contain€an€umbrella€clause€requesting€StatesŠ šØ Šparties€to€provide€information€Ō_ŌdisaggregatedŌ_Ō€by€sex€on€the€situation€ofŠ `n Šparticular€groups€of€children€and€in€relation€to€a€number€of€articles.€€ItsŠ &4 Šguidelines€for€periodic€reports€also€request€information€on€measures€taken€toŠ ģś Šeliminate€discrimination€against€the€girl€child,€in€followšMšup€to€the€BeijingŠ ²Ą  ŠPlatform€for€Action.€€The€guidelines€do€not,€however,€contain€a€generalŠ x†! Šrequest€for€data€Ō_ŌdisaggregatedŌ_Ō€by€sex€for€all€provisions€of€the€Convention,€orŠ >L" Šsystematically€ask€for€such€information€in€conjunction€with€all€articles.€Š  # ŠThey€also€do€not€identify€situations€where€girl€children€may€be€subject€toŠ Ź Ų$ Šparticular€forms€of€violations€of€rights.Š !ž% ŠĢą ƒ ą2.ą Ū ąņņConstructive€dialogue€and€concluding€commentsóóŠ #*' ŠĢ91.ą ƒ ąThe€Committee€has€incorporated€gender€concerns€in€its€dialogue€withŠ Ø$¶) ŠStates€parties€since€its€first€session€in€1991.€€The€lists€of€issues€and€theŠ n%| * Šoral€questions€raised€during€consideration€of€States€parties€reportsŠ 4&B!+ Šincreasingly€reflect€a€gender€perspective.Š ś&", ŠĢ92.ą ƒ ąThe€following€issues€of€particular€relevance€to€the€girl€child€have€beenŠ †(”#. Šaddressed€by€the€Committee:Š L)Z$/ ŠĢą ƒ ą(a)ą Ū ąLegal€and€de€facto€equality€of€girls€and€measures€taken€to€ensureŠ Ų*ę%1 Šequal€rights€to€girls;Š ž+¬&2 Šā āŠ d,r'3 Šą ƒ ą(b)ą Ū ąDiscriminatory€and€stereotypical€attitudes,€prejudices€andŠ ņ Šā āpractices€towards€girls;Š øĘ ŠĢą ƒ ą(c)ą Ū ąMarriage€age,€especially€early€marriage€age€of€girls,€forcedŠ DR Šmarriage;Š   ŠĢą ƒ ą(d)ą Ū ąViolence€against€girls,€including€traditional€practices€harmful€toŠ – ¤ Šgirls€and€women,€female€genital€mutilation,€sexual€abuse,€incest,€trafficking,Š \ j Šsexual€exploitation,€girl€servants,€bride€price,€female€prenatal€sexŠ " 0 Šselection,€rape€and€impunity€for€rape€when€followed€by€marriage;Š č ö  ŠĢą ƒ ą(e)ą Ū ąChild€prostitution,€child€pornography;Š t ‚  ŠĢą ƒ ą(f)ą Ū ąGirls'€health,€including€family€planning€education,€abortionŠ   Šrates,€clandestine€abortions,€high€mortality€rates€for€girls,€lack€of€accessŠ ĘŌ  Što€health€care€and€reproductive€health€care;Š Œš  ŠĢą ƒ ą(g)ą Ū ąTeenage€pregnancy€rates;Š &  ŠĢą ƒ ą(h)ą Ū ąEducation€and€literacy€rates€of€girls,€school€retention€andŠ ¤² ŠdropšMšout€rates;Š jx ŠĢą ƒ ą(Ō_ŌiŌ_Ō)ą Ū ąInheritance€rights€of€girls;Š ö ŠĢą ƒ ą(j)ą Ū ąGirl€child€labour;Š ‚ ŠĢą ƒ ą(k)ą Ū ąThe€situation€of€girls€in€single€parent,€femalešMšheaded€households;Š  ŠĢą ƒ ą(l)ą Ū ąMaternal€health€care,€including€prenatal€services,€breastfeeding,Š šØ Špaid€maternity€leave.Š `n ŠĢ93.ą ƒ ąWhile€the€Committee€addresses€a€variety€of€issues€on€a€casešMšbyšMšcaseŠ ģś Šbasis,€the€issues€most€commonly€addressed€are€girls'€early€marriage€age;Š ²Ą  Šearly/teenage€pregnancy;€the€low€status€of€girls€in€society;€adverse€healthŠ x†! Špractices;€sexual€abuse€and€exploitation;€educational€opportunities€for€girls;Š >L" Šand€family€planning€education€and€services.Š  # ŠĢą ƒ ą3.ą Ū ąņņGeneral€commentsóóŠ !ž% ŠĢ94.ą ƒ ąThe€Committee€does€not€adopt€general€comments€or€recommendations.€Š #*' ŠInstead,€it€holds€regular€ššgeneral€discussion€daysšš,€during€which€thematicŠ ā#š( Šissues€are€considered.€€The€situation€of€the€girl€child€has€been€considered€inŠ Ø$¶) Ša€number€of€different€contexts,€including€economic€exploitation€and€theŠ n%| * Šfamily.€€The€Committee€also€devoted€its€general€discussion€day€at€itsŠ 4&B!+ Šeighthsession€(1995)€to€the€topic€of€the€girl€child€as€part€of€theŠ ś&", Špreparations€for€the€Fourth€World€Conference€on€Women.× ƒ† ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś72Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀€In€1997,€theŠ Ą'Ī"- ŠCommittee€held€general€discussions€on€traditional€practices€detrimental€to€theŠ †(”#. Šhealth€of€women€and€children,€in€particular€female€genital€mutilation,€and€onŠ L)Z$/ Štraditional€attitudes€and€stereotypes€and€the€special€situation€of,Š * %0 Šņņinteraliaóó,€the€girl€child,€child€victims€of€sexual€abuse€and€exploitationŠ Ų*ę%1 Šandrefugee€children.Š ž+¬&2 Šā āŠ d,r'3 Šą ƒ ą4.ą0 Ū ąņņInteraction€with€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€ofŠ ņ Šā āDiscrimination€against€WomenóóŠøĘŪ ŗ#Ū ŗ# ŠĢ95.ą ƒ ąThe€Committee€has€designated€one€of€its€members€to€follow€on€a€regularŠ DR Šbasis€the€work€of€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€againstŠ   ŠWomen.€€In€November€1996,€a€first€joint€meeting€took€place€in€Cairo€betweenŠ ŠŽ Šmembers€of€the€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€and€the€Committee€on€theŠ – ¤ ŠElimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women€to€discuss€working€methods€and€theŠ \ j Šdevelopment€of€concrete€social€indicators€on€child€rights€and€women's€rights.€Š " 0 ŠA€workshop€to€examine€ways€to€coordinate€action€to€promote€the€two€conventionsŠ č ö  Šwas€also€held.€€The€UnitedNations€Children's€Fund€has€convened€severalŠ ® ¼  Šmeetings€to€address€issues€of€common€interest€in€the€framework€of€theŠ t ‚  ŠConvention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€and€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€ofŠ :H  ŠAll€Forms€of€Discrimination€against€Women.× ƒˆ ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś73Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׊   ŠĢą ƒ ą5.ą Ū ąņņNext€steps€for€the€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€the€ChildóóŠ Œš  ŠĢ96.ą ƒ ąSome€of€the€further€issues€the€Committee€could€consider€include€theŠ &  Šfollowing:Š Žģ  ŠĢą ƒ ą(a)ą Ū ąReproductive€rights€of€girls,€including€access€to€family€planningŠ jx Šand€contraception,€and€information€thereon;Š 0> ŠĢą ƒ ą(b)ą Ū ąJuvenile€justice€issues€affecting€girls,€including€issues€relatingŠ ¼Ź Što€abortion;Š ‚ ŠĢą ƒ ą(c)ą Ū ąNeeds€of€particular€groups€of€girls,€such€as€refugee€and€displacedŠ  Šgirls;Š Ōā ŠĢą ƒ ą(d)ą Ū ąHealth€rights€of€girls,€including€nutrition,€protection€fromŠ `n ŠsexuallyšMštransmitted€diseases,€human€Ō_ŌimmunodeficiencyŌ_Ō€virus/acquired€immuneŠ &4 Šdeficiency€syndrome€(HIV/AIDS);Š ģś ŠĢą ƒ ą(e)ą Ū ąThe€situation€of€working€girls,€including€conditions€of€work,Š x†! Šforced€labour/slavery,€protection€from€exploitation€and€sex€work.Š >L" ŠĢą@RR#rąIV.€€CONCLUSIONSˆŠ Ź Ų$ ŠĢ97.ą ƒ ąThe€review€of€the€work€of€the€five€mainstream€treaty€bodies€in€theŠ V"d& Šfiveyears€since€the€adoption€of€the€Vienna€Declaration€and€Programme€ofŠ #*' ŠAction€indicates€that€attention€to€the€situation€of€women€in€the€framework€ofŠ ā#š( Šguarantees€of€equal€enjoyment€of€rights€and€of€non„discrimination€is€beingŠ Ø$¶) Šbroadly€achieved,€and€thus€the€mandate€of€the€Vienna€Declaration€and€ProgrammeŠ n%| * Šof€Action€is€being€implemented€to€some€extent.€€This€is€exemplified€in€areasŠ 4&B!+ Šsuch€as€discrimination€against€women€in€education€or€employment,€or€women'sŠ ś&", Šrights€in€marriage€and€the€family.€€There€is€also€growing€attention€toŠ Ą'Ī"- Šsituations€that€are€specific€to€women,€in€particular€violence€against€women€inŠ †(”#. Šits€many€manifestations.€€However,€the€impact€of€these€specific€situations€ofŠ L)Z$/ Šwomen€on€the€enjoyment€of€other€rights€protected€under€the€same€instrumentŠ * %0 Š(e.g.,€freedom€of€movement,€or€work„related€rights)€remain€to€be€furtherŠ Ų*ę%1 Šdeveloped.€Š ž+¬&2 Šā āŠ d,r'3 Š98.ą ƒ ąAwareness€of€the€Ō_ŌgenderedŌ_Ō€nature€of€human€rights€is€developing€(forŠ ņ Šā āexample€in€elaborating€gender€factors€of€the€right€to€life,€or€identificationŠ øĘ Šof€certain€measures€that€lead€to€discrimination€against€a€specified€group€ofŠ ~Œ Šwomen),€but€there€is€not€yet€a€clear€acknowledgement€or€understanding€thatŠ DR Šgender€is€an€important€dimension€in€defining€the€substantive€nature€of€rights.€Š   ŠThis€remains€particularly€so€in€a€context€where€an€explicit€non„discriminationŠ ŠŽ Šguarantee€is€absent,€such€as€in€the€conceptualization€of€torture€or€of€genderŠ – ¤ Šaspects€in€racial€discrimination.€€Even€where€non„discrimination€guarantees€ofŠ \ j Šhuman€rights€are€monitored,€the€Ō_ŌgenderedŌ_Ō€nature€of€the€rights€themselvesŠ " 0 Šremain€largely€to€be€explored€(for€example€with€regard€to€defining€the€rightŠ č ö  Što€ššworkšš,€ššhousingšš,€an€ššadequate€standard€of€livingšš,€ššfreedom€of€movementššŠ ® ¼  Šor€ššfreedom€of€expressionšš).€€Human€rights€treaty€bodies€can€make€a€majorŠ t ‚  Šcontribution€in€this€regard€through€their€constructive€dialogue€with€StatesŠ :H  Šparties€to€assess€compliance€with€treaty€obligations€and€through€theŠ   Šinterpretation€of€human€rights€norms€in€general€comments/recommendations€andŠ ĘŌ  Šjurisprudence€on€the€basis€of€individual€complaints.€€Š Œš  ŠĢ99.ą ƒ ąStates€parties'€obligations€to€prevent€and€redress€violations€of€women'sŠ &  Šrights€by€private€persons,€such€as€husbands€or€employers,€also€need€to€beŠ Žģ  Šfurther€clarified€and€expanded.€€Women's€different€life€experiences,€both€inŠ ¤² Šprivate€and€in€public€life,€such€as€in€employment,€education€or€politicalŠ jx Šlife,€need€to€be€assessed€more€explicitly€to€identify€obstacles€to€theŠ 0> Šenjoyment€of€rights.€€In€this€regard,€treaty€bodies€have€an€opportunity€toŠ ö Šbring€greater€clarity€to€States€parties'€obligations€to€respect,€protect,€andŠ ¼Ź Špromote€and€fulfil€human€rights€for€all.€Š ‚ ŠĢ100.ą ƒ ąThere€is€also€a€need€to€strengthen€the€understanding€of€women'sŠ  Šenjoyment€of€rights€in€the€context€and€within€the€scope€of€particularŠ Ōā Štreaties.€€While€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€RacialŠ šØ ŠDiscrimination€and€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€orŠ `n ŠDegrading€Treatment€or€Punishment€may€have€apparent€limitations€in€this€regardŠ &4 Šas€they€do€not€refer€specifically€to€their€application€without€distinction€onŠ ģś Šthe€basis€of€sex,€they,€like€the€other€treaties,€are€grounded€in€the€UniversalŠ ²Ą  ŠDeclaration€of€Human€Rights.€€In€this€regard,€rather€than€assessing€theŠ x†! Šsituation€of€women€per€se€and€Ō_ŌfocusingŌ_Ō€on€women„specific€issues,€treaty€bodiesŠ >L" Šhave€the€opportunity€to€assess€enjoyment€of€rights€and€of€factors€andŠ  # Šdifficulties€impeding€implementation€of€rights€for€women€and€men,Š Ź Ų$ Šrespectively,€within€the€scope€of€a€particular€treaty.€€For€example,€anŠ !ž% Šassessment€of€the€overall€situation€of€women€in€a€reporting€State€under€theŠ V"d& ŠConvention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€Racial€Discrimination€arguablyŠ #*' Šgoes€beyond€the€scope€of€the€Convention,€but€assessing€factors€that€mightŠ ā#š( Šconstitute€additional€obstacles€to€women€of€a€specified€racial€group€and€notŠ Ø$¶) Šencountered€by€women€of€another€group€would€be€within€the€Committee'sŠ n%| * Šresponsibilities.€€A€particular€study€of€the€intersection€of€race€and€genderŠ 4&B!+ Šcould€assist€in€clarifying€these€factors.€Š ś&", ŠĢ101.ą ƒ ąIn€their€reporting€guidelines,€general€comments€and€concludingŠ †(”#. Šobservations/comments,€several€treaty€bodies€require€that€data€and€informationŠ L)Z$/ Šbe€Ō_ŌdisaggregatedŌ_Ō€by€sex.€€Such€information€can€greatly€facilitate€aŠ * %0 Šprimafacie€assessment€of€the€position€of€women€and€men€with€regard€toŠ Ų*ę%1 Šparticular€rights€or€issues€and€thus€give€an€initial€indication€of€differenceŠ ž+¬&2 Šand€potential€disadvantage.€€While€remedying€the€lack€of€such€data€is€Š  d,r'3 Šprimarily€a€responsibility€of€States€parties,€the€explicit€request€for€suchŠ ņ Šdata€and€related€analysis€by€the€Committees€may€provide€an€incentive€forŠ øĘ ŠGovernments€to€provide€such€information€in€a€more€systematic€manner.€€Š ~Œ ŠĢą@  rąV.€€RECOMMENDATIONS€FOR€FURTHER€ACTIONˆŠ   ŠĢ102.ą ƒ ąThe€human€rights€treaty€bodies€have€specific€functions€within€theŠ – ¤ Šoverall€human€rights€activities€of€the€United€Nations.€€Strategies€for€furtherŠ \ j Šstrengthening€gender€Ō_ŌmainstreamingŌ_Ō€need€to€take€these€into€account,€includingŠ " 0 Šin€terms€of€accountability.€€Progress€requires€action€in€several€differentŠ č ö  Šareas.€€The€following€recommendations€are€addressed€primarily€to€the€treatyŠ ® ¼  Šbodies€themselves,€but€also€to€States€parties,€the€Committee€secretariats,Š t ‚  Šentities€of€the€UnitedNations€system€and€nonšMšgovernmental€organizations.€Š :H  ŠĢ103.ą ƒ ąThe€explicit€commitment€of€the€Committees€to€contributing€to€theŠ ĘŌ  Šachievement€of€gender€equality€is€a€first€prerequisite,€and€is€expressed€inŠ Œš  Šactions€already€taken€by€most€of€the€treaty€bodies€in€follow„up€to€the€ViennaŠ R`  ŠDeclaration€and€Programme€of€Action,€the€Fourth€World€Conference€on€Women€andŠ &  Šthe€recommendations€of€the€chairpersons.€€To€different€degrees,€such€steps€andŠ Žģ  Šmeasures€remain€of€an€ad€hoc€nature€and€indicate€that€there€are€differingŠ ¤² Šviews€within€and€among€the€Committees€of€the€appropriateness€of€such€actions.€Š jx ŠThere€remains€a€need€for€ongoing€discussion€by€the€treaty€bodies€on€theŠ 0> Šrelevance€of€gender€in€international€human€rights€law€so€that€efforts€can€beŠ ö Šsystematized€and€gender€Ō_ŌmainstreamingŌ_Ō€can€proceed€in€a€predictable€andŠ ¼Ź Šsustained€manner.€€Š ‚ ŠĢ104.ą ƒ ąIt€is€recommended€that€treaty€bodies€review€actions€already€taken€withŠ  Šregard€to€the€amendment€of€reporting€guidelines,€the€preparation€of€lists€ofŠ Ōā Šissues€and€of€concluding€comments/observations,€to€ensure€that€explicitŠ šØ Šattention€is€paid,€in€a€systematic€manner,€to€gender€dimensions€in€theŠ `n Šconsideration€of€the€reports€of€States€parties.€€Treaty€bodies€could€alsoŠ &4 Šadopt€explicit€decisions€on€Ō_ŌmainstreamingŌ_Ō€and€identify€specific€gender„relatedŠ ģś Šfacts€to€guide€their€work,€for€example€in€their€generalŠ ²Ą  Šcomments/recommendations.€€€Š x†! ŠĢ105.ą ƒ ąIn€requesting€data€and€information€Ō_ŌdisaggregatedŌ_Ō€by€sex,€and€specificŠ  # Šinformation€with€regard€to€the€situation€of€women€in€reporting€guidelines,Š Ź Ų$ Šlists€of€issues€and€during€oral€questioning€it€is€recommended€that€this€be€notŠ !ž% Šlimited€to€separate,€women„specific€sections€or€presented€primarily€inŠ V"d& Šconjunction€with€women's€reproductive€functions€or€responsibilities€forŠ #*' Šchildren.€€Rather,€a€Ō_ŌmainstreamingŌ_Ō€approach€requires€that€particular€rightsŠ ā#š( Šand€measures€taken€for€their€implementation€be€assessed€with€regard€to€women'sŠ Ø$¶) Šand€men's€ability€to€benefit€from€these€rights€and€the€particular€measuresŠ n%| * Štaken€for€their€implementation.€€Interaction€with€States€parties€concerningŠ 4&B!+ Šsuch€information,€in€the€lists€of€issues€and€in€the€oral€questions€should€beŠ ś&", Špursued€in€a€more€systematic€manner.€Š Ą'Ī"- ŠĢ106.ą ƒ ąThe€language€used€by€Committees€is€also€relevant.€€Consistent€use€ofŠ L)Z$/ Šmasculine€pronouns€or€of€situations€primarily€experienced€by€men€suggests€lackŠ * %0 Šof€concern€for€women's€enjoyment€of€human€rights.€€Š Ų*ę%1 ŠĢ107.ą ƒ ąDrawing€explicit€linkages€between€incompatibility€of€certain€actions€orŠ d,r'3 Šdenial€of€rights€for€women€and€rights€in€specific€treaties€is€essential€toŠ *-8(4 Šclarify€the€meaning€of€human€rights€from€a€gender€perspective.€€ToŠ ņ Šconceptualize,€for€example,€a€certain€law€or€practice€as€a€violation€of€theŠ øĘ ŠInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€under€article€12€(freedomŠ ~Œ Šof€movement)€from€a€gender€perspective€rather€than€as€a€non„fulfilment€ofŠ DR Šarticle€3€allows€for€recognition€of€systemic€disadvantage€encountered€by€womenŠ   Šregarding€that€particular€right.€€This€goes€beyond€an€assessment€of€the€equalŠ ŠŽ Šenjoyment€guarantee€of€article€3.€€In€other€words,€article€3€assessments€aloneŠ – ¤ Šwill€not€necessarily€reveal,€from€a€substantive€point€of€view,€the€Ō_ŌgenderedŌ_ŌŠ \ j Šmeaning€and€obligations€of€article€12.€€In€this€regard,€the€work€of€the€HumanŠ " 0 ŠRights€Committee€in€conjunction€with€women's€rights€under€articles€6€and€7Š č ö  Šsets€an€example€that€could€be€expanded€to€other€articles€of€the€Covenant€andŠ ® ¼  Šwidely€considered€by€all€treaty€bodies.€€€€€€Š t ‚  ŠĢ108.ą ƒ ąIn€addition€to€the€efforts€of€the€Committees€to€elaborate€generalŠ   Šcomments/recommendations€or€conduct€general€discussions€on€specific€articlesŠ ĘŌ  Šor€issues€of€particular€relevance€to€women€and€the€girl€child,€the€CommitteesŠ Œš  Šshould€also€address€gender€factors€and€issues€arising€in€conjunction€withŠ R`  Šother€rights.€€The€formulation€of€general€comments€on€common€article€3€of€theŠ &  Štwo€International€Covenants€offers€the€opportunity€for€a€comprehensiveŠ Žģ  Šelaboration€of€the€meaning€of€this€article€in€conjunction€with€all€otherŠ ¤² Šsubstantive€articles€of€the€Covenants.€€The€ongoing€work€of€treaty€bodies€inŠ jx Špreparing€and/or€updating€general€comments/recommendations€also€offersŠ 0> Šopportunities€to€incorporate€new€insights€on€the€impact€of€gender€on€theŠ ö Šinterpretation€of€all€the€other€substantive€articles€of€the€treaties€and€theirŠ ¼Ź Šimplementation.€€The€recent€work€of€some€of€the€Committees€suggests€that€aŠ ‚ Šrevisiting€of€past€general€comments/recommendations€(for€example€of€generalŠ HV Šcomment€6€on€article€6,€or€20€on€article€7€by€the€Human€Rights€Committee)Š  Šwould€be€timely.€€Š Ōā ŠĢ109.ą ƒ ąTreaty€bodies€could€consider€whether€mechanisms€such€as€early€warningŠ `n Šprocedures€and€inquiry€mechanisms€might€provide€further€opportunities€forŠ &4 Šreviewing€situations€characterized€by€serious€gender„based€violations€ofŠ ģś Šrights.€€For€example,€human€rights€mechanisms,€including€special€rapporteurs,Š ²Ą  Šreported€on€gender„based€violations€of€the€rights€of€women€belonging€toŠ x†! Šcertain€ethnic€and/or€religious€groups€at€various€stages€of€the€conflict€inŠ >L" Šthe€former€Yugoslavia.€€This,€or€similar€occurrences,€might€provideŠ  # Šopportunities€for€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Racial€Discrimination€toŠ Ź Ų$ Šmonitor€gender„specific€violations€under€its€early€warning€mechanism.€€Š !ž% ŠĢ110.ą ƒ ąThe€establishment€of€joint€working€groups,€or€cooperation€amongŠ #*' ŠCommittee€members€designated€to€prepare€drafts€for€generalŠ ā#š( Šcomments/recommendations€with€members€of€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€ofŠ Ø$¶) ŠDiscrimination€against€Women€could€be€pursued.€€In€conjunction,€the€parallelŠ n%| * Šdrafting€of€general€comments/recommendations€on€articles€7€and€8€by€theŠ 4&B!+ ŠCommittee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women€and€article€25€byŠ ś&", Šthe€Human€Rights€Committee,€and€ongoing€work€on€article€12€by€the€Committee€onŠ Ą'Ī"- Šthe€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women€and€article€12€by€theŠ †(”#. ŠCommittee€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights,€offered€opportunities€forŠ L)Z$/ Šincreasing€such€cooperation.€€General€awareness€about€ongoing€work€on€generalŠ * %0 Šcomments/recommendations€should€therefore€be€increased.€€When€scheduling€daysŠ Ų*ę%1 Šof€general€discussion,€Committees€could€encourage€the€participation€ofŠ ž+¬&2 Špersons/organizations€having€particular€expertise€on€the€gender€dimensions€of€Š  d,r'3 Šthe€topic.€€Meetings€of€members€from€all€treaty€bodies€on€particular€rights,Š ņ Šsuch€as€the€round€table€on€ššHuman€Rights€Approaches€to€Women's€HealthššŠ øĘ Š(para.11€above)€could€be€replicated.€€Š ~Œ ŠĢ111.ą ƒ ąTreaty€bodies€have€strengthened€their€cooperation€with€nonšMšgovernmentalŠ   Šorganizations€(Ō_ŌNGOsŌ_Ō),€and€increased€opportunities€to€submit€gender„specificŠ ŠŽ Šinformation€relating€to€States€parties'€reports.€€While€women„specific€Ō_ŌNGOsŌ_ŌŠ – ¤ Šhave€in€recent€years€increased€their€input€to€the€work€of€some€of€the€treatyŠ \ j Šbodies,€and€thus€contributed€to€their€ability€to€focus€on€gender€factors,€thisŠ " 0 Šhas€not€been€done€in€the€same,€sustained€way€with€all€the€treaty€bodies.€Š č ö  ŠEfforts€are€therefore€needed€on€the€part€of€womenšMšspecific€Ō_ŌNGOsŌ_Ō€to€provideŠ ® ¼  Šsuch€gender„specific€input€to€the€work€of€all€treaty€bodies.€€Efforts€are€alsoŠ t ‚  Šneeded€to€improve€awareness€on€the€part€of€Ō_ŌNGOsŌ_Ō€working€in€the€field€of€humanŠ :H  Šrights,€some€of€whom€have€recently€begun€to€develop€an€interest€in€women'sŠ   Šhuman€rights,€about€the€relevance€of€gender€issues€in€their€work.€€Š ĘŌ  ŠĢ112.ą ƒ ąIn€order€to€strengthen€the€knowledge€base€about€the€impact€of€gender€onŠ R`  Šthe€conceptualization€and€implementation€of€human€rights,€treaty€bodies€couldŠ &  Šcall€on€their€secretariats€to€commission,€and€on€Ō_ŌNGOsŌ_Ō€and€the€academicŠ Žģ  Šcommunity€to€undertake,€studies€that€would€contribute€to€the€clarification€ofŠ ¤² Šthe€gender€dimensions€of€rights.€€Such€studies€might,€for€example,€explore€theŠ jx Šintersection€of€race€and€gender€in€the€context€of€the€Convention€on€theŠ 0> ŠElimination€of€All€Forms€of€Racial€Discrimination.Š ö ŠĢ113.ą ƒ ąCooperation€between€the€five€mainstream€treaty€bodies€and€the€Office€ofŠ ‚ Šthe€UnitedNations€High€Commissioner€for€Human€Rights€on€the€one€hand,€and€theŠ HV Šwomen„specific€treaty€body€and€the€Division€for€the€Advancement€of€Women,€onŠ  Šthe€other,€is€important.€€To€that€end,€the€Office€of€the€UnitedNationsŠ Ōā ŠHighCommissioner€for€Human€Rights,€in€collaboration€with€the€Division€for€theŠ šØ ŠAdvancement€of€Women,€should,€in€a€more€systematic€manner,€bring€to€theŠ `n Šattention€of€treaty€bodies€the€results€of€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€ofŠ &4 ŠDiscrimination€against€Women.€€Information€on€the€practices€of€mainstreamŠ ģś Šhuman€rights€treaty€bodies,€as€well€as€their€concluding€comments,€is€regularlyŠ ²Ą  Šprovided€to€the€Committee€by€its€secretariat.€€The€converse€should€also€beŠ x†! Šdone.€€The€lists€of€issues€for€reporting€States€should€also€be€exchanged.€Š >L" ŠBriefings€could€be€organized€on€a€regular€basis€for€new€members€of€CommitteesŠ  # Šon€gender€issues€and€on€relevant€work€done€elsewhere€in€the€UnitedNationsŠ Ź Ų$ Šsystem.€€Channels€of€communication€should€be€established€between€members€ofŠ !ž% Šthe€mainstream€treaty€bodies€designated€to€follow€the€work€of€the€Committee€onŠ V"d& Šthe€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women€and€its€secretariat€toŠ #*' Šfacilitate€the€regular€provision€of€information€to€them.€€The€names€ofŠ ā#š( Šdesignated€members€should€be€communicated€to€the€relevant€secretariat.€Š Ø$¶) ŠĢ114.ą ƒ ąEfforts€should€be€undertaken€to€improve€normative€consistency€among€theŠ 4&B!+ Štreaty€bodies€in€concluding€comments€and€general€comments/recommendations.€Š ś&", ŠPending€the€completion€of€readily€accessible€databases€on€the€jurisprudence€ofŠ Ą'Ī"- Šall€of€the€treaty€bodies,€the€secretariats€of€the€treaty€bodies€should€provideŠ †(”#. Špertinent€background€information.€€The€appointment€of€Committee€members€toŠ L)Z$/ Šfollow€the€work€of€other€treaty€bodies€and€to€provide€regular€briefs€thereonŠ * %0 Šcould€also€be€pursued€to€facilitate€achievement€of€this€goal.€€€Š Ų*ę%1 ŠĢ115.ą ƒ ąProposals€that€treaty€bodies,€in€cooperation€with€each€other,€prepareŠ d,r'3 Šreporting€guidelines€for€each€of€the€instruments€indicating€what€materialŠ *-8(4 Šprepared€for€the€purpose€of€one€instrument€might€satisfy€the€requirements€forŠ ņ Šinformation€under€particular€articles€of€another€instrument€should€be€pursued.€Š øĘ ŠBuilding€on€the€core€documents€that€are€already€being€prepared€by€many€StatesŠ ~Œ Šparties,€this€could€lead€to€the€preparation€of€ššmodules€of€informationšš€forŠ DR Šinclusion€in€reports€to€each€relevant€treaty€body.€€Š   ŠĢ116.ą ƒ ąEntities€of€the€United€Nations€system€should€build€on€the€currentŠ – ¤ Špractice€of€submitting€information€to€treaty€bodies€and€submit€genderšMšspecificŠ \ j Šinformation€within€the€scope€of€the€respective€treaty.Š " 0 ŠĢ117.ą ƒ ąStates€parties€should€provide€information€Ō_ŌdisaggregatedŌ_Ō€by€sex€to€allŠ ® ¼  Štreaty€bodies€and€should€prepare€their€reports€in€a€genderšMšsensitive€way,Š t ‚  Šensuring€that€the€factors€women€encounter€in€the€enjoyment€of€rights€are€madeŠ :H  Šexplicit.× ƒg ׯ ƒ8$ÓŻņņŚ  Ś74Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀€Information€submitted€to€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€ofŠ   ŠDiscrimination€against€Women€should€be€adapted€more€systematically€andŠ ĘŌ  Šsubmitted€to€other€treaty€bodies€under€relevant€articles.Š Œš  ŠĢĢą@xx)rąņņNotesóóˆŠ Žģ  ŠĢÓO`"ōČÓŠ jl ŠŠ ņ ŠŠ ņ ŠŠ ņ ŠŠ ņ Š¹ÓņR'ÓŌ_ŌĢĢą@__)rąšMššMššMššMššMšˆŠ Ž(R ŠĢĢĢĢĢŠ ‚-ö  Š‡ĢĢĢĢ