ÿWPC¦  s[¥•…û“‰í­ µœ¼5Ðq¸Hn=cýÖ>;ˆäC_0ù¡æ§hxèÕ‰\´h¢ùV#týMíèS5K’•»¸ÕŸ’/ýŠGjØF‘7à!2þ0Õ`Íódîú‚w(ÃORñ}.òÒBr¬\O³¸Ô=7â±ÅŠJ€1Ø:ê<³.¶®ÉÔxª$üJHà=ßóûÀçŒÁ vÂ:„©vÈ ŽˆãÜS¡|ò­¢íSÏ$+o_w»‡ÿñzÙg ²Cp\_&^rwß–lÎD¯ñèu‡Á£»=!A<¸»!¡ ìð‰>ÐïA}v]ªœo¨²šÊtìÓÃñDû‡ùKŒ"“=¼\z¯:ù¸ÚX×/¥Àr¼L©$¬+ôÚÏœîÝ_u†êãž¹GÂös!¶žÀµ¾Â(³ug· öMÔŠX‘ *ÁöwóI®™Rc¦éhR¨/×B^¥äE˜á€Ê¨ÊsZ±Õ›ˆ ÙxugÇoiªï*¶à5ôÿöÒ‡ÞÂÊ|IP©vÊ–âÍv6¢?xúŠˆñ@^®ùÑV‰¬(ªe*þ®÷\ gFÐÓ•/{cD‰V6JD]”õöj„ª>ÏÖ®¶?C¡.q[#ÉúUNà % 0: 1mQ f¾ ^ À wÌ 4Ð ä ó mõ a f a" f6 a8 fL aN fb ad fx az z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z BŽ Ž Ž 0=« « 0¾è ˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PSÈÚØÚÚØÈÚ0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(üœ$¡¡ÔUSUS.,Ô$ÿÿ35;CKQYag11.(a)(i)a.(1)(a)i)a)t°Ç¡\.— Ñ~T.GÜBD3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀTABLE ATABLE B¸‹TABLE CèTABLE DDTABLE ETABLE F d(ÿÿ$Ú  ÚÚ  Ú(z2-F$¤¤Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÓ…+ÓÔ€çPXXXÔÒ°°ÒÒ°°Ò€€€€€Ú  Ú0Ú  Ú€Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô€€Ô_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/1998/I/4€(1998)Ð ° Ðó óÌÌÓ  ÓDistr.€GENERALÐ tÄ ÐÌÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/1998/I/4Ð L œ Ð24€December€1997Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌORIGINAL:€€ENGLISHÐ  ` ÐÓ  ÓÌÌCOMMITTEE€ON€THE€ELIMINATION€OF€DISCRIMINATION€AGAINST€WOMENÐ Ô$  ÐEighteenth€sessionÐ À  Ð19€January„6€February€1998Ð ¬ü  ÐItem€6€of€the€provisional€agenda€òò*óó/Ð ˜è  ÐÌWAYS€AND€MEANS€OF€EXPEDITING€THE€WORK€OF€THE€COMMITTEEÐ pÀ ÐÌòòÓ  ÓReport€by€the€SecretariatóóÐ H˜ ÐÓ½Óà@ìì*ìàˆÌÌòòCONTENTSóóà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àà0ȸ (#¸ (#àà  àà0xÈ(#È(#à€€€€€€òòParagraphsóó€òòÐ \x(#x(# ÐóóÌÓ  ÓI.€€INTRODUCTION€..................................................................................................................€1€„€3Ð ä4 ÐÌII.€€RELATIONS€BETWEEN€THE€COMMITTEE€AND€SPECIALIZED€AGENCIES€AND€OTHERÐ ¼  ÐENTITIES€OF€THE€UNITED€NATIONS€SYSTEM€................................................................€4€„€5Ð ¨ø ÐÌIII.€€SPECIAL€RAPPORTEUR€ON€VIOLENCE€AGAINST€WOMEN€AND€OTHERÐ €Ð ÐÔ_ÔRAPPORTEURSÔ_Ô€.......................................................................................................................€6€„€7Ð l¼ ÐÌIV.€€PRE„SESSION€WORKING€GROUP€.................................................................................€8€„€9Ð D!” ÐÌV.€€EIGHTH€MEETING€OF€PERSONS€CHAIRING€THE€HUMAN€RIGHTS€TREATY€BODIESÐ #l! Ð...................................................................................................................................................€10€„€21Ð $X" ÐÌVI.€€COMPILATION€OF€THE€VIEWS€OF€COMMITTEE€MEMBERS€ON€THE€REPORT€OF€THEÐ à%0!$ ÐINDEPENDENT€EXPERT€.....................................................................................................€22€„€25Ð Ì&"% ÐÌVII.€€Ô_ÔSUBCOMMISSIONÔ_Ô€ON€PREVENTION€OF€DISCRIMINATION€AND€PROTECTION€OFÐ ¤(ô#' ÐMINORITIES€..........................................................................................................................€26€„€27Ð )à$( ÐÓúÓÌ_________________Ð h+¸&* Ðà  àòò*óó/€€Ô_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/1998/I/1€and€Corr.1.Ð T,¤'+ ÐÐ @-(, ЇVIII.€€EXPERT€GROUP€MEETINGS€CONVENED€BY€THE€DIVISION€FOR€THEÐ ° ÐADVANCEMENT€OF€WOMEN€............................................................................................€28€„€31Ð œì ÐÌIX.€€REPORTS€TO€BE€CONSIDERED€AT€THE€TWENTIETH€SESSION€................................€32Ð tÄ ÐÌX.€€TECHNICAL€COOPERATION€PROGRAMME€OF€THE€OFFICE€OF€THE€UNITEDÐ L œ ÐNATIONS€HIGH€COMMISSIONER€FOR€HUMAN€RIGHTS€.............................................€33€„€36Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌòòAnnexesóóÐ  ` ÐÌI.€€States€parties€whose€reports€are€more€than€five€years€overdue€..........................................................Ð è 8  ÐÌII.€€States€parties€whose€reports€have€been€submitted€but€have€not€yet€been€considered€by€theÐ À  ÐCommittee€.........................................................................................................................................€Ð ¬ü  ÐÌIII.€€Technical€Cooperation€Programme€of€the€Office€of€the€United€Nations€High€Commissioner€forÐ „Ô  ÐHuman€Rights:€€Note€for€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€WomenÐ pÀ Ðprovided€by€the€Office€of€the€United€Nations€High€Commissioner€for€Human€Rights€..........................Ð \¬ ÐÌÌÌÐ   \ ÐI.€€òòINTRODUCTIONóóÐ ° ÐÌ1.€€The€present€report€òò1óó/€addresses€a€number€of€issues€raised€by€the€Committee€in€discussions€duringÐ ˆØ Ðits€sixteenth€and€seventeenth€sessions€(13-31€January€and€7-25€July€1997).€€These€include:€Ð tÄ ÐÌà0  à„€€Relations€with€specialized€agencies€and€other€United€Nations€entities;€ÐL œ(#(# Ðà0  àÐ (#(# Ðà0  à„€€The€relationship€between€the€Committee€and€the€Special€Rapporteur€on€Violence€againstÐ $ t ÐWomen€and€other€non-conventional€human€rights€mechanisms€of€the€United€Nations;Ð `(#(# Ðà0  àÐ (#(# Ðà0  à„€€The€timing€and€operation€of€the€pre-session€working€group;Ðè 8 (#(# Ðà0  àÐ (#(# Ðà0  à„€€The€promotion€of€the€Convention€and€the€Committee€through€technical€and€advisoryÐ À  Ðservices.Ьü (#(# ÐÌ2.€€The€report€also€contains:€Ð „Ô  ÐÌà0  à„€€A€compilation€of€comments€made€by€Committee€members€on€the€final€report€on€enhancingÐ \¬ Ðthe€long„term€effectiveness€of€the€United€Nations€human€rights€treaty€system,€prepared€byÐ H˜ Ðthe€independent€expert,€Mr.Philip€Alston,òò2óó/€appointed€by€the€Secretary„General€pursuantÐ 4„ Ðto€General€Assembly€resolution€43/115€of€8€December€1988€and€Commission€on€HumanÐ  p ÐRights€resolution€1989/47€of€6March€1989;€òò3óó/€Ð \(#(# Ðà0  àÐ (#(# Ðà0  à„€€Relevant€issues€considered€at€the€eighth€meeting€of€persons€chairing€the€human€rightsÐ ä4 Ðtreaties€bodies,€held€at€Geneva€from€15€to€19€September€1997;€òò4óó/€ÐÐ (#(# Ðà0  àÐ (#(# Ðà0  à„€€Recommendations€made€to€the€Committee€by€the€Ô_ÔSubcommissionÔ_Ô€on€Prevention€ofÐ ¨ø ÐDiscrimination€and€Protection€of€Minorities€and€the€expert€group€meetings€convened€sinceÐ ”ä Ðthe€seventeenth€session€of€the€Committee€by€the€Division€for€the€Advancement€of€Women.ЀÐ(#(# ÐÌ3.€€A€list€of€States€parties€whose€reports€are€more€than€five€years€overdue€is€contained€in€annex€I€toÐ X ¨ Ðthe€present€report.€€As€requested€by€the€Committee€at€earlier€sessions,€the€present€report€also€containsÐ D!” Ða€list€of€States€parties€whose€reports€are€to€be€considered€in€order€of€receipt€taking€into€accountÐ 0"€  Ðgeographical€balance€(see€annex€II).Ð #l! ÐÌII.€€òòRELATIONS€BETWEEN€THE€COMMITTEE€AND€SPECIALIZED€AGENCIES€AND€OTHERÐ ô$D # ÐENTITIES€OF€THE€UNITED€NATIONS€SYSTEMóóÐ à%0!$ ÐÌ4.€€At€its€sixteenth€session€(January€1997),€the€Committee€agreed€to€review€its€practice€of€nominatingÐ ¸'#& Ðfocal€points€for€specialized€agencies€and€other€entities€of€the€United€Nations€system.€€It€alsoÐ ¤(ô#' Ðexpressed€the€wish€that€the€input€of€specialized€agencies€and€other€entities€into€its€work€within€articleÐ )à$( Ð22€of€the€Convention€should€be€more€structured€and€country„specific.€€The€Committee€may€wish€toÐ |*Ì%) Ðconsider€elaborating€guidelines€for€the€use€of€specialized€agencies€and€other€entities€in€this€regard,Ð h+¸&* Ðas€well€as€formulating€suggestions€for€strengthening€dialogue€and€cooperation€with€thoseÐ T,¤'+ Ðorganizations.€€In€addition,€other€United€Nations€entities,€including€the€Office€of€the€United€NationsÐ @-(, ÐHigh€Commission€for€Refugees€(Ô_ÔUNHCRÔ_Ô),€has€expressed€its€wish€to€cooperate€more€closely€withÐ ° Ðthe€Committee.€€The€Committee€may€wish€to€pursue€this€with€Ô_ÔUNHCRÔ_Ô€and€designate€a€focal€pointÐ œì Ðfor€the€purpose€of€follow„up.Ð ˆØ ÐÌ5.€€The€Committee€may€also€wish€to€consider€the€various€ways€in€which€specialized€agencies€andÐ `° Ðother€United€Nations€entities€could€contribute€to€its€work.€€In€this€regard,€it€may€wish€to€consider€theÐ L œ Ðpractice€of€a€number€of€other€treaty€bodies€which€allow€United€Nations€entities€to€participate€in€theirÐ 8 ˆ Ðpre-session€meetings.€€Such€a€practice€has€been€adopted€by€both€the€Human€Rights€Committee€andÐ $ t Ðthe€Committee€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights.€€It€is€suggested€that€the€Committee€allowÐ  ` Ðrepresentatives€of€specialized€agencies€and€other€United€Nations€bodies€to€present€information,Ð ü L  Ðincluding€that€of€a€country„specific€nature,€at€an€assigned€time€during€the€pre-session€working€group.Ð è 8  ÐÌIII.€€òòSPECIAL€RAPPORTEUR€ON€VIOLENCE€AGAINST€WOMEN€AND€OTHERÐ À  ÐÔ_ÔRAPPORTEURSÔ_ÔóóÐ ¬ü  ÐÌ6.€€On€a€number€of€occasions,€the€Committee€has€underlined€the€need€for€cooperation€between€itselfÐ „Ô  Ðand€the€Special€Rapporteur€on€violence€against€women,€whose€mandate€was€extended€for€a€furtherÐ pÀ Ðthree€years€by€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights€in€its€resolution€1997/44€of€11€April€1997.€€TheÐ \¬ ÐCommittee€may€wish€to€consider€specific€working€procedures€to€strengthen€cooperation€betweenÐ H˜ Ðitself€and€the€Special€Rapporteur€and€measures€that€will€mutually€reinforce€their€separate,€butÐ 4„ Ðinterrelated,€mandates.€€In€particular,€the€Committee€may€wish€to€consider€developing€the€practiceÐ  p Ðof€commenting€on€the€reports€of€the€Special€Rapporteur€or€requesting€the€Special€Rapporteur€toÐ  \ Ðprovide€it€with€information€specific€to€the€States€parties€whose€reports€are€before€it€at€particularÐ øH Ðsessions.€€The€Committee€may€also€wish€to€consider€whether€it€wishes€to€alert€the€SpecialÐ ä4 ÐRapporteur€to€trends€relating€to,€or€patterns€of,€violence€against€women,€or€particular€countryÐ Ð  Ðsituations€which€may€require€investigation.€€The€Committee€might€wish€to€consider€whether€itÐ ¼  Ðwishes€to€identify€a€focal€point€or€focal€group€from€among€its€members€to€interact€with€the€SpecialÐ ¨ø ÐRapporteur€between€sessions€of€the€Committee.Ð ”ä ÐÌ7.€€The€Committee€may€wish€to€consider€specific€working€procedures€in€regard€to€other€SpecialÐ l¼ ÐÔ_ÔRapporteursÔ_Ô€of€both€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights€and€the€Ô_ÔSubcommissionÔ_Ô€on€Prevention€ofÐ X ¨ ÐDiscrimination€and€Protection€of€Minorities.€€For€example,€it€may€wish€to€consider€specificÐ D!” Ðproposals€to€enhance€cooperation€between€itself€and€the€Special€Ô_ÔRapporteursÔ_Ô€on€the€sale€of€children,Ð 0"€  Ðchild€prostitution€and€child€pornography€and€on€the€elimination€of€all€forms€of€religious€intolerance,Ð #l! Ðor€the€Special€Ô_ÔRapporteursÔ_Ô€of€the€Ô_ÔSubcommissionÔ_Ô€with€respect€to€traditional€practices€affecting€theÐ $X" Ðhealth€of€women€and€children,€and€systematic€rape€and€sexual€slavery€during€armed€conflict.€€Again,Ð ô$D # Ðthe€Committee€may€wish€to€consider€the€identification€of€focal€points€to€liaise€with€these€and€otherÐ à%0!$ Ðnon-conventional€human€rights€mechanisms.Ð Ì&"% ÐÌIV.€€òòPRE-SESSION€WORKING€GROUPóóÐ ¤(ô#' ÐÌ8.€€At€its€seventeenth€session,€the€Committee€decided€that€the€expert€from€among€its€members€whoÐ |*Ì%) Ðhad€been€designated€rapporteur€for€a€particular€country€should€send€her€introductory€report€on€theÐ h+¸&* Ðmost€relevant€matters€relating€to€the€situation€of€women€in€that€country€to€the€pre-session€workingÐ T,¤'+ Ðgroup.€€Responsibility€for€preparing€questions€on€subsequent€reports€for€the€working€group€wouldÐ @-(, Ðbe€shared€among€Committee€members,€with€two€or€three€members€being€given€responsibility€forÐ ° Ðeach€report.€€The€Committee€may€wish€to€assess€these€practices,€and€reflect€further€on€the€approachÐ œì Ðof€the€pre-session€working€group,€including€identifying€further€assistance€that€might€be€provided€toÐ ˆØ Ðit€by€the€Secretariat.€€In€that€regard,€it€may€wish€to€take€into€account€the€approach€of€the€HumanÐ tÄ ÐRights€Committee,€whose€pre-session€working€group€considers€a€concise€list€of€issues€drawn€up€byÐ `° Ðthe€country€rapporteur€and/or€the€Secretariat.Ð L œ ÐÌ9.€€The€Committee€may€also€wish€to€reconsider€whether€it€wishes,€in€the€future,€to€convene€itsÐ $ t Ðpre-session€working€group€at€the€beginning€or€the€end€of€the€previous€session,€as€decided€at€itsÐ  ` Ðsixteenth€session.€€In€the€event€it€wishes€to€move€to€the€practice€of€convening€its€pre-session€workingÐ ü L  Ðgroup€at€the€end€of€the€previous€session,€it€may€wish€to€consider€the€timing€and€modalities€of€thisÐ è 8  Ðchange€of€approach€to€affect€a€smooth€transition€in€this€regard.Ð Ô$  ÐÌV.€€òòEIGHTH€MEETING€OF€PERSONS€CHAIRING€THE€HUMAN€RIGHTS€TREATY€BODIESóóÐ ¬ü  ÐÌ10.€€The€report€of€the€eighth€meeting€of€persons€chairing€the€human€rights€treaty€bodies,€which€hasÐ „Ô  Ðbeen€made€available€to€the€Committee€members,€raises€a€number€of€issues€pertinent€to€the€work€ofÐ pÀ Ðthe€Committee.€€The€chairpersons€noted€the€importance€of€the€universal€ratification€of€UnitedÐ \¬ ÐNations€human€rights€treaties€and€called€for€the€establishment€of€a€separate€human€rights€treatyÐ H˜ Ðratification€fund€and€the€appointment€of€a€specialist€coordinator€to€encourage€universal€ratification.€Ð 4„ ÐThe€Committee€may€wish€to€discuss€the€implications€of€the€establishment€of€such€a€fund€forÐ  p Ðratification€of€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€Discrimination€against€WomenÐ  \ Ðand€of€the€appointment€of€a€coordinator€in€promoting€ratification€of€the€Convention.Ð øH ÐÌ11.€€The€chairpersons€recommended€that€individual€treaty€bodies€should€give€particular€attention€toÐ Ð  Ðthe€special€situation€of€States€with€very€small€populations€for€which€the€reporting€requirements€underÐ ¼  Ðthe€human€rights€treaties€might€appear€particularly€daunting,€especially€where€there€was€a€lack€ofÐ ¨ø Ðtrained€personnel€to€draft€initial€and€periodic€reports.€€The€Committee€may€wish€to€consider€thisÐ ”ä Ðrecommendation€in€the€light€of€the€fact€that€a€number€of€States€parties€to€the€Convention€areÐ €Ð Ðcountries€with€very€small€populations.€€In€this€regard,€the€Committee€might€wish€to€note€theÐ l¼ Ðrecommendation€made€by€the€chairpersons€that,€in€view€of€the€costs€and€difficulties€some€smallÐ X ¨ Ðdeveloping€States€might€face€in€relation€to€the€oral€presentation€of€reports,€consideration€should€beÐ D!” Ðgiven€to€the€possibility€of€examining€reports€of€States€parties€by€means€of€a€video€conference€linkÐ 0"€  Ðbetween€the€Committee€room€and€the€national€capital.€€The€cost€implications€to€the€United€NationsÐ #l! Ðof€such€an€approach€would,€of€course,€need€to€be€examined.Ð $X" ÐÌ12.€€Taking€account€of€the€fact€that€the€reports€of€many€States€parties€are€overdue€and€that,€whenÐ à%0!$ Ðsubmitted,€reports€have€often€not€been€reviewed€for€up€to€three€years,€the€chairpersons€recommendedÐ Ì&"% Ðthat€the€periodic€reports€of€States€parties€should€be€focused€on€a€limited€range€of€issues,€which€wouldÐ ¸'#& Ðbe€identified€by€individual€committees€in€advance.€€The€chairpersons€noted€that€such€an€approachÐ ¤(ô#' Ðwould€eliminate€the€need€for€lengthy€reports,€help€to€eliminate€delay€between€the€submission€andÐ )à$( Ðexamination€of€reports,€enable€problem€areas€to€be€dealt€with€in€depth€and€facilitate€the€follow„upÐ |*Ì%) Ðof€concluding€comments€by€States€parties€and€the€committee€concerned.€€The€Committee€may€wishÐ h+¸&* Ðto€consider€this€recommendation€and€other€strategies€for€addressing€overdue€reports,€including€theÐ T,¤'+ Ðreview€of€States€parties'€performance€in€the€absence€of€a€report€or€of€the€State€party.€€In€this€regard,Ð @-(, Ðthe€Committee€may€wish€to€consider€the€practice€of€the€Committee€on€Economic,€Social€andÐ ° ÐCultural€Rights€and€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Racial€Discrimination,€both€of€whichÐ œì Ðreview€the€situation€in€States€parties€whose€reports€are€chronically€overdue.€€In€this€regard,€theÐ ˆØ ÐCommittee€may€wish€to€note€that€the€General€Assembly€has€encouraged€these€initiatives€òò5óó/€and€theÐ tÄ Ðmeeting€of€chairpersons€has€suggested€that€treaty€bodies€might€wish€to€review€the€approach€of€bothÐ `° Ðthe€Committee€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights€and€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€ofÐ L œ ÐRacial€Discrimination€with€respect€to€their€own€working€methods.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌ13.€€The€Committee€may€wish€to€note€that€the€meeting€called€for€greater€efforts€by€treaty€bodies€toÐ  ` Ðmake€full€use€of€time€available€and€that€time€use€statistics€compiled€by€the€Secretariat€suggested€thatÐ ü L  Ðdelay€to€the€start€of€meetings€resulted€in€the€loss€of€up€to€15€minutes€of€conference€services€each€day.€Ð è 8  ÐThe€Committee€may€also€wish€to€note€that€the€chairpersons€recommended€that€the€task€of€expressingÐ Ô$  Ðcourtesies€towards€the€representatives€of€reporting€States€should€be€entrusted€solely€to€theÐ À  Ðchairperson€of€each€committee.€€Members€should€be€discouraged€from€adding€further€expressionsÐ ¬ü  Ðof€welcome€or€appreciation.Ð ˜è  ÐÌ14.€€The€chairpersons€recalled€òò6óó/€the€recommendation€from€their€seventh€meeting,€in€SeptemberÐ pÀ Ð1996,€that€"members€of€treaty€bodies€refrain€from€participating€in€any€aspect€of€the€consideration€ofÐ \¬ Ðthe€reports€of€the€States€of€which€they€are€nationals,€or€communications€or€inquiries€concerning€thoseÐ H˜ ÐStates,€in€order€to€maintain€the€highest€standards€of€impartiality,€both€in€substance€andÐ 4„ Ðappearance".òò7óó/€The€chairpersons€also€recommended€that€"States€parties€to€human€rights€treatiesÐ  p Ðshould€refrain€from€nominating€or€electing€to€the€treaty€bodies€persons€performing€political€functionsÐ  \ Ðor€occupying€positions€which€were€not€readily€reconcilable€with€the€obligations€of€independentÐ øH Ðexperts€under€the€given€treaty".€òò8óó/€€The€chairpersons€furthermore€urged€that€consideration€be€givenÐ ä4 Ðto€the€importance€of€expertise€in€areas€related€to€the€mandate€of€the€treaty€body,€the€need€forÐ Ð  Ðbalanced€geographical€composition,€the€desirability€of€an€appropriate€gender€balance€and€theÐ ¼  Ðnominee's€availability€in€terms€of€time€to€discharge€the€responsibilities€of€an€expert€member€of€aÐ ¨ø Ðtreaty€body.€òò9óó/€Ð ”ä ÐÌ15.€€The€Committee€will€also€recall€the€Human€Rights€Committee's€guidelines€for€the€exercise€ofÐ l¼ Ðfunctions€by€members€agreed€at€its€sixty„third€session€in€November€1997.€òò10óó/€€The€guidelines€areÐ X ¨ Ðinformed€by€"guiding€principles"€of€independence€and€impartiality€which€stress€that€independenceÐ D!” Ðof€members€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€is€essential€and€that€members€should€avoid€any€actionÐ 0"€  Ðin€relation€to€the€work€of€the€Committee€which€might€lead,€or€might€be€seen€to€lead,€to€unequalÐ #l! Ðtreatment€between€States.Ð $X" ÐÌ16.€€The€guidelines€indicate€that€it€is€the€practice€of€the€Committee€that€a€member€does€notÐ à%0!$ Ðparticipate€in€the€examination€of€reports€presented€by€his/her€country€by€asking€questions,€makingÐ Ì&"% Ðobservations€or€in€any€other€manner.€€He/she€may€be€present€during€the€dialogue€and€should,€as€aÐ ¸'#& Ðmember,€receive€all€the€relevant€documents.€€Other€practices€to€be€observed€by€members€are€that€aÐ ¤(ô#' Ðmember€should€not€participate€in€any€way€in€discussing€or€drafting€the€concluding€observations€byÐ )à$( Ðhis/her€own€county€and€that€a€member€should€not€participate€in€consultations€between€the€CommitteeÐ |*Ì%) Ðand€non-governmental€organizations€or€specialized€agencies€when€the€report€of€his/her€own€countryÐ h+¸&* Ðis€being€discussed.Ð T,¤'+ ÐÐ @-(, Ð17.€€In€addition,€the€guidelines€indicate€that€if€a€member€of€the€Committee€is€a€member€of€a€nationalÐ ° Ðnon-governmental€organization,€he€or€she€should€observe€neutrality€and€not€play€any€active€part€inÐ œì Ðthe€preparation€or€submission€of€information€to€the€Committee.€€They€also€suggest€that€it€is€desirableÐ ˆØ Ðfor€a€member€of€the€Committee€to€abstain€from€being€on€the€Board€of€Directors€or€the€ExecutiveÐ tÄ ÐCommittee€of€an€international€non-governmental€organization€which€regularly€submits€reports€orÐ `° Ðinformation€to€the€Committee,€so€as€to€avoid€the€appearance€of€any€conflict€in€their€respectiveÐ L œ Ðcapacities.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌ18.€€Insofar€as€relationships€with€government€are€concerned,€the€guidelines€indicate€that€CommitteeÐ  ` Ðmembers€should€abstain€from€engaging€in€any€functions€or€activities€which€may€appear€to€be€notÐ ü L  Ðreadily€reconcilable€with€the€obligations€of€an€independent€expert.€€Members€should€abstain€fromÐ è 8  Ðparticipation€in€any€political€body€of€the€United€Nations€or€of€any€other€intergovernmental€bodyÐ Ô$  Ðconcerned€with€human€rights.€€They€should€also€abstain€from€acting€as€experts,€consultants€orÐ À  Ðcounsels€for€any€Government€in€a€matter€that€may€come€up€for€consideration€by€the€Committee.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌ19.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee€guidelines€indicate€further€that€a€member€of€the€CommitteeÐ „Ô  Ðacting€as€an€independent€rapporteur,€expert€or€member€of€an€independent€working€group€is€not€asÐ pÀ Ðsuch€incompatible€with€his€or€her€obligation€as€an€independent€expert.€€A€member€of€the€CommitteeÐ \¬ Ðwho€is€a€special€rapporteur€in€respect€of€a€State€whose€report€is€to€be€presented€to€the€CommitteeÐ H˜ Ðshould€not€participate€in€dialogue€with€that€State,€but€thematic€Ô_ÔrapporteursÔ_Ô€should€not€automaticallyÐ 4„ Ðabstain€from€such€participation,€unless€there€is€a€situation€of€possible€conflict.€€Finally,€the€guidelinesÐ  p Ðsuggest€that€when€members€of€the€Committee€participate€in€other€human€rights€activities€ofÐ  \ Ðintergovernmental€organizations€such€as€training€courses€and€seminars,€they€should€make€it€clear€thatÐ øH Ðthe€views€they€are€expressing€are€their€own€and€not€the€views€of€the€Committee.Ð ä4 ÐÌ20.€€The€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women€may€wish€to€considerÐ ¼  Ðmaking€these€guidelines€available€to€its€new€members.Ð ¨ø ÐÌ21.€€As€part€of€the€follow„up€to€the€round€table€of€human€rights€treaty€bodies€on€"Human€RightsÐ €Ð ÐApproaches€to€Women's€Health€with€a€Focus€on€Reproductive€and€Sexual€Health€and€Rights",Ð l¼ Ðconvened€by€the€Division€for€the€Advancement€of€Women,€Ô_ÔUNHCRÔ_Ô€and€the€United€NationsÐ X ¨ ÐPopulation€Fund€(Ô_ÔUNFPAÔ_Ô)€at€Glen€Cove,€New€York,€in€1996,€the€Joint€United€Nations€Ô_ÔProgrammeÔ_ÔÐ D!” Ðon€HIV/AIDS€(Ô_ÔUNAIDSÔ_Ô)€coordinated€a€presentation€on€the€issue€of€HIV/AIDS€at€the€meeting€ofÐ 0"€  Ðchairpersons.€€As€a€result,€the€chairpersons€recommended€that€each€treaty€body€should€give€carefulÐ #l! Ðattention€to€the€measures€which€it€might€take€in€relation€to€the€relevant€human€rights€aspects€ofÐ $X" ÐHIV/AIDS,€including,€where€appropriate,€adopting€or€revising€general€comments€andÐ ô$D # Ðrecommendations,€amending€reporting€guidelines€and€addressing€those€issues€in€their€dialogue€withÐ à%0!$ ÐStates€parties€and€in€their€concluding€comments€or€observations.€€The€Committee€may€wish€toÐ Ì&"% Ðconsider€this€recommendation€of€the€chairpersons€in€preparing€its€general€recommendation€on€articleÐ ¸'#& Ð12.Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌVI.€€òòCOMPILATION€OF€THE€VIEWS€OF€COMMITTEE€MEMBERS€ON€THE€REPORT€OF€THEÐ |*Ì%) ÐINDEPENDENT€EXPERTóóÐ h+¸&* ÐÌ22.€€At€its€seventeenth€session€(July€1997),€the€Committee€requested€members€to€submit€their€viewsÐ @-(, Ðto€the€Secretariat€on€the€report€on€the€independent€expert€on€the€functioning€of€the€human€rightsÐ ° Ðtreaty€bodies€and€requested€that€the€Secretariat€compile€these€comments€for€submission€to€theÐ œì ÐCommittee€at€its€eighteenth€session.€€Two€Committee€members€submitted€views€with€respect€to€theÐ ˆØ Ðreport€of€the€independent€expert.€€Those€views€are€summarized€below.Ð tÄ ÐÌ23.€€One€member,€although€agreeing€with€the€goal€of€universal€ratification,€rejected€the€notion€of€aÐ L œ Ðspecific€trust€fund€and€the€employment€of€two€advisers€on€ratification€and€reporting,€in€Ô_ÔfavourÔ_Ô€ofÐ 8 ˆ Ðconsultation€between€members€of€treaty€bodies.€€This€member€also€rejected€the€idea€of€examiningÐ $ t Ðthe€situation€in€a€country€in€the€absence€of€a€report,€suggesting€that€wider€use€be€made€ofÐ  ` Ðprofessional€advisory€services€Ô_ÔprogrammesÔ_Ô€designed€to€assist€in€the€preparation€of€reports.€€TheÐ ü L  Ðmember€rejected€the€suggestion€that€consolidated€reports€should€be€accepted€by€States€parties€withÐ è 8  Ðmore€than€one€reporting€obligation,€on€the€basis€that€there€would€be€little€attention€paid€to€theÐ Ô$  ÐCommission€on€the€Eliminations€of€Discrimination€against€Women.€€She€suggested€that€a€workingÐ À  Ðgroup€of€United€Nations€human€rights€treaty€bodies€should€be€convened€to€address€the€overlap€inÐ ¬ü  Ðthe€work€of€treaty€bodies.Ð ˜è  ÐÌ24.€€The€other€member€who€commented€on€the€paper€agreed€with€the€need€to€promote€accession€andÐ pÀ Ðratification.€€She€suggested€that€recognized€non-governmental€organizations€in€the€countriesÐ \¬ Ðconcerned€could€play€a€role€in€this€regard€and€that€the€suggestion€to€provide€international€assistanceÐ H˜ Ðand€advice€for€the€preparation€of€reports€or€the€ratification€of€treaties€would€be€useful,€provided€thatÐ 4„ Ðthe€State€concerned€had€requested€it,€but€that€access€to€such€resources€should€not€be€automatic.€€ThisÐ  p Ðmember€suggested€that,€except€in€the€case€of€initial€reports,€the€reports€of€States€parties€should€beÐ  \ Ðlimited€to€50€pages€and€should€be€presented€in€accordance€with€reporting€guidelines.€€She€suggestedÐ øH Ðthat€only€up„to„date€reports€should€be€considered€by€the€relevant€Committee€and€that€States€partiesÐ ä4 Ðshould€submit€them€18€months€in€advance€of€their€consideration€date€and€that€processing€of€reportsÐ Ð  Ðshould€be€more€efficient.€€She€did€not€believe€that€guidelines€for€the€preparation€of€reports€shouldÐ ¼  Ðbe€adjusted€to€the€situation€of€each€State€party,€as€this€could€only€be€subjective.€€She€commented€thatÐ ¨ø Ðreview€of€States€parties€in€their€absence€was€an€issue€which€required€careful€consideration€and€thatÐ ”ä Ðinformation€supplied€by€sources€other€than€the€State€party€should€be€sent€to€the€State€party€so€thatÐ €Ð Ðit€could€express€its€opinion.€€In€this€context,€she€expressed€the€view€that€the€main€source€ofÐ l¼ Ðinformation€should€be€the€State€party€itself€and€she€emphasized€the€importance€of€respect€for€StatesÐ X ¨ Ðparties'€sovereignty€and€the€need€for€States€parties€to€be€involved€in€decision„making€processes.€€SheÐ D!” Ðexpressed€doubts€regarding€the€proposal€for€treaty€bodies€to€bring€matters€to€the€attention€of€theÐ 0"€  ÐSecurity€Council.€€She€was€opposed€to€the€notion€of€consolidation€of€the€treaty€bodies€and€doubtedÐ #l! Ðthe€feasibility€of€consolidated€reports.€€She€also€commented€that€the€duties€of€experts€should€not€beÐ $X" Ðundertaken€by€the€Secretariat;€thus€the€proposals€put€forward€in€this€regard€should€be€treated€withÐ ô$D # Ðcaution.€€Finally,€she€stressed€the€importance€of€multilingualism€in€the€context€of€the€work€of€theÐ à%0!$ Ðtreaty€bodies€and€noted€that€electronic€databases€were€not€accessible€in€all€countries.€€She€underlinedÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€importance€of€ensuring€equitable€geographical€distribution€in€the€membership€of€treaty€bodiesÐ ¸'#& Ðand€suggested€the€introduction€of€geographical€quotas.Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌ25.€€The€Committee€may€wish€to€take€these€views€into€account€in€connection€with€its€discussion€ofÐ |*Ì%) Ðproposals€put€forward€by€the€meeting€of€chairpersons€(see€paras.€10€and€12€above).Ð h+¸&* ÐÌÐ @-(, ЇVII.€€òòÔ_ÔSUBCOMMISSIONÔ_Ô€ON€PREVENTION€OF€DISCRIMINATION€AND€PROTECTION€OFÐ ° ÐMINORITIESóóÐ œì ÐÌ26.€€At€its€1997€session,€the€Ô_ÔSubcommissionÔ_Ô€on€Prevention€of€Discrimination€and€Protection€ofÐ tÄ ÐMinorities€on€29€August€adopted€resolution€1997/19,€entitled€"Women€and€the€right€to€adequateÐ `° Ðhousing€and€to€land€and€property".€€In€the€resolution,€the€Ô_ÔSubcommissionÔ_Ô€invited€the€Committee€onÐ L œ Ðthe€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women€to€pay€special€attention€to€the€issue€of€housing,Ð 8 ˆ Ðland€and€property€rights€of€women€when€examining€States€parties'€reports,€and€to€explore€theÐ $ t Ðpossibility€of€adopting€a€general€recommendation€on€women€and€housing€rights€as€that€related,€òòinterÐ  ` Ðaliaóó,€to€the€provisions€of€article€14€of€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€againstÐ ü L  ÐWomen,€with€a€view€to€clarifying€the€obligations€of€States€parties€to€the€Convention€in€that€respect.€Ð è 8  ÐThe€Committee€may€wish€to€consider€this€suggestion€in€the€context€of€its€long„term€Ô_ÔprogrammeÔ_Ô€withÐ Ô$  Ðregard€to€preparation€of€general€recommendations.Ð À  ÐÌ27.€€On€the€same€date,€the€Ô_ÔSubcommissionÔ_Ô€also€adopted€resolution€1997/22,€entitled€"Report€of€theÐ ˜è  ÐWorking€Group€on€Contemporary€Forms€of€Slavery".€€In€the€resolution€the€Ô_ÔSubcommissionÔ_Ô,€òòinterÐ „Ô  Ðaliaóó,€recommended€that€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women,€whenÐ pÀ Ðexamining€the€periodic€reports€of€States€parties,€should€give€particular€attention€to€theÐ \¬ Ðimplementation€of€article€6€of€the€Convention€and€include€in€its€guidelines€an€item€concerningÐ H˜ Ðcontemporary€forms€of€slavery.€€The€Committee€may€wish€to€consider€this€recommendation€in€anyÐ 4„ Ðreview€of€its€reporting€guidelines.Ð  p ÐÌVIII.€€òòEXPERT€GROUP€MEETINGS€CONVENED€BY€THE€DIVISION€FOR€THE€Ð øH ÐADVANCEMENT€OF€WOMENóóÐ ä4 ÐÌ28.€€Since€the€seventeenth€session€of€the€Committee,€the€Division€for€the€Advancement€of€WomenÐ ¼  Ðhas€convened€three€expert€group€meetings:€€on€"Adolescent€Girls€and€their€Rights",€Addis€Ababa,Ð ¨ø Ð13-17€October€1997;€"Gender„based€Persecution",€York€University,€Toronto,€Canada,€9-12Ð ”ä ÐNovember€1997;€and€"Women's€Enjoyment€of€Economic€and€Social€Rights",€AboÔ_ÔAkedemiÔ_Ô,€Turku,Ð €Ð ÐFinland,€1-4December€1997.€€The€Division€also€co-hosted€a€fourth€expert€group€meeting€onÐ l¼ Ð"Ô_ÔCaregivingÔ_Ô€for€Older€Persons€„€Gender€Dimensions",€which€took€place€in€Valletta,€Malta,€from€30Ð X ¨ ÐNovember€to€2€December€1997.€€Three€of€the€meetings€agreed€on€several€recommendations€directedÐ D!” Ðat€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women.€€The€Committee€may€wishÐ 0"€  Ðto€discuss€these€recommendations€and€other€issues€raised€in€the€reports€of€the€meetings€which€haveÐ #l! Ðbeen€made€available€to€members.Ð $X" ÐÌ29.€€The€Expert€Group€Meeting€on€"Adolescent€Girls€and€their€Rights"€stressed€the€importance€ofÐ à%0!$ Ðimplementing€and€internalizing€the€existing€international€human€rights€standards,€including€theÐ Ì&"% ÐConvention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€and€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€DiscriminationÐ ¸'#& Ðagainst€Women€and€with€regard€to€adolescent€girls.€€It€made€various€recommendations€directedÐ ¤(ô#' Ðtowards€this€goal,€including€that€the€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€and€Committee€on€theÐ )à$( ÐElimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women€should,€when€considering€the€reports€submitted€byÐ |*Ì%) ÐStates€parties,€give€particular€focus€to€the€consideration€of€the€full€enjoyment€by€adolescent€girls€ofÐ h+¸&* Ðtheir€rights.€€It€also€recommended€that€members€of€the€United€Nations€human€rights€treatyÐ T,¤'+ Ðmonitoring€bodies€should€focus€their€attention€on€adolescent€girls'€health€and€rights,€including€theirÐ @-(, Ðrights€to€reproductive€and€sexual€health.Ð ° ÐÌ30.€€The€Expert€Group€Meeting€on€"Gender„based€Persecution"€recognized€the€potential€of€theÐ ˆØ Ðhuman€rights€framework€to€promote€and€protect€the€interests€of€women€affected€by€armed€conflict.€Ð tÄ ÐIt€recommended€that€the€issues€relating€to€the€treatment€of€refugee€women€in€countries€of€asylumÐ `° Ðand€the€treatment€of€internally€displaced€women€in€their€countries€of€origin€should€be€addressed€inÐ L œ Ðthe€work€of€the€United€Nations€treaty€bodies,€including€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€ofÐ 8 ˆ ÐDiscrimination€against€Women.€€It€recommended€that€the€concluding€comments€of€treaty€bodiesÐ $ t Ðshould€address€the€specific€issues€of€refugee,€internally€displaced€and€returnee€women.€€Noting€theÐ  ` Ðimportance€of€the€general€comments€and€recommendations€of€treaty€bodies,€the€meetingÐ ü L  Ðrecommended€that€the€Committee€consider€formulating€a€general€recommendation€on€refugee€andÐ è 8  Ðdisplaced€women,€taking€into€account€articles€1,€2,€4,€5,€10,€11,€12,€14,€15€and€16€of€the€Convention,Ð Ô$  Ðand€that€in€the€preparation€of€its€general€recommendation€on€article12,€on€women's€right€to€healthÐ À  Ðcare,€the€Committee€should€reflect€on€the€needs€of€refugee€and€internally€displaced€women.€€TheÐ ¬ü  Ðmeeting€also€recommended€the€formulation€by€Ô_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô€of€a€specific€general€recommendation€onÐ ˜è  Ðgender„based€persecution€in€armed€conflict.Ð „Ô  ÐÌ31.€€The€Expert€Group€Meeting€on€"Women's€Enjoyment€of€Economic€and€Social€Rights"Ð \¬ Ðrecommended€that€the€Human€Rights€Committee,€the€Committee€on€Economic,€Social€and€CulturalÐ H˜ ÐRights€and€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women€should€considerÐ 4„ Ðissuing€a€joint€comment€or€statement€on€the€indivisibility€of€civil€and€political€rights€and€economic,Ð  p Ðsocial€and€cultural€rights€and€the€centrality€of€gender€awareness€of€those€rights€as€part€of€theÐ  \ Ðcelebration€of€the€fiftieth€anniversary€of€the€Universal€Declaration€of€Human€Rights.€€RecognizingÐ øH Ðthe€effective€contribution€of€the€meeting€of€representatives€of€all€treaty€bodies€at€Glen€Cove€in€1996Ð ä4 Ð(see€para.21),€the€meeting€encouraged€treaty€bodies€or€individual€members€of€treaty€bodies€to€meetÐ Ð  Ðwith€each€other€to€explore€thematic€issues€relating€to€women's€enjoyment€of€economic€and€socialÐ ¼  Ðrights.€€Treaty€bodies€were€encouraged€to€appoint€individual€members€to€liaise€with€specializedÐ ¨ø Ðagencies€or€other€intergovernmental€bodies€of€most€relevance€to€their€respective€mandate€and€toÐ ”ä Ðinvite€representatives€of€international€financial€institutions€and€other€international€and€multilateralÐ €Ð Ðand€development€institutions€to€present€to€them€an€analysis€of€the€impact€of€their€activities€onÐ l¼ Ðwomen's€enjoyment€of€economic€and€social€rights€in€the€light€of€international€standards€in€general,Ð X ¨ Ðand€in€relation€to€particular€States.Ð D!” ÐÌIX.€€òòREPORTS€TO€BE€CONSIDERED€AT€THE€TWENTIETH€SESSIONóóÐ #l! ÐÌ32.€€At€its€seventeenth€session€the€Committee€adopted€decision€17/II,€in€which€it€decided€that€"theÐ ô$D # Ðmaximum€number€of€reports€to€be€considered€at€each€session€will€normally€be€eight,€drawn€from€aÐ à%0!$ Ðproposed€list€of€up€to€ten€countries".€òò11óó/€€The€Committee€therefore€proposed€a€list€of€States€partiesÐ Ì&"% Ðfrom€which€eight€reports€would€be€selected€for€review€at€the€twentieth€session.€€As€the€CommitteeÐ ¸'#& Ðwill€consider€the€report€of€the€Czech€Republic€at€its€eighteenth€session,€and€several€other€StatesÐ ¤(ô#' Ðparties€listed€for€the€nineteenth€session€have€indicated€that€they€may€not€be€able€to€present€theirÐ )à$( Ðreports€at€that€time,€the€Committee€may€wish€to€review€its€proposed€list€for€the€nineteenth€sessionÐ |*Ì%) Ðand,€in€drawing€up€the€lists€for€the€twentieth€and€twenty„first€sessions,€it€may€wish€to€take€accountÐ h+¸&* Ðof€annex€II,€which€indicates€reports€of€States€parties€that€are€available,€particularly€those€availableÐ T,¤'+ Ðin€the€official€languages.Ð @-(, ЇX.€€òòTECHNICAL€COOPERATION€Ô_ÔPROGRAMMEÔ_Ô€OF€THE€OFFICE€OF€THE€UNITEDÐ ° ÐNATIONS€HIGH€COMMISSIONER€FOR€HUMAN€RIGHTSóóÐ œì ÐÌ33.€€At€its€sixteenth€session,€the€Committee€suggested€that€the€budget€of€the€Ô_ÔCentreÔ_Ô€for€HumanÐ tÄ ÐRights€of€the€United€Nations€Secretariat€for€technical€and€advisory€services€be€made€available€toÐ `° Ðpromote€the€Convention€and€the€work€of€the€Committee€and€to€facilitate€seminars€on€such€issues€asÐ L œ Ðreservations.€€It€agreed€that€a€small€working€group€of€Committee€members€would€be€convened€at€itsÐ 8 ˆ Ðseventeenth€session€to€conceptualize€those€seminars€and€to€examine€funding€requirements.€òò12óó/€Ð $ t ÐÌ34.€€In€order€to€facilitate€the€Committee's€discussion€of€the€issues€raised€in€its€decision,€the€OfficeÐ ü L  Ðof€the€United€Nations€High€Commissioner€for€Human€Rights€has€provided€a€statement€of€its€workÐ è 8  Ðon€technical€and€advisory€services€and€how€the€Convention€and€the€Committee€could€be€promotedÐ Ô$  Ðthrough€those€services€(see€annex€III€to€the€present€report).Ð À  ÐÌ35.€€The€Committee€may€wish€to€suggest€areas€in€which€the€Office€of€the€High€Commissioner€forÐ ˜è  ÐRefugees€and€the€Division€for€the€Advancement€of€Women€may€cooperate€with€regard€to€particularÐ „Ô  Ðprojects€of€the€Technical€Cooperation€Programme€of€the€Office.€€The€Division€for€the€AdvancementÐ pÀ Ðof€Women€is€taking€steps€to€ensure€that€the€Office€is€fully€apprised€of€the€profile€of€the€members€ofÐ \¬ Ðthe€Committee€so€that€their€expertise€can€be€called€upon.Ð H˜ ÐÌ36.€€The€Committee€may€wish€to€formulate€requests€for€technical€cooperation€based€uponÐ  p Ðrecommendations€made€by€treaty€bodies€when€examining€the€reports€of€States€parties.€€Currently€theÐ  \ ÐCommittee€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€and€the€Human€Rights€Committee€make€recommendationsÐ øH Ðwhich€include€and€make€specific€reference€to€the€possibility€of€States€parties€obtaining€technicalÐ ä4 Ðassistance€from€the€Office€of€the€United€Nations€High€Commissioner€for€Human€Rights.€€In€thisÐ Ð  Ðregard,€the€Committee€may€be€able€to€identify€areas€such€as€review€of€reservations,€assistance€withÐ ¼  Ðlegislative€review,€institutional€development,€training€of€professional€groups€and€support€to€civilÐ ¨ø Ðsociety,€where€the€provision€of€technical€assistance€could€contribute€to€the€improvement€of€theÐ ”ä Ðhuman€rights€of€women€in€the€State€concerned.Ð €Ð ÐÌ__________________Ð X ¨ ÐòòNotesóóÐ D!” ÐÌòò1óó/€€At€its€twelfth€session,€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€WomenÐ #l! Ðdecided€that€the€Secretariat€should€prepare€a€report€on€ways€and€means€of€improving€the€work€of€theÐ $X" ÐCommittee€every€year€(òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„eighth€Session,€SupplementÐ ô$D # ÐNo.€38óó€(A/48/38),€para.€632).€€Pursuant€to€General€Assembly€resolution€51/68€of€12December€1996,Ð à%0!$ Ðin€which€the€Assembly€authorized€the€Committee€to€hold€two€sessions€annually,€the€Secretariat€hasÐ Ì&"% Ðprovided€the€Committee€with€a€report€on€ways€and€means€for€each€session.Ð ¸'#& ÐÌòò2óó/€€E/CN.4/1997/74.Ð )à$( ÐÌòò3óó/€€Two€previous€reports€were€submitted€by€the€independent€expert€at€the€request€of€the€GeneralÐ h+¸&* ÐAssembly:€€A/44/668€and€A/Ô_ÔCONFÔ_Ô.157/PC/62/Add.11/Rev.1.Ð T,¤'+ ÐÐ @-(, Ðòò4óó/€€A/52/507.Ð ° ÐÌòò5óó/€€General€Assembly€resolution€51/80.Ð ˆØ ÐÌòò6óó/€€A/52/507,€annex,€para.€67.Ð `° ÐÌòò7óó/€€A/51/482,€annex,€para.€29.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌòò8óó/€€A/52/507,€para.€68.Ð  ` ÐÌòò9óó/€€Ibid.Ð è 8  ÐÌòò10óó/€€Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/63/Ô_ÔCRPÔ_Ô.2/Add.2.Ð À  ÐÌòò11óó/€€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Fifty„second€Session,€Supplement€No.€38óóÐ ˜è  Ð(A/52/38/Rev.1),€part€two,€chap.€Ô_ÔI.BÔ_Ô,€decision€17/II.Ð „Ô  ÐÌòò12óó/€€Ibid.,€part€one,€chap.€Ô_ÔI.BÔ_Ô,€suggestion€16/1.Ð \¬ ÐÌÐ  4„ ÐòòAnnex€IóóÐ ° ÐÌòòSTATES€PARTIES€WHOSE€REPORTS€ARE€MORE€THAN€FIVE€YEARS€OVERDUEóóÐ ˆØ ÐÌÔ*’ƒU ddd Xdd Xdd X°(#°(#’ÔÔ,<dd ÔÔ,<dd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ `°`° ÐòòState€partyóóÐ  Ä ÐòòDate€dueóóÐ  Ä ÐA.€€òòInitial€reportsóóÐ  D ” ÐÐ  D ” ÐAngolaÐ 8. Ä   €Pß@32066‰€Pß@‰8Ð17€October€1987Ð 7-+Ä   €Pß@32066 €Pß@ 7ÐBhutanÐ 8. D ”  ÀƒÝ@30223‰ÀƒÝ@‰8Ð30€September€1982Ð 7-+D ”  ÀƒÝ@30223 ÀƒÝ@ 7ÐBrazil€Ð 8. Ä  À`Þ@31107‰À`Þ@‰8Ð2€March€1985Ð 7-+Ä  À`Þ@31107 À`Þ@ 7ÐCape€Verde€Ð 8. D”  }Ý@30196‰}Ý@‰8ÐÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_Ô3Ô_Ô€September€1982Ð 7-+D”  }Ý@30196 }Ý@ 7ÐCentral€African€RepublicÐ 8. Ä   à@33805‰ à@‰8Ð21€July€1992Ð 7-+Ä   à@33805  à@ 7ÐCongoÐ 8. D” ÖÝ@30552‰ÖÝ@‰8Ð25€August€1983Ð 7-+D” ÖÝ@30552 ÖÝ@ 7ÐCosta€RicaÐ 8. Ä 'ß@31900‰'ß@‰8Ð4€May€1987Ð 7-+Ä 'ß@31900 'ß@ 7ÐDominicaÐ 8. D” }Ý@30196‰}Ý@‰8Ð3€September€1982Ð 7-+D” }Ý@30196 }Ý@ 7ÐEstoniaÐ 8. Ä àà@33927‰àà@‰8Ð20€November€1992Ð 7-+Ä àà@33927 àà@ 7ÐGrenadaÐ 8. D”  \à@33509‰ \à@‰8Ð29€September€1991Ð 7-+D”  \à@33509  \à@ 7ÐGuineaÐ 8. Ä €ÙÝ@30566‰€ÙÝ@‰8Ð8€September€1983Ð 7-+Ä €ÙÝ@30566 €ÙÝ@ 7ÐGuinea-BissauÐ 8. D” ïÞ@31676‰ïÞ@‰8Ð22€September€1986Ð 7-+D”  ïÞ@31676 ïÞ@ 7ÐHaitiÐ 8. Ä! }Ý@30196‰}Ý@‰8Ð3€September€1982Ð 7-+Ä" }Ý@30196 }Ý@ 7ÐLao€People's€Democratic€RepublicÐ 8. D”# €Ý@30206‰€Ý@‰8Ð13€September€1982Ð 7-+D”$ €Ý@30206 €Ý@ 7ÐLiberiaÐ 8. Ä % €ŠÞ@31274‰€ŠÞ@‰8Ð16€August€1985Ð 7-+Ä & €ŠÞ@31274 €ŠÞ@ 7ÐMalta€Ð 8. D"”' €tà@33700‰€tà@‰8Ð7€April€1992Ð 7-+D"”( €tà@33700 €tà@ 7ÐNepalÐ 8. Ä#)  zà@33745‰ zà@‰8Ð22€May€1992Ð 7-+Ä#*  zà@33745  zà@ 7ÐSaint€Kitts€and€NevisÐ 8. D%” + ÑÞ@31556‰ÑÞ@‰8Ð25€May€1986Ð 7-+D%” , ÑÞ@31556 ÑÞ@ 7ÐSaint€LuciaÐ 8. Ä&"- €èÝ@30626‰€èÝ@‰8Ð7€November€1983Ð 7-+Ä&". €èÝ@30626 €èÝ@ 7ÐSierra€LeoneÐ 8. D(”#/ € à@32852‰€ à@‰8Ð11€December€1989Ð 7-+D(”#0 € à@32852 € à@ 7ÐTogoÐ 8. Ä)%1 AÞ@30980‰AÞ@‰8Ð26€October€1984Ð 7-+Ä)%2 AÞ@30980 AÞ@ 7ÐTrinidad€and€TobagoÐ 8. D+”&3 à?à@33279‰à?à@‰8Ð11€February€1991Ð;1/D+”&4 à?à@33279  à?à@ ;ÐÌÐ L-œ(5 ЇÔ*ƒUdd<dd <<dd <U °(#°(#ÔÔ,<dd ÔÔ,<dd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ °° ÐòòState€partyóóÐ  d ÐòòDate€dueóóÐ  d ÐB.€€òòSecond€periodic€reportsóóÐ  ”ä ÐÐ  ”ä ÐAngolaÐ 8. d à^à@33527‰à^à@‰8Ð17€October€1991Ð 7-+d à^à@33527 à^à@ 7ÐBhutanÐ 8. ” ä ñÞ@31684‰ñÞ@‰8Ð30€September€1986Ð 7-+” ä ñÞ@31684 ñÞ@ 7ÐBrazilÐ 8.  d  Îß@32568‰Îß@‰8Ð2€March€1989Ð 7-+ d  Îß@32568 Îß@ 7ÐBurkina€FasoÐ 8. ” ä  à@33920‰à@‰8Ð13€November€1992Ð 7-+” ä  à@33920 à@ 7ÐCape€VerdeÐ 8. d  @êÞ@31657‰@êÞ@‰8Ð3€September€1986Ð 7-+d  @êÞ@31657 @êÞ@ 7ÐCongoÐ 8. ”ä  @Cß@32013‰@Cß@‰8Ð25€August€1987Ð 7-+”ä  @Cß@32013 @Cß@ 7ÐCosta€RicaÐ 8. d   Jà@33361‰ Jà@‰8Ð4€May€1991Ð 7-+d   Jà@33361  Jà@ 7ÐDominicaÐ 8. ”ä  @êÞ@31657‰@êÞ@‰8Ð3€September€1986Ð 7-+”ä  @êÞ@31657 @êÞ@ 7ÐGabonÐ 8. d pß@32192‰pß@‰8Ð20€February€1988Ð 7-+d pß@32192 pß@ 7ÐGuineaÐ 8. ”ä ÀFß@32027‰ÀFß@‰8Ð8€September€1987Ð 7-+”ä ÀFß@32027 ÀFß@ 7ÐGuinea-BissauÐ 8. d  .à@33137‰ .à@‰8ÐÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_Ô22Ô_Ô€September€1990Ð 7-+d  .à@33137  .à@ 7ÐGuyanaÐ 8. ”ä @êÞ@31657‰@êÞ@‰8Ð3€September€1986Ð 7-+”ä @êÞ@31657 @êÞ@ 7ÐHaitiÐ 8. d @êÞ@31657‰@êÞ@‰8Ð3€September€1986Ð 7-+d @êÞ@31657 @êÞ@ 7ÐIraqÐ 8. ”ä €Zà@33492‰€Zà@‰8Ð12€September€1991Ð 7-+”ä  €Zà@33492 €Zà@ 7ÐJamaicaÐ 8. d!  à@32829‰ à@‰8Ð18€November€1989Ð 7-+d"  à@32829  à@ 7ÐLao€People's€Democratic€RepublicÐ 8. ”ä# ÀìÞ@31667‰ÀìÞ@‰8Ð13€September€1986Ð 7-+”ä$ ÀìÞ@31667 ÀìÞ@ 7ÐLiberiaÐ 8.  d% À÷ß@32735‰À÷ß@‰8Ð16€August€1989Ð 7-+ d& À÷ß@32735 À÷ß@ 7ÐMalawiÐ 8. ”!ä' uà@33704‰uà@‰8Ð11€April€1992Ð 7-+”!ä( uà@33704 uà@ 7ÐMaliÐ 8. #d) `0à@33155‰`0à@‰8Ð10€October€1990Ð 7-+#d* `0à@33155 `0à@ 7ÐSaint€Kitts€and€NevisÐ 8. ”$ä+  à@33017‰ à@‰8Ð25€May€1990Ð 7-+”$ä,  à@33017  à@ 7ÐSaint€LuciaÐ 8. &d!- ÀUß@32087‰ÀUß@‰8Ð7€November€1987Ð 7-+&d!. ÀUß@32087 ÀUß@ 7ÐTogoÐ 8. ”'ä"/ @®ß@32441‰@®ß@‰8Ð26€October€1988Ð 7-+”'ä"0 @®ß@32441 @®ß@ 7ÐUruguay€Ð 8. )d$1 ÀúÞ@31723‰ÀúÞ@‰8Ð8€November€1986Ð 7-+)d$2 ÀúÞ@31723 ÀúÞ@ 7ÐViet€NamÐ 8. ”*ä%3 €ß@31854‰€ß@‰8Ð19€March€1987Ð;1/”*ä%4 €ß@31854  €ß@ ;ÐÌÌÐ ˆ-Ø(6 ЇÔ*ƒUdd<dd <<dd <U°(#°(#ÔÔ,<dd ÔÔ,<dd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ °° ÐòòState€partyóóÐ  d ÐòòDate€dueóóÐ  d ÐC.€€òòThird€periodic€reportsóóÐ  ”ä ÐÐ  ”ä ÐBhutanÐ 8. d  /à@33145‰ /à@‰8Ð30€September€1990Ð 7-+d  /à@33145  /à@ 7ÐCape€VerdeÐ 8. ” ä À+à@33118‰À+à@‰8Ð3€September€1990Ð 7-+” ä À+à@33118 À+à@ 7ÐCongoÐ 8.  d  @Xà@33474‰@Xà@‰8Ð25€August€1991Ð 7-+ d  @Xà@33474 @Xà@ 7ÐDominicaÐ 8. ” ä  À+à@33118‰À+à@‰8Ð3€September€1990Ð 7-+” ä  À+à@33118 À+à@ 7ÐEl€SalvadorÐ 8. d   -à@33133‰ -à@‰8Ð18€September€1990Ð 7-+d   -à@33133  -à@ 7ÐGabonÐ 8. ”ä   nà@33653‰ nà@‰8Ð20€February€1992Ð 7-+”ä   nà@33653  nà@ 7ÐGuatemala€Ð 8. d  `Zà@33491‰`Zà@‰8Ð11€September€1991Ð 7-+d  `Zà@33491 `Zà@ 7ÐGuineaÐ 8. ”ä  Zà@33488‰Zà@‰8Ð8€September€1991Ð 7-+”ä  Zà@33488 Zà@ 7ÐGuyanaÐ 8. d À+à@33118‰À+à@‰8Ð3€September€1990Ð 7-+d À+à@33118 À+à@ 7ÐHaitiÐ 8. ”ä À+à@33118‰À+à@‰8Ð3€September€1990Ð 7-+”ä À+à@33118 À+à@ 7ÐLao€People's€Democratic€RepublicÐ 8. d -à@33128‰-à@‰8Ð13€September€1990Ð 7-+d -à@33128 -à@ 7ÐMongoliaÐ 8. ”ä À+à@33118‰À+à@‰8Ð3€September€1990Ð 7-+”ä À+à@33118 À+à@ 7ÐSaint€LuciaÐ 8. d €aà@33548‰€aà@‰8Ð7€November€1991Ð 7-+d €aà@33548 €aà@ 7ÐSri€LankaÐ 8. ”ä €3à@33180‰€3à@‰8Ð4€November€1990Ð 7-+”ä  €3à@33180 €3à@ 7ÐTogoÐ 8. d! Àà@33902‰Àà@‰8Ð26€October€1992Ð 7-+d" Àà@33902 Àà@ 7ÐUruguayÐ 8. ”ä# 4à@33184‰4à@‰8Ð8€November€1990Ð 7-+”ä$ 4à@33184 4à@ 7ÐViet€NamÐ 8.  d% `Dà@33315‰`Dà@‰8Ð19€March€1991Ð 7-+ d& `Dà@33315 `Dà@ 7ÐYugoslaviaÐ 8. ”!ä' €Eà@33324‰€Eà@‰8Ð28€March€1991Ð;1/”!ä( €Eà@33324  €Eà@ ;ÐÌÌÌÐ  t%Ä + ÐòòAnnex€IIóóÐ ° ÐÌòòSTATES€PARTIES€WHOSE€REPORTS€HAVE€BEEN€SUBMITTED€BUT€HAVE€NOT€YETÐ ˆØ ÐBEEN€CONSIDERED€BY€THE€COMMITTEEóóÐ tÄ ÐÌÌÔ*ƒUdd<dd <<dd <U°(#°(#ÔÔ,ždd ÔÔ,ždd ÔÔ,ždd ÔÔ,ždd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 8 ˆ8 ˆ ÐòòState€partyóóÐ  œ ì ÐòòDate€dueóóÐ  œ ì ÐòòDate€receivedóóÐ  œ ì  ÐòòDocument€numberóóÐ  œ ì  ÐA.€€òòInitial€reportsóóÐ   l  ÐÐ   l  ÐÐ   l  ÐÐ   l ÐBelize€òòaóó/Ð 8. œ ì `Oà@33403‰`Oà@‰8ÐÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_Ô15Ô_Ô€June€1991€Ð ZP+œ ì `Oà@33403 `Oà@ @4á@35234‰@4á@‰ZÐ19€June€1996€Ð 7-+œ ì @4á@35234 @4á@ 7ÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔBLZÔ_Ô/1-2Ð  œ ì ÐDemocratic€RepublicÐ l  Ðof€the€Congo€òòaóó/€òòbóó/€Ð 8. 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X @Oá@35450‰@Oá@‰8ÐÔ_Ô21Ô_Ô€January€1997Ð ZP+X @Oá@35450 @Oá@  gá@35645‰ gá@‰ZÐ4€August€1997Ð 7-+X  gá@35645  gá@ 7ÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/LIE/1Ð  X ÐSlovakia€òòaóó/Ð 8. ˆØ  àÙà@34511‰àÙà@‰8Ð27€June€1994Ð ZP+ˆØ! àÙà@34511 àÙà@ à-á@35183‰à-á@‰ZÐ29€April€1996€Ð 7-+ˆØ" à-á@35183 à-á@ 7ÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔSVKÔ_Ô/1Ð  ˆØ# ÐB.€€òòSecond€periodicÐ X$ ÐreportsóóÐ  ôD% ÐÐ  X& ÐÐ  X' ÐÐ  X( ÐBelize€òòaóó/Ð 8. tÄ) á@34864‰á@‰8ÐÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_Ô15Ô_Ô€June€1995Ð ZP+tÄ* á@34864 á@ @4á@35234‰@4á@‰ZÐ19€June€1996€Ð 7-+tÄ+ @4á@35234 @4á@ 7ÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔBLZÔ_Ô/1-2Ð  tÄ, ÐBurkina€FasoÐ 8. ôD- à@33920‰à@‰8ÐÔ_Ô13Ô_Ô€November€1992Ð ZP+ôD. à@33920 à@ Àwá@35774‰Àwá@‰ZÐ11€December€1997Ð 7-+ôD/ Àwá@35774 Àwá@ 7ÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔBFAÔ_Ô/2-3Ð  ôD0 ÐChile€òòaóó/Ð 8. tÄ1 òà@34704‰òà@‰8Ð6€January€1995Ð ZP+tÄ2 òà@34704 òà@ Àùà@34766‰Àùà@‰ZÐ9€March€1995€Ð 7-+tÄ3 Àùà@34766 Àùà@ 7ÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/CHI/2Ð  tÄ4 ÐDemocratic€RepublicÐ ôD5 Ðof€the€Congo€òòaóó/€òòbóó/Ð 8. à06  bà@33557‰ bà@‰8Ð16€November€1991Ð ZP+ôD7  bà@33557  bà@  Dá@35361‰ Dá@‰ZÐ24€October€1996Ð ôD8 Ðà ¨ àÐ 7-+à09  Dá@35361  Dá@ 7ÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔZARÔ_Ô/2Ð  ôD: ÐEquatorial€Guinea€òòaóó/Ð 8. `°;  à@32833‰ à@‰8ÐÔ_Ô22Ô_Ô€November€1989Ð ZP+`°<  à@32833  à@ `Äà@34339‰`Äà@‰ZÐ6€January€1994Ð 7-+`°= `Äà@34339 `Äà@ 7ÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔGNQÔ_Ô/2-3Ð  `°> ÐGermanyÐ 8. à 0?  (à@33093‰ (à@‰8ÐÔ_Ô9Ô_Ô€August€1990Ð ZP+à 0@  (à@33093  (à@  Bá@35345‰ Bá@‰ZÐ8€October€1996Ð 7-+à 0A  Bá@35345  Bá@ 7ÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/DEU/2-3Ð  à 0B ÐGreeceÐ 8. `"°C €’ß@32330‰€’ß@‰8ÐÔ_Ô7Ô_Ô€July€1988à b àÐ ZP+`"°D €’ß@32330 €’ß@ €&á@35124‰€&á@‰ZÐ1€March€1996à  àÐ 7-+`"°E €&á@35124 €&á@ 7ÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔGRCÔ_Ô/2-3Ð  `"°F ÐIrelandÐ 8. à#0G `=à@33259‰`=à@‰8ÐÔ_Ô22Ô_Ô€January€1991Ð ZP+à#0H `=à@33259 `=à@ @Qá@35466‰@Qá@‰ZÐ6€February€1997Ð 7-+à#0I @Qá@35466 @Qá@ 7ÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/IRL/2-3Ð  à#0J ÐNigeria€òòcóó/Ð 8. `%° K @%à@33066‰@%à@‰8ÐÔ_Ô13Ô_Ô€July€1990Ð ZP+`%° L @%à@33066 @%à@  Rá@35473‰ Rá@‰ZÐ13€February€1997Ð 7-+`%° M  Rá@35473  Rá@ 7ÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔNGAÔ_Ô/2-3Ð  `%° N ÐPanama€òòcóó/à Ä àÐ 8. à&0"O ÀÿÞ@31743‰ÀÿÞ@‰8ÐÔ_Ô28Ô_Ô€November€1986Ð ZP+à&0"P ÀÿÞ@31743 ÀÿÞ@ ÀNá@35446‰ÀNá@‰ZÐÔ_ÔÔ_Ô17€January€1997Ð 7-+à&0"Q ÀNá@35446 ÀNá@ 7ÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/PAN/2-3Ð  à&0"R ÐThailandà Ä àÐ 8. `(°#S `,à@33123‰`,à@‰8ÐÔ_Ô8Ô_Ô€September€1990Ð ZP+`(°#T `,à@33123 `,à@ `Tá@35491‰`Tá@‰ZÐ3€March€Ô_Ô1997Ô_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÐ 7-+`(°#U `Tá@35491 `Tá@ 7ÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔTHAÔ_Ô/2-3Ð  `(°#V ÐUnited€Republic€ofÐ à)0%W ÐTanzania€òòcóó/Ð 8. Ì*&X À-à@33134‰À-à@‰8Ð19€September€1990Ð ZP+à)0%Y À-à@33134 À-à@ €@á@35332‰€@á@‰ZÐ25€September€1996Ð 7-+à)0%Z €@á@35332 €@á@ 7ÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔTZAÔ_Ô/2-3Ð à)0%[  ÐÌÐ  Ô,$(\ ÐÌÔ*¥ƒUddždd žždd žždd žždd žU°(#°(#¥ÔÔ,ždd ÔÔ,ždd ÔÔ,ždd ÔÔ,ždd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ œìœì ÐòòState€partyóóÐ  P ÐòòDate€dueóóÐ  P ÐòòDate€receivedóóÐ  P ÐòòDocument€numberóóÐ  P ÐC.€€òòThird€periodicÐ €Ð ÐreportsóóÐ  l¼ ÐÐ  €Ð ÐÐ  €Ð  ÐÐ  €Ð  ÐAustriaÐ 8. ì <   Ià@33357‰ Ià@‰8Ð30€April€1991Ð ZP+ì <   Ià@33357  Ià@ [á@35544‰[á@‰ZÐ25€April€1997Ð 7-+ì <  [á@35544 [á@ 7ÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔAUTÔ_Ô/3-4Ð  ì < ÐBelarus€òòcóó/€Ð 8. l ¼ À+à@33118‰À+à@‰8Ð3€September€1990Ð ZP+l ¼ À+à@33118 À+à@ À¬à@34150‰À¬à@‰ZÐ1€July€1993à  àÐ 7-+l ¼ À¬à@34150 À¬à@ 7ÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔBLRÔ_Ô/3€Ð  l ¼ ÐBurkina€Fasoà Ä àÐ 8. ì <  Fá@35381‰ Fá@‰8ÐÔ_Ô13Ô_Ô€November€1996Ð ZP+ì <  Fá@35381  Fá@ Àwá@35774‰Àwá@‰ZÐ11€December€1997Ð 7-+ì < Àwá@35774 Àwá@ 7ÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔBFAÔ_Ô/2-3Ð  ì < ÐChinaà l àÐ 8. l¼  À+à@33118‰À+à@‰8ÐÔ_Ô3Ô_Ô€September€1990Ð ZP+l¼  À+à@33118 À+à@ @_á@35578‰@_á@‰ZÐ29€May€1997à  àÐ 7-+l¼  @_á@35578 @_á@ 7ÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔCHNÔ_Ô/3-4Ð  l¼  ÐEgyptà l àÐ 8. ì<  `1à@33163‰`1à@‰8ÐÔ_Ô18Ô_Ô€October€1990Ð ZP+ì<  `1à@33163 `1à@  "á@35093‰ "á@‰ZÐ30€January€Ô_Ô1996Ô_ÔÐ 7-+ì<   "á@35093  "á@ 7ÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔEGYÔ_Ô/3Ð  ì<  ÐEquatorial€Guinea€òòaóó/Ð 8. l¼  À¾à@34294‰À¾à@‰8ÐÔ_Ô22Ô_Ô€November€Ô_Ô1993Ô_ÔÐ ZP+l¼  À¾à@34294 À¾à@ `Äà@34339‰`Äà@‰ZÐ6€January€1994Ð 7-+l¼ ! `Äà@34339 `Äà@ 7ÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔGNQÔ_Ô/2-3Ð  l¼ " ÐFinlandà Ä àÐ 8. ì<# àá@34975‰àá@‰8ÐÔ_Ô4Ô_Ô€October€1995Ð ZP+ì<$ àá@34975 àá@  Pá@35457‰ Pá@‰ZÐ28€January€1997Ð 7-+ì<%  Pá@35457  Pá@ 7ÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/FIN/3Ð  ì<& ÐGermanyà Ä àÐ 8. l¼' @ßà@34554‰@ßà@‰8ÐÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_Ô9Ô_Ô€August€1994Ð ZP+l¼( @ßà@34554 @ßà@  Bá@35345‰ Bá@‰ZÐ8€October€1996Ð 7-+l¼)  Bá@35345  Bá@ 7ÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/DEU/2-3Ð  l¼* ÐGreeceÐ 8. ì<+ àà@33791‰àà@‰8ÐÔ_Ô7Ô_Ô€July€1992Ð ZP+ì<, àà@33791 àà@ €&á@35124‰€&á@‰ZÐ1€March€1996à  àÐ 7-+ì<- €&á@35124 €&á@ 7ÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔGRCÔ_Ô/2-3Ð  ì<. 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'l"W `äà@34595‰`äà@‰8ÐÔ_Ô19Ô_Ô€September€1994Ð ZP+0&€!X `äà@34595 `äà@ €@á@35332‰€@á@‰ZÐ25€September€1996Ð 7-+0&€!Y €@á@35332 €@á@ 7ÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔTZAÔ_Ô/2-3Ð  0&€!Z ÐÐ  œ(ì#[ ÐÐ  œ(ì#\ ÐÐ  œ(ì#] ÐÐ œ(ì#^  ÐÌÌÌÌÐ h-¸(b ЇÔ*¥ƒUddždd žždd žždd žždd žU°(#°(#¥ÔÔ,ždd ÔÔ,ždd ÔÔ,ždd ÔÔ,ždd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ °° ÐòòState€partyóóÐ  d ÐòòDate€dueóóÐ  d ÐòòDate€receivedóóÐ  d ÐòòDocument€numberóóÐ  d ÐD.€€òòFourth€periodicÐ ”ä ÐreportsóóÐ  €Ð ÐÐ  ”ä ÐÐ  ”ä ÐÐ  ”ä  ÐAustriaÐ 8.  P  @á@34818‰@á@‰8ÐÔ_Ô30Ô_Ô€April€1995Ð ZP+ P  @á@34818 @á@ [á@35544‰[á@‰ZÐ25€April€1997à  àÐ 7-+ P  [á@35544 [á@ 7ÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔAUTÔ_Ô/3-4Ð   P  ÐChinaà l àÐ 8. € Ð `âà@34579‰`âà@‰8ÐÔ_Ô3Ô_Ô€September€1994Ð ZP+€ Ð `âà@34579 `âà@ @_á@35578‰@_á@‰ZÐ29€May€Ô_Ô1997Ô_ÔÐ 7-+€ Ð @_á@35578 @_á@ 7ÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔCHNÔ_Ô/3-4Ð  € Ð ÐColombiaÐ 8.  P `÷à@34747‰`÷à@‰8ÐÔ_Ô18Ô_Ô€February€1995Ð ZP+ P `÷à@34747 `÷à@ @dá@35618‰@dá@‰ZÐ8€July€1997à  àÐ 7-+ P @dá@35618 @dá@ 7ÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/COL/4Ð   P ÐDenmarkÐ 8. € Ð  0á@35205‰ 0á@‰8ÐÔ_Ô21Ô_Ô€May€1996Ð ZP+€ Ð  0á@35205  0á@ ÀMá@35438‰ÀMá@‰ZÐ9€January€Ô_Ô1997Ô_ÔÐ 7-+€ Ð ÀMá@35438 ÀMá@ 7ÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/DEN/4Ð  € Ð ÐPeru€òòcóó/Ð 8. P  á@34984‰á@‰8Ð13€October€1995Ð ZP+P  á@34984 á@ Àìà@34662‰Àìà@‰ZÐ25€November€Ô_Ô1994Ô_ÔÐ 7-+P  Àìà@34662 Àìà@ 7ÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/PER/3-4Ð  P  ÐSwedenÐ 8. €Ð  `âà@34579‰`âà@‰8ÐÔ_Ô3Ô_Ô€September€1994Ð ZP+€Ð  `âà@34579 `âà@  0á@35205‰ 0á@‰ZÐ21€May€1996à  àÐ 7-+€Ð   0á@35205  0á@ 7ÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔSWEÔ_Ô/4Ð €Ð !  ÐÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌ_________________Ð  $\5 Ðà  àòòaóó/€€Reports€that€have€been€translated,€reproduced€and€available€in€all€official€languages.Ð ø$H 6 ÐÌà  à€òòbóó/€€By€a€communication€dated€20€May€1997,€the€Secretariat€was€informed€by€the€MemberÐ Ð& "8 ÐState€known€formerly€as€"Zaire"€that€the€name€of€the€State€had€been€changed€to€"the€DemocraticÐ ¼' #9 ÐRepublic€of€the€Congo".Ð ¨(ø#: ÐÌà  àòòcóó/€€To€be€considered€by€the€Committee€at€its€nineteenth€session,€to€be€held€in€New€York€fromÐ €*Ð%< Ð22€June€to€10€July€1998.Ð l+¼&= ÐÌÐ D-”(? ЇòòAnnex€IIIóóÐ ° ÐÌòòTECHNICAL€COOPERATION€PROGRAMME€OF€THE€OFFICE€OF€THE€UNITED€NATIONSÐ ˆØ ÐHIGH€COMMISSIONER€FOR€HUMAN€RIGHTS:€€NOTE€FOR€THE€COMMITTEE€ON€THEÐ tÄ ÐELIMINATION€OF€DISCRIMINATION€AGAINST€WOMEN€PROVIDED€BY€THE€OFFICE€OFÐ `° ÐTHE€UNITED€NATIONS€HIGH€COMMISSIONER€FOR€HUMAN€RIGHTS€óóÐ L œ ÐÌA.€€òòDescription€of€the€Ô_ÔprogrammeÔ_ÔóóÐ $ t ÐÌ1.€€The€Technical€Cooperation€Programme€in€the€field€of€human€rights€is€a€United€Nations€globalÐ ü L  Ðprogramme€coordinated€by€the€United€Nations€High€Commissioner€for€Human€Rights.€€Its€aim€isÐ è 8  Ðto€build€a€culture€of€human€rights€at€the€national€and€regional€levels€by€promoting€the€incorporationÐ Ô$  Ðof€international€human€standards€into€national€laws,€policies€and€practices;€and€by€strengthening€keyÐ À  Ðinstitutions€and€infrastructures€which€support€and€promote€human€rights.€€Technical€cooperation€isÐ ¬ü  Ðprovided€to€or€through€Governments,€only€upon€request.€€Assistance€can€be€in€one€or€more€of€a€rangeÐ ˜è  Ðof€different€fields,€including€constitutional€and€legislative€reform;€training€of€government€officialsÐ „Ô  Ðin€human€rights€matters€and€in€the€preparation€of€reports€to€treaty€bodies;€establishment€andÐ pÀ Ðstrengthening€of€national€human€rights€institutions;€human€rights€training€for€professional€groups,Ð \¬ Ðincluding€judges,€lawyers,€prosecutors,€police€and€prison€personnel;€human€rights€and€humanitarianÐ H˜ Ðlaw€training€for€military€officials€and€peacekeepers;€teacher-training€and€curriculum€development;Ð 4„ Ðand€support€to€regional€human€rights€bodies,€non-governmental€organizations€and€civil€society.Ð  p ÐÌ2.€€Over€the€past€decade,€the€programme€has€grown€significantly,€in€terms€of€available€funding,Ð øH Ðrequests€and€activities.€€This€growth€has€been€accompanied€by€an€effort€to€adopt€and€apply€standardÐ ä4 ÐUnited€Nations€system€technical€cooperation€procedures€and€methods€of€work.€€The€substantialÐ Ð  Ðcontent€of€the€Programme€has€also€changed€dramatically.€€Prior€to€the€1990s,€the€technicalÐ ¼  Ðcooperation€was€largely€devoted€to€sponsoring€national€and€regional€conferences€and€seminars.€Ð ¨ø ÐIncreasingly,€however,€requests€for€assistance€are€being€met€by€an€attempt€to€define€(in€closeÐ ”ä Ðpartnership€with€recipient€countries)€the€shape€of€such€assistance.€€Expert€assessment€missions€areÐ €Ð Ðnow€routinely€conducted€in€order€to€identify€precisely€human€rights€technical€assistance€needs.€Ð l¼ ÐThese€needs€are€then€matched,€as€far€as€possible,€with€the€various€services€on€offer.€€The€fielding€ofÐ X ¨ Ðsuch€missions€has€led€to€the€development€of€comprehensive€"country€projects"€in€place€of€ad€hoc,Ð D!” Ðone-time€activities.€€For€certain€comprehensive€country€projects,€a€field€presence€has€beenÐ 0"€  Ðestablished€to€oversee€their€effective€implementation€(e.g.,€Cambodia€and€Palestine).Ð #l! ÐÌ3.€€Close€attention€is€now€being€given€to€"programme€development"€-€the€strengthening€of€internalÐ ô$D # Ðcapacity€with€regard€to€certain€components€of€the€programme.€€Examples€of€programmeÐ à%0!$ Ðdevelopment€include€the€elaboration€of€technical€training€manuals€for€professional€audiences,Ð Ì&"% Ðincluding€police,€lawyers€and€judges€and€human€rights€monitors.Ð ¸'#& ÐÌB.€€òòFunding€and€administration€of€the€Ô_ÔprogrammeÔ_ÔóóÐ )à$( ÐÌ4.€€The€Technical€Cooperation€Programme€is€funded€from€the€regular€budget€of€the€United€NationsÐ h+¸&* Ðand€(to€a€greater€extent)€from€the€United€Nations€Voluntary€Fund€for€Technical€Cooperation€on€theÐ T,¤'+ ÐField€of€Human€Rights.€€In€addition,€specific€projects€are€occasionally€funded€or€partially€funded€byÐ @-(, Ðthe€partners€of€the€Office€of€the€High€Commissioner€in€the€United€Nations€system,€such€as€theÐ ° ÐUnited€Nations€Development€Programme€(UNDP).€€The€Voluntary€Fund€is€administered€by€a€BoardÐ œì Ðof€Trustees€which€was€established€in€1993.€€The€Board€meets€twice€a€year€to€review€projectÐ ˆØ Ðproposals,€as€well€as€the€overall€operation€and€management€of€Voluntary€Fund€resources.Ð tÄ ÐÌC.€€òòTechnical€cooperation€and€the€human€rights€of€womenóóÐ L œ ÐÌ5.€€The€human€rights€of€women€have€not€been€properly€dealt€with€under€the€Technical€CooperationÐ $ t ÐÔ_ÔProgrammeÔ_Ô€-€a€situation€which€reflects€the€lack€of€a€gender€perspective€within€the€wider€humanÐ  ` Ðrights€system.€€The€Office€of€the€High€Commissioner€is€under€a€clear€obligation€to€address€this€issue.€Ð ü L  ÐIn€the€Vienna€Declaration€and€Programme€for€Action,€adopted€by€the€World€Conference€on€HumanÐ è 8  ÐRights€in€1993,€Member€States€formally€recognized€the€human€rights€of€women€to€be€"anÐ Ô$  Ðinalienable,€integral€and€indivisible€part€of€universal€human€rights".€òòaóó/€€They€further€demanded€thatÐ À  Ð"the€equal€status€of€women,€and€the€human€rights€of€women...€be€integrated€into€the€mainstream€ofÐ ¬ü  ÐUnited€Nations€system-wide€activity".€òòbóó/€€The€Vienna€Declaration€requested€that€steps€be€taken€by,Ð ˜è  Ðòòinter€aliaóó,€the€(then)€Centre€for€Human€Rights,€to€ensure€that€all€human€rights€activities€"regularlyÐ „Ô  Ðaddress€violations€of€women's€human€rights€including€gender-specific€abuses".€òòcóó/€€It€furtherÐ pÀ Ðrecommended€that€training€be€provided€for€human€rights€personnel€to€assist€them€in€identifyingÐ \¬ Ðhuman€rights€abuses€particular€to€women€and€in€carrying€out€their€work€without€gender€bias.Ð H˜ ÐÌ6.€€In€the€Beijing€Declaration€and€Platform€for€Action€adopted€by€the€1995€World€Conference€onÐ  p ÐWomen,€Member€States€called€on€the€United€Nations€to€provide€"appropriate€technical€assistanceÐ  \ Ðand€other€forms€of€assistance€to€the€countries€with€economies€in€transition€in€order€to€facilitateÐ øH Ðsolution€of€their€specific€problems€regarding€advancement€of€women".€€Member€States€also€"...Ð ä4 Ðencourage[d]€incorporation€of€a€gender€perspective€in€national€programmes€of€action€and€in€humanÐ Ð  Ðrights€and€national€institutions,€within€the€context€of€human€rights€advisory€services€Ô_ÔprogrammesÔ_Ô".òòdóó/Ð ¼  ÐÌ7.€€Over€the€past€several€years,€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights€has€adopted€resolutions€on€theÐ ”ä Ðmatter€of€integrating€the€human€rights€of€women€into€the€work€of€the€United€Nations€human€rightsÐ €Ð Ðmechanisms,€particularly€into€the€work€of€the€"mainstream"€(resolutions€1993/46,€1994/45€andÐ l¼ Ð1996/48).€€Similar€resolutions€have€been€adopted€by€the€Commission€on€the€Status€of€WomenÐ X ¨ Ð(resolutions€37/4,€1993;€38/2,€1994;€and€39/5,€1995).Ð D!” ÐÌ8.€€In€July€1995,€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights,€in€collaboration€with€the€United€NationsÐ #l! ÐDevelopment€Fund€for€Women€(UNIFEM),€convened€an€expert€group€meeting€to€draft€guidelinesÐ $X" Ðon€the€incorporation€of€a€gender€perspective€into€the€international€human€rights€system.€€The€purposeÐ ô$D # Ðof€the€meeting€was€to€assist€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights,€the€United€Nations€human€rights€bodiesÐ à%0!$ Ðand€mechanisms€and€other€concerned€human€rights€entities€in€developing€an€approach€andÐ Ì&"% Ðmethodology€for€drafting€gender-sensitive€guidelines€and€relevant€material€for€the€integration€of€theÐ ¸'#& Ðhuman€rights€of€women€into€United€Nations€activities€and€programmes.€€In€relation€to€technicalÐ ¤(ô#' Ðcooperation,€the€meeting€recommended€that€gender„specific€data€should€be€collected€during€needsÐ )à$( Ðassessment,€project€formulation€and€evaluation€phases€and€that€specific€guidelines€should€beÐ |*Ì%) Ðdeveloped€for€use€in€all€stages€of€the€project€cycle.€€Training€in€the€human€rights€of€women€and€inÐ h+¸&* Ðthe€application€of€gender-sensitive€perspectives€was€also€recommended€for€all€project€Ô_Ôpersonnel.òòeÔ_Ôóó/Ð T,¤'+ ÐÐ @-(, Ð9.€€In€late€1996,€the€Board€of€Trustees€of€the€Fund€endorsed€a€project€which€is€intended€to€facilitateÐ ° Ðthe€integration€of€a€gender€perspective€into€all€aspects€of€technical€cooperation€practices€andÐ œì Ðprocedures,€from€the€needs€assessment€and€project€formulation€phases€to€monitoring€and€evaluation.€Ð ˆØ ÐThe€project€will€involve€five€distinct€steps,€to€be€implemented€consecutively:€€(i)€a€detailedÐ tÄ Ðassessment€of€past€and€current€technical€cooperation€practices€with€respect€to€gender;€(ii)€theÐ `° Ðcollection€and€collation€of€gender-integration€expertise€from€other€United€Nations€technicalÐ L œ Ðcooperation€agencies;€(iii)€drafting€of€a€working€paper;€(iv)€the€convening€of€a€small€technicalÐ 8 ˆ Ðworking€group€to€review€this€material€and€to€develop€draft€procedures€and€guidelines€as€well€asÐ $ t Ðproposals€for€the€revision€of€existing€procedures€and€documentation;€and€(v)€the€field€testing€of€theÐ  ` Ðdraft€procedures€and€guidelines€in€the€context€of€selected€technical€cooperation€projects€andÐ ü L  Ðactivities.€€The€project€is€a€joint€initiative€with€the€Division€for€the€Advancement€of€Women.€Ð è 8  ÐImplementation€commenced€in€July€1997€and€the€Technical€Working€Group€(step€iv)€will€beÐ Ô$  Ðconvened€during€February€1998.Ð À  ÐÌD.€€òòPossibilities€for€working€with€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€againstÐ ˜è  ÐWomenóóÐ „Ô  ÐÌ10.€€As€noted€above,€the€Technical€Cooperation€Programme€is€subject€to€the€usual€United€NationsÐ \¬ Ðfinancial€and€administrative€regulations.€€In€addition,€the€voluntary€contributions€are€managed€by€theÐ H˜ ÐBoard€of€Trustees.€€The€administration€of€the€programme€falls€within€the€overall€responsibility€ofÐ 4„ Ðthe€United€Nations€High€Commissioner€for€Human€Rights.€€The€High€Commissioner€is€obliged€toÐ  p Ðtake€into€account€relevant€resolutions€(primarily€of€the€General€Assembly€and€the€Commission€onÐ  \ ÐHuman€Rights)€when€making€decisions€with€respect€to€the€programme.€€It€is€therefore€not€possibleÐ øH Ðfor€the€budget€of€the€programme€to€be€made€available€to€promote€the€Convention€and€the€work€ofÐ ä4 Ðthe€Committee€and€to€facilitate€seminars€on€such€issues€as€reservations,€as€suggested€in€CommitteeÐ Ð  Ðsuggestion€16/1,òòfóó/€unless€very€specific€procedures€are€followed.Ð ¼  ÐÌ11.€€The€Technical€Cooperation€Programme€is€actuated€by€the€requests€which€it€receives€from€StatesÐ ”ä Ðand€it€is€only€in€unusual€cases€that€a€project€proposal€does€not€originate€from€or€find€its€justificationÐ €Ð Ðin€a€specific€request€of€this€nature.€€An€exceptional€proposal€could,€for€example,€concern€a€regionalÐ l¼ Ðinitiative€involving€the€participation€of€representatives€from€a€number€of€States.€€In€such€a€situation,Ð X ¨ Ða€proposal€can€be€developed€and€submitted€to€the€Board€of€Trustees,€and,€if€endorsed,€it€will€beÐ D!” Ðsubmitted€to€the€High€Commissioner€for€consideration.€€Emphasis€in€this€context€is€on€practical,Ð 0"€  Ðconcrete€initiatives€which€can€point€to€specific€objectives€and€outputs.Ð #l! ÐÌ__________________Ð ô$D # ÐòòNotesóóÐ à%0!$ ÐÌòòaóó/€€A/Ô_ÔCONFÔ_Ô.157/24€(Part€I),€chap.€III,€para.€14.Ð ¸'#& ÐÌòòbóó/€€Ibid.,€para.€34.Ð )à$( ÐÌòòcóó/€€Ibid.,€para.€42.Ð h+¸&* ÐÌòòdóó/€€òòReport€of€the€Fourth€World€Conference€on€Women,€Beijing,€4-15September1995óó€(UnitedÐ @-(, ÐNations€publication,€Sales€No.96.IV.13),€chap.€I,€resolution€I,€annex€I,€paras.€339€and€231€(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô).Ð ° ÐÌòòeóó/€€See€E/CN.4/1996/105,€annex.Ð ˆØ ÐÌòòfóó/€€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Fifty„second€Session,€Supplement€No.€38óóÐ `° Ð(A/52/38/Rev.1),€part€one,€chap.€Ô_ÔI.BÔ_Ô,€suggestion€16/1.Ð L œ ÐÌ