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K›2_TTable2Table indented from left and rightÒ°ÒÒ°ÒÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÔ€$X÷ÈXXXÔÔ€$ô ¬òX$X÷ÈÔÔ#ldddÔÓÓÓ ÓÓ èè§ð°œXÓÓ 3³ÓÔ€'ô ¬òò$ô ¬ÔÔ€'ô ¬òò'ô ¬ÔÝ ƒ,øYÿÝÓ{gè!è:’ ! ± @‚MÜ‚‹"$ª%‚Y*é+x-‚'2·3F5‚õ9…;=‚ÃAèè§ð{ÓÝ  ÝÌÒèÒÒÒÓ  ÓÓÈÓÓ  ÓÔ#ldddÔzñÖ,Zq4_Note (S)Codes for manual notes Single Col.Ô€©“•§XXÔÓ 3³ÓÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓÓÝ ƒ#ºÿÝÓ{gè!èÐ’ ! ± @‚MÜ‚‹"$ª%‚Y*é+x-‚'2·3F5‚õ9…;=‚ÃA°œX{ÓÝ  ÝÔ€©“•§XXÔÓ 3³ÓÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓÓÓ{gè!èÐ’ ! ± @‚MÜ‚‹"$ª%‚Y*é+x-‚'2·3F5‚õ9…;=‚ÃA°œX{Ó(O¸[$µµà0 : àÔ2 eÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0:ð#:ð#à(xir$··à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0¸ (#¸ (#à(ŒÜ$¸¸à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0h(#(#à(ŸF$¹¹à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0Àh(#h(#à(³Àô$ººà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0À(#À(#à(ǵ{$»»à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0p(#(#àfØøY8_Tab SingleTabs for single columnÓØgè!è:’ ! ± @‚MÜ‚‹"$ª%‚Y*é+x-‚'2·3F5‚õ9…;=‚ÃAè!è:’ ! ± @‚MÜ‚‹"$ª%‚Y*é+x-‚'2·3F5‚õ9…;=‚ÃAØÓÝ ƒûœ!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô€€Ô_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/1999/II/4€(1999)ó óÐ ° ÐÌÓ  ÓDistr.:€GeneralÐ „Ô ÐÌññññññññò òññññññÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/1999/II/4ññññññ€ññññññññññññó óññññññÐ X¨ Ðññ6€May€1999Ð B ’ ÐÌOriginal:€EnglishÐ  f ÐÓ¸ÓÓ  ÓÌCommittee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€WomenÐ ê :  ÐTwenty„first€sessionÐ Ô $  Ð7ð!ð25€June€1999Ð ¾  ÐItem€6€of€the€provisional€agenda€òò*óó/Ð ¨ø  ÐÌWays€and€means€of€expediting€the€work€of€the€CommitteeÐ |Ì  ÐÌÓ  ÓòòReport€by€the€SecretariatóóÐ P  ÐÓ(ÓÓ  ÓÌòòContentsóóà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àà0Èp(#p(#àà0 È(#È(#àà0x (# (#à€€€€€€€òòParagraphsóó€Ð$tx(#x(# ÐÌI.€€Introduction€.................................................................................................................................€1ð!ð4€Ð øH ÐÌII.€€Ô_ÔFocusedÔ_Ô€periodic€reports€...........................................................................................................€5ð!ð7€Ð Ì ÐÌIII.€€Revised€reporting€schedule€for€States€parties€whose€initial€reports€are€long€overdueÐ  ð Ð.....................................................................................................................................ññ.ññ...................€8ð!ð16€Ð ŠÚ ÐÌIV.€€Practice€of€other€treaty€bodies€when€the€reports€of€States€parties€considered€by€theÐ ^® Ðpre„session€working€group€are€due€or€are€due€shortly€after€the€meeting€of€the€pre„session€workingÐ H˜ Ðgroup.............................................................................................................................................€17ð!ð18€Ð 2‚ ÐÌV.€€Responses€to€concluding€comments€......................................................................................€19ð!ð22€Ð !V ÐÌVI.€€Commission€on€the€Status€of€Women€..................................................................................€23ð!ð29€Ð Ú"*! ÐÌVII.€€Special€Rapporteur€on€Violence€against€Women€...............................................................€30ð!ð31€Ð ®$þ# ÐÌVIII.€€Reports€to€be€considered€at€the€twenty„second,€twenty„third€and€twenty„fourthÐ ‚&Ò!% Ðsessions€.......................................................................................................................................€32ð!ð33€Ð l'¼"& ÐÓ  ÓÌòòóóÌ_____________________Ð **z%) Ð*€CEDAW/C/1999/II/1.Ð +d&* ÐÌÌÐ Ò-")- ЇòòAnnexesóóÐ ° ÐÌI.€€States€parties€whose€reports€are€more€than€five€years€overdue€........................................................ññ..ññ.Ð „Ô ÐÌII.€€States€parties€whose€reports€have€been€submitted€but€have€not€yet€been€considered€by€theÐ X¨ ÐCommittee€...............................................................................................................................................Ð B ’ ÐÌIII.€€Ô_ÔEnforceabilityÔ_Ô€of€the€Convention€in€domestic€legal€systems€...........................................................Ð  f ÐÌÌI.€€òòIntroductionóóÐ Ô $  ÐÌ1.€€The€present€report€òò1óó/€addresses€a€number€of€issues€raised€by€the€Committee€on€the€EliminationÐ ¨ø  Ðof€Discrimination€against€Women€in€discussions€held€during€its€twentieth€session€(19€Januaryð!ð5Ð ’â  ÐFebruary€1999).€These€include:Ð |Ì  ÐÌ(a)€€Ô_ÔFocusedÔ_Ô€periodic€reports;Ð P  ÐÌ(b)€€A€revised€reporting€schedule€for€States€parties€whose€initial€reports€are€long€overdue;Ð $t ÐÌ(c)€€The€practice€of€other€treaty€bodies€in€cases€where€the€next€periodic€report€of€a€State€party€whichÐ øH Ðis€considered€by€the€pre-session€working€group€is€due€or€due€shortly€after€its€earlier€periodic€reportÐ â2 Ðis€considered€by€the€pre-session€working€group;Ð Ì ÐÌ(d)€€Relations€between€the€Committee€and€the€Special€Rapporteur€on€Violence€against€Women;Ð  ð ÐÌ(e)€€The€practice€of€other€treaty€bodies€with€regard€to€the€comments€of€States€parties€on€concludingÐ tÄ Ðcomments.Ð ^® ÐÌThe€report€also€contains€relevant€matters€discussed€by€the€Commission€on€the€Status€of€Women.Ð 2‚ ÐÌ2.€€Recommendations€for€the€Committee€to€consider€in€regard€to€ways€and€means€of€expediting€itsÐ !V Ðwork€are€highlighted€throughout€the€report.Ð ð!@  ÐÌ3.€€A€list€of€States€parties€whose€reports€are€more€than€five€years€overdue€is€contained€in€annex€I€toÐ Ä#" Ðthe€present€report.€As€requested€by€the€Committee€at€earlier€sessions,€the€report€also€contains€a€listÐ ®$þ# Ðof€States€parties€whose€reports€are€to€be€considered€in€order€of€receipt,€taking€into€accountÐ ˜%è $ Ðgeographical€balance€(see€annex€II).Ð ‚&Ò!% ÐÌ4.€€At€its€nineteenth€session,€the€Committee€requested€that€the€Secretariat€prepare€a€study€on€theÐ V(¦#' ÐÔ_ÔenforceabilityÔ_Ô€of€the€Convention€in€domestic€legal€systems,€to€be€submitted€to€the€Committee€at€itsÐ @)$( Ðtwenty„first€session.€The€study€is€set€out€in€annex€III€to€the€present€report.Ð **z%) ÐÌII.€€òòÔ_ÔFocusedÔ_Ô€periodic€reportsóóÐ þ+N'+ ÐÌ5.€€At€their€tenth€meeting,€in€September€1998,€the€persons€chairing€the€human€rights€treaty€bodiesÐ Ò-")- Ðreiterated€their€view€that€it€was€desirable€to€strive€for€Ô_ÔfocusedÔ_Ô€periodic€reports€that€would€examineÐ ° Ða€limited€range€of€issues€that€might€be€identified€by€the€relevant€treaty€body€in€advance€of€theÐ šê Ðpreparation€of€the€report.€The€chairpersons€noted€that€such€an€approach€would€greatly€reduce€theÐ „Ô Ðneed€for€very€lengthy€reports,€minimize€duplication€of€reports,€help€to€eliminate€long€delays€betweenÐ n¾ Ðthe€submission€and€the€examination€of€reports,€allow€problem€areas€to€be€dealt€with€in€depth€andÐ X¨ Ðfacilitate€the€follow-up€of€concluding€comments€or€observations,€both€for€the€State€party€and€for€theÐ B ’ Ðcommittee€concerned.Ð , | ÐÌ6.€€The€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women€currently€formulatesÐ  P Ðcomprehensive€concluding€comments€on€periodic€reports,€identifying€areas€of€concern€in€regard€toÐ ê :  Ðthe€implementation€of€the€Convention€by€a€particular€State€party,€and€proposing€concreteÐ Ô $  Ðrecommendations€in€that€regard.€Concluding€comments€could€therefore€serve€as€the€framework€orÐ ¾  Ðissue-oriented€guide€for€more€Ô_ÔfocusedÔ_Ô€periodic€reports,€by€identifying€issues€of€particular€interestÐ ¨ø  Ðor€concern€to€be€addressed€in€future€reports.Ð ’â  ÐÌ7.€€ò òRecommendationó ó.€The€Committee€may€wish€to€consider€the€issue€of€Ô_ÔfocusedÔ_Ô€periodic€reports,Ð f¶  Ðand€the€use€of€concluding€comments€as€a€framework€or€issue-oriented€guide€for€preparing€suchÐ R¢ Ðreports.Ð <Œ ÐÌIII.€€òòRevised€reporting€schedule€for€States€parties€whose€initial€reports€are€long€overdueóóÐ ` ÐÌ8.€€Currently,€the€initial€reports€of€29€States€parties€to€the€Convention€have€been€overdue€for€fiveÐ ä4 Ðyears€or€more,€while€the€periodic€reports€of€42€States€parties€have€been€overdue€for€five€years€orÐ Î Ðmore€(see€annex€I).€At€its€twentieth€session,€the€Committee€reiterated€its€decision€16/III,€in€whichÐ ¸ Ðit€decided,€on€an€exceptional€basis,€and€as€a€temporary€measure,€to€invite€States€parties€to€combineÐ ¢ò Ða€maximum€of€two€reports.Ð ŒÜ ÐÌ9.€€By€virtue€of€article€18€(1)€of€the€Convention,€States€parties€undertake€to€submit€reports€onÐ `° Ðimplementation€of€the€Convention€within€one€year€after€the€entry€into€force€for€the€State€concernedÐ Jš Ðand€thereafter€at€least€every€four€years€and€further€whenever€the€Committee€so€requests.€Since€theÐ 4„ ÐConvention€entered€into€force€in€1981,€the€practice€has€been€to€maintain€the€reporting€periodicityÐ  n Ðoutlined€in€article€18,€irrespective€of€whether€the€State€party€concerned€falls€behind€in€its€reportingÐ !X Ðobligations,€or€if€the€consideration€of€a€State€partyððs€report€by€the€Committee€is€delayed.Ð ò!B  ÐÌ10.€€At€its€twentieth€session,€the€Committee€decided€that€where€a€State€partyððs€initial€report€was€longÐ Æ#" Ðoverdue,€it€would€consider€a€revised€reporting€schedule€with€regard€to€that€State€partyððs€periodicÐ °$ # Ðreports€at€the€session€at€which€it€presented€its€initial€report,€and€it€would€inform€the€State€partyÐ š%ê $ Ðaccordingly.Ð „&Ô!% ÐÌ11.€€In€the€five€other€United€Nations€human€rights€treaties€reporting€obligations€vary.€Article€9€(2)Ð X(¨#' Ðof€the€International€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€Racial€Discrimination€providesÐ B)’$( Ðthat€reports€are€to€be€submitted€within€one€year€of€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Convention€for€the€StateÐ ,*|%) Ðparty€concerned€and€thereafter€every€two€years,€and€whenever€the€Committee€so€requests.€ArticleÐ +f&* Ð40€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€provides€that€reports€are€due€withinÐ ,P'+ Ðone€year€of€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Covenant€for€the€State€party€concerned€and€thereafterÐ ê,:(, Ðwhenever€the€Committee€so€requests.€Article€17€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Economic,€SocialÐ Ô-$)- Ðand€Cultural€Rights€provides€for€the€submission€of€reports€by€States€parties€within€one€year€of€theÐ ° Ðentry€into€force€of€the€Covenant€for€the€State€party€concerned€and€thereafter€in€accordance€with€aÐ šê Ðprogramme€to€be€established.€At€its€second€session,€in€1988,€the€Committee€on€Economic,€SocialÐ „Ô Ðand€Cultural€Rights€established€that€States€partiesðð€reports€were€to€be€presented€at€five€yearlyÐ n¾ Ðintervals.€The€Convention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€orÐ X¨ ÐPunishment,€in€article€19€(1),€provides€for€reporting€within€one€year€of€the€entry€into€force€of€theÐ B ’ ÐConvention€for€the€State€party€concerned,€and€thereafter€every€four€years€or€as€the€Committee€mayÐ , | Ðrequest.€Article€44€(1)€of€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€provides€for€the€submission€ofÐ  f Ðreports€within€two€years€of€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Convention€for€the€State€party€concerned€andÐ  P Ðthereafter€every€five€years.Ð ê :  ÐÌ12.€€The€practice€of€other€treaty€bodies€with€respect€to€the€periodicity€of€reporting€also€varies.€InÐ ¾  Ð1998,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€amended€its€decision€on€periodicity€of€reporting€òò2óó/€to€provideÐ ¨ø  Ðthat€ð ðIn€accordance€with€article€40,€paragraph€1€(b)€[of€the€Covenant],€the€date€for€the€submissionÐ ’â  Ðof€the€following€periodic€report€should€generally€be€up€to€five€years€after€the€consideration€of€theÐ |Ì  Ðprevious€report.€The€criteria€to€be€used€in€that€regard€are€the€following:€(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)€delays€in€submission€ofÐ f¶  Ðreports,€(ii)€delays€in€the€consideration€of€these€reports€if€attributable€to€the€State,€(iii)€quality€of€theÐ P  Ðreports€and€of€the€dialogue,€and€(iv)nature€of€the€concerns€and€recommendations€expressed€in€theÐ :Š Ðconcluding€observationsðð.€òò3óó/€The€Human€Rights€Committee€establishes€the€date€that€the€next€reportÐ $t Ðof€individual€States€parties€should€be€submitted€after€consideration€of€the€current€report,€and€thatÐ ^ Ðdate€is€reflected€in€the€concluding€observations€adopted€with€respect€to€the€State€party.€òò4óó/€In€casesÐ øH Ðwhere€more€than€one€report€is€outstanding,€dates€for€submission€are€designated€that€allow€the€StateÐ â2 Ðparty€to€become€up€to€date€with€its€reporting€obligations.€For€example,€the€Committee€requestedÐ Ì ÐJamaica,€whose€second€periodic€report€had€been€delayed€for€over€15€years,€to€submit€its€thirdÐ ¶ Ðperiodic€report€in€2001,€or€four€years€after€the€consideration€of€the€second€report€at€its€sixty-firstÐ  ð Ðsession€in€October€1997,€thus€adjusting€the€reporting€schedule.Ð ŠÚ ÐÌ13.€€The€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Racial€Discrimination€schedules€outstanding€reportsÐ ^® Ðirrespective€of€whether€they€have€been€submitted,€and€allows€all€outstanding€reports€to€beÐ H˜ Ðconsolidated€for€review.€The€Committee€against€Torture€does€not€schedule€a€review€of€States€partiesÐ 2‚ Ðin€the€absence€of€a€report,€nor€does€it€allow€for€the€consolidation€of€reports.€In€1998,€it€decided€thatÐ  l Ðit€would€forward€to€States€parties€whose€reports€were€overdue,€information€the€Committee€hadÐ !V Ðreceived€from€other€sources,€requesting€a€response,€which,€if€forthcoming,€would€be€considered€asÐ ð!@  Ða€report.€òò5óó/€If€an€overdue€report€does€not€cover€the€full€period€up€to€the€time€the€Committee€considersÐ Ú"*! Ðit,€it€may€request€updated€information€within€three€to€six€months,€as€an€additional€report.Ð Ä#" ÐRescheduling€of€dates€for€submission€is,€however,€agreed€on€an€ad€hoc€basis.Ð ®$þ# ÐÌ14.€€The€Committee€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights€allows€rescheduling€of€reporting€datesÐ ‚&Ò!% Ðwhere€this€is€requested€by€States€parties,€but€it€does€not€allow€the€consolidation€of€reports.€SinceÐ l'¼"& Ð1990,€it€has€considered€the€situation€concerning€the€implementation€of€the€Covenant€in€respect€ofÐ V(¦#' Ðeach€State€party€whose€initial€or€periodic€reports€were€significantly€overdue.€A€four„step€procedureÐ @)$( Ðhas€been€adopted€in€this€context:€(a)€identification€of€those€States€parties€whose€initial€or€periodicÐ **z%) Ðreports€were€long€overdue;€(b)€notification€to€those€States€parties€whose€situation€the€CommitteeÐ +d&* Ðintends€to€consider€at€a€subsequent€session;€(c)€consideration€of€the€status€of€economic,€social€andÐ þ+N'+ Ðcultural€rights€in€that€country€on€the€basis€of€all€available€information;€and€(d)€the€adoption€ofÐ è,8(, Ðconcluding€observations.€òò6óó/€It€is€to€be€noted€that€in€situations€where€a€State€party€is€notified€that€itÐ Ò-")- Ðwill€be€considered€in€the€absence€of€a€report,€the€Chairperson€is€authorized€to€defer€considerationÐ ° Ðof€the€situation€for€one€session,€but€no€longer.Ð šê ÐÌ15.€€In€the€light€of€the€practice€of€other€human€rights€treaty€bodies,€the€Committee€on€the€EliminationÐ n¾ Ðof€Discrimination€against€Women€might€wish€to€consider,€in€cases€where€the€initial€report€is€notÐ X¨ Ðsubmitted€on€time,€but,€once€submitted,€fully€and€comprehensively€meets€the€requirements€of€theÐ B ’ ÐCommitteeððs€reporting€guidelines€and,€in€addition,€provides€an€assessment€of€the€implementationÐ , | Ðof€the€Convention€from€the€date€that€the€initial€report€fell€due€to€the€date€at€which€the€State€partyÐ  f Ðsubmitted€its€initial€report,€that€the€report€satisfies€the€State€partyððs€reporting€obligations€to€that€date.Ð  P ÐIn€such€cases,€however,€the€Committee€may€wish€to€ensure€that€the€dialogue€between€it€and€the€StateÐ ê :  Ðparty€is€sustained€by€requiring€its€next€periodic€report€in€less€than€four€years.€Thereafter,€theÐ Ô $  ÐCommittee€may€decide€that€the€reporting€State€should€revert€to€the€regular€reporting€cycle€of€fourÐ ¾  Ðyears€indicated€in€the€Convention.Ð ¨ø  ÐÌ16.€€ò òRecommendationsó ó.€(a)€The€Committee€may€wish€to€consider€that,€in€cases€where€aÐ |Ì  Ðlong-delayed€initial€report€comprehensively€meets€requirements€of€its€reporting€guidelines€andÐ h¸  Ðprovides€an€assessment€of€the€implementation€of€the€Convention€from€the€due€date€of€the€initialÐ R¢ Ðreport€to€the€date€of€submission,€such€a€report€meets€the€reporting€obligations€of€that€State€party;Ð <Œ ÐÌ(b)€€In€these€circumstances,€the€Committee€may€also€wish€to€ensure€that€the€dialogue€between€it€andÐ ` Ðthe€State€party€is€sustained€by€requiring€its€next€periodic€report,€which€may€be€a€more€Ô_ÔfocusedÔ_Ô€report,Ð úJ Ðbe€submitted€in€less€than€four€years.Ð ä4 ÐÌIV.€€òòPractice€of€other€treaty€bodies€when€the€reports€of€States€parties€considered€by€the€pre-sessionÐ ¸ Ðworking€group€are€due€or€are€due€shortly€after€the€meeting€of€the€pre-session€working€groupóóÐ ¢ò ÐÌ17.€€In€addition€to€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women,€theÐ vÆ ÐCommittee€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights€and€the€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€the€ChildÐ `° Ðmeet€to€draw€up€lists€of€issues€and€questions€with€regard€to€reports€at€the€end€of€the€session€prior€toÐ Jš Ðthat€at€which€the€reports€will€be€considered.Ð 4„ ÐÌ18.€€The€first€set€of€periodic€reports€due€under€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€fell€dueÐ !X Ðafter€September€1997,€and€it€has€thus€not€developed€any€practice€in€this€regard.€The€Committee€onÐ ò!B  ÐEconomic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights€was€scheduled€to€consider€the€issue€in€the€context€of€Ireland,Ð Ü",! Ðwhose€initial€report€was€to€be€considered€at€its€twentieth€session,€in€April€1999.€The€pre-sessionÐ Æ#" Ðworking€group€for€the€twentieth€session€met€in€December€1998€and€drew€up€questions€with€regardÐ °$ # Ðto€Irelandððs€initial€report.€Irelandððs€second€periodic€report€fell€due€on€29€June€1997.€The€CommitteeÐ š%ê $ Ðwas€expected€to€consider€whether€the€comprehensive€reply€of€Ireland€to€the€list€of€issues€andÐ „&Ô!% Ðquestions€posed€on€its€initial€report€could€fulfil€its€second€and€subsequent€reporting€obligation.Ð n'¾"& ÐÌV.€€òòResponses€to€concluding€commentsóóÐ B)’$( ÐÌ19.€€Several€States€parties€have€commented€on€or€responded€to€concluding€comments€of€theÐ +f&* ÐCommittee€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€Discrimination€against€Women€that€were€adoptedÐ ,P'+ Ðafter€the€consideration€of€those€States€partiesðð€reports.€Currently,€the€Committeeððs€practice€is€for€theÐ ê,:(, ÐChairperson€to€acknowledge€receipt€of€such€comments€and€responses,€and€for€the€Committee€toÐ Ô-$)- Ðdiscuss€them€at€its€next€session.€As€appropriate,€the€Chairperson€forwards€the€Committeeððs€viewsÐ ° Ðto€the€State€party€concerned.Ð šê ÐÌ20.€€The€practice€of€other€human€rights€treaty€bodies€with€regard€to€comments€or€responses€toÐ n¾ Ðconcluding€observations€or€comments€varies.€The€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€RacialÐ X¨ ÐDiscrimination€has€adopted€the€practice€of€including€States€partiesðð€responses€in€its€reports€to€theÐ B ’ ÐGeneral€Assembly.€òò7óó/€The€Human€Rights€Committee€acknowledges€observations€of€States€partiesÐ , | Ðon€the€Committeeððs€concluding€observations€in€its€reports€to€the€General€Assembly.€òò8óó/€SelectedÐ  f Ðobservations€are€referred€to€its€working€group€for€examination.€òò9óó/€On€several€occasions,€observationsÐ  P Ðhave€been€reproduced€as€official€documents,€separate€from€the€Committeeððs€report.€òò10óó/€TheÐ ê :  ÐCommittee€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€sometimes€acknowledges€the€receipt€of€such€comments€in€itsÐ Ô $  Ðannual€report,€but€does€not€publish€them€in€full.Ð ¾  ÐÌ21.€€The€Committee€against€Torture€has€sometimes€included€responses€to€concluding€observationsÐ ’â  Ðòò11óó/€in€public€documents€of€the€Committee,€while€the€Committee€on€Economic,€Social€and€CulturalÐ |Ì  ÐRights€includes€such€responses€in€its€report€when€the€State€party€specifically€requests€it.Ð f¶  ÐÌ22.€€ò òRecommendationó ó.€The€Committee€may€wish€to€consider€the€practice€of€other€treaty€bodies€withÐ :Š Ðregard€to€States€partiesðð€observations€on€concluding€comments,€with€a€view€to€developing€its€ownÐ &v Ðpractice€in€this€regard.Ð ` ÐÌVI.€€òòCommission€on€the€Status€of€WomenóóÐ ä4 ÐÌ23.€€The€Commission€on€the€Status€of€Women€held€its€forty-third€session€from€1€to€12€March€1999.Ð ¸ ÐThe€open-ended€working€group€on€the€elaboration€of€a€draft€optional€protocol€to€the€Convention€onÐ ¢ò Ðthe€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€Discrimination€against€Women€met€in€parallel€to€the€forty-thirdÐ ŒÜ Ðsession€of€the€Commission.€From€15€to€19€March,€the€Commission€met€in€its€capacity€as€preparatoryÐ vÆ Ðcommittee€for€the€special€session€of€the€General€Assembly,€ð ðWomen€2000:€gender€equality,Ð `° Ðdevelopment€and€peace€for€the€twenty„first€centuryðð,€to€be€held€from€5€to€9€June€2000.Ð Jš ÐÌ24.€€The€Commission€adopted€agreed€conclusions€on€women€and€health€and€institutionalÐ  n Ðmechanisms,€as€well€as€six€resolutions.€Notably,€the€agreed€conclusions€on€women€and€health€referÐ !X Ðto€the€Committeeððs€general€recommendations€12€and€24€and€acknowledge€that€the€realization€ofÐ ò!B  Ðwomenððs€health-related€rights€is€an€integral€part€of€the€realization€of€all€human€rights.Ð Ü",! ÐÌ25.€€Acting€as€the€preparatory€committee€for€the€special€session€of€the€General€Assembly,€theÐ °$ # ÐCommission€adopted€a€draft€resolution€for€submission€to€the€General€Assembly€dealing,€òòinter€alia,óóÐ š%ê $ Ðwith€the€preparatory€process,€documentation€and€participation€of€non„governmental€organizations.Ð „&Ô!% ÐAmong€the€reports€considered€was€that€of€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€DiscriminationÐ n'¾"& Ðagainst€Women€on€progress€in€the€implementation€of€the€Platform€for€Action€of€the€Fourth€WorldÐ X(¨#' ÐConference€on€Women€based€on€the€review€of€reports.€òò12óó/Ð B)’$( ÐÌ26.€€In€the€draft€resolution,€the€General€Assembly€would€call€upon€the€Committee€to€be€involvedÐ +f&* Ðactively€in€preparatory€activities€and€to€participate€at€the€highest€level€in€the€special€session,Ð ,P'+ Ðincluding€through€presentations€on€best€practices,€obstacles€encountered€and€a€vision€to€accelerateÐ ê,:(, Ðimplementation€of€the€Platform€for€Action€and€address€new€and€emerging€trends.Ð Ô-$)- Ї27.€€The€Commission€also€adopted€an€optional€protocol€to€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€AllÐ ° ÐForms€of€Discrimination€against€Women.€The€protocol,€which€is€expected€to€be€adopted€by€theÐ šê ÐGeneral€Assembly€at€its€fifty-fourth€session,€in€1999,€would€enter€into€force€three€months€after€theÐ „Ô Ðreceipt€of€the€tenth€instrument€of€ratification€or€accession€to€the€protocol€from€States€parties€to€theÐ n¾ ÐConvention.Ð X¨ ÐÌ28.€€The€protocol€would€provide€for€two€procedures:€a€petition€procedure€and€an€inquiry€mechanism.Ð , | ÐThe€petition€procedure€would€entitle€individuals€and€groups€of€individuals€who€had€exhaustedÐ  f Ðdomestic€remedies€to€submit€communications€to€the€Committee.€Such€petitions€might€be€presentedÐ  P Ðon€behalf€of€individuals€or€groups€of€individuals€in€situations€where€they€consented.€Petitions€mightÐ ê :  Ðalso€be€presented€on€behalf€of€individuals€or€groups€of€individuals€if€the€author€could€justify€actingÐ Ô $  Ðon€their€behalf€without€their€consent.€The€inquiry€mechanism€would€permit€the€Committee€to€inquireÐ ¾  Ðof€its€own€motion€into€grave€or€systematic€violations€of€the€Convention.€No€reservations€would€beÐ ¨ø  Ðpermitted€to€the€Protocol,€but€States€parties€might€opt-out€of€the€inquiry€procedure.Ð ’â  ÐÌ29.€€ò òRecommendationó ó.€The€Committee€may€wish€to€begin€to€consider€the€implications€of€theÐ f¶  Ðadoption€of€the€optional€protocol€for€its€work;€it€may€also€wish€to€request€that€an€assessment€of€theseÐ R¢ Ðimplications€be€included€in€the€report€on€ways€and€means€of€expediting€the€work€of€the€Committee,Ð <Œ Ðwhich€will€be€prepared€for€its€twenty-second€session€in€January€2000.Ð &v ÐÌVII.€€òòSpecial€Rapporteur€on€Violence€against€WomenóóÐ úJ ÐÌ30.€€At€its€twentieth€session,€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€WomenÐ Î Ðmet€with€the€Special€Rapporteur€on€Violence€against€Women,€who€noted€that€her€main€focus€in€1999Ð ¸ Ðwas€on€trafficking€in€women.€The€Committee€and€the€Special€Rapporteur€discussed€ways€and€meansÐ ¢ò Ðto€enhance€collaboration€with€the€Special€Rapporteur,€and€it€was€agreed€that:Ð ŒÜ ÐÌ(a)€€Prior€to€country€missions,€the€Special€Rapporteur€would€inform€the€Division€for€theÐ `° ÐAdvancement€of€Women€which€would€inform€the€Committee,€so€that€relevant€information€could€beÐ Jš Ðforwarded€to€the€Special€Rapporteur;Ð 4„ ÐÌ(b)€€During€country€missions,€the€domestic€implementation€of€the€Convention€would€be€discussed;Ð !X ÐÌ(c)€€Following€missions,€the€Special€Rapporteur€would€inform€the€Committee€of€any€relevantÐ Ü",! Ðfindings;Ð Æ#" ÐÌ(d)€€Recommendations€of€the€Special€Rapporteur€in€mission€reports€would€contain€reference€toÐ š%ê $ Ðratification,€reservations€and/or€implementation€of€the€Convention;Ð „&Ô!% ÐÌ(e)€€The€Special€Rapporteur€would€forward€to€the€Committee€selected€communications€relating€toÐ X(¨#' Ðalleged€violence€against€women;Ð B)’$( ÐÌ(f)€€The€Special€Rapporteur€would€inform€the€Committee€of€the€specific€themes€or€areas€of€work€thatÐ +f&* Ðshe€would€be€taking€up€on€a€yearly€basis,€and€she€would€consult€with€the€Committee€so€as€to€ensureÐ ,P'+ Ðcoherent€policy€and€approach.€To€that€end€the€Committee€would€designate€one€of€its€members€toÐ ê,:(, Ðcarry€out€liaison€with€the€Special€Rapporteur€on€those€specific€themes€or€areas€of€work;Ð Ô-$)- Ї(g)€€The€Committee€would€inform€the€Special€Rapporteur€of€which€report€of€States€parties€it€wouldÐ ° Ðconsider€at€forthcoming€sessions;Ð šê ÐÌ(h)€€The€Special€Rapporteur€would€forward€any€relevant€information€on€States€parties€to€beÐ n¾ Ðconsidered€by€the€Committee€in€advance€of€sessions€at€which€the€reports€of€those€States€partiesÐ X¨ Ðwould€be€considered;Ð B ’ ÐÌ(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)€€The€Committee€would€bring€pertinent€information,€including€its€concluding€comments,€to€theÐ  f Ðattention€of€the€Special€Rapporteur.Ð  P ÐÌ31.€€ò òRecommendationó ó.€The€Committee€may€wish€to€discuss€these€suggestions€and€may€wish€toÐ Ô $  Ðdesignate€one€of€its€members€to€carry€out€liaison€with€the€Special€Rapporteur€on€the€issue€ofÐ À  Ðtrafficking€in€women€in€1999,€and€in€future€to€name€a€member€to€carry€out€liaison€on€other€priorityÐ ªú  Ðissues€on€which€the€Special€Rapporteur€will€focus.Ð ”ä  ÐÌVIII.€€òòReports€to€be€considered€at€the€twenty-second,€twenty-third€and€twenty-fourth€sessionsóóÐ h¸  ÐÌ32.€€At€its€seventeenth€session,€the€Committee€adopted€decision€17/II,€in€which€it€decided€that€theÐ <Œ Ðmaximum€number€of€reports€to€be€considered€at€each€session€would€normally€be€8,€drawn€from€aÐ &v Ðproposed€list€of€up€to€10€countries.€òò13óó/€At€its€twentieth€session,€the€Committee€proposed€a€list€forÐ ` Ðthe€twenty-second€and€twenty-third€sessions.€òò14óó/Ð úJ ÐÌ33.€€ò òRecommendationó ó.€The€Committee€may€wish€to€review€its€proposed€list€for€the€twenty„secondÐ Î Ðsession€and,€in€drawing€up€the€list€for€the€twenty„third€and€twenty„fourth€sessions,€it€may€wish€toÐ º  Ðtake€into€account€annex€II€to€the€present€report,€which€indicates€reports€of€States€parties€that€areÐ ¤ô Ðavailable,€particularly€those€available€in€the€official€languages€of€the€United€Nations.Ð ŽÞ ÐÌÌòòNotesóóÐ Lœ ÐÌòò1óó/€€At€its€twelfth€session,€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€WomenÐ  p Ðdecided€that€the€Secretariat€should€prepare€a€report€on€ways€and€means€of€improving€the€work€of€theÐ  !Z ÐCommittee€every€year€(see€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„eighth€Session,Ð ô!D  ÐSupplement€No.38óó€(A/48/38),€para.€632).€Pursuant€to€General€Assembly€resolution€51/68€of€12Ð Þ".! ÐDecember€1996,€in€which€the€Assembly€authorized€the€Committee€to€hold€two€sessions€annually,Ð È#" Ðthe€Secretariat€has€provided€the€Committee€with€a€report€on€ways€and€means€for€each€session.Ð ²$ # ÐÌòò2óó/€€Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/19/Rev.1.Ð †&Ö!% ÐÌòò3óó/€€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Fifty„third€Session,€Supplement€No.€40óó€(A/53/40),€vol.Ð Z(ª#' ÐI,€annex€VIII,€para.€7.Ð D)”$( ÐÌòò4óó/€€See,€for€example,€the€concluding€observations€with€respect€to€Ecuador,€òòOfficial€Records€of€theÐ +h&* ÐGeneral€Assembly,€Fifty„third€Session,€Supplement€No.40óó€(A/53/40),€vol.€I,€para.€296.Ð ,R'+ ÐÌòò5óó/€€See€CAT/C/SR.330,€paras.€35ð!ð55.Ð Ö-&)- Їòò6óó/€€òòManual€on€Human€Rights€Reportingóó,€2nd€edition,€1997€(United€Nations€publication,€Sales€No.Ð ° ÐÔ_ÔE.GVÔ_Ô.€97.0.16)€pp.€159ð!ð160.Ð šê ÐÌòò7óó/€€See€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Fifty„first€Session,€Supplement€No.€18óó€(A/51/18),Ð n¾ Ðannex€IX,€for€the€preliminary€observations€of€the€Government€of€India€on€the€concluding€commentsÐ X¨ Ðadopted€by€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Racial€Discrimination€on€the€tenth€to€fourteenthÐ B ’ Ðperiodic€reports€of€India€presented€during€the€forty„ninth€session€of€the€Committee;€and€òòOfficialÐ , | ÐRecords€of€the€General€Assembly,€Fifty„third€Session,€Supplement€No.€18€óó(A/53/18),€annex€VII,€forÐ  f Ðthe€comments€of€Yugoslavia€on€the€concluding€observations€of€the€Committee€on€the€eleventh€toÐ  P Ðfourteenth€periodic€reports€of€Yugoslavia.Ð ê :  ÐÌòò8óó/€€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Fifty„first€Session,€Supplement€No.€40óó€(A/51/40),€vol.Ð ¾  ÐI,€para.€41;€ibid.,€òòFifty„second€Session,€Supplement€No.40óó€(A/52/40),€vol.€I,€paras.€49€and€50;€òòFifty„Ð ¨ø  Ðthird€Session,€Supplement€No.€40óó€(A/53/40),€vol.€I,€paras.€43€and€44.Ð ’â  ÐÌòò9óó/€€See,€for€example€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Fifty„third€Session,€Supplement€No.Ð f¶  Ð40óó€(A/53/40),€vol.€I,€para.€44,€regarding€the€comments€of€Peru€on€the€Committeeððs€concludingÐ P  Ðobservations.Ð :Š ÐÌòò10óó/€€See,€for€example,€Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/116€for€the€observations€of€Sri€Lanka€on€the€CommitteeððsÐ ^ Ðobservations€on€the€third€periodic€report€of€Sri€Lanka.Ð øH ÐÌòò11óó/€€See,€for€example,€CAT/C/SR.€240,€paras.€58ð!ð73€for€the€response€of€Italy.Ð Ì ÐÌòò12óó/€€E/CN.6/1999/PC/4.Ð  ð ÐÌòò13óó/€€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Fifty„second€Session,€Supplement€No.€38Ð tÄ Ðóó(A/52/38/Rev.1),€part€two,€chap.€I,€sect.€B.Ð ^® ÐÌòò14óó/€€(a)€€ò òTwenty„second€sessionó ó:Ð 2‚ ÐÌòòà  àInitial€reportóóÐ !X Ðà  àIndiaÐ ò!B  Ðà  àJordanÐ Ü",! ÐÌà  àòòSecond€reportóóÐ °$ # Ðà  àEquatorial€GuineaÐ š%ê $ Ðà  àUruguayÐ „&Ô!% ÐÌà  àòòCombined€second€and€third€reportsóóÐ X(¨#' Ðà  àBurkina€FasoÐ B)’$( Ðà  àÌà  àòòCombined€second€and€third€reports€and€fourth€reportóóÐ +f&* Ðà  àBelarusÐ ,P'+ Ðà  àLuxembourgÐ ê,:(, Ðà  àFinlandÐ Ô-$)- Їà  àòòThird€reportóóÐ ° Ðà  àBelarusÐ šê Ðà  àLuxembourgÐ „Ô Ðà  àFinlandÐ n¾ ÐÌà  àòòFourth€reportóóÐ B ’ Ðà  àSwedenÐ , | ÐÌ(b)€€ò òTwenty„third€sessionó ó:Ð  P ÐÌà  àòòInitial€reportóóÐ Ö &  Ðà  àRepublic€of€MoldovaÐ À  ÐÌà  àòòSecond€reportóóÐ ”ä  Ðà  àAustriaÐ ~Î  Ðà  àNetherlandsÐ h¸  ÐÌà  àòòThird€reportóóÐ <Œ Ðà  àEgyptÐ &v Ðà  àJamaicaÐ ` Ðà  àLibyan€Arab€Ô_ÔJamahiriyaÔ_ÔÐ úJ ÐÌà  àòòFourth€reportóóÐ Î Ðà  àDenmarkÐ ¸ Ðà  àRomaniaÐ ¢ò ÐÌÐ  vÆ ÐòòAnnex€IóóÐ ° ÐÌòòStates€parties€whose€reports€are€more€than€five€years€overdueóóÐ ˆØ ÐÌòòState€Partyà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àà0Èp(#p(#àà0 È(#È(#àà0x (# (#à€€€€€€€€Due€DateóóÐ`°x(#x(# ÐÌA.€€òòInitial€reportsóóÐ 8 ˆ ÐÌAngolaà‚êê<(#.úúà17€October€1987ˆÐ  ` ÐÌBeninà‚ÆÆ>(#.ŒŒà11€April€1993ˆÐ è 8  ÐÌBhutanà‚:(#.ððà30€September€1982ˆÐ À  ÐÌBrazilà‚ÈÈ?(#.˜˜à2€March€1985ˆÐ ˜è  ÐÌBurundià‚<(#.>>à7€February€1993ˆÐ pÀ ÐÌCambodiaà‚"";(#.ææà14€November€1993ˆÐ H˜ ÐÌCape€Verdeà‚zz;(#.bbà3€September€1982ˆÐ  p ÐÌCentral€African€Republicà‚""?(#.’ ’ "à21€July€1992ˆÐ øH ÐÌCongoà‚,,=(#.ÄÄà25€August€1983ˆÐ Ð  ÐÌCosta€Ricaà‚hhA(#.à4€May€1987ˆÐ ¨ø ÐÌDominicaà‚zz;(#.ÄÄà3€September€1982ˆÐ €Ð ÐÌEstoniaà‚"";(#.à20€November€1992ˆÐ X ¨ ÐÌGambiaà‚@(#.((à16€May€1994ˆÐ 0"€  ÐÌGrenadaà‚:(#.RRà29€September€1991ˆÐ $X" ÐÌGuineaà‚zz;(#.ððà8€September€1983ˆÐ à%0!$ ÐÌGuinea„Bissauà‚:(#.F F à22€September€1986ˆÐ ¸'#& ÐÌHaitià‚zz;(#.@@à3€September€1982ˆÐ )à$( ÐÌLao€Peopleððs€Democratic€Republicà‚:(#.œœ*à13€September€1982ˆÐ h+¸&* ÐÌLatviaà‚@(#.ªªà14€May€1993ˆÐ @-(, ЇòòState€Partyà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àà0Èp(#p(#àà0 È(#È(#àà0x (# (#à€€€€€€€€Due€Dateóóаx(#x(# ÐÌLiberiaà‚,,=(#.ììà16€August€1985ˆÐ ˆØ ÐÌMaltaà‚**?(#.‚‚à7€April€1992ˆÐ `° ÐÌSaint€Kitts€and€Nevisà‚@(#.Z Z à25€May€1986ˆÐ 8 ˆ ÐÌSaint€Luciaà‚††<(#.@@à7€November€1983ˆÐ  ` ÐÌSamoaà‚êê<(#.ÐÐà25€October€1993ˆÐ è 8  ÐÌSeychellesà‚dd>(#.à31€March€1994ˆÐ À  ÐÌSierra€Leoneà‚::;(#.¬¬à11€December€1989ˆÐ ˜è  ÐÌSurinameà‚dd>(#.®®à31€March€1994ˆÐ pÀ ÐÌTogoà‚êê<(#.TTà26€October€1984ˆÐ H˜ ÐÌTrinidad€and€Tobagoà‚¤¤;(#.D D à11€February€1991ˆÐ  p ÐÌB.€€òòSecond€periodic€reportsóóÐ øH ÐÌAngolaà‚êê<(#.úúà17€October€1991ˆÐ Ð  ÐÌBhutanà‚:(#.ððà30€September€1986ˆÐ ¨ø ÐÌBrazilà‚ÈÈ?(#.˜˜à2€March€1989ˆÐ €Ð ÐÌCape€Verdeà‚zz;(#.bbà3€September€1982ˆÐ X ¨ ÐÌCongoà‚,,=(#.ÄÄà25€August€1987ˆÐ 0"€  ÐÌCosta€Ricaà‚hhA(#.à4€May€1991ˆÐ $X" ÐÌDominicaà‚zz;(#.ÄÄà3€September€1986ˆÐ à%0!$ ÐÌGabonà‚¤¤;(#.ÄÄà20€February€1988ˆÐ ¸'#& ÐÌGuineaà‚zz;(#.ððà8€September€1987ˆÐ )à$( ÐÌGuinea„Bissauà‚:(#.F F à22€September€1990ˆÐ h+¸&* ÐÌGuyanaà‚zz;(#.à3€September€1986ˆÐ @-(, ЇòòState€Partyà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àà0Èp(#p(#àà0 È(#È(#àà0x (# (#à€€€€€€€€Due€Dateóóаx(#x(# ÐÌHaitià‚zz;(#.@@à3€September€1986ˆÐ ˆØ ÐÌLao€Peopleððs€Democratic€Republicà‚:(#.œœ*à13€September€1986ˆÐ `° ÐÌLiberiaà‚,,=(#.ììà16€August€1989ˆÐ 8 ˆ ÐÌMadagascarà‚ÆÆ>(#.ppà16€April€1994ˆÐ  ` ÐÌMalawià‚ÆÆ>(#.à11€April€1992ˆÐ è 8  ÐÌMalià‚êê<(#.**à10€October€1990ˆÐ À  ÐÌSaint€Kitts€and€Nevisà‚@(#.Z Z à25€May€1990ˆÐ ˜è  ÐÌSaint€Luciaà‚††<(#.@@à7€November€1987ˆÐ pÀ ÐÌSierra€Leoneà‚::;(#.¬¬à11€December€1993ˆÐ H˜ ÐÌTogoà‚êê<(#.TTà26€October€1988ˆÐ  p ÐÌC.€€òòThird€periodic€reportsóóÐ øH ÐÌBhutanà‚:(#.ððà30€September€1990ˆÐ Ð  ÐÌBrazilà‚ÈÈ?(#.˜˜à2€March€1993ˆÐ ¨ø ÐÌCape€Verdeà‚zz;(#.bbà3€September€1990ˆÐ €Ð ÐÌCongoà‚,,=(#.ÄÄà25€August€1991ˆÐ X ¨ ÐÌDominicaà‚zz;(#.ÄÄà3€September€1990ˆÐ 0"€  ÐÌEl€Salvadorà‚:(#.ZZà18€September€1990ˆÐ $X" ÐÌFranceà‚<(#.ÌÌà13€January€1993ˆÐ à%0!$ ÐÌGabonà‚¤¤;(#.ÄÄà20€February€1992ˆÐ ¸'#& ÐÌGuatemalaà‚:(#.à11€September€1991ˆÐ )à$( ÐÌGuineaà‚zz;(#.ððà8€September€1991ˆÐ h+¸&* ÐÌGuyanaà‚zz;(#.à3€September€1990ˆÐ @-(, ЇòòState€Partyà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àà0Èp(#p(#àà0 È(#È(#àà0x (# (#à€€€€€€€€Due€Dateóóаx(#x(# ÐÌHaitià‚zz;(#.@@à3€September€1990ˆÐ ˆØ ÐÌKenyaà‚**?(#.²²à8€April€1993ˆÐ `° ÐÌLao€Peopleððs€Democratic€Republicà‚:(#.œœ*à13€September€1990ˆÐ 8 ˆ ÐÌLiberiaà‚,,=(#.ììà16€August€1993ˆÐ  ` ÐÌMauritiusà‚>(#.ººà8€August€1993ˆÐ è 8  ÐÌSaint€Luciaà‚††<(#.@@à7€November€1991ˆÐ À  ÐÌSenegalà‚ÈÈ?(#.&&à7€March€1994ˆÐ ˜è  ÐÌSri€Lankaà‚††<(#.ººà4€November€1990ˆÐ pÀ ÐÌTogoà‚êê<(#.TTà26€October€1992ˆÐ H˜ ÐÌViet€Namà‚dd>(#.¾¾à19€March€1991ˆÐ  p ÐÐ   \ ÐòòAnnex€IIóóÐ ° ÐÌòòStates€parties€whose€reports€have€been€submitted€but€have€not€yet€been€considered€by€the€CommitteeóóÐ ˆØ ÐÌÌÔ*’ƒ,&1ddd Xdd Xdd X°(#°(#’ÔÔ,ždd ÔÔ,ždd ÔÔ,ždd ÔÔ,ždd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ L œL œ ÐòòState€partyóóÐ  °  ÐòòDue€dateóóÐ  °  ÐòòDate€receivedóóÐ  °  ÐòòDocument€symbolóóÐ /% °   ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹/Ðò òA.€€Initial€reportsó óÐ E;'í =  „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÐ E;'í =  „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÐ E;'í =  „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÐ SI-í =  !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐDemocratic€RepublicÐ  k Ðof€the€Congo€òòaóó/Ð E;' W „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ16€November€1987Ð E;' k „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ1€March€1994Ð E;' k „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔZARÔ_Ô/1Ð SI- k !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐIndiaÐ E;'5…  „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ8€August€1994Ð E;'5…  „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ2€February€1999Ð E;'5…  „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/IND/1Ð SI-5…  !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐJordanÐ E;'c³  „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ31€July€1993Ð E;'c³  „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ27€October€1997Ð E;'c³  „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔJORÔ_Ô/1Ð SI-c³  !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐLithuaniaÐ E;'‘á  „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ17€February€1995Ð E;'‘á  „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ4€June€1998Ð E;'‘á  „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔLTUÔ_Ô/1Ð SI-‘á  !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐMaldivesÐ E;'¿  „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ1€July€1994Ð E;'¿  „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ28€January€1999Ð E;'¿ ! „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔMDVÔ_Ô/1Ð SI-¿ " !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐMyanmarÐ E;'í=# „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ21€August€1998Ð E;'í=$ „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ14€March€1999Ð E;'í=% „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔMNRÔ_Ô/1Ð SI-í=& !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐRepublic€of€MoldovaÐ E;'k' „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ3€July€1995Ð E;'k( „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ26€October€1998Ð E;'k) „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/MDA/1Ð SI-k* !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐò òB.€€Second€periodÐ I™+ Ðreportsó óÐ E;'5…, „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÐ E;'I™- „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÐ E;'I™. „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÐ SI-I™/ !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐBurkina€Faso€òòbóó/€òòcóó/€Ð E;'c³0 „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ13€November€1992Ð E;'c³1 „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ11€December€1997Ð E;'c³2 „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/BFA/2ð!ð3Ð SI-c³3 !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐLithuaniaÐ E;'‘á4 „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ17€February€1995Ð E;'‘á5 „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ4€June€1998Ð E;'‘á6 „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔLTUÔ_Ô/1Ð SI-‘á7 !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐDemocratic€RepublicÐ ¿8 Ðof€the€Congo€òòaóó/€Ð E;'«û9 „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ16€November€1991Ð E;'¿: „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ24€October€1996Ð E;'¿; „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔZARÔ_Ô/2Ð SI-¿< !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐEquatorial€Guinea€òòbóó/Ð E;'Ù)= „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ22€November€1989Ð E;'Ù)> „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ6€January€1994Ð E;'Ù)? „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔGNQÔ_Ô/2ð!ðÐ Ù)@ Ð3Ð SI-ÅA !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐGermany€òòcóó/Ð E;'óCB „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ9€August€1990Ð E;'óCC „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ8€October€1996Ð E;'óCD „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/DEU/2ð!ð3Ð SI-óCE !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐIraqÐ E;'!qF „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ12€September€1991Ð E;'!qG „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ13€October€1998Ð E;'!qH „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/IRQ/2ð!ð3Ð SI-!qI !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐJamaicaÐ E;'O ŸJ „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ18€November€1989Ð E;'O ŸK „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ17€February€1998Ð E;'O ŸL „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/JAM/2ð!ð4Ð SI-O ŸM !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐLibyan€ArabÐ }!ÍN ÐÔ_ÔJamahiriyaÔ_ÔÐ E;'i"¹O „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ15€June€1990Ð E;'}!ÍP „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ18€February€1999Ð E;'}!ÍQ „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔLBYÔ_Ô/1Ð SI-}!ÍR !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐNetherlandsÐ E;'—#çS „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ22€August€1996Ð E;'—#çT „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ10€December€1998Ð E;'—#çU „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/NET/2/Ð —#çV ÐAdd.1€and€2Ð SI-ƒ$ÓW !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐSloveniaÐ E;'±%!X „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ5€August€1999Ð E;'±%!Y „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ26€April€1999Ð E;'±%!Z „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔSVNÔ_Ô/2Ð SI-±%![ !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐUruguayÐ E;'ß&/"\ „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ8€November€1986Ð E;'ß&/"] „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ3€February€1998Ð E;'ß&/"^ „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔURYÔ_Ô/2ð!ðÐ ß&/"_ Ð3Ð SI-Ë'#` !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐò òC.€€Third€periodÐ ù(I$a Ðreportsó óÐ E;'å)5%b „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÐ E;'ù(I$c „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÐ E;'ù(I$d „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÐ SI-ù(I$e !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐAustriaÐ E;'+c&f „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ30€April€1991Ð E;'+c&g „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ25€April€1997Ð E;'+c&h „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔAUTÔ_Ô/3ð!ð4Ð SI-+c&i !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐBelarus€òòcóó/Ð E;'A,‘'j „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ3€September€1990Ð E;'A,‘'k „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ1€July€1993Ð E;'A,‘'l „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔBLRÔ_Ô/3Ð SI-A,‘'m !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐBelgiumÐ E;'o-¿(n „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ9€August€1994Ð E;'o-¿(o „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ29€October€1998Ð E;'o-¿(p „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/BEL/3ð!ð4Ð SI-o-¿(q !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐBurkina€Faso€òòbóó/€òòcóó/€Ð E;'Ñ! „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ13€November€1996Ð E;'Ñ! „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ11€December€1997Ð E;'Ñ! „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/BFA/2ð!ð3Ð SI-Ñ! !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐDemocratic€RepublicÐ ÿO Ðof€the€Congo€òòaóó/Ð E;'ë; „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ16€November€1991Ð E;'ÿO „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ24€October€1996Ð E;'ÿO „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔZARÔ_Ô/3Ð SI-ÿO  !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐEgyptÐ E;'i  „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ18€October€1990Ð E;'i  „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ30€January€1996Ð E;'i  „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔEGYÔ_Ô/3Ð SI-i  !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐEquatorial€Guinea€òòbóó/Ð E;'G — „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ22€November€1993Ð E;'G — „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ6€January€1994Ð E;'G — „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔGNQÔ_Ô/2ð!ðÐ G — Ð3Ð SI-3 ƒ !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐFinlandÐ E;'a ± „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ4€October€1995Ð E;'a ± „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ28€January€1997Ð E;'a ± „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/FIN/3Ð SI-a ± !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐGermany€òòcóó/Ð E;' ß „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ9€August€1994Ð E;' ß „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ8€October€1996Ð E;' ß „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/DEU/2ð!ð3Ð SI- ß !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐIcelandÐ E;'½  „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ3€July€1994Ð E;'½  „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ15€July€1998Ð E;'½  „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/ICE/3ð!ð4Ð SI-½  !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐIraqÐ E;'ë;  „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ12€September€1991Ð E;'ë;  „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ13€October€1998Ð E;'ë; ! „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/IRQ/2ð!ð3Ð SI-ë; " !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐJamaicaÐ E;'i # „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ18€November€1993Ð E;'i $ „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ17€February€1998Ð E;'i % „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/JAM/2ð!ð4Ð SI-i & !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐLuxembourg€òòbóó/€òòcóó/€Ð E;'G— ' „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ4€March€1998Ð E;'G— ( „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ12€March€1998Ð E;'G— ) „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/LUX/3Ð SI-G— * !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐMongoliaÐ E;'uÅ + „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ3€September€1990Ð E;'uÅ , „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ8€December€1998Ð E;'uÅ - „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔMNGÔ_Ô/3ð!ðÐ uÅ . Ð4Ð SI-a±/ !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐUruguayÐ E;'ß0 „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ8€November€1990Ð E;'ß1 „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ3€February€1998Ð E;'ß2 „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔURYÔ_Ô/2ð!ðÐ ß3 Ð3Ð SI-{Ë4 !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐYugoslaviaÐ E;'©ù5 „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ28€March€1991Ð E;'©ù6 „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ14€October€1998Ð E;'©ù7 „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔYUGÔ_Ô/3Ð SI-©ù8 !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐò òD.€€Fourth€periodicÐ ×'9 Ðreportsó óÐ E;'Ã: „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÐ E;'×'; „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÐ E;'×'< „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÐ SI-×'= !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐAustriaÐ E;'ñA> „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ30€April€1995Ð E;'ñA? „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ25€April€1997Ð E;'ñA@ „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔAUTÔ_Ô/3ð!ð4Ð SI-ñAA !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐBelgiumÐ E;'oB „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ9€August€1994Ð E;'oC „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ29€October€1998Ð E;'oD „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/BEL/3ð!ð4Ð SI-oE !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐDenmark€òòbóó/€Ð E;'MF „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ21€May€1996Ð E;'MG „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ9€January€1997Ð E;'MH „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/DEN/4Ð SI-MI !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐGermany€òòcóó/Ð E;'{ËJ „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ9€August€1998Ð E;'{ËK „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ27€October€1998Ð E;'{ËL „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/DEU/4Ð SI-{ËM !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐIcelandÐ E;'©ùN „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ3€July€1998Ð E;'©ùO „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ15€July€1998Ð E;'©ùP „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/ICE/3ð!ð4Ð SI-©ùQ !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐJapanÐ E;'×'R „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ25€July€1998Ð E;'×'S „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ24€July€1998Ð E;'×'T „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔJPNÔ_Ô/4Ð SI-×'U !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐJamaicaÐ E;'!UV „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ18€November€1997Ð E;'!UW „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ17€February€1998Ð E;'!UX „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/JAM/2ð!ð4Ð SI-!UY !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐMongoliaÐ E;'3"ƒZ „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ3€September€1994Ð E;'3"ƒ[ „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ8€December€1998Ð E;'3"ƒ\ „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔMNGÔ_Ô/Ð 3"ƒ] Ð3ð!ð4Ð SI-#o^ !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐNicaraguaÐ E;'M$_ „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ26€November€1994Ð E;'M$` „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ16€June€1998Ð E;'M$a „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/NIC/4Ð SI-M$b !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐRomaniaÐ E;'{%Ë c „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ6€February€1995Ð E;'{%Ë d „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ10€December€1998Ð E;'{%Ë e „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/ROM/Ð {%Ë f Ð4ð!ð5Ð SI-g&·!g !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐSweden€òòbóó/€òòcóó/Ð E;'•'å"h „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ3€September€1994Ð E;'•'å"i „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ21€May€1996Ð E;'•'å"j „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔSWEÔ_Ô/4Ð SI-•'å"k !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐò òE.€€Fifth€periodicÐ Ã($l Ðreportsó óÐ E;'¯)ÿ$m „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÐ E;'Ã($n „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÐ E;'Ã($o „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÐ SI-Ã($p !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹SÐRomaniaÐ E;'Ý*-&q „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ6€February€1995Ð E;'Ý*-&r „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐ10€December€1998Ð E;'Ý*-&s „„ˆˆ‹‹EÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/ROM/Ð Ý*-&t Ð4ð!ð5Ð Z€nI-É+'u !!  ‚!‚ƒ!ƒ„„ˆˆ‹‹ZÐRussian€FederationÐ L€n;'÷,G(vn „„ˆˆ‹‹LÐ3€September€1998Ð L€n;'÷,G(wn „„ˆˆ‹‹LÐ3€March€1999Ð L€n;'÷,G(xn „„ˆˆ‹‹LÐÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/USR/5Ð=31÷,G(y !! 4 n =ЇÌ___________________Ð œì ÐòòNotesóóÐ ˆØ ÐÌòòaóó/€€By€a€communication€dated€20€May€1997,€the€Secretariat€was€informed€by€the€Member€StateÐ `° Ðformerly€known€as€Zaire€that€the€name€of€the€State€had€been€changed€to€the€Democratic€RepublicÐ L œ Ðof€the€Congo.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌòòbóó/€€Report€has€been€translated,€reproduced€and€made€available€in€all€official€languages.Ð  ` ÐÌòòcóó/€€Report€to€be€considered€by€the€Committee€at€its€twenty„second€session,€to€be€held€in€New€YorkÐ è 8  Ðin€January€2000.Ð Ô$  ÐÐ  À  ÐòòAnnex€IIIóóÐ ° ÐÌòòÔ_ÔEnforceabilityÔ_Ô€of€the€Convention€in€domestic€legal€systemsóóÐ ˆØ ÐÌ1.€€The€question€of€the€Ô_ÔenforceabilityÔ_Ô€of€the€Convention€in€domestic€legal€systems€depends€on€theÐ `° Ðplace€of€international€law€standards€in€those€systems.€International€law€is€comprised€of€customaryÐ L œ Ðinternational€law€norms€and€treaty€norms.€The€status€of€customary€international€law€and€treaties€isÐ 8 ˆ Ðfrequently€distinguished€in€national€legal€systems,€it€being€widely€accepted€that€customaryÐ $ t Ðinternational€law€may€be€invoked€before€domestic€courts.€òò1óó/Ð  ` ÐÌ2.€€The€place€of€international€treaty€law€in€municipal€law€is€different€in€different€countries.Ð è 8  ÐCommentators€have€traditionally€drawn€a€distinction€between€countries€with€a€ð ðmonistðð€legalÐ Ô$  Ðtradition,€and€those€whose€tradition€is€ð ðÔ_ÔdualistÔ_Ôðð.€òò2óó/Ð À  ÐÌ3.€€In€monist€legal€systems,€international€law€and€domestic€law€together€form€a€unified€legal€system,Ð ˜è  Ðwithin€which€international€norms€may€have€a€superior€status,€sometimes€equivalent€to€that€of€theÐ „Ô  Ðnational€constitution.€Ð pÀ ÐÌ4.€€In€Ô_ÔdualistÔ_Ô€legal€systems,€domestic€law€and€international€law€constitute€two€separate€legal€systemsÐ H˜ Ðexisting€side€by€side,€with€international€law€operating€in€the€international€context,€and€national€lawÐ 4„ Ðoperating€in€the€domestic€sphere.Ð  p ÐÌ5.€€The€Vienna€Convention€on€the€Law€of€Treaties,€1969,€states€that€every€treaty€in€force€is€bindingÐ øH Ðupon€the€parties€to€it€and€must€be€performed€by€them€in€good€faith.€òò3óó/€It€also€provides€that€a€partyÐ ä4 Ðto€a€treaty€may€not€invoke€the€provisions€of€its€internal€law€as€a€justification€for€its€failure€to€performÐ Ð  Ða€treaty.€òò4óó/€States€parties€to€international€treaties€are€thus€required€under€international€law€to€bringÐ ¼  Ðtheir€domestic€legal€order€into€conformity€with€their€treaty€obligations.€òò5óó/Ð ¨ø ÐÌ6.€€International€law€does€not,€however,€determine€the€status€of€treaties€in€the€domestic€legal€system.Ð €Ð ÐThis€status€is€determined€by€the€constitutional€law€of€individual€States€parties€to€treaties.Ð l¼ ÐAccordingly,€the€national€legal€system€will€determine€whether€national€judges€and€administratorsÐ X ¨ Ðare€obliged€to€apply€the€norms€established€in€a€treaty€in€a€given€case.€The€national€legal€system€willÐ D!” Ðalso€determine€whether€individuals€in€States€parties€to€treaties€acquire€rights€that€can€be€enforcedÐ 0"€  Ðbefore€national€courts€and€tribunals€as€a€result€of€ratification€of€or€accession€to€treaties.€Insofar€asÐ #l! Ðthe€domestic€Ô_ÔenforceabilityÔ_Ô€of€the€Convention€is€concerned,€therefore,€this€is€a€matter€for€individualÐ $X" Ðdomestic€legal€systems.Ð ô$D # ÐÌ7.€€The€Committee€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights€has€stated€that€ð ðin€general,€legallyÐ Ì&"% Ðbinding€human€rights€standards€should€operate€directly€and€immediately€within€the€domestic€legalÐ ¸'#& Ðsystem€of€each€State€party,€thereby€enabling€individuals€concerned€to€seek€enforcement€of€theirÐ ¤(ô#' Ðrights€before€national€courts€and€tribunalsðð.€òò6óó/€The€Committee€indicated€that€the€InternationalÐ )à$( ÐCovenant€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights€does€not€oblige€States€parties€to€incorporate€itsÐ |*Ì%) Ðprovisions€comprehensively€in€national€law,€or€require€it€to€be€given€any€special€status€in€nationalÐ h+¸&* Ðlaw.€The€Committee€has€pointed€out,€however,€that€ð ðalthough€the€precise€method€by€which€CovenantÐ T,¤'+ Ðrights€are€given€effect€in€national€law€is€a€matter€for€each€State€party€to€decide,€the€means€usedÐ @-(, Ðshould€be€appropriate€in€the€sense€of€producing€results€which€are€consistent€with€the€full€dischargeÐ ° Ðof€its€obligations€by€the€State€party.€The€means€chosen€are€also€subject€to€review€as€part€of€theÐ œì ÐCommitteeððs€examination€of€the€State€partyððs€compliance€with€its€obligations€under€the€Covenantðð.òò7óó/Ð ˆØ ÐÌ8.€€In€many€countries,€the€status€of€treaties€is€addressed€in€the€national€constitution.€Some€nationalÐ `° Ðconstitutions€provide€that€treaties€become€domestic€law€as€a€result€of€ratification€or€accession.€ThisÐ L œ Ðis€referred€to€as€ð ðautomatic€incorporationðð€and€applies€in€France,€Switzerland,€the€United€States€ofÐ 8 ˆ ÐAmerica,òò8óó/€many€Latin€American€countries€and€some€Asian€and€African€countries.€òò9óó/€Ð $ t ÐÌ9.€€Several€national€constitutions€accord€treaties€an€important€hierarchical€status€in€the€municipalÐ ü L  Ðlegal€system.€Thus,€article€55€of€the€French€Constitution€of€4€October€1958€provides€that€treaties€andÐ è 8  Ðagreements€that€have€been€duly€ratified€or€approved€take€precedence€from€the€date€of€theirÐ Ô$  Ðpublication€over€laws,€subject€in€the€case€of€each€agreement€or€treaty€to€its€application€by€the€otherÐ À  Ðparty.€Where€French€law€is€concerned€once€signed,€ratified€and€published,€treaties€take€precedenceÐ ¬ü  Ðover€domestic€statutes,€whether€concluded€prior€to,òò10óó/€or€after,€the€ratification€of€the€treaty.€òò11óó/€AÐ ˜è  Ðtreaty€obligation€may€therefore€be€invoked€as€a€reason€for€not€applying€the€statute.€Greece,òò12óó/Ð „Ô  ÐGuatemala,òò13óó/€Spain,òò14óó/€Mexico,òò15óó/€Cð=ðte€dððIvoire€and€Mali€òò16óó/€take€a€similar€approach,€withÐ pÀ Ðtreaties€or€agreements€that€have€been€duly€ratified,€or€approved,€having€greater€authority€thanÐ \¬ Ðmunicipal€law€from€the€time€of€their€publication.€Articles€93€and€94€of€the€Netherlands€ConstitutionÐ H˜ Ðgo€further€and€extend€the€precedence€accorded€to€treaties€over€municipal€law€to€internationalÐ 4„ Ðdecisions,€including€those€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€in€respect€of€communications€under€theÐ  p Ðfirst€optional€protocol€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€òò17óó/€Where€treatiesÐ  \ Ðare€accorded€a€superior€hierarchical€status,€their€provisions€take€precedence€over€inconsistentÐ øH Ðdomestic€laws.€òò18óó/Ð ä4 ÐÌ10.€€Several€constitutions€provide€that€international€treaties€have€the€same€status€as€domestic€laws,Ð ¼  Ðand€that€there€is€no€priority€given€to€their€provisions€over€other€laws.€For€example,€the€PortugueseÐ ¨ø ÐRepublic€Constitution€of€1976€in€article€8,€paragraph€1,€provides€that€the€rules€and€principles€ofÐ ”ä Ðgeneral€or€ordinary€international€law€shall€be€an€integral€part€of€Portuguese€law.€Paragraph€2,€articleÐ €Ð Ð8,€also€stipulates€that€rules€derived€from€international€conventions€duly€ratified€or€approved€shall,Ð l¼ Ðfollowing€their€official€publication,€apply€in€municipal€law€in€so€far€as€they€are€internationallyÐ X ¨ Ðbinding€on€the€Portuguese€State.€Where€treaty€provisions€conflict€with€the€text€of€other€laws€in€theseÐ D!” Ðsystems,€the€conflict€is€resolved€in€accordance€with€the€standard€principles€of€statutory€interpretation.Ð 0"€  ÐThese€rules€include€the€rule€that€specific€laws€take€precedence€over€general€laws€and€more€recentÐ #l! Ðlaws€over€older€laws.€The€application€of€such€rules€may,€thus,€result€in€an€earlier€treaty€obligationÐ $X" Ðbeing€superseded€by€more€recent€legislation.Ð ô$D # ÐÌ11.€€Many€countries€which€provide€for€the€automatic€incorporation€of€treaties€into€domestic€lawÐ Ì&"% Ðrequire€the€proclamation€or€publication€of€the€treaty€in€the€official€gazette,€or€national€officialÐ ¸'#& Ðbulletin€before€the€treaty€has€the€force€of€national€law.€This€is€the€approach€taken€by€France,Ð ¤(ô#' ÐAlgeria,òò19óó/€Mauritania€òò20óó/€and€Chile.€òò21óó/Ð )à$( ÐÌ12.€€Even€in€States€that€provide€for€automatic€incorporation,€some€treaty€provisions€requireÐ h+¸&* Ðimplementing€legislation€before€an€individual€may€invoke€these€provisions€before€national€courts.Ð T,¤'+ ÐThese€provisions€are€categorized€as€non-executing.€Provisions€that€can€be€applied€directly€by€theÐ @-(, Ðcourts€are€described€as€self-executing.€The€decision€as€to€whether€a€treaty€or€treaty€provisions€fallsÐ ° Ðinto€the€self-executing€category€is€for€the€national€parliament,€which€may€declare€the€provision€orÐ œì Ðprovisions€self-executing,€or€for€the€national€courts.€òò22óó/€In€general,€treaty€provisions€are€consideredÐ ˆØ Ðby€national€courts€to€be€self-executing€when€they€lend€themselves€to€judicial€or€administrativeÐ tÄ Ðapplication€without€further€legislative€implementation.€Considerations€that€are€taken€into€accountÐ `° Ðin€this€determination€include€whether€the€treaty€provision€is€sufficiently€clear€and€unambiguous€toÐ L œ Ðbe€directly€applicable.€òò23óó/Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌ13.€€The€constitutions€of€many€countries€make€clear€that€the€provisions€of€ratified€treaties€do€notÐ  ` Ðbecome€part€of€the€national€legal€system,€unless€and€until€they€have€been€enacted€as€legislation.€ForÐ ü L  Ðexample,€the€Irish€Constitution€in€article€29€indicates€that€no€international€agreement€shall€be€partÐ è 8  Ðof€the€domestic€law€of€the€State€save€as€may€be€determined€by€the€Oireachtas.€Judicial€decisionsÐ Ô$  Ðhave€confirmed€that€until€incorporated€by€statute€no€treaty€is€part€of€Irish€domestic€law,€and€theÐ À  Ðcourts€are€precluded€from€giving€effect€to€the€provisions€of€any€treaty€where€this€would€be€contraryÐ ¬ü  Ðto,€or€would€impose€obligations€beyond,€those€existing€in€Irish€domestic€law.€òò24óó/Ð ˜è  ÐÌ14.€€Countries€whose€constitutions€are€silent€on€the€issue,€including€the€United€Kingdom€of€GreatÐ pÀ ÐBritain€and€Northern€Ireland,€most€Commonwealth€and€Scandinavian€countries€also€requireÐ \¬ Ðlegislative€enactment€of€the€provisions€of€the€treaty€before€they€become€part€of€domestic€law.€InÐ H˜ Ðthese€systems,€an€individual€is€unable€to€claim€the€benefit€of€the€provision€of€the€international€treatyÐ 4„ Ðdomestically,€except€in€those€cases€it€has€been€incorporated€into€national€law€by€legislation.€òò25óó/Ð  p ÐÌ15.€€In€those€countries€where€treaty€obligations€must€be€implemented€by€legislation€to€have€domesticÐ øH Ðeffect,€the€provisions€of€a€ratified€treaty€will€not€prevail€over€domestic€law€that€is€inconsistent€withÐ ä4 Ðtreaty€provisions€that€have€not€been€incorporated€by€legislation.€òò26óó/€This€principle€was€articulatedÐ Ð  Ðin€òòR€v€Secretary€of€State€for€the€Home€Department,€ex€parte€Ô_ÔBrindÔ_Ôóó€by€Lord€Ô_ÔAcknerÔ_Ô€who€stated€thatÐ ¼  Ðit€was€a€constitutional€principle€that€if€Parliament€had€legislated€and€the€words€of€the€statute€wereÐ ¨ø Ðclear,€the€statute€must€be€applied€even€if€its€application€was€in€breach€of€international€law.€òò27óó/€WhenÐ ”ä Ðthe€treaty€obligation€is€incorporated€into€the€national€legal€system,€it€has€the€same€status€of€otherÐ €Ð Ðlegislation,€and€can€be€overruled€by€subsequent€legislation€which€conflicts€with€its€terms.€Ð l¼ ÐÌ16.€€In€legal€systems€that€require€legislative€incorporation€for€a€treaty€to€have€effect€at€the€domesticÐ D!” Ðlevel,€it€is€nonetheless€accepted€that€any€statute€that€deals€with€the€same€subject€matter€that€is€passedÐ 0"€  Ðafter€the€acceptance€of€a€treaty€obligation€is€to€be€construed,€if€reasonably€capable€of€bearing€suchÐ #l! Ða€meaning,€as€intended€to€carry€out€the€treaty€obligation,€rather€than€being€inconsistent€with€it.€òò28óó/Ð $X" ÐIt€is€also€accepted€that€in€construing€any€provision€in€domestic€legislation€that€is€ambiguous,€theÐ ô$D # Ðcourts€will€presume€that€the€legislature€intended€to€legislate€in€conformity€with€the€treaty.€òò29óó/€JudgesÐ à%0!$ Ðin€several€legal€systems€that€require€legislative€incorporation€have€also€indicated€that€unincorporatedÐ Ì&"% Ðtreaties€can€be€drawn€on€to€interpret€the€law€generally.€òò30óó/Ð ¸'#& ÐÌ17.€€Several€national€constitutions,€including€from€jurisdictions€that€require€legislative€incorporationÐ )à$( Ðof€treaties,€require€that€regard€be€had€to€relevant€international€standards€in€their€interpretation.€ForÐ |*Ì%) Ðexample,€the€Constitution€of€Papua€New€Guinea€provides€that€in€interpreting€the€Constitution,€aÐ h+¸&* Ðcourt€may€have€regard€to€a€wide€range€of€international€sources,€including€the€Universal€DeclarationÐ T,¤'+ Ðof€Human€Rights€and€any€other€declaration,€recommendation€or€decision€of€the€General€AssemblyÐ @-(, Ðof€the€United€Nations€concerning€human€rights€and€fundamental€freedoms.€òò31óó/€Relying€on€thisÐ ° Ðprovision,€the€Court€in€òòThe€State€v€Ô_ÔKuleÔ_Ôóó€òò32óó/€interpreted€the€meaning€of€slavery,€and€the€slave€tradeÐ œì Ðin€the€light€of€United€Nations€treaties€relating€to€slavery€to€include€the€custom€of€giving€a€daughterÐ ˆØ Ðin€compensation€and€reparation€for€murder.€òò33óó/€The€Constitution€of€South€Africa€also€provides€thatÐ tÄ Ðin€interpreting€the€Bill€of€Rights€in€chapter€2€of€the€Constitution,€a€court€must€consider€internationalÐ `° Ðlaw,€a€provision€which€has€allowed€interpretation€in€the€light€of€treaties,€as€well€as€customaryÐ L œ Ðinternational€law,€decisions€of€international€courts€and€other€international€bodies€responsible€forÐ 8 ˆ Ðmonitoring€treaties.€òò34óó/Ð $ t ÐÌ18.€€Courts€in€a€number€of€jurisdictions€have€increasingly€been€prepared€to€draw€on€internationalÐ ü L  Ðtreaties,€even€in€the€absence€of€incorporation€or€a€clear€constitutional€provision€that€entitles€suchÐ è 8  Ðreference.€One€commentator€has€noted€that€the€membrane€separating€the€national€legal€system€fromÐ Ô$  Ðthe€unincorporated€treaty€is€by€no€means€impermeable€òò35óó/€and€outlines€six€situations€where€courtsÐ À  Ðmay€be€prepared€to€make€reference€to€unincorporated€treaties.€These€are:€(a)€as€an€aid€toÐ ¬ü  Ðconstitutional€or€statutory€interpretation,€either€generally€or€in€order€to€resolve€an€ð ðambiguityðð;€(b)Ð ˜è  Ðas€an€aid€to€statutory€interpretation,€such€as€where€the€statute€implements€the€treaty,€refers€to€theÐ „Ô  Ðtreaty€or€uses€language€from€the€treaty;€(c)as€a€relevant€consideration€to€be€taken€into€account€whenÐ pÀ Ða€decision-maker€is€exercising€a€discretion;€(d)€as€giving€rise€to€a€legitimate€expectation€that€theÐ \¬ Ðprovisions€of€the€treaty€will€be€applied€by€the€decision-maker;€(e)€as€a€factor€that€may€be€taken€intoÐ H˜ Ðconsideration€in€the€development€of€the€law,€where€the€law€is€unclear;€and€(f)€as€a€factor€that€mayÐ 4„ Ðbe€taken€into€account€when€identifying€the€demands€of€public€policy.€òò36óó/Ð  p ÐÌ19.€€For€example,€although€legislation€is€required€for€treaties€to€be€incorporated€into€domestic€IndianÐ øH Ðlaw,€the€Supreme€Court€of€India€has€been€prepared€to€hold€that€international€conventions€are€relevantÐ ä4 Ðto€constitutional€interpretation.€In€òòÔ_ÔVishakaÔ_Ô€v€State€of€Rajasthanóó€òò37óó/€where€a€writ€was€lodged€with€theÐ Ð  ÐIndian€Supreme€Court€requesting€it€to€direct€the€State€to€form€a€committee€to€frame€guidelines€forÐ ¼  Ðthe€prevention€of€sexual€harassment€and€abuse€of€women€following€an€alleged€gang€rape€and€theÐ ¨ø Ðfailure€of€officials€to€investigate€complaints€of€rape€of€State€employees,€the€Court€stated€that€thereÐ ”ä Ðwas€no€reason€why€those€international€norms€and€conventions€could€not€be€used€for€construing€theÐ €Ð Ðfundamental€rights€expressly€guaranteed€in€the€Constitution€of€India.€òò38óó/€The€Court€referred€to€articleÐ l¼ Ð11€of€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€Discrimination€against€Women€and€theÐ X ¨ ÐCommitteeððs€general€recommendation€11,€indicating€that€in€the€absence€of€domestic€law€occupyingÐ D!” Ðthe€field€and€to€formulate€effective€measures€to€address€sexual€harassment€of€working€women,€theÐ 0"€  Ðcontents€of€international€conventions€are€significant€for€the€interpretation€of€the€guarantee€of€genderÐ #l! Ðequality€and€other€rights€in€the€Constitution.€òò39óó/€Courts€in€other€jurisdictions,€including€Botswana,Ð $X" ÐZimbabwe,€òò40óó/€the€United€Republic€of€Tanzania€òò41óó/€and€Costa€Rica,€òò42óó/€have€also€been€preparedÐ ô$D # Ðto€refer€to€international€treaties,€including€the€Convention,€in€the€interpretation€of€nationalÐ à%0!$ Ðconstitutional€guarantees.€òò43óó/Ð Ì&"% ÐÌ20.€€Courts€are€generally€prepared€to€interpret€statutes€that€enact€the€provisions€of€treaties,€give€effectÐ ¤(ô#' Ðto€its€provisions€or€make€reference€to€the€treaty€in€some€way,€in€the€light€of€the€treaty.€Local€courtsÐ )à$( Ðfrequently€seek€to€interpret€statutes€in€a€way€that€is€compatible€with€international€treatyÐ |*Ì%) Ðobligations.òò44óó/€They€are€also€sometimes€prepared€to€refer€to€unincorporated€treaties€as€an€aid€toÐ h+¸&* Ðinterpretation€of€a€statute€that€deals€with€the€same€subject€matter€covered€by€the€treaty€where€thatÐ T,¤'+ Ðstatute€is€regarded€as€ambiguous.€The€question€of€whether€an€ambiguity€exists€is€frequentlyÐ @-(, Ðcontroversial,€with€judges€in€Ô_ÔdualistÔ_Ô€systems€often€being€wary€of€drawing€on€unincorporatedÐ ° Ðtreaties.òò45óó/Ð œì ÐÌ21.€€One€commentator€has€suggested,€however,€that€even€in€Ô_ÔdualistÔ_Ô€legal€traditions,€a€changing€legalÐ tÄ Ðculture€is€encouraging€courts€to€find€more€imaginative€ways€of€allowing€reference€to€internationalÐ `° Ðtreaties,€and€particularly€international€human€rights€treaties.€òò46óó/€Thus,€the€courts€of€the€StatesÐ L œ Ðmembers€of€the€Council€of€Europe€have€treated€the€European€Convention€on€Human€Rights€as€aÐ 8 ˆ Ðsource€of€domestic€law€even€where€their€legal€systems€require€legislative€incorporation€of€treaties.òò47óó/Ð $ t ÐCourts€in€other€jurisdictions€have€also€come€to€view€international€law,€although€not€necessarilyÐ  ` Ðbinding,€as€a€legitimate€and€important€influence€on€the€development€of€national€law€or€assistanceÐ ü L  Ðin€that€context,€òò48óó/€especially€in€those€cases€where€international€law€declares€the€existence€ofÐ è 8  Ðuniversal€human€rights.€Ð Ô$  ÐÌ22.€€Irrespective€of€whether€a€treaty€becomes€part€of€the€national€legal€system€on€ratification,€or€mustÐ ¬ü  Ðbe€incorporated€by€legislation€to€become€part€of€this€system,€the€Ô_ÔenforceabilityÔ_Ô€of€individual€treaties,Ð ˜è  Ðor€treaty€provisions,€will€be€determined€on€a€case-by-case€basis,€thereby€making€generalizationsÐ „Ô  Ðdifficult.€The€courts€of€all€systems€ð"ð€where€treaties€form€part€of€the€national€legal€system,€areÐ pÀ Ðdescribed€or€determined€to€be€self-executing,€or€require€incorporation€through€legislation€ð"ð€haveÐ \¬ Ðall€attracted€similar€criticisms€as€a€result€of€failure€to€take€account€of€international€treaty€law.€TheseÐ H˜ Ðcriticisms€highlight€the€fact€that€the€constitutional€framework€is€not€the€only€factor€that€determinesÐ 4„ Ðwhether€international€law,€including€international€human€rights€treaty€law€will€have€an€influence€inÐ  p Ðthe€national€legal€systems.€This€will€also€depend€on€other€issues,€including€the€knowledge€andÐ  \ Ðopenness€of€the€national€judiciary€to€international€law.€It€will€also€be€influenced€by€whether€the€StateÐ øH Ðconcerned€has€accepted€the€possibility€of€review€by€a€regional€or€international€judicial€orÐ ä4 Ðquasi-judicial€body.Ð Ð  ÐÌÌ____________________Ð ”ä ÐòòNotesóóÐ €Ð ÐÌÌòò1óó/€€Rosalyn€Higgins,€òòProblems€and€Process,€International€Law€and€How€We€Use€Itóó€(Oxford,Ð D!” ÐClarendon€Press,€1994),€pp.€210ð!ð214.Ð 0"€  ÐÌòò2óó/€€M.€Ô_ÔScheininÔ_Ô,€ð ðInternational€Human€Rights€in€National€Lawðð,€òòAn€Introduction€to€the€InternationalÐ $X" ÐProtection€of€Human€Rightsóó,€edited€by€Ô_ÔRaijaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔHanskiÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔMarkkuÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSuksiÔ_Ô,€Institute€for€Human€Rights,Ð ô$D # ÐAbo€Ô_ÔAkademiÔ_Ô€University,€1997,€p.€343€at€p.€344,€suggests€that€this€classification€is€outdated.€B.Ð à%0!$ ÐÔ_ÔConfortiÔ_Ô,€òòInternational€Law€and€the€Role€of€Domestic€Legal€Systemsóó€(Dordrecht,€Ô_ÔMartinusÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔNijhoffÔ_ÔÐ Ì&"% ÐPublications,€1993),€p.€6;€Erica„Irene€A.€Ô_ÔDaesÔ_Ô,€òòStatus€of€the€Individual€and€ContemporaryÐ ¸'#& ÐInternational€Law:€Promotion,€Protection€and€Restoration€of€Human€Rights€at€National,€RegionalÐ ¤(ô#' Ðand€International€Levelsóó€(United€Nations€publication,€sales€No.€E.91.XIV.3),€paras.€4ð!ð44;€Higgins,Ð )à$( ÐòòProblems€and€Process...óó,€pp.203ð!ð209.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÌòò3óó/€€Article€26.Ð T,¤'+ ÐÐ @-(, Ðòò4óó/€€Article€27.Ð ° ÐÌòò5óó/€€General€comment€9€of€the€Committee€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights€concerningÐ ˆØ Ðdomestic€application€of€the€Covenant€(E/C.12/1998/24).Ð tÄ ÐÌòò6óó/€€Ibid.,€para.€4.Ð L œ ÐÌòò7óó/€€Ibid.,€para.€5.Ð $ t ÐÌòò8óó/€€Constitution€of€the€United€States,€article€VI,€clause€2.Ð ü L  ÐÌòò9óó/€€Virginia€Ô_ÔLearyÔ_Ô,€òòInternational€Labour€Conventions€and€National€Lawóó€(Netherlands,€Ô_ÔKluwerÔ_ÔÐ Ô$  ÐAcademic€Publishers,€1982),€p.€1.Ð À  ÐÌòò10óó/€€Rosalyn€Higgins,€òòProblems€and€Process€...óó,€p.€215.Ð ˜è  ÐÌòò11óó/€€òòMinistry€of€Finance€v€Ô_ÔChauvineauÔ_Ôóó,€òòInternational€Law€Reportsóó,€vol.€48,€p.€213.Ð pÀ ÐÌòò12óó/€€Constitution,€1975,€article€28,€para.€1:€ð ðThe€generally€acknowledged€rules€of€international€law,Ð H˜ Ðas€well€as€international€conventions€as€of€the€time€they€are€sanctioned€by€law,€become€imperativeÐ 4„ Ðaccording€to€the€conditions€of€reciprocity.ððÐ  p ÐÌòò13óó/€€Constitution,€article€46.Ð øH ÐÌòò14óó/€€Ô_ÔDaesÔ_Ô,€op.€cit.,€para.€132.Ð Ð  ÐÌòò15óó/€€Constitution,€article€133.Ð ¨ø ÐÌòò16óó/€€Constitution,€article€64.Ð €Ð ÐÌòò17óó/€€Rosalyn€Higgins,€ð ðThe€Relationship€between€International€and€Regional€Human€Rights€NormsÐ X ¨ Ðand€Domestic€Lawðð,€òòDeveloping€Human€Rights€Jurisprudenceóó€(Commonwealth€Secretariat€andÐ D!” ÐÔ_ÔInterightsÔ_Ô,€1992),€vol.€5,€p.€16€at€p.€18.Ð 0"€  ÐÌòò18óó/€€For€example,€case€No.€963„95€of€the€Constitutional€Court€of€Guatemala,€where€the€GuatemalanÐ $X" ÐConstitution€and€international€conventions,€including€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€AllÐ ô$D # ÐForms€of€Discrimination€against€Women,€to€which€Guatemala€is€a€party,€were€invoked€to€strikeÐ à%0!$ Ðdown€a€clause€of€the€Penal€Code€relating€to€adultery€and€concubinage.Ð Ì&"% ÐÌòò19óó/€€Article€158€of€the€1976€Constitution.Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌòò20óó/€€Article€78,€Constitution,€1991.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÌòò21óó/€€Opinion€No.€2€of€the€Legal€Adviser€of€the€Ministry€of€Foreign€Affairs,€5€January€1968,€Ô_ÔMemoriaÔ_ÔÐ T,¤'+ Ðdel€Ô_ÔMinisterioÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔRelacionesÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔExterioresÔ_Ô,€1968,€paras.€346ð!ð348.Ð @-(, Ðòò22óó/€€See,€for€example,€with€regard€to€the€United€States,€òòIslamic€Republic€of€Iran€v€Boeingóó,€òòAmericanÐ ° ÐJournal€of€International€Lawóó,€1986,€vol.€80,€p.€374,€and€J.€J.€Ô_ÔPaustÔ_Ô,€òòInternational€Law€as€Law€of€theÐ œì ÐUnited€Statesóó€(Carolina€Academic€Press,€1996),€chap.€I;€note€the€history€of€ratification€of€theÐ ˆØ ÐInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€by€the€United€States,€Ô_ÔPaustÔ_Ô,€op.€cit.,€chap.€9;€seeÐ tÄ Ðthe€Declaration€entered€on€ratification:€ð ðThe€United€States€declares€that€the€provisions€of€articles€1Ð `° Ðthrough€27€of€the€Covenant€are€not€self„executingðð;€see€article€50.2€of€the€Austrian€Constitution,Ð L œ Ðwhich€states€that€Parliament€may€decide€upon€ratification€that€a€treaty€is€to€be€implemented€throughÐ 8 ˆ Ðlegislation;€Ô_ÔAdamovichÔ_Ô,€Funk,€òòÔ_ÔOsterreichischesÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔVerfassungsrechtÔ_Ôóó€(Vienna,€Springer€Ô_ÔVerlagÔ_Ô,€1982),Ð $ t Ð17.II€and€38.II€noting€that€both€Covenants€were€ratified€with€a€non„self„executing€clause.Ð  ` ÐÌòò23óó/€€Ô_ÔScheininÔ_Ô,€op.€cit.,€pp.€349€and€350.Ð è 8  ÐÌòò24óó/€€òòRe€Ô_ÔOððLaighleasÔ_Ôóó,€òòIrish€Reportsóó,€1960,€p.€93;€òòNorris€v€Attorney„Generalóó,€òòIrish€Reportsóó,€1984,€p.Ð À  Ð36.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌòò25óó/€€For€an€example€of€incorporating€legislation,€see€New€Zealand,€Bill€of€Rights€Act,€1990,€whichÐ „Ô  Ðconcerns€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights;€New€Zealand,€Human€Rights€Act,Ð pÀ Ð1993.Ð \¬ ÐÌòò26óó/€€Ô_ÔDaesÔ_Ô,€op.€cit.,€paras.€35,€38,€39€and€111ð!ð143.Ð 4„ ÐÌòò27óó/€€òòAppeal€Casesóó,€1991,€vol.€1,€pp.€696€at€p.€733;€see€also€Lord€Justice€Ô_ÔDiplockÔ_Ô€in€òòÔ_ÔSalomanÔ_Ô€vÐ  \ ÐCommissioner€for€Customs€and€Exciseóó,€òòQueens€Benchóó,€1967,€vol.€2,€p.€143€at€p.€166:€ð ðIf€the€termsÐ øH Ðof€the€legislation€are€clear€and€unambiguous€they€must€be€given€effect€to€whether€or€not€they€carryÐ ä4 Ðout€Her€Majestyððs€treaty€obligationsðð.Ð Ð  ÐÌòò28óó/€€Lord€Ô_ÔDiplockÔ_Ô€in€òòGarland€v€British€Rail€Engineeringóó,€òòQueens€Benchóó,€1982,€vol.€1,€p.€770,€CourtÐ ¨ø Ðof€Appeal.Ð ”ä ÐÌòò29óó/€€òòRe€Ô_ÔOððLaighleasÔ_Ôóó,€òòIrish€Reportsóó,€1960,€p.€93.Ð l¼ ÐÌòò30óó/€€òòAttorney„General€v€Guardian€Newspapers€(No.€2)óó,€òòAppeal€Casesóó,€1990,€vol.€1,€p.€109;€LordÐ D!” ÐÔ_ÔGoffÔ_Ô,€pp.283€and€284.Ð 0"€  ÐÌòò31óó/€€Constitution€of€Papua€New€Guinea,€section€39(3).Ð $X" ÐÌòò32óó/€€òòPapua€New€Guinea€Law€Reportsóó,€1991,€p.€404.Ð à%0!$ ÐÌòò33óó/€€Tracy€Ô_ÔDohertyÔ_Ô,€ð ðLitigation€Raising€relating€to€Womenððs€Human€Rights:€International€andÐ ¸'#& ÐRegional€Standards€ð"ð€the€Papua€New€Guinea€Experienceðð€in€òòAdvancing€the€Human€Rights€ofÐ ¤(ô#' ÐWomen:€Using€International€Human€Rights€Standards€in€Domestic€Litigationóó,€E.€Byrnes,€J.€ConnorsÐ )à$( Ðand€Ô_ÔLumÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBikÔ_Ô,€eds.€(Commonwealth€Secretariat,€1996),€pp.€154ð!ð160.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÌòò34óó/€€John€Ô_ÔDugardÔ_Ô,€ð ðInternational€Law€and€the€South€African€Constitutionðð,€òòEuropean€Journal€ofÐ T,¤'+ ÐInternational€Lawóó,€1997,€vol.€1,€p.€77.Ð @-(, Їòò35óó/€€Andrew€Byrnes,€ð ðHuman€Rights€Treaties€Before€Domestic€Courts:€The€Case€of€the€ConventionÐ ° Ðon€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€Womenðð,€unpublished€article,€1999.Ð œì ÐÌòò36óó/€€Ibid.,€see€also€Lord€Justice€Balcombe€in€òòDerbyshire€County€Council€v€Times€Newspapersóó,Ð tÄ ÐòòWeekly€Law€Reportsóó,€1992,€vol.€3,€p.€49.Ð `° ÐÌòò37óó/€€òòAll€India€Reportsóó,€1997,€Supreme€Court,€p.€3011€(1998).Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌòò38óó/€€Ibid.,€p.€3015.Ð  ` ÐÌòò39óó/€€Ibid.,€pp.€3013€and€3014.Ð è 8  ÐÌòò40óó/€€òòAttorney„General€of€Botswana€v€Unity€Dowóó,€òòLaw€Reports€of€the€CommonwealthóóÐ À  Ð(Constitutional),€1991,€p.€574€(High€Court€of€Botswana);€òòLaw€Reports€of€the€CommonwealthóóÐ ¬ü  Ð(Constitutional),€1992,€p.€623€(Court€of€Appeal€of€Botswana);€òòÔ_ÔRattiganÔ_Ô€v€Chief€Immigration€OfficerÐ ˜è  Ðof€Zimbabweóó,€òòLaw€Reports€of€the€Commonwealthóó,€1994,€vol.1,€p.€343€(Supreme€Court€ofÐ „Ô  ÐZimbabwe).Ð pÀ ÐÌòò41óó/€€òòÔ_ÔEphrahimÔ_Ô€v€Ô_ÔPatoryÔ_Ôóó,€òòLaw€Reports€of€the€Commonwealth€(Constitutional)óó,€1990,€p.€757€(HighÐ H˜ ÐCourt€of€the€United€Republic€of€Tanzania).Ð 4„ ÐÌòò42óó/€€Case€No.€716„98€(Constitutional€Chamber€of€the€Supreme€Court€of€Justice€of€Costa€Rica),Ð  \ ÐòòÔ_ÔBoletinÔ_Ô€de€la€Sala€Ô_ÔContitucionalÔ_Ô€de€la€Ô_ÔCorteÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSupremaÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔJusticiaÔ_Ôóó,€No.€59,€April€1990,€p.€10,€citedÐ øH Ðin€Byrnes,€op.€cit.Ð ä4 ÐÌòò43óó/€€Bart€Ô_ÔRwezauraÔ_Ô,€ð ðProtecting€the€Rights€of€the€Girl€Child€in€Commonwealth€Jurisdictionsðð€inÐ ¼  ÐòòAdvancing€the€Human€Rights€of€Womenóó,€op.€cit.,€p.€114;€pp.€115ð!ð117€describe€the€use€of€suchÐ ¨ø Ðtreaties€in€Commonwealth€Africa.Ð ”ä ÐÌòò44óó/€€Higgins,€òòProblems€and€Process€...óó,€pp.€214€and€215.Ð l¼ ÐÌòò45óó/€€Michael€Kirby,€ð ðThe€Role€of€International€Standards€in€Australian€Courtsðð,€P.€Alston€and€M.Ð D!” ÐÔ_ÔChiamÔ_Ô,€eds.,€òòTreaty„Making€and€Australiaóó€(Sydney,€Federation€Press,€1995),€p.81.Ð 0"€  ÐÌòò46óó/€€Higgins,€òòProblems€and€Process€...óó,€p.€216;€see€also€Ô_ÔScheininÔ_Ô,€op.€cit.,€pp.€346€and€347€withÐ $X" Ðregard€to€the€courts€of€Finland,€Iceland,€Norway€and€Sweden.Ð ô$D # ÐÌòò47óó/€€Higgins,€òòProblems€and€Process€...óó,€ð ðThe€Relationship€between€International€and€RegionalÐ Ì&"% ÐHuman€Rights...ðð,€p.19.Ð ¸'#& ÐÌòò48óó/€€See,€for€example,€Justice€Cartwright€in€òòNorthern€Regional€Health€Authority€v€Human€RightsÐ )à$( ÐCommissionóó,€òòHuman€Rights€New€Zealandóó,€1997,€vol.€4,€p.€37€and€pp.€57€and€58€(New€Zealand€HighÐ |*Ì%) ÐCourt).Ð h+¸&* ÐÌ