ÿWPCw!  ÇÉÅZ »0³޶ÝOßVoÜí/>\fgúÉ|ø‡1oc—¡Ǫ™ÃÞrö‹ò3˜E×¥Ò8Ò‚vÛ¯>8~×'OzŽ ?©~5;䌌0ou_¤Œø`˦ùVLzfPç>¿µh OY°AE‹–NY”óO¤ØÖÙzòË(¢l3¤6š ÂCÏpcnƒmüßdéñaBY:Ú‡ÆqqgË­„æ6pÚM ŒuÃ+á}½~âóz¦æ:>Všc6%ˆAÄòøÙ-ÀPµ'ά|9ºXÏ’.9÷w…hÂ/¬ll‡UeôãZÝ¡ 0?>ü©ÏÇ£¿$m¨>×èæ7KÈ×R„+J ÿÿ0_level4Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ` ÓÓ&<<”ìDœôL¤&ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó2;+J ÿÿ0_level5Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ¸ ÓÓ#””ìDœôL¤#ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó28+J ÿÿ0_level6Ó ¨ý ÓÓ  ÓÓ ììDœôL¤ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó25+J ÿÿ0_level7Ó ¨ý ÓÓ h ÓÓDDœôL¤ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó22+J ÿÿ0_level8Ó ¨ý ÓÓ À ÓÓœœôL¤ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó2/+J ÿÿ0_level9Ó ¨ý ÓÓ  ÓÓ ôôL¤ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó2GJ ÿÿ0_levsl1Ó ¨ý ÓÓ X ÓÓ/%4 4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤/ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó2DJ ÿÿ0_levsl2Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ° ÓÓ,"Œ Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤,ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó2AJ ÿÿ0_levsl3Ó ¨ý ÓÓ  ÓÓ)ä ä <”ìDœôL¤)ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó2>J ÿÿ0_levsl4Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ` ÓÓ&<<”ìDœôL¤&ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó2;J ÿÿ0_levsl5Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ¸ ÓÓ#””ìDœôL¤#ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó28J ÿÿ0_levsl6Ó ¨ý ÓÓ  ÓÓ ììDœôL¤ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó25J ÿÿ0_levsl7Ó ¨ý ÓÓ h ÓÓDDœôL¤ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó22J ÿÿ0_levsl8Ó ¨ý ÓÓ À ÓÓœœôL¤ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó2/J ÿÿ0_levsl9Ó ¨ý ÓÓ  ÓÓ ôôL¤ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó2GJ ÿÿ0_levnl1Ó ¨ý ÓÓ X ÓÓ/%4 4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤/ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó2DJ ÿÿ0_levnl2Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ° ÓÓ,"Œ Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤,ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó2AJ ÿÿ0_levnl3Ó ¨ý ÓÓ  ÓÓ)ä ä <”ìDœôL¤)ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó2>J ÿÿ0_levnl4Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ` ÓÓ&<<”ìDœôL¤&ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó2;J ÿÿ0_levnl5Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ¸ ÓÓ#””ìDœôL¤#ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó28J ÿÿ0_levnl6Ó ¨ý ÓÓ  ÓÓ ììDœôL¤ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó25J ÿÿ0_levnl7Ó ¨ý ÓÓ h ÓÓDDœôL¤ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó22J ÿÿ0_levnl8Ó ¨ý ÓÓ À ÓÓœœôL¤ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó2/J ÿÿ0_levnl9Ó ¨ý ÓÓ  ÓÓ ôôL¤ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó„ò\¨\.— Ñ~T.ing¸Û˜3|x,ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀTABLE A¸TABLE B(pTABLE C dÝ ƒûœ!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô€€Ô_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/2001/II/4€(2001)ó óÐ ° ÐÌÓ  ÓDistr.:€GeneralÐ „Ô ÐÌÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/2001/II/4Ð X¨ Ð30€May€2001Ð B ’ ÐÌOriginal:€EnglishÐ  f ÐÓ¸ÓÌCommittee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€WomenÐ ê :  ÐTwenty„fifth€sessionÐ Ô $  Ð2„20€July€2001Ð ¾  ÐItem€6€of€the€provisional€agenda€òò*óó/Ð ¨ø  ÐÌWays€and€means€of€expediting€the€work€of€the€CommitteeÐ |Ì  ÐÌÓ  ÓòòReport€of€the€SecretariatóóÐ P  ÐÓ¯ÓÌòòContentsóóà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àà0Èp(#p(#àà0 È(#È(#àà0x (# (#à€€€€€€òòParagraphsóó€Ð$tx(#x(# ÐÌÓ  ÓI.€€Introduction€.................................................................................................................................€1„3Ð øH ÐÌII.€€Concluding€comments€of€the€Committee€..................................................................................€4„19Ð Ì ÐÌIII.€€Practices€of€human€rights€treaty€bodies€on€reservations€........................................................€20„56Ð  ð ÐÌA.€€Human€Rights€Committee.......................................................................................................€25„44Ð tÄ ÐÌB.€€Committee€against€Torture€......................................................................................................€45„46Ð H˜ ÐÌC.€€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Racial€Discrimination€.......................................................€47„49Ð  l ÐÌD.€€Committee€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights................................................................€50Ð ð!@  ÐÌE.€€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€....................................................................................€51„56Ð Ä#" ÐÌIV.€€Developments€in€the€human€rights€regime.............................................................................€57„67Ð ˜%è $ ÐÌV.€€Reports€to€be€considered€at€future€sessions€of€the€Committee€...............................................€68„69Ð l'¼"& ÐÌVI.€€Efforts€to€encourage€universal€ratification€of€the€Convention,€ratification€of€theÐ @)$( ÐOptional€Protocol€and€acceptance€of€the€amendment€to€article€20€(1)..........................................€70„72Ð **z%) ÐÓÓÌòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÐ þ+N'+ Ðà  àòò*óó/€€Ô_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/2001/II/1.Ð è,8(, ÐÐ Ò-")- ÐòòAnnexesóóÐ ° ÐÌÓ  ÓI.€€States€parties€whose€reports€are€more€than€five€years€overdue€as€of€1€June€2001............................Ð „Ô ÐÌII.€€States€parties€whose€reports€have€been€submitted€but€have€not€yet€been€considered€by€theÐ X¨ ÐCommittee€...............................................................................................................................................Ð B ’ ÐÌIII.€€States€parties€that€have€signed,€ratified€or€acceded€to€the€Optional€Protocol€as€at€8€DecemberÐ  f Ð2000€........................................................................................................................................................Ð  P ÐÌIV.€€States€that€have€not€signed€ratified€or€acceded€to€the€Convention€.................................................Ð Ô $  ÐÌV.€€States€parties€that€have€accepted€the€amendment€to€article€20,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Convention.......€Ð ¨ø  ÐÌVI.€€Legal€opinion€submitted€by€the€Office€of€Legal€Affairs€concerning€the€implementation€ofÐ |Ì  Ðarticle€28€of€the€Convention€...................................................................................................................Ð f¶  ÐÓÐ ÓÌÌÌÌÌÐ  â2 ÐÓ  ÓI.€€òòIntroductionóóÐ ° ÐÌ1.€€The€present€report€provides€information€requested€by€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€ofÐ „Ô ÐDiscrimination€against€Women€at€its€twenty„fourth€session€(15€January€to€2€February€2001)€on€itsÐ n¾ Ðconcluding€comments€on€the€reports€of€States€parties€to€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€AllÐ X¨ ÐForms€of€Discrimination€against€Women€(chap.€II),€and€on€the€practices€of€other€human€rights€treatyÐ B ’ Ðbodies€on€reservations€to€human€rights€treaties€(chap.€III).€It€also€contains€information€on€relevantÐ , | Ðdevelopments€in€other€parts€of€the€United€Nations€human€rights€regime€(chap.€IV).€Ð  f ÐÌ2.€€Information€on€efforts€made€by€the€Special€Adviser€on€Gender€Issues€and€the€Advancement€ofÐ ê :  ÐWomen€and€the€Director€of€the€Division€for€the€Advancement€of€Women€of€the€Department€ofÐ Ô $  ÐEconomic€and€Social€Affairs€to€encourage€universal€ratification€of€the€Convention,€ratification€ofÐ ¾  Ðits€Optional€Protocol,€timely€reporting,€and€acceptance€of€the€amendment€to€article€20€(1)€is€includedÐ ¨ø  Ðin€chapter€VI.€€Chapter€V€provides€information€on€reports€to€be€considered€by€the€Committee€atÐ ’â  Ðfuture€sessions.Ð |Ì  ÐÌ3.€€A€list€of€States€parties€whose€reports€are€more€than€five€years€overdue€is€contained€in€annex€I.Ð P  ÐA€list€of€States€parties€whose€reports€have€been€submitted€but€have€not€yet€been€considered€by€theÐ :Š ÐCommittee,€together€with€the€date€of€receipt€of€those€reports,€is€contained€in€annex€II.€A€list€of€thoseÐ $t ÐStates€parties€that€have€signed,€ratified€or€acceded€to€the€Optional€Protocol€is€contained€in€annex€III.Ð ^ ÐA€list€of€those€that€have€accepted€the€amendment€to€article€20€(1)€is€contained€in€annex€V.€A€list€ofÐ øH Ðthose€States€that€have€not€ratified€or€acceded€to€the€Convention€is€contained€in€annex€IV.€An€opinionÐ â2 Ðof€the€Office€of€Legal€Affairs€on€the€Convention€and€reservations€is€contained€in€annex€VI.€Ð Ì ÐÌII.€€òòConcluding€comments€of€the€CommitteeóóÐ  ð ÐÌ4.€€At€its€thirteenth€session,€in€January€1994,€the€Committee€adopted€the€practice€of€adoptingÐ tÄ Ðconcluding€comments€on€the€reports€of€States€parties€before€the€Committee.€òò1óó/€At€that€session,Ð ^® Ðspecific€procedures€were€agreed€for€the€preparation€of€concluding€comments:€that€they€should€coverÐ H˜ Ðthe€most€important€points€raised€during€the€constructive€dialogue,€emphasizing€both€the€positiveÐ 2‚ Ðaspects€of€the€reports€and€matters€on€which€the€Committee€has€expressed€concern,€and€should€clearlyÐ  l Ðindicate€what€the€Committee€wished€the€State€party€to€focus€on€in€its€next€report.€The€commentsÐ !V Ðwere€to€be€concise€and,€where€periodic€reports€were€concerned,€should€take€into€account€the€findingsÐ ð!@  Ðof€the€pre„session€working€group,€as€well€as€the€constructive€dialogue.€At€the€same€session,€theÐ Ú"*! ÐCommittee€decided€to€include€in€the€concluding€comments€a€section€in€which€the€Committeeððs€viewÐ Ä#" Ðon€reservations€would€be€reflected€for€those€States€parties€that€have€entered€substantiveÐ ®$þ# Ðreservations.òò2óó/€Ð ˜%è $ ÐÌ5.€€At€its€fifteenth€session,€in€January€1996,€the€Committee€decided€to€dispense€with€the€detailedÐ l'¼"& Ðsummary€of€the€constructive€dialogue€on€the€reports€of€States€parties.€Summary€records€were€to€beÐ V(¦#' Ðretained,€and€the€concluding€comments€of€the€Committee€would€be€preceded€by€a€brief€summary€ofÐ @)$( Ðthe€presentation€of€the€State€party€concerned€prepared€by€the€Secretariat,€which€would€consult€theÐ **z%) ÐState€party€on€its€accuracy.€òò3óó/€Ð +d&* ÐÌ6.€€At€its€sixteenth€and€seventeenth€sessions,€the€Committee€decided€that€the€standard€format€forÐ è,8(, Ðconcluding€comments€would€be:€introduction;€positive€aspects;€factors€and€difficulties€affecting€theÐ Ò-")- Ðimplementation€of€the€Convention;€principal€areas€of€concern;€and€suggestions€andÐ ° Ðrecommendations.€òò4óó/€The€procedures€and€format€for€concluding€comments€were€revised€at€theÐ šê ÐCommitteeððs€nineteenth€session,€with€a€view€to€streamlining,€while€retaining€flexibility.€òò5óó/€Ð „Ô ÐÌ7.€€In€accordance€with€the€revised€format€adopted€at€the€nineteenth€session,€the€concludingÐ X¨ Ðcomments:€Ð B ’ ÐÌ(a)€€Are€preceded€by€a€summary€of€the€State€partyððs€presentation,€which€is€prepared€by€theÐ  f ÐSecretariat;€Ð  P ÐÌ(b)€€Usually€follow€a€standard€format€under€four€headings:€introduction;€positive€aspects;€factors€andÐ Ô $  Ðdifficulties€affecting€the€implementation€of€the€Convention;€principal€areas€of€concern€andÐ ¾  Ðrecommendations;€Ð ¨ø  ÐÌ(c)€€Include€an€introduction€containing€comments€on€whether€the€report€has€followed€theÐ |Ì  ÐCommitteeððs€guidelines€for€the€preparation€of€initial€and€periodic€reports;€whether€it€was€sufficientÐ f¶  Ðor€insufficient;€whether€it€incorporates€or€refers€to€statistical€information€Ô_ÔdisaggregatedÔ_Ô€by€sex,€andÐ P  Ðthe€Committeeððs€general€recommendations;€whether€there€are€any€reservations€to€the€Convention;Ð :Š Ðwhether€reservations€have€been€withdrawn;€whether€the€State€party€has€objected€to€the€reservationsÐ $t Ðof€other€States€parties;€whether€the€State€party€has€mentioned€the€implementation€of€the€BeijingÐ ^ ÐPlatform€for€Action€and€the€nature€and€relevance€of€the€oral€presentation.€An€objective€indicationÐ øH Ðof€the€strengths€of€the€report€and€the€strength€of€the€delegation€is€generally€included;€Ð â2 ÐÌ(d)€€Include€a€ð ðpositive€aspectsðð€section€organized€in€the€order€of€the€articles€of€the€Convention;€Ð ¶ ÐÌ(e)€€Describe€in€the€ð ðfactors€and€difficultiesðð€section€major€overarching€reasons€why€the€ConventionÐ ŠÚ Ðhas€not€been€implemented€fully€by€the€State€party.€Any€reservations€to€the€Convention€are€alsoÐ tÄ Ðaddressed€in€this€section,€as€well€as€other€legal€impediments€to€the€implementation€of€theÐ ^® ÐConvention;€Ð H˜ ÐÌ(f)€€Include€a€ð ðprincipal€areas€of€concernðð€section€organized€in€the€order€of€the€importance€of€theÐ  l Ðparticular€issues€to€the€country€under€review,€and€provide€concrete€proposals€from€the€CommitteeÐ !V Ðon€the€problems€identified€in€the€rest€of€the€comments;€Ð ð!@  ÐÌ(g)€€Include€reference€to€any€commitments€of€the€State€party€made€at€the€Fourth€World€ConferenceÐ Ä#" Ðon€Women;€Ð ®$þ# ÐÌ(h)€€Include,€where€appropriate,€specific€suggestions€to€the€State€party€with€regard€to€possibleÐ ‚&Ò!% Ðtechnical€assistance€from€the€Office€of€the€High€Commissioner€for€Human€Rights€and€other€partsÐ l'¼"& Ðof€the€United€Nations€system,€for€example,€in€regard€to€reservations,€review€of€legislation€and€lawÐ V(¦#' Ðreform;€Ð @)$( ÐÌ(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)€€Close€with€a€recommendation€relating€to€dissemination.€Ð +d&* ÐÌThe€Committee€also€decided€that€concluding€comments€would€be€internally€balanced.€It€would€striveÐ è,8(, Ðto€achieve€consistency€and€balance,€particularly€in€terms€of€praise€and€expressions€of€concern,€in€theÐ Ò-")- Ðconcluding€comments€elaborated€at€each€session.€To€that€end,€the€Committee€would€consider€theÐ ° Ðconcluding€comments€comparatively,€in€an€effort€to€ensure€that€they€were€even.€Ð šê ÐÌ8.€€At€its€twenty„fourth€session,€the€Committee€requested€the€secretariat€to€prepare€an€analysis€of€itsÐ n¾ Ðconcluding€comments,€including€an€analysis€with€respect€to€length,€balance€and€reflection€of€theÐ X¨ Ðconcluding€comments€of€other€human€rights€treaty€bodies.€This€request€coincided€with€heightenedÐ B ’ Ðinterest€in€and€scrutiny€of€the€Committeeððs€concluding€comments€by€the€press€and€otherÐ , | Ðcommentators.€Ð  f ÐÌ9.€€The€Committee€has€been€provided€with€a€compilation€of€the€concluding€comments€that€have€beenÐ ê :  Ðadopted€since€its€thirteenth€session.€Those€adopted€at€the€thirteenth€and€fourteenth€sessions€òò6óó/€areÐ Ô $  Ðrelatively€short,€addressing€in€their€introduction€the€quality€of€the€report,€whether€it€complied€withÐ ¾  Ðthe€Committeeððs€reporting€guidelines€and€the€nature€of€the€constructive€dialogue;€identifying,€in€upÐ ¨ø  Ðto€four€paragraphs,€positive€aspects€with€regard€to€implementation;€pointing€to€several€principalÐ ’â  Ðareas€of€concern;€and€concluding€with€suggestions€and€recommendations.€The€format€of€concludingÐ |Ì  Ðcomments€adopted€at€those€sessions€is€diverse,€with€areas€of€concern€not€always€mirrored€byÐ f¶  Ðrecommendations.€Issues€addressed€in€the€concluding€comments€are€also€diverse,€while€the€languageÐ P  Ðused€to€express€similar€concerns€or€make€similar€recommendations€for€action€varies.€Ð :Š ÐÌ10.€€Concluding€comments€adopted€during€the€fifteenth€to€eighteenth€sessions€of€the€Committee€areÐ ^ Ðsignificantly€longer€than€earlier€concluding€comments.€As€with€earlier€comments,€the€introductoryÐ øH Ðpart€addresses€the€timeliness€and€quality€of€the€report,€whether€other€materials€have€been€provided,Ð â2 Ðthe€level€of€the€delegation€and€the€nature€of€the€constructive€dialogue€between€the€delegation€andÐ Ì Ðthe€Committee.€The€ð ðpositive€aspectsðð€section€has€become€more€lengthy.€The€section€on€ð ðfactors€andÐ ¶ Ðdifficultiesðð€is€usually€short,€although€the€contents€of€this€section€vary.€Thus,€for€example€ð ðfactorsÐ  ð Ðand€difficultiesðð€relating€to€implementation€in€Cyprus€include€a€reservation€to€the€Convention,Ð ŠÚ Ðforeign€occupation€and€social€attitudes€and€practices;€òò7óó/€in€Iceland,€the€fact€that€Convention€may€notÐ tÄ Ðhave€fully€been€incorporated€into€domestic€law;€òò8óó/€in€Ethiopia,€deep„rooted€customs€and€traditions,Ð ^® Ðilliteracy,€high€birth€rates,€unemployment€and€the€existence€of€different€kinds€of€laws;€òò9óó/€in€Hungary,Ð H˜ Ðsocial€and€political€transition,€economic€recession€and€the€emergence€of€Ô_ÔneoconservativeÔ_Ô€andÐ 2‚ Ðneoliberal€ideas,€as€well€as€the€change€in€attitudes€towards€the€traditional€family;€òò10óó/€in€Turkey,Ð  l Ðreservations€to€the€Convention,€globalization,€modernization€and€deeply„rooted€traditionalism;€òò11óó/Ð !V Ðin€Canada,€restructuring€of€the€economy;€òò12óó/€in€Namibia,€discrimination€arising€out€of€someÐ ð!@  Ðtraditional€and€customary€laws,€general€lack€of€knowledge€relating€to€human€and€legal€rights€andÐ Ú"*! Ðpoverty;€òò13óó/€in€Antigua€and€Barbuda,€lack€of€financial€and€human€resources€for€the€compilation€ofÐ Ä#" Ðstatistics;€òò14óó/€in€Croatia€economic€and€social€difficulties€as€a€consequence€of€the€countryððs€recentÐ ®$þ# Ðinvolvement€in€armed€conflict,€the€repercussions€of€which€included€the€presence€of€large€numbersÐ ˜%è $ Ðof€refugees€and€displaced€persons;€òò15óó/€in€Indonesia,€the€economic€crisis,€the€existence€of€culturalÐ ‚&Ò!% Ðattitudes€confining€women€to€the€roles€of€mothers€and€housewives,€and€failure€to€collect€data€onÐ l'¼"& Ðissues€such€as€domestic€violence;€òò16óó/€and€in€Mexico,€the€fact€that€legislation€in€some€States€containsÐ V(¦#' Ðdiscriminatory€elements€and€the€fact€that€the€State€party€is€a€territorially€vast,€multi„ethnic€andÐ @)$( Ðmulticultural€developing€country€with€a€difficult€economic€situation€that€affects€the€most€vulnerableÐ **z%) Ðstrata,€and€women€in€particular.€òò17óó/€Some€concluding€comments,€such€as€those€on€Denmark€òò18óó/€doÐ +d&* Ðnot€include€the€ð ðfactors€and€difficultiesðð€section.€Ð þ+N'+ ÐÌ11.€€The€concluding€comments€adopted€from€the€fifteenth€to€eighteenth€sessions€include€a€separateÐ Ò-")- Ðsection€relating€to€ð ðprincipal€areas€of€concernðð€and€ð ðsuggestions€and€recommendationsðð.€BothÐ ° Ðsections€are€usually€relatively€long,€and€not€all€ð ðconcernsðð€are€mirrored€by€ð ðsuggestions€andÐ šê Ðrecommendationsðð.€Concluding€comments€adopted€at€earlier€sessions€are€less€detailed€or€internallyÐ „Ô Ðconsistent€with€concluding€comments€on€countries€of€the€same€region€adopted€at€the€same€session.€Ð n¾ ÐÌ12.€€Concluding€comments€adopted€at€later€sessions,€and€particularly€the€eighteenth€session,€areÐ B ’ Ðdetailed,€contain€ð ðconcernsðð€that€are€mirrored€by€ð ðsuggestions€and€recommendationsðð,€and€includeÐ , | Ða€paragraph€requesting€dissemination€of€the€concluding€comments,€the€Convention,€the€CommitteeððsÐ  f Ðgeneral€recommendations€and€the€Beijing€Platform€for€Action.€ð ðConcernsðð€and€ð ðsuggestions€andÐ  P Ðrecommendationsðð€do€not€appear€to€be€organized€in€accordance€with€the€articles€or€with€regard€toÐ ê :  Ðthe€importance€of€the€issue.€Further,€although€occasional€reference€is€made€to€International€LabourÐ Ô $  ÐOrganization€Conventions,€including€Convention€No.€100€on€Equal€Remuneration€for€Men€andÐ ¾  ÐWomen€Workers€for€Work€of€Equal€Value,€No.€103€on€Maternity€Protection,€and€No.€156€onÐ ¨ø  ÐWorkers€with€Family€Responsibilities€and€to€regional€human€rights€treaties,€such€as€the€Inter„Ð ’â  ÐAmerican€Convention€on€the€Prevention,€Punishment€and€Eradication€of€Violence€against€Women,Ð |Ì  Ðconcluding€comments€adopted€during€that€period€do€not€specifically€mention€other€United€NationsÐ f¶  Ðhuman€rights€treaties€or€refer€to€the€concluding€observations/comments€of€other€treaty€bodies€onÐ P  ÐStates€parties€under€review.€Ð :Š ÐÌ13.€€Concluding€comments€adopted€since€the€Committee€revised€its€format€for€concludingÐ ^ Ðcomments,€at€its€nineteenth€session,€include€a€short€introductory€section,€usually€no€more€than€threeÐ øH Ðparagraphs,€which€address€the€quality€of€the€report,€any€other€documentation€submitted€by€the€StateÐ â2 Ðparty,€the€nature€of€the€constructive€dialogue€with€the€Committee€and€the€level€and€composition€ofÐ Ì Ðthe€delegation.€The€ð ðpositive€aspectsðð€section,€which€notes€issues€such€as€the€ratification€orÐ ¶ Ðaccession€of€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€Convention,€acceptance€of€the€amendment€to€article€20,Ð  ð Ðparagraph€1,€on€the€Committeeððs€meeting€time,€the€removal€of€reservations€or€striking€advances€inÐ ŠÚ Ðimplementation€in€the€State€party,€is€usually€under€four€paragraphs,€although€sometimes€it€can€beÐ tÄ Ðup€to€10€paragraphs.€Concluding€comments€adopted€at€the€twenty„second€session€contain€longer,Ð ^® Ðmore€detailed€ð ðpositive€aspectsðð€sections€than€concluding€comments€adopted€at€other€sessions.€Ð H˜ ÐÌ14.€€The€section€on€ð ðfactors€and€difficultiesðð€is€usually€three€paragraphs€or€less€and€identifiesÐ  l Ðoverarching€factors€which€impede€implementation.€These€have€included:€transition€from€a€centrallyÐ !V Ðcontrolled€economy€to€a€market„oriented€economy€(Belarus;€China;€Kazakhstan;€Lithuania;€RepublicÐ ð!@  Ðof€Moldova;€Mongolia;€Romania;€Slovakia;€Uzbekistan);€entrenched€stereotypical€or€traditionalÐ Ú"*! Ðapproaches€to€gender€roles,€particularly€the€role€of€women€(Chile;€China;€Democratic€Republic€ofÐ Ä#" Ðthe€Congo;€Egypt;€Georgia;€Greece;€Ireland;€Jamaica;€Jordan;€Kazakhstan;€Liechtenstein;€Maldives;Ð ®$þ# ÐMongolia;€Republic€of€Korea;€Slovakia;€Thailand;€United€Republic€of€Tanzania);€the€persistence€ofÐ ˜%è $ Ðpractices€prejudicial€to€the€achievement€of€womenððs€equality€with€men€(Algeria;€Burundi;€India;Ð ‚&Ò!% ÐÔ_ÔKyrgyzstanÔ_Ô;€Nepal;€Nigeria);€the€legacy€of€apartheid€(South€Africa);€legal€pluralism€leading€to€theÐ l'¼"& Ðperpetuation€of€discrimination€against€women€(Nigeria;€South€Africa;€United€Republic€of€Tanzania);Ð V(¦#' Ðdiscriminatory€laws€(Algeria);€poverty€(Burkina€Faso;€India;€Ô_ÔKyrgyzstanÔ_Ô;€Nepal;€Panama;€Peru);€theÐ @)$( Ðservicing€of€foreign€debt€(United€Republic€of€Tanzania);€the€impact€of€economic€crisis€(Burundi;Ð **z%) ÐRepublic€of€Korea;€Thailand);€structural€adjustment€(Cameroon;€Colombia);€global€and€regionalÐ +d&* Ðeconomic€policies€(Greece);€reservations€to€the€Convention€(Algeria;€Hong€Kong€SpecialÐ þ+N'+ ÐAdministrative€Region;€New€Zealand;€Thailand);€situation€of€women€in€the€labour€market€(NewÐ è,8(, ÐZealand);€conflict€and€terrorist€activity€(Algeria;€Burundi;€Colombia;€Democratic€Republic€of€theÐ Ò-")- ÐCongo;€Georgia;€Myanmar);€size€and€diversity€of€the€State€party€(China);€distances€between€theÐ ° Ðvarious€territories€of€the€State€party€(Maldives);€multi„ethnic€and€multicultural€character€of€theÐ šê Ðpopulation€and€the€presence€of€religion€in€public€affairs€(Belize);€economic€sanctions,€embargoesÐ „Ô Ðor€blockades€(Cuba;€Iraq);€and€environmental€degradation€(Uzbekistan).€Several€concludingÐ n¾ Ðcomments€note€that€are€no€factors€or€difficulties€affecting€implementation€(Austria;€Germany;Ð X¨ ÐLuxembourg;€Spain;€and€United€Kingdom€of€Great€Britain€and€Northern€Ireland).€òò19óó/Ð B ’ ÐÌ15.€€The€ð ðprincipal€subjects€of€concern€and€the€Committeeððs€recommendationsðð€section€is€usuallyÐ  f Ðextensive€and€detailed,€frequently€occupying€25€paragraphs.€In€general,€concerns€are€mirrored€byÐ  P Ðrecommendations,€which€seek€to€be€concrete€but€may€be€general€and€unspecific,€providing€lessÐ ê :  ÐÔ_ÔfocusedÔ_Ô€guidance€for€their€implementation.€Later€concluding€comments€seek€to€organize€concernsÐ Ô $  Ðand€recommendations€in€accordance€with€the€importance€of€the€issue€rather€than€the€order€of€theÐ ¾  Ðarticles€of€the€Convention,€although€some€concluding€comments€are€organized€in€this€manner€or€listÐ ¨ø  Ðconcerns€and€recommendations€randomly.€Concluding€comments€adopted€at€more€recent€sessionsÐ ’â  Ðinclude€three€standard€paragraphs€urging€ratification€of€the€Conventionððs€Optional€Protocol€andÐ |Ì  Ðacceptance€of€the€amendment€to€article€20.1;€request€that€the€specific€concerns€raised€in€theÐ f¶  Ðconcluding€comments€be€addressed€in€the€State€partyððs€next€periodic€report;€and€requestÐ P  Ðdissemination€of€the€concluding€comments,€the€Convention,€the€Committeeððs€generalÐ :Š Ðrecommendations,€the€Beijing€Platform€for€Action€and€the€results€of€the€twenty„third€special€sessionÐ $t Ðof€the€General€Assembly,€ð ðWomen€2000:€Gender€Equality,€Development€and€Peace€for€the€Twenty„Ð ^ Ðfirst€Centuryðð.€Ð øH ÐÌ16.€€Later€concluding€comments€also€indicate€that€the€Committee€has€sought€to€ensure€internalÐ Ì Ðconsistency€as€well€as€balance€and€consistency€in€the€comments€adopted€at€the€particular€session,Ð ¶ Ðparticularly€in€regard€to€States€parties€from€the€same€region€or€experiencing€similar€conditions.Ð  ð ÐSimilar€language€is€usually€used€to€address€several€specific€issues,€such€as€the€failure€of€StatesÐ ŠÚ Ðparties€to€provide€a€definition€of€discrimination€reflective€of€that€in€article€1€of€the€Convention;Ð tÄ Ðstereotypical€attitudes€towards€gender€roles;€concerns€and€recommendations€relating€to€article€4.1Ð ^® Ðon€temporary€special€measures;€violence€against€women;€trafficking,€and€increasingly,€womenððsÐ H˜ Ðreproductive€health.€òò20óó/€In€general,€also,€the€subject€of€the€first€€ð ðconcernðð€and€accompanyingÐ 2‚ Ðð ðrecommendationðð€is€any€reservations€that€the€State€party€may€have€with€regard€to€articles€of€theÐ  l ÐConvention.€òò21óó/€Notably,€although€concluding€comments€adopted€since€the€nineteenth€sessionÐ !V Ðsometimes€note€acceptance€or€implications€of€International€Labour€Organization€òò22óó/€or€regionalÐ ð!@  Ðhuman€rights€instruments,€òò23óó/€it€is€unusual€for€other€United€Nations€human€rights€treaties€to€beÐ Ú"*! Ðmentioned.€òò24óó/€No€concluding€comments€reflect€the€concluding€observations/comments€of€otherÐ Ä#" ÐUnited€Nations€human€rights€treaty€bodies€on€the€same€State€party;€nor€do€they€make€reference€toÐ ®$þ# Ðrecommendations€of€other€human€rights€mechanisms,€such€as€country„specific€or€thematic€specialÐ ˜%è $ Ðrapporteurs.€Ð ‚&Ò!% ÐÌ17.€€In€considering€the€current€format€and€content€of€its€concluding€comments,€the€Committee€mayÐ V(¦#' Ðwish€to€take€account€of€the€views€of€one€commentator€(see€para.€67€below)€that,€in€general,€theÐ @)$( Ðconcluding€observations/comments€of€human€rights€treaty€bodies€are€often€extremely€general,Ð **z%) Ðthereby€limiting€their€use€in€advocacy,€planning€and€implementation,€and€that€they€often€identifyÐ +d&* Ðareas€of€concern€without€specifying€specific€laws€or€practices€or€connecting€those€concerns€toÐ þ+N'+ Ðspecific€recommendations.€Ð è,8(, ÐÐ Ò-")- Ð18.€€That€commentator€has€recommended€that€the€current€pattern€of€concluding€comments€shouldÐ ° Ðbe€modified€to€exclude€those€parts€entitled€ð ðpositive€aspectsðð€and€ð ðfactors€and€difficulties€impedingÐ šê Ðimplementationðð.€They€should€include€specific€information€relating€to€the€report€or€any€otherÐ „Ô Ðdocumentation€and€quality€of€the€delegation€in€the€introduction;€include€in€the€ð ðconcerns€andÐ n¾ Ðrecommendationsðð€section€a€clear€connection€between€the€concerns€and€recommendations,€withÐ X¨ Ðrecommendations€concentrating€on€concrete€proposals€that€should€be€as€practical€and€precise€asÐ B ’ Ðpossible.€Recommendations,€which€should€be€grouped€thematically€and€in€order€of€priority,€shouldÐ , | Ðclarify€whether€they€relate€to€policies,€practices€or€legislation,€which€should€be€identified.Ð  f ÐConcluding€comments€should€conclude€with€a€summary€of€additional€information€requested,Ð  P Ðincluding€any€deadlines€for€submission,€and€should€address€issues€relating€to€dissemination€and€theÐ ê :  Ðprocesses€or€structures€that€the€State€party€should€establish€for€follow„up.€Ð Ô $  ÐÌ19.€€The€commentator€also€suggests€that€the€practice€of€including€the€summaries€of€the€introductoryÐ ¨ø  Ðremarks€of€Governments€with€the€concluding€comments€on€the€country€concerned€in€the€report€ofÐ ’â  Ðthe€Committee€be€discontinued,€since€the€Committee€issues€the€only€human€rights€treaty€body€reportÐ |Ì  Ðthat€includes€such€summaries.€The€Committee€may€wish€to€consider€the€views€of€the€commentatorÐ f¶  Ðas€it€seeks€to€refine€further€its€concluding€comments.€Ð P  ÐÌIII.€€òòPractices€of€human€rights€treaty€bodies€on€reservationsóóÐ $t ÐÌ20.€€At€its€twenty„fourth€session,€in€decision€24/III,€the€Committee€requested€that€its€secretariatÐ øH Ðprepare€an€analysis€of€the€approaches€of€other€human€rights€treaty€bodies€to€reservations€to€humanÐ â2 Ðrights€treaties€in€the€consideration€of€States€partiesðð€reports€and€communications,€for€itsÐ Ì Ðconsideration€at€its€twenty„fifth€session.€Ð ¶ ÐÌ21.€€The€Vienna€Convention€on€the€Law€of€Treaties,€1969,€defines€a€reservation€as€ð ða€unilateralÐ ŠÚ Ðstatement,€however,€phrased€or€named,€made€by€a€State,€when€signing,€ratifying,€accepting,Ð tÄ Ðapproving€or€acceding€to€a€treaty,€whereby€it€purports€to€exclude€or€to€modify€the€legal€effect€ofÐ ^® Ðcertain€provisions€of€the€treaty€in€their€application€to€that€Stateðð.€òò25óó/€Article€19€of€the€ViennaÐ H˜ ÐConvention€provides€that€a€State€may€formulate€a€reservation€unless:€ð ð(a)€the€reservation€isÐ 2‚ Ðprohibited€by€the€treaty;€(b)€the€treaty€provides€that€only€specified€reservations,€which€do€not€includeÐ  l Ðthe€reservation€in€question,€may€be€made;€or€(c)€in€cases€not€falling€under€subparagraphs€(a)€and€(b),Ð !V Ðthe€reservation€is€incompatible€with€the€object€and€purpose€of€the€treatyðð.€òò26óó/€There€is€no€explicitÐ ð!@  Ðmechanism,€beyond€the€mechanism€of€objections€by€other€States€parties,€in€the€Vienna€Convention,Ð Ú"*! Ðby€which€a€reservation€can€be€adjudged€incompatible€with€the€object€and€purpose€of€the€treaty.€Ð Ä#" ÐÌ22.€€Adopted€10€years€later,€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€DiscriminationÐ ˜%è $ Ðagainst€Women,€in€its€article€28€(2),€mirrors€article€19€(c)€of€the€Vienna€Convention,€providing€thatÐ ‚&Ò!% Ðð ða€reservation€incompatible€with€the€object€and€purpose€of€the€...€Convention€shall€not€be€permittedðð.€Ð l'¼"& ÐÌ23.€€As€a€result€of€the€many€reservations€entered€to€the€Convention,€the€Committee€on€theÐ @)$( ÐElimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women€has€been€concerned€with€the€issue€of€reservationsÐ **z%) Ðsince€its€inception.€At€its€third€session,€the€Treaty€Section€of€the€Office€of€Legal€Affairs€of€theÐ +d&* ÐUnited€Nations€Secretariat€provided€a€legal€opinion,€stating€that€ð ðthe€functions€of€the€Committee€doÐ þ+N'+ Ðnot€appear€to€include€a€determination€of€the€incompatibility€of€reservationsðð€(see€annex€VI).Ð è,8(, ÐHowever,€the€Committee€has€continued€to€consider€the€question€of€reservations,€adopted€generalÐ Ò-")- Ðrecommendations€4€and€20€on€reservations,€and€in€its€general€recommendation€21€addressedÐ ° Ðreservations€to€article€16€of€the€Convention.€It€also€adopted€a€statement€on€reservations€to€theÐ šê ÐConvention€as€its€contribution€to€the€commemoration€of€the€fiftieth€anniversary€of€the€UniversalÐ „Ô ÐDeclaration€of€Human€Rights.€òò27óó/€In€addition,€its€guidelines€for€the€preparation€of€reports€by€StatesÐ n¾ Ðparties€set€out€specific€requirements€for€States€with€reservations.€òò28óó/€Further,€the€Committee€hasÐ X¨ Ðconsistently€questioned€States€parties€about€their€reservations€and€called€for€the€review€andÐ B ’ Ðwithdrawal€of€the€reservations.€Ð , | ÐÌ24.€€The€following€surveys€the€response€of€the€treaty€bodies€to€reservations€since€the€early€1990s,Ð  P Ðas€reflected€in€their€general€recommendations/comments€and€reporting€guidelines,€in€theirÐ ê :  Ðconstructive€dialogue€with€States€parties,€and€in€their€concluding€observations.€Ð Ô $  ÐÌA.€€òòHuman€Rights€CommitteeóóÐ ¨ø  ÐÌòòGeneral€comment€24óóÐ |Ì  ÐÌ25.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€the€treaty€body€established€by€the€International€Covenant€onÐ P  ÐCivil€and€Political€Rights,€adopted€general€comment€24€concerning€reservations,€in€NovemberÐ :Š Ð1994.òò29óó/€In€distinguishing€a€reservation€from€a€declaration,€the€general€comment€provides€that€theÐ $t ÐHuman€Rights€Committee€will€look€to€the€intention€of€the€State,€rather€than€the€form€of€theÐ ^ Ðinstrument.€Paragraph€3€of€the€general€comment€states€that€ð ðif€a€statement,€irrespective€of€its€nameÐ øH Ðor€title,€purports€to€exclude€or€modify€the€legal€effect€of€a€treaty€in€its€application€to€the€State,€itÐ â2 Ðconstitutes€a€reservationðð.€In€paragraph€6,€the€general€comment€declares€that€reservations€under€theÐ Ì ÐCovenant€and€the€first€Optional€Protocol€are€governed€by€the€rules€of€general€international€law,€withÐ ¶ Ðarticle€19€(c)€of€the€Vienna€Convention€providing€relevant€guidance.€òò30óó/€Ð  ð ÐÌ26.€€Paragraphs€8„11€of€the€comment€identify€those€reservations€that€the€Human€Rights€CommitteeÐ tÄ Ðregards€as€contrary€to€the€object€and€purpose€of€the€Covenant.€Thus,€paragraph€8€provides€thatÐ ^® Ðreservations€that€offend€peremptory€norms€of€general€international€law€(jus€Ô_ÔcogensÔ_Ô),€which,€forÐ H˜ Ðpurposes€of€the€Vienna€Convention,€are€defined€as€norms€that€are€accepted€and€recognized€by€theÐ 2‚ Ðinternational€community€of€States€as€a€whole€as€norms€from€which€no€derogation€is€permitted,€òò31óó/Ð  l Ðwould€not€be€compatible€with€the€object€and€purpose€of€the€Covenant.€Paragraph€8€states€thatÐ !V Ðð ðprovisions€in€the€Covenant€that€represent€customary€international€law€(and€a€fortiori€when€theyÐ ð!@  Ðhave€the€character€of€peremptory€norms)€may€not€be€the€subject€of€reservationsðð.€According€to€theÐ Ú"*! ÐCommittee,€ð ða€State€may€not€reserve€the€right€to€engage€in€slavery,€to€torture,€to€subject€persons€toÐ Ä#" Ðcruel,€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment€or€punishment,€to€arbitrarily€deprive€persons€of€their€lives,Ð ®$þ# Ðto€arbitrarily€arrest€and€detain€persons,€to€deny€freedom€of€thought,€conscience€and€religion,€toÐ ˜%è $ Ðpresume€a€person€guilty€unless€he€proves€his€innocence,€to€execute€pregnant€women€or€children,€toÐ ‚&Ò!% Ðpermit€the€advocacy€of€national,€racial€or€religious€hatred,€to€deny€to€persons€of€marriageable€ageÐ l'¼"& Ðthe€right€to€marry,€or€to€deny€to€minorities€the€right€to€enjoy€their€own€culture,€profess€their€ownÐ V(¦#' Ðreligion,€or€use€their€own€languageðð.€òò32óó/Ð @)$( ÐÌ27.€€Paragraph€9€describes€reservations€to€certain€articles€of€the€Covenant€that€would€be€incompatibleÐ +d&* Ðwith€the€object€and€purpose€of€the€Covenant,€as€including:€a€reservation€to€article€1€of€the€CovenantÐ þ+N'+ Ðdenying€peoples€the€right€to€determine€their€political€status€and€pursue€their€economic,€social€andÐ è,8(, Ðcultural€development;€a€reservation€to€the€obligation€under€article€2€(1)€of€the€Covenant€to€respectÐ Ò-")- Ðand€ensure€to€all€individuals€within€a€State€partyððs€territory€and€subject€to€its€jurisdiction€the€rightsÐ ° Ðrecognized€in€the€Covenant,€without€distinction€of€any€kind;€and€reserving€an€entitlement€not€to€takeÐ šê Ðthe€necessary€steps€at€the€domestic€level€by€adopting€legislative€or€other€measures€to€give€effect€toÐ „Ô Ðthe€rights€recognized€in€the€Covenant,€as€provided€in€article€2€(2)€of€the€Covenant.€Ð n¾ ÐÌ28.€€According€to€the€Committee,€another€category€of€unacceptable€reservations€would€beÐ B ’ Ðreservations€designed€to€remove€the€supportive€guarantees€contained€in€the€Covenant€which€provideÐ , | Ðthe€necessary€framework€for€securing€the€rights€therein€(para.€11).€For€example,€in€the€CommitteeððsÐ  f Ðviews,€a€State€could€not€make€a€reservation€to€article€2€(3)€of€the€Covenant,€stating€its€intention€notÐ  P Ðto€provide€remedies€for€human€rights€violations.€Reserving€the€right€not€to€present€a€report€and€haveÐ ê :  Ðit€considered€by€the€Committee€and€a€reservation€that€rejected€the€Human€Rights€CommitteeððsÐ Ô $  Ðcompetence€to€interpret€the€Covenant€would€also€be€considered€unacceptable.€Ð ¾  ÐÌ29.€€Paragraph€12€expresses€particular€concern€about€widely€formulated€reservations€whichÐ ’â  Ðessentially€render€ineffective€all€Covenant€rights,€implying€that€such€reservations€are€often€contraryÐ |Ì  Ðto€the€object€and€purpose€of€the€Covenant.€Ð f¶  ÐÌ30.€€With€respect€to€the€first€Optional€Protocol,€which,€inter€alia,€provides€for€individualÐ :Š Ðcommunications,€the€general€comment€indicates€that€a€reservation€to€an€obligation€under€theÐ $t ÐCovenant€cannot€be€made€through€the€vehicle€of€the€first€Optional€Protocol.€In€addition,€since€theÐ ^ Ðobject€and€purpose€of€the€Optional€Protocol€is€to€allow€the€rights€under€the€Covenant€to€be€testedÐ øH Ðbefore€the€Committee,€a€reservation€intending€to€preclude€this€would€be€contrary€to€the€object€andÐ â2 Ðpurpose€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€Reservations€relating€to€the€required€procedures€under€the€firstÐ Ì ÐOptional€Protocol€would€also€be€incompatible€with€the€object€and€purpose€of€the€Optional€ProtocolÐ ¶ Ð(paras.€13„14€of€the€general€comments).€In€this€regard,€it€is€to€be€noted€that€reservations€to€theÐ  ð ÐOptional€Protocol€to€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€Discrimination€againstÐ ŠÚ ÐWomen€are€not€permitted€(see€article€17€of€the€Optional€Protocol).€Ð tÄ ÐÌ31.€€General€comment€24€also€addresses,€in€paragraphs€16„18,€the€role€of€the€Human€RightsÐ H˜ ÐCommittee€with€regard€to€reservations.€The€comment€suggests€that€the€classic€rules€on€reservationsÐ 2‚ Ðcontained€in€the€Vienna€Convention€on€the€Law€of€Treaties€„€in€particular,€the€provisions€on€the€roleÐ  l Ðof€State€objections€in€relation€to€reservations€„€are€inadequate€for€the€Covenant€and€other€humanÐ !V Ðrights€treaties,€since€those€treaties€concern€the€rights€of€individuals€and€not€mutual€obligationsÐ ð!@  Ðbetween€States,€as€is€the€case€with€other€treaties.€It€notes€that€States€have€often€not€seen€any€legalÐ Ú"*! Ðinterest€in,€or€need€to,€object€to€reservations€to€treaties€concerning€the€rights€of€individuals,€and€inÐ Ä#" Ðany€event,€the€pattern€of€objections€is€so€unclear€that€ð ðit€is€not€safe€to€assume€that€a€non„objectingÐ ®$þ# ÐState€thinks€that€a€particular€reservation€is€acceptableðð.€The€Committee€concludes€in€paragraph€18Ð ˜%è $ Ðof€the€general€comment:€Ð ‚&Ò!% ÐIt€necessarily€falls€to€the€Committee€to€determine€whether€a€specific€reservation€is€compatible€withÐ l'¼"& Ðthe€object€and€purpose€of€the€Covenant.€This€is€in€part€because€ð8ð€it€is€an€inappropriate€task€forÐ V(¦#' ÐStates€parties€in€relation€to€human€rights€treaties,€and€in€part€because€it€is€a€task€that€the€CommitteeÐ @)$( Ðcannot€avoid€in€the€performance€of€its€functions.€In€order€to€know€the€scope€of€its€duty€to€examineÐ **z%) Ða€Stateððs€compliance€under€article€40€[the€reporting€obligation€in€the€Covenant]€or€a€communicationÐ +d&* Ðunder€the€first€Optional€Protocol,€the€Committee€has€necessarily€to€take€a€view€on€the€compatibilityÐ þ+N'+ Ðof€a€reservation€with€the€object€and€purpose€of€the€Covenant€and€with€general€international€law.Ð è,8(, ÐBecause€of€the€special€character€of€a€human€rights€treaty,€the€compatibility€of€a€reservation€with€theÐ Ò-")- Ðobject€and€purpose€of€the€Covenant€must€be€established€objectively,€by€reference€to€legal€principles,Ð ° Ðand€the€Committee€is€particularly€well€placed€to€perform€this€task.€The€normal€consequence€of€anÐ šê Ðunacceptable€reservation€is€not€that€the€Covenant€will€not€be€in€effect€at€all€for€a€reserving€party.Ð „Ô ÐRather,€such€a€reservation€will€generally€be€severable,€in€the€sense€that€the€Covenant€will€beÐ n¾ Ðoperative€for€the€reserving€party€without€benefit€of€the€reservation.€Ð X¨ ÐÌ32.€€Paragraph€19€of€the€general€comment€offers€general€guidance€to€States€on€reservations.€ItÐ , | Ðstresses€that€reservations€should€be€specific€and€transparent€so€that€the€obligations€assumed€by€theÐ  f Ðratifying€States€are€clear.€Reservations€should,€thus,€be€precise,€rather€than€general.€States€shouldÐ  P Ðtake€into€account€the€overall€effect€of€a€group€of€reservations,€as€well€as€the€effect€of€each€reservationÐ ê :  Ðon€the€integrity€of€the€Covenant.€Multiple€reservations€resulting€in€the€acceptance€of€a€limitedÐ Ô $  Ðnumber€of€obligations€should€be€avoided,€and€reservations€should€not€be€framed€so€as€to€reduce€theÐ ¾  Ðobligations€assumed€to€less€demanding€standards€of€domestic€law.Ð ¨ø  ÐÌ33.€€Paragraph€20€of€the€general€comment€sets€out€various€duties€for€a€reserving€State,€including€theÐ |Ì  Ðduty€that€it€should€institute€procedures€to€ensure€that€each€reservation€is€compatible€with€the€objectÐ f¶  Ðand€purpose€of€the€Covenant;€that€it€should€indicate€in€precise€terms€the€domestic€legislation€orÐ P  Ðpractices€which€it€considers€incompatible€with€the€reserved€provisions,€delineating€a€time€periodÐ :Š Ðrequired€to€adjust€domestic€laws€and€practices€to€conform€with€the€Covenant€or€indicating€why€itÐ $t Ðcannot€render€domestic€laws€and€practices€compatible€with€the€treaty.€The€guidelines€issued€by€theÐ ^ ÐHuman€Rights€Committee€for€States€partiesðð€reports€under€the€Covenant€similarly€provide€that€anyÐ øH Ðreservation€to€any€article€of€the€Covenant€should€be€explained€and€its€continued€maintenanceÐ â2 Ðjustified.€òò33óó/Ð Ì ÐÌ34.€€Paragraph€20€of€the€general€comment€further€provides€that€reservations€should€be€periodicallyÐ  ð Ðreviewed,€taking€into€account€the€Committeeððs€observations€and€recommendations€duringÐ ŠÚ Ðexamination€of€the€State€partyððs€report,€which€should€include€information€concerning€action€that€hasÐ tÄ Ðbeen€taken€to€review,€reconsider€and€withdraw€reservations.€Withdrawal€of€reservations€should€occurÐ ^® Ðas€early€as€possible.€Ð H˜ ÐÌ35.€€Three€States€parties€to€the€Covenant€submitted€observations€on€the€Human€Rights€CommitteeððsÐ  l Ðgeneral€comment€24.€òò34óó/€Those€observations€queried€the€Committeeððs€view€that€the€classic€rules€onÐ !V Ðreservations€contained€in€the€Vienna€Convention€on€the€Law€Of€Treaties€were€inadequate€for€humanÐ ð!@  Ðrights€treaties€and€the€suggestion€that€the€Committee€had€the€authority€to€make€final€determinationsÐ Ú"*! Ðon€the€validity€of€reservations€and€sever€those€it€determined€to€be€unacceptable.Ð Ä#" ÐÌ36.€€At€its€forty„sixth€session,€in€1994,€the€International€Law€Commission€appointed€Mr.€Alain€PelletÐ ˜%è $ ÐSpecial€Rapporteur€for€the€topic,€ð ðthe€law€and€practice€relating€to€reservations€to€treatiesððÐ ‚&Ò!% Ð(subsequently€changed€to€ð ðreservations€to€treatiesðð),€and€at€its€forty„ninth€session,€in€1997,€adoptedÐ l'¼"& Ðð ðPreliminary€conclusions€of€the€International€Law€Commission€on€reservations€to€normativeÐ V(¦#' Ðmultilateral€treaties€including€human€rights€treatiesðð.€òò35óó/€Those€preliminary€conclusions€indicatedÐ @)$( Ðthat€the€Vienna€Convention€is€applicable€to€reservations€to€human€rights€treaties,€but€they€alsoÐ **z%) Ðrecognized€that,€where€those€treaties€are€silent€on€the€subject,€the€human€rights€treaty€bodies€ð ðareÐ +d&* Ðcompetent€to€comment€upon€and€express€recommendations€with€regard,€inter€alia,€to€theÐ þ+N'+ Ðadmissibility€of€reservations€by€States,€in€order€to€carry€out€the€functions€assigned€to€themðð.€UnderÐ è,8(, Ðthe€preliminary€conclusions,€ð ðin€the€event€of€inadmissibility€of€a€reservation,€it€is€the€reserving€StateÐ Ò-")- Ðthat€has€the€responsibility€for€taking€actionðð.€The€International€Law€Commission€is€continuing€toÐ ° Ðconsider€the€issue€of€reservations.€Ð šê ÐÌ37.€€Building€on€its€recommendation€that€the€treaty€bodies€should€require€States€parties€to€explainÐ n¾ Ðtheir€reservations€and€should€clearly€state€that€certain€reservations€were€incompatible€with€treaty€lawÐ X¨ Ðmade€at€its€fifth€meeting€in€1994,€òò36óó/€the€sixth€meeting€of€Chairpersons€of€Human€Rights€TreatyÐ B ’ ÐBodies,€in€1995,€welcomed€and€endorsed€the€Human€Rights€Committeeððs€general€comment€24.òò37óó/Ð , | ÐThe€ninth€meeting€of€Chairpersons€of€Human€Rights€Treaty€Bodies,€in€1998,€discussed€theÐ  f ÐInternational€Law€Commissionððs€preliminary€conclusions,€and€the€chairperson€submitted€a€letter€toÐ  P Ðthe€Commission€on€behalf€of€all€the€chairpersons.€In€that€letter,€òò38óó/€the€Chairpersons€welcomed€theÐ ê :  Ðrole€the€Commission€assigned€to€human€rights€bodies€with€respect€to€reservations€but€considered€theÐ Ô $  Ðtext€ð ðunduly€restrictive€in€other€respectsðð.€The€Chairpersons€felt€that€the€preliminary€conclusionsÐ ¾  Ðð ð[did]€not€accord€sufficient€attention€to€the€fact€that€human€rights€treaties,€by€virtue€of€their€subjectÐ ¨ø  Ðmatter€and€the€role€they€recognize€to€individuals,€[could]€not€be€placed€on€precisely€the€same€footingÐ ’â  Ðas€other€treaties€with€different€characteristicsðð.€The€Chairpersons€ð ðexpressed€their€firm€support€forÐ |Ì  Ðthe€approach€reflected€in€General€Comment€No.€24€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€and€urged€thatÐ f¶  Ðthe€conclusions€proposed€by€the€Ô_ÔILCÔ_Ô€should€be€adjusted€accordingly€to€reflect€that€approachðð.€Ð P  ÐÌ38.€€Consistent€with€general€comment€24,€a€working€paper€of€the€Ô_ÔSubcommissionÔ_Ô€on€the€PromotionÐ $t Ðand€Protection€of€Human€Rights€on€the€question€of€reservations€to€human€rights€treaties€state€that:€Ð ^ ÐÌIt€does€not€appear€to€be€disputed€that€enforcement/monitoring€bodies€have€the€authority€to€determineÐ â2 Ðwhat€comes€within€their€competence.€That€must,€logically,€include€the€authority€to€determine€theÐ Ì Ðvalidity€of€a€reservation€which€would€affect€the€scope€of€their€competence€or€jurisdiction.€òò39óó/€Ð ¶ ÐÌ39.€€In€its€decision€2000/26€of€18€August€2000,€the€Ô_ÔSubcommissionÔ_Ô€took€note€of€the€working€paper,Ð ŠÚ Ðendorsed€the€conclusions€therein,€and€decided€to€appoint€Ms.€Ô_ÔFran oiseÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔHampsonÔ_Ô€as€SpecialÐ tÄ ÐRapporteur€to€prepare€a€comprehensive€study€on€reservations.€òò40óó/€Ð ^® ÐÌòòConstructive€dialogue€and€concluding€observationsóóÐ 2‚ ÐÌ40.€€In€their€dialogue€with€States€parties,€members€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€haveÐ !V Ðconsistently€raised€questions€as€to€the€nature€of,€and€reasons€for€reservations,€discussed€the€domesticÐ ð!@  Ðlaws€and€policies€concerned,€and€informed€States€parties€of€their€views€as€to€the€validity€of€theÐ Ú"*! Ðreservations.€They€have€also€pointed€out€the€effect€of€unacceptable€reservations.€For€example,€inÐ Ä#" Ðconsidering€the€initial€report€of€Kuwait€in€2000,€members€of€the€Committee€questioned€the€StateÐ ®$þ# Ðparty€about€its€interpretative€declarations€in€respect€of€articles€2€and€3€of€the€Covenant,€which€statedÐ ˜%è $ Ðthat€the€rights€referred€to€in€those€articles€would€be€exercised€within€the€limits€set€by€Kuwaiti€law.Ð ‚&Ò!% ÐMembers€of€the€Committee€stressed€that€the€State€partyððs€interpretative€declarations€amounted€toÐ l'¼"& Ðreservations,€which€were€ð ðnot€an€acceptable€reading€of€the€Covenantðð.€òò41óó/€One€member€of€theÐ V(¦#' ÐCommittee€indicated€that€the€State€party€ð ðshould€not€be€surprised€if€the€Committee€ignored€[theÐ @)$( Ðinterpretative€declarations]ðð.€During€the€review€of€the€initial€report€of€Israel€in€1998,€members€raisedÐ **z%) Ðquestions€about€the€State€partyððs€reservation€to€article€23€of€the€Covenant€(right€of€the€family€toÐ +d&* Ðprotection),€pursuant€to€which€the€State€party€reserved€the€right€to€apply€religious€law,€whichÐ þ+N'+ Ðgoverned€matters€of€personal€status,€to€the€extent€that€such€law€was€inconsistent€with€its€obligationsÐ è,8(, Ðunder€the€Covenant.€A€member€of€the€Committee€noted€that€the€State€partyððs€ð ðsweeping€reservationÐ Ò-")- Ðraised€serious€questions€and€could€even€compromise€the€very€purpose€of€the€Covenant€and€theÐ ° Ðinternational€human€rights€protection€instrumentsðð€and€that€there€was€ð ðno€justification€for€such€aÐ šê Ðbroad€reservationðð.€òò42óó/€Ð „Ô ÐÌ41.€€In€its€concluding€observations,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€has€frequently€expressed€concern,Ð X¨ Ðregret€and€disappointment€about€States€partiesðð€reservations€and€recommended€the€withdrawal€of€theÐ B ’ Ðreservations€as€well€as€the€amendment€to€domestic€laws€and€policies€so€that€they€comply€with€theÐ , | ÐCovenant.€The€Committee€has€cited€a€State€partyððs€reservations€as€a€ð ðfactor€and€difficultyðð€impedingÐ  f Ðthe€application€of€the€Covenant,€òò43óó/€and€made€pronouncements€on€the€incompatibility€of€certainÐ  P Ðreservations.€In€its€concluding€observations€on€the€initial€report€of€Kuwait,€the€Committee€noted€thatÐ ê :  Ðthe€interpretative€declaration€regarding€articles€2€and€3€of€the€Covenant,€which€constituted€ð ðcoreÐ Ô $  Ðrights€and€overarching€principles€of€international€lawðð,€raised€the€serious€issue€of€its€ð ðcompatibilityÐ ¾  Ðwith€the€object€and€purpose€of€the€Covenantðð.€òò44óó/€The€Committee€found€that€the€interpretativeÐ ¨ø  Ðdeclaration€ð ðÔ_Ôcontravene[dÔ_Ô]€the€State€partyððs€essential€obligations€under€the€Covenant€and€[was]Ð ’â  Ðtherefore€without€legal€effect€and€[did]€not€affect€the€powers€of€the€Committeeðð.€The€CommitteeÐ |Ì  Ðformally€urged€the€State€party€to€withdraw€the€interpretative€declaration.€Ð f¶  ÐÌ42.€€In€its€concluding€observations€on€the€initial€report€of€the€United€States€of€America,€in€1995,€theÐ :Š ÐCommittee€regretted€ð ðthe€extent€of€the€State€partyððs€reservations,€declarations€and€understandingsððÐ $t Ðwhich,€in€its€view,€ð ðtaken€togetherð8ðintended€to€ensure€that€the€United€States€[had]€accepted€onlyÐ ^ Ðwhat€[was]€the€law€of€the€United€Statesðð.€òò45óó/€The€Committee€expressed€its€particular€concern€at€theÐ øH Ðreservation€to€article€6€(5),€under€which€the€State€party€reserved€the€right€to€impose€capitalÐ â2 Ðpunishment€for€crimes€committed€by€persons€below€18€years€of€age,€and€the€reservations€to€articleÐ Ì Ð7,€which€stated€that€the€State€party€would€be€bound€by€that€article€to€the€extent€that€cruel,€inhumanÐ ¶ Ðor€degrading€treatment€or€punishment€meant€cruel€and€unusual€treatment€or€punishment€prohibitedÐ  ð Ðby€domestic€law.€òò46óó/€The€concluding€observations€stated€that€the€Committee€believed€thoseÐ ŠÚ Ðreservations€ð ðto€be€incompatible€with€the€object€and€purpose€of€the€Covenantðð€and€recommendedÐ tÄ Ðthat€the€State€party€review€its€reservations,€declarations€and€understandings€with€a€view€toÐ ^® Ðwithdrawing€them.€Ð H˜ ÐÌòòCommunicationsóó€Ð  l ÐÌ43.€€The€practice€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€in€respect€of€reservations€to€the€first€OptionalÐ ð!@  ÐProtocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€has€varied,€dependent€onÐ Ú"*! Ðwhether€the€Committee€has€considered€a€reservation€to€be€contrary€to€the€object€and€purpose€of€theÐ Ä#" Ðtreaty,€or€acceptable.€Thus,€the€Committee€has€made€determinations€whether€such€reservations€wereÐ ®$þ# Ðvalid.€In€òòÔ_ÔRawleÔ_Ô€Kennedy€v.€Trinidad€and€Tobago€óó(Communication€No.€845/1999),€the€CommitteeÐ ˜%è $ Ðconsidered€the€admissibility€of€the€communication,€which€was€subject€to€a€reservation€by€the€StateÐ ‚&Ò!% Ðparty€concerned,€and€determined€the€reservation€to€be€invalid€and€considered€the€case.€òò47óó/€Here,€theÐ l'¼"& ÐState€party€had€denounced€the€Optional€Protocol€and€entered€a€reservation€on€re„accession,€whichÐ V(¦#' Ðrejected€the€competence€of€the€Committee€ð ðto€receive€and€consider€communications€relating€to€anyÐ @)$( Ðprisoner€who€is€under€sentence€of€death€in€respect€of€any€matter€relating€to€his€prosecution,€hisÐ **z%) Ðdetention,€his€trial,€his€conviction,€his€sentence€or€the€carrying€out€of€the€death€sentence€on€him€andÐ +d&* Ðany€matter€connected€therewithðð.€òò48óó/€The€Committee€explained€that€the€reservation€purported€toÐ þ+N'+ Ðexclude€the€competence€of€the€Committee€in€respect€of€one€particular€group€of€complainants€„Ð è,8(, Ðnamely,€prisoners€under€sentence€of€death€„€and€the€Committee€could€not€accept€ð ða€reservation€whichÐ Ò-")- ÐÔ_Ôsingle[dÔ_Ô]€out€a€certain€group€of€individuals€for€lesser€procedural€protection€than€that€which€[was]Ð ° Ðenjoyed€by€the€rest€of€the€populationðð.€Ð šê ÐÌ44.€€In€cases€where€the€Committee€has€found€a€reservation€to€be€valid,€it€has€not€considered€theÐ n¾ Ðaspects€of€the€communication€covered€by€the€reservation.€òò49óó/€For€example,€Germanyððs€reservationÐ X¨ Ðprecludes€the€Committee€from€considering€a€communication€that€had€already€been€considered€underÐ B ’ Ðanother€procedure€of€international€investigation€or€settlement.€òò50óó/€The€Committee€determined€thatÐ , | Ðcertain€aspects€of€a€relevant€communication€relating€to€Germany€had€been€ð ðconsideredðð€by€anotherÐ  f Ðinternational€mechanism,€and€that€the€reservation€applied€to€those€aspects€of€the€communication,Ð  P Ðtherefore€precluding€the€Committee€from€examining€such€aspects.€Austria€had€entered€a€reservationÐ ê :  Ðprecluding€the€Committee€from€considering€any€communication€unless€it€had€ascertained€that€theÐ Ô $  Ðsame€matter€had€not€been€examined€by€the€European€Commission€of€Human€Rights.€òò51óó/€In€aÐ ¾  Ðrelevant€communication,€the€Committee€considered€that€the€European€Commission€had€notÐ ¨ø  Ðð ðexaminedðð€the€complaint€since€it€had€dismissed€it€on€procedural€grounds,€and€thus€the€CommitteeÐ ’â  Ðconcluded€that€it€was€not€precluded€by€the€reservation€from€considering€the€communication.€Ð |Ì  ÐÌB.€€òòCommittee€against€TortureóóÐ P  ÐÌ45.€€In€their€dialogue€with€States€parties,€members€of€the€Committee€against€Torture,€the€treaty€bodyÐ $t Ðestablished€by€the€Convention€against€Torture,€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€TreatmentÐ ^ Ðor€Punishment,€have€raised€questions€about€States€partiesðð€reservations,€requested€the€reasons€for€theÐ øH Ðreservations€and€asked€States€parties€whether€they€intended€to€withdraw€those€reservations.€On€aÐ â2 Ðnumber€of€occasions,€questions€have€been€raised€in€respect€of€reservations€to€article€20€(inquiryÐ Ì Ðprocedure)€and€the€failure€of€States€parties€to€recognize€the€Committeeððs€competence€under€articlesÐ ¶ Ð21€(inter„State€communications)€and€22€(individual€communications).€òò52óó/€Ð  ð ÐÌ46.€€In€its€concluding€observations,€the€Committee€against€Torture€has€expressed€concern€aboutÐ tÄ ÐStates€partiesðð€reservations€and€recommended€that€they€review€and€withdraw€them,€and,€in€respectÐ ^® Ðof€articles€21€and€22,€issue€the€declarations€recognizing€the€Committeeððs€competence€thereunder.Ð H˜ ÐFor€example,€in€its€concluding€observations€on€the€second€periodic€report€of€Morocco,€in€1999,€theÐ 2‚ ÐCommittee€emphasized€its€concern€about€the€maintenance€of€reservations€to€article€20€and€the€lackÐ  l Ðof€declarations€in€respect€of€articles€21€and€22,€which€ð ðconsiderably€Ô_Ôrestrict[edÔ_Ô]€the€scope€of€theÐ !V ÐConventionðð,€and€recommended€that€the€State€party€withdraw€the€reservations€and€make€the€relevantÐ ð!@  Ðdeclarations.€òò53óó/€In€its€concluding€observations€on€the€initial€report€of€New€Zealand,€in€1993,€theÐ Ú"*! ÐCommittee€pointed€out€that€the€State€partyððs€reservation€to€article€14,€regarding€compensation€forÐ Ä#" Ðvictims€of€torture,€concerned€ð ðone€of€the€core€articles€of€the€Conventionðð€and€ð ðexpressed€the€hopeððÐ ®$þ# Ðthat€the€State€party€ð ðwould€review€that€reservation€to€ensure€its€full€compliance€with€the€articles€ofÐ ˜%è $ Ðthe€Conventionðð.€òò54óó/€In€another€instance,€the€Committee€indicated€that€a€State€partyððs€reservationÐ ‚&Ò!% Ðconcerning€article€16€and€the€meaning€of€cruel,€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment€or€punishment€wasÐ l'¼"& Ðð ðin€violation€of€the€Convention,€the€effect€of€which€[was]€to€limit€the€application€of€the€Conventionðð,Ð V(¦#' Ðand€recommended€the€withdrawal€of€that€reservation.€òò55óó/Ð @)$( ÐÌC.€€òòCommittee€on€the€Elimination€of€Racial€DiscriminationóóÐ +d&* ÐÌ47.€€Article€20€(2)€of€the€International€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€RacialÐ è,8(, ÐDiscrimination€provides€that:€Ð Ò-")- ЇA€reservation€incompatible€with€the€object€and€purpose€of€this€Convention€shall€not€be€permitted,Ð ° Ðnor€shall€a€reservation€the€effect€of€which€would€inhibit€the€operation€of€any€of€the€bodiesÐ šê Ðestablished€by€the€Convention€be€allowed.€A€reservation€shall€be€considered€Ô_ÔinhibitiveÔ_Ô€if€at€least€twoÐ „Ô Ðthirds€of€the€States€Parties€to€this€Convention€object€to€it.€Ð n¾ ÐÌ48.€€Although€some€members€of€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Racial€Discrimination,€theÐ B ’ Ðtreaty€body€established€by€the€International€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€RacialÐ , | ÐDiscrimination,€have€indicated€that,€in€their€view,€the€question€of€reservations€was€essentially€aÐ  f Ðmatter€for€States€parties,€other€members€of€the€Committee€have€regularly€questioned€States€partiesÐ  P Ðabout€their€reservations,€including€the€purpose€and€application€of€the€reservations,€and€have€statedÐ ê :  Ðtheir€opinion€that€certain€reservations€and€the€policies€which€they€reflect€were€unacceptable.€òò56óó/€ForÐ Ô $  Ðexample,€in€considering€the€initial€report€of€Switzerland,€in€1998,€members€of€the€CommitteeÐ ¾  Ðdiscussed€the€State€partyððs€reservation€to€article€2€(1)€(a),€under€which€the€State€party€reserved€theÐ ¨ø  Ðright€to€apply€its€legal€provisions€concerning€the€admission€of€foreigners€to€the€Swiss€labourÐ ’â  Ðmarket.òò57óó/€The€State€partyððs€report€had€explained€that€Swiss€policy€towards€foreigners€was€basedÐ |Ì  Ðon€a€ð ðthree€circleðð€model€whereby€persons€from€countries€belonging€to€the€inner€circle€enjoy€a€fairlyÐ f¶  Ðrelaxed€regime;€persons€belonging€to€the€middle€circle€could€be€recruited€within€a€limited€frameworkÐ P  Ðand€enjoy€certain€facilities;€and€persons€belonging€to€the€outer€circle,€or€coming€from€non„traditionalÐ :Š Ðrecruitment€countries,€were€admitted€on€an€exceptional€basis€only,€if€they€were€highly€skilled€or€hadÐ $t Ðcome€to€do€a€training€course.€òò58óó/€A€member€of€the€Committee€stressed€that€the€ð ðthree€circleðð€model,Ð ^ Ðð ðwhich€was€covered€by€the€reservation,€was€indeed€contrary€to€the€object€and€purpose€of€theÐ øH ÐConventionðð.€òò59óó/€On€another€occasion,€a€member€pointed€out€that€a€State€partyððs€ð ðreservations€toÐ â2 Ðcertain€essential€provisions,€particularly€article€5€(c)€on€political€rights,€article€5€(d)€(v)€on€the€rightÐ Ì Ðto€own€property,€and€articles€2,€3€and€5€(e)€with€regard€to€the€right€to€an€education€ð8ð€wereÐ ¶ Ðincompatible€with€the€goal€and€purpose€of€the€Conventionðð.€òò60óó/€Ð  ð ÐÌ49.€€In€its€concluding€observations,€the€Committee€has€expressed€concern€about€States€partiesððÐ tÄ Ðreservations€and€recommended€the€withdrawal€of€the€reservations.€For€example,€in€its€concludingÐ ^® Ðobservations€on€the€fourteenth€report€of€Nepal,€in€2000,€the€Committee€remained€concerned€that€theÐ H˜ Ðð ðfull€implementation€ofðð€the€reserved€articles€4€(obligation€to,€inter€alia,€adopt€measures€to€eradicateÐ 2‚ Ðdiscrimination)€and€6€(obligation€to€ensure€effective€protection€and€remedies)€ð ðmay€not€be€ensuredððÐ  l Ðand€reiterated€its€previous€recommendation€that€the€State€party€should€consider€withdrawing€theÐ !V Ðreservation.€òò61óó/€In€its€concluding€observations€on€the€initial€and€second€periodic€report€of€Japan,€inÐ ð!@  Ð2001,€the€Committee€noted€the€State€partyððs€reservation€to€article€4€(a)€and€(b)€of€the€Convention,Ð Ú"*! Ðwhich€provided€that€the€State€party€ð ðððÔ_Ôfulfil[edÔ_Ô]€the€obligations€under€those€provisions€to€the€extentÐ Ä#" Ðthat€fulfilment€ð8ð€[was]€compatible€with€the€guarantee€of€the€rights€to€freedom€of€assembly,Ð ®$þ# Ðassociation€and€expression€and€other€rights€under€the€Constitution€of€Japanðððð.€òò62óó/€The€CommitteeÐ ˜%è $ Ðexpressed€concern€that€the€reservation€was€ð ðin€conflict€with€the€State€partyððs€obligations€underÐ ‚&Ò!% Ðarticle€4€of€the€Conventionðð€and€pointed€out€that,€under€one€of€the€Committeeððs€generalÐ l'¼"& Ðrecommendations,€article€4€was€of€a€mandatory€nature.€In€another€example,€also€dealing€with€theÐ V(¦#' Ðprovisions€of€article€4€of€the€Convention,€the€concluding€observations€on€the€fourteenth€periodicÐ @)$( Ðreport€of€the€United€Kingdom€of€Great€Britain€and€Northern€Ireland,€in€1997,€cited€the€State€partyððsÐ **z%) Ðð ðrestrictive€interpretationðð€of€article€4€as€a€ð ðfactor€and€difficultyðð€impeding€the€implementation€ofÐ +d&* Ðthe€Convention€and€emphasized€that€such€interpretation€ð ðmay€hamper€the€full€implementation€of€theÐ þ+N'+ Ðprovisions€of€the€Conventionðð.€òò63óó/Ð è,8(, ÐÐ Ò-")- ÐD.€€òòCommittee€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rightsóó€Ð ° ÐÌ50.€€During€general€discussions€concerning€reservations€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Economic,Ð „Ô ÐSocial€and€Cultural€Rights,€members€of€the€Committee€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights,Ð n¾ Ðthe€treaty€body€that€monitors€by€the€Covenant,€have€pointed€out€that€there€were€fewer€reservationsÐ X¨ Ðlodged€to€this€Covenant€than€to€other€human€rights€treaties.€Nevertheless,€the€Committee€hasÐ B ’ Ðquestioned€States€parties€about€their€reservations;€in€particular,€it€has€raised€questions€aboutÐ , | Ðreservations€in€the€lists€of€issues€raised€with€respect€to€reports€of€States€parties,€posing€questions€asÐ  f Ðto€why€reservations€were€necessary€and€the€time„frame€for€their€withdrawal.€òò64óó/€In€their€dialogueÐ  P Ðwith€States€parties,€Committee€members€have€raised€questions€regarding€reservations€to€otherÐ ê :  Ðtreaties,€which€were€relevant€to€the€Covenant.€For€example,€during€the€consideration€of€the€initialÐ Ô $  Ðreport€of€Algeria,€in€1995,€a€member€of€the€Committee€raised€questions€concerning€a€reservation€thatÐ ¾  Ðthe€State€party€had€entered€in€respect€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€òò65óó/Ð ¨ø  ÐAs€with€the€other€treaty€bodies,€the€Committee€has€encouraged€States€parties€to€withdraw€theirÐ ’â  Ðreservations€in€its€concluding€observations.€òò66óó/€Ð |Ì  ÐÌE.€€òòCommittee€on€the€Rights€of€the€ChildóóÐ P  ÐÌ51.€€A€large€number€of€reservations€have€been€entered€to€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child.Ð $t ÐIn€a€provision€similar€to€article€28€(2)€of€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€ofÐ ^ ÐDiscrimination€against€Women,€article€51€(2)€of€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€providesÐ øH Ðthat:€ð ðA€reservation€incompatible€with€the€object€and€purpose€of€the€present€Convention€shall€notÐ â2 Ðbe€permittedðð.€The€guidelines€for€States€partiesðð€periodic€reports€issued€by€the€Committee€on€theÐ Ì ÐRights€of€the€Child,€the€treaty€body€established€by€the€Convention,€contain€a€provision€onÐ ¶ Ðreservations€as€follows:€Ð  ð ÐÌIn€the€spirit€of€the€World€Conference€on€Human€Rights,€which€encouraged€States€to€considerÐ tÄ Ðreviewing€any€reservations€with€a€view€to€withdrawing€it€...€please€indicate€whether€the€GovernmentÐ ^® Ðconsiders€it€necessary€to€maintain€the€reservations€it€has€made,€if€any,€or€has€the€intention€ofÐ H˜ Ðwithdrawing€them.€òò67óó/€Ð 2‚ ÐÌ52.€€It€will€be€recalled€that€the€Vienna€Declaration€and€Programme€of€Action,€adopted€by€the€WorldÐ !V ÐConference€on€Human€Rights,€1993,€provided€that:€Ð ð!@  ÐÌThe€World€Conference€on€Human€Rights€encourages€States€to€consider€limiting€the€extent€of€anyÐ Ä#" Ðreservations€they€lodge€to€international€human€rights€instruments,€formulate€any€reservations€asÐ ®$þ# Ðprecisely€and€narrowly€as€possible,€ensure€that€none€is€incompatible€with€the€object€and€purpose€ofÐ ˜%è $ Ðthe€relevant€treaty€and€regularly€review€any€reservations€with€a€view€to€withdrawing€them.€òò68óó/Ð ‚&Ò!% ÐÌ53.€The€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€has€systematically€questioned€States€parties€aboutÐ V(¦#' Ðtheir€reservations,€expressed€concerns€about€the€compatibility€of€reservations€with€the€Convention,Ð @)$( Ðand€urged€States€parties€to€withdraw€reservations.€During€their€dialogue€with€States€parties,€membersÐ **z%) Ðof€the€Committee€have€queried€the€purpose,€reasons€and€justification€for€reservations€and€indicatedÐ +d&* Ðwhen,€in€their€view,€declarations€amounted€to€reservations.€òò69óó/€They€have€also€expressed€their€viewsÐ þ+N'+ Ðas€to€reservations€they€considered€unnecessary,€unjustified€or€in€contradiction€to€the€Convention.€òò70óó/Ð è,8(, ÐFor€example,€during€the€review€of€the€initial€report€of€Syrian€Arab€Republic,€in€1997,€a€member€ofÐ Ò-")- Ðthe€Committee€stated€his€view€that€ð ðthe€fact€that€the€Syrian€Constitution€enshrined€the€Ô_ÔShariððaÔ_Ô€asÐ ° Ðsupreme€law€did€not€justify€the€reservations€made€by€the€Government€to€certain€articles€of€theÐ šê ÐConventionðð.€òò71óó/€Ð „Ô ÐÌ54.€€Members€of€the€Committee€have€urged€States€parties€to€withdraw€their€reservations.€In€oneÐ X¨ Ðinstance,€during€the€consideration€of€the€initial€report€of€Iraq,€in€1998,€a€member€of€the€CommitteeÐ B ’ Ðasked€whether€the€State€party€would€consider€withdrawing€its€reservation€to€article€14€(1)€of€theÐ , | ÐConvention,€concerning€the€right€of€the€child€to€freedom€of€religion,€òò72óó/€ð ðsince€certain€IslamicÐ  f Ðcountries,€such€as€Egypt€and€Tunisia,€did€not€consider€that€provision€to€be€at€variance€with€theÐ  P ÐÔ_ÔShariahÔ_Ôðð.€òò73óó/€During€the€consideration€of€the€initial€report€of€Thailand,€in€1998,€a€member€of€theÐ ê :  ÐCommittee€noted€that€the€State€party€had€ratified€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€PoliticalÐ Ô $  ÐRights€without€any€reservations€and€encouraged€the€State€party€to€withdraw€its€reservations€to€theÐ ¾  ÐConvention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child.€òò74óó/€During€the€consideration€of€the€initial€report€ofÐ ¨ø  ÐArgentina,€in€1994,€members€of€the€Committee€discussed€the€State€partyððs€reservation€to€article€21Ð ’â  Ð(b)„(e),€which€stated€that€those€provisions€could€not€apply€in€Argentina€because€it€was€felt€that€thereÐ |Ì  Ðmust€first€be€a€mechanism€to€ensure€the€legal€protection€of€children€in€matters€of€inter„countryÐ f¶  Ðadoption€in€order€to€prevent€the€trafficking€and€sale€of€children.€A€member€of€the€Committee€pointedÐ P  Ðout€that€the€State€partyððs€reservation€to€article€21€ð ðendangered€several€of€the€Conventionððs€mainÐ :Š Ðprinciplesðð€and€ð ðexhorted€[the€State€party]€to€reconsider€their€reservationðð.€òò75óó/Ð $t ÐÌ55.€€In€its€concluding€observations,€the€Committee€has€regularly€expressed€concern,€including€ð ðdeepÐ øH Ðconcernðð,€about€reservations€and€their€incompatibility€with€the€Convention,€and€recommendedÐ â2 Ðwithdrawal€of€the€reservations€in€accordance€with€the€1993€Declaration€and€Programme€of€ActionÐ Ì Ðof€the€Vienna€World€Conference€on€Human€Rights.€òò76óó/€For€example,€in€its€concluding€observationsÐ ¶ Ðon€the€initial€report€of€Saudi€Arabia,€in€2001,€the€Committee€raised€concerns€about€the€ð ðbroad€andÐ  ð Ðimprecise€natureðð€of€the€State€partyððs€general€reservation€which€ð ðpotentially€Ô_Ônegate[dÔ_Ô]€many€of€theÐ ŠÚ ÐConventionððs€provisions,€and€Ô_Ôraise[dÔ_Ô]€concern€as€to€its€compatibility€with€the€object€and€purpose€ofÐ tÄ Ðthe€Convention€as€well€as€the€overall€implementation€of€the€Conventionðð.€òò77óó/€The€State€party€hadÐ ^® Ðentered€ð ðreservations€concerning€all€articles€conflicting€with€the€provisions€of€Islamic€lawðð.€òò78óó/€TheÐ H˜ ÐCommittee€recommended€that€Saudi€Arabia€withdraw€its€reservation.€In€another€example,€theÐ 2‚ ÐCommittee€expressed€concern€about€the€ð ðbroad€natureðð€of€reservations€entered€by€the€State€party,Ð  l Ðð ðwhich€Ô_Ôrais[edÔ_Ô]€questions€as€to€their€compatibility€with€the€object€and€purpose€of€the€Convention,ððÐ !V Ðand€encouraged€the€State€party€ð ðto€take€steps€to€withdraw€its€reservationsðð.€òò79óó/€Ð ð!@  ÐÌ56.€€In€several€concluding€observations,€the€Committee€has€stated€its€view€that€a€reservation€wasÐ Ä#" Ðunnecessary€and€should€be€withdrawn.€Examples€include€the€concluding€observations€on€the€secondÐ ®$þ# Ðperiodic€reports€of€Jordan€in€2000€and€Egypt€in€2001.€òò80óó/€In€the€concluding€observations€on€theÐ ˜%è $ Ðinitial€report€of€Thailand,€discussed€above,€the€Committee€noted€that€Thailand€had€recently€ratifiedÐ ‚&Ò!% Ðwithout€reservation€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€and€encouraged€theÐ l'¼"& ÐState€party€to€review€its€reservations€to€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child,€with€a€view€toÐ V(¦#' Ðwithdrawing€them.€òò81óó/Ð @)$( ÐÌIV.€€òòDevelopments€in€the€human€rights€regimeóó€Ð +d&* ÐÌA.€€òòHuman€Rights€Committeeóó€Ð è,8(, ÐÐ Ò-")- Ð57.€€At€its€seventy„first€session€in€March/April€2001,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€adopted€newÐ ° Ðrules€of€procedure€to€address€cases€where€States€parties€fail€on€a€long„term€basis,€despite€reminders,Ð šê Ðto€submit€initial€or€periodic€reports.€According€to€the€new€rules,€the€Committee€may,€at€itsÐ „Ô Ðdiscretion,€notify€the€relevant€State€party€through€the€Secretary„General€that€it€intends,€on€a€date€orÐ n¾ Ðat€a€session€specified€in€the€notification,€to€examine€in€a€private€session€the€measures€taken€by€theÐ X¨ ÐState€party€to€give€effect€to€the€rights€recognized€in€the€Covenant€and€proceed€by€adoptingÐ B ’ Ðprovisional€concluding€comments€which€will€be€submitted€to€the€State€party.€The€Committee€isÐ , | Ðobliged€to€transmit€to€the€State€party,€at€least€three€months€before€the€date€or€the€session€specified,Ð  f Ðinformation€in€its€possession€which€it€considers€appropriate€to€the€examination.€òò82óó/€Ð  P ÐÌ58.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee€also€adopted€new€rules€of€procedure€to€address€the€case€where,Ð Ô $  Ðhaving€submitted€a€report€that€has€been€listed€at€a€session€for€examination,€a€State€party€informs€theÐ ¾  ÐCommittee,€at€a€time€when€it€is€impossible€to€substitute€an€alternative€State€party€report,€that€itsÐ ¨ø  Ðdelegation€will€not€attend€the€session.€Under€these€rules,€the€Committee€may€notify€the€State€partyÐ ’â  Ðthrough€the€Secretary„General€that€it€intends€to€examine€the€report€at€a€specified€future€session€orÐ |Ì  Ðproceed€at€the€same€session€originally€specified€to€examine€the€report€and€adopt€provisionalÐ f¶  Ðconcluding€observations€and€determine€the€date€on€which€the€report€shall€be€examined€or€the€dateÐ P  Ðon€which€a€new€periodic€report€shall€be€submitted.€òò83óó/€Situations€dealt€with€in€accordance€with€theseÐ :Š Ðrules€of€procedure€shall€be€reflected€in€the€Committeeððs€annual€report,€which€will€not€include€the€textÐ $t Ðof€the€provisional€concluding€observations.€òò84óó/€The€new€rules€of€procedure€are€reflected€in€theÐ ^ Ðconsolidated€guidelines€for€States€parties€reports€under€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€andÐ øH ÐPolitical€Rights.€òò85óó/€Ð â2 ÐÌB.€€òòCommittee€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rightsóó€Ð ¶ ÐÌ59.€€At€its€twenty„fifth€session€(23€April€to€11€May€2001),€the€Committee€on€Economic,€Social€andÐ ŠÚ ÐCultural€Rights€adopted€a€number€of€decisions€with€regard€to€working€methods.€Those€included€aÐ tÄ Ðdecision€to€limit€the€number€of€questions€in€the€list€of€issues€and€questions€submitted€to€StatesÐ ^® Ðparties€presenting€periodic€reports€to€25,€except€in€the€case€of€grossly€inadequate€reports.€It€alsoÐ H˜ Ðdecided€to€limit€requests€for€written€information€to€statistical€data;€information€requested€in€theÐ 2‚ ÐCommitteeððs€reporting€guidelines,€but€missing€from€the€report;€points€of€clarification€regarding€theÐ  l Ðreport;€and€information€on€key€legal,€structural,€policy€or€institutional€issues€or€new€developments.€Ð !V ÐÌ60.€€In€order€to€enhance€constructive€dialogue€with€States€parties,€the€Committee€decided,€prior€toÐ Ú"*! Ðthe€dialogue€with€States€parties,€to€discuss,€in€a€private€ð ðcoordination€meetingðð,€the€main€issuesÐ Ä#" Ðconcerning€the€State€party,€and€to€confer€about€how€to€approach€cross„cutting€issues.€Experts€fromÐ ®$þ# Ðthe€secretariat€could€be€invited€to€inform€the€Committee€on€issues€relating€to€CovenantÐ ˜%è $ Ðimplementation€in€the€State€party€concerned.€Committee€members€would€be€named€as€the€mainÐ ‚&Ò!% Ðcommentators€on€each€question/article/issue,€and€other€Committee€members,€except€for€the€countryÐ l'¼"& Ðrapporteur€who€could€intervene€at€any€time,€would€not€take€up€matters€addressed€by€the€mainÐ V(¦#' Ðcommentator€and€would€limit€their€interventions€to€less€than€three€minutes.€At€the€beginning€of€theÐ @)$( Ðdialogue€the€Chairperson€would€indicate€which€Committee€members€would€take€the€lead€onÐ **z%) Ðparticular€articles€or€issues.€Ð +d&* ÐÌ61.€€The€Committee€also€decided€to€extend€its€current€practice€of€considering€situations€in€StatesÐ è,8(, Ðparties€whose€initial€reports€are€very€significantly€overdue€in€the€absence€of€a€report€to€States€partiesÐ Ò-")- Ðwhose€periodic€reports€were€significantly€overdue.€Ð ° ÐÌC.€€òòCommission€on€Human€RightsóóÐ „Ô ÐÌ62.€€At€its€fifty„seventh€session€(19„27€April€2001),€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights€adopted€aÐ X¨ Ðnumber€of€resolutions€relevant€to€the€work€of€the€Committee.€In€resolution€2001/48,€on€traffic€inÐ B ’ Ðwomen€and€girls,€it,€inter€alia,€invited€human€rights€treaty€bodies€to€participate€in€and€contribute€toÐ , | Ðthe€work€of€the€Working€Group€on€Contemporary€Forms€of€Slavery€at€its€twenty„sixth€session,€inÐ  f Ð2001,€which€would€focus€on€the€issue€of€trafficking;€in€resolution€2001/49,€on€the€elimination€ofÐ  P Ðviolence€against€women,€it€reminded€Governments€that€their€obligations€under€the€Convention€onÐ ê :  Ðthe€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€Discrimination€against€Women€must€be€implemented€fully€withÐ Ô $  Ðregard€to€violence€against€women€and€take€into€account€general€recommendation€19,€and€requestedÐ ¾  Ðthe€reports€of€the€Special€Rapporteur€on€violence€against€women€to€be€brought€to€the€attention€ofÐ ¨ø  Ðthe€Committee;€and€in€resolution€2001/50,€on€integrating€the€human€rights€of€women€throughout€theÐ ’â  ÐUnited€Nations€system,€it€welcomed€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€encouraged€allÐ |Ì  ÐUnited€Nations€entities€to€pay€attention€to€the€recommendations€of€the€Committee,€and€urgedÐ f¶  Ðuniversal€ratification€of€the€Convention,€acceptance€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€limitation€of€anyÐ P  Ðreservations€and€implementation€of€the€Convention.€Ð :Š ÐÌ63.€€In€its€resolutions€on€Iraq€(2001/14)€and€Myanmar€(2001/15),€the€Commission€referred€to€itsÐ ^ Ðconcluding€comments€on€those€countries,€and€in€the€case€of€Myanmar€strongly€urged€theÐ øH ÐGovernment€to€implement€fully€the€recommendations€of€the€Committee,€in€particular€the€request€toÐ â2 Ðprosecute€those€who€violate€the€human€rights€of€women€and€to€carry€out€human€rights€education€andÐ Ì Ðgender„sensitization€training,€in€particular€for€military€personnel.€Ð ¶ ÐÌ64.€€In€a€number€of€resolutions€it€invited€human€rights€treaty€bodies€to€give€particular€attention€toÐ ŠÚ Ðtheir€subjects€in€the€review€of€States€partiesðð€reports.€They€included€resolution€2001/34,€on€womenððsÐ tÄ Ðequal€ownership€of,€access€to€and€control€over€land,€and€the€equal€rights€to€own€property€and€toÐ ^® Ðadequate€housing;€resolution€2001/51,€on€the€protection€of€human€rights€in€the€context€of€the€humanÐ H˜ ÐÔ_ÔimmunodeficiencyÔ_Ô€virus€(HIV)€and€acquired€immune€deficiency€syndrome€(AIDS);€resolutionÐ 2‚ Ð2001/31,€on€human€rights€and€extreme€poverty€in€which€the€Commission€specifically€invited€theÐ  l ÐCommittee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women€to€take€into€account,€whenÐ !V Ðconsidering€the€reports€of€States€parties,€the€question€of€extreme€poverty€and€human€rights,€andÐ ð!@  Ðresolution€2001/32,€on€globalization€and€its€impact€on€the€full€enjoyment€of€all€human€rights.Ð Ú"*! ÐÌ65.€€In€several€resolutions,€including€2001/5,€on€racism,€racial€discrimination€and€related€intolerance;Ð ®$þ# Ð2001/25,€on€the€right€to€food;€2001/28,€on€adequate€housing€as€a€component€of€the€right€to€anÐ ˜%è $ Ðadequate€standard€of€living;€and€2001/52,€on€the€human€rights€of€migrants,€the€Commission€calledÐ ‚&Ò!% Ðfor€cooperation€between,€or€exchange€of€information€among,€treaty€bodies€and€rapporteurs.€InÐ l'¼"& Ðseveral€resolutions,€including€2001/30€on€the€realization€in€all€countries€of€the€economic,€social€andÐ V(¦#' Ðcultural€rights,€the€Commission€noted€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Optional€Protocol€and€encouragedÐ @)$( Ðits€further€ratification€or€accession,€and€also€decided€on€the€appointment€of€an€independent€expertÐ **z%) Ðto€examine€the€question€of€a€draft€optional€protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Economic,Ð +d&* ÐSocial€and€Cultural€Rights.€In€resolution€2001/76,€on€equitable€geographical€distribution€of€theÐ þ+N'+ Ðmembership€of€the€human€rights€treaty€bodies,€the€Commission€decided€to€recommend€that€theÐ è,8(, ÐGeneral€Assembly€encourage€States€parties€to€the€United€Nations€human€rights€instruments€toÐ Ò-")- Ðestablish€quota€systems€by€geographical€region€for€the€election€of€the€members€of€the€treaty€bodies.€Ð ° ÐÌ66.€€The€Commission€also€discussed€strengthening€support€to€and€enhancing€effectiveness€of€theÐ „Ô Ðtreaty€bodies€under€its€agenda€item€18,€ð ðeffective€functioning€of€the€human€rights€mechanismsðð,Ð n¾ Ðduring€which€Member€States€raised€issues€with€regard€to€duplication,€streamlining€of€reporting€andÐ X¨ Ðcoordination€and€information„sharing€among€human€rights€treaty€bodies.€Ð B ’ ÐÌD.€€òòReport€on€the€operation€of€the€United€Nations€treaty€systemóó€Ð  f ÐÌ67.€€Comprehensive€recommendations€for€the€enhancement€of€the€operations€of€the€United€NationsÐ ê :  Ðtreaty€system€are€proposed€in€a€study,€entitled€ð ðThe€United€Nations€human€rights€system:Ð Ô $  Ðuniversality€at€the€crossroadsðð,€by€Professor€Anne€Ô_ÔBayefskyÔ_Ô€of€York€University,€Toronto,€Canada.Ð ¾  ÐThe€study,€which€was€commenced€in€1999,€was€conducted€in€collaboration€with€Ô_ÔUNCHRÔ_Ô,€with€theÐ ¨ø  Ðsupport€of€the€Ford€Foundation.€It€has€been€made€available€to€members€of€the€Committee.€Ð ’â  ÐÌV.€€òòReports€to€be€considered€at€future€sessions€of€the€CommitteeóóÐ f¶  ÐÌ68.€€At€its€twenty„fourth€session,€the€Committee€drew€up€the€list€of€States€parties€whose€reportsÐ :Š Ðwould€be€considered€at€future€sessions.€The€Committee€decided€that€at€its€twenty„sixth€session,€inÐ $t ÐJanuary/February€2002,€the€initial€report€of€Trinidad€and€Tobago,€the€combined€second€and€thirdÐ ^ Ðperiodic€report€of€Equatorial€Guinea,€the€combined€second€and€third€periodic€report€of€Uruguay,€theÐ øH Ðcombined€third€and€fourth€periodic€report€of€Iceland,€the€combined€third€and€fourth€periodic€reportÐ â2 Ðof€Sri€Lanka,€the€fourth€periodic€report€of€Portugal€and€the€fifth€periodic€report€of€the€RussianÐ Ì ÐFederation€would€be€considered.€Equatorial€Guinea€will€be€unable€to€present€its€report€at€the€twenty„Ð ¶ Ðsixth€session.€In€finalizing€the€list€of€States€parties€to€be€considered€at€the€twenty„sixth€session,€theÐ  ð ÐCommittee€may€wish€to€take€account€of€the€fact€that€the€initial€report€of€Fiji€has€not€been€considered.€Ð ŠÚ ÐÌ69.€€Insofar€as€the€twenty„seventh€session€is€concerned,€the€Committee€decided€that€it€wouldÐ ^® Ðconsider€the€combined€third€and€fourth€periodic€report€of€Zambia,€the€fourth€periodic€report€of€Japan,Ð H˜ Ðthe€combined€fourth€and€fifth€periodic€report€of€Ukraine,€and€the€fourth€and€fifth€periodic€reports€ofÐ 2‚ ÐDenmark.€Japan€has€indicated€that€it€will€submit€its€fifth€periodic€report€in€July€2002€and€that€itÐ  l Ðwould€like€its€fourth€and€fifth€periodic€reports€to€be€taken€up€together€at€a€later€session.€In€finalizingÐ !V Ðthe€list€for€the€twenty„seventh€session€and€drawing€up€the€lists€for€future€sessions,€the€CommitteeÐ ð!@  Ðmay€wish€to€recall€that€at€its€twenty„seventh€session€it€decided€that,€in€the€event€that€States€partiesÐ Ú"*! Ðnominated€to€present€reports€at€that€session€were€unable€to€do€so,€it€would€take€up€the€combinedÐ Ä#" Ðthird€and€fourth€periodic€report€of€Belgium,€the€combined€third€and€fourth€periodic€report€of€KenyaÐ ®$þ# Ðor€the€combined€third€and€fourth€periodic€report€of€Tunisia€and€annex€II,€which€contains€a€list€ofÐ ˜%è $ ÐStates€parties€which€have€submitted€reports€which€have€not€been€considered€and€providesÐ ‚&Ò!% Ðinformation€on€those€reports€available€in€the€languages€of€the€United€Nations.Ð l'¼"& ÐÌVI.€€Effortsòò€to€encourage€universal€ratification€of€the€Convention,€ratification€of€the€OptionalÐ @)$( ÐProtocol€and€acceptance€of€the€amendment€to€article€20€(1)óóÐ **z%) ÐÌ70.€€The€Special€Adviser€to€the€Secretary„General€on€Gender€Issues€and€Advancement€of€WomenÐ þ+N'+ Ðand€the€Director€of€the€Division€for€the€Advancement€of€Women€have€continued€their€efforts€toÐ è,8(, Ðencourage€universal€ratification€of€the€Convention,€acceptance€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€theÐ Ò-")- Ðamendment€to€article€20€(1),€and€fulfilment€of€reporting€obligations.Ð ° ÐÌ71.€€The€Special€Adviser€raised€these€issues€during€her€statements€to€the€Third€African€WomenððsÐ „Ô ÐForum€on€Women€and€Conflict€Management€in€Africa,€(Tunis,€Tunisia,€22„24€January€2001),€theÐ n¾ ÐWorkshop€on€Gender€Ô_ÔMainstreamingÔ_Ô€and€the€Least€Developed€Countries,€(Cape€Town,€South€Africa,Ð X¨ Ð21„23€March€2001),€the€105th€Conference€of€the€Inter„Parliamentary€Union€(1„7€April€2001),€andÐ B ’ Ðthe€fourth€joint€workshop€organized€by€the€Inter„Agency€Committee€on€Women€and€GenderÐ , | ÐEquality/OECD/DAC€Working€Party€on€Women€and€Gender€Equality€(Vienna,€Austria,€23„25€April,Ð  f Ð2001).€The€Director€participated€in€a€panel€discussion€during€the€Conference€of€the€Inter„Ð  P ÐParliamentary€Union€on€the€Optional€Protocol€which€aimed€to€raise€awareness€amongÐ ê :  Ðparliamentarians€of€the€Convention€and€the€Protocol.€Both€the€Special€Adviser€and€the€DirectorÐ Ô $  Ðregularly€discuss€ratification€and€reporting€in€their€bilateral€meetings€with€Member€States,€while€theÐ ¾  ÐUnited€Nations€Childrenððs€Fund€(UNICEF),€the€United€Nations€Development€Programme€(Ô_ÔUNDPÔ_Ô),Ð ¨ø  Ðthe€United€Nations€Development€Fund€for€Women€(Ô_ÔUNIFEMÔ_Ô)€and€the€regional€commissions€haveÐ ’â  Ðbeen€requested€to€assist€in€this€context€in€their€activities€at€national€level.€Ð |Ì  ÐÌ72.€€In€collaboration€with€the€Government€of€New€Zealand,€the€Economic€and€Social€CommissionÐ P  Ðfor€Asia€and€the€Pacific€(Ô_ÔESCAPÔ_Ô),€and€Ô_ÔUNDPÔ_Ô,€the€Division€for€the€Advancement€of€WomenÐ :Š Ðorganized€a€subregional€training€workshop€in€Auckland,€New€Zealand,€from€13€to€15€February€2001Ð $t Ðto€encourage€ratification€and€reporting€among€the€countries€of€the€Pacific.€Ð ^ ÐÌÌ____________________Ð Ì ÐòòNotesÐ ¶ ÐóóÌòò1óó/€€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„ninth€Session,€Supplement€No.€38€óó(A/49/38),Ð ŠÚ Ðparas.€812„817.Ð tÄ Ðòò2óó/€€Ibid.,€chap.€1,€sect.€C,€para.€10.Ð ^® ÐÌòò3óó/€€Ibid.,€òòFifty„first€Session,€Supplement€No.€38€óó(A/51/38),€chap.€I,€decision€15/III.Ð 2‚ ÐÌòò4óó/€€Ibid.,€òòFifty„second€Session,€Supplement€No.€38óó€(A/52/38/Rev.1),€part€I,€paras.€355„361,€and€partÐ !V ÐII,€para.€471.Ð ð!@  ÐÌòò5óó/€€Ibid.,€òòFifty„third€Session,€Supplement€No.€38óó€(A/53/38/Rev.1),€part€II,€decision€19/II.Ð Ä#" ÐÌòò6óó/€€A€number€of€concluding€comments€on€reports€presented€at€the€thirteenth€session€were€deferredÐ ˜%è $ Ðand€adopted€at€the€fourteenth€session.€In€deciding€to€adopt€those€concluding€comments,€theÐ ‚&Ò!% ÐCommittee€noted€that€the€deferral€was€exceptional.€Ibid.,€òòFiftieth€Session,€Supplement€No.€38Ð l'¼"& Ðóó(A/50/38),€para.€592.€Ð V(¦#' ÐÌòò7óó/€€Ibid.,€òòFifty„first€Session,€Supplement€No.€38€óó(A/51/38),€paras.€43„45.Ð **z%) ÐÌòò8óó/€€Ibid.,€para.€74.Ð þ+N'+ ÐÌòò9óó/€€Ibid.,€para.€139.Ð Ò-")- Їòò10óó/€€Ibid.,€paras.€238„240.Ð ° ÐÌòò11óó/€€Ibid.,€òòFifty„second€Session,€Supplement€No.€38óó€(A/52/38),€paras.€163„164.Ð „Ô ÐÌòò12óó/€€Ibid.,€para.€321.Ð X¨ ÐÌòò13óó/€€Ibid.,€paras.€95„97.Ð , | ÐÌòò14óó/€€Ibid.,€para.€249.Ð  P ÐÌòò15óó/€€Ibid.,€òòFifty„third€Session,€Supplement€No.€38€óó(A/53/38),€para.€101.Ð Ô $  ÐÌòò16óó/€€Ibid.,€paras.€281„283.Ð ¨ø  ÐÌòò17óó/€€Ibid.,€paras.€387„388.Ð |Ì  ÐÌòò18óó/€€Ibid.,€òòFifty„second€Session,€Supplement€No.€38óó€(A/52/38),€paras.€254„281.Ð P  ÐÌòò19óó/€€Nineteenth€session:€New€Zealand,€Nigeria,€Panama,€Peru,€Republic€of€Korea,€Slovakia,€SouthÐ $t ÐAfrica,€United€Republic€of€Tanzania;€twentieth€session:€Algeria,€China,€Colombia,€Greece,Ð ^ ÐÔ_ÔKyrgyzstanÔ_Ô,€Liechtenstein,€Thailand;€twenty„first€session:€Belize,€Chile,€Georgia,€Ireland,€Nepal,Ð øH ÐSpain,€United€Kingdom€of€Great€Britain€and€Northern€Ireland;€twenty„second€session:€Belarus,Ð â2 ÐBurkina€Faso,€Democratic€Republic€of€the€Congo,€Germany,€India,€Jordan,€Luxembourg,€Myanmar;Ð Ì Ðtwenty„third€session:€Austria,€Cameroon,€Cuba,€Iraq,€Lithuania,€Republic€of€Moldova,€Romania;Ð ¶ Ðtwenty„fourth€session:€Burundi,€Egypt,€Finland,€Jamaica,€Kazakhstan,€Maldives,€Mongolia,Ð  ð ÐUzbekistan.€Ð ŠÚ ÐÌòò20óó/€€See,€for€example,€twenty„third€session:€Cameroon;€twenty„fourth€session:€Kazakhstan,Ð ^® ÐMaldives,€Uzbekistan.€With€regard€to€womenððs€reproductive€health,€see€twenty„fourth€session:Ð H˜ ÐBurundi,€Kazakhstan,€Uzbekistan,€Jamaica.€Ð 2‚ ÐÌòò21óó/€€See,€for€example,€twenty„fourth€session:€Maldives,€Egypt;€twenty„third€session:€the€thirdÐ !V Ðconcern€identified€in€regard€to€Iraq.Ð ð!@  ÐÌòò22óó/€€Jordan:€twenty„second€session,€paras.€184€and€185.Ð Ä#" ÐÌòò23óó/€€The€concluding€comments€on€the€United€Kingdom€of€Great€Britain€and€Northern€Ireland,€whichÐ ˜%è $ Ðdiscuss€the€protection€provided€to€women€in€the€European€Convention€on€Human€Rights€andÐ ‚&Ò!% ÐFundamental€Freedoms€(twenty„first€session,€para.€300);€the€concluding€comments€on€JamaicaÐ l'¼"& Ð(twenty„fourth€session)€urge€ratification€of€the€Inter„American€Convention€for€the€Prevention,Ð V(¦#' ÐSanction€and€Eradication€of€Violence€against€Women.€Ð @)$( ÐÌòò24óó/€€An€exception€in€this€regard€are€the€comments€adopted€on€Thailand€which€recommend€that€aÐ +d&* Ðproposed€childrenððs€rights€law€is€consistent€both€with€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€AllÐ þ+N'+ ÐForms€of€Discrimination€against€Women€and€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€(twentiethÐ è,8(, Ðsession,€para.€235).€Ð Ò-")- Їòò25óó/€€Vienna€Convention€(United€Nations,€òòTreat€y€Seriesóó,€vol.€1,155,€No.€18,232,€p.€331),€article€2Ð ° Ð(1)(d).Ð šê ÐÌòò26óó/€€Article€19€of€the€Vienna€Convention€adopts€a€flexible€approach,€permitting€States€individuallyÐ n¾ Ðto€decide€on€the€admissibility€of€a€reservation.€This€approach€was€advanced€by€the€InternationalÐ X¨ ÐCourt€of€Justice€in€òòReservations€to€the€Convention€on€the€Prevention€and€Punishment€of€the€CrimeÐ B ’ Ðof€Genocideóó,€Advisory€Opinion,€28€May€1951.Ð , | ÐÌòò27óó/€€A/53/38/Rev.1,€pp.€47„50.Ð  P ÐÌòò28óó/€€Ô_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/7/Rev.3,€para.€9.Ð Ô $  ÐÌòò29óó/€€Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/21/Rev.1/Add.6.Ð ¨ø  ÐÌòò30óó/€€Neither€the€Covenant€nor€the€first€Optional€Protocol€contains€any€specific€provisions€onÐ |Ì  Ðreservations.€However,€the€second€Optional€Protocol€addresses€reservations€in€article€2€(1).€€Ð f¶  ÐÌòò31óó/€€See€article€53€of€the€Vienna€Convention€on€the€Law€of€Treaties.€Ð :Š ÐÌòò32óó/€€In€its€observations€on€general€comment€24,€the€United€States€of€America,€the€United€KingdomÐ ^ Ðof€Great€Britain€and€Northern€Ireland€and€France€all€express€concern€at€the€suggestion€thatÐ øH Ðprovisions€in€the€Covenant€that€represent€customary€international€law€may€not€be€the€subject€ofÐ â2 Ðreservations.€Ð Ì ÐÌòò33óó/€€See€ð ðConsolidated€guidelines€for€State€reports€under€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€andÐ  ð ÐPolitical€Rightsðð€(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/66/GUI/Rev.2),€para.€C.2.€Ð ŠÚ ÐÌòò34óó/€€The€United€States€of€America,€the€United€Kingdom€of€Great€Britain€and€Northern€Ireland€andÐ ^® ÐFrance€lodged€observations€on€the€general€comment€in€letters€dated,€respectively,€28€March€1995,Ð H˜ Ð21€July€1995,€and€8€September€1995.€The€letters€from€the€United€States€of€America€and€the€UnitedÐ 2‚ ÐKingdom€of€Great€Britain€and€Northern€Ireland€are€reproduced€in€A/50/40,€annex€VI,€and€the€letterÐ  l Ðfrom€France€is€reproduced€in€A/51/40,€annex€VI.€Professor€Rosalyn€Higgins,€now€a€Judge€of€theÐ !V ÐInternational€Court€of€Justice€and€a€former€expert€on€the€Human€Rights€Committee,€has€respondedÐ ð!@  Ðto€these€criticisms€in€the€preface€to€Ô_ÔJ.P.Ô_Ô€Gardner,€ed.,€òòHuman€Rights€as€General€Norms€and€a€StateððsÐ Ú"*! ÐRight€to€Opt€Out€óó(London,€British€Institute€of€International€and€Comparative€Law,€1997).€Ð Ä#" ÐÌòò35óó/€€See€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Fifty„second€Session,€Supplement€No.€10Ð ˜%è $ Ðóó(A/52/10),€chap.€V,€para.€157.Ð ‚&Ò!% ÐÌòò36óó/€€See€A/49/537,€para.€30.Ð V(¦#' ÐÌòò37óó/€€See€A/50/505,€para.€17.Ð **z%) ÐÌòò38óó/€€See€the€fifth€report€of€the€Special€Rapporteur€on€reservations€to€treaties€(A/CN.4/508,€para.€14),Ð þ+N'+ Ðwhere€the€letter€was€discussed.€Ð è,8(, ÐÐ Ò-")- Ðòò39óó/€€E/CN.4/Sub.2/1999/28,€para.€20.Ð ° ÐÌòò40óó/€€In€decision€2001/113€of€25€April€2001,€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights€requested€theÐ „Ô ÐÔ_ÔSubcommissionÔ_Ô€to€reconsider€its€request€to€appoint€Ms.€Ô_ÔHampsonÔ_Ô€as€a€Special€Rapporteur,€in€theÐ n¾ Ðlight€of€the€work€under€way€by€the€International€Law€Commission.€Ð X¨ ÐÌòò41óó/€€Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/SR.1852,€paras.€26„27.Ð , | ÐÌòò42óó/€€Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/SR.1676,€para.€8.Ð  P ÐÌòò43óó/€€Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/79/Add.68,€para.10.Ð Ô $  ÐÌòò44óó/€€Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/CO/69/Ô_ÔKWTÔ_Ô,€para.€4.Ð ¨ø  ÐÌòò45óó/€€Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/79/Add.50,€para.€279.Ð |Ì  ÐÌòò46óó/€€ST/LEG/Ô_ÔSER.EÔ_Ô/18€(vol.€I),€p.€143.Ð P  ÐÌòò47óó/€€Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/67/D/845/1999,€paras.€6.4„6.7.Ð $t ÐÌòò48óó/€€ST/LEG/Ô_ÔSER.EÔ_Ô/18€(vol.€I),€p.€176.€Some€States€parties€lodged€objections€to€this€reservation,Ð øH Ðincluding€objecting€to€the€procedure€followed€by€Trinidad€and€Tobago,€of€denouncing€the€OptionalÐ â2 ÐProtocol€followed€by€re„accession€with€a€reservation,€which,€according€to€the€objecting€StatesÐ Ì Ðparties,€circumvented€the€rules€of€the€law€of€treaties€that€prohibited€the€submission€of€reservationsÐ ¶ Ðafter€ratification.€Ð  ð ÐÌòò49óó/€€Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/70/D/808/1998,€paras.€9.2„9.5.Ð tÄ ÐÌòò50óó/€€It€is€to€be€noted€that€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€FormsÐ H˜ Ðof€Discrimination€against€Women€provides,€in€article€4€(2)€that:€ð ðThe€Committee€shall€declare€aÐ 2‚ Ðcommunication€inadmissible€where:€(a)€The€same€matter€has€already€been€examined€by€theÐ  l ÐCommittee€or€has€been€or€is€being€examined€under€another€procedure€of€international€investigationÐ !V Ðor€settlementðð€...€Ð ð!@  ÐÌòò51óó/€€Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/65/D/716/1996,€paras.€6.3„6.5.Ð Ä#" ÐÌòò52óó/€€See,€for€example,€CAT/C/SR.266,€para.€54;€CAT/C/SR.267,€para.€17;€and€CAT/C/SR.156,€para.Ð ˜%è $ Ð5.Ð ‚&Ò!% ÐÌòò53óó/€€A/54/44,€paras.€195„196.€The€Committee€against€Torture€has€adopted€several€similar€concludingÐ V(¦#' Ðobservations€addressing€reservations€to€article€20€and€the€absence€of€declarations€under€articles€21Ð @)$( Ðand€22.€See,€for€example,€A/53/44,€para.€240;€A/48/44,€para.€426.€Ð **z%) ÐÌòò54óó/€€A/48/44,€para.€160.Ð þ+N'+ ÐÌòò55óó/€€Concluding€observations€on€the€initial€report€of€the€United€States€of€America€in€2000,Ð Ò-")- Ð(A/55/44,paras.€179,€€180).Ð ° ÐÌòò56óó/€€Two€experts€of€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Racial€Discrimination€conducted€a€studyÐ „Ô Ðin€1998€on€reservations€to€the€International€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€RacialÐ n¾ ÐDiscrimination€and€the€role€of€the€Committee.€See€Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/53/Misc.23.€Ð X¨ ÐÌòò57óó/€€Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/SR.1248,€paras.€27,€47.Ð , | ÐÌòò58óó/€€Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/270/Add.1.Ð  P ÐÌòò59óó/€€During€the€discussion€of€its€report,€the€State€party€indicated€that€the€ð ðthree€circleðð€model€wasÐ Ô $  Ðbeing€reviewed€and€that,€under€a€proposed€new€policy,€the€model€would€be€abandoned.€Ð ¾  ÐÌòò60óó/€€Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/SR.1165,€para.€9.€This€comment€was€made€in€the€absence€of€the€State€party€concernedÐ ’â  Ð(Fiji)€during€a€discussion€in€1996€of€States€partiesðð€reports€that€were€overdue.Ð |Ì  ÐÌòò61óó/€€A/55/18,€sect.€4.Ð P  ÐÌòò62óó/€€Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/58/Misc.17/Rev.3,€para.€11.Ð $t ÐÌòò63óó/€€Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/304/Add.20,€para.€4.Ð øH ÐÌòò64óó/€€See,€for€example,€the€list€of€issues€concerning€the€second€periodic€report€of€JapanÐ Ì Ð(E/C.12/Q/JAP/1),€and€the€initial€report€of€Ireland€(E/C.12/IRE/1).€Ð ¶ ÐÌòò65óó/€€E/C.12/1995/SR.46,€para.€25.Ð ŠÚ ÐÌòò66óó/€€See,€for€example,€E/C.12/1/Add.45,€para.€29;€E/C.12/1/Add.25,€para.€59.Ð ^® ÐÌòò67óó/€€See€ð ðGeneral€guidelines€regarding€the€form€and€content€of€periodic€reports€to€be€submitted€byÐ 2‚ ÐStates€parties€under€article€44,€para.€1€(b),€of€the€Conventionðð€(CRC/C/58,€para.€11).Ð  l ÐÌòò68óó/€€A/Ô_ÔCONFÔ_Ô.157/23,€p.11.Ð ð!@  ÐÌòò69óó/€€See,€for€example,€CRC/C/SR.617,€para.€14;€CRC/C/SR.637,€para.€5;€CRC/C/SR.276,€para.€25.Ð Ä#" ÐÌòò70óó/€€See,€for€example€CRC/C/SR.469,€paras.€15,€19;€CRC/C/SR.363,€para.€16;€CRC/C/SR.647,Ð ˜%è $ Ðparas.€35,€38;€CRC/C/SR.621,€para.€55.€Ð ‚&Ò!% ÐÌòò71óó/€€CRC/C/SR.361,€para.€18.Ð V(¦#' ÐÌòò72óó/€€The€reservation€stated€that€ð ðallowing€a€child€to€change€his€or€her€religion€runs€counter€to€theÐ **z%) Ðprovisions€of€the€Islamic€Ô_ÔShariahÔ_Ôðð€(see€ST/LEG/Ô_ÔSER.EÔ_Ô/18€(vol.€I),€p.€235).Ð +d&* ÐÌòò73óó/€€CRC/C/SR.482,€para.€10.Ð è,8(, ÐÐ Ò-")- Ðòò74óó/€€CRC/C/SR.494,€para.€27.Ð ° ÐÌòò75óó/€€CRC/C/SR.177,€para.€47.Ð „Ô ÐÌòò76óó/€€See,€for€example,€CRC/C/15/Add.7,€para.€7;€CRC/C/15/Add.39,€paras.€6,€10;Ð X¨ ÐCRC/C/15/Add.51,€paras.€8,€19;€CRC/C/15/Add.74,€paras.€11,€28;€CRC/C/15/Add.60,€paras.€7,€20;Ð B ’ ÐCRC/C/15/Add.18,€paras.€9,€22.€Ð , | ÐÌòò77óó/€€CRC/C/15/Add.148,€para.€7.Ð  P ÐÌòò78óó/€€CRC/C/61/Add.2,€para.€27.Ð Ô $  ÐÌòò79óó/€€Concluding€observations€on€the€initial€report€of€New€Zealand€in€1997,€CRC/C/15/Add.71,€paras.Ð ¨ø  Ð8,€21.€The€State€party€had€entered€three€reservations€(see€ST/LEG/Ô_ÔSER.EÔ_Ô/18€(vol.€I),€p.€237).€UnderÐ ’â  Ðthe€first€reservation,€nothing€in€the€Convention€would€prevent€the€State€party€from€continuing€toÐ |Ì  Ðmake€a€distinction€between€persons€on€the€basis€of€their€status€in€the€country.€In€its€secondÐ f¶  Ðreservation,€the€State€party€took€the€view€that€the€rights€of€the€child€embodied€in€article€32€(1)€wereÐ P  Ðduly€protected€by€existing€legislation€and€reserved€the€right€not€to€adopt€the€additional€measures€setÐ :Š Ðout€in€article€32€(2).€In€its€third€reservation,€the€State€party€reserved€the€right€not€to€apply€article€37Ð $t Ð(c)€when,€inter€alia,€it€was€impossible€to€separate€children€deprived€of€liberty€from€adults€due€toÐ ^ Ðshortage€of€adequate€facilities.Ð øH ÐÌòò80óó/€€CRC/C/15/Add.125,€paras.€10,€11;€CRC/C/15/Add.145,€paras.€9,€10.Ð Ì ÐÌòò81óó/€€CRC/C/15/Add.97,€para.€8.Ð  ð ÐÌòò82óó/€€ð ðRules€of€Procedure€of€the€Human€Rights€Committeeðð,€(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/3/Rev.6),€rule€69A.Ð tÄ ÐÌòò83óó/€€Ibid.,€rule€68.2.Ð H˜ ÐÌòò84óó/€€Ibid.,€rule€68.3.Ð  l ÐÌòò85óó/€€Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/66/GUI/Rev.2,€paras.€G.6.1€and€G.6.2.Ð ð!@  ÐÌÐ  Ä#" ÐòòAnnex€IóóÐ ° ÐÌòòStates€parties€whose€reports€are€five€years€or€more€overdue€as€of€1€June€2001óó€Ð „Ô ÐÌòòState€party€à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àà0Èp(#p(#àà0 È(#È(#àà0x (# (#à€€€€€€€€€Date€dueÐX¨x(#x(# ÐóóÌò òA.€€Initial€reportsó óÐ , | ÐÌÓ  ÓAlbania€..............................................................................................................................€10€June€1995Ð  P ÐÌAngola.........................................................................................................................€17€October€1987Ð Ô $  ÐÌBahamas€...................................................................................................................€5€November€1994Ð ¨ø  ÐÌBenin€...............................................................................................................................€11€April€1993Ð |Ì  ÐÌBhutan€.....................................................................................................................€30€September€1982Ð P  ÐÌBosnia€and€Herzegovina€................................................................................................€1€October€1994Ð $t ÐÌBrazil...............................................................................................................................€2€March€1985Ð øH ÐÌCambodia€................................................................................................................€14€November€1993Ð Ì ÐÌCape€Verde€................................................................................................................€3€September€1982Ð  ð ÐÌCentral€African€Republic€..................................................................................................€21€July€1992Ð tÄ ÐÌComoros€..................................................................................................................€30€November€1995Ð H˜ ÐÌCongo€..........................................................................................................................€25€August€1983Ð  l ÐÌCosta€Rica€...........................................................................................................................€4€May€1987Ð ð!@  ÐÌDominica...................................................................................................................€3€September€1982Ð Ä#" ÐÌEstonia.....................................................................................................................€20€November€1992Ð ˜%è $ ÐÌGambia€..............................................................................................................................€16€May€1994Ð l'¼"& ÐÌGrenada€...................................................................................................................€29€September€1991Ð @)$( ÐÌGuinea„Bissau.........................................................................................................€22€September€1986Ð +d&* ÐÌHaiti............................................................................................................................€3€September€1982Ð è,8(, ÐÐ Ò-")- ÐòòState€party€à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àà0Èp(#p(#àà0 È(#È(#àà0x (# (#à€€€€€€€€€Date€dueóóаx(#x(# ÐÌKuwait€...........................................................................................................................€2€October€1995Ð „Ô ÐÌLao€Peopleððs€Democratic€Republic€.........................................................................€13€September€1982Ð X¨ ÐÌLatvia€................................................................................................................................€14€May€1993Ð , | ÐÌLiberia€..........................................................................................................................€16€August€1985Ð  P ÐÌMalta€.................................................................................................................................€7€April€1992Ð Ô $  ÐÌPapua€New€Guinea€....................................................................................................€11€February€1996Ð ¨ø  ÐÌSaint€Kitts€and€Nevis€........................................................................................................€25€May€1986Ð |Ì  ÐÌSaint€Lucia€................................................................................................................€7€November€1983Ð P  ÐÌSamoa€..........................................................................................................................€25€October€1993Ð $t ÐÌSeychelles€...........................................................................................................................€4€June€1993Ð øH ÐÌSierra€Leone€...........................................................................................................€11€December€1989Ð Ì ÐÌSuriname€.......................................................................................................................€31€March€1994Ð  ð ÐÌTajikistan......................................................................................................................€25€October€1994Ð tÄ ÐÌThe€former€Yugoslav€Republic€of€Macedonia€..........................................................€17€February€1995Ð H˜ ÐÌTogo.............................................................................................................................€26€October€1984Ð  l ÐÓûÓÌÌò òB.€€Second€periodic€reportsÐ Ú"*! 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