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K :v(+XqXXXeXXq  33  _ ++X  E/CN.4/1997/105 R   page  1   ?   #XqXXXeXXq  33  _% $# I&mage <=8C HKKKK(3$ !+}XqXXXeXXq  33    u ܌%+XqXXXeXXq  33  2  .  _33E/C.12/1991/WP.2,E/C.12/1992/WP.9,E/C.12/1994/12,and   E/C.12/1996/_CRP_.2/Add.1.    d)!dxdx( $ Figure  1  Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5<( 9Z &Courier Regular v ܌%+XqXXXeXXq  33  3  .  _33SeeE/C.12/1994/SR.42,45and56;E/C.12/1995/SR.5and50;E/C.12/1996/SR.19 9  and20;andE/C.12/1996/SR.42M47.   . -/ F1F2F3(3$ !+}XqXXXeXXq  33   F4<( 9Z &Courier Regular   @ 0RomPos1RomPos1 + X + X  ܌%+XqXXXeXXq  33  5  .  33OfficialRecordsoftheGeneralAssembly,FiftiethSession,Supplement   No.38(A/50/38),chap.ISect.B,suggestion7.Foracomprehensiveanalysis x seeA.ByrnesandJ.Connors, EnforcingtheHumanRightsofWomen:A i> complaintsProcedurefortheWomen'sConvention,21BrooklynJournalof / InternationalLaw(1996)679M797.    } U  ܌%+XqXXXeXXq  33  6  .  33SeeeeUKUS.,OfficialRecordsoftheEconomicandSocialCouncil,1996,Supplement V No.6(E/1996/26)ME/CN.6/1996/15),annexIII. G #ee#US.,UK.,  ܌%+XqXXXeXXq  33  7  .  33SeeCouncilofEuropedocumentH(95)8of5July1995.  (2v$ !+}XqXXXeXXq  33   P Pd  ܌%+XqXXXeXXq  33  8  .  33RosalynHiggins, EncouragingHumanRights,2LondonSchoolofEconomics _4 Quarterly(1988)249. % @~~)MMMMM wL &0 d d&P d d $   }   Neevia Converter0(}+$  0  /@!! ~0RomPos2RomPos2! + 3 X!! + 3 X! !+}XqXXXeXXq  33   _UKUS.,R}+70`4/[TRV<6&A4X3' Letter 6&A43'TH*"ddd Xdd Xdd X$$,h , +  " " iwiwwwyeyUNITED  NATIONS#y#XXy#XqXXX#XXXXXqA")F{ dEiFSA :0" R iwiw :#CXXX'#C#i# E# h##C&#XXXC7-+3 0  7 i$i$$$u ?/+p|057 ` ED7Tpu*x"ddh h "i$i$x,dd ,d , dd +  "d d   " ststsGsG sGsGstst 8.) )   8#CXXX#  C#    # C   EconomicandSocial   Council#    C#    #C  [#XXXC +!E  +33#XqXXXX ##eXXqP #Distr. n   % ) GENERAL%)   Z  % * E/CN.4/1997/105%*I  `  % + 18December1996%+ "US   L Original:% - ENGLISH%-  9/)R  9   33  1"""] 133!XXe +!""" +    #eX!X #33  1""""I   133!XXe+!   """" +#eX!X #33 A;) QxdCEQPw A+ 733%  COMMISSIONONHUMANRIGHTS _  FiftyMthirdsession  Item14oftheprovisionalagenda e   STATUSOFTHEINTERNATIONALCOVENANTSONHUMANRIGHTS W DraftoptionalprotocoltotheInternationalCovenantonEconomic,  SocialandCulturalRights I NotebytheSecretaryMGeneral    eeUSUK.,1.  Atitsfifty-secondsession,theCommissiononHumanRightstooknoteof  " themeasurestakenbytheCommitteeonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRights $ towardstheelaborationofadraftoptionalprotocoltotheInternational & CovenantonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRightsgrantingtherightof  ( individualsorgroupstosubmitcommunicationsconcerningnon-compliancewith  * theCovenant,asrecommendedbytheWorldConferenceonHumanRights,and !, requestedtheCommitteetosubmitareportonthemattertoitsfifty-third ". session(resolution1996/16,para.10). #0 2.  TheCommitteeonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRightscontinuedand $2 concludeditsconsiderationofadraftoptionalprotocolatitsfifteenth %4 session(E/C.12/1996/SR.44-49and54).ThereportoftheCommitteeon &6 Economic,SocialandCulturalRightstotheCommissiononHumanRightsona ' 8 draftoptionalprotocolfortheconsiderationofcommunicationsinrelationto (!: theInternationalCovenantonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRightsisannexed )"< tothepresentnote. x*#> GE.96M14512(E) \.'F  3@tt)nANNEX U/(H H HR} H  30  ReportoftheCommitteeonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRightstothe   CommissiononHumanRightsonadraftoptionalprotocolforthe  considerationofcommunicationsinrelationtotheInternational )L CovenantonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRights## @%nIntroduction  1.  IntheViennaDeclarationand_Programme_ԀofActiontheWorldConference   onHumanRights _encourage[d_]theCommissiononHumanRights,incooperation    withtheCommitteeonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRights,tocontinuethe    examinationofoptionalprotocolstotheInternationalCovenantonEconomic,    SocialandCulturalRights(PartII),para.75). XqXeXXXXqXqXXX      eXXqԀAlthoughthereferenceis   to protocols(intheplural)theonlyspecificproposalbeforethe  Conferencerelatedtoanoptionalcommunicationsprocedure.Thiscommitment   wasreiteratedbytheCommissiononHumanRightswhich,inparagraph6ofits   resolution1994/20,tooknoteofthe stepstakenbytheCommittee...forthe   draftingofanoptionalprotocol...grantingtherightofindividualsor   groupstosubmitcommunicationsconcerningnon-compliancewiththeCovenant, {  and_invite[d_]theCommitteetoreportthereontotheCommission....Abrief t progressreport(E/CN.4/1996/96)onthesedeliberationswassubmittedtothe m CommissiononHumanRightsatitsfifty-secondsession.TheCommission,in f! paragraph5ofitsresolution1996/11,welcomedtheinformationandtooknote _# ofthestepstakenbytheCommittee. X{% 2.  Thepreparationofanoptionalprotocolwasfirstdiscussedinthe Qt' Committeein1990andthematterhasbeenformallyunderconsiderationbythe Jm) Committeesinceitssixthsession. m   eeXqXeXXXXqXqXXX      #XqXXXqf#eXXq  V}+  1  /    ׀#XqXe #eXXqInthefollowingyeartheadoptionof Cf+ suchaprotocolwasexpresslyrecommendedbyMr.Danilo_Trk_,theSpecial <_- RapporteuroftheSub-CommissiononPreventionofDiscriminationand 5X/ ProtectionofMinoritiesontherealizationofeconomic,socialandcultural .Q1 rights,inhisfinalreport(E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/16,para.211). m   eeXqXeXXXXqXqXXX      eXXqԀSubsequently, 'J3 fourseparatereportswerepreparedattheCommittee'srequestby  C5 Mr.PhilipAlstonandprovidedthebasisforextensivediscussionswithin !<7 theCommittee._ ! V}+  2  /    _#XqXe##eXXq#eet#eeUK.,US.,USUK., H#m   eeXqXeXXXXqXqXXX      #XqXXXq%#eXXqԀ "59 3.  Thepresentreportreflectstheoutcomeofthediscussionsheldbythe  #.; Committeeoverthecourseofanumberofsessions.Inparticular,the $'= Committeeconductedin-depthdiscussionsbasedonaspecificsetofdraft $ ? proposalsfromitseleventhtoitsfifteenthsessions. E&m   eeXqXeXXXXqXqXXX      #XqXXXq'##XqXXXq%#XqXXXqUK.,US.,&USUK.,eXXq ' V}+  3  /    ׀#XqXe*#eXXqItadoptedthe % A presentreportatitsfifteenthsession.IndoingsotheCommitteedecided &!C thatwhileitwouldpreferwhereverpossibletoadoptaconsensuspositionin )#I relationtotheissuesunderconsideration,itsreportwouldalsoreflect *$K divergentviewpointswheneverthesecouldnotbebroughttogetherina +%M consensusposition.InthecourseoftheCommittee'sdiscussionsoneofits ,&O _members-Mr.Grissa-indicatedthathewasopposedtotheproposaltodraft + anoptionalprotocol.Hisviewsarereflectedinthesummaryrecords,in $ particularE/C.12/1996/SR.42.  4.  Thepresentreportprovidesananalysisoftheissuesthatwillneed   tobeexaminedbytheCommissiononHumanRightsinitsconsiderationofthe   proposedoptionalprotocol.Ittakesaccountofthecommentsmadebymembers    oftheCommitteeinthecourseofitsvariousdiscussionsand,inparticular,    reflectstheoutcomeoftheCommittee'sdeliberationsatitsfifteenth   session.Carefulnotewastakeninthecourseofthosedeliberationsofvery   helpfuloralandwrittensubmissionsbytheInternationalLabourOrganization,  theUnitedNationsDivisionfortheAdvancementofWomenandthe   representativesofvariousnon-governmentalorganizations,aswellasofthe   reportofanexpertmeetingconvenedinUtrechtbytheNetherlandsInstitute   forHumanRightsinJanuary1995todiscussthedraftprotocol. (It    V}+  4  /       5.  Beforeconsideringtheissuesthatariseinrelationtothecontentofa   draftoptionalprotocoltotheCovenant,itisappropriatetoconsiderbriefly  thebroadersettinginrelationtowhichsuchanexaminationmusttakeplace.   0  I. PARALLELDEVELOPMENTSINRELATIONTOTHECONVENTIONONTHE " ЀELIMINATIONOFALLFORMSOFDISCRIMINATIONAGAINSTWOMENZ/### 6.  TheWorldConferenceonHumanRightscalledupontheCommissiononthe S(% StatusofWomenandtheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainst L!' Womento quicklyexaminethepossibilityofintroducingtherightofpetition E) throughthepreparationofanoptionalprotocoltotheConventiononthe >+ EliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen(PartII,para.40). 7 - Subsequently,anexpertmeetingwasconvenedunderindependentauspicesat 0/ theUniversityofMaastrichtintheNetherlandsfrom29Septemberto )1 1October1994andwhichadoptedacomprehensivedraftoptionalprotocol.The "3 generallinesofthisdraftweresubsequentlyendorsedbytheCommitteeonthe  5 EliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen(CEDAW)atitsfourteenth !7 session. 2 V}+  5  /    ׀ eeXqXeXXXXqXqXXX      eXXq  "9 7.  Atitsfortiethsession,inMarch1996,theCommissionontheStatusof #; Womenestablishedanopen-endedsessionalworkinggrouptoexaminetheissue. #= Theworkinggroupheldageneralexchangeofviews,followedbyanin-depth & C considerationofthemajorissuesarisingfromtheproposal.TheCommission '!E recommendedtherenewaloftheworkinggroup'smandatefor1997andrequested ("G theSecretary-Generaltopreparetworeportsdealingrespectivelywitha )#I comparativesurveyofothercomparableinternationalproceduresanda *$K synthesisoftheviewsexpressedontheissuebyGovernmentsand +%M interMgovernmentalandnon-governmentalorganizations. 8It   8 V}+  6  /     ,&O #XqXeU9#eXXq0  II.0 ##SIMILARDEVELOPMENTSINRELATIONTOREGIONALHUMANRIGHTSTREATIES # # 8.  InthecontextoftheOrganizationofAmericanStates,theAdditional  ProtocoltotheAmericanConventiononHumanRightsintheAreaofEconomic,  SocialandCulturalRights(theProtocolofSanSalvador,of1988),which  providesforalimitedcomplaintsprocedure,hasnowbeenratifiedoracceded   tobysixStatesandwillenterintoforceuponacceptancebyfivemore.    PursuanttoArticle19(6):    0  +   Anyinstanceinwhich[therighttoorganizetradeunionsandtheright   toeducation]areviolatedbyactiondirectlyattributabletoaState   PartytothisProtocolmaygiverise,throughparticipationofthe  Inter-AmericanCommissiononHumanRightsand,whenapplicable,ofthe   Inter-AmericanCourtofHumanRights,toapplicationofthesystemof   individualpetitionsgovernedbyArticles44through51and61through   69oftheAmericanConventiononHumanRights. ## 9.  OfevengreaterdirectrelevanceistheadoptioninJune1995bythe {  CouncilofEuropeofanAdditionalProtocoltotheEuropeanSocialCharter t ProvidingforaSystemofCollectiveComplaints. 9 V}+  7  /    ׀Aswiththeproposed m  optionalprotocoltotheInternationalCovenantonEconomic,Socialand f" CulturalRights,thenewprocedureisviewedonlyasasupplementtothe _$ reportingmechanism,whichremainstheprimarymeansofsupervisingcompliance X{& withtheCharter.Complaintsalleging unsatisfactoryapplicationofthe Qt( Chartercannotbesubmittedbyindividualsintheirownright.Instead, Jm* theymustbesubmittedbyoneofthefollowinggroups:(1)designated Cf,  internationalorganizationsofemployersandtradeunions;(2) other <_. internationalnon-governmentalorganizationswhichhaveconsultativestatus 5X0 withtheCouncilofEuropeandhavebeenputonalistestablishedforthis .Q2 purposebyaGovernmentalCommittee;(3) representativenational 'J4 organizationsofemployersandtradeunionswithintheStateagainstwhom  C6 thecomplaintisdirected(art.1);and(4) anyotherrepresentative !<8 nonMgovernmentalorganizationdesignatedbytheGovernmentconcernedtolodge $'> complaintsagainstit(art.2).Groupsincategories(2)and(4)mayonly $ @ submitcomplaintsinrespectofmattersregardingwhich theyhavebeen % B recognizedashavingparticularcompetence(art.3).Thecomplainantis &!D requiredtoindicate inwhatrespectthe[ContractingParty]hasnotensured ' "F thesatisfactoryapplicationofaspecifiedprovisionoftheCharter (#H (art.4). )#J 10.  ThecomplaintisinitiallyexaminedbytheCommitteeofIndependent *$L Experts,establishedundertheCharter.Havingdeterminedthatthecomplaint +%N isadmissible,theCommitteecallsforobservationsfrombothsidesaswellas ,&P fromotherPartiestotheProtocolandcategory(1)organizations(art.7). + ItthenreportsonwhetherornottheState'sapplicationoftherelevant $ provisionoftheCharterhasbeen satisfactory(art.8).Thereportissent  confidentiallytothepartiesconcerned,allPartiestotheCharterandthe   CouncilofEurope'sCommitteeofMi