ÿWPCZ ÐôbCï»`+SÝbölá4‰%AáBÏ9p‘ÀHFÍbCïHzý Áf?ä±/w+hE Í&lÆ\š79?>ž—ƒ†Žê£Ê v2Šl«|Á³aUŠn9§íDÕBXÚh#¯¢æ„q·Í’Ç5;ž t.#¤‚€? ´ÇÃ)?aØ©+§3àR¢të’‘•æ–2rV`“gƒÒ@IÅÕ9âž™z¡…œë¼ùþ̼‘~t0”%•¯]‡ŠPEÚÏ~ÙH×Ot$ ~§VOÒ0kZCï¬ëÌ~Ü‹Ã@èÒÑû3Öå=<+ý'ÙŽ®ÄM›Ízs3Y.$¡Ó޳»ß&$¤3̓\ c%’#côzÈlßUÉ{4÷5­–[ÁhÍIkzš^⎶f!¦Dç©× ö¶ ‰.VRÞšöɈqÿê>4DN  ‚!6]²Â“€¤®:ß-o¶Wlô­Ôšr^¹'-¸Ët˜çßÁç: š‡2/AS 9åm(†ÁöÁþˆp‚ü¿$ðtþí>⢠T}øMyŽœ˜´=}CXtTíH±•“n1Y²€'Œê%ùØ·?¸õ{¾‹wj•З­ XĘHç-r;û2Ò 0lâ#ÉNUN %e(kN“^ •w¡4¥¹ m»» 0ˆÒ#|x (D"n$¡¡ÒÒ°ÒÒ°ÒѰÑѰÑÓ  Ó˜\\YORK_UNIVERSITY\q_hrts_hp4000tnÒV,,,,ÒV0(@øÐ Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX!g¶f0— ½”u/@‹H°‹PЋÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ(`3Éê$§§Ý ƒ"n!ÝÒÒ°ÒÒ°ÒѰÑѰÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ ƒ"n!ÝÒÒ°ÒÒ°ÒѰÑѰÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÑTRXì3Ø'Avery 8463 Ink Jet ShippiXà3Ø' Letter3Ø'Avery 8463 Ink Jet Shippik Jet Shipÿ3Ø'LetterTÑÒ°ÒÒÒ°ÒÔ_ÔѰÑѰÑÌÓ  Ó€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Distr.ÓÈÓÐ xÈ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€GENERALÐ @ ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€CAT/C/17/Add.2Ð Ð  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€14€July€1992Ð ˜è ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ENGLISHÐ ( x Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Original:€€SPANISHÐ ð @ ÐÓüÓÌÌÓ  ÓCOMMITTEE€AGAINST€TORTUREÐ H ˜  ÐÌÌÌCONSIDERATION€OF€REPORTS€SUBMITTED€BY€STATES€PARTIESÐ h¸  ÐUNDER€ARTICLE€19€OF€THE€CONVENTIONÐ 0€  ÐÌòòSupplementary€reports€of€States€parties€due€in€1992óóÐ À ÐÌòòAddendumóóÐ P  ÐÌARGENTINA*Ð à0 ÐÓpÓÌÓ  Ó[29€June€1992]Ð pÀ ÐÓÑÓÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€CONTENTSÓ,ÈÓÐ P Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòParagraphsóó€€€€€òòPageóóÐ ,| Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€I.€BACKGROUND€INFORMATION€...................................€€€à0  à1€-€16€à0x (# (#à€€1€ÐX¨x(#x(# Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€A.€€€Legal€framework€.....................................€€€à0 p àà0Èp(#p(#àà0 È(#È(#à1€-€8à0x (# (#à€€1€Ð„Ôx(#x(# Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€B.€€€Protection€provided€by€the€existing€legal€system€....€€€à0 È àà0 È(#È(#à9€-€10à0x (# (#à€€2€Ð°x(#x(# Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€C.€€€Applicability€of€the€guarantees€.....................€€€€€à0 È àà0 È(#È(#à11à x à€€3ÐÜ, (# (# Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€D.€€€Competent€authorities€...............................€€à0 p àà0Èp(#p(#àà0 È(#È(#à12€-€13€€€3€Ð X  (# (# Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€E.€€€Available€remedies€..................................€€€€€à0 p àà0Èp(#p(#àà0 È(#È(#à14€€€€€€€€€€3€Ð4!„! (# (# Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€F.€€€The€present€situation€...............................€€à0 p àà0Èp(#p(#àà0 È(#È(#à15€-€16€€€3€Ð`"°" (# (# Ѐ€€€€€€€€€òò€€€€€€€€€€óóÓ,ÓÐ Œ#Ü# Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€The€initial€report€submitted€by€the€Government€of€Argentina€isÓÈÓÐ %l $ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€contained€in€document€CAT/C/5/Add.12/Rev.1;€for€its€consideration€by€theÐ ä%4!% Ѐ€€€€€€€€€Committee,€see€documents€CAT/C/SR.30€and€31€and€the€Official€Records€of€theÐ ¬&ü!& Ѐ€€€€€€€€€General€Assembly,€forty-fifth€session,€Supplement€No.€44€(A/45/44),Ð t'Ä"' Ѐ€€€€€€€€€paras.€150-174.Ð <(Œ#( ÐÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€GE.92-12758Ô_Ô/4870BÔ_Ô€€(E)Ð  \+¬&, Ѐ€€€€€€€€€CAT/C/17/Add.2ÓÈÈÓÐ ° Ѐ€€€€€€€€€page€iiÐ xÈ ÐÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€CONTENTSÓ,ÈÓÐ Ð  Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòParagraphsóó€€€€òòPageóóÐ üL Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€II.€INFORMATION€ON€EACH€OF€THE€ARTICLES€OF€PART€I€OF€THEÓÈ,ÓÐ ( x Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€CONVENTION€...............................................€€à0 p àà0Èp(#p(#àà0 È(#È(#à17€-€48€€€€€4€Ó,ÈÓÐð @ (# (# Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Information€on€new€measures€and€new€developments€relatedÓÈ,ÓÐ  l Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€to€the€application€of€the€Convention€Ó,ÈÓÐ ä 4  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Article€2€................................................€€à0  àà0p(#(#àà0Èp(#p(#àà0 È(#È(#à17€-€19€€€€€4€Ð`  (# (# Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Article€3€................................................€€à0  àà0p(#(#àà0Èp(#p(#àà0 È(#È(#à20€-€23€€€€€4€Ð<Œ  (# (# Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Article€4€................................................€€à0  àà0p(#(#àà0Èp(#p(#àà0 È(#È(#à24€-€25€€€€€5€Ðh¸  (# (# Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Article€5€................................................€€à0  àà0p(#(#àà0Èp(#p(#àà0 È(#È(#à26€-€27€€€€€6€Ð”ä  (# (# Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Article€6€................................................€€€€€à0 p àà0Èp(#p(#àà0 È(#È(#à28€€€€€€€€€€€€€6€ÐÀ (# (# Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Article€7€................................................€€à0  àà0p(#(#àà0Èp(#p(#àà0 È(#È(#à29€-€30€€€€€6€Ðì< (# (# Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Article€8€................................................€€à0  àà0p(#(#àà0Èp(#p(#àà0 È(#È(#à31€-€32€€€€€7€Ðh (# (# Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Article€9€................................................€€€€€à0 p àà0Èp(#p(#àà0 È(#È(#à33€€€€€€€€€€€€7€ÐD” (# (# Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Article€10€...............................................€€à0  àà0p(#(#àà0Èp(#p(#àà0 È(#È(#à34€-€36€€€€€7€ÐpÀ (# (# Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Article€11€...............................................€€à0  àà0p(#(#àà0Èp(#p(#àà0 È(#È(#à37€-€39€€€€€7€Ðœì (# (# Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Article€12€...............................................€€à0  àà0p(#(#àà0Èp(#p(#àà0 È(#È(#à40€-€42€€€€€8€ÐÈ (# (# Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Article€13€...............................................€€à0  àà0p(#(#àà0Èp(#p(#àà0 È(#È(#à43€-€44€€€€€9€ÐôD (# (# Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Article€14€...............................................€€€€€à0 p àà0Èp(#p(#àà0 È(#È(#à45€€€€€€10€Ð p (# (# Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Article€15€...............................................€€à0  àà0p(#(#àà0Èp(#p(#àà0 È(#È(#à46€-€47€€€€11€ÐLœ (# (# Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Article€16€...............................................€€€€€à0 p àà0Èp(#p(#àà0 È(#È(#à48€€€€€€€€€€€12€ÐxÈ (# (# Ѐ€€€€€€€€€ANNEX:€€Sources€of€information€consulted,€additionalÓÈ,ÓÐ ¤ô Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€information€and€statistics€............................€€€à0 p àà0Èp(#p(#àà0 È(#È(#à1€-€7€€€€€13€Ð l ¼ (# (# Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€CAT/C/17/Add.2ÓÈÈÓÐ ° Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€à0 À àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àà0Èp(#p(#àpage€1€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð xÈ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð@È(#È(# ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€I.€€BACKGROUND€INFORMATIONÐ Ð  ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€A.€€€òòLegal€frameworkóóÐ ` ° ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€1.€€€The€general€legal€framework€of€the€Argentine€Republic€is€basically€theÐ ð @ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€same€as€that€described€in€the€initial€report€submitted€to€the€CommitteeÐ ¸   Ѐ€€€€€€€€€against€Torture€on€11€August€1989€(CAT/C/5/Add.12€and€Rev.1*),€paragraphs€1Ð € Ð  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€to€23.Ð H ˜  ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€2.€€€The€provisions€of€the€1853€National€Constitution€continue€to€be€valid€inÐ Ø(  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€their€entirety.€€The€states€of€emergency€which€gave€rise€to€the€declaration€ofÐ  ð  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€the€state€of€siege€suspending€the€rights€and€guarantees€of€the€citizens€on€twoÐ h¸  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€occasions€did€not€hamper€full€respect€for€the€principles€embodied€in€theÐ 0€  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€Constitution€before,€during€or€after€the€state€of€siege.Ð øH  ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€òòNational€lawsóóÐ ˆØ ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€3.€€€With€regard€to€national€laws,€account€must€be€taken€of€a€major€change€inÐ h Ѐ€€€€€€€€€respect€of€the€above-mentioned€report€and€relating€to€the€substantive€criminalÐ à0 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€legislation€applicable€throughout€the€territory€of€the€Republic.Ð ¨ø ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€4.€€€Act€No.€23,984€was€adopted€on€21€August€1991;€its€article€1€provides€thatÐ 8ˆ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€the€Code€of€Penal€Procedure,€which€is€an€integral€part€of€the€Act,€is€to€beÐ P Ѐ€€€€€€€€€complied€with€as€a€national€law.€€The€main€provisions€of€the€Act€will€beÐ È Ѐ€€€€€€€€€discussed€in€the€relevant€part€of€the€chapter€dealing€with€the€articles€of€theÐ à Ѐ€€€€€€€€€Convention.Ð X¨ ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€5.€€€At€the€request€of€the€General€Department€of€Human€Rights€and€Women€of€theÐ è8 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€Ministry€of€Foreign€Affairs€and€Worship,€National€Executive€(PEN)€DecreeÐ °  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€No.€70/91€established€a€compensation€scheme€for€persons€who€were€held€at€theÐ xÈ! Ѐ€€€€€€€€€disposal€of€PEN€before€the€restoration€of€democracy.€€The€benefits€set€forthÐ @" Ѐ€€€€€€€€€in€the€Decree€became€part€of€national€law€following€parliamentary€approvalÐ  X# Ѐ€€€€€€€€€on€27€November€1991.Ð Ð $ ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€6.€€€This€Decree,€promulgated€as€Act€No.€24,043€on€23€December€1991,€provides:Ð `"°& ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€"òòArticle€1óóÐ ð#@( ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Any€persons€who,€during€the€state€of€siege,€were€placed€at€theÐ €%Ð * Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€disposal€of€the€National€Executive,€by€its€decision,€and€any€civiliansÐ H&˜!+ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€who€were€detained€on€the€orders€of€the€military€courts,€whether€or€notÐ '`", Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€they€initiated€proceedings€for€damages,€may€claim€the€benefits€of€thisÐ Ø'(#- Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Act,€provided€that€they€have€not€received€any€compensation€as€a€result€ofÐ  (ð#. Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€a€court€judgement€in€connection€with€the€acts€referred€to€herein."Ð h)¸$/ ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€7.€€€The€requirements€for€claiming€the€benefits€of€article€2€of€Act€No.€24,043Ð ø*H&1 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€are€as€follows:Ð À+'2 ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€"(a)€The€persons€in€question€must€have€been€placed€at€the€disposalÐ P- (4 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€of€the€National€Executive€before€10€December€1983.Ð  .h)5 ÐÔ_ÔÑÀ°Ñ€€€€€€€€€€CAT/C/17/Add.2ÓÈÈÓÐ À Ѐ€€€€€€€€€page€2Ð ˆÈ ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(b)€€If€they€are€civilians,€they€must€have€been€deprived€of€theirÐ X Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€freedom€on€the€orders€of€the€military€courts,€whether€or€not€they€wereÐ à  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€convicted€in€those€courts."Ð ¨è ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€8.€€€Special€reference€should€be€made€to€the€benefit€provided€for€in€theÐ 8 x Ѐ€€€€€€€€€Compensation€Act,€which€reads:Ð  @ ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€"òòArticle€4óóÐ  Ð  ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€The€benefit€provided€for€in€the€present€Act€shall€be€equal€toÐ  `  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€one€thirtieth€of€the€monthly€salary€paid€to€the€civilian€staff€of€theÐ è (  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€national€public€administration€in€the€highest€category€on€theÐ °ð  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€scale€...€for€each€day€that€the€measure€referred€to€in€article€2,Ð x¸  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€paragraphs€(a)€and€(b),€lasted,€in€respect€of€each€beneficiary€...Ð @€  ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€...€For€the€purpose€of€computing€the€period€referred€to€in€theÐ Ð Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€preceding€paragraph,€account€shall€be€taken€of€the€Executive€order€whichÐ ˜Ø Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€decreed€the€measure€or€the€actual€arrest€not€ordered€by€a€competentÐ `  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€judicial€authority€and€of€the€order€which€cancelled€the€measure,€eitherÐ (h Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€on€an€individual€basis€or€as€a€result€of€the€termination€of€the€state€ofÐ ð0 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€siege€...Ð ¸ø ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€If€the€above-mentioned€persons€died€during€the€period€while€theÐ Hˆ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€measure€referred€to€in€article€2,€paragraphs€(a)€and€(b),€was€in€effect,Ð P Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€the€benefit€shall€be€determined€as€indicated€above,€the€period€of€timeÐ Ø Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€being€computed€until€the€time€of€death.€€In€such€cases,€the€benefit€shallÐ  à Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€be€increased,€on€account€of€the€mere€fact€that€death€occurred,€by€anÐ h¨ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€amount€equivalent€to€that€provided€for€in€the€Act€for€five€years€whileÐ 0p Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€the€measure€referred€to€in€article€2,€paragraphs€(a)€and€(b),€was€inÐ ø8 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€effect.Ð À  ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€The€benefit€payable€to€persons€who,€in€similar€circumstances,Ð P" Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€suffered€very€serious€injury,€as€classified€by€the€Penal€Code,€shall€beÐ X# Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€increased,€on€account€of€this€fact€alone,€by€an€amount€equivalent€to€thatÐ à $ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€provided€for€in€the€preceding€paragraph,€less€30€per€cent."Ð ¨ è% ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€B.€€€òòProtection€provided€by€the€existing€legal€systemóóÐ 8"x' ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€òòInternational€protectionóóÐ È# ) ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€9.€€€Reference€should€be€made€to€paragraph€24€of€the€initial€report.€€AccountÐ X%˜!+ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€should€also€be€taken€of€the€entry€into€force€for€Argentina€of€the€ConventionÐ  &`", Ѐ€€€€€€€€€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€on€2€January€1991€and,€in€addition€to€the€existingÐ è&(#- Ѐ€€€€€€€€€legislation,€the€provisions€of€this€international€instrument€on€the€preventionÐ °'ð#. Ѐ€€€€€€€€€and€punishment€of€the€torture€and€other€cruel,€inhuman€or€degrading€treatmentÐ x(¸$/ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€of€minors.Ð @)€%0 ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€òòPossibility€of€extending€protectionóóÐ Ð*'2 ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€10.€€Reference€should€be€made€to€paragraphs€25€to€27€of€documentÐ `, (4 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€CAT/C/5/Add.12/Rev.1*€and€to€Act€No.€23,984€establishing€the€Code€of€PenalÐ (-h)5 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€Procedure,€as€referred€to€above.Ð  ð-0*6 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€CAT/C/17/Add.2ÓÈÈÓÐ À Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€page€3Ð ˆÈ ÐÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€C.€€€òòApplicability€of€the€guaranteesóóÐ à  ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€11.€€See€paragraphs€28€to€33€of€the€initial€report€of€Argentina.Ð p° ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€D.€€€òòCompetent€authoritiesóóÐ  @ ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€12.€€Reference€should€be€made€to€the€list€of€authorities€which€have€competenceÐ  Ð  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€and/or€jurisdiction€for€the€matters€dealt€with€by€the€Convention,€as€containedÐ X ˜  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€in€the€initial€report€(CAT/C/5/Add.12/Rev.1*,€para.€34).Ð  `  ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€13.€€Attention€should€nevertheless€be€drawn€to€the€role€of€the€Office€of€theÐ °ð  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€Attorney€General€of€the€Nation,€which€monitors€the€Government's€powers€inÐ x¸  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€matters€relating€to€the€lack€of€jurisdictional€response€to€complaints€aboutÐ @€  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€the€crimes€referred€to€in€articles€144,€144€(2)€and€144€(3)€of€the€Penal€Code.Ð H  ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€E.€€€òòAvailable€remediesóóÐ ˜Ø ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€14.€€In€addition€to€the€information€provided€in€paragraphs€35€to€40€of€theÐ (h Ѐ€€€€€€€€€initial€report€of€Argentina€describing€the€domestic€remedies€available€toÐ ð0 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€persons€who€claim€to€have€been€victims€of€torture€or€other€cruel,€inhuman€orÐ ¸ø Ѐ€€€€€€€€€degrading€treatment€or€punishment,€in€the€cases€where€compensation€is€due€toÐ €À Ѐ€€€€€€€€€any€persons€who€were€victims€of€such€punishment,€article€3€of€Act€No.€24,043Ð Hˆ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€states:Ð P ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€"The€application€for€the€benefit€shall€be€submitted€to€the€MinistryÐ  à Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€of€the€Interior,€which€shall€promptly€ascertain€whether€the€conditionsÐ h¨ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€laid€down€in€the€preceding€articles€have€been€met€and€how€long€theÐ 0p Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€measure€referred€to€in€article€2,€paragraphs€(a)€and€(b),€was€in€force."Ð ø8 ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€F.€€€òòThe€present€situationóóÐ ˆÈ! ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€15.€€The€Argentine€Government€draws€attention€to€the€promulgation€of€ActÐ X# Ѐ€€€€€€€€€No.€23,984,€which€was€being€discussed€by€the€legislature€as€a€bill€at€the€timeÐ à $ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€of€the€submission€of€the€initial€report€to€the€Committee€against€Torture€andÐ ¨ è% Ѐ€€€€€€€€€is€now€in€force,€together€with€the€provisions€of€Act€No.€23,338,€which€adoptedÐ p!°& Ѐ€€€€€€€€€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€TreatmentÐ 8"x' Ѐ€€€€€€€€€or€Punishment.Ð #@( ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€16.€€Mention€must€be€also€made€of€the€importance€of€the€amicable€settlementÐ $Ð * Ѐ€€€€€€€€€reached€by€the€Government€and€the€persons€who€claimed€to€have€been€subjectedÐ X%˜!+ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€to€torture€and€other€cruel,€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment€or€punishment€as€aÐ  &`", Ѐ€€€€€€€€€result€of€the€adoption€of€the€above-mentioned€Act€No.€24,043,€which€recognizesÐ è&(#- Ѐ€€€€€€€€€that€financial€compensation€should€be€paid€to€such€persons€and€whose€featuresÐ °'ð#. Ѐ€€€€€€€€€make€it€an€instrument€of€unprecedented€Ô_ÔorginalityÔ_Ô€in€the€inter-AmericanÐ x(¸$/ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€context.€€Compensatory€payments€have€been€made€in€the€first€cases€submittedÐ @)€%0 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€under€this€Act.Ð  *H&1 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€CAT/C/17/Add.2ÓÈÈÓÐ À Ѐ€€€€€€€€€page€4Ð ˆÈ ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€II.€€INFORMATION€ON€EACH€OF€THE€ARTICLES€OF€PART€I€OF€THE€CONVENTIONÐ X ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€òòInformation€on€new€measures€and€new€developments€related€to€the€applicationóóÐ ¨è Ѐ€€€€€€€€€òòof€the€ConventionóóÐ p° ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€òòArticle€2óó€Ð  @ ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€17.€€With€regard€to€the€obligation€of€the€Argentine€Republic€to€take€effectiveÐ  Ð  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€legislative€measures€to€ensure€compliance€with€the€provisions€of€theÐ X ˜  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€Convention,€as€provided€in€paragraph€1€of€this€article,€the€legislationÐ  `  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€referred€to€in€paragraph€45€of€the€preceding€report€(CAT/5/Add.12/Rev.1)€isÐ è (  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€still€in€force.Ð °ð  ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€18.€€Since€10€July€1989€additional€regulations€of€a€general€nature€have€beenÐ @€  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€adopted€to€supplement€the€existing€ones:Ð H  ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Inter-American€Convention€to€Prevent€and€Punish€Torture€(1985),€which€hasÐ ˜Ø Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€been€in€force€in€the€country€since€30€April€1989;Ð `  ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€(1989),€which€has€been€in€force€inÐ ð0 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€the€country€since€4€January€1991;Ð ¸ø ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Code€of€Penal€Procedure€(applied€by€the€criminal€courts€of€the€federalÐ Hˆ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€capital€and€the€federal€courts€throughout€the€country),€adopted€byÐ P Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Act€No.€23,984,€which€will€enter€into€force€within€one€year€of€itsÐ Ø Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€promulgation,€which€occurred€on€4€September€1991.€€After€that,€when€theÐ  à Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€relevant€basic€law€has€been€amended€the€courts€and€other€bodiesÐ h¨ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€responsible€for€its€application€will€be€established.Ð 0p ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€19.€€With€regard€to€the€prohibitions€set€out€in€paragraphs€2€and€3€of€thisÐ À  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€article,€no€changes€have€been€made€other€than€those€already€reported.Ð ˆÈ! ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€òòArticle€3óóÐ X# ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€20.€€Effect€has€been€given€to€the€prohibition€on€expelling,€returning€orÐ ¨ è% Ѐ€€€€€€€€€extraditing€a€person€to€another€State€when€there€are€substantial€grounds€forÐ p!°& Ѐ€€€€€€€€€believing€that€he€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture€by€meansÐ 8"x' Ѐ€€€€€€€€€of€new€provisions€which€were€adopted€during€the€period€under€review€and€areÐ #@( Ѐ€€€€€€€€€described€below.Ð È# ) ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€21.€€On€2€February€1990,€the€National€Executive€enacted€Decree€No.€251/90€onÐ X%˜!+ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€the€procedure€to€be€followed€by€the€Ministry€of€Foreign€Affairs€and€WorshipÐ  &`", Ѐ€€€€€€€€€before€taking€legal€action€on€a€request€for€the€extradition€of€a€foreigner.Ð è&(#- Ѐ€€€€€€€€€The€Decree€states€that€"before€taking€legal€action€on€a€request€for€theÐ °'ð#. Ѐ€€€€€€€€€extradition€of€a€foreigner,€the€Ministry€of€Foreign€Affairs€and€Worship€shallÐ x(¸$/ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€determine€whether€the€person€concerned€has€refugee€status"€(art.€1)€and€thatÐ @)€%0 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€"when€the€competent€body€of€the€National€Executive€has€recognized€the€refugeeÐ *H&1 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€status€of€the€person€concerned€and€the€extradition€request€is€made€by€theÐ Ð*'2 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€authorities€of€the€country€which€caused€the€person€to€seek€asylum,€no€furtherÐ ˜+Ø'3 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€action€shall€be€taken€and€the€request€shall€be€returned€to€the€Government€orÐ `, (4 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€judge€who€issued€it€with€an€indication€of€the€reasons€preventing€the€necessaryÐ (-h)5 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€steps€from€being€taken€in€respect€of€it"€(art.€2).€€The€Decree€also€states€Ð  ð-0*6 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€CAT/C/17/Add.2ÓÈÈÓÐ À Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€page€5Ð ˆÈ ÐÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€that€"if€refugee€status€is€recognized€by€the€National€Executive€during€theÐ à  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€extradition€proceedings,€the€Ministry€of€Foreign€Affairs€and€Worship€shallÐ ¨è Ѐ€€€€€€€€€bring€the€decision€to€the€attention€of€the€competent€judicial€authority€andÐ p° Ѐ€€€€€€€€€the€Attorney-General€of€the€Nation"€(art.€6).Ð 8 x ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€22.€€The€extradition€treaty€signed€by€the€Argentine€Republic€and€AustraliaÐ È   Ѐ€€€€€€€€€in€Buenos€Aires€on€6€October€1988€entered€into€force€on€15€February€1990.Ð  Ð  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€Article€3€(2)€(d)€of€this€treaty€provides€that€the€extradition€request€can€beÐ X ˜  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€refused€"if€the€offence€in€respect€of€which€extradition€is€requested€is€oneÐ  `  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€that€is€liable€to€the€type€of€punishment€referred€to€in€article€7€of€theÐ è (  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights".€€It€should€be€recalledÐ °ð  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€that€Ô_ÔthatÔ_Ô€provision€states€that€"No€one€shall€be€subjected€to€torture€or€toÐ x¸  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€cruel,€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment€or€punishment.€€In€particular,€no€oneÐ @€  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€shall€be€subjected€without€his€free€consent€to€medical€or€scientificÐ H  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€experimentation".Ð Ð ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€23.€€Article€10€of€the€Treaty€on€Extradition€and€Judicial€Assistance€inÐ `  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€Criminal€Matters,€which€was€signed€by€Argentina€and€Spain€on€3€April€1987€andÐ (h Ѐ€€€€€€€€€entered€into€force€on€15€July€1990,€provides€that€"extradition€shall€not€beÐ ð0 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€granted€if€the€offences€giving€rise€to€it€are€punishable€by€the€death€penalty,Ð ¸ø Ѐ€€€€€€€€€life€imprisonment€or€penalties€or€security€measures€which€harm€the€physicalÐ €À Ѐ€€€€€€€€€integrity€of€the€person€concerned€or€expose€him€to€inhuman€or€degradingÐ Hˆ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€treatment.€€However,€extradition€may€be€granted€if€the€requesting€StateÐ P Ѐ€€€€€€€€€provides€sufficient€guarantees€that€the€person€concerned€will€not€be€executed,Ð Ø Ѐ€€€€€€€€€that€the€maximum€prison€sentence€to€be€served€will€be€immediately€below€thatÐ  à Ѐ€€€€€€€€€of€life€imprisonment€and€that€he€will€not€be€subjected€to€punishment€that€isÐ h¨ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€harmful€to€his€physical€integrity€or€to€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment".Ð 0p ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€òòArticle€4óóÐ À  ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€24.€€There€were€no€amendments€to€the€substantive€provisions€of€the€Penal€CodeÐ P" Ѐ€€€€€€€€€during€the€period€under€review.Ð X# ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€25.€€These€provisions€were€applied€by€the€Judiciary€in€the€following€cases:Ð ¨ è% ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(a)€€Case€No.€75,787€A,€brought€before€Federal€Court€No.€1€in€the€city€ofÐ 8"x' Ѐ€€€€€€€€€Mendoza€on€23€May€1991,€in€which€the€accused,€a€police€officer€in€the€ProvinceÐ #@( Ѐ€€€€€€€€€of€Mendoza,€was€given€a€suspended€sentence€of€one€year's€imprisonment€andÐ È# ) Ѐ€€€€€€€€€sentenced€to€specific€disqualification€for€two€years€because€he€was€consideredÐ $Ð * Ѐ€€€€€€€€€guilty€of€the€crime€covered€by€article€144€(2)€of€the€Penal€Code€as€a€resultÐ X%˜!+ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€of€acts€committed€in€November€1988.€€The€sentence€has€been€under€appeal€in€theÐ  &`", Ѐ€€€€€€€€€Mendoza€Federal€Appeals€Court€since€July€1991.Ð è&(#- ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(b)€€Case€No.€Ô_Ô42,756BÔ_Ô€brought€before€the€above-mentioned€court€onÐ x(¸$/ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€23€March€1992,€in€which€one€of€the€accused,€an€officer€of€the€provincialÐ @)€%0 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€prison€service€(the€other€is€a€fugitive€from€justice),€was€given€a€suspendedÐ *H&1 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€sentence€of€one€year's€imprisonment€and€sentenced€to€specific€disqualificationÐ Ð*'2 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€because€he€was€considered€guilty€of€the€crime€covered€by€article€144€(3)€ofÐ ˜+Ø'3 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€the€Penal€Code€as€a€result€of€acts€committed€in€May€1988.€€The€sentence€isÐ `, (4 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€final.Ð  (-h)5 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€CAT/C/17/Add.2ÓÈÈÓÐ À Ѐ€€€€€€€€€page€6Ð ˆÈ ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ô_Ô(cÔ_Ô)€€Case€No.€4,199,€in€the€registry€of€National€Criminal€Trial€Court€ofÐ X Ѐ€€€€€€€€€First€Instance€"B",€on€22€July€1991,€in€which€two€federal€police€officers€wereÐ à  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€sentenced.€€One€was€sentenced€to€imprisonment€for€two€and€one€half€years€andÐ ¨è Ѐ€€€€€€€€€10€years'€disqualification€as€being€guilty€of€the€crime€of€harassment€combinedÐ p° Ѐ€€€€€€€€€with€indecent€assault€and€minor€injuries€against€a€female€detainee.€€The€otherÐ 8 x Ѐ€€€€€€€€€was€sentenced€to€imprisonment€for€one€year€and€three€months'€and€10€years'Ð  @ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€specific€disqualification€for€concealment€on€account€of€failure€to€report€anÐ È   Ѐ€€€€€€€€€offence.€€The€acts€in€question€were€committed€in€September€1990.€€The€case€hasÐ  Ð  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€been€pending€an€appeal€since€October€1991€in€the€National€Criminal€and€AppealÐ X ˜  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€Court€of€the€Federal€Capital.Ð  `  ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€òòArticle€5óóÐ °ð  ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€26.€€The€information€contained€in€paragraphs€63€to€67€of€the€preceding€reportÐ @€  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€on€the€exercise€by€the€Argentine€Judiciary€of€jurisdiction€in€the€matter€ofÐ H  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€the€offences€referred€to€in€article€4€of€the€Convention€is€still€valid.Ð Ð ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€27.€€It€should€be€noted€that€the€existing€guidelines€and€principles€in€thisÐ `  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€regard€have€been€confirmed€in€the€provisions€of€the€Code€of€Penal€ProcedureÐ (h Ѐ€€€€€€€€€that€will€enter€into€force€in€September€1992.€€Article€18€of€this€CodeÐ ð0 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€states:€€"Jurisdiction€in€criminal€matters€is€exercised€by€any€judges€andÐ ¸ø Ѐ€€€€€€€€€courts€which€the€National€Constitution€and€the€law€shall€establish€and€shallÐ €À Ѐ€€€€€€€€€extend€to€any€crimes€committed€in€Argentine€territory€or€on€the€high€seas€onÐ Hˆ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€board€national€vessels,€when€they€put€into€a€port€of€the€capital,€and€to€anyÐ P Ѐ€€€€€€€€€crimes€committed€abroad€when€they€have€an€effect€in€our€country€or€to€crimesÐ Ø Ѐ€€€€€€€€€committed€by€agents€or€employees€of€Argentine€authorities€in€the€discharge€ofÐ  à Ѐ€€€€€€€€€their€duties,€with€the€exception€of€crimes€that€come€within€the€jurisdictionÐ h¨ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€of€military€courts.€€It€cannot€be€postponed€and€also€extends€to€trials€of€offencesÐ 0p Ѐ€€€€€€€€€committed€within€the€same€jurisdiction.€€The€same€principle€shall€apply€to€crimes€Ð ø8 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€and€offences€which€come€within€federal€jurisdiction,€wherever€the€court€may€sit".Ð À  ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€òòArticle€6óóÐ P" ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€28.€€Information€on€this€provision€is€given€in€annex€I.Ð à $ ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€òòArticle€7óóÐ p!°& ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€29.€€The€information€contained€in€paragraphs€69€to€75€of€the€preceding€reportÐ #@( Ѐ€€€€€€€€€is€still€valid.€€Account€should€also€be€taken€of€article€5€of€Decree€No.€251/90€Ð È# ) Ѐ€€€€€€€€€relating€to€refugees€whose€extradition€is€denied€because€it€is€requested€by€the€Ð $Ð * Ѐ€€€€€€€€€authorities€of€the€country€which€caused€the€person€to€seek€asylum.€€This€provision€Ð X%˜!+ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€states€that,€if€the€(extradition)€request€is€governed€by€a€rule€in€force€in€Argentina€Ð  &`", Ѐ€€€€€€€€€which€makes€it€an€obligation€for€Argentina€to€try€the€case€if€the€extradition€request€Ð è&(#- Ѐ€€€€€€€€€is€denied€and€this€obligation€is€not€subject€to€compliance€with€other€requirements,€Ð °'ð#. Ѐ€€€€€€€€€it€will€be€fulfilled€in€the€courts€of€the€country.€€If€the€rule€subjects€the€obligation€to€try€Ð x(¸$/ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€the€case€to€compliance€with€other€requirements,€the€case€will€be€referred€to€the€Ð @)€%0 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€competent€judge€when€such€requirements€have€been€met.Ð *H&1 ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€30.€€The€bilateral€extradition€treaties€which€have€been€concluded€by€ArgentinaÐ ˜+Ø'3 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€with€Australia€and€Spain€and€which€allow€the€parties€not€to€extradite€theirÐ `, (4 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€own€nationals€provided€that€the€State€to€which€the€request€is€made€will,€atÐ (-h)5 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€the€request€of€the€other€party,€try€the€accused.Ð  ð-0*6 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€CAT/C/17/Add.2ÓÈÈÓÐ À Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€page€7Ð ˆÈ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€òòArticle€8óóÐ P ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€31.€€Article€3€of€the€Treaty€on€Extradition€and€Judicial€Assistance€inÐ à  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€Criminal€Matters,€signed€by€Argentina€and€Spain,€provides€that,€under€thatÐ ¨è Ѐ€€€€€€€€€Treaty,€the€crimes€included€in€the€multilateral€conventions€to€which€bothÐ p° Ѐ€€€€€€€€€countries€are€parties€will€also€give€rise€to€extradition.Ð 8 x ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€32.€€The€extradition€treaty€concluded€with€Australia€excludes€politicalÐ È   Ѐ€€€€€€€€€offences€from€its€scope.€€To€this€end,€it€provides€that€the€concept€of€anÐ  Ð  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€"offence"€does€not€include€an€offence€in€respect€of€which€the€contractingÐ X ˜  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€parties€have€assumed€or€may€subsequently€assume€an€obligation€to€establishÐ  `  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€jurisdiction€or€to€extradite,€in€accordance€with€an€international€treaty€toÐ è (  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€which€both€are€parties.Ð °ð  ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€òòArticle€9óóÐ @€  ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€33.€€During€the€period€under€review,€various€treaties€have€been€concluded€onÐ Ð Ѐ€€€€€€€€€judicial€assistance€in€criminal€matters:Ð ˜Ø ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Treaty€of€Extradition€and€Judicial€Assistance€in€Criminal€Matters€withÐ (h Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Spain€(1987),€which€has€been€in€force€since€15€July€1990;Ð ð0 ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Convention€on€Judicial€Assistance€in€Criminal€Matters€with€Italy€(1987),Ð €À Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€which€has€been€in€force€since€1€August€1991.Ð Hˆ ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€òòArticle€10óóÐ Ø ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€34.€€Subject€to€confirmation€of€the€information€on€this€provision€given€inÐ h¨ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€paragraphs€81€to€84€of€the€preceding€report,€it€should€be€pointed€out€that,Ð 0p Ѐ€€€€€€€€€on€20€December€1991,€decision€No.€1145€of€the€Ministry€of€Justice€approved€newÐ ø8 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€curricula€for€the€institutes€responsible€for€the€training€and€instruction€ofÐ À  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€federal€prison€service€personnel.Ð ˆÈ! ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€35.€€The€Ô_ÔprogrammeÔ_Ô€of€the€workshop€on€the€duties€of€prison€warders,€jailersÐ X# Ѐ€€€€€€€€€and€shop€superintendents,€intended€for€non-commissioned€officers€of€theÐ à $ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€federal€prison€service,€includes€the€Universal€Declaration€of€Human€Rights€andÐ ¨ è% Ѐ€€€€€€€€€the€Code€of€Conduct€for€Law€Enforcement€Officials.€Ð p!°& ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€36.€€The€curriculum€for€officers€includes€a€course€on€"applied€ethics€and€humanÐ #@( Ѐ€€€€€€€€€rights"€and€its€minimum€contents€are€as€follows:€€the€Ô_ÔinstitutionalizationÔ_Ô€ofÐ È# ) Ѐ€€€€€€€€€Christian€thought;€the€inquisition€and€scientific€knowledge;€the€establishmentÐ $Ð * Ѐ€€€€€€€€€of€universities;€madness€and€the€poor€house;€the€modern€era;€the€bourgeoisieÐ X%˜!+ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€and€industrialization;€the€origin€of€prisons€in€the€post-industrial€era;€fromÐ  &`", Ѐ€€€€€€€€€Hegel€to€Bentham;€the€concept€of€human€rights;€categories;€conventions,Ð è&(#- Ѐ€€€€€€€€€treaties,€covenants€and€declarations;€legal€instruments€such€as€the€AmericanÐ °'ð#. Ѐ€€€€€€€€€Convention€on€Human€Rights€(Pact€of€San€Ô_ÔJosÔ_Ô,€Costa€Rica),€and€the€StandardÐ x(¸$/ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€Minimum€Rules€for€the€Treatment€of€Prisoners;€and€the€professional€ethics€ofÐ @)€%0 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€federal€prison€service€officers€and€human€rights.Ð *H&1 ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€òòArticle€11óóÐ ˜+Ø'3 ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€37.€€Without€prejudice€to€the€fact€that€the€information€supplied€inÐ (-h)5 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€paragraphs€85€and€86€of€the€previous€report€is€still€valid,€the€new€provisions€Ð  ð-0*6 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€CAT/C/17/Add.2ÓÈÈÓÐ À Ѐ€€€€€€€€€page€8Ð ˆÈ ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€of€the€Code€of€Penal€Procedure€that€will€enter€into€force€this€year€areÐ X Ѐ€€€€€€€€€described€below.Ð à  ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€38.€€In€his€message€to€the€Senate€when€the€Act€containing€the€Code€of€PenalÐ p° Ѐ€€€€€€€€€Procedure€was€adopted,€the€Minister€of€Justice€said:€€"We€have€put€an€end€toÐ 8 x Ѐ€€€€€€€€€the€taking€of€unprepared€statements€by€the€police.€€In€so€doing,€we€areÐ  @ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€following€the€clear€practice€of€the€courts€of€our€Capital€with€regard€to€theÐ È   Ѐ€€€€€€€€€inadmissibility€of€this€kind€of€evidence,€precisely€in€order€to€guard€againstÐ  Ð  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€the€abuses€to€which€the€use€of€the€accused€person€as€a€source€of€evidenceÐ X ˜  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€might€give€rise".€€Article€184€of€the€Code€thus€provides€that€police€andÐ  `  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€security€officers€may€not€take€statements€from€the€accused€and€that€suchÐ è (  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€officers€may€ask€the€accused€questions€only€in€order€to€check€his€identityÐ °ð  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€after€having€read€him€his€rights€and€the€guarantees€which€protect€him€-Ð x¸  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€basically,€the€right€to€appoint€his€lawyer,€to€elect€domicile€and€to€refuse€toÐ @€  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€make€a€statement.€€If€this€procedure€is€not€followed,€any€action€or€statementÐ H  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€taken€will€be€invalid,€without€prejudice€to€the€communication€to€beÐ Ð Ѐ€€€€€€€€€transmitted€by€the€judge€to€the€officer's€superior€for€the€purposes€of€theÐ ˜Ø Ѐ€€€€€€€€€appropriate€administrative€penalty€for€such€serious€non-compliance.€€If€theÐ `  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€accused€gives€urgent€reasons€for€making€a€statement,€the€police€or€securityÐ (h Ѐ€€€€€€€€€officer€in€charge€must€inform€him€that€he€should€make€his€statementÐ ð0 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€immediately€before€the€competent€judge€or,€in€his€absence,€if€for€any€reasonÐ ¸ø Ѐ€€€€€€€€€the€latter€is€unable€to€take€his€statement,€within€a€reasonable€time,€beforeÐ €À Ѐ€€€€€€€€€any€other€examining€magistrate€who€may€be€summoned€for€the€purpose.Ð Hˆ ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€39.€€With€regard€to€the€accused's€statement,€the€new€Code€provides€that,€whenÐ Ø Ѐ€€€€€€€€€there€are€sufficient€grounds€for€suspecting€that€a€person€has€taken€part€inÐ  à Ѐ€€€€€€€€€the€commission€of€a€crime,€the€judge€will€question€him;€if€the€person€isÐ h¨ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€arrested,€questioning€is€done€immediately€or€at€the€very€latest€withinÐ 0p Ѐ€€€€€€€€€24€hours€of€the€arrest.€€This€period€may€be€extended€by€a€further€24€hours€ifÐ ø8 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€the€judge€has€not€been€able€to€take€the€statement€and,€if€the€accused€requestsÐ À  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€him€to€appoint€a€lawyer€(art.€295),€the€accused€may€refuse€to€make€aÐ ˆÈ! Ѐ€€€€€€€€€statement.€€Under€no€circumstances€will€the€accused€be€required€to€take€anÐ P" Ѐ€€€€€€€€€oath€or€promise€to€tell€the€truth;€no€form€of€duress€or€threat€or€any€meansÐ X# Ѐ€€€€€€€€€whatever€will€be€exercised€against€him€in€order€to€compel,€induce€or€convinceÐ à $ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€him€to€testify€against€his€will;€and€no€charges€or€counter-claims€will€be€madeÐ ¨ è% Ѐ€€€€€€€€€against€him€for€the€purpose€of€obtaining€his€confession.€€Failure€to€observeÐ p!°& Ѐ€€€€€€€€€this€rule€will€make€the€act€null€and€void,€without€prejudice€to€the€relevantÐ 8"x' Ѐ€€€€€€€€€criminal€or€disciplinary€liability€(art.€296).€€Following€questioning€for€theÐ #@( Ѐ€€€€€€€€€purpose€of€identification€(art.€297),€the€judge€will€inform€the€accused€inÐ È# ) Ѐ€€€€€€€€€detail€of€the€offence€with€which€he€is€charged€and€the€evidence€against€himÐ $Ð * Ѐ€€€€€€€€€and€also€that€he€may€refrain€from€making€a€statement,€without€his€silenceÐ X%˜!+ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€implying€a€presumption€of€guilt€(art.€298).€€After€the€statement,€the€judgeÐ  &`", Ѐ€€€€€€€€€may€ask€the€accused€any€questions€he€deems€appropriate,€without€deceit€orÐ è&(#- Ѐ€€€€€€€€€suggestion.€€If,€on€account€of€the€length€of€the€proceedings,€the€accusedÐ °'ð#. Ѐ€€€€€€€€€shows€any€signs€of€fatigue€or€of€being€disturbed,€the€statement€will€beÐ x(¸$/ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€suspended€until€such€signs€have€disappeared€(art.€299).Ð @)€%0 ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€òòArticle€12óóÐ Ð*'2 ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€40.€€Paragraphs€87€to€90€of€the€previous€report€described€the€various€coursesÐ `, (4 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€open€to€victims€for€making€a€complaint,€as€well€as€the€legal€investigationÐ (-h)5 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€mechanisms,€all€of€which€are€still€in€effect€today.Ð  ð-0*6 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€CAT/C/17/Add.2ÓÈÈÓÐ À Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€page€9Ð ˆÈ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€41.€€On€24€October€1991,€under€decision€No.€36/91,€the€Attorney-General€of€theÐ P Ѐ€€€€€€€€€Nation€instructed€court€prosecutors€to€order€public€prosecutors€in€courts€ofÐ X Ѐ€€€€€€€€€first€instance€with€jurisdiction€in€criminal€cases€to€comply€faithfully€withÐ à  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€their€obligations,€placing€special€emphasis€on€the€performance€of€their€dutiesÐ ¨è Ѐ€€€€€€€€€with€a€view€to€exhausting€all€means€of€obtaining€evidence€in€the€investigationÐ p° Ѐ€€€€€€€€€of€the€unlawful€acts€characterized€by€article€144€(illegal€deprivation€ofÐ 8 x Ѐ€€€€€€€€€freedom€committed€by€a€public€official),€article€144€(2)€(unlawful€coercion)Ð  @ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€and€article€144€(3)€(torture)€of€the€Penal€Code.€€This€instruction€was€adoptedÐ È   Ѐ€€€€€€€€€following€the€report€of€the€National€Department€of€Human€Rights€of€theÐ  Ð  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€Ministry€of€the€Interior€in€which€attention€was€drawn€to€cases€of€unlawfulÐ X ˜  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€coercion€and€the€Department€considered€that€the€investigation€of€the€factsÐ  `  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€should€have€been€more€efficient.Ð è (  ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€42.€€On€15€January€1992,€under€decision€No.€2/92,€a€register€of€violations€ofÐ x¸  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€articles€144€(2)€to€144€(5)€of€the€Penal€Code€(unlawful€coercion€and€torture)Ð @€  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€was€set€up€under€the€jurisdiction€of€the€Office€of€the€Attorney-General€of€theÐ H  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€Nation.€€In€view€of€the€need€to€assemble€the€data€required€for€the€properÐ Ð Ѐ€€€€€€€€€identification€of€offenders€and€the€procedure€established€for€cases€involvingÐ ˜Ø Ѐ€€€€€€€€€unlawful€coercion€and€torture,€so€that€the€work€of€the€Public€Prosecutor'sÐ `  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€Department€may€be€better€organized,€this€computerized€register€is€a€databaseÐ (h Ѐ€€€€€€€€€that€will€contain€all€the€information€transmitted€by€the€prosecutors.€€ItsÐ ð0 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€practical€purpose€is€to€follow€up€the€court€cases€in€which€these€crimes€areÐ ¸ø Ѐ€€€€€€€€€investigated€and€take€note€of€the€judgements€handed€down.€€When€the€criminalÐ €À Ѐ€€€€€€€€€court€cannot€impose€penalties€on€the€guilty€official€because€the€offence€isÐ Hˆ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€not€defined€in€the€Code,€the€register€will€make€it€possible€to€institute€theÐ P Ѐ€€€€€€€€€appropriate€administrative€proceedings€in€order€to€determine€whether€theÐ Ø Ѐ€€€€€€€€€official€is€guilty€of€failing€to€carry€out€his€duties.€€The€administrativeÐ  à Ѐ€€€€€€€€€pre-trial€proceedings€may€result€in€exemption€of€the€person€underÐ h¨ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€investigation€from€liability€or€the€imposition€of€penalties€(transfer,Ð 0p Ѐ€€€€€€€€€suspension,€redundancy,€dismissal).€€The€measure€in€question€was€adopted€afterÐ ø8 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€it€was€established€that€most€complaints€of€unlawful€coercion€-€an€offence€inÐ À  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€Argentina€corresponding€to€that€referred€to€in€article€16€of€the€Convention€-Ð ˆÈ! Ѐ€€€€€€€€€brought€before€the€Judiciary€ended€with€the€dismissal€of€the€case€because€theÐ P" Ѐ€€€€€€€€€conditions€for€the€classification€of€the€offence€had€not€all€been€met.Ð X# ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€òòArticle€13óóÐ ¨ è% ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€43.€€With€regard€to€the€right€of€persons€who€claim€to€have€been€victims€ofÐ 8"x' Ѐ€€€€€€€€€torture€to€lodge€a€complaint€with€the€authorities€and€have€their€casesÐ #@( Ѐ€€€€€€€€€promptly€and€impartially€investigated,€reference€should€be€made€toÐ È# ) Ѐ€€€€€€€€€paragraphs€35€to€40€and€91€of€the€previous€report.Ð $Ð * ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€44.€€As€far€as€the€second€sentence€of€article€13€of€the€Convention€isÐ  &`", Ѐ€€€€€€€€€concerned,€the€provisions€of€the€Code€of€Penal€Procedure€that€will€take€effectÐ è&(#- Ѐ€€€€€€€€€this€year€are€given€below.€€The€Code€fills€a€gap€indicated€in€the€mostÐ °'ð#. Ѐ€€€€€€€€€important€legal€writings,€introducing€the€following€provisions€concerning€theÐ x(¸$/ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€full€protection€of€victims€and€witnesses:Ð @)€%0 ÐÌà0  à"òòArticle€79óóÐÐ*'2(#(# ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€From€the€beginning€until€the€end€of€a€criminal€trial,€the€StateÐ `, (4 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€shall€guarantee€the€victims€of€a€crime€and€the€witnesses€summoned€by€aÐ (-h)5 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€judicial€body€to€appear€in€the€case€full€respect€for€the€following€rights:Ð  ð-0*6 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€CAT/C/17/Add.2ÓÈÈÓÐ À Ѐ€€€€€€€€€page€10Ð ˆÈ ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(a)€€The€right€to€decent€and€respectful€treatment€by€the€competentÐ X Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€authorities;Ð à  ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(b)€€The€right€to€payment€of€expenses€for€travel€to€the€place€to€beÐ p° Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€decided€by€the€competent€authority;Ð 8 x ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ô_Ô(cÔ_Ô)€€The€right€to€protection€of€their€physical€and€moral€integrityÐ È   Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€and€that€of€their€families;Ð  Ð  ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(d)€€The€right€to€be€informed€of€the€results€of€the€trial€in€whichÐ  `  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€they€took€part;Ð è (  ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(e)€€If€the€person€in€question€is€over€70€years€of€age,€a€pregnantÐ x¸  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€woman€or€seriously€ill,€the€right€to€appear€in€court€in€his/her€place€ofÐ @€  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€residence;€notice€of€such€a€circumstance€must€be€communicated€to€theÐ H  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€competent€authority€in€due€time.Ð Ð ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòArticle€80óóÐ `  ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Without€prejudice€to€the€provisions€of€the€preceding€article,€theÐ ð0 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€victim€of€the€crime€shall€have€the€right:Ð ¸ø ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(a)€€To€be€informed€by€the€appropriate€office€of€the€options€he€mayÐ Hˆ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€exercise€during€the€criminal€trial,€especially€that€of€bringing€criminalÐ P Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€proceedings€or€lodging€a€complaint;Ð Ø ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(b)€€To€be€kept€informed€of€the€progress€of€the€case€and€theÐ h¨ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€situation€of€the€accused;Ð 0p ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ô_Ô(cÔ_Ô)€€If€the€victim€is€a€minor€or€legally€incompetent,€the€judicialÐ À  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€body€may€authorize€him€to€be€accompanied€by€a€trustworthy€person€duringÐ ˆÈ! Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€the€trial€proceedings€in€which€he€is€involved,€provided€that€this€doesÐ P" Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€not€jeopardize€the€possibility€of€ascertaining€the€truth€about€whatÐ X# Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€occurred.Ð à $ ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòArticle€81óóÐ p!°& ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€The€rights€recognized€in€this€chapter€shall€be€stated€by€theÐ #@( Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€competent€judicial€body€at€the€time€the€first€summons€to€appear€is€issuedÐ È# ) Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€to€the€victim€and€the€witness."Ð $Ð * ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€òòArticle€14óóÐ  &`", ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€45.€€In€addition€to€the€substantive€provisions€referred€to€in€the€previousÐ °'ð#. Ѐ€€€€€€€€€report,€the€following€provisions€on€compensation€measures€will€apply€when€theÐ x(¸$/ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€Code€of€Penal€Procedure€enters€into€force.Ð @)€%0 ÐÌà0  à"òòArticle€14óóÐÐ*'2(#(# ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€A€civil€suit€for€the€restitution€of€the€thing€obtained€by€means€ofÐ `, (4 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€the€crime€and€a€civil€compensation€claim€may€be€brought€only€by€the€ownerÐ (-h)5 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€of€the€thing€or€by€his€heirs€in€respect€of€their€hereditary€share,€Ð  ð-0*6 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€CAT/C/17/Add.2ÓÈÈÓÐ À Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€page€11Ð ˆÈ ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€his€legal€representatives€or€agents,€against€those€who€participated€inÐ X Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€the€crime€and,€where€necessary,€against€the€person€who€has€civilÐ à  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€responsibility,€in€the€same€court€in€which€the€criminal€suit€was€brought.Ð ¨è ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòArticle€16óóÐ 8 x ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€A€civil€suit€may€be€brought€only€during€the€trial€while€the€criminalÐ È   Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€suit€is€pending.Ð  Ð  ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€The€dismissal€of€the€case€shall€not€prevent€the€criminal€court€fromÐ  `  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€expressing€an€opinion€on€the€civil€suit€in€its€judgement.Ð è (  ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòArticle€17óóÐ x¸  ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€If€the€criminal€suit€cannot€proceed€because€of€legal€grounds,€theÐ H  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€civil€suit€may€be€brought€in€a€civil€court."Ð Ð ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€òòArticle€15óóÐ `  ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€46.€€In€this€connection€and€in€respect€of€the€rule€of€exclusion€referred€to€inÐ ð0 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€the€previous€report,€the€provisions€of€the€Code€of€Penal€Procedure€states:Ð ¸ø ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€"òòArticle€296óóÐ Hˆ ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€The€accused€person€may€refuse€to€make€a€statement.Ð Ø ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€On€no€account€shall€he€be€required€to€take€an€oath€or€promise€toÐ h¨ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€tell€the€truth€nor€shall€any€form€of€duress€or€threat€or€any€meansÐ 0p Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€whatever€be€used€to€compel,€induce€or€convince€him€to€testify€against€hisÐ ø8 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€will€nor€shall€any€charges€or€counter-claims€be€made€to€obtain€hisÐ À  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€confession.Ð ˆÈ! ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Failure€to€observe€this€rule€shall€make€the€act€null€and€void,Ð X# Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€without€prejudice€to€the€relevant€criminal€or€disciplinary€liability."Ð à $ ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€47.€€The€judicial€proceedings€in€the€following€case€deserve€to€be€dealt€withÐ p!°& Ѐ€€€€€€€€€separately:€€on€20€May€1986,€a€man€who€went€to€the€Central€Federal€PoliceÐ 8"x' Ѐ€€€€€€€€€Department€to€collect€his€passport€and€identification€card,€which€had€beenÐ #@( Ѐ€€€€€€€€€processed€60€days€before,€was€informed€that€he€should€collect€them€from€theÐ È# ) Ѐ€€€€€€€€€office€of€stolen€property.€€He€went€there€and€was€questioned€in€a€contemptuousÐ $Ð * Ѐ€€€€€€€€€manner€by€the€officer€in€charge,€locked€up,€given€electric€shocks€and€shown€inÐ X%˜!+ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€a€prisoner€line-up.€€Finally,€he€was€brought€before€the€examining€magistrateÐ  &`", Ѐ€€€€€€€€€for€"having€confessed"€to€committing€the€crime€of€armed€robbery€of€a€carÐ è&(#- Ѐ€€€€€€€€€dealership.€€He€refused€to€make€a€statement€before€the€judge,€but,€as€theÐ °'ð#. Ѐ€€€€€€€€€proceedings€went€on,€he€reported€what€had€happened€and€that€he€had€beenÐ x(¸$/ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€threatened€with€reprisals€against€his€family€if€he€told€what€had€happened.Ð @)€%0 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€The€investigation€to€determine€whether€the€crime€of€torture€could€have€beenÐ *H&1 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€committed€against€the€accused€was€conducted€by€Criminal€Investigation€Court€ofÐ Ð*'2 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€First€Instance€No.€8€in€the€Federal€Capital€and€ended€on€17€November€1986€withÐ ˜+Ø'3 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€a€stay€of€proceedings€because€it€could€not€be€sufficiently€proven€that€theÐ `, (4 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€crime€had€actually€been€committed.€€In€the€criminal€proceedings,€the€judgeÐ (-h)5 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€handed€down€a€ruling€on€29€May€1987€acquitting€the€accused€because€he€deemed€Ð  ð-0*6 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€CAT/C/17/Add.2ÓÈÈÓÐ À Ѐ€€€€€€€€€page€12Ð ˆÈ ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€his€statement€credible€and€because€he€thought€that€the€alleged€"confession"€toÐ X Ѐ€€€€€€€€€the€police€of€having€committed€the€crime€was€invalid.€€On€7€July€1987,€theÐ à  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€National€Criminal€and€Appeal€Court€for€Correctional€Cases€of€the€FederalÐ ¨è Ѐ€€€€€€€€€Capital€agreed€to€the€withdrawal€of€the€appeal€submitted€by€the€prosecutor€andÐ p° Ѐ€€€€€€€€€upheld€the€lower€court's€ruling,€making€the€judgement€final.Ð 8 x ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€òòArticle€16óóÐ È   ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€48.€€All€the€information€provided€on€the€crime€of€torture€(art.€144€(3)€of€theÐ X ˜  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€Penal€Code)€is€similar,€in€terms€of€procedures,€resulting€proceedings€andÐ  `  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€legal€consequences,€to€that€provided€on€unlawful€coercion.Ð  è (  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€CAT/C/17/Add.2ÓÈÈÓÐ À Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€page€13Ð ˆÈ ÐòòAnnexóó€€SOURCES€OF€INFORMATION€CONSULTED,€ADDITIONAL€INFORMATION€ANDÐ P ÐSTATISTICSÐ X ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€1.€€€Some€clarifications€are€important€for€the€analysis€of€information€onÐ ¨è Ѐ€€€€€€€€€complaints€alleging€the€commission€of€crimes€of€torture€or€cruel,€inhuman€orÐ p° Ѐ€€€€€€€€€degrading€treatment€or€punishment€and€the€way€they€are€subsequently€dealt€with.Ð 8 x ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€2.€€€In€the€Argentine€Republic,€no€unified€statistics€are€kept€to€give€aÐ È   Ѐ€€€€€€€€€general€idea€of€the€situation€in€the€country€with€regard€to€complaints,€trialsÐ  Ð  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€and€sentences.€€This€is€partly€the€result€of€the€federal€system,€whichÐ X ˜  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€guarantees€each€province€autonomy€in€the€administration€of€justice€(art.€5€ofÐ  `  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€the€National€Constitution).€€Consequently,€even€though€all€the€courts€in€theÐ è (  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€country€apply€the€same€basic€rules,€namely,€the€Penal€Code,€court€registersÐ °ð  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€depend€on€the€head€of€the€judiciary€in€each€province.Ð x¸  ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€3.€€€It€should€nevertheless€be€noted€that€the€Register€of€Unlawful€CoercionÐ H  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€and€Torture€(see€below)€assembles€information€from€national€courts€throughoutÐ Ð Ѐ€€€€€€€€€the€country,€i.e.€those€of€the€Federal€Capital€and€those€with€federalÐ ˜Ø Ѐ€€€€€€€€€jurisdiction€throughout€the€country.€€The€act€establishing€the€Register€makesÐ `  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€it€an€obligation€for€members€of€the€Government€Attorney's€Office€(prosecutors)Ð (h Ѐ€€€€€€€€€to€report€such€cases€and€their€status€to€the€officer€in€charge€of€the€Register.Ð ð0 ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€4.€€€In€addition,€within€the€jurisdiction€of€the€Federal€Capital,€the€NationalÐ €À Ѐ€€€€€€€€€Criminal€and€Appeal€Court€for€Correctional€Cases€keeps€its€own€registers€basedÐ Hˆ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€on€the€information€supplied€to€it€by€the€courts€of€first€instance€within€itsÐ P Ѐ€€€€€€€€€jurisdiction.€€This€information€is€received€by€the€office€of€the€assistantÐ Ø Ѐ€€€€€€€€€secretary€of€the€board€of€the€Court€and€the€reports€are€submitted€every€sixÐ  à Ѐ€€€€€€€€€months€to€the€Office€of€the€President€of€the€Court.Ð h¨ ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€5.€€€In€addition€to€these€clarifications€on€the€sources€of€informationÐ ø8 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€consulted,€it€is€important€to€look€at€some€of€the€issues€relating€to€theÐ À  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€content€of€the€information€provided:Ð ˆÈ! ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(a)€€Without€prejudice€to€differences€in€statistical€figures,€it€shouldÐ X# Ѐ€€€€€€€€€be€pointed€out€that,€of€the€total€number€of€complaints€received€from€eachÐ à $ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€source,€injuries€were€proved€in€only€60€per€cent€of€cases;Ð ¨ è% ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(b)€€Beating€is€alleged€in€most€cases,€but€this€does€not€always€proveÐ 8"x' Ѐ€€€€€€€€€that€the€crimes€referred€to€in€articles€4€and€16€of€the€Convention€wereÐ #@( Ѐ€€€€€€€€€actually€committed.Ð È# ) ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€The€reason€is€that,€in€a€number€of€cases,€resistance€to€arrest€by€the€personÐ X%˜!+ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€concerned€has€resulted€in€injuries€for€which€his€guard€cannot€be€heldÐ  &`", Ѐ€€€€€€€€€responsible.€€Moreover,€the€rule€of€law€has€promoted€the€exercise€of€the€rightÐ è&(#- Ѐ€€€€€€€€€of€complaint.€€In€addition,€the€removal€of€documents€from€the€records€for€theÐ °'ð#. Ѐ€€€€€€€€€purpose€of€establishing€a€case€file€in€order€to€conduct€pre-trial€proceedingsÐ x(¸$/ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€is€an€interesting€delaying€tactic.Ð @)€%0 ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€6.€€€In€any€case,€the€purpose€of€keeping€the€Register€of€Unlawful€CoercionÐ Ð*'2 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€and€Torture€(see€below),€which€was€started€in€January€1992,€is€to€provideÐ ˜+Ø'3 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€information€which€will€lead€to€more€effective€prevention€work€and€theÐ `, (4 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€appropriate€punishment€of€these€unlawful€acts€and,€consequently,€to€a€betterÐ (-h)5 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€understanding€of€the€general€situation.Ð  ð-0*6 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€CAT/C/17/Add.2ÓÈÈÓÐ À Ѐ€€€€€€€€€page€14Ð ˆÈ ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€òòInformation€on€the€Register€of€Unlawful€Coercion€and€Torture€of€the€Office€ofóóÐ X Ѐ€€€€€€€€€òòthe€Attorney€General€of€the€NationóóÐ à  ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€7.€€€On€10€June€1992,€with€information€lacking€from€only€three€federalÐ p° Ѐ€€€€€€€€€prosecutors'€offices,€293€cases€with€the€following€status€were€recorded€in€theÐ 8 x Ѐ€€€€€€€€€Register€of€Unlawful€Coercion€and€Torture:Ð  @ ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€38€cases€with€a€provisional€stay€of€proceedings;Ð  Ð  ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€8€cases€with€a€dismissal€of€proceedings;Ð  `  ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€3€cases€with€an€order€for€pre-trial€detention;Ð °ð  ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€4€cases€at€the€trial€stage;Ð @€  ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€4€cases€with€a€sentence€that€is€not€final;Ð Ð ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€236€cases€pending.Ð `  ÐÌÌàH  °à-----