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' Å%"dEÅ%"?ßÐ m¼ ÐÔ*qƒ ddd Xdd Xdd XÅê$Åê$qÔÔ,âdd ÔÔ,Cdd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ ," Kš €€‚x‚ƒƒ„„,ÐÌ߀€J:6z ,±R `ÀåЀ@@@E)¡±R±/)¡y€ßÔ€  ‡?  ÉÔÓ)o±±ÓÓÞÓà o àConvention€against€TortureÐ ¡ð Ðà o àand€Other€Cruel,€InhumanÌà o àor€Degrading€TreatmentÌà o àor€PunishmentÌÐ  ¡ ð  „„ÐÔ€ &ô°&  ‡?ÔÔ€&§&& &ô°ÔÌÓÿÿå)oÓÌà å àDistr.Ìà å àGENERALÌÌà å àCAT/C/34/Add.13Ìà å à31€May€2000ÌÌà å àOriginal:€€ENGLISHÐ$ƒ Ò  x  $Ðß?€! ' Å[/%"dEÅZ/%"?ßÐ [ª  ÐÌCOMMITTEE€AGAINST€TORTUREÌÒÅÒÒØÒÓ?.Ô B y °çUŒÃú1h!ÿÿå?ÓÑ€ÑÌÌÌà@ÙÙKaàCONSIDERATION€OF€REPORTS€SUBMITTED€BY€STATES€PARTIESˆÌà@ TaàUNDER€ARTICLE€19€OF€THE€CONVENTIONˆÌÌà@i i LaàòòThird€periodic€report€of€States€parties€due€in€1996óóˆÐ I˜ ÐÌà@ÛÛaaàòòAddendumóóˆÐ ùH ÐÌà@»»baàCANADA*ˆÌÌà€íí¡%"à[19€October€1999]ˆÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÒ ÒÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌß?€! 'Š)‰dE ˆ)‰?ßÐ ‰)Ø%3 ÐÌà × à*à  àFor€the€initial€and€second€periodic€reports€of€Canada,€see€CAT/C/5/Add.15€andÐ p*¿&5 ÐCAT/C//17/Add.5;€for€their€consideration,€see€CAT/C/SR.32,€33,€139€and€140€and€Official€RecordsÏof€the€General€Assembly,€forty„fifth€and€forty„eighth€sessions,€Supplements€No.44;€(A/45/44),€paras.Ï218„250;€(A/48/44),€paras.€284„310.€€The€appendices€referred€to€in€the€report€may€be€consulted€at€theÏOffice€of€the€High€Commissioner€for€Human€Rights.ÌÌÌGE.00„42537ññ(EXT)ññÌÐ  01-= ÐÑÑÑűÑѱÑÑ  ÑÖ€ÿÿÖÖ€ÿÿÖà@  câàCONTENTSˆÌÌà€))¡%"àòòParagraphsóó€€€òòPageóóˆÐ ° ÐÓ*ÿÿÔ P28!7*ÓÌIntroduction€àPƒ=.4 4 *àà 2 àà 8! à€ÔÒÒÒnýnýÔ1€à 8! à3Ð M ` ÐÌI.à Ô àGENERAL€INFORMATION€àPƒ=.PP7àà 2 àÔ:::Ô2€ð2ð€18à 8! à5Ð ý  ÐÓ3ÿÿÔ P‚8!ÿÿÔ P23ÓÌII.à Ô àMEASURES€ADOPTED€BY€THE€GOVERNMENTÐ ­ À Ðà Ô àOF€CANADA€àPƒ=. -àà ‚ àÔÜÜÜZZÔ79€ð2ð€104à 8! à5Ð …˜  ÐÌIII.à Ô àMEASURES€ADOPTED€BY€THE€GOVERNMENTSÐ 5H  Ðà Ô àOF€THE€PROVINCES*€àPƒ=.Ð Ð 5àà ‚ à105€ð2ð€283à 8! à21Ð    ÐÌà Ô àNewfoundland€àPƒ=.  0àà ‚ à105€ð2ð€122à 8! à21ÓffÓÐ ½Ð  Ðà Ô àPrince€Edward€Island€àPƒ=.ì ì 8àà ‚ àÔ”””Ô123à 8! à26Ð ëþ  Ðà Ô àNova€Scotia€àPƒ=.h h /àà ‚ à124€ð2ð€142à 8! à26Ð , Ðà Ô àNew€Brunswick€àPƒ=.p p 1àà ‚ à143€ð2ð€157à 8! à28Ð GZ Ðà Ô àQubec€àPƒ=. *àà ‚ à158€ð2ð€185à 8! à33Ð uˆ Ðà Ô àOntario€àPƒ=.$ $ +àà ‚ à186€ð2ð€203à 8! à37Ð £¶ Ðà Ô àManitoba€àPƒ=.° ° ,àà ‚ à204€ð2ð€212à 8! à40Ð Ñä Ðà Ô àSaskatchewan€àPƒ=.ì ì 0àà ‚ à213€ð2ð€225à 8! à42Ð ÿ Ðà Ô àAlberta€àPƒ=.  +àà ‚ à226€ð2ð€256à 8! à44Ð -@ Ðà Ô àBritish€Columbia€àPƒ=.Ð Ð 4àà ‚ à257€ð2ð€283à 8! à49ÓffÓÐ [n ÐÌIV.à Ô àMEASURES€ADOPTED€BY€THE€GOVERNMENTSÐ   Ðà Ô àOF€THE€TERRITORIES*€àPƒ=.hh7àà ‚ à284€ð2ð€297à 8! à61Ð ãö ÐÌà Ô àNorthwest€Territories€àPƒ=. 9àà ‚ à284€ð2ð€288à 8! à61ÓffÓÐ “!¦ Ðà Ô àYukon€àPƒ=.àà)àà ‚ à289€ð2ð€297à 8! à62ÓffÓÐ Á"Ô ÐÌà Ô àList€of€appendices€àPƒ=.  6àà ‚ àà 8! à63Ð q$„ ÐÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌß?€! '1‰dE @0‰?ßÐ A0T)- ÐÌÌÓK.Ô B y °çUŒÃú1h!ÿÿÔ P‚¶KÓà × à*à  àGeographical€order,€from€east€to€west.Ð 2+0 Їà@üüaâàò òIntroductionó óˆÐ í ÐññÒ(ÒññÌÌ1.à × àThe€United€Nations€òòConvention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€DegradingÐ u ˆ ÐTreatment€or€Punishmentóó€(the€Convention)€was€ratified€by€Canada€on€24€June€1987.€€This€isÐ M ` ÐCanada's€third€report€under€the€Convention,€covering€the€period€from€1€April€1992€to€1April1996.€ÏPart€I€outlines€generally€Canada's€constitutional€structure€as€it€relates€to€the€Convention€and€Parts€II,ÏIII€and€IV€updates€from€the€second€report€the€measures€undertaken€at€the€federal,€provincial€andÏterritorial€levels€to€give€effect€to€the€provisions€of€the€Convention.ÌÌÌà@ÅÅ[àò òI:€€GENERAL€INFORMATIONó óˆÐ 5H  ÐÌòòThe€Constitutional€Structure€of€Canada€ð2ð€GeneralóóÐ åø  ÐÌ2.à × àCanada€is€a€federal€State€made€up€of€ten€provinces€and€two€territories.€€Pursuant€to€theÐ •¨  ÐòòConstitution€Act,€1867óó€and€amendments€thereto,€legislative€powers€are€divided€according€to€subjectÐ m€  Ðmatter€between€the€federal€government€and€the€ten€provincial€governments.€€For€example,€Canada'sÏConstitution€gives€each€province€jurisdiction€within€its€territory€over€the€administration€of€justice,Ïproperty€and€civil€rights€and€hospitals.€€Examples€of€matters€which€fall€under€federal€jurisdiction€areÏcriminal€law€and€procedure€in€criminal€matters,€naturalization€and€aliens,€and€a€residual€power€forÏthe€peace,€order€and€good€government€of€Canada.ÌÌ3.à × àCanada€also€has€two€territories€in€which€the€federal€Government€has€jurisdiction€to€exerciseÐ Uh Ðboth€federal€and€provincial€government€powers.€€However,€the€federal€Parliament€has€delegated€toÏthe€territories€many€of€the€powers€enjoyed€by€the€provincial€legislatures.ÌÌ4.à × àDue€to€this€division€of€powers,€federal,€provincial€and€territorial€Governments€are€allÐ µÈ Ðinvolved€in€the€implementation€of€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€against€Torture.€€Because€theÏrole€of€security€personnel€is€especially€important€for€the€purposes€of€this€Convention,€a€detailedÏexplanation€is€given€below€on€how€the€federal€and€provincial€governments€share€responsibility€inÏthis€area.ÌÌ5.à × àThe€Government€of€Canada€has€submitted€a€core€document€forming€part€of€the€reports€ofÐ Å"Ø! ÐStates€parties€(HRI/CORE/1/Add.91).€€The€core€document€examines,€in€detail,€Canada'sÏconstitutional€structure,€its€political€framework,€and€the€general€framework€within€which€humanÏrights€are€protected.€€The€latter€includes€a€discussion€of€constitutional€and€legislative€protections€forÏhuman€rights,€available€remedies€for€redress€of€human€rights€violations,€and€the€relationshipÏbetween€international€human€rights€instruments€and€domestic€law.€€This€third€report€under€theÏConvention€should€be€read€in€conjunction€with€the€core€document.ÌÌòòGeneral€legal€framework€and€remedies€pertaining€to€the€elimination€of€tortureóóÐ …)˜") ÐÌ6.à × àAn€individual€who€alleges€a€violation€of€the€Convention€has€recourse€to€a€variety€ofÐ 5+H$+ Ðremedies,€including€remedies€under€the€òòCanadian€Charter€of€Rights€and€Freedomsóó€(the€Charter).€Ð  , %, ÐThe€Charter€was€incorporated€into€the€Canadian€Constitution€on€17€April€1982,€by€virtue€of€theÏòòConstitution€Act,€1982óó.€€It€guarantees€a€variety€of€fundamental€freedoms€and€legal€rights,€includingÐ ½-Ð&. Ðthe€right€of€everyone€not€to€be€subjected€to€any€cruel€and€unusual€treatment€or€punishmentÏ(section12).€€Section€1€of€the€Charter€provides€that€the€rights€and€freedoms€contained€therein€mayÏbe€limited€to€the€extent€that€such€a€limit€is€prescribed€by€law€and€demonstrably€justified€in€a€free€andÏâ âdemocratic€society.€€The€Supreme€Court€of€Canada€has€indicated€that€in€order€for€a€limit€onÐ 10*2 ÐaCharter€right€to€meet€the€requirements€of€section€1,€the€limit€must€serve€a€pressing€and€substantialÏobjective€and€employ€proportionate€means€to€attain€that€objective.Ìâ âÌ7.à × àSection€32€of€the€Charter€guarantees€the€rights€of€private€persons€as€against€action€by€theÐ u ˆ Ðfederal€and€provincial€legislatures€and€governments.€€This€section€has€been€interpreted€by€the€courtsÏto€apply€to€the€full€range€of€government€activities,€including€administrative€practices€and€the€acts€ofÏthe€executive€branch€of€government,€as€well€as€to€enactments€of€Parliament€or€the€legislatures.ÌÌ8.à × àIn€addition,€Canadian€law,€particularly€the€òòCriminal€Codeóó€and€specific€legislation€andÐ ­ À Ðregulations€governing€the€conduct€of€police,€correctional€service€officers€and€army€personnel,Ïprovides€recourse€to€an€individual€who€alleges€a€violation€of€the€Convention.ÌÌòòInternational€law€in€CanadaóóÐ    ÐÌ9.à × àIn€Canada,€international€treaty€law€is€not€automatically€part€of€domestic€law.€€Rather,€theÐ ½Ð  Ðprovisions€of€a€treaty€must€be€incorporated€into€domestic€law€either€by€enactment€of€a€statute€givingÏthe€treaty€the€force€of€law,€or€by€amendment€of€the€domestic€law,€where€necessary,€to€make€itÏconsistent€with€the€treaty.€€The€implementation€of€a€treaty€whose€provisions€come€under€theÏjurisdiction€of€one,€or€the€other,€or€both€levels€of€government,€requires€the€intervention€of€theÏCanadian€Parliament,€the€provincial€legislatures€and€often€as€well,€the€territorial€legislativeÏassemblies.ÌÌ10.à × àUnder€the€Canadian€Constitution,€the€federal€Parliament€does€not€have€the€legislative€powerÐ } Ðto€give€effect€to€all€the€obligations€which€Canada€assumed€when€ratifying€the€Convention.€€Thus,Ïprior€to€ratification,€the€federal€and€provincial€governments€engaged€in€extensive€consultationsÏwhich€resulted€in€provincial€governments€undertaking€to€ensure€compliance€with€those€provisions€ofÏthe€Convention€falling€within€their€exclusive€legislative€authority.ÌÌ11.à × àCanada€is€also€party€to€the€òòInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rightsóó€and€theòòÐ   ÐOptional€Protocolóó€to€that€Covenant,€permitting€individuals€to€bring€communications€to€the€UnitedÐ ex ÐNations€Human€Rights€Committing€alleging€violations€of€the€Covenant€and€in€particular,€article€7,Ïthe€prohibition€against€torture€and€cruel,€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment€or€punishment.€€SinceÏ1990,€Canada€is€also€a€member€of€the€Organization€of€American€States.€€Individuals€may€bringÏcomplaints€before€the€Inter„American€Commission€on€Human€Rights,€based€on€the€òòDeclaration€onÐ Å"Ø! Ðthe€Rights€and€Duties€of€Manóó,€including€article€1,€the€right€to€life,€liberty€and€security€of€the€person.Ð #°" ÐÌòòCanada's€constitutional€structure€as€it€relates€to€security€personnelóóÐ M%`$ ÐÌ12.à × àThis€section€explains€the€constitutional€responsibility€between€the€federal€and€provincialÐ ý& & Ðgovernments€in€Canada€for€security€personnel.ÌÌòòThe€Royal€Canadian€Mounted€PoliceóóÐ …)˜") ÐÌ13.à × àResponsibility€for€law€enforcement€in€Canada€is€shared€between€the€federal€and€provincialÐ 5+H$+ Ðgovernments.€€The€Royal€Canadian€Mounted€Police€(the€RCMP),€established€by€the€òòRoyalÐ  , %, ÐCanadian€Mounted€Police€Actóó,€is€a€federal€police€force€and€is€authorized€to€enforce€federal€lawsÐ å,ø%- Ðanywhere€in€Canada.€€However,€as€a€federal€police€force,€the€RCMP€cannot€enforce€provincial€orÏmunicipal€laws€unless€clearly€authorized€to€do€so€by€provincial€legislation.€€This€is€because€theÏprovinces€are€responsible€for€the€enforcement€of€all€laws€of€general€application€within€theirÏterritorial€limits.€€With€respect€to€criminal€law,€there€is€an€overlap€in€that€the€federal€Government€isÏâ âresponsible€for€enacting€criminal€law€and€procedure€which€applies€throughout€Canada€and€is€set€outÐ 10*2 Ðin€the€òòCriminal€Codeóó.€€The€enforcement€of€criminal€law,€the€prosecution€of€criminal€offences€andÐ í Ðthe€administration€of€justice€in€the€province€are€generally€matters€within€provincial€responsibility.Ìâ âÌ14.à × àNevertheless,€the€two€territories€and€all€the€provinces,€except€Ontario€and€Qubec€(whichÐ u ˆ Ðhave€established€their€own€provincial€police€forces),€have€entered€into€contractual€arrangements€withÏthe€federal€Government€whereby€the€RCMP€acts€as€the€provincial,€and€in€some€instances,€municipalÏpolice€force.€€In€this€role,€the€RCMP€enforces€provincial€law,€some€municipal€by„laws€and€theÏòòCriminal€Codeóó.Ð Õ è ÐÌ15.à × àHowever,€it€is€important€to€note€that,€as€a€matter€of€constitutional€law,€no€provincialÐ …˜  Ðauthority€can€intrude€into€the€internal€management€of€the€RCMP,€which€remains€with€the€RCMPÏCommissioner,€who€is€in€turn€responsible€to€the€federal€Solicitor€General.€€This€means€that€theÏdisciplining€of€RCMP€members,€whether€they€are€acting€in€a€federal€or€provincial€policing€capacity,Ïis€an€exclusively€federal€responsibility.ÌÌòòCorrectional€ServicesóóÐ •¨  ÐÌ16.à × àThe€federal€Government,€the€ten€provincial€governments€and€the€two€territorial€governmentsÐ EX Ðshare€responsibility€for€the€adult€correctional€system€such€that€Canada€has,€in€effect,€13correctionalÏsystems.€€(Juvenile€corrections,€although€governed€by€the€federal€òòYoung€Offenders€Actóó,€isÐ õ Ðadministered€solely€by€the€provinces€and€territories.)ÌÌ17.à × àUnder€the€òòConstitution€Act,€1867óó,€the€federal€Government€is€authorized€to€establish€andÐ } Ðadminister€penitentiaries€housing€persons€sentenced€to€prison€terms€of€two€years€or€longer.€€On€theÏother€hand,€the€provinces€are€responsible€for€the€administration€of€correctional€institutions€housingÏpersons€sentenced€to€prison€terms€of€less€than€two€years.ÌÌ18.à × àThe€Correctional€Service€of€Canada€(the€CSC)€is€the€agency€responsible€for€administeringÐ µÈ Ðfederal€sentences€(i.e.€two€years€or€longer).€€This€responsibility€includes€both€the€management€ofÏinstitutions€of€various€security€levels€and€the€supervision€of€offenders€under€conditional€release€fromÏthe€institution.ÌÌÌà@  Nàò òII:€€MEASURES€ADOPTED€BY€THE€GOVERNMENT€OF€CANADAó óˆÐ Å"Ø! ÐÌà@SSbàò òArticle€2ó óˆÐ u$ˆ# ÐÌòòGeneralóóÐ %&8% ÐÌ19.à × àCanada's€first€report€outlined€a€series€of€constitutional,€legislative,€regulatory€andÐ Õ'è ' Ðadministrative€measures€directed€at€preventing€torture.€€These€include:ÌÌà × àò òð2ðó óà0  àThe€òòCanadian€Charter€of€Rights€and€Freedomsóó€(attached€as€appendix€GC„1),€andÐ ]*p#* Ðin€particular€the€right€not€to€be€subjected€to€any€cruel€and€unusual€treatment€orÏpunishment€(section€12),€the€right€to€life,€liberty€and€security€of€the€personÏ(section7)€and€the€right€not€to€be€arbitrarily€detained€or€imprisoned€(section9);Ð  š! š! ÐÌà × àò òð2ðó óà0  àSection€269.1€of€the€òòCriminal€Code€óówhich€contains€a€specific€offence€of€tortureÐ ™.¬'/ Ðbased€on€the€definition€in€article€1€of€the€Convention;Ð  š! š! ÐññÐ  M0`)1 ÐññññÌññà × àò òð2ðó óà0  àOther€òòCriminal€Codeóó€offences€relating€to€the€prohibition€against€torture€and€cruel,Ð í Ðinhuman€or€degrading€treatment€or€punishment€such€as€assault,€causing€bodily€harmÏwith€intent€to€wound€a€person€or€endanger€life,€murder,€administering€a€noxiousÏthing,€extortion,€and€intimidation;€andÐ  š! š! ÐÌà × àò òð2ðó óà0  àLegislative,€regulatory€and€administrative€provisions€governing€the€use€of€force€byÐ ) < Ðpolice€and€correctional€agencies€such€as€RCMP€Code€of€Conduct€offences,€and€theÏPenitentiary€Service€Regulations.Ð  š! š! ÐÌ20.à × àCanada's€second€report€noted€two€further€developments:Ð    ÐÌà × àò òð2ðó óà0  àThe€coming€into€force€of€section€7(3.71)€of€the€òòCriminal€Codeóó€which€makes€warÐ =P  Ðcrimes€and€crimes€against€humanity€a€criminal€offence;€andÐ  š! š! ÐÌà × àò òð2ðó óà0  àCanada's€ratification€of€the€òòProtocols€Additional€to€the€Geneva€Conventions€ofÐ ÉÜ  Ð12August1949óó€on€20€November€1990.Ð¥¸  š! š! ÐÌ21.à × àDevelopments€of€note€since€the€second€report€include€a€complete€review€of€the€OperationalÐ Uh ÐManual€within€the€RCMP€to€eliminate€any€barriers€to€community€policing€initiatives.€€Moreover,€theÏpolicy€principles€of€policing€by€way€of€equality,€integrity,€and€respect€are€being€strengthened.€ÏRCMP€policy€on€the€treatment€of€prisoners,€and€interviews€and€interrogations€will€be€coming€underÏscrutiny€incidental€to€this€review.€€There€will€be€no€change,€however,€to€the€policy€of€the€RCMP€withÏregard€to€conduct€which€could€come€within€the€meaning€of€torture€as€defined€in€the€Convention.ÌÌòòFactors€and€difficultiesóóÐ =P ÐÌ(a)à × àòòEvents€relating€to€the€deployment€of€Canadian€Forces€in€SomaliaóóÐ í ÐÌ22.à × àIn€1993,€members€of€the€Canadian€Airborne€Regiment€were€stationed€at€Belet€Huen€as€partÐ ° Ðof€the€United€Nations€efforts€in€Somalia€when€a€Somali€male,€Shidane€Arone,€was€beaten€to€deathÏafter€he€was€found€and€apprehended€inside€the€Canadian€compound.€€The€Canadian€Forces,€inÏparticular€the€military€police,€assisted€by€a€military€medical€officer€(pathologist),€a€civilian€forensicÏpathologist€and€a€civilian€police€ballistics€expert,€investigated€this€incident,€as€well€as€the€unrelatedÏdeath€of€another€Somali€in€March€1993.ÌÌ23.à × àAs€a€result€of€these€investigations,€nine€soldiers€ranging€in€rank€from€private€to€lieutenant„Ð …$˜# Ðcolonel€were€charged€with€a€variety€of€offences€and€tried€by€general€courts„martial.€€The€generalÏcourts„martial,€which€are€composed€of€a€jury€of€five€officers€advised€by€a€military€judge,€took€placeÏat€Canadian€Forces€Base€Petawawa€or€in€Ottawa,€both€in€Ontario,€Canada.ÌÌ24.à × àThe€first€four€courts„martial,€commenced€in€November€and€December€1993,€were€aborted€asÐ ½(Ð!( Ðthe€charges€had€been€laid€by€the€commanding€officer€while€he€was€under€investigation€himself.€€TheÏtrials€for€these€accused€were€recommenced€pursuant€to€new€charges€ranging€from€murder€and€tortureÏin€the€beating€death€of€the€Somali€youth€to€unlawfully€causing€bodily€harm€and€negligentÏperformance€of€duty.€€The€specific€charges€and€the€results€of€each€of€the€courts„martials€are€set€outÏbelow.ÌÌ25.à × àPrivate€Brown€was€charged€with€second„degree€murder€and€torture€in€relation€to€the€death€ofÐ ¥.¸'/ ÐShidane€Arone.€€The€maximum€punishment€Private€Brown€faced€was€life€imprisonment€with€aÏperiod€of€parole€of€ineligibility€between€10€and€25€years.Ìâ âÐ -1@*2 Ð26.à × àAt€his€court„martial€in€February€and€March€1994,€Private€Brown€was€convicted€ofÐ í Ðâ âmanslaughter€and€torture€and€sentenced€to€five€years'€imprisonment€and€to€dismissal€with€disgraceÏfrom€the€Canadian€Forces.€€Private€Brown€appealed€these€convictions€to€the€Court„Martial€AppealÏCourt€(CMAC),€which€is€composed€of€civilian€superior,€federal€and€appellate€court€judges.€€TheÏprosecution€appealed€Private€Brown's€sentence€asking€for€an€increase€to€ten€years'€imprisonment.€€InÏJanuary€1995,€the€CMAC€upheld€both€the€conviction€and€sentence€of€the€court„martial.€€PrivateÏBrown€applied€for€leave€to€appeal€this€decision€to€the€Supreme€Court€of€Canada€(SCC),€whichÏrefused€leave.ÌÌ27.à × àSergeant€Gresty€was€charged€with€two€counts€of€negligent€performance€of€a€military€duty,€inÐ …˜  Ðparticular€that€he€failed€to€remain€awake€the€night€of€16€March€and€that€he€failed€to€intervene€to€stopÏArone's€mistreatment.€€The€maximum€period€of€imprisonment€upon€conviction€for€these€offencesÏwas€two€years€less€a€day.€€At€his€trial,€in€March€and€April€1994,€he€was€found€not€guilty€of€bothÏcharges.€€No€appeal€was€taken€from€this€decision.ÌÌ28.à × àMaster€Corporal€Matchee€was€charged€with€second„degree€murder€and€torture€in€relation€toÐ •¨  Ðthe€death€of€Arone.€€Evidence€at€the€other€courts„martial€before€and€since€has€portrayedÏMasterCorporal€Matchee€as€the€main€perpetrator€in€Arone's€death.€€The€maximum€punishment€heÏfaced€was€life€imprisonment€with€a€period€of€parole€ineligibility€of€between€10€and€25€years.€€At€hisÏtrial€in€April€1994,€in€Ottawa,€on€a€preliminary€motion,€he€was€found€unfit€to€stand€trial€by€reason€ofÏa€mental€disorder,€namely€permanent€organic€brain€damage.€€This€injury€was€caused€by€a€lack€ofÏoxygen€to€the€brain€suffered€during€a€failed€suicide€attempt€after€his€arrest€in€March€1993€for€hisÏpart€in€the€death€of€Arone.€€Master€Corporal€Matchee€has€since€been€released€from€the€CanadianÏForces€and€has€been€turned€over€to€civilian€medical€authorities.€€Should€his€condition€ever€improveÏsufficiently,€he€may€be€subject€to€a€resumed€trial€on€these€charges.ÌÌ29.à × àIn€April€1994,€Sergeant€Boland,€the€guard€commander,€was€charged€with€torture€andÐ Ýð Ðnegligent€performance€of€a€military€duty,€namely€to€safeguard€Arone.€€Sergeant€Boland€pleadedÏguilty€to€the€negligence€charge€and€the€torture€charge€was€stayed.€€He€was€sentenced€to€90€days'Ïdetention€and€an€automatic€reduction€to€the€rank€of€private.€€The€prosecution€appealed€this€sentence,Ïseeking€an€increase€to€18€months'€imprisonment.€€In€April€1995,€the€CMAC€granted€theÏprosecution's€appeal€and€increased€the€sentence€to€a€total€of€one€year's€imprisonment.€€PrivateÏBoland€has€now€served€his€sentence€and€has€been€released€from€the€Canadian€Forces.ÌÌ30.à × àMajor€Seward,€who€was€effectively€the€company€commander€of€the€personnel€involved€inÐ #°" ÐArone's€death,€was€charged€with€unlawfully€causing€bodily€harm€and€negligent€performance€of€aÏmilitary€duty€arising€from€instructions€he€gave€his€soldiers€that€detainees€could€be€abused.€€HisÏcourt„martial€was€held€in€May€and€June€1994.€€Major€Seward€was€acquitted€of€the€assault€charge,Ïbut€convicted€on€the€negligence€charge€and€sentenced€to€a€severe€reprimand.€€The€prosecutionÏappealed€the€sentence€awarded,€seeking€a€term€of€imprisonment.€€Major€Seward€appealed€theÏconviction€of€negligence.€€The€CMAC€heard€both€appeals€in€January€1996€and€increased€theÏsentence€to€three€months'€imprisonment€and€dismissal€from€the€Canadian€Forces.ÌÌ31.à × àTrooper€(Private)€Brocklebank€was€charged€with€torture€and€negligent€performance€of€aÐ 5+H$+ Ðmilitary€duty€relating€to€his€involvement€in€the€death€of€Arone.€€He€faced€a€maximum€punishment€ofÏ14€years€in€prison€if€convicted.€€At€his€court„martial€in€October€and€November1994,€he€wasÏacquitted€of€both€charges.€€The€prosecution€appealed€both€acquittals,€but€the€CMAC€rejected€theÏprosecution's€appeal€in€April€1996.ÌÌ32.à × àCaptain€Sox,€the€platoon€commander€of€the€soldiers€who€captured€Arone,€was€charged€withÐ E0X)1 Ðunlawfully€causing€bodily€harm,€negligent€performance€of€a€military€duty€in€failing€to€control€hisÏsubordinates€and€an€act€to€the€prejudice€of€good€order€and€discipline€in€passing€on€MajorSeward'sÐ õ1+3 Ðorders€that€detainees€could€be€abused.€€He€faced€a€maximum€ten„year€prison€sentence.€€Captain€SoxÏwas€acquitted€on€the€bodily€harm€charge,€convicted€on€the€negligence€charge€and€the€act€to€theÏprejudice€charge€was€stayed.€€Captain€Sox€was€sentenced€to€a€reduction€in€rank€to€lieutenant€and€aÏsevere€reprimand.€€Both€sides€appealed€aspects€of€the€court„martial€decisions€to€the€CMAC.€€TheÏCMAC€heard€the€appeals€in€April€1996;€the€appeals€were€rejected€by€the€CMAC€in€July€1996.ÌÌ33.à × àThe€commanding€officer,€Lieutenant„Colonel€Mathieu,€was€charged€with€negligentÐ ý  Ðperformance€of€a€military€duty€arising€from€orders€he€gave€which€altered€the€rules€of€engagementÏpertaining€to€looters.€€There€was,€however,€no€direct€connection€between€these€orders€and€Arone'sÏdeath.€€The€maximum€period€of€imprisonment€to€which€he€was€liable€was€two€years€less€a€day.€€InÏJune€1994,€Lieutenant„Colonel€Mathieu€was€acquitted.€€The€prosecution€successfully€appealed€thatÏacquittal.€€In€November€1995€the€CMAC€ordered€a€new€court„martial€on€this€charge,€which€was€heldÏin€January€and€February€1996.€€Lieutenant„Colonel€Mathieu,€who€had€retired€from€the€CanadianÏForces€in€1995,€was€again€acquitted€upon€this€charge.ÌÌ34.à × àFinally,€the€court„martial€of€Captain€Rainville€on€four€charges,€including€unlawfully€causingÐ •¨  Ðbodily€harm€and€negligent€performance€of€a€military€duty€(which€attract€a€maximum€period€ofÏimprisonment€of€ten€years)€was€held€in€September€and€October€1994.€€These€charges€related€to€anÏincident€on€the€night€of€4€March€1993€in€which€members€of€Captain€Rainville's€platoon€shot€twoÏSomalis,€who€were€suspected€of€attempting€to€break€into€the€Canadian€camp€at€Belet€Huen.€€OneÏSomali€was€wounded€and€the€other€killed.€€The€charges€allege€that€CaptainRainville€improperlyÏauthorized€his€soldiers€to€open€fire€on€suspected€looters.€€He€was€acquitted€on€these€two€charges€andÏno€appeal€was€taken€from€this€decision.ÌÌ35.à × àIn€addition€to€the€above€disciplinary€proceedings,€on€28€April€1993,€the€then€Chief€ofÐ -@ ÐDefence€Staff,€Admiral€Anderson,€ordered€an€extensive€military€Board€of€Inquiry€into€the€CanadianÏForces'€general€involvement€in€Somalia.€€That€Board€adjourned€and€issued€an€interim€report€whenÏthe€above€disciplinary€proceedings€rendered€further€work€impossible.€€In€light€of€the€civilian€inquiryÏdescribed€below,€this€Board€of€Inquiry€has€been€dissolved.ÌÌ36.à × àOn€20€March€1995€the€Government€of€Canada€established€a€public€inquiry€into€theÐ = P Ðdeployment€of€the€Canadian€Forces€to€Somalia€in€1992„1993.€€The€deaths€of€several€Somali€citizensÏat€the€hands€of€Canadian€soldiers,€particularly€the€beating€death€of€Shidane€Arone,€was€a€significantÏcontributing€factor€to€the€establishment€of€the€public€inquiry.€€However,€the€inquiry's€mandate€wasÏnot€to€try€or€retry€cases€which€had€already€been€dealt€with€under€the€military€justice€system.€€TheÏSomalia€Inquiry's€mandate€was€to€look€at€the€chain€of€command,€leadership€within€the€chain€ofÏcommand,€discipline,€operations,€actions€and€decisions€of€the€Department€of€National€Defence€inÏrespect€of€the€pre„deployment,€in„theatre€and€post„deployment€phases€of€the€Canadian€Forces'Ïdeployment€to€Somalia.ÌÌ37.à × àChairing€the€Commission€was€Mr.€Justice€Gilles€Ltourneau€of€the€Federal€Court€of€Appeal.€Ð ­(À!( ÐThe€other€Commissioners€were€Mr.€Justice€Robert€Rutherford,€judge€of€the€Ontario€Court,€GeneralÏDivision,€and€Mr.€Peter€Desbarats,€Dean€of€the€Graduate€School€of€Journalism,€University€ofÏWestern€Ontario.€€The€Commission,€after€conducting€extensive€hearings,€submitted€its€final€report€toÏthe€Governor„in„Council€on€30€June€1997.ÌÌ(b)à × àòòThe€òòR.€v.€Fintaóó€CaseóóÐ ½-Ð&. ÐÌ38.à × àThe€òòCriminal€Code€of€Canadaóó€gives€Canadian€courts€jurisdiction€to€try€war€crimes€andÐ m/€(0 Ðcrimes€against€humanity€that€are€committed€outside€Canada.€€This€jurisdiction€is€carefullyÏâ âcircumscribed.€The€definitions€of€"war€crime"€and€"crime€against€humanity"€in€the€Code€are€tied€to€ññÐ 10*2 Ðññthe€state€of€international€law€at€the€time€and€in€the€place€of€the€commission€of€the€alleged€offence.€Ïâ âThe€òòCriminal€Codeóó€also€provides€that€the€rules€of€law€relating€to€procedure€and€evidence€in€force€atÐ ÅØ Ðthe€time€of€the€proceedings€will€apply€to€the€proceedings.ÌÌ39.à × àOn€24€March€1994,€the€Supreme€Court€of€Canada,€in€òòR.€v.€Fintaóó,€reviewed€the€òòCriminalÐ M ` ÐCodeóó€provisions€on€war€crimes€and€crimes€against€humanity.€€The€Court€determined€that€ParliamentÐ % 8 Ðcreated€two€new€offences€of€war€crimes€and€crimes€against€humanity€which,€unlike€other€domesticÏoffences,€require€fundamentally€important€additional€òòactus€reusóó€and€òòmens€reaóó€elements.€€The€CourtÐ Õ è Ðalso€held€that€the€defence€of€obedience€to€superior€orders€and€the€peace€officer€defence€are€availableÏto€members€of€the€military€or€police€forces€in€prosecutions€for€war€crimes€and€crimes€againstÏhumanity,€provided€that€the€orders€in€question€were€not€manifestly€unlawful.€€Yet,€even€where€theÏorders€are€manifestly€unlawful,€the€defences€will€still€be€available€to€the€accused€where€the€accusedÏhad€no€moral€choice€but€to€follow€orders.ÌÌ40.à × àOn€31€January€1995,€the€Minister€of€Citizenship€and€Immigration€and€the€Minister€ofÐ ½Ð  ÐJustice€and€Attorney€General€of€Canada€announced€a€Second€World€War€War€Crimes€Strategy,Ïwhich€aimed€at€deporting€and€revoking€the€citizenship€of€alleged€Second€World€War€criminals€livingÏin€Canada.€The€announcement€also€indicated€that€in€light€of€the€òòFintaóó€decision€areas€of€possibleÐ EX Ðlegislative€change€are€being€reviewed€to€ensure€that€criminal€prosecution€is€an€option€for€war€crimesÏand€crimes€against€humanity€cases.ÌÌÌò òà@SSbàArticle€3ó óˆÐ } ÐÌòòThe€immigration€contextóóÐ -@ ÐÌ(a)à × àòòGeneralóóÐ Ýð ÐÌà × à(i)à  àòòThe€formal€refugee€processóóÐ   ÐÌ41.à × àCanada€acceded€to€the€òòConvention€relating€to€the€Status€of€Refugeesóó€on€4€June€1969€and€itÐ = P Ðentered€into€force€on€2€September€1969.€€Consequently,€Canada€has€bound€itself€not€to€expel€fromÏits€territory€persons€from€other€States,€whether€nationals€of€those€States€or€residents€not€having€aÏState€of€nationality,€should€those€persons€be€unable€or€unwilling€to€return€to,€or€avail€themselves€of,Ïthe€protection€of€their€State€of€nationality€or€origin€for€reasons€of€race,€religion,€nationality,Ïmembership€in€a€particular€social€group€or€political€opinion€(see€sections€2(1)(a)€òòImmigration€ActóóÐ u$ˆ# ÐS.C.1985,€c.€I„2,€attached€as€appendixGC„2).€€Canada€also€provides€similar€protections€for€personsÏwho,€while€not€strictly€refugees€on€the€basis€of€the€Refugee€Convention,€are€nevertheless€displacedÏor€persecuted€(see€sections€6(2)€and€para.€114(1)(d),€òòImmigration€Actóó).Ð ý& & ÐÌ42.à × àThe€òòImmigration€Actóó€sets€out€the€procedure€for€obtaining€refugee€status€in€Canada.€€TheÐ ­(À!( ÐGovernment€substantially€amended€the€òòImmigration€Actóó€on€several€occasions,€in€part€due€to€theÐ …)˜") Ðarrival€of€massive€numbers€of€new€refugee€claimants€in€Canada.€€Amendments€were€made€to€theÏòòImmigration€Actóó€on€1€January€1989€and€again,€on€1€February€1993€to€improve€and€streamline€theÐ 5+H$+ Ðimmigration€and€refugee€determination€system.ÌÌ43.à × àA€refugee€claim€is€submitted€to€the€Immigration€and€Refugee€Board,€an€independentÐ ½-Ð&. Ðadministrative€tribunal€with€the€mandate€to€determine€refugee€claims.€€In€applying€the€definition€ofÏConvention€refugee,€the€members€of€the€Immigration€and€Refugee€Board€hearing€the€refugee€claimÏhave€to€determine€whether€the€claimant€has€a€well„founded€fear€arising€from€persecution€based€uponÏone€of€the€grounds€listed€in€the€òòRefugee€Conventionóó.€€The€burden€of€proof,€which€is€lower€than€theÐ 10*2 Ðcivil€standard€of€a€balance€of€probabilities,€rests€with€the€claimant.€€In€order€to€succeed,€aclaimantÐ õ1+3 Ðmust€prove€that€his€or€her€fear€is€based€on€a€reasonable€possibility€that€s/he€would€be€persecuted€ifÏreturned€to€the€country€of€origin.ÌÌ44.à × àThe€òòImmigration€Actóó,€and€the€1951€Convention,€do€not€define€the€term€"persecution".€Ð u ˆ ÐHowever,€the€Federal€Court€of€Appeal€in€òòChan€v.€M.E.I.óó€[1993]€3€F.C.€675€stated€that€torture,Ð M ` Ðbeating€and€rape€are€examples€of€persecution.€€In€determining€whether€an€act€amounts€to€torture,€andÏthus€persecution,€the€Immigration€and€Refugee€Board€has€frequently€referred€to€the€definition€ofÏtorture€in€the€Convention€against€Torture.€€For€example,€the€Board€used€the€Convention€definition€ofÏ"torture"€to€determine€if€the€sexual€and€domestic€violence€suffered€by€the€claimant€in€that€caseÏamounted€to€"torture"€and,€therefore,€constituted€persecution.ÌÌ45.à × àWhile€the€definition€of€Convention€refugee€defines€a€well„founded€fear€of€persecution€inÐ 5H  Ðterms€of€future€action,€section€2(3)€of€the€òòImmigration€Actóó€provides€that€individuals€can€be€held€toÐ    Ðbe€Convention€refugees,€based€on€previous€persecution.€€The€Federal€Court€of€Canada€has€alsoÏapplied€this€provision€to€victims€of€torture.ÑÈÑÙ* u$ˆ#Ù׃×Ý ƒÿÿÝÚ  Ú*Ú  ÚÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ½Ð  ÐÌ46.à × àIn€evaluating€the€well„founded€aspects€of€the€claimant's€prospective€fear€of€return,€theÐ m€  ÐImmigration€and€Refugee€Board€members€render€a€decision€after€a€hearing€in€which€claimants€areÏgiven€the€chance€to€present€the€facts€supporting€their€claims.€€In€its€hearings,€the€Immigration€andÏRefugee€Board€often€receives€medical€evidence€from€medical€practitioners€which,€based€on€theÏphysical€evidence€and€the€psychological€profile€of€the€claimant,€may€support€findings€of€torture.€ÏFailure€by€the€Board€to€consider€such€evidence€appropriately€will€probably€lead€to€its€decision€beingÏoverturned€by€the€Federal€Court€of€Canada.ÌÌ47.à × àMembers€of€the€Immigration€and€Refugee€Board€also€receive€ongoing€training€on€victims€ofÐ -@ Ðtorture€by€representatives€of€the€Canadian€Centre€for€the€Victims€of€Torture€and€the€Office€of€theÏUnited€Nations€High€Commissioner€for€Refugees€(UNHCR).€€Furthermore,€due€to€the€psychologicalÏconditions€of€claimants€who€have€been€the€victims€of€torture,€the€Board€will€provide,€wheneverÏpossible,€hearing„room€participants€that€are€gender€and€culturally€sensitive€to€the€claimants.ÌÌà × à(ii)à  àòòHumanitarian€and€compassionate€reviewóóÐ = P ÐÌ48.à × àIn€addition€to€the€formal€refugee€claim€process€outlined€above,€the€Department€ofÐ í!  ÐCitizenship€and€Immigration€conducts€a€broader€discretionary€review€under€section€114(2)€of€theÏImmigration€Act€to€determine€whether€extraordinary€circumstances€warrant€granting€that€individualÏlanding€or€permanent€resident€status.€€These€reviews€may€be€initiated€internally€within€theÏDepartment€or€at€the€request€of€the€refugee€claimant.€€In€theory,€there€is€no€limit€to€the€number€ofÏtimes€a€person€may€apply€for€a€humanitarian€and€compassionate€review.׃h×Ý ƒÿÿÝÚ  Ú**Ú  ÚÝ  Ý×  ×€€It€is€not€unusual€forÐ %&8% Ðindividuals€to€apply€several€times.ÌÌ49.à × àImmigration€officials€review€the€applicant's€written€submissions€and€immigration€file€andÐ ­(À!( Ðmay€interview€applicants.€€The€Department€of€Citizenship€and€Immigration€has€developed€guidelinesÏto€assist€officers€in€properly€assessing€humanitarian€and€compassionate€applications.€€The€guidelinesÏfocus€on€the€applicant's€degree€of€attachment€to€Canada,€such€as€marriage€to€a€Canadian€citizen€orÏpermanent€resident,€the€personal€circumstances€of€the€applicant€and€his€or€her€family€members,€andÏthe€hardship€that€would€result€should€the€applicant€be€removed€from€Canada€and€be€required€toÏapply€for€permanent€residency€from€abroad.ÌÐ •.¨'/ Ð50.à × àThese€guidelines€also€extend€to€an€assessment€of€risk€to€a€person€who€may€not€fall€withinÐ í Ðthe€scope€of€the€Refugee€Convention,€but€may€nonetheless€face€mistreatment€abroad.€€With€respectÏto€risk€assessment,€the€guidelines€state:ÌÌà8 × à"Humanitarian€and€compassionate€grounds€exist€when€unusual,€undeserved€orÏdisproportionate€hardship€would€be€caused€to€the€person€seeking€consideration€if€heÏor€she€had€to€leave€Canada.€[...€Some€persons]€may€warrant€consideration€because€ofÏtheir€personal€circumstances€in€relation€to€current€laws€and€practices€in€their€countryÏof€origin.€€Such€persons€could€reasonably€expect€unduly€harsh€or€inhumaneÏtreatment€in€their€country€should€they€be€removed.€€In€these€cases,€there€should€beÏstrong€reasons€to€believe€that€the€person€will€face€a€life€threatening€situation€in€his€orÏher€homeland€as€a€direct€result€of€the€political€or€social€situation€in€that€country.€ÏSuch€situations€are€more€likely€to€occur€in€countries€with€repressive€governments€orÏthose€experiencing€civil€strife€or€at€war."Ð ×c×c ÐÌ51.à × àA€positive€determination€means€that€there€are€sufficiently€compelling€humanitarian€andÐ •¨  Ðcompassionate€considerations€to€allow€an€individual€to€apply€for€and€be€granted€permanent€residentÏstatus.€€A€decision€that€there€are€insufficient€humanitarian€and€compassionate€considerations€toÏwarrant€this€exceptional€processing€means€that€the€applicant€must€comply€with€any€removal€orderÏpreviously€made.€€However,€the€individual€is€thereafter€able€to€apply€for€permanent€residency€fromÏabroad.ÌÌ52.à × àAn€individual€may€seek€judicial€review€of€a€negative€decision€of€an€immigration€official,Ð } Ðwith€leave,€before€the€Federal€Court€Trial€Division.€€A€decision€of€the€Trial€Division€can€be€appealedÏto€the€Federal€Court€of€Appeal€if€the€judge€of€the€Trial€Division€certifies€that€the€case€raises€aÏserious€question€of€general€importance.€€A€decision€of€the€Federal€Court€of€Appeal€can€be€appealed,Ïwith€leave,€to€the€Supreme€Court€of€Canada.ÌÌà × à(iii)à  àòòPost„claim€risk€assessmentóóÐ   ÐÌ53.à × àWhen€the€amendments€to€the€òòImmigration€Actóó€came€into€force€on€1€February€1993,€newÐ = P Ðregulations€under€the€Act€established€new€procedures€for€persons€found€not€to€be€ConventionÏrefugees.€€Part€of€the€regulatory€amendments€involved€the€creation€of€a€class€entitled€the€post„¼determination€refugee€claimants€in€Canada€class€(PDRCC).€€The€Government's€objective€in€creatingÏthis€class€was€to€identify€individuals€who,€though€determined€not€to€be€Convention€refugees,€face€aÏserious€risk€of€harm€should€they€be€returned€to€their€country€of€origin.€€Individuals€determined€to€beÏsubject€to€such€risk€are€able€to€apply€for€permanent€residency€in€Canada€under€the€Regulations.ÌÌ54.à × àThe€regulatory€criteria€for€determining€whether€a€person€can€benefit€from€inclusion€in€theÐ ý& & Ðclass€provide:ÌÌà8 × à"member€of€the€post„determination€refugee€claimants€in€Canada€class€means€anÏimmigrant€in€CanadaÐ ×c×c ÐÌà8 × à"(a)à  àwho€the€Refugee€Division€has€determined€on€or€after€February€1,€1993,€isÐ  , %, Ðnot€a€Convention€refugee€[...]Ð ×c×c ÐññÌÌÌÌâ âññÐ 10*2 Ðà8 × à"(c)à  àwho€if€removed€to€a€country€to€which€the€immigrant€could€be€removedÐ í Ðâ âwould€be€subjected€to€an€objectively€identifiable€risk,€which€risk€would€apply€inÏevery€part€of€that€country€and€would€not€be€faced€generally€by€other€individuals€in€orÏfrom€that€country,Ð ×c×c ÐÌà8 × àà  à(i)à0E ×c×càto€the€immigrant's€life,€other€than€a€risk€to€the€immigrant's€life€that€isÐ % 8 Ðcaused€by€the€inability€of€that€country€to€provide€adequate€health€orÏmedical€care,Ð E cE c Ðà8 × àà  à(ii)à0E ×c×càof€extreme€sanctions€against€the€immigrant,€orЭ ÀE cE c Ðà8 × àà  à(iii)à0E ×c×càof€inhumane€treatment€of€the€immigrant€[.]"Ð…˜ E cE c ÐÌ55.à × àIn€this€risk„assessment€process,€refugee€claimants€have€an€opportunity€to€make€writtenÐ 5H  Ðsubmissions€on€the€risks€they€would€face€if€removed€from€Canada.€€They€are€formally€advised€ofÏtheir€ability€to€invoke€this€process.ÌÌ56.à × àPost„claim€determination€officers€are€provided€with€guidelines€to€be€used€in€making€theirÐ •¨  Ðrisk„assessment€decisions.€€In€the€decision„making€process,€a€post„claim€determination€officerÏreviews€any€submissions€filed,€as€well€as€other€relevant€and€available€material,€such€as€theÏindividual's€immigration€file€and€material€from€the€Refugee€Division€hearing€(including€theÏindividual's€personal€information€form,€transcripts€of€the€proceeding,€relevant€documentary€evidenceÏon€country€conditions€presented€at€the€refugee€hearing,€and€the€Refugee€Division's€decision).€€TheÏpost„claim€determination€officer€may€also€consult€recent€country„specific€information€from€otherÏsources€such€as€Amnesty€International€and€other€documentation€available€from€the€Refugee€Board'sÏDocumentation€Centre.ÌÌ57.à × àWhen€a€post„claim€determination€officer€concludes€that€removal€from€Canada€wouldÐ  Ðengender€an€objectively€identifiable€risk€as€defined,€the€individual€at€risk€is€able€to€apply€forÏpermanent€residency,€provided€that€he€or€she€meets€the€criteria€for€granting€this€status€set€out€in€theÏRegulations.€€A€decision€that€the€individual€has€not€met€the€risk„assessment€criteria€is€subject€toÏjudicial€review€proceedings,€with€leave,€before€the€Federal€Court€Trial€Division.€€Further€judicialÏrecourse€may€be€sought€before€the€Federal€Court€of€Appeal,€and€the€Supreme€Court€of€Canada.ÌÌ58.à × àClaimants€thus€benefit€from€a€second€opportunity€to€present€the€facts€supporting€a€fear€toÐ í!  Ðreturn€to€the€country€of€residence€or€citizenship€by€submitting€an€application€to€specifically€trainedÏimmigration€officers.€€This€training€includes€training€related€to€international€instruments€includingÏthe€Convention€against€Torture€and€is€given€by€specialists€involved€with€the€Canadian€Centre€for€theÏVictims€of€Torture,€medical€practitioners€and€by€representatives€of€the€Department€of€Justice€ofÏCanada.ÌÌ59.à × àAs€well,€where€credible€allegations€of€acts€of€torture€or€crimes€against€humanity€are€broughtÐ Õ'è ' Ðto€the€attention€of€the€Government€of€Canada€against€individuals€present€in€Canada€but€facingÏremoval,€Canada€investigates€the€possibility€of€prosecuting€in€relation€to€these€allegations.ÌÌ(b)à × àòòFactors€and€difficultiesóóÐ 5+H$+ ÐÌ60.à × àIn€1994,€the€Committee€against€torture€considered€communication€No.15/1994€submittedÐ å,ø%- Ðby€Mr.€Khan€in€which€he€alleged€a€violation€of€article€3€of€the€Convention€resulting€from€a€decisionÏby€Canadian€authorities€to€return€Mr.€Khan€to€Pakistan,€his€country€of€origin.€€The€Committee€heldÏthat€substantial€grounds€existed€for€believing€that€Mr.€Khan€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subjectedÏto€torture€upon€his€return€to€Pakistan.Ìâ âÐ 10*2 Ð61.à × àOn€3€March€1995,€the€Government€of€Canada€requested€that€the€Committee€reconsider€itsÐ í Ðâ âViews€on€communication€No.€15/1994€with€respect€to€certain€jurisdictional€issues,€evidentiaryÏstandards€and€the€relationship€between€article€3€of€the€Convention€and€the€òòConvention€relating€toÐ ° Ðthe€Status€of€Refugeesóó.€€In€response,€the€Committee€addressed€the€issues€raised€in€Canada's€noteÐ u ˆ Ðverbale€and€concluded€that€it€had€no€legal€basis€on€which€to€revise€its€decision€ofÏ15November1994.ÌÌ62.à × àAs€a€result€of€the€Khan€decision€and€other€complaints€pending€before€the€CommitteeÐ Õ è ÐAgainst€Torture,€the€Government€of€Canada€is€reviewing€its€immigration€procedures€to€ensure€thatÏmedical€and€other€evidence€relating€to€the€risks€associated€with€a€return€to€countries€of€origin€isÏconsidered€by€authorities€early€in€the€domestic€immigration€proceedings.€€As€well,€the€GovernmentÏof€Canada€is€reviewing€the€models€used€by€other€countries€to€assess€risk€of€torture€or€other€cruel€orÏinhuman€treatment.ÌÌòòThe€Extradition€ContextóóÐ ½Ð  ÐÌ63.à × àThe€second€report€noted€that€in€the€cases€of€òòKindler€v.€Canada€(Minister€of€Justice)óó€andÐ m€  ÐòòNgv.€Canada€(Minister€of€Justice),óó€the€Supreme€Court€of€Canada€held€that€the€law€of€extraditionÐ EX Ðand€its€exercise€by€the€Minister€was€subject€to€section€7€of€the€Charter:€€the€right€not€to€be€deprivedÏof€life,€liberty€and€security€of€the€person€except€in€accordance€with€the€principles€of€fundamentalÏjustice.€€According€to€the€Court,€extradition€will€offend€section€7€if€the€imposition€of€the€penalty€byÏthe€foreign€State€would€shock€the€Canadian€conscience.€€The€Court€noted€that€torture€is€a€penalty€soÏoutrageous€to€the€Canadian€community€that€surrender€would€always€be€unacceptable.ÌÌ64.à × àIn€three€decisions€rendered€on€19€March€1996€and€a€fourth€delivered€on€3€April€1996,€theÐ -@ ÐSupreme€Court€of€Canada€had€to€determine€whether€or€not€the€extradition€of€fugitives€to€aÏjurisdiction€with€mandatory€minimum€sentences€would€offend€section€7€of€the€Charter.€(See€òòCanadaÐ Ýð Ð(Minister€of€Justice)€v.€Jamieson,€Ross€v.€United€States€of€America,€Whitley€v.€United€States€ofÏAmerica€óóand€òòLeon€v.€United€States€of€America.)€€óóIn€each€of€these€cases,€the€fugitives€claimed€thatÐ   Ðextradition€to€the€United€States€would€violate€section€7€of€the€Charter€because,€if€found€guilty,€theyÏwould€face€prison€terms€beginning€with€mandatory€minimum€terms€of€10„20years.ÌÌ65.à × àIn€these€cases,€the€Court€held€that€the€penalties€and€the€procedures€that€the€fugitive€wouldÐ í!  Ðface€in€the€United€States€would€not€"shock€the€conscience"€or€be€considered€"simply€unacceptable"Ïby€the€Canadian€public.€€In€the€Court's€view,€the€test€is€not€whether€the€sentence€in€the€United€StatesÏwould€be€considered€fair€and€just€in€Canada€or€in€conformity€to€the€Charter,€but€whether€or€not€theÏconsequences€of€an€extradition€are€unconscionable€or€unacceptable.€€Extradition€should€be€refusedÏonly€where€the€sentence€is€so€grossly€disproportionate€to€the€gravity€of€the€alleged€offence€that€it€isÏfundamentally€unjust.ÌÌ66.à × àA€relevant€consideration€for€the€Court€was€that€though€the€penalties€in€the€United€States€areÐ ­(À!( Ðmore€severe,€they€are€neither€arbitrary€nor€capricious,€and€are€democratically€decided€upon.€€TheÏCourt€also€took€into€consideration€the€factual€circumstances€of€these€cases,€and€found€that€theÏsentences,€which€were€for€drug€offences,€could€be€justified€due€to€the€seriousness€of€the€problem€inÏthe€United€States.€€Further,€the€judicial€system€of€the€United€States€affords€an€accused€certainÏprocedural€protections€and€the€opportunity€to€present€a€defence.ÌÌ67.à × àThe€Court€also€adhered€to€previous€cases€which€had€held€that€the€judiciary€should€not€lightlyÐ •.¨'/ Ðinterfere€with€executive€decisions€and€the€exercise€of€prosecutorial€discretion.€€Taking€intoÏconsideration€the€executive's€expertise€and€its€duty€to€ensure€that€Canada€meets€its€treatyÏobligations,€judicial€intervention€is€to€be€limited€to€the€clearest€of€cases.ÌÐ õ1+3 Їò òà@SSbàArticle€4ó óˆÐ í ÐÌ68.à × àIn€the€past,€the€Committee€has€asked€for€statistics€about€prosecutions€for€torture€under€theÐ ° ÐòòCriminal€Codeóó€in€Canada.€€The€Canadian€Centre€for€Justice€Statistics€does€not€have€records€ofÐ u ˆ Ðconvictions€for€all€offences€under€the€òòCriminal€Codeóó.€€Although€it€appears€that€there€have€not€beenÐ M ` Ðany€prosecutions€for€torture,€it€is€hard€to€determine€this€point€definitively€as€prosecution€of€criminalÏoffences€falls€within€provincial€jurisdiction.ÌÌ69.à × àAs€mentioned€in€the€discussion€under€article€2€in€this€report,€members€of€the€CanadianÐ ­ À ÐAirborne€Regiment€of€the€Canadian€Forces€were€charged€with€a€variety€of€offences,€includingÏtorture,€and€tried€by€general€courts„martial€in€relation€to€events€in€Somalia€during€the€deployment€ofÏCanadian€Forces€as€part€of€the€United€Nations€efforts€in€Somalia.€€The€more€detailed€discussionÏunder€article€2€sets€out€the€nature€of€the€charges€and€the€results€in€each€proceeding.€€The€judgementÏof€the€Court„Martial€Appeal€Court€in€òòR.€v.€Brownóó€is€attached€as€appendix€GC„3.Ð åø  ÐÌÌà@SSbàò òArticle€6ó óˆÐ m€  ÐÌ70.à × àCanada's€first€report€indicated€that€a€peace€officer€who€has€reasonable€grounds€to€believeÐ 0 Ðthat€a€person€has€committed€an€indictable€offence€such€as€torture€may€arrest€that€person€withoutÏwarrant€for€the€purpose€of€criminal€proceedings.€€All€extradition€treaties€entered€into€by€CanadaÏprovide€that€a€provisional€warrant€of€arrest€may€be€obtained€to€secure€the€physical€custody€ofÏfugitive.€€However,€a€person€arrested€for€the€purpose€of€extradition€will€be€set€at€liberty€if€properÏsupporting€documentation€is€not€received€within€a€certain€period€of€time,€normally€45€days.ÌÌ71.à × àThe€first€and€second€reports€indicate€that€the€Operational€Manual€of€the€RCMP€addressesÐ  Ðthe€requirements€of€paragraph€3€of€article€6.ÌÌÌà@SSbàò òArticle€8ó óˆÐ ex ÐÌ72.à × àCanada's€second€report€stated€that€a€multilateral€agreement€to€which€Canada€is€a€party€andÐ !( Ðwhich€provides€for€the€extradition€of€individuals€for€certain€offences,€operates€as€a€bindingÏarrangement€for€the€purposes€of€the€òòExtradition€Actóó.€€This€is€so€regardless€of€whether€there€is€aÐ Å"Ø! Ðtreaty€in€force€between€Canada€and€the€other€State€party€and€regardless€of€whether€the€treaty€hasÏbeen€expressly€promulgated€into€law.€€Thus,€the€Convention€may€be€used€by€Canada€as€the€basis€forÏan€extradition€to€another€State€party.ÌÌÌà@SSbàò òArticle€9ó óˆÐ Õ'è ' ÐÌ73.à × àThe€second€report€noted€that€the€òòMutual€Legal€Assistance€in€Criminal€Matters€Actóó€providesÐ …)˜") Ðthe€legal€framework€for€the€implementation€of€treaties€between€Canada€and€other€States€for€theÏpurposes€of€fostering€cooperation€in€the€investigation€and€prosecution€of€crimes.€€The€Act€providesÏfor€five€basic€forms€of€assistance:€€(i)€the€gathering€of€evidence,€including€taking€statements€andÏtestimony;€(ii)€the€execution€of€search€warrants;€(iii)€the€temporary€transfer€of€prisoners€for€theÏpurpose€of€testifying€or€providing€other€assistance;€(iv)€the€lending€of€exhibits;€and€(v)€assistanceÏwith€respect€to€proceeds€of€crime.ÌÌñ ñÐ  E0X)1 Ðñ ñ74.à × àBetween€1€April€1992€and€1€April€1996,€Canada€entered€into€treaties€pursuant€to€the€Act€onÐ í Ðmutual€legal€assistance€with€various€countries,€including€China,€India,€Italy,€Korea,€Spain,ÏSwitzerland,€and€Thailand.€€In€the€event€of€an€alleged€case€of€torture€and€in€absence€of€a€mutual€legalÏassistance€treaty,€mutual€assistance€would€also€be€available€on€the€basis€of€ad€hoc€administrativeÏarrangements€or€on€the€basis€of€non„treaty€assistance.ÌÌÌà@%%aàò òArticle€10ó óˆÐ Õ è ÐÌòòGeneralóóÐ …˜  ÐÌ(a)à × àòòRoyal€Canadian€Mounted€PoliceóóÐ 5H  ÐÌ75.à × àThe€second€report€noted€that€the€type€of€training€RCMP€recruits€receive€is€based€on€twoÐ åø  Ðfundamental€principles:ÌÌà × à(a)à0  àThe€avoidance€of€force,€if€at€all€possible,€in€achieving€the€objectives€of€law€à 4 àà @4 àÐ m€  Ðenforcement;€andÐ  š! š! ÐÌà × à(b)à0  àRestraint,€i.e.,€only€as€much€force€as€is€reasonable€and€necessary.Ðõ š! š! ÐÌ76.à × àThis€training,€described€more€extensively€in€the€second€report,€includes€a€session€on€theÐ ¥¸ Ðprohibition€against€torture€in€the€course€on€"Criminal€Law"€under€the€topic€of€"Arrest,€Release€andÏDetention".€€Training€in€relation€to€the€òòCanadian€Charter€of€Rights€and€Freedomsóó€is€also€provided.Ð Uh ÐÌ(b)à × àòòCorrectional€Service€of€CanadaóóÐ  ÐÌ77.à × àThe€second€report€noted€that€all€employees€of€the€CSC€receive€training€on€the€policy€andÐ µÈ Ðapplication€of€the€use€of€force,€including€courses€on€the€prohibition€on€torture€and€similar€acts.ÌÌ78.à × àEmployees€are€instructed€on€the€interpretation€and€application€of€those€provisions€of€theÐ = P ÐòòCriminal€Codeóó€and€of€CSC€Directives,€Standards€and€Guidelines€which€relate€to€the€use€of€force,€forÐ !( Ðexample,€in€the€context€of€courses€such€as€arrest,€control€and€the€use€of€weapons€and€chemicalÏagents.€€As€well,€they€receive€training€in€the€interpretation€and€application€of€legislation€whichÏprohibits€torture€and€other€cruel,€inhuman€or€degrading€punishment€(e.g.€the€òòCanadian€Charter€ofÐ #°" ÐRights€and€Freedomsóó€and€the€òòCorrections€and€Conditional€Release€Actóó).Ð u$ˆ# ÐÌ79.à × àThe€duration€of€orientation€training€ranges€between€one€week€for€staff€with€no€contact€withÐ %&8% Ðoffenders€to€12€weeks€for€correctional€officers.€€Medical€officers€receive€eight€weeks'€training.ÏRefresher€courses€are€offered€on€a€regular€basis.ÌÌ(c)à × àòòDepartment€of€National€DefenceóóÐ …)˜") ÐÌ80.à × àMembers€of€the€Canadian€Forces€called€upon€to€assist€civil€authorities€during€a€riot€orÐ 5+H$+ Ðdisturbance€in€Canada€receive€specific€training€on€the€use€of€minimum€force.€€The€level€of€forceÏauthorized€in€such€operations€is€similar€to€that€authorized€for€other€peace€officers.ÌÌ81.à × àMembers€of€the€Canadian€Forces€deploying€on€all€international€operations€receive€trainingÐ •.¨'/ Ðon€the€rules€of€engagement€applicable€to€a€particular€operation,€as€well€as€the€Soldiers€Code€ofÏConduct.€Rules€of€engagement€will€contain€specific€direction€on€the€treatment€of€detainees€if€theÏapprehension€and€detention€of€persons€is€authorized€for€the€operation.€€The€Soldiers€Code€ofÏConduct€summarizes€humanitarian€treaties,€conventions€and€customs€binding€on€Canada€underÐ õ1+3 Ðinternational€law.€€Specifically,€rule€No.€8€of€the€Soldiers€Code€of€Conduct€states:€€"In€accordanceÏwith€the€Convention€on€Torture,€do€not€torture,€kill€or€abuse€detainees.€€They€are€to€be€treatedÏhumanely€and€afforded€adequate€food,€water,€shelter€and€medical€care".ÌÌòòOtheróóÐ M ` ÐÌ82.à × àThe€Canadian€Centre€for€Victims€of€Torture€(the€CCVT)€was€established€in€1983€to€respondÐ ý  Ðto€the€unique€needs€of€torture€victims€and€their€families€and€to€increase€public€awareness€in€CanadaÏand€abroad€of€torture€and€its€effects€in€Canada.€€The€federal€Government,€and€in€particular€HumanÏResources€Development€Canada,€funded€various€projects€of€the€CCVT,€including€funding€for€aÏproject€to€train€practitioners,€staff€and€others€working€with€survivors€of€torture.ÌÌÌà@%%aàò òArticle€11ó óˆÐ åø  ÐÌòòFactors€and€difficulties:€€CSCóóÐ •¨  ÐÌ83.à × àIn€April€1994,€inmates€at€the€Prison€for€Women€in€Kingston€assaulted€six€correctionalÐ EX Ðofficers,€seriously€injuring€two.€€(Five€inmates€were€subsequently€convicted€of€assault,€attemptedÏhostage„taking,€attempted€escape€and€assaulting€a€peace€officer.)€€As€a€result€of€this€incident,€theÏinmates€were€placed€in€segregation€and,€when€seriously€disruptive€behaviour€continued€inÏsegregation,€the€Institutional€Emergency€Response€Team€(IERT)€was€brought€in€from€KingstonÏPenitentiary.€€Over€the€course€of€eight€hours,€all€the€inmates€in€segregation€were€placed€in€restraintÏequipment,€stripped€of€regular€clothing€and€placed€in€paper€gowns€by€female€officers€in€the€presenceÏof€and,€when€required,€with€the€assistance€of€the€all„male€emergency€response€team.€€The€treatmentÏof€the€inmates€was€subsequently€investigated€by€an€internal€Board€of€Investigation€convened€by€theÏCommissioner€of€Corrections€and€by€the€Correctional€Investigator,€an€ombudsman€for€inmates€inÏfederal€correctional€institutions.€€The€reports€of€these€two€investigations€differed€both€in€matters€ofÏfact€and€interpretation€of€the€findings.ÌÌ84.à × àOn€10€April€1995,€the€Honourable€Louise€Arbour,€Justice€of€the€Court€of€Appeal€ofÐ = P ÐOntario,€was€appointed€to€head€the€òòCommission€of€Inquiry€into€Certain€Events€at€the€Prison€forÐ !( ÐWomen€in€Kingstonóó.€€The€inquiry€was€convened€following€receipt€by€the€Solicitor€General€of€theÐ í!  Ðconflicting€reports€from€the€Correctional€Service€and€Correctional€Investigator€as€to€the€eventsÏwhich€took€place€at€the€Prison€for€Women.ÌÌ85.à × àJustice€Arbour's€mandate€was€to€"investigate€and€report€on€the€state€and€management€of€thatÐ M%`$ Ðpart€of€the€business€of€the€Correctional€Service€of€Canada€that€pertains€to€the€incidents€whichÏoccurred€at€the€Prison€for€Women€in€Kingston,€Ontario,€beginning€on€April€22,€1994€and€further,€toÏmake€recommendations€to€the€policies€and€practices€of€the€Correctional€Service€of€Canada€inÏrelation€to€the€incidents."ÌÌ86.à × àThe€Solicitor€General€released€the€report€of€the€òòCommission€of€Inquiry€into€Certain€EventsÐ ]*p#* Ðat€the€Prison€for€Women€in€Kingstonóó€(attached€in€appendix€GC„4)€to€the€public€on€1April1996.€Ð 5+H$+ ÐAs€a€result€of€the€tabling€of€the€report,€the€Solicitor€General€asked€the€Deputy€Solicitor€General€toÏconvene€a€senior„level€Steering€Committee€composed€of€representatives€from€various€governmentÏdepartments€to€examine€the€findings€and€recommendations€and€report€back€to€him.ÌÌñ ñÐ  m/€(0 Ðñ ñ87.à × àAt€its€first€meeting,€the€Steering€Committee€established€a€working€group,€composed€ofÐ í Ðmembers€from€the€Steering€Committee's€departments,€to€review€and€develop€an€appropriateÏresponse€to€the€Arbour€report's€recommendations.ÌÌ88.à × àThe€following€key€recommendations€were€accepted:Ð M ` ÐÌà × àò òð2ðó óà0  àThe€appointment€of€a€Deputy€Commissioner€of€Women's€Corrections€andÐ ý  Ðrecommendations€for€related€organizational€and€programme€changes;Ð  š! š! ÐÌà × àò òð2ðó óà0  àThat€one€women's€facility€have€only€female€front„line€workers;Љœ  š! š! ÐÌà × àò òð2ðó óà0  àThat€a€"Monitor"€be€appointed€to€report€on€the€implementation€of€the€cross„genderÐ =P  Ðstaffing€policy;Ð  š! š! ÐÌà × àò òð2ðó óà0  àAmendments€to€policies€to€provide€that€in€no€case€will€males€participate€in€orÐ ÉÜ  Ðwitness€the€strip„searching€of€women€in€CSC€federally€sentenced€women's€facilities;Ð  š! š! ÐÌà × àò òð2ðó óà0  àAt€each€facility,€CSC€will€have€either€an€all„female€IERT€or€an€arrangement€withÐ Uh Ðoutside€police€agencies€to€assist€in€maintaining€security€or€restoring€order;Ð  š! š! ÐÌà × àò òð2ðó óà0  àThe€review€by€the€Department€of€Justice€of€how€and€what€kind€of€effective€sanctionsÐ áô Ðcan€be€devised€which€will€be€consistent€with€the€effective€management€of€theÏinstitutions;Ð  š! š! ÐÌà × àò òð2ðó óà0  àA€Task€Force€on€Administrative€Segregation€will€visit€all€segregation€units€andÐ EX Ðenhanced€units€in€the€country€and€issue€a€report€early€1997;€andÐ  š! š! ÐÌà × àò òð2ðó óà0  àThe€launch€by€CSC€of€a€comprehensive€review€of€its€policy€framework.€€Where€newÐ Ñä Ðpolicies€must€be€enacted,€CSC€will€ensure€they€are€clear,€realistic€and€that€staffÏreceive€appropriate€training€in€its€application.Ð  š! š! ÐÌ89.à × àThe€following€key€recommendations€have€already€been€implemented€or€are€beingÐ 5!H Ðimplemented:ÌÌà × àò òð2ðó óà0  àThat€the€report€be€made€public;н#Ð" š! š! ÐÌà × àò òð2ðó óà0  àThat€all€inmates€be€given€the€right€to€counsel€before€consenting€to€body€cavityÐ q%„$ Ðsearches;Ð  š! š! ÐÌà × àò òð2ðó óà0  àThat€federal€women's€institutions€be€designed€so€as€to€ensure€privacy€while€usingÐ ý'!' Ðwashrooms,€dressing€and€undressing;Ð  š! š! ÐÌà × àò òð2ðó óà0  àThat€policy€be€developed€at€all€women's€facilities€concerning€crisis€intervention€andÐ ‰*œ#* Ðnon„violent€methods€of€intervention;€andÐ  š! š! ÐÌà × àò òð2ðó óà0  àThat€all€National€Boards€of€Investigation€include€a€member€from€outside€the€CSC.Ð-(&- š! š! ÐÌÌà@%%aàò òArticle€12ó óˆÐ ¡/´(0 ÐÌ90.à × àOn€23€April€1993,€the€Canadian€Forces€commenced€an€inquiry€into€the€CanadianÐ Q1d*2 Ðdeployment€to€Somalia€following€the€March€1993€deaths€of€two€Somalis€in€and€around€the€CanadianÐ )2<+3 Ðcompound€in€Belet€Huen,€Somalia.€€A€parallel€investigation€into€the€two€deaths€was€conducted€byÏmilitary€police€assisted€by€a€military€medical€officer€(pathologist),€a€civilian€forensic€pathologist€andÏa€civilian€police€ballistics€expert.€€As€a€result€of€these€investigations,€nine€soldiers€ranging€in€rankÏfrom€private€to€lieutenant„colonel€were€charged€with€a€variety€of€offences,€including€torture,€andÏtried€by€general€courts„martial.€€The€courts„martial€are€discussed€in€further€detail€under€article€2€ofÏthis€report.ÌÌÌà@%%aàò òArticle€13ó óˆÐ ­ À ÐÌòòGeneralóóÐ ]p  ÐÌ91.à × àThe€first€report€stated€that€a€person€may€initiate€criminal€charges€and€proceedings€before€aÐ    Ðjustice€pursuant€to€section€504€of€the€òòCriminal€Codeóó€and€may€personally€prosecute€the€offencesÐ åø  Ðsubject€to€the€right€of€the€Attorney€General€to€intervene€and€take€charge€of€the€prosecution.€€TheseÏproceedings€may€be€initiated€in€addition€to€any€complaints€under€disciplinary€proceedings€such€asÏthose€discussed€below.ÌÌ(a)à × àòòRoyal€Canadian€Mounted€PoliceóóÐ 0 ÐÌ92.à × àThe€second€report€noted€that€members€of€the€public€may€submit€a€complaint€regarding€theÐ Íà Ðon„duty€conduct€of€RCMP€officers€to€the€Public€Complaints€Commission€(PCC),€an€administrativeÏbody€independent€of€the€RCMP.€€The€aim€of€this€procedure€is€to€ensure€that€members€of€the€publicÏwill€have€their€complaints€fairly€and€impartially€dealt€with,€and€that€in€examining€complaints,€theÏpublic€interest€in€the€fair€and€proper€enforcement€of€the€law€will€be€taken€into€account.€€Since€AprilÏ1992,€the€PCC€has€held€three€hearings€which€dealt€primarily€with€the€issue€of€"excessive€force",€withÏtwo€of€these€addressing€the€use€of€firearms.ÌÌ(b)à × àòòCorrectional€Service€of€CanadaóóÐ   ÐÌ93.à × àOn€1€November€1992,€a€new€law,€the€òòCorrections€and€Conditional€Release€Actóó€andÐ = P Ðregulations€thereunder,€came€into€force.€This€Act€codified€numerous€policies€and€practices€whichÏwere€previously€set€out€in€Commissioner's€Directives€and€brings€these€policies€and€practices€in€lineÏwith€the€òòCanadian€Charter€of€Rights€and€Freedomsóó.€€The€new€law€regulates€all€aspects€ofÐ Å"Ø! Ðincarceration€including€transfers,€isolation€and€searches.€€The€legislation's€purpose€is€identified€inÏsection€3€and€includes€not€only€carrying€out€sentences€imposed€by€the€courts€but€also€assisting€theÏrehabilitation€of€offenders€and€their€reintegration€into€the€community.€€Principles€which€guide€theÏCorrectional€Service€of€Canada€are€set€out€in€section€4€of€the€Act€(see€appendix€GC„5).ÌÌ94.à × àThe€òòCorrections€and€Conditional€Release€Actóó€indicates,€in€section€4€(e),€that€offendersÐ Õ'è ' Ðretain€the€rights€and€privileges€of€all€members€of€society,€except€those€rights€and€privileges€that€areÏnecessarily€removed€or€restricted€as€a€consequence€of€the€sentence€being€served.€€The€rights€ofÏinmates€include€the€right€to€access€to€the€grievance€procedure€of€their€institution,€to€make€complaintsÏto€the€correctional€investigator,€and€the€right€to€communicate€confidentially€with€a€lawyer.ÌÌ95.à × àRelevant€Commissioner's€Directives€(attached€in€appendix€GC„6)€include:Ð å,ø%- ÐÌà × àò òð2ðó óà0  àTo€ensure€that€inmate€complaints€and€grievances€are€dealt€with€promptly€(CD€081);Е.¨'/ š! š! ÐÌà × àò òð2ðó óà0  àTo€provide€inmates€with€reasonable€access€to€legal€counsel€and€advice€(CD€084);ÐI0\)1 š! š! ÐÌà × àò òð2ðó óà0  àTo€regulate€the€use€of€force€(CD€605);Ðý1+3 š! š! Їà × àò òð2ðó óà0  àTo€ensure€high€standards€of€conduct€for€CSC€employees€(CD€060);Ðí š! š! ÐÌà × àò òð2ðó óà0  àTo€ensure€adequate€access€to€health€services€(CD€800);€andС´ š! š! ÐÌà × àò òð2ðó óà0  àTo€ensure€consent€to€health€services€(CD€803).ÐU h š! š! ÐÌ96.à × àThe€Act€regulates€the€manner€of€detention,€putting€the€emphasis€on€security,€health€andÐ   Ðpersonal€dignity.€€In€keeping€with€Canada's€obligations€under€the€Convention,€the€Act€clearlyÏprohibits€all€cruel€and€unusual€treatment€or€punishment,€as€well€as€the€use€of€corporal€punishment€asÏa€sanction.ÌÌ97.à × àFinally,€the€Act€officially€establishes€the€office€of€the€Correctional€Investigator€of€Canada,Ð AT  Ðwhich€was€created€in€1973€and€acted€under€the€aegis€of€the€òòPublic€Inquiries€Actóó.€€The€CorrectionalÐ ,  ÐInvestigator€is€accountable€to€the€Solicitor„General€of€Canada,€who€tables€reports€concerningÏinmates'€grievances€before€the€House€of€Commons.ÌÌÌà@%%aàò òArticle€14ó óˆÐ Qd ÐÌ98.à × àIn€the€presentation€of€Canada's€first€and€second€reports,€the€Committee€sought€clarificationÐ  Ðabout€whether€a€victim€is€guaranteed€compensation€in€cases€where€a€perpetrator€is€acquitted€due€toÏlack€of€evidence.€€Generally,€if€a€police€investigation€concludes€that€there€has€been€no€offence,€thereÏis€no€right€to€compensation.€€However,€if€the€victim€has€reported€the€offence€to€the€police,€the€victimÏmay€be€entitled€to€compensation€from€the€programme,€òòif€otherwise€eligibleóó,€despite€the€fact€that€anÐ at Ðoffender€is€not€apprehended,€charged€and/or€convicted.€€It€should€be€noted€that€such€compensationÏprovisions€stem€from€special€programmes€established€by€provincial€governments.€€As€such,€there€isÏsome€variation€between€jurisdictions€as€to€the€compensation€schemes.€€More€information€on€criminalÏinjuries€compensation€arrangements€can€be€found€in€Canada's€reports€under€the€òòInternationalÐ ÁÔ ÐCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rightsóó.€€An€injured€party€may€also€seek€compensation€or€otherÐ ™¬ Ðremedies€through€the€courts,€even€if€the€offender€is€a€government€official.ÌÌÌà@%%aàò òArticle€16ó óˆÐ ù!   ÐÌ99.à × àAs€indicated€in€Canada's€first€report,€the€Supreme€Court€of€Canada€has€found€that€theÐ ©#¼" Ðprotection€against€cruel€and€unusual€treatment€or€punishment€in€section€12€of€the€Charter€is€violatedÏby€conduct€so€excessive€as€to€outrage€standards€of€decency.€€In€òòR.€v.€Luxtonóó,€the€Court€held€that€aÐ Y%l$ Ðmandatory€sentence€of€life€imprisonment€with€no€parole€eligibility€for€25€years€for€first€degreeÏmurder€(i.e.€planned€and€deliberate)€did€not€infringe€section€12€of€the€Charter.€€The€mandatoryÏsentence,€according€to€the€Court,€was€deservedly€severe€reflecting€the€fact€that€first€degree€murder€isÏthe€most€serious€crime€in€the€criminal€law€and€encompasses€the€most€serious€level€ofÏblameworthiness.ÌÌ100.à × àIn€òòR.€v.€Goltzóó,€the€Court€also€held€that€section€12€was€not€violated€by€a€mandatory€seven€dayÐ A+T$+ Ðterm€of€imprisonment€for€knowingly€driving€a€motor€vehicle€while€prohibited.€€Factors€influencingÏthe€Court's€conclusion€were€that€the€accused€had€"knowingly"€to€commit€the€offence,€the€need€toÏprotect€public€safety,€and€that€the€prior€order€prohibiting€someone€from€driving€was€subject€toÏnumerous€safeguards.ÌÌÓÐÓñ ñÐ  Q0d)1 Ðñ ñ101.à × àIn€the€presentation€of€Canada's€second€report,€the€Committee€inquired€about€section€43€ofÐ í Ðthe€Criminal€Code€and€the€legal€status€of€corporal€punishment€in€Canada.€€Section€43€of€theÏòòCriminal€Codeóó€provides€a€justification€for€the€limited€use€of€force€by€a€parent,€teacher€or€personÐ   Ðacting€in€the€place€of€a€parent€where€that€force€is€used€for€corrective€purposes€and€is€reasonable€inÏall€of€the€circumstances.€€It€does€not€authorize€the€abuse€of€children.€€The€standard€to€be€applied€inÏdetermining€what€is€"reasonable"€is€that€of€the€contemporary€Canadian€community.€€Case€law€hasÏdemonstrated€that€what€was€once€a€reasonable€method€of€correction€in€Canada€10-20€years€ago€isÏlikely€no€longer€reasonable.ÌÌ102.à × àThe€issue€of€corporal€punishment€of€children€is€also€addressed€in€Canada€by€provincial/Ð =P  Ðterritorial€child€protection€legislation€which€does€not€permit€any€form€of€child€abuse.€€ThisÏlegislation€also€usually€addresses€the€issue€of€use€of€force€by€foster€parents.€€Further,€mostÏprovincial/territorial€legislation€relating€to€education€prohibits€the€use€of€corporal€punishment€byÏteachers.ÌÌ103.à × àThe€Department€of€Justice€has€been€monitoring€section€43€of€the€òòCriminal€Codeóó€as€it€doesÐ 0  Ðwith€all€legislation€falling€within€the€Department's€jurisdiction.€€This€"review"€is€ongoing.€€TheÏDepartment's€review€of€corporal€punishment€has€included,€for€example,€the€release€of€two€papers€onÏthe€issue:€€òòLiterature€Review€of€Issues€Related€to€the€Use€of€Corrective€Force€Against€ChildrenóóÐ   Ð(by€Nanci€Burns,€WD1993€June€1993);€and€òòInternational€Perspectives€on€Corporal€PunishmentÐ ]p ÐLegislation:€€A€Review€of€12€Industrialized€Countriesóó€(by€Nanci€Burns,€August€1992).€€TheÐ -@ ÐDepartment€of€Justice€also€contributed€funding€to€a€Health€Canada€project:€€Corporal€Punishment:ÏResearch€Review€and€Policy€Recommendations€(by€Joan€Durrant,€Linda€Rose„Krasnor;ÏMarch1995).ÌÌ104.à × àIn€May€1995,€Canada€presented€its€first€report€under€the€òòConvention€on€the€Rights€of€theÐ =P ÐChildóó.€€Although€the€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€did€not€directly€find€that€section43€wasÐ    Ðin€breach€of€the€Convention,€it€recommended€that€Canada€review€section€43€and€consider€repealingÏit.€€No€decisions€have€been€taken€yet€by€way€of€a€response€to€the€Committee's€views.ÌÌÌà@ããaàò òòòAppendicesó óóóˆÐ  0 ÐÌGC„1à × àà  àòòCanadian€Charter€of€Rights€and€Freedomsóó.Ð ½!Ð! ÐÌGC„2à × àà  àThe€òòImmigration€Actóó,€R.S.€1985,€c.€I„2.Ð ]#p# ÐÌGC„3à × àÐ ý$% Ðà × àà  àòòR.€v.€Brownóó€(1995),€5€C.M.A.R.€280.Ð Í%à& ÐÌGC„4à × àà0  àòòReport€of€the€Commission€of€Inquiry€into€Certain€Events€at€the€Prison€for€Women€inÐ m'€ ( ÐKingstonóó,€The€Honourable€Louise€Arbour,€Commissioner,€1996.Ð=(P!) š! š! ÐÌGC„5à × àà  àòòCorrections€and€Conditional€Release€Actóó,€R.€S.€1985,€c.€C„44.6.Ð Ý)ð"+ ÐÌGC„6à × àà  àCorrectional€Service€of€Canada€Commissioner's€Directives:Ð }+$- ÐÌà × àà  àà E àNo.081€ð2ð€Inmate€Complaints€and€GrievancesÐ -0&/ Ðà × àà  àà E àNo.€084€ð2ð€Inmates€Access€to€Legal€AssistanceÐ í-'0 Ðà × àà  àà E àNo.€605€ð2ð€Use€of€ForceÐ ½.Ð'1 Ðà × àà  àà E àNo.€060€ð2ð€Code€of€DisciplineÐ / (2 Ðà × àà  àà E àNo.€800€ð2ð€Health€ServicesÐ ]0p)3 Ðà × àà  àà E àNo.€803€ð2ð€Consent€to€Health€Service€Assessment,€Treatment€and€Release€of€€Ð -1@*4 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ô§§§ßßÔInformationÐ ý1+5 ЇÓÐÓà@11Iàò òIII:€€MEASURES€ADOPTED€BY€THE€GOVERNMENTS€OF€THE€PROVINCESó óØØ×ƒ×Ý ƒÿÿÝÚ  Ú*Ú  ÚÝ  Ý×  ׈Ð í ÐÌÌà@oo`àòòò òNewfoundlandó óóóˆÐ y Œ ÐÌÌà@w w Jàò òInformation€on€new€measures€and€new€developments€relatingó óˆÐ   Ðò òà@£ £ Sàto€the€implementation€of€the€Conventionó óˆÐ Ù ì ÐÌ105.à × àThis€report€covers€the€period€from€1€January€1992€to€31€May€1996.Ð ‰œ  ÐÌÌà@SSbàò òArticle€2ó óˆÐ $  ÐÌ106.à × àThe€responsibility€for€the€delivery€of€Youth€Correctional€Services€is€now€a€sharedÐ ÁÔ  Ðjurisdiction€between€the€Department€of€Justice€and€the€Department€of€Social€Services.€€TheÏDepartment€of€Justice€is€responsible€for€secure€custody€services€while€the€Department€of€SocialÏServices€provides€all€other€services€for€young€offenders€including€open€custody€(group€homes,€fosterÏhomes),€community€supervision€(probation),€alternative€measures€and€the€preparation€of€presentenceÏreports.ÌÌ107.à × àPursuant€to€the€provisions€of€the€òòFatalities€Investigation€Actóó,€S.N.€1995,€c.€C„30.1,€if€aÐ ©¼ Ðdeath€occurs€in€an€institution,€including€all€correctional€institutions,€a€treatment€facility€or€while€aÏperson€is€in€the€custody€of€the€Director€of€Child€Welfare€or€the€custody€of€a€peace€officer,€the€medialÏexaminer€must€investigate€that€death.ÌÌÌà@%%aàò òArticle€10ó óˆÐ ¹Ì ÐÌ108.à × àThe€Royal€Newfoundland€Constabulary€will€be€providing€training€for€all€members€on€officerÐ i| Ðsafety€and€the€use€of€force.€€This€is€to€be€an€ongoing€process€in€which€officers€will€receive€basicÏtraining€and€each€year€after€will€be€given€refresher€courses.ÌÌ109.à × àThe€Royal€Newfoundland€Constabulary€is€in€the€process€of€developing€a€"Use€of€Force"Ð É"Ü! Ðcontinuum.€€This€continuum€will€describe€the€nature€of€a€complaint€and€the€degree€of€force,€if€any,Ïthat€would€be€applicable€in€a€particular€situation.ÌÌÌà@éé]àò òArticles€12€and€13ó óˆÐ ' & ÐÌ110.à × àUnder€the€authority€of€the€òòFatalities€Investigations€Actóó,€if€the€Chief€Medical€ExaminerÐ ±(Ä!( Ðdeems€it€necessary€for€the€protection€of€the€public€interest€or€in€the€interest€of€public€safety,€that€anÏinquiry€be€held€regarding€one€or€more€deaths€that€occurred€under€enumerated€unusual€circumstancesÏor€in€a€treatment€facility€or€an€institution,€he€or€she€may€recommend€to€the€Minister€of€Justice€that€aÏpublic€inquiry€be€held.€€If€the€Minister€is€satisfied€that€an€inquiry€is€necessary€for€the€protection€ofÏthe€public€interest€or€in€the€interest€of€public€safety,€the€Minister€may€order€that€a€Judge€conduct€anÏinquiry.Ìâ âÐ ™.¬'/ Ð111.à × àThe€òòRoyal€Newfoundland€Constabulary€Actóó€was€repealed€and€replaced€with€the€òòRoyalÐ í Ðâ âNewfoundland€Constabulary€Act,€1992óó.€€The€new€Act€provides€two€avenues€for€the€general€publicÐ ÅØ Ðto€address€their€concerns€regarding€conduct€of€members€of€the€Royal€Newfoundland€Constabulary.€ÏThe€first€is€the€Royal€Newfoundland€Constabulary€Public€Complaints€Commission,€which€receivesÏand€investigates€complaints€made€against€members€of€the€Royal€Newfoundland€Constabulary.€€ThisÏCommission€is€governed€by€legislation€under€the€òòRoyal€Newfoundland€Constabulary€Act,€1992óó€andÐ % 8 Ðthe€òòRoyal€Newfoundland€Constabulary€Public€Complaint€Regulations,€1993óó.Ð ý  ÐÌ112.à × àWhen€a€complaint€is€received€by€the€Public€Complaints€Commission,€the€complaint€isÐ ­ À Ðinvestigated€by€the€Internal€Review€Section€of€the€Royal€Newfoundland€Constabulary.€€The€Chief€ofÏPolice€has€the€authority€to€either€dismiss€the€complaint,€take€disciplinary€action,€or,€with€theÏagreement€of€all€parties,€settle€the€matter€(informal€resolutions).€€Either€party€can€appeal€the€decisionÏof€the€Chief€of€Police€to€the€Public€Complaints€Commission.€€The€Commissioner€will€investigate€theÏcomplaint€and€attempt€to€effect€a€settlement,€dismiss€the€complaint€and€confirm€the€decision€to€theÏChief€of€Police€or€refer€the€matter€to€the€Chief€Adjudicator€of€the€Panel€appointed€under€the€Act€whoÏwill€conduct€a€hearing€into€the€matter€and€render€an€appropriate€order.€€The€Adjudicator's€decisionÏmay€be€appealed€to€the€Trial€Division€of€the€Supreme€Court€of€Newfoundland.ÌÌ113.à × àIf€a€person€does€not€wish€to€follow€the€route€of€the€Public€Complaints€Commission,€theyÐ 0 Ðthen€can€make€a€complaint€against€the€officer€and€have€the€matter€dealt€with€internally.€€TheÏcomplaint€will€be€investigated€and€the€Chief€of€Police€will€decide€if€disciplinary€action€is€warranted.ÌÌ114.à × àNumerous€times,€a€person€may€not€wish€to€take€either€of€the€two€routes€mentioned€and€justÐ } Ðwish€the€matter€be€brought€to€the€attention€of€the€Chief€of€Police.€€When€this€occurs,€the€RoyalÏNewfoundland€Constabulary€will€launch€its€own€investigation€and€take€action€if€necessary.ÌÌ115.à × àThe€òòParliamentary€Commissioner€(Ombudsman)€Actóó€has€been€repealed.Ð Ýð ÐÌÌà@%%aàò òArticle€14ó óˆÐ ex ÐÌ116.à × àThe€òòVictims€of€Crime€Services€Actóó€came€into€force€in€1988.€€The€Act€acknowledges€theÐ !( Ðvarious€needs€of€victims€and€states€that€victims€should€have€access€to€social,€legal,€medical€andÏmental€health€services€that€respond€to€their€needs.€€The€Act€establishes€the€Victims€of€CrimeÏServices€Division€of€the€Department€of€Justice.ÌÌ117.à × àThe€òòCriminal€Injuries€Compensation€Actóó€has€been€repealed.Ð M%`$ ÐÌÌà@%%aàò òArticle€16ó óˆÐ Õ'è ' ÐÌ118.à × àThe€òòChild€Welfare€Act€óówas€amended€in€1992€to€broaden€the€parameters€around€mandatoryÐ …)˜") Ðreporting€of€suspected€ill€treatment€of€children.ÌÌÌò òà@ç ç NàAdditional€information€requested€by€the€Committeeó óˆÐ å,ø%- ÐÌ119.à × àAttached€as€appendices€NF„1€and€NF„2€are€tables€which€outline€the€nature€of€the€complaintsÐ •.¨'/ Ðthat€have€been€brought€against€various€members€of€the€Royal€Newfoundland€Constabulary.€€TheseÏappendices€also€outline€the€number€of€complaints€in€each€category€as€well€as€the€outcome€of€eachÏinvestigation.ÌÐ õ1+3 Ð120.à × àThere€have€been€a€number€of€complaints€brought€against€correctional€officers€during€theÐ í Ðperiod€under€review€with€respect€to€excessive€use€of€force.€€In€all€such€cases,€the€inmate's€complaintÏis€referred€to€the€local€law€enforcement€agency€to€conduct€an€independent€investigation.€€In€1995,Ïthere€were€two€complaints€and€in€1996,€there€were€six€complaints.ÌÌ121.à × àThere€have€been€no€convictions€under€the€òòCriminal€Codeóó€for€excessive€use€of€force€againstÐ % 8 Ðthe€Royal€Newfoundland€Constabulary€or€correctional€officers.€€However,€two€correctional€officersÏwere€convicted€in€1996€of€failing€to€provide€the€necessities€of€life€when€a€prisoner€died€in€custody.€ÏThat€conviction€is€being€appealed.ÌÌ122.à × àThe€Royal€Canadian€Mounted€Police€advise€that€for€the€period€of€1€January€1992€toÐ ]p  Ð31December€1994,€six€members€were€charged€with€assault.€€One€of€these€charges€was€withdrawnÏby€the€Crown€and€three€charges€were€dismissed€for€lack€of€evidence.€€One€member€was€convicted€ofÏcommon€assault€and€received€a€$200€fine.€€The€second€member€was€found€not€to€have€the€authorityÏto€make€an€arrest€and€non„consensual€physical€contact€was€found€to€have€occurred,€therefore€aÏfinding€of€guilty€was€made€on€the€charge€of€common€assault.€€The€Court€disposed€of€the€matter€byÏway€of€absolute€discharge.€€From€1€January€1995€to€31€December1995,€there€were€eight€allegationsÏof€excessive€or€unnecessary€use€of€force€with€all€eight€allegations€found€to€have€been€unsupportedÏby€the€evidence.€€In€the€first€part€of€1996,€there€was€one€allegation€of€excessive€use€of€forceÏinvestigated€and€a€charge€of€assault€under€the€òòCriminal€Codeóó€was€laid€against€one€member.€€TheÐ õ Ðmatter€is€before€the€Courts.ÌÌÌà@ùù`àò òAPPENDIX€NF„1ó óˆÐ Uh ÐÌà@ÝÝWàò òComplaints€against€Police,€1992ó óˆÐ  ÐÌÔ€Â=7 Â&&çCÔñ ñÔ€domsóó.€€Ôñ ñÔ*`ƒ ddâdd Cdd  š! š!`Ôñ ñÔ,´?/ ÔÔ,“?/ ÔÔ,á?/ ÔÔ,ì?/ ÔÔ,ˆ?/ ÔÔ,ì?? Ôñ ññ ñÔ,L?/ ÔÔ,U?/ ÔÔ,¬?/ ÔÔ,©?/ ÔÔ,X?/ ÔÔ,¬?? Ôñ ñÔ+  ÔÐ 1€!!" µÈ €Ý€‚W‚ƒƒ„„1Ð1992Ð 9€!!* "!! „„9ÐDisciplineÐ 9€!!* "!! „„9ÐUnfoundedÐ 9€!!* "!! „„9ÐUnsubstantiatedÐ 9€!!* "!! „„9ÐUnknownÐ =€!!!*  "!! „„=ÐAwaitingÏdispositionÐ Q€!!B*¼Ï"" W Ý !!! €&€‚W‚ƒƒ„„QÐForceÐ 0€!!!Ûî#!! „„0Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*Ûî$"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*Ûî%"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*Ûî&"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ =€!!!*Ûî'"!! „„=Ðð2ðÐ Q€!!B*Ûî(" W & !!! €&€‚W‚ƒƒ„„QÐHarassmentÐ 0€!!!ú )!! „„0Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*ú *"!! „„9Ð2Ð 9€!!*ú +"!! „„9Ð1Ð 9€!!*ú ,"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ =€!!!*ú -"!! „„=Ðð2ðÐ Q€!!B*ú ." W & !!! €&€‚W‚ƒƒ„„QÐAssaultÐ 0€!!!",/!! „„0Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*",0"!! „„9Ð3Ð 9€!!*",1"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*",2"!! „„9Ð1Ð =€!!!*",3"!! „„=Ðð2ðÐ Q€!!B*",4" W & !!! €&€‚W‚ƒƒ„„QÐFalse€arrestÐ 0€!!!8#K5!! „„0Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*8#K6"!! „„9Ð5Ð 9€!!*8#K7"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*8#K8"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ =€!!!*8#K9"!! „„=Ðð2ðÐ Q€!!B*8#K:" W & !!! €&€‚W‚ƒƒ„„QÐPolice€abuseÐ 0€!!!W$j;!! „„0Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*W$j<"!! „„9Ð2Ð 9€!!*W$j="!! „„9Ð1Ð 9€!!*W$j>"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ =€!!!*W$j?"!! „„=Ðð2ðÐ Q€!!B*W$j@" W & !!! €&€‚W‚ƒƒ„„QÐUnlawful€arrest€and€detentionÐ 0€!!!v%‰A!! „„0Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*v%‰B"!! „„9Ð2Ð 9€!!*v%‰C"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*v%‰D"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ =€!!!*v%‰E"!! „„=Ðð2ðÐ S€!!!B*v%‰F" W & !!! €6€‚W‚ƒ(ƒ„„SÐThreatsÐ 2€!!!!•&¨G!!! „„2Ð8(1)B€RNCÏReg.Ð ;€!!!*E'X I"!!! „„;Ð1Ð ;€!!!*•&¨J"!!! „„;ÐÐ ;€!!!*•&¨K"!!! „„;ÐÐ =€!!!!*•&¨L"!!! „„=ÐÐ:0.•&¨M" W( 6  !!!! :ÐÌÐ  Í(à!N ÐÔ€&çC& ÂÂ=7Ôñ ñÔ€P!) š!Ôñ ñà@ÝÝWàò òComplaints€against€Police,€1993ó óˆÐ í ÐÌÔ€©wH©&&çCÔñ ñÔ€ppealed.ÌÌÔñ ñÔ*¤ƒ"# ddL?/ U?/ ¬?/ ©?/ X?/ ¬??   š! š!¤Ôñ ñÔ,F( ÔÔ,Œ( ÔÔ,)( ÔÔ,>( ÔÔ,Ï( ÔÔ,)( ÔÔ,)( ÔÔ,.(( Ôñ ññ ñÔ,þ( ÔÔ,N( ÔÔ,þ( ÔÔ,( ÔÔ,©( ÔÔ,þ( ÔÔ,þ( ÔÔ,(( Ôñ ñÔ+  ÔÐ 1€!!" ° €˜€‚1‚ƒ ƒ„„1Ð1993Ð 9€!!*Îá"!! „„9ÐDisciplineÐ 9€!!*Îá"!! „„9ÐUnfoundedÐ 9€!!*Îá"!! „„9ÐUnsubstantiate¼dÐ 9€!!*r …"!! „„9ÐUnknownÐ 9€!!*Îá"!! „„9ÐAwaitingÏdispositionÐ 9€!!*r … "!! „„9ÐWithdrawnÐ =€!!!*Îá "!! „„=ÐInformalÏresolutionÐ Q€!!B*r … " 1 ˜ !!! €é€‚1‚ƒ ƒ„„QÐForceÐ 0€!!!P c!! „„0Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*P c"!! „„9Ð1Ð 9€!!*P c"!! „„9Ð2Ð 9€!!*P c"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*P c"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*P c"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ =€!!!*P c"!! „„=Ðð2ðÐ Q€!!B*P c" 1 é !!! €˜€‚1‚ƒ ƒ„„QÐHarassmentÐ 0€!!!. A!! „„0Ð3€verbalÏreprimandÐ 9€!!*Ò å"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*. A"!! „„9Ð3Ð 9€!!*. A"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*. A"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*. A"!! „„9Ð3Ð =€!!!*. A"!! „„=Ð1Ð Q€!!B*. A" 1 ˜ !!! €é€‚1‚ƒ ƒ„„QÐAssaultÐ 0€!!!° Ã!! „„0Ð1€reprimandÐ 9€!!*° à "!! „„9Ð1Ð 9€!!*° Ã!"!! „„9Ð6Ð 9€!!*° Ã""!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*° Ã#"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*° Ã$"!! „„9Ð2Ð =€!!!*° Ã%"!! „„=Ðð2ðÐ Q€!!B*° Ã&" 1 é !!! €é€‚1‚ƒ ƒ„„QÐFalse€arrestÐ 0€!!!Ž ¡'!! „„0Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*Ž ¡("!! „„9Ð1Ð 9€!!*Ž ¡)"!! „„9Ð1Ð 9€!!*Ž ¡*"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*Ž ¡+"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*Ž ¡,"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ =€!!!*Ž ¡-"!! „„=Ðð2ðÐ Q€!!B*Ž ¡." 1 é !!! €é€‚1‚ƒ ƒ„„QÐImproper€treatmentÐ 0€!!!l/!! „„0Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*l0"!! „„9Ð1Ð 9€!!*l1"!! „„9Ð4Ð 9€!!*l2"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*l3"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*l4"!! „„9Ð2Ð =€!!!*l5"!! „„=Ð1Ð Q€!!B*l6" 1 é !!! €˜€‚1‚ƒ ƒ„„QÐUnlawful€arrest€andÏdetentionÐ 0€!!!î 8!! „„0Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*J]9"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*J]:"!! „„9Ð3Ð 9€!!*J];"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*J]<"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*J]="!! „„9Ð2Ð =€!!!*J]>"!! „„=Ðð2ðÐ Q€!!B*J]?" 1 ˜ !!! €é€‚1‚ƒ ƒ„„QÐThreats€by€PoliceÐ 0€!!!Ìß @!! „„0Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*Ìß A"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*Ìß B"!! „„9Ð1Ð 9€!!*Ìß C"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*Ìß D"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*Ìß E"!! „„9Ð1Ð =€!!!*Ìß F"!! „„=Ðð2ðÐ S€!!!B*Ìß G" 1 é !!! €ù€‚1‚ƒƒ„„SÐUnlawful€searchÐ 2€!!!!ª½ H!!! „„2Ðð2ðÐ ;€!!!*ª½ I"!!! „„;Ð1Ð ;€!!!*ª½ J"!!! „„;Ð3Ð ;€!!!*ª½ K"!!! „„;Ðð2ðÐ ;€!!!*ª½ L"!!! „„;Ðð2ðÐ ;€!!!*ª½ M"!!! „„;Ðð2ðÐ =€!!!!*ª½ N"!!! „„=Ðð2ðÐ:0.ª½ O" 1 ù  !!!! :ÐÔ€&çC&©©wHÔñ ñÔ€ppealed.ÌÌÔñ ñÌÌò òà@ÝÝWàComplaints€against€Police,€1994ó óˆÐ * Q ÐÌÔ€©wH©&&çCÔñ ñÔ€ ¡*"Ôñ ñÔ*ƃ$% d dþ( N( þ( ( ©( þ( þ( (( "# š! š!ÆÔñ ñÔ,F( ÔÔ,Œ( ÔÔ,)( ÔÔ,>( ÔÔ,Ï( ÔÔ,)( ÔÔ,)( ÔÔ,.(( Ôñ ññ ñÔ,þ( ÔÔ,N( ÔÔ,þ( ÔÔ,( ÔÔ,©( ÔÔ,þ( ÔÔ,þ( ÔÔ,(( Ôñ ñÔ+  ÔÐ 1€!!" ÇÚS €˜€‚1‚ƒ ƒ„„1Ð1994Ð 9€!!*ø T"!! „„9ÐDisciplineÐ 9€!!*ø U"!! „„9ÐUnfoundedÐ 9€!!*ø V"!! „„9ÐUnsubstantiate¼dÐ 9€!!*œ¯X"!! „„9ÐUnknownÐ 9€!!*ø Y"!! „„9ÐAwaitingÏdispositionÐ 9€!!*œ¯["!! „„9ÐWithdrawnÐ =€!!!*ø \"!! „„=ÐInformalÏresolutionÐ Q€!!B*œ¯^" 1 ˜ !!! €é€‚1‚ƒ ƒ„„QÐForceÐ 0€!!!z_!! „„0Ð1„RNC€Reg.Ð 9€!!*z`"!! „„9Ð3Ð 9€!!*za"!! „„9Ð6Ð 9€!!*zb"!! „„9Ð1Ð 9€!!*zc"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*zd"!! „„9Ð3Ð =€!!!*ze"!! „„=Ðð2ðÐ Q€!!B*zf" 1 é !!! €˜€‚1‚ƒ ƒ„„QÐUnlawful€arrest€andÏdetentionÐ 0€!!!üh!! „„0Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*Xki"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*Xkj"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*Xkk"!! „„9Ð1Ð 9€!!*Xkl"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*Xkm"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ =€!!!*Xkn"!! „„=Ðð2ðÐ Q€!!B*Xko" 1 ˜ !!! €é€‚1‚ƒ ƒ„„QÐAssaultÐ 0€!!!Úíp!! „„0Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*Úíq"!! „„9Ð1Ð 9€!!*Úír"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*Úís"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*Úít"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*Úíu"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ =€!!!*Úív"!! „„=Ðð2ðÐ S€!!!B*Úíw" 1 é !!! €¨€‚1‚ƒƒ„„SÐÐ 2€!!!!¸Ëx!!! „„2Ð1€writtenÏreprimandÐ ;€!!!*\oz"!!! „„;ÐÐ ;€!!!*¸Ë{"!!! „„;ÐÐ ;€!!!*¸Ë|"!!! „„;ÐÐ ;€!!!*¸Ë}"!!! „„;ÐÐ ;€!!!*¸Ë~"!!! „„;ÐÐ =€!!!!*¸Ë"!!! „„=ÐÐ:0.¸Ë€" 1 ¨  !!!! :ÐÔ€&çC&©©wHÔñ ñÔ€ ¡*"Ôñ ñÌÌà@ÝÝWàò òComplaints€against€Police,€1995ó óˆÐ ÉÜ‚ ÐÌÔ€©wH©&&çCÔñ ñÔ€ ¡*"Ôñ ñÔ*ƃ&' ddþ( N( þ( ( ©( þ( þ( (( $% š! š!ÆÔñ ñÔ,F( ÔÔ,Œ( ÔÔ,)( ÔÔ,>( ÔÔ,Ï( ÔÔ,)( ÔÔ,)( ÔÔ,.(( Ôñ ññ ñÔ,þ( ÔÔ,N( ÔÔ,þ( ÔÔ,( ÔÔ,©( ÔÔ,þ( ÔÔ,þ( ÔÔ,(( Ôñ ñÔ+  ÔÐ 1€!!" yŒ„ €˜€‚1‚ƒ ƒ„„1Ð1995Ð 9€!!*ª½…"!! „„9ÐDisciplineÐ 9€!!*ª½†"!! „„9ÐUnfoundedÐ 9€!!*ª½‡"!! „„9ÐUnsubstantiate¼dÐ 9€!!*N a‰"!! „„9ÐUnknownÐ 9€!!*ª½Š"!! „„9ÐAwaitingÏdispositionÐ 9€!!*N aŒ"!! „„9ÐWithdrawnÐ =€!!!*ª½"!! „„=ÐInformalÏresolutionÐ Q€!!B*N a" 1 ˜ !!! €é€‚1‚ƒ ƒ„„QÐForceÐ 0€!!!,!?!! „„0Ð1€RNCAÐ 9€!!*,!?‘"!! „„9Ð5Ð 9€!!*,!?’"!! „„9Ð2Ð 9€!!*,!?“"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*,!?”"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*,!?•"!! „„9Ð1Ð =€!!!*,!?–"!! „„=Ðð2ðÐ Q€!!B*,!?—" 1 é !!! €é€‚1‚ƒ ƒ„„QÐHarassmentÐ 0€!!! "˜!! „„0Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!* "™"!! „„9Ð1Ð 9€!!* "š"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!* "›"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!* "œ"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!* ""!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ =€!!!* "ž"!! „„=Ðð2ðÐ Q€!!B* "Ÿ" 1 é !!! €é€‚1‚ƒ ƒ„„QÐAssaultÐ 0€!!!è"û !! „„0Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*è"û¡"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*è"û¢"!! „„9Ð1Ð 9€!!*è"û£"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*è"û¤"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*è"û¥"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ =€!!!*è"û¦"!! „„=Ðð2ðÐ Q€!!B*è"û§" 1 é !!! €é€‚1‚ƒ ƒ„„QÐFalse€arrestÐ 0€!!!Æ#Ù¨!! „„0Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*Æ#Ù©"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*Æ#Ùª"!! „„9Ð2Ð 9€!!*Æ#Ù«"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*Æ#Ù¬"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*Æ#Ù­"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ =€!!!*Æ#Ù®"!! „„=Ðð2ðÐ S€!!!B*Æ#Ù¯" 1 é !!! €ù€‚1‚ƒƒ„„SÐIntimidationÐ 2€!!!!¤$·°!!! „„2Ð1(3(1)€RNC€Reg.Ð ;€!!!*¤$·±"!!! „„;Ðð2ðÐ ;€!!!*¤$·²"!!! „„;Ð1Ð ;€!!!*¤$·³"!!! „„;Ðð2ðÐ ;€!!!*¤$·´"!!! „„;Ðð2ðÐ ;€!!!*¤$·µ"!!! „„;Ðð2ðÐ =€!!!!*¤$·¶"!!! „„=Ðð2ðÐ:0.¤$··" 1 ù  !!!! :ÐÔ€&çC&©©wHÔñ ñÔ€ ¡*"Ôñ ñÌÌà@ÝÝWàò òComplaints€against€Police,€1996ó óˆÐ '$ ¹ ÐÌÔ€©wH©&&çCÔñ ñÔ€"Ôñ ñÔ*ƃ() ddþ( N( þ( ( ©( þ( þ( (( &' š! š!ÆÔñ ñÔ,F( ÔÔ,Œ( ÔÔ,)( ÔÔ,>( ÔÔ,Ï( ÔÔ,)( ÔÔ,)( ÔÔ,.(( Ôñ ññ ñÔ,þ( ÔÔ,N( ÔÔ,þ( ÔÔ,( ÔÔ,©( ÔÔ,þ( ÔÔ,þ( ÔÔ,(( Ôñ ñÔ+  ÔÐ 1€!!" Á(Ô!» €˜€‚1‚ƒ ƒ„„1Ð1996Ð 9€!!*ò("¼"!! „„9ÐDisciplineÐ 9€!!*ò("½"!! „„9ÐUnfoundedÐ 9€!!*ò("¾"!! „„9ÐUnsubstantiate¼dÐ 9€!!*–)©"À"!! „„9ÐUnknownÐ 9€!!*ò("Á"!! „„9ÐAwaitingÏdispositionÐ 9€!!*–)©"Ã"!! „„9ÐWithdrawnÐ =€!!!*ò("Ä"!! „„=ÐInformalÏresolutionÐ Q€!!B*–)©"Æ" 1 ˜ !!! €é€‚1‚ƒ ƒ„„QÐForceÐ 0€!!!t*‡#Ç!! „„0Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*t*‡#È"!! „„9Ð1Ð 9€!!*t*‡#É"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*t*‡#Ê"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ 9€!!*t*‡#Ë"!! „„9Ð6Ð 9€!!*t*‡#Ì"!! „„9Ðð2ðÐ =€!!!*t*‡#Í"!! „„=Ðð2ðÐ Q€!!B*t*‡#Î" 1 é !!! €é€‚1‚