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#°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔÓ  Óòòò òÚ  Ú2Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àWords€spoken€by€the€President,€Dr.€Andrs€Pastrana€Arango,€when€submitting€the€outline€of€the€NationalÐ Å ÐDevelopment€Plan€to€the€National€Planning€Council.€Bogot,€17November€1998.€Ô€!&ÓN & ô!ô—HÔ ˜Ý ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔÓ  Óòòò òÚ  Ú3Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àThe€NBI€indicator€considers€as€poor€any€persons€or€households€who€are€lacking€any€of€the€needs€defined€as€basic,Ð Å Ðfor€instance€experiencing€inadequate€housing,€housing€without€services,€critical€overcrowding,€lack€of€schooling€and€highÏeconomic€dependence.Ô€!&ÓN & ô!ô—HÔ ­Ý ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔÓ  Óòòò òÚ  Ú4Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àThere€are€considerable€differences€between€regions€and€departments.€The€poorest€region€is€the€Atlantic€Coast,€whileÐ Å Ðthe€departments€with€the€highest€poverty€rates,€measured€according€to€the€NBI,€are€Chocð;ð,€Cð;ðrdoba,€Sucre,€Nario€andÏBoyac,€where€the€figure€exceeds€50%.Ô€!&ÓN & ô!ô—HÔ ,Ý ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔÓ  Óòòò òÚ  Ú5Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àAs€shown€by€Pags€and€Marquez€(1998),€this€type€of€situation€does€not€apply€only€to€the€Colombian€economy€butÐ Å Ðhas€been€widespread€in€Latin€America.Ô€!&ÓN & ô!ô—HÔ (Ý ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔÓ  Óòòò òÚ  Ú6Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àNational€Administrative€Department€of€Statistics€(DANE)€1998.€Departmental€projections€of€the€population€byÐ Å Ðgender€and€age€1990„2015.€Colombia.Ô€!&ÓN & ô!ô—HÔ ~Ý ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔòòò òÚ  Ú7Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àIbid.Ô€!&ÓN & ô!ô—HÔ ¨Ý ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔòòò òÚ  Ú8Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àProfamilia,€1995.€Population€and€Health€Survey.Ô€!&ÓN & ô!ô—HÔ ©Ý ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔòòò òÚ  Ú9Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àNational€Plan€of€Action€for€Children,€July€1996.Ô€!&ÓN & ô!ô—HÔ Ý ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔÓ  Óòòò òÚ  Ú10Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àNational€Planning€Department,€ð ðSystem€of€socio„demographic€indicatorsðð.€Bulletin€No.20.€Calculations€based€onÐ Å Ðthe€93€Census.Ô€!&ÓN & ô!ô—HÔ ùÝ ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔÓ  Óòòò òÚ  Ú11Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àThere€are€no€up„to„date€data€available€to€estimate€changes€in€the€maternal€mortality€rates€for€the€last€fouryears.Ô€!&ÓN & ô!ô—HÔ ùÝ ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔÓ  Óòòò òÚ  Ú12Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àFamily€Care€International€(1998).€ð ðDialoguemos€sobre€salud€sexual€y€reproductiva.€Maternidad€Seguraðð.€Bogot.Ô€!&ÓN & ô!ô—HÔ ¼Ý ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔòòò òÚ  Ú13Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àMinistry€of€Health€(1996).€ð ðMortalidad€Materna€en€Colombiaðð.Ô€!&ÓN & ô!ô—HÔ Ý ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔÓ  Óòòò òÚ  Ú14Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àMinistry€of€Health€(1997).€ð ðMunicipios€de€riesgo€para€mortalidad€materna€en€Colombia€1990„1995ðð.Ð Å ÐEpidemiological€Department.Ô€!&ÓN & ô!ô—HÔ ³Ý ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔòòò òÚ  Ú15Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àProfamilia€(1995).€National€Population€and€Health€Survey.Ô€!&ÓN & ô!ô—HÔ êÝ ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔÓ  Óòòò òÚ  Ú16Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àAlfredo€Sarmiento€and€Lida€M.€Becerra.€ð ðAnlisis€de€las€relaciones€entre€violencia€y€equidadðð.Ô€!&ÓN & ô!ô—HÔ +Ý ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔÓ  Óòòò òÚ  Ú17Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àInequality€in€this€case€is€measured€not€only€in€terms€of€income€but€also€taking€account€of€all€the€variables€listed€in€theÐ Å ÐQuality€of€Life€Index.Ô€!&ÓN & ô!ô—HÔ ÍÝ ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔòòò òÚ  Ú18Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àJuan€Luis€Londoo€(1998)€ð ðEpidemiologa€econð;ðmica€de€la€violencia€urbanaðð.Ô€!&ÓN & ô!ô—HÔ ÝÝ ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔòòò òÚ  Ú19Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àSarmiento,€Delgado,€Reyes€(1999).€ð ðServicios€Sociales€Bsicos€en€Colombiaðð,€Initiativa€20/20.Ô€!&ÓN & ô!ô—HÔ 4Ý ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔÓ  Óòòò òÚ  Ú20Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àBasic€social€services€are€defined€as€basic€education€and€primary€care€in€terms€of€health,€nutrition,€family€planning,Ð Å Ðdrinking€water€and€basic€sanitation.Ô€!&ÓN & ô!ô—HÔ ˜Ý ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔÓ  Óòòò òÚ  Ú21Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àIn€1995,€the€network€set€up€a€system€of€external€monitoring€for€the€purpose€of€evaluating€the€effects€of€its€policiesÐ Å Ðand€programmes€and€identifying€whatever€adjustments€were€necessary€to€improve€its€performance.€This€evaluationÏconcentrated€chiefly€on€the€management€of€the€network,€excluding€the€social€impact€of€the€policies€and€projects€and€theirÏeffect€on€poverty€levels.€It€is€hoped€that€the€latter€type€of€consideration€may€be€introduced€in€the€future€into€the€evaluation€ofÏthe€networkððs€programmes.Ô€!&ÓN & ô!ô—HÔ )Ý ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔÓ  Óòòò òÚ  Ú22Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àThis€Advisory€Commission€was€set€up€under€Decree€No.€1165€of€1997.€In€practice,€its€functions€were€taken€over€byÐ Å Ðthe€Social€Solidarity€Network.Ô€!&ÓN & ô!ô—HÔ • Ý ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔÓ  Óòòò òÚ  Ú23Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àCriteria€are€defined€to€identify€the€poor€population€according€to€the€concept€of€poverty€used.€Poverty€as€a€socialÐ Å Ðphenomenon€is€multidimensional,€comprising€economic,€social,€political€and€cultural€dimensions,€amongst€others.€TheÏhousehold€surveys€carried€out€by€the€DANE€provide€a€means€of€evaluating€the€socio„economic€dimension€of€poverty.€ThisÏdimension€may€be€estimated€by€means€of€indicators:€either€direct€indicators,€such€as€the€living€conditions€index€(ICV)€orÏindirect,€such€as€the€poverty€line€index€(LP).€Direct€indicators,€such€as€those€that€evaluate€standards€of€welfare€and€livingÏconditions,€portray€the€quality€of€life.€The€advantage€of€the€living€conditions€index€is€that€it€provides€a€more€accurateÏmeasure€of€the€standards€of€living€attained€and€shows€the€degree€to€which€basic€necessities€have€been€satisfied,€such€asÏadequate€housing,€education,€health€and€basic€housing€sanitation.€The€drawback€of€the€indicator€is€that€it€allocates€a€higherÏweighting€to€the€housing€variable€(over€50%)€than€to€human€capital€(education).€Indirect€indicators€are€based€on€incomeÏ(such€as€per€capita€household€income),€which€is€compared€with€a€standard€level€of€income€equivalent€to€the€value€of€theÏpoverty€line.€This€indicator€can€be€used€to€observe€the€impact€of€economic€activity€(economic€growth€rate)€on€the€incomesÏof€individuals€and€households.€It€is€limited,€however,€in€so€far€as€it€evaluates€poverty€only€as€a€function€of€income€(povertyÏbeing€here€interpreted€as€monetary,€although€as€a€variable€it€can€be€affected€by€many€distortions,€such€as€undervaluation)Ïand€starts€from€the€assumption€that€poor€people€spend€primarily€on€food.€In€other€words,€the€advantage€of€poverty€indicatorsÏis€that€they€provide€an€evaluation€of€the€impact€of€economic€and€social€policies€on€the€poor€population,€i.e.€they€are€impactÏindicators.€With€regard€to€their€limitations,€these€indicators€exclude€the€possibility€of€studying€other€variables€by€whichÏpoverty€is€determined,€such€as€those€defining€the€capacities€of€individuals€and€families.€Ô€!&ÓN & ô!ô—HÔ 5Ý ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔÓ  Óòòò òÚ  Ú24Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àBased€on€Nina€B€Esteban.€and€Ana€I.€Aguilar.€ð ðAmartya€Sen€y€el€estudio€de€la€desigualdad€econð;ðmica€y€la€pobrezaÐ Å Ðmonetaria€en€Colombia,€1978„1997ðð.Ô€!&ÓN & ô!ô—HÔ BÝ ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔÓ  Óòòò òÚ  Ú25Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àFor€the€purposes€of€the€Household€Survey€data,€the€term€ð ðruralðð€differs€from€that€used€in€the€census.€In€the€survey,Ð Å Ðthis€term€refers€to:€a)€all€dispersed€population,€b)€all€inhabited€centres,€except€for€municipal€seats:€hamlets,€administrativeÏjurisdictions€and€police€inspectorates;€c)€municipal€seats€with€a€population€of€less€than€10000inhabitants;€d)€seats€with€aÏpopulation€greater€than€10€000€inhabitants€where€the€percentage€of€the€population€is€less€than€half€that€of€the€total€municipalÏpopulation,€where€the€proportion€of€the€workforce€employed€in€agriculture€is€less€than€50%€and€where€more€than€20%€ofÏthe€population€live€in€housing€without€proper€facilities.Ô€!&ÓN & ô!ô—HÔ ëÝ ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔÓ  Óòòò òÚ  Ú26Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àThe€extreme€poverty€line€(LI)€is€equal€to€the€monetary€value€of€the€basic€food€basket.€LP=2.5€*€LI.Ô€!&ÓN & ô!ô—HÔTable_B d ÞÝ ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔÓ  Óòòò òÚ  Ú27Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àUsing€the€method€advocated€by€Sen€to€measure€standard€of€living,€it€is€possible€to€devise€measurements€of€practicalÐ Å Ðusefulness€without€the€strict€characteristics€demanded€by€Arrow€for€social€wellbeing€functions,€and€which€do€not€need€toÏinclude€the€motivations€of€usefulness,€wealth€and€pleasure€implicit€in€those€functions.Ô€!&ÓN & ô!ô—HÔ Ý ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔÓ  Óòòò òÚ  Ú28Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àPoverty€studies€carried€out€in€Colombia€indicate€that€the€Unsatisfied€Basic€Needs€Index€has€difficulty€measuringÐ Å Ðpoverty€intensity,€the€poverty€gap€and€distribution€among€the€poor.€It€also€suffers€from€serious€problems€of€inclusion€andÏexclusion.Ô€!&ÓN & ô!ô—HÔ ¯Ý ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔòòò òÚ  Ú29Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àThis€guide€is€currently€in€the€course€of€publication.Ô€!&ÓN & ô!ô—HÔ /Ý ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔÓ  Óòòò òÚ  Ú30Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àOffice€of€the€President€of€the€Republic,€National€Planning€Department€(1998).€1998„2002€National€DevelopmentÐ Å ÐPlan,€ð ðChange€for€building€peaceðð.Ô€!&ÓN & ô!ô—HÔ Ý ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔÓ  Óòòò òÚ  Ú31Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àPOS€contributors€include€dependent€workers,€civil€servants,€pensioners€and€retirees€and€independent€workers€withÐ Å Ðthe€means€to€pay.€Ô€!&ÓN & ô!ô—HÔ 2Ý ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔÓ  Óòòò òÚ  Ú32Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àContributors€to€the€PAB€include€persons€who€are€unable€to€pay€and€who€receive€a€total€or€partial€allowance€from€theÐ Å ÐState€to€enrol€in€the€health€scheme.Ô€!&ÓN & ô!ô—HÔ ³Ý ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔòòò òÚ  Ú33Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àProfamilia€(1995),€National€Population€and€Health€Survey.Ô€!&ÓN & ô!ô—HÔ ³Ý ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔòòò òÚ  Ú34Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àProfamilia€(1995).€National€Population€and€Health€Survey.Ô€!&ÓN & ô!ô—HÔ ¢Ý ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔÓ  Óòòò òÚ  Ú35Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àAct€No.€100€of€1993€clearly€establishes€the€duties,€powers€and€resources€of€each€of€the€actors€and€levels€involved€inÐ Å Ðthe€National€Sexual€and€Reproductive€Health€Plan.€The€Plan€is€based€on€the€principle€€that€the€maintenance€andÏimprovement€of€sexual€and€reproductive€health€is€a€commitment€to€and€at€the€same€time€an€effect€of€joint€action€by€theÏGovernment€and€the€General€Health€and€Social€Security€System,€involving€public€and€private€actors,€civil€society,Ïindividuals€and€their€families€and€the€community€at€large.Ô€!&ÓN & ô!ô—HÔ &Ý ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔÓ  Óòòò òÚ  Ú36Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àPresidential€Advisory€Council€for€Social€Policy€and€National€Planning€Department€(1996),€Plan€for€Children€(PAFI)Ð Å Ðð ðPact€for€Childrenðð.Ô€!&ÓN & ô!ô—HÔ ßÝ ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔòòò òÚ  Ú37Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àNational€Planning€Department.€1998„2002€National€Development€Plan,€ð ðChange€for€building€peaceðð.Ô€!&ÓN & ô!ô—HÔ Ý ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔÓ  Óòòò òÚ  Ú38Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àInfantile€and€maternal€mortality€and€morbidity,€nutritional€condition,€schooling,€drinking€water€coverage€and€quality,Ð Å Ðadolescent€pregnancies,€abandoned€children,€children€in€physical€danger,€physical€or€sexual€exploitation,€working€children,Ïstreet€children€or€children€in€the€street,€minors€consuming€psychoactive€substances,€minor€offenders€in€breach€of€theÏcriminal€law.Ô€!&ÓN & ô!ô—HÔ hÝ ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔÓ  Óòòò òÚ  Ú39Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àInternational€Labour€Organization€(ILO)€International€Programme€on€the€Elimination€of€Child€Labour€ð!ð€IPECÐ Å Ð(1999).€ð ðChild€labour€in€Colombia,€development€and€perspectivesðð,€working€document,€Bogot.Ô€!&ÓN & ô!ô—HÔ ÜÝ ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔÓ  Óòòò òÚ  Ú40Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àThe€CNID€is€made€up€of€representatives€of€the€following€institutions:€RUMBOS€Presidential€Programme,€HealthÐ Å ÐDepartment€of€Bogota,€Full€Prevention€District€Coordinating€Unit,€Research€Centre€of€the€Faculty€of€Medicine€of€theÏMilitary€University,€National€Narcotics€Directorate,€Ministry€of€Education€and€Ministry€of€Health.Ô€!&ÓN & ô!ô—HÔTable_CTable_DTable_ETable_F ŽÝ ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔÓ  Óòòò òÚ  Ú41Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àIn€the€housing€policy€for€the€period€1999„2002,€the€grants€for€low€income€families€are€aimed€primarily€at€theÐ Å Ðconstruction€or€acquisition€of€new€housing€and€not€for€improvements,€on€the€grounds€that€the€construction€sector€needs€to€beÏreactivated€in€order€to€create€new€jobs. ÊÝ ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #°œXNÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔÓ  Óòòò òÚ  Ú42Ú  Úóóó óà ‰ àBased€on€the€size€of€Family€Farming€Units:€45€hectares€for€individuals€and€100€hectares€for€groups.Table_GTable_HTable_I Ý ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓE1±±èV Äû2i ×E| ³"°œXEÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔÓ  Óòòò òÚ  Ú43Ú  Úóóó óà è àNational€Planning€Department€ð!ð€Social€Mission.€Calculations€based€on€DANE,€1993€Population€Census€andÐ Å ÐDANE,€National€Household€Survey,€September€1993€and€September€1997. sÝ ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓE1±±èV Äû2i ×E| ³"°œXEÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔÓ  Óòòò òÚ  Ú44Ú  Úóóó óà è àA.€Sarmiento€and€Blanca€L.€Caro€(1997)€ð ðLa€educacið;ðn€en€cifras:€avances€en€el€perodo€1985„1997ðð€(Education€inÐ Å Ðfigures:€progress€achieved€in€the€period€1985„1997).€Social€Mission,€Social€Development€Unit,€National€PlanningÏDepartment.€Bogot,€June. ÙÝ ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓE1±±èV Äû2i ×E| ³"°œXEÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔÓ  Óòòò òÚ  Ú45Ú  Úóóó óà è àA€113%€gross€coverage€rate€for€primary€education€means€that€the€primary€education€system€has€enough€resourcesÐ Å Ð(in€terms€of€teachers,€classrooms€and€posts)€to€cater€for€13%€more€than€all€children€between€the€ages€of€7€and€11.€InÏsecondary€education,€there€is€a€20%€shortfall€of€resources€in€relation€to€coverage€for€all€children€between€the€ages€of€12€andÏ17.€ ¹Ý ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓE1±±èV Äû2i ×E| ³"°œXEÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔÓ  Óòòò òÚ  Ú46Ú  Úóóó óà è àIndex€calculated€by€the€Social€Mission€on€the€basis€of€the€National€Quality€of€Life€Survey. ×Ý ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓE1±±èV Äû2i ×E| ³"°œXEÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔÓ  Óòòò òÚ  Ú47Ú  Úóóó óà è àThe€results€of€the€cohort€analysis€in€this€year€are€compared€with€those€of€the€study€on€the€internal€efficiency€of€theÐ Å ÐColombian€educational€system€in€primary€education€(1961„1983)€carried€out€by€the€statistical€office€of€the€Ministry€ofÏEducation€in€1985.€Comparisons€have€been€made€whenever€the€cohorts€are€suitably€disaggregated€(total,€area€and€gender). UÝ ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓE1±±èV Äû2i ×E| ³"°œXEÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔÓ  ÓÓE1±±èV Äû2i ×E| ³"±±Ž7EÓòòò òÚ  Ú48Ú  Úóóó óà è àBased€on€the€Casen€Survey€and€on€the€1997€Quality€of€Life€Survey.€For€the€population€aged€between€20€and€24,Ð Å Ðthe€rates€for€the€two€years€would€be€28%€and€38%. ¹Ý ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓE1±±èV Äû2i ×E| ³"°œXEÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔÓ  Óòòò òÚ  Ú49Ú  Úóóó óà è àMinistry€of€Education€ð!ð€1999€„€Education€for€All€Programme.€Evaluation€in€the€year€2000. ¼Ý ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÓN &XXIÔÔ€!&ÓN & &&ÓNÔÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÓE1±±èV Äû2i ×E| ³"°œXEÓÔ€!ô—H ô &!&ÓNÔÓ  Óòòò òÚ  Ú50Ú  Úóóó óà è àMinistry€of€Education€ð!ð€1999€ð!ð€Education€for€All€Programme.€Evaluation€in€the€year€2000. Table_J3|m«<þ6X9`("Courier 10cpiXôxþ6X@É“8Ç;X@*Ͼ¦ `(CG TimesScalableXXwϾ¦ P쉊7ûXP‹>ÐA`ArialTTScalable&&N‹>ÐP—j¡Q&P%ä2¼A`ArialTTScalableXXXä2¼P±ŠQXP<þ6X9`("Courier 12cpileôÂdþ6X@Ƀ8Ç;ô@%ä2¼A`ArialTTpileÂÂBä2¼P±ŠQÂPô\  `*Times New RomanTT6ô\  PŽ6QP)Ͼ¦ `(CG TimesScalableôôcϾ¦ P쉊7ûôP,ÀA.UniversBoldScalable££ŽÀp¸?7û£,ÀA.UniversBoldScalablezÀp¸?7û,ÀA.UniversBoldScalable  ¨Àp¸?7û )Ͼ¦ `(CG TimesScalablele&&mϾ¦ P쉊7û&P(Jz®$¡¡Ô€XtŒXXXÔÔ€XÜXXXtŒÔÓ  Ó%%SddCfhjnpr| †À‡ÀˆÀ‰ÀŠÀ‹ÀŒÀÀŽÀÀÆx#*ÿÿÝ ƒ€z®!ÝÔ€X9ŒXXXÔÔ€XIXXX9ŒÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÑTRWTÐ6Â&3Ø'Ð6Â&ÿA4ÿ3Ø'TÑѱ°ÑѰÑÒŰÒÒØ°ÒÔ€£DÊ£XXIÔÔ€"£ô棣£DÊÔÓÞÓò òUNITEDÐ ± ÐNATIONSó óà€Z#Z#Uê$àÔ€""è£"£ôæÔEˆÐ Þ Ðß?€U#' Å%"dEÅ%"?ßÐ m¼ ÐÔ*qƒ%& ddd Xdd Xdd XÅê$Åê$qÔÔ,âdd ÔÔ,Cdd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ ," Kš €þ€‚x‚ƒƒ„„,ÐÌ߀€+-J:6z ,±R `ÀåЀ@@@E)¡±R±/)¡y€ßÔ€" ,K ""èÔÓ)o°œXÓÓÞÓà o àEconomic€and€SocialÐ ¡ð Ðà o àCouncilÌÌÌÐ  ¡ ð  „„ÐÔ€"ô ô " ,KÔÔ€ô¢Eôô"ô ÔÓÆÓÌÔ€&ñ&ôô¢EÔÔ€!&ÓN &&&ñÔÓÆÓà Q àDistr.Ð ‰Ø  Ðà Q àGENERALÌÌà Q àE/C.12/4/Add.6Ìà Q à31€August€2000ÌÌà Q àENGLISHÌà Q àOriginal:€SPANISHÐ$q À  x þ $ÐÔ/xÇ I˜ Ôß?€U#' Åx/%"dEÅw/%"?ßÐ xÇ  ÐÑ€.ÑÓB1±±èV Äû2i ×E| ³")oBÓÑ  ÑÌSubstantive€session€of€2001ÌÒ±ÅÒÒ±ØÒÓ  ÓÌÌÌÌÓ  ÓIMPLEMENTATION€OF€THE€INTERNATIONAL€COVENANTÌON€ECONOMIC,€SOCIAL€AND€CULTURAL€RIGHTSÌÌÌòòFourth€periodic€reports€submitted€by€States€partiesÐ e Ðunder€articles€16€and€17€of€the€CovenantÌÌÌAddendumóóÐ vÅ! ÐÌÌCOLOMBIAÑÈÑÙ*ƒ€z®!Ùò ò׃0×Ý ƒ/ÿÿÝÚ  Ú*Ú  ÚÝ  Ý×  ×€€×ƒ1×Ý ƒ/ÿÿÝÚ  Ú**Ú  ÚÝ  Ý×  ×ó óØØÙ*€z®!ÙÐ þM$ ÐÓ  ÓÌÓ  Ó[9€May€2000]ÌÓ  ÓÌÌÌÌÑ€2ÑÑ€3ÑÑ€6ÑÐ  ê"9+ ÐÑ#.236#ÑÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRWTÐ6Â&WTÐ6Â&Ð6Â&ÿA4Ð6Â&ÿA4TÑÑűÑÑÑÖ€4ÿÿÖÖ€7ÿÿÖÑ  Ñà@ËË%aàTABLE€OF€CONTENTSˆÐ í ÐÔUKUS.,ÔÌà€]]B#àòòParagraphóó€€€òòPageˆÐ ° ÐóóÌÌI.à è àGENERAL€CONSIDERATIONSà‚UUA#.``#à€€1€„€€51€€€€€€€5ˆÐ % 8 ÐÌà è àA.à  àDevelopment€of€the€social€sector€through€development€plansà‚UUA#.ççMà€€8€„€€16€€€€€€€5ˆÐ Õ è ÐÌà è àB.à  à1998„2002€National€Development€Plan€ð!ð€Change€for€Ð …˜  Ðà è àà  àbuilding€peaceà‚==?#.' 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ÐÔ/Þ/ñ(¯/Â(Ôà è àà  à4.à V àImprovement€in€occupational€healthà‚••A#.NN:à230€„€241€€€€€€46ˆÐ Þ/ñ(/ ÐÐ ¶0É)0 ÐÔ& è Ôà@aàTABLE€OF€CONTENTS€(òòcontinuedóó)ˆÐ í ÐÌà€]]B#àòòParagraphóó€€€òòPageˆÐ ° ÐóóÌÌà è àB.à  àChildrenà‚••A#.‡ ‡ à242€„€297€€€€€€49ˆÐ % 8 ÐÔ'èíöÔÌà è àà  à1.à V àCommunity€Welfare€Homesà‚••A#.""/à253€„€265€€€€€€51ˆÐ Õ è ÐÔ/Ü ï­ ÀÔà è àà  à2.à V àPrevention€in€the€familyà‚••A#.þþ0à266€„€267€€€€€€53ˆÐ Ü ï ÐÔ/ãö´ÇÔà è àà  à3.à V àProtectionà‚••A#.. . "à268€„€277€€€€€€53ˆÐ ãö  ÐÔ/êý»ÎÔà è àà  à4.à V àFamily€law€in€Colombiaà‚••A#.  .à278€„€281€€€€€€55ˆÐ êý  ÐÔ/ñ ÂÕ Ôà è àà  à5.à V àChild€labourà‚••A#.Ò Ò $à282€„€289€€€€€€56ˆÐ ñ  ÐÔ/ø ÉÜ Ôà è àà  à6.à V àRecent€advances€in€childcare€à‚••A#.~~5à290€„€297€€€€€€57ˆÐ ø  ÐÌà è àC.à  àYouthà‚••A#.Û Û à298€„€299€€€€€€60ˆÐ ¨»  ÐÌVI.à è àHOUSING,€DRINKING€WATER€AND€BASIC€SANITATION,€Ð Xk Ðà è àAGRARIAN€REFORM€AND€FOOD€SECURITY€(art.€11)à‚••A#.pp8à300€„€354€€€€€€61ˆÐ 0C ÐÌà è àA.à  àHousingà‚••A#.w w à300€„€325€€€€€€61ˆÐ àó ÐÌà è àB.à  àDrinking€water€and€basic€sanitationà‚••A#.ûû6à326€„€340€€€€€€68ˆÐ £ ÐÌà è àà  à1.à V àInvestment€in€infrastructure€projectsà‚••A#.ff=à330€„€331€€€€€€68ˆÐ @S ÐÔ/GZ+Ôà è àà  à2.à V àTechnical€assistance€and€trainingà‚••A#.‚‚9à332€„€335€€€€€€69ˆÐ GZ ÐÔ/Na2Ôà è àà  à3.à V àFull€service€qualityà‚••A#.¦¦,à336€„€340€€€€€€69ˆÐ Na ÐÌà è àC.à  àAgrarian€reformà‚••A#.£ £ "à341€„€350€€€€€€70ˆÐ þ ÐÌà è àD.à  àFood€securityà‚••A#.ã ã à351€„€354€€€€€€72ˆÐ ® Á ÐÌVII.à è àEDUCATIONà‚••A#.ø ø à355€„€456€€€€€€72ˆÐ ^"q ÐÌà è àA.à  àIlliteracyà‚••A#.“ “ à355€„€358€€€€€€72ˆÐ $!! ÐÌà è àB.à  àPre„school€educationà‚••A#.ë ë 'à359€„€363€€€€€€73ˆÐ ¾%Ñ# ÐÌà è àC.à  àBasic€educationà‚••A#.ƒ ƒ "à364€„€386€€€€€€74ˆÐ n' % ÐÌà è àà  à1.à V àPrimary€education€enrolment€by€sector,€area€Ð )1"' Ðà è àà  àà V àand€genderà‚••A#.^ ^ "à373€„€377€€€€€€75ˆÐ ö) #( ÐÔ/ý*$Î*á#Ôà è àà  à2.à V àInternal€efficiency€in€primary€educationà‚••A#.BB@à378€„€386€€€€€€76ˆÐ ý*$) ÐÌà è àD.à  àSecondary€educationà‚••A#.Û Û &à387€„€398€€€€€€77ˆÐ ­,À%+ ÐÌà è àà  à1.à V àSecondary€education€enrolment€by€sector,€area€Ð ].p'- Ðà è àà  àà V àand€genderà‚••A#.^ ^ "à387€„€390€€€€€€77ˆÐ 5/H(. ÐÔ/<0O) 0 )Ôà è àà  à2.à V àInternal€efficiency€in€secondary€educationà‚••A#.ÚÚBà391€„€398€€€€€€78ˆÐ <0O)/ ÐÐ 1'*0 ÐÔ& è Ôà@aàTABLE€OF€CONTENTS€(òòcontinuedóó)ˆÐ í ÐÌà€]]B#àòòParagraphóó€€€òòPageóóˆÐ ° ÐÌÌà è àE.à  àHigher€educationà‚••A#.ß ß #à399€„€401€€€€€€79ˆÐ % 8 ÐÔ'èí%(ÔÌà è àF.à  àEducation€financingà‚••A#.¯ ¯ &à402€„€409€€€€€€79ˆÐ Õ è ÐÌà è àG.à  àEducation€expenditure€trendà‚••A#.óó.à410€„€414€€€€€€81ˆÐ …˜  ÐÌà è àH.à  àEducation€qualityà‚••A#.  $à415€„€416€€€€€€81ˆÐ 5H  ÐÌà è àI.à  àOther€aspectsà‚••A#.ë ë à417€„€456€€€€€€82ˆÐ åø  ÐÌà è àà  à1.à V àInternal€efficiency€and€quality€of€educationà‚±±>#.66Dà€€€€€€417€€€€€€€€€82ˆÐ •¨  ÐÔ/œ¯ m€ Ôà è àà  à2.à V àEducation€evaluationà‚••A#...,à418€„€419€€€€€€83ˆÐ œ¯  ÐÔ/£¶t‡Ôà è àà  à3.à V àAcademic€training€of€teachers€and€improvementà‚••A#.¢¢Eà420€„€424€€€€€€83ˆÐ £¶ ÐÔ/ª½{ŽÔà è àà  à4.à V àFinal€considerations€regarding€educationà‚±±>#.––@à€€€€€€425€€€€€€€€€85ˆÐ ª½ ÐÔ/±Ä‚•Ôà è àà  à5.à V àWomen€and€educationà‚••A#.††+à426€„€434€€€€€€85ˆÐ ±Ä ÐÔ/¸Ë‰œÔà è àà  à6.à V àAdult€educationà‚••A#.ÂÂ'à435€„€446€€€€€€86ˆÐ ¸Ë ÐÔ/¿Ò£Ôà è àà  à7.à V àInternational€cooperation€in€the€implementation€of€Ð ¿Ò Ðà è àà  àà V àthe€right€to€educationà‚••A#.::.à447€„€448€€€€€€88ˆÐ —ª ÐÔ/ž±o‚Ôà è àà  à8.à V àEducation€policy€in€the€National€Development€Plan€Ð ž± Ðà è àà  àà V àð ðChange€for€building€peaceððà‚••A#.FF3à449€„€456€€€€€€89ˆÐ v‰ ÐÌVIII.à è àCULTUREà‚••A#. à457€„€482€€€€€€90ˆÐ &9 ÐÌà è àA.à  àNational€artistic€and€cultural€training€systemà‚••A#.wwAà461€„€466€€€€€€91ˆÐ Öé ÐÌà è àB.à  àNational€consultation€programmeà‚••A#.oo2à467€„€468€€€€€€91ˆÐ †!™ ÐÌà è àC.à  àNational€cultural€infrastructure€programme€La€Casa€Grandeà‚••A#.¿¿Là469€„€470€€€€€€92ˆÐ 6#I  ÐÌà è àD.à  àProgramme€of€incentives€for€artistic€creation€and€researchà‚••A#.##Mà471€„€478€€€€€€92ˆÐ æ$ù" ÐÌà è àE.à  àNational€cultural€information€system€à‚••A#.8à479€„€481€€€€€€93ˆÐ –&©$ ÐÌà è àF.à  àCREA,€a€foray€through€Colombian€cultureà‚±±>#.ëë:à€€€€€€482€€€€€€€€€93ˆÐ F(Y!& ÐÌIX.à è àGENERAL€CONCLUSIONSà‚••A#.88 à483€„€488€€€€€€93ˆÐ ö) #( ÐÐ  Î*á#) ÐÔ& ˆ Ôà@û û aàò òI.€€GENERAL€CONSIDERATIONSó óˆÐ í ÐÓN:±±‰a9  é Á™qI!ùÑ©Y1! #±±Ž7NÓÌ1.à ‰ àCompared€with€the€rest€of€Latin€America,€Colombiaððs€performance€appears€in€a€positive€light.€InÔ'ˆí³4Ô€the€lastÐ ° Ð25€years,€the€rate€of€growth€of€its€GDP€has€been€above€the€regional€average.€During€the€1980s€(1981„1990),Ïwhich€were€particularly€difficult€years€for€Latin€America,€Colombiaððs€per€capita€GDP€grew€altogether€by€17.9%.ÏThis€positive€result€stands€in€clear€contrast€to€the€general€trend€in€the€region€as€a€whole,€where€growth€wasÏnegative€by€7.9%€(CEPAL,€1994,€p.41).ÌÌ2.à ‰ àIn€the€1990s,€Colombiaððs€economy€began€to€slow,€while€the€other€countries€showed€signs€of€recovery.Ð ­ À ÐFrom€1991€to€1994,€per€capita€GDP€in€the€region€grew€by€6.1%€and€Colombiaððs€by€8.6%.€Although€ColombiaÏremained€above€the€regional€average,€the€gap€was€closing.ÌÌ3.à ‰ àAt€a€steady€rate€averaging€23%€over€the€last€25€years,€Colombiaððs€ð ðmoderate€and€persistentðð€inflationÐ    Ðmay€be€said€to€be€òòsui€generisóó.€When€its€Latin€American€neighbours€were€experiencing€hyperinflation,€the€rise€inÐ åø  Ðthe€Colombian€price€index€appeared€a€model€of€stability.€Nevertheless,€the€present€Government€has€succeeded€inÏmaintaining€single„digit€inflation.ÌÌ4.à ‰ àIn€the€last€40€years,€Colombia€has€undergone€a€rapid€process€of€democratic€transition,€from€being€a€ruralÐ EX Ðcountry€with€a€population€growth€of€over€3%€per€annum€towards€the€end€of€the€1950s€to€becoming€aÏpredominantly€urban€nation,€with€population€growth€below€1.8%.€Fertility€rates€have€dropped€from€7€to€3Ïchildren€per€woman,€while€infant€mortality€has€fallen€from€90€to€28€live€births€per1000.€Of€course,€fertilityÏchanges€have€occurred€unevenly€in€different€areas,€regions€and€departments.€Nowadays€some€regions€still€at€pre„¼transitional€levels€of€5€or€more€children€per€woman,€like€Chocð;ð€and€the€new€departments,€coexist€alongside€areasÏwith€less€than€three€children€per€woman,€like€Bogot,€Atlntico,€Valle€and€the€coffee„growing€departments.ÌÌ5.à ‰ àSocial€expenditure,€which€was€below€the€Latin€American€average€in€1990,€has€now€risen€above€it,Ð  Ðaccounting€for€up€to€13%€of€GDP€in€the€last€four€years.€The€effects€of€fiscal€adjustments€on€social€expenditureÏhave€been€significant,€and€it€took€nearly€a€decade€to€make€up€for€the€proportion€of€social€expenditure€lost€onÏaccount€of€the€1985€adjustment.ÌÌ6.à ‰ àProgress€in€education€has€also€been€significant,€although€the€magnitude€of€sectoral€challenges€isÐ = P Ðdemanding€an€even€more€dynamic€and€progressive€educational€policy.€Decentralization€has€played€an€importantÏpart€in€improving€access€to€health€and€education€services€by€encouraging€local€participation€not€only€in€theÏadministration€and€control€of€basic€services€but€also€in€their€financing.€With€regard€to€the€gender€issue,Ïsubstantial€progress€has€been€made€in€favour€of€women,€particularly€in€areas€such€as€access€to€education,Ïalthough€there€are€still€noticeable€inequalities€in€terms€of€wages€on€the€labour€market.ÌÌ7.à ‰ àInequality€is€still€so€glaring,€in€fact,€that€in€that€respect€Colombia€ceases€to€be€a€country€in€the€forefront€ofÐ %&8% Ðhuman€development,€with€indicators€showing€values€of€10€years€ago.€The€loss€of€human€lives€on€account€ofÏviolence€has€also€led€to€a€shortening€of€life€expectancy,€especially€among€men€between€the€ages€of€25€and€40.€ItÏis€estimated€that€men€have€lost€between€3€and€4€years€of€life€expectancy€on€average,€which€is€reflected€in€a€dropÏin€the€Human€Development€Index€(HDI).ÌÌÔ& ˆ Ôà@{ { aàA.€€òòDevelopment€of€the€social€sector€through€development€plansóóˆÐ 5+H$+ ÐÌÔ  Ô8.à ‰ àWhen€the€1991€Constitution€was€introduced,€development€plans€became€a€constitutionalÔ'ˆ5+oCÔ€requirement.Ð å,ø%- ÐUnder€articles€339,€340€et€seq.€of€the€Colombian€Constitution,€within€the€first€six€months€of€taking€office€theÏPresident€of€the€Republic€has€to€submit€a€National€Development€Plan€to€Congress,€made€up€of€a€general€part€andÏa€public€sector€investment€plan.€The€general€part€must€give€an€outline€of€long„term€national€aims€and€objectives,€Ð  m/€(0 Ðmedium„term€State€action€targets€and€priorities€and€the€general€economic,€social€and€environmental€policyÏstrategies€which€will€be€adopted€by€the€Government.€The€public€sector€investment€plan€must€contain€the€multi„¼year€budgets€of€the€main€national€public€sector€investment€programmes€and€projects€and€must€specify€theÏfinancial€resources€allocated€for€their€implementation.Ô èCÔÌÌ9.à ‰ àIn€conformity€with€these€constitutional€principles,€the€former€Government€outlined€its€policy€in1995€inÐ % 8 Ðthe€programme€known€as€the€ð ðSalto€Socialðð€(social€leap€forward),€and€on€17€November€1998,€the€presentÏGovernment€submitted€its€ð ðBases€for€the€1998-2002€National€Development€Planðð,€approved€under€Act€No.588Ïof€1999.ÌÌ10.à ‰ àThese€development€plans€reflect€the€varying€attitudes€to€social€development€as€a€plan€objective.€There€hasÐ ]p  Ðtended€to€be€a€movement€of€oscillation€between€distribution€as€the€main€objective€of€development€and€economicÏgrowth€as€a€basic€condition€of€human€development.ÌÌ11.à ‰ àConceptually€speaking,€a€shift€has€occurred€from€considering€the€poor€as€the€target€of€social€programmesÐ ½Ð  Ðtowards€the€notion€of€a€struggle€against€poverty€conducted€with€and€by€the€poor.€Starting€from€poverty€as€anÏeconomic€phenomenon€that€can€be€overcome€by€incorporating€more€of€the€population€in€production,€an€effort€hasÏbeen€made€in€addition€to€introduce€policies€aimed€at€the€distribution€of€wealth€and€property.€From€the€type€ofÏaction€where€the€State€has€been€the€main€player,€the€approach€has€evolved€towards€a€struggle€involving€allÏsectors€and€considered€as€a€basic€condition€for€rapid,€balanced€growth€along€a€sustainable€path.ÌÌ12.à ‰ àDevelopment€plans€have€taken€account€of€new€educational€achievements€and€the€identification€of€newÐ ¥¸ Ðchallenges.€The€concern€with€illiteracy€has€given€way€to€a€concern€for€post„secondary€education€as€the€key€toÏcompetitiveness.€The€policy€of€empowering€the€Ministry€of€Education€(MEN)€as€the€operational€centre€of€theÏsystem€has€yielded€to€a€preference€for€strengthening€the€educational€system€itself€as€the€implementing€force,Ïleaving€the€Ministry€in€charge€of€management,€evaluation€and€definition€of€programme€contents.€ManagementÏhas€become€more€specialized€according€to€different€levels,€with€university€education€becoming€more€independentÏand€the€Ministry€concentrating€rather€on€basic€and€intermediate€education.ÌÌ13.à ‰ àAnother€major€change€introduced€with€the€plans€has€been€the€creation€of€a€system€which,€while€itÐ ex Ðpreserves€State€control€of€education€financing,€leaves€the€regions€more€in€charge€of€their€own€spending.€At€theÏsame€time,€funds€are€carefully€earmarked€for€education,€in€order€to€avoid€any€diversion€into€politically€attractiveÏshort„term€ventures.ÌÌ14.à ‰ àDespite€further€achievements€in€the€rural€sector,€there€are€still€many€persons€who€well€into€their€workingÐ #°" Ðlives€are€unable€to€read€or€write:€almost€one„tenth€of€young€people€between€the€ages€of€15€and24€and€one„sixthÏof€adults€between€the€ages€of€25€and€39.€In€other€words,€there€is€still€a€gap€to€be€filled€before€illiteracy€can€beÏeradicated,€as€a€policy€not€only€of€social€and€economic€development,€but€also€of€justice€and€social€equality.ÌÌ15.à ‰ àConsiderable€success€was€achieved€in€teacher€training€with€the€introduction€of€a€new€status,€thanks€toÐ Õ'è ' Ðwhich€in€ten€years€(from€1976€to€1986)€more€than€half€all€publicly€employed€teachers€obtained€universityÏtraining.€At€the€same€time,€teachers€have€ceased€to€be€on€the€lowest€rung€of€the€professionals€in€terms€of€salaries,Ïwhich€have€grown€substantially€in€real€terms€in€this€decade.ÌÌ16.à ‰ àNevertheless,€it€has€to€be€recognized€that€teacher€qualifications€still€tend€to€be€inadequate€in€the€light€ofÐ  , %, Ðcurrent€economic€requirements.Ìâ âÐ ½-Ð&. ÐÔ&   Ôâ âÓ  ÓB.€€òò1998„2002€National€Development€PlanòòÔ‡!ô—H ô J!&ÓNÔѽÑ׃9×Ý ƒ/ÿÿÝÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚÝ  Ý×  ×Ô#†!&ÓN & ,!ô—HÓU#Ôóó€ð ðChange€for€Building€PeaceóóððÐ í ÐÓ  ÓÌ17.à ‰ àThe€central€goal€of€the€1998„2002€Development€Plan€is€building€peace.€The€proposed€approach€isÔ' í„UÔ€aÐ ° Ðcommitment,€on€the€part€not€only€of€the€Government€but€also€of€the€whole€Colombian€population,€to€workÏtowards€building€a€society€favourable€to€peace.€ð ðThe€edifice€of€change€for€building€peace€must€rest€on€fourÏpillars,€without€which€it€will€never€be€more€than€a€dream:€making€the€State€viable€and€open€to€participation,Ïrebuilding€the€social€fabric,€progressing€with€development€hand€in€hand€with€peace€and€reviving€employment€asÏthe€engine€of€economic€growthððòòÔ‡!ô—H ô J!&ÓNÔ׃:×Ý ƒ/ÿÿÝÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚÝ  Ý×  ×Ô#†!&ÓN & ,!ô—H'Y#Ôóó.€Four€strategies€were€launched€in€pursuit€of€that€goal.Ð Õ è ÐÌà ‰ àa)à a àòòThe€first€strategy€consists€of€reforming€our€political€and€government€institutions€with€a€view€toÐ …˜  Ðconsolidating€democracy,€strengthening€governance€and€allowing€society€to€direct€its€activities€towards€theÏcommon€aims€of€peace€and€developmentóó.€This€means,€in€other€words,€shifting€towards€a€participative€form€ofÐ 5H  Ðgovernment;ÌÌà ‰ àb)à a àòòThe€second€strategy€of€change€for€building€peaceóó€consists€of€strengthening€the€social€fabric,Ð ½Ð  Ðthrough€a€fundamental€commitment€by€society€in€favour€of€education,€health€and€nutrition,€which€will€take€theÏform€chiefly€of€giving€proper€care€to€all€our€children€and€youngsters,€excluding€none;ÌÌà ‰ àc)à a àòòThe€third€strategy€of€the€plan€is€combining€development€and€peaceóó.€This€includes€the€instrumentsÐ 0 Ðand€priorities€of€the€peace€effort,€understood€not€only€as€a€State€policy€but€also€as€a€commitment€by€society€as€aÏwhole.€The€aim€is€to€identify€the€most€suitable€instruments€for€furthering€negotiations€leading€to€the€end€of€theÏarmed€conflict,€as€well€as€sectoral€priorities€to€tackle€the€factors€causing€the€spiral€of€violence.€The€strategyÏincludes€political€reform€and€a€series€of€support€actions€for€sectors,€groups€and€regions€which€have€been€severelyÏaffected€by€violence,€such€as€agriculture,€the€environment,€ethnic€minorities€and€many€chiefly€rural€regions€ofÏColombia.€The€strategy€implies€combating€corruption€and€strengthening€justice,€defence€and€security;ÌÌà ‰ àd)à a àòòThe€fourth€strategy€consists€of€reactivating€production€by€encouraging€exports€and€regionalÐ Ýð Ðcompetitivenessóó.€Foreign€markets€are€the€most€viable€source€of€sustained€prosperity,€so€that€the€plan€includesÐ µÈ Ðpractical€actions€in€the€sectors€of€infrastructure,€mines€and€energy,€industry,€trade€and€tourism,€in€an€effort€toÏredirect€domestic€production€towards€external€markets.€Conquering€these€markets€must€become€a€major€nationalÏobjective,€which€will€allow€us€to€generate€the€jobs€we€need.€This€objective€is€particularly€important€for€theÏCaribbean€coast,€a€region€where€all€the€planððs€strategies€take€on€special€significance.ÌÌÔ& ˆ Ôà@— — aàC.€€òòThe€Colombian€economy€in€the€1990sóóˆÐ Å"Ø! ÐÌ18.à ‰ àColombia€is€at€present€facing€two€serious€problems:€social€conflict€and€unsatisfactory€economicÔ'ˆ"(ßbÔÐ u$ˆ# Ðperformance.€Social€conflict€expresses€itself€essentially€in€terms€of€poverty€and€violence.€In€1997,€the€spendingÏpower€of€50%€of€households€left€them€below€the€poverty€line,€while€two€out€of€every€10Colombians€earnedÏincome€below€the€extreme€poverty€line,€which€means€that€almost€8.3€million€persons€could€not€earn€enoughÏincome€to€cover€the€cost€of€a€basic€basket€of€goods.€According€to€the€quality€of€life€survey€carried€out€that€same€Ð  Õ'è ' Ðyear,€the€percentage€of€the€population€qualified€as€poor,€measured€according€to€unsatisfied€basic€needsòòÔ‡!ô—H ô J!&ÓNÔ׃;×Ý ƒ/ÿÿÝÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚÝ  Ý×  ×Ô#†!&ÓN & ,!ô—H f#Ôóó,€fell€fromÐ í Ð32.7%€in€1993€to€26.9%€in€1997,€while€the€percentage€of€the€population€below€the€extreme€poverty€line€wasÏreduced€from€13.5%€in€1985€to€9%€in€1997òòÔ‡!ô—H ô J!&ÓNÔ׃<Ü×Ý ƒ/ÿÿÝÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚÝ  Ý×  ×Ô#†!&ÓN & ,!ô—HSg#Ôóó.€It€is€possible,€however,€that€this€gradual€progress€on€the€socialÐ ° Ðfront€has€been€adversely€affected€by€the€recession€which€has€affected€the€Colombian€economy€in€the€last€twoÏyears.ÌÌ19.à ‰ àThe€effects€of€the€social€conflict€have€been€aggravated€by€macroeconomic€instability€and€the€low€rates€ofÐ ý  Ðeconomic€growth€in€recent€years.€In€1990,€the€macroeconomic€accounts€were€balanced,€mainly€thanks€to€the€highÏprice€of€coffee€and€the€oil€finds€in€Cusiana.€In€the€early€1990s,€Colombia€undertook€a€process€of€institutionalÏrestructuring€and€economic€modernization,€which€were€aimed€at€taking€the€internationalization€of€the€economy€aÏstep€further.€Extensive€reforms€were€undertaken,€leading€to€the€promulgation€of€the€new€Constitution€in€1991,Ïthe€regulation€and€definition€of€decentralization€objectives,€the€opening€up€of€the€economy€and€the€reform€of€theÏsocial€security€health€and€pensions€scheme.€The€aims€of€the€reforms€were€not€only€the€modernization€of€the€stateÏand€economic€growth,€but€also€better€income€distribution€and€less€inequality€as€regards€access€to€basic€services,Ïby€identifying€the€needs€of€the€most€vulnerable€sector€of€the€population€and€focusing€services€on€that€sector.ÌÌ20.à ‰ àEconomic€activity€slowed€somewhat€in€the€period€1990„1992,€with€average€GDP€growth€of€3.3%€andÐ m€  Ðaverage€unemployment€close€to€10.5%.€From€1993€to€1995,€GDP€grew€at€the€rate€of€5.3%,€while€unemploymentÏfell€to€single€digits,€reaching€a€low€of€7.6%€in€September€1994€with€a€significant€rise€in€the€job€rate.€TheÏeconomy€appeared€to€have€definitely€recovered€from€the€crisis€of€the€1980s€and€the€labour€market€appeared€onceÏagain€very€healthy.€However,€after€1996€the€dynamic€of€economic€growth€faltered,€with€GDP€rising€only€2%€thatÏyear€and€3.1%€in€1997.€In€1999,€the€combination€of€a€number€of€internal€and€external€factors,€such€as€a€fall„offÏin€capital€flows,€a€drop€in€the€world€price€and€output€of€coffee,€a€falling€price€trend€for€commodities€on€theÏinternational€market€and€a€huge€collapse€in€private€investment,€left€the€countryððs€economy€in€its€worst€plight€forÏ70€years,€with€an€estimated€fall€of€3.5%€in€GDP.€As€might€be€expected,€this€faltering€GDP€trend€in€the€secondÏhalf€of€the€1990s€was€accompanied€by€an€increase€in€the€rate€of€unemployment,€which€exceeded€20%€in€theÏseven€main€metropolitan€areas€by€September€1999.ÌÌ21.à ‰ àUnemployment€has€two€basic€components,€one€cyclical€and€one€structural.€The€first€arises€basically€fromÐ   Ðlow€growth€rates€in€the€economy,€and€the€second€from€discrepancies€between€the€job€characteristics€or€profiles€ofÏlabour€supply€and€demandòòÔ‡!ô—H ô J!&ÓNÔ׃=å×Ý ƒ/ÿÿÝÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚÝ  Ý×  ×Ô#†!&ÓN & ,!ô—Hir#Ôóó.Ð = P ÐÌ22.à ‰ àRising€cyclical€unemployment€is€due€to€an€increase€in€the€degree€of€uncertainty€perceived€by€economicÐ í!  Ðagents€as€a€result€of€macroeconomic€instability,€which€led€in€the€case€of€Colombia€to€a€dramatic€deceleration€ofÏprivate€investment€aggravated€by€a€drastic€rise€in€real€interest€rates.€A€further€factor€in€the€economic€recessionÏwas€the€fall€in€the€external€prices€for€several€Colombian€exports,€especially€primary€goods.ÌÌÐ  %&8% Ð23.à ‰ àThe€macroeconomic€imbalance€was€due€to€a€worsening€of€the€fiscal€deficit,€which€exerted€upwardÐ í Ðpressure€on€interest€rates€and€cast€doubts€on€the€Governmentððs€anti„inflation€policy,€which€only€began€to€showÏresults€when€pronounced€recessive€tendencies€appeared€in€1999.€The€external€financial€crisis€also€led€to€a€strongÏrise€in€the€external€interest€rates€paid€not€only€by€the€public€sector€but€also€by€the€private€sector,€while€at€theÏsame€time€bringing€strong€pressure€to€bear€on€the€exchange€rate.€The€defence€of€the€exchange€rate€band€by€theÏColombian€Central€Bank€(Banco€de€la€Repblica)€pressured€interest€rates€still€further,€obliging€the€bank€finallyÏto€abandon€the€system€of€exchange€rate€bands€and€to€let€the€currency€float€freely.ÌÌ24.à ‰ àThe€high€interest€rates€in€turn€adversely€affected€the€holdings€of€the€financial€system,€which€restricted€theÐ ­ À Ðavailability€of€credit€to€the€private€sector.€As€credit€became€more€expensive,€the€increase€in€real€wages€also€had€aÏnegative€effect€on€job€creation.ÌÌ25.à ‰ àIn€combination,€the€above€factors€slowed€investment€in€industry€and€in€construction,€a€sector€which€in€theÐ    Ðfirst€five€years€of€the€decade€had€generated€significant€demand€for€unskilled€labour.€Employment€in€those€twoÏsectors€fell€by€2.8%€and€3.3%€respectively€between€1994€and€1998.ÌÌ26.à ‰ àIn€addition,€there€was€a€significant€change€in€the€pattern€of€growth€of€the€Colombian€economy.€In€theÐ m€  Ðlatter€years,€the€focus€of€GDP€shifted€to€mining,€energy€and€financial€services,€all€sectors€with€low€demand€forÏlabour,€while€agriculture€and€industry€fell€as€a€proportion€of€GDP.ÌÌ27.à ‰ àDespite€the€reforms€and€modernization€drive€and€the€investment€boom€it€brought€about€in€the€initialÐ Íà Ðstages,€the€development€model€established€in€recent€years€has€reflected€the€Governmentððs€unsuccessful€efforts€toÏpromote€social€equality€and€unity,€while€the€focus€of€welfare€has€shifted€towards€improving€and€developingÏmanagement€capacity€in€that€area.€In€effect,€the€significant€increase€in€public€expenditure€during€the€1990sÏ(which€generated€a€fiscal€deficit€for€the€central€Government€equivalent€to€5%€of€GDP€in€1998)€not€only€failed€toÏreduce€inequality€and€poverty,€but€led€to€high€levels€of€internal€and€external€debt€and€a€fall„off€in€private€savings,Ïwhile€it€stimulated€sectors€producing€non„marketable€goods€and€services,€to€the€detriment€of€sectors€geared€toÏinternational€trade.€ÌÌ28.à ‰ àTo€sum€up,€the€decade€of€the€1990s€ended€with€Colombia€having€to€face€the€effects€of€economic€crisis,Ð ex Ðwhich€was€also€a€regional€and€worldwide€phenomenon.€The€present€Government€is€implementing€a€social€policyÏaimed€at€reducing€inequality€and€poverty€and€at€protecting€the€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights€of€theÏpopulation,€with€an€emphasis€on€its€most€vulnerable€sectors.€It€is€also€undertaking€all€possible€measures€toÏimprove€macroeconomic€conditions€and€to€restart€economic€growth.€With€these€objectives€in€mind,€it€hasÏdesigned€a€National€Development€Plan€containing€the€necessary€strategies€and€programmes.€However,€it€has€toÏbe€borne€in€mind€that€the€restrictions€imposed€on€any€further€increases€in€public€expenditure,€the€ongoing€armedÏconflict,€the€situation€of€violence€prevailing€in€the€country€and€the€impact€of€external€conditions€are€limiting€theÏchances€of€achieving€those€objectives€in€the€short€and€medium€term.ÌÌÔ& 8 Ô1.à ‰ àòòSocio„demographic€indicatorsóóÐ Õ'è ' ÐÌà ‰ àa)à a àòòLife€expectancyóóÐ …)˜") ÐÌ29.à ‰ àColombia€has€achieved€substantial€success€in€terms€of€increasing€the€life€expectancy€of€itsÔ'8Õ'°‚Ô€population.Ð 5+H$+ ÐThe€indicators€currently€stand€at€64.3€years€for€men€and€73.24€years€for€women,€with€a€national€average€of€68.77€ÌÐ  å,ø%- Ðyears.€This€represents€a€significant€increase€compared€with€the€figures€for€1985,€which€were€64.19€years€for€menÏand€71.06€years€for€women,€with€a€national€average€at€that€time€of€67.62€yearsòòÔ‡!ô—H ô J!&ÓNÔ׃>×Ý ƒ/ÿÿÝÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚÝ  Ý×  ×.Ô#†!&ÓN & ,!ô—H.…#ÔóóÐ ÅØ ÐÌ30.à ‰ àThe€most€noteworthy€features€of€mortality€trends€as€far€as€the€Colombian€populationòòÔ‡!ô—H ô J!&ÓNÔ׃?×Ý ƒ/ÿÿÝÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚÝ  Ý×  ×Ô#†!&ÓN & ,!ô—H<†#Ôóó€is€concerned€haveÐ u ˆ Ðbeen€as€follows:ÌÌà ‰ à„à0 a àA€significant€decline€of€mortality€by€gender€and€age;Ðý a#a# ÐÌà ‰ à„à0 a àProgress€achieved€in€the€control€of€the€main€causes€of€general€and€infant€mortality,€with€as€aÐ ­ À Ðconsequence€a€general€tendency€towards€a€gradual€reduction;Ð a#a# ÐÌà ‰ à„à0 a àThe€enormous€impact€of€violence€on€the€adult€male€population,€especially€in€the€15„40€age€group;Ð5H a#a# ÐÌà ‰ à„à0 a àA€change€in€the€general€pattern€of€mortality,€reflecting€the€countryððs€progress€towards€conditionsÐ åø  Ðnormally€observed€in€low„mortality€societies,€where€the€lowest€mortality€is€observed€among€5€to€9Ïyear€old€children;Ð a#a# ÐÌà ‰ à„à0 a àIncreased€life€expectancy€has€chiefly€benefited€Colombian€women;€ÐEXa#a# ÐÌà ‰ à„à0 a àMajor€differences€may€be€observed€in€mortality€rates€prevailing€in€the€country€between€moreÐ õ Ðdeveloped€areas€and€more€deprived€areas.€In€some€cases€the€differences€in€life€expectancy€haveÏbeen€as€much€as€10€years;Ð a#a# ÐÌà ‰ à„à0 a àIt€is€very€likely€that€the€country€will€be€able€to€reach€its€target€of€70€years€life€expectancy€by€theÐ Uh Ðyear€2000.€Ð a#a# ÐÌÔ& ˆ Ôà ‰ àb)à a àòòMortalityóóÐ Ýð ÐÌ31.à ‰ àThe€mortality€rate€for€children€under€5€years€old€in€1995€was€estimated€at€36€per€thousand€liveÔ'ˆv!VŒÔ€births.Ð   ÐInfant€mortality€in€1990€was€estimated€at€39€per€thousand€live€births€and€by€1995òòÔ‡!ô—H ô J!&ÓNÔ׃@™×Ý ƒ/ÿÿÝÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚÝ  Ý×  ×Ô#†!&ÓN & ,!ô—H“#Ôóó€at€28€per€thousand€live€births.Ð ex ÐAccording€to€the€infant€mortality€figures€worked€out€by€the€National€Administrative€Department€of€StatisticsÏ(DANE),€the€mortality€rate€for€the€five„year€period€1994„1999€was€33.8€per€thousand€live€births,€with€the€figureÏfor€the€final€year€dropping€to€30.2€per€thousand.€The€increase€in€the€figure€compared€with€that€of€1995€is€partlyÏexplained€by€improved€registration€of€vital€statistics,€and€by€a€reactivation€of€late€foetal€mortality€records,€whichÏhad€been€abandoned€since€1987.€Ministry€of€Health€estimates€show€that€for€1995€the€infant€mortality€rate€in€theÏpoorest€sector€of€the€population€was€76€per€thousand€live€births€and€61€per€thousand€among€the€low„incomeÏpopulation.€This€means€that€despite€the€improvement€observed€in€the€national€average,€there€has€been€a€clearÏdiscrepancy€in€the€rates€for€the€poor€and€very€poor€population,€which€shows€clearly€how€vulnerable€this€group€isÏand€how€measures€to€assist€it€should€be€given€priorityòòÔ‡!ô—H ô J!&ÓNÔ׃A×Ý ƒ/ÿÿÝÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚÝ  Ý×  ×Ô#†!&ÓN & ,!ô—H’#Ôóó.Ð ý& & ÐÌÐ  ­(À!( Ð32.à ‰ àThere€are€major€differences€in€Colombia€in€infant€mortality€rates€between€different€departments€andÐ í Ðbetween€rural€and€urban€areas,€owing€to€enormous€socio„economic€and€cultural€inequalities.€The€infant€mortalityÏrate€in€rural€areas€in€1993€was€twice€that€of€urban€areas€(the€two€figures€being€54.0%€and€27.2%)òòÔ‡!ô—H ô J!&ÓNÔ׃B×Ý ƒ/ÿÿÝÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚÝ  Ý×  ×Ô#†!&ÓN & ,!ô—H*”#Ôóó.€With€regardÐ ° Ðto€departments,€the€differences€range€from€50/1000€live€births€in€Chocð;ð,€Nario,€Cauca€and€the€new€departmentsÏto€30/1000€live€births€in€Bogot,€Valle€and€Antioqua€for€that€same€year.ÌÌ33.à ‰ àAmong€the€causes€of€infant€mortality,€the€most€important€are€perinatal€sicknesses,€followed€byÐ ý  Ðpneumonias,€acute€diarrhoeic€diseases,€malnutrition,€congenital€diseases€and€accidents.€In€the€mortality€statisticsÏfor€five€to€nine€year€old,€the€first€cause€is€trauma€by€violence€or€accidents,€followed€by€infectious,€metabolic€andÏcongenital€diseases.€ÌÌÔ& ˆ Ôà ‰ àc)à a àòòMaternal€mortalityóóÐ 5H  ÐÌ34.à ‰ àIn€8€years,€maternal€mortality€fell€from€an€average€rate€of€119.8€per€100€000€live€births€in€1986Ô'ˆM—Ô€to€anÐ åø  Ðaverage€rate€of€78.2€in€1994,€which€means€a€fall€of€35%€in€the€rate€during€the€periodòòÔ‡!ô—H ô J!&ÓNÔ׃C×Ý ƒ/ÿÿÝÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚÝ  Ý×  ×Ô#†!&ÓN & ,!ô—Hh˜#Ôóó.€These€average€rates€hideÐ ½Ð  Ðsignificant€differences€between€regions€and€socio„economic€groups.€Maternal€mortality€rates€in€the€Pacific€Coast,Ïfor€example,€remain€three€times€higher€than€the€national€average€and€nine€times€higher€than€those€of€theÏmetropolitan€area€of€Medelln€(72€per€100€000€live€births)ñeññdñ12ñdññeññfñòòñfññfñÔ‡!ô—H ô J!&ÓNÔñfñ׃D™×Ý ƒ/ÿÿÝÚ  Ú12Ú  ÚÝ  Ý×  ×.ñfñÔ#†!&ÓN & ,!ô—Hgš#ÔóóñfñÐ EX ÐÌ35.à ‰ àThe€main€cause€of€maternal€death€in€Colombia€is€toxaemia€(38%),€followed€by€abortion€(16%),Ð õ Ðhaemorrhages€(15%),€delivery€complications€(15%),€puerperal€complications€(10%)€and€other€pregnancyÏcomplications€(6%)ñgñòòñgññgñÔ‡!ô—H ô J!&ÓNÔñgñ׃E×Ý ƒ/ÿÿÝÚ  Ú13Ú  ÚÝ  Ý×  ×.ñgñÔ#†!&ÓN & ,!ô—H'œ#ÔóóñgñÐ ¥¸ ÐÌ36.à ‰ àOn€a€municipal€level,€maternal€mortality€rates€vary€considerably€according€to€local€socio„culturalÐ Uh Ðconditions.€At€present,€114€municipalities€in€the€country€have€three€times€the€national€rate,€while€370€are€aboveÏaverage.€The€women€most€affected€are€those€in€the€25„29€age€group.ÌÌ37.à ‰ àVarious€regions€and€groups€in€the€country€have€been€diagnosed€as€requiring€priority€action€in€the€area€ofÐ µÈ Ðsexual€and€reproductive€health.€According€to€a€study€by€the€Ministry€of€Healthððs€epidemiological€departmentñhñòòñhññhñÔ‡!ô—H ô J!&ÓNÔñhñ׃F›×Ý ƒ/ÿÿÝÚ  Ú14Ú  ÚÝ  Ý×  ×,ñhñÔ#†!&ÓN & ,!ô—H)Ÿ#ÔóóñhñÐ   Ðmaternal€mortality€is€either€excessively€high€or€has€not€been€properly€monitored€in€the€last€five€years€in€250€ofÏthe€countryððs€municipalities,€which€is€why€these€particular€municipalities€have€been€designated€as€areas€of€highÏrisk€requiring€priority€action€to€reduce€rates€and€for€improved€monitoring€and€control€of€sexual€and€reproductiveÏhealth.ÌÌÐ  #°" Ðà ‰ àd)à a àòòMalnutritionóóÐ í ÐÌ38.à ‰ àGenerally€speaking,€the€nutritional€situation€of€children€has€improved€slightly€over€the€period€1986€toÐ ° Ð1995ñiñòòñiññiñÔ‡!ô—H ô J!&ÓNÔñiñ׃G×Ý ƒ/ÿÿÝÚ  Ú15Ú  ÚÝ  Ý×  ×.ñiñÔ#†!&ÓN & ,!ô—H:¢#ÔóóñiñÐ u ˆ ÐÌ39.à ‰ àMalnutrition€falls€into€the€following€types:Ð % 8 ÐÌà ‰ àa)à a àòòChronic€malnutrition€(leading€to€retarded€growthóó).€For€1986€the€rate€was€16.6%,€falling€to€15%€inÐ Õ è Ð1995.€According€to€the€breakdown€by€areas,€almost€one€in€five€children€in€the€countryððs€rural€areas€suffer€fromÏchronic€malnutrition,€compared€with€one€in€eight€in€urban€areas;ÌÌà ‰ àb)à a àòòAcute€malnutrition€(excessive€thinness€compared€to€heightóó).€The€rate€was€2.9%€in€1986,€falling€toÐ 5H  Ðnearly€half€that€rate€(1.4%)€by€1995.€According€to€the€breakdown€by€regions,€the€condition€is€widespread€in€theÏPacific€region,€where€up€to€five€times€more€children€suffer€from€this€type€of€malnutrition;ÌÌà ‰ àc)à a àòòGeneral€malnutrition€(underweight€according€to€age€and€genderóó).€This€rate€was€10.1%€in1986,Ð •¨  Ðfalling€to€8.4%€by€1995.€Despite€these€improvements,€inhabitants€of€the€Atlantic€and€Pacific€regions,€theÏsubregions€of€the€Pacific€Coast€and€rural€areas€suffer€most€from€being€underweight,€with€shortfalls€of€as€much€asÏ17%.ÌÌÔ& ˆ Ô2.à0 ‰ àòòFuture€prospects€for€ColombiaóóÐÍà‰#‰# ÐÌ40.à ‰ àColombia€is€facing€major€challenges€to€attain€sustained€economic€growth,€to€reduce€poverty€andÔ'ˆ!e§Ô€highÐ } Ðlevels€of€unemployment,€to€improve€its€competitive€position€and,€above€all,€to€recover€social€unity€and€repair€itsÏsocial€fabric,€which€will€undoubtedly€constitute€the€two€main€pillars€for€building€peace.ÌÌ41.à ‰ àEconomic€growth€is€seen€as€closely€linked€on€the€one€hand€to€the€growth€of€exports€and€on€the€other€toÐ Ýð Ðquality€of€education,€accumulation€of€human€capital,€technological€development€and€research.€Bringing€theÏColombian€economy€back€on€a€sustained€growth€path,€above€5%€per€annum,€and€strengthening€human€capitalÏare€basic€objectives€of€the€1998„2002€National€Development€Plan.€This€implies€not€only€improving€the€qualityÏof€education€and€increasing€school€attendance€and€the€average€schooling€of€all€Colombians,€but€also€preparingÏthe€labour€force€to€respond€both€to€the€progress€and€requirements€of€the€production€system€and€to€the€need€toÏreduce€unemployment.€In€addition,€in€view€of€the€relation€between€income€inequality€and€education,€it€is€alsoÏhoped€that€by€improving€access€to€education,€it€will€be€possible€to€improve€the€situation€of€inequality€andÏpoverty€in€the€country.ÌÌ42.à ‰ àThe€rising€trend€of€social€expenditure€in€the€last€decade€shows€that€increasing€social€expenditure€as€aÐ M%`$ Ðproportion€of€total€national€expenditure€is€not€enough€on€its€own.€The€efficiency€and€supervision€of€publicÏmanagement,€the€extension€of€decentralization€with€a€clear€allocation€of€powers€and€responsibilities€to€all€theÏdifferent€territorial€authorities,€intersectoral€coordination€in€the€implementation€of€programmes€and€resources,Ïtransparency€in€the€actions€undertaken€as€well€as€social€participation€and€mobilization€are€all€essentialÏpreconditions€for€expenditure€on€the€social€sectors€to€achieve€its€purpose€of€improving€the€living€conditions€ofÏthe€population.ÌÌ43.à ‰ àIn€the€task€of€overcoming€challenges,€however,€it€is€not€sufficient€to€preserve,€increase€and€strengthenÐ  , %, Ðnatural,€physical€and€human€capital.€The€levels€of€poverty€and€inequality€in€the€country€have€given€rise€to€a€needÏto€make€real€efforts€to€acquire€a€different€form€of€capital,€namely€social€capital.€It€is€hoped€that€building€Ð  ½-Ð&. Ðup€this€form€of€capital€will€increase€popular€participation,€recreate€trust€in€the€State,€and€encourage€joint,Ïcollective€actions€to€improve€the€efficiency€of€project€implementation.€In€other€words,€the€aim€should€be€toÏinvolve€individuals,€communities€and€civil€organizations€in€common€actions€and€projects,€from€whose€results€allÏwill€benefit.€International€evidence€is€there€to€show€not€only€the€effect€of€social€capital€on€growth€but€also€itsÏpositive€impact€on€human€capital.ÌÌÔ& ˆ Ôà@××!aàD.€€òòViolence€in€ColombiaóóˆÐ ý  ÐÌ44.à ‰ àViolence,€measured€in€terms€of€the€homicide€rate,€worsened€and€became€more€widespreadÔ'ˆý é²Ô€throughout€theÐ ­ À Ðterritory€between€1990€and€1998.€This€indicator€rose€significantly€throughout€the€period€in€practically€half€theÏcountryððs€municipalities.€In€the€last€year,€the€homicide€rate€has€been€estimated€at60€per€100€000€inhabitants.ÌÌ45.à ‰ àAccording€to€a€study€carried€out€by€the€Social€MissionñjñòòñjññjñÔ‡!ô—H ô J!&ÓNÔñjñ׃H×Ý ƒ/ÿÿÝÚ  Ú16Ú  ÚÝ  Ý×  ×ñjñÔ#†!&ÓN & ,!ô—Hµ#Ôóóñjñ€of€the€National€Planning€Department,Ð    Ðmunicipalities€where€violence€was€growing€recorded€a€homicide€rate€of€94€per€100€000€inhabitants€in1993,€36%Ïhigher€than€the€average€in€municipalities€where€violence€was€not€increasing.€In€the€latter€the€rate€was€69Ïhomicides€per€100€000,€which€in€any€case€is€three€times€the€Latin€American€average.€The€following€points€needÏto€be€borne€in€mind.ÌÌ46.à ‰ àWith€regard€to€the€number€of€homicides,€the€tendency€is€to€believe€that€criminality€is€worse€in€urban€areas,Ð 0 Ðbut€according€to€the€statistics,€violence€is€not€concentrated€in€major€urban€centres,€but€distributed€across€theÏcountry.ÌÌ47.à ‰ àOne€theory€which€is€often€put€forward€is€that€conditions€of€poverty€provide€fertile€ground€for€violence.Ð } ÐThe€results€of€the€study,€on€the€other€hand,€show€that€the€homicide€rate€is€not€positively€related€to€greater€levelsÏof€poverty.€On€the€contrary,€there€is€a€direct€relation€between€the€homicide€rate€and€wealth,€for€each€of€theÏgroups€of€€municipalities€and€in€general.€In€other€words,€there€is€a€greater€probability€of€encountering€violence€inÏmunicipalities€which€offer€new€possibilities€of€accumulating€wealth.ÌÌ48.à ‰ àWhile€poverty€appears€to€be€inversely€related€to€the€degree€of€violence,€the€correlation€betweenÐ   ÐinequalityñkñòòñkññkñÔ‡!ô—H ô J!&ÓNÔñkñ׃IT×Ý ƒ/ÿÿÝÚ  Ú17Ú  ÚÝ  Ý×  ×ñkñÔ#†!&ÓN & ,!ô—H!»#Ôóóñkñ€and€violence€appears€to€be€positive.€The€impact€of€an€increase€in€inequality€is€ten€times€greater€in€aÐ ex Ðgroup€where€violence€is€rising€than€in€a€group€where€violence€is€decreasing.ÌÌ49.à ‰ àAnother€interesting€finding€is€the€inverse€relation€between€violence€and€human€capital,€measured€in€termsÐ í!  Ðof€the€average€years€of€education€of€persons€in€the€household.€Municipalities€with€better€human€capital,€onÏaverage,€have€lower€rates€of€violence.€An€increase€of€1%€in€the€average€educational€level€would€appear€to€reduceÏthe€homicide€rate€by€3.5%€in€the€rising€violence€group,€and€by€3%€across€the€country.€This€idea€is€supported€byÏJuan€Luis€Londoo€(1988)ñnññlñ18ñlññnññoñòòñoññoñÔ‡!ô—H ô J!&ÓNÔñoñ׃J™×Ý ƒ/ÿÿÝÚ  Ú18Ú  ÚÝ  Ý×  ×ñoñÔ#†!&ÓN & ,!ô—H§¾#Ôóóñoñ,€who€found€that€one€of€the€greatest€risk€factors€when€it€comes€to€encounteringÐ M%`$ Ðviolent€situations€is€a€low€standard€of€education.ÌÌ50.à ‰ àAn€empirical€check€of€some€of€the€theories€regarding€factors€related€to€violence€leads€to€the€followingÐ Õ'è ' Ðconclusions:Ìâ âÐ …)˜") Ðà0 ‰ à„à0a‰#‰#àViolence€tends€to€recur€with€the€greatest€probability€in€sectors€or€areas€with€a€high€potential€forÐ í Ðwealth€accumulation€and€a€weak€State€presence.€However,€in€areas€and€population€groups€with€highÏlevels€of€violence,€the€poor€tend€to€be€the€main€victims;Ð a#a# Ðâ âÌà ‰ à„à0 a àExisting€inequalities€forcing€individuals€and€families€to€make€strenuous€efforts€to€attain€acceptableÐ M ` Ðliving€conditions€tend€to€favour€the€recurrence€of€violence;Ð a#a# ÐÌà ‰ à„à0 a àThe€presence€of€armed€groups€is€a€factor€that€generates€violence.ÐÕ èa#a# ÐÌ51.à ‰ àA€few€positive€elements€have€also€been€identified,€which€may€provide€possible€clues€for€a€solution:Ð …˜  ÐÌÔ& ˆ Ôà@Í Í aàò òII.€€RIGHT€TO€SELF„DETERMINATION€(art.€1)ó óˆÐ 5H  ÐÌ52.à ‰ àSee€Colombiaððs€previous€report.Ô'ˆ5ÖÃÔÐ åø  ÐÌÔ& š ÔÔ/Ä× •¨ ÔÔ/ó Ä× Ôò òÓ  ÓIII.€€MEASURES€AIMED€AT€THE€EFFECTIVE€IMPLEMENTATION€OF€RIGHTS€RECOGNIZEDÐ ó  ÐIN€THE€COVENANT€ð!ð€LIMITATIONSÌ(arts.€2,€3,€4€AND€5)ó óÐ £¶ ÐÓ  ÓÌà@wwaàA.€€òòSocial€expenditure€1990„1997ñpñòòñpññpñÔ‡!ô—H ô J!&ÓNÔñpñóó׃K×Ý ƒ/ÿÿÝÚ  Ú19Ú  ÚÝ  Ý×  ×ñpñÔ#†!&ÓN & ,!ô—HÙÅ#ÔóóñpñˆÐ Sf ÐÌ53.à ‰ àIn€the€period€1990„1997,€the€proportion€of€GDP€accounted€for€by€social€expenditure€roughly€Ô'š•”ÄÔdoubled,Ð  Ðfrom€8.21%€to€15.21%.ÌÌ54.à ‰ àIn€conformity€with€the€1991€Constitution,€the€proportion€of€total€State€expenditure€taken€up€by€socialÐ ‹ž Ðexpenditure€increased€in€the€period€1990„1997€from€27%€to€43%.ÌÌ55.à ‰ àAs€a€result€of€the€considerable€effort€made€in€the€social€sector€in€the€decade€of€the€1990s,€Colombia,Ð & Ðwhose€social€expenditure€was€moderate€at€the€start€of€the€decade€compared€with€the€other€Latin€AmericanÏcountries€and€below€average€for€the€region,€moved€up€into€the€group€of€countries€with€high€levels€of€socialÏexpenditure€and€above€the€regional€average.ÌÌ56.à ‰ àIn€the€period€1990„1997,€priority€was€given€to€the€health€and€housing€sectors,€where€expenditure€tripled,Ð K"^  Ðand€secondly€to€the€areas€of€social€security,€water€supplies€and€other€services,€where€expenditure€doubled.€TheÏeducation€sector€took€up€50%€of€social€expenditure€but€its€growth€rate€remained€below€that€of€total€expenditure.ÌÌ57.à ‰ àThis€meant€that€social€expenditure€became€more€heavily€weighted€towards€health,€with€a€proportionateÐ «%¾$ Ðreduction€in€expenditure€of€education.€While€in€1990,€38%€of€social€expenditure€went€on€education€and€15%€onÏhealth,€by€1997€the€emphasis€was€reversed,€with€only€29%€being€spent€on€education€and€24%€on€health.ÌÌ58.à ‰ àIn€terms€of€legislation,€Act€No.€60/93€confirmed€the€new€shift€of€expenditure€towards€the€social€sectors,Ð  )"( Ðsubject€to€a€policy€of€focused€resource€allocation€and€a€devolution€of€powers,€financing€as€little€as€possible€ofÏterritorial€sectoral€investment€from€national€tax€revenues€and€granting€fiscal€incentives€for€investment€inÏeducation€and€health.€More€detailed€information€on€this€subject€is€given€later€on€in€this€report.€Ìâ âÐ k,~%, ÐÔ& 8 Ôâ ââ âÓ  ÓB.€€òòDistribution€of€public€social€expenditure€by€income€levelóóÐ í ÐÓ  ÓÌ1.à ‰ àòòHealthóóÐ ° ÐÌ59.à ‰ àPublic€health€expenditure€may€be€broken€down€according€to€the€type€of€health€service€providedÔ'8íRÎÔ€by€StateÐ M ` Ðinstitutions€to€persons€insured€under€the€subsidized€health€scheme.€Under€the€Colombian€system,€individualsÏmay€use€State€hospitals€on€a€paying€basis.€Total€expenditure€on€hospital€care€is€more€evenly€distributed€betweenÏquintiles€because€the€more€complicated€operations€tend€to€be€carried€out€in€university€hospitals,€which€are€mostlyÏState€run.€In€the€maternity€area,€expenditure€tends€to€favour€lower€income€groups,€partly€because€poorer€peopleÏon€average€have€more€children,€and€partly€because€richer€people€prefer€to€use€private€facilities.€The€demand€forÏservices€such€as€dentistry,€surgery€and€cures€tends€to€be€greater€among€persons€in€the€higher€quintiles,€andÏexpenditure€in€that€area€is€concentrated€on€them,€because€the€more€expensive€and€less€essential€services€such€asÏorthodontics,€plastic€surgery€or€others€are€not€included€in€the€Compulsory€Health€Plan€(POS).ÌÌÔ& ˆ Ô2.à ‰ àòòEducationóóÐ ½Ð  ÐÌ60.à ‰ àExpenditure€on€basic€education€follows€a€progressive€distribution,€that€is€to€say€lower€incomeÔ'ˆ½ÓÔ€groupsÐ m€  Ðreceive€a€greater€proportion€of€public€expenditure,€especially€in€primary€schooling.€In€the€case€of€higherÏeducation,€distribution€is€regressive€to€the€extent€that€expenditure€is€concentrated€on€the€higher€income€quintiles:Ï40%€of€persons€belonging€to€the€higher€quintiles€attend€public€institutions,€despite€the€fact€that€they€could€affordÏto€study€in€private€ones.€Only€12%€of€the€poorest€40%€attend€university,€and€out€of€those€60%€attend€privateÏuniversities€and€pay€for€their€own€education.ÌÌÔ&   Ô3.à ‰ àòòPublic€expenditure€on€basic€social€servicesñqñòòñqññqñÔ‡!ô—H ô J!&ÓNÔñqñóó׃L×Ý ƒ/ÿÿÝÚ  Ú20Ú  ÚÝ  Ý×  ×ñqñÔ#†!&ÓN & ,!ô—HDÖ#ÔóóñqñÐ Uh ÐÌ61.à ‰ àIn€the€period€1990„1997,€national€expenditure€on€basic€social€services€doubled€in€terms€of€1996Ô' UêÕÔdollars.Ð  ÐWhile€at€the€beginning€of€the€1990s€per€capita€expenditure€was€US$€63,€by€1997€the€figure€had€increased€toÏUS$€153€as€a€result€of€the€increase€in€overall€expenditure€and€its€higher€proportion€within€social€expenditure.ÏThis€proportion€of€total€expenditure€rose€from€12.30%€in€1990€to€16.07%€in1997.€As€a€proportion€of€socialÏexpenditure,€expenditure€on€basic€social€services€rose€from€41%€in1990€to€45%€in€1997.ÌÌ62.à ‰ àThe€highest€proportion€on€average€of€expenditure€on€basic€social€services€is€accounted€for€by€the€basicÐ !( Ðeducation€sector,€which€averaged€59.60%,€followed€by€primary€health€care€with€18.32%,€nutrition€with€14.36%Ïand€family€planning€with€3.23%.ÌÌÔ& 8 Ô4.à ‰ àòòComposition€of€expenditure€on€basic€social€servicesóóÐ u$ˆ# ÐÌà ‰ àa)à a àòòBasic€educationóóÐ %&8% ÐÌ63.à ‰ àIn€1990,€the€Stateððs€per€capita€expenditure€on€basic€education€came€to€US$39€(1996€dollars),€andÔ'8'UÚÔ€inÐ Õ'è ' Ð1997€to€US$€71.€This€increase€was€due€mainly€to€the€policy€of€decentralization€initiated€in€Colombia,€whichÏtransferred€the€administration€of€education€services€to€local€authorities,€together€with€the€corresponding€financialÏresources.€The€proportion€of€GDP€spent€on€education€rose€from€1.8%€in€1980€to€2.9%€in€1997.€The€trends€inÏrecent€years€for€health€and€education€have€gone€different€ways;€while€spending€on€education€declined€Ð  5+H$+ Ðproportionately€from€1993€onwards,€health€spending€rose€by€more€than€50%€in€the€same€period€as€a€result€of€theÏintroduction€of€the€new€law€on€social€security€(Act€No.€100€of€1993).ÌÌÔ& ˆ Ôà ‰ àb)à a àòòBasic€healthóóÐ u ˆ ÐÌ64.à ‰ àPer€capita€expenditure€on€basic€primary€health€care€quadrupled€between€1990€and€1997.€ThisÔ'ˆu ÞÔ€increaseÐ % 8 Ðwas€related€to€the€introduction€of€Act€No.€100€and€the€application€of€constitutional€norms.€In1990,€it€amountedÏto€US$€10,€in€1992€to€US$9,€but€in€1997€to€over€US$41.ÌÌ65.à ‰ àThe€proportion€of€total€government€expenditure€going€on€basic€health€doubled€from€2%€to€4%,€and€as€aÐ …˜  Ðproportion€of€basic€social€services€rose€from€16%€in€1990€to€27%€in€1996.€These€figures€are€reflected€in€theÏsectorððs€increased€proportion€of€GDP,€which€rose€from€0.57%€in€1990€to€1.87%€in1997.ÌÌÔ& ˆ Ôà ‰ àc)à a àòòWater€and€sanitationóóÐ åø  ÐÌ66.à ‰ àExpenditure€on€water€and€sanitation€increased€steadily€from€1990€to€1997.€Per€capita€expenditureÔ'ˆåþàÔ€of€US$Ð •¨  Ð2.85€in€1990€rose€to€US$€9.86€by€1997.€The€proportion€of€total€expenditure€going€on€water€and€sanitation€roseÏfrom€0.5%€in€1990€to€1.3%€in€1997.ÌÌÔ& ˆ Ôà ‰ àd)à a àòòFiscal€policies€for€social€developmentóóÐ õ ÐÌ67.à ‰ àIn€1993,€the€social€security€system€was€showing€signs€of€deterioration€and€social€inequality.€TheÔ'ˆõ„âÔsystemÐ ¥¸ Ðprovided€coverage€to€only€21%€of€the€population,€compared€with€an€average€of€45%€coverage€for€Latin€AmericaÏas€a€whole.€The€inappropriateness€and€inefficiency€of€the€services€provided€by€over1000€social€welfareÏinstitutions€throughout€the€country€were€striking,€and€to€make€matters€worse,€the€system€was€running€on€anÏoverall€financial€deficit.ÌÌ68.à ‰ àIn€order€to€improve€the€situation,€the€country€introduced€radical€reforms€in€its€health€and€pensions€system,Ð µÈ Ðwith€Act€No.€100€of€1993.€Thanks€to€this€reform,€and€in€view€of€the€need€to€extend€the€systemððs€coverage,€theÏresources€of€the€health€sector€were€increased€through€a€12%€rise€in€contributions.€At€the€same€time,€the€HealthÏGuarantee€and€Solidarity€Fund€was€launched€with€a€view€to€subsidizing€demand,€including€that€of€the€indigenousÏpopulation,€while€providing€care€for€displaced€persons,€victims€of€traffic€accidents€and€natural€disasters€orÏterrorism,€as€well€as€running€health€promotion€and€prevention€programmes.ÌÌ69.à ‰ àFor€pensions,€the€reform€allowed€an€increase€in€revenues€through€higher€contributions,€which€were€raisedÐ #°" Ðfrom€8%€to€13.5%.€From€the€year€2014€onwards,€the€retirement€age€for€women€was€raised€from€55€to€57€yearsÏand€for€men€from€60€to€62.ÌÌ70.à ‰ àFrom€January€1996,€both€public€sector€and€private€sector€employees€were€covered€by€the€GeneralÐ ý& & ÐOccupational€Hazards€System.ÌÌ71.à ‰ àIn€1993,€Act€No.€60€established€a€new€distribution€of€powers€and€fiscal€resources€between€the€State€andÐ …)˜") Ðterritorial€authorities€on€the€basis€of€the€notion€of€tax€appropriation€(òòSituado€Fiscalóó)€and€the€allocation€of€a€shareÐ ]*p#* Ðof€current€national€revenues€to€the€municipalities.ÌÌ72.à ‰ àWhat€is€known€as€the€ð ðòòSituado€Fiscalóóðð€(tax€appropriation)€is€the€percentage€of€current€national€incomeÐ å,ø%- Ðtransferred€to€the€departments,€the€Capital€District€of€Bogot€and€the€Special€Districts€of€Cartagena,€Santa€MartaÏand€Barranquilla,€for€spending€on€public€education€and€health€services.€By€the€fiscal€year€1996,€this€tax€Ð  •.¨'/ Ðappropriation€amounted€to€24.5%€of€current€national€revenues,€after€a€period€of€steady€growth€since€the€systemÏwas€introduced€in€1994,€when€it€accounted€for€23%€of€current€revenues.ÌÌ73.à ‰ àThe€territorial€distribution€of€the€tax€appropriation€is€based€on€criteria€such€as€the€number€of€users€andÐ u ˆ Ðpotential€users€of€education€and€health€services,€the€index€of€unsatisfied€basic€needs€and€per€capital€territorialÏincome,€with€a€percentage€being€distributed€equally€between€all€territorial€entities.ÌÌ74.à ‰ àOut€of€the€total€appropriation€for€each€department€or€district,€at€least€60%€is€earmarked€for€education€andÐ Õ è Ð20%€for€public€health.ÌÌ75.à ‰ àThe€fiscal€resources€derived€from€the€municipalitiesðð€share€of€current€national€revenues€are€intended€toÐ ]p  Ðfinance€activities€in€the€sectors€of€education,€health,€housing,€justice,€physical€education,€recreation,€sport€andÏculture,€as€well€as€grants€for€the€joint€financing€of€land€purchases,€amongst€others.ÌÌ76.à ‰ àUnder€Act€No.€60€of€1993,€the€share€going€to€municipalities€should€rise€from€15%€of€current€nationalÐ ½Ð  Ðrevenues€in€the€fiscal€year€1994€to€22%€for€the€year€2001.ÌÌ77.à ‰ àThe€distribution€of€current€national€revenues€will€take€into€account€the€degree€of€relative€poverty€of€eachÐ EX Ðmunicipality,€the€number€of€inhabitants€with€unsatisfied€basic€needs,€the€number€of€inhabitants€of€eachÏmunicipality€as€a€proportion€of€the€total€population€of€the€country€and€the€fiscal€efficiency€of€each€localÏadministration.ÌÌ78.à ‰ àUnder€Act€No.€344€of€1996,€territorial€authorities€have€to€adopt€plans€to€extend€the€coverage€of€healthÐ } Ðservices,€to€improve€the€quality€of€management€of€those€services€and€to€shift€the€financing€of€the€services€from€aÏsystem€of€subsidized€supply€to€one€of€subsidized€demand,€with€the€aim€of€focussing€health€services€more€on€theÏpoor€and€vulnerable€sectors€of€the€population.ÌÌ79.à ‰ àFor€the€same€reason,€the€Act€stipulated€that€the€tax€appropriation€and€revenues€transferred€to€territorialÐ µÈ Ðauthorities,€subject€to€a€few€discounts,€should€be€increasingly€used€to€subsidize€demand,€in€a€proportion€initiallyÏequivalent€to€15%€in€1997,€rising€to€60%€in€the€fiscal€year€2000.ÌÌÔ& ˆ Ôà ‰ àe)à a àòòNew€ways€of€financing€social€programmesóóÐ !( ÐÌ80.à ‰ àThe€concept€of€solidarity€embodied€in€the€funds€(the€Health€Guarantee€and€Solidarity€Fund€andÔ'ˆ!4õÔ€theÐ Å"Ø! ÐPension€Solidarity€Fund),€which€were€set€up€for€the€purpose€under€Act€No.€100€of€1993,€opened€up€access€toÏsocial€security€for€population€groups€which€until€then€had€been€completely€excluded€from€State€benefits.ÌÌ81.à ‰ àUnder€the€Health€and€Social€Security€System€(FOSYGA),€the€Health€Guarantee€and€Solidarity€Fund€is€aÐ %&8% Ðtrust€account€opened€with€the€Ministry€of€Health,€without€legal€personality€or€staff€of€its€own.€It€covers€theÏfollowing€sub„accounts:ÌÌà ‰ à„à0 a àInternal€tax€system€compensation€account:€this€is€the€means€by€which€the€resources€approved€byÐ …)˜") Ðthe€tax€system€for€health€care€institutions€to€guarantee€the€provision€of€health€services€for€theirÏmembers€and€other€beneficiaries€are€discounted€from€tax€returns;Ð a#a# ÐÌà ‰ à„à0 a àHealth€subsidy€system€solidarity€account:€designed€to€allow€the€poor€and€vulnerable€population€toÐ å,ø%- Ðjoin€the€subsidized€scheme€of€the€health€and€social€security€system;Ð a#a# ÐÌà ‰ à„à0 a àHealth€promotion€account:€intended€as€a€means€of€financing€activities€in€the€areas€of€healthÐ m/€(0 Ðeducation,€information€and€promotion,€as€well€as€secondary€and€tertiary€sickness€prevention;Ð a#a# ÐÐ 10*2 Ðà ‰ à„à0 a àDisaster€and€traffic€accident€risk€insurance€account:€aimed€at€guaranteeing€full€care€for€victims€whoÐ í Ðhave€suffered€physical€injury€as€a€direct€consequence€of€traffic€accidents,€terrorist€actions€orÏdisasters;Ð a#a# ÐÌà ‰ à„à0 a àIn€order€to€finance€education€and€health€through€the€tax€appropriation€system,€a€system€wasÐ M ` Ðdesigned€using€a€series€of€variables€to€calculate€transfers€of€tax€revenues,€introducing€weightingÏfactors€that€take€account€of€regional€needs,€service€efficiency€and€the€ability€to€collect€funds€locally.ÏThe€purpose€of€this€system€is€to€ensure€a€more€efficient€distribution€of€resources€to€the€regions;Ð a#a# ÐÌà ‰ à„à0 a àThe€Pension€Solidarity€Fund€was€set€up€under€article€25€of€Act€No.100€of€1993€with€the€aim€ofÐ …˜  Ðsubsidizing€contributions€paid€into€the€general€pension€scheme€by€salaried€or€independent€workersÏof€the€rural€and€urban€sectors,€who€have€insufficient€means€to€pay€their€entire€contribution.€TheÏfund€is€financed€with€resources€from€a€supplementary€1%€contribution€levied€on€salaries€of€generalÏpension€scheme€subscribers,€whose€subscription€base€is€equal€to€or€greater€than€four€times€the€legalÏmonthly€minimum€wage,€plus€any€financial€returns€of€liquidity€surpluses.Ð a#a# ÐÌÔ& ˆ Ôà ‰ àf)à a àòòSocial€Solidarity€NetworkóóÐ m€  ÐÌ82.à ‰ àThe€Social€Solidarity€Network€is€part€of€a€national€strategy€to€combat€poverty.€This€strategy€isÔ'ˆm¼Ô€based€onÐ 0 Ðthe€recognition€that€the€benefits€of€economic€growth€have€not€led€to€improved€welfare€for€the€majority€of€theÏColombian€population.€To€this€extent,€social€policy€must€be€supplemented€with€a€form€of€direct€social€action,Ïexclusively€benefiting€the€poorest€and€most€vulnerable€sector€of€the€countryððs€population.ÌÌ83.à ‰ àFor€the€purposes€of€this€strategy,€poverty€is€defined€in€a€broad€sense,€involving€not€only€a€lack€of€servicesÐ Uh Ðor€lack€of€opportunities€for€earning€income,€but€also€the€inability€of€communities€to€defend€their€interests,€toÏexpress€their€needs€in€the€form€of€proposals,€and€to€become€organized€and€mobilized€around€those€proposals€inÏthe€search€for€solutions.ÌÌ84.à ‰ àIn€the€light€of€this€strategy,€the€networkððs€action€was€aimed€initially€at€caring€for€the€vulnerable€sectors€ofÐ   Ðthe€population€by€involving€them€in€different€programmes€and€in€processes€of€social€participation€as€a€basicÏapproach€to€overcoming€poverty.ÌÌ85.à ‰ àSince€it€was€established,€the€network€has€endeavoured€to€fit€into€the€Stateððs€social€policy,€in€an€effort€toÐ í!  Ðcomplement€rather€than€replace€education,€health,€social€security€and€housing€programmes€by€setting€up€newÏtools€for€implementing€social€policy.€Most€of€the€time,€the€networkððs€programmes€were€implemented€by€variousÏnational€institutions,€while€the€networkððs€own€function€consisted€primarily€in€facilitating€the€target€populationððsÏaccess€to€existing€sectoral€strategies€and€programmesñrñòòñrññrñÔ‡!ô—H ô J!&ÓNÔñrñ׃M×Ý ƒ/ÿÿÝÚ  Ú21Ú  ÚÝ  Ý×  ×ñrñÔ#†!&ÓN & ,!ô—HÐ#Ôóóñrñ.Ð M%`$ ÐÌ86.à ‰ àIn€accordance€with€the€implementation€strategy€of€social€investment€funds€in€Latin€America,€the€networkÐ ý& & Ðwas€established€as€a€transitional€programme,€whose€scope€was€to€be€reduced€as€the€economic€and€social€strategyÏproduced€the€expected€results.€So€far,€however,€on€account€of€the€severity€of€the€social€crisis€the€country€has€Ð  ­(À!( Ðbeen€experiencing,€far€from€being€able€to€reduce€its€activities,€the€network€has€actually€generated€new€areas€ofÏfocus,€for€example,€in€favour€of€persons€displaced€by€violence.ÌÌ87.à ‰ àThe€network€designed€a€management€model€which€focused€investment€on€vulnerable€sectors€byÐ u ˆ Ðdeveloping€tools€for€collecting€and€analysing€vulnerability€indicators.€Bearing€in€mind€the€principle€ofÏparticipation€and€in€order€to€promote€social€integration,€this€management€model€encouraged€the€joint€selection€ofÏprojects€and€beneficiaries,€while€promoting€social€participation€and€control€in€the€formulation,€implementationÏand€monitoring€of€projects.ÌÌ88.à ‰ àIn€order€to€achieve€an€impact€on€its€target€population,€the€networkððs€action€was€concentratedÐ …˜  Ðon14programmes,€grouped€into€three€social€policy€action€areas,€defined€around€strategic€objectives.ÌÌ89.à ‰ àThe€networkððs€priorities€as€regards€investing€in€social€capital€to€improve€income€generation€were€centredÐ    Ðon€setting€up€opportunities€for€occupations€that€afford€qualifications€and€an€outlet€towards€sustainable€projects,Ïas€well€as€on€alternative€forms€of€social€improvement€and€job€training€suited€to€a€population€in€conditions€ofÏacute€vulnerability.ÌÌ90.à ‰ àWhile€initially€the€Solidarity€Network€succeeded€in€implementing€a€successful€management€model,€whichÐ EX Ðenabled€it€to€focus€its€activities€on€the€vulnerable€sector€of€the€population,€it€did€not€really€tackle€the€underlyingÏstructural€factors€related€to€poverty€and€vulnerability,€nor€did€it€make€an€effort€to€understand€the€roots€ofÏdiscrimination.€As€a€result,€its€impact€in€terms€of€social€integration€was€limited.ÌÌ91.à ‰ àSome€of€the€networkððs€programmes€are€listed€and€described€below:Ð } ÐÌà ‰ à„à0 a àòòFood€support€programme€for€children€in€community€family€welfare€homesóó:€The€objective€of€thisÐ -@ ÐSocial€Solidarity€Network€programme€was€to€improve€the€nutritional€conditions€of€890000boysÏand€girls€housed€in€community€welfare€homes.€Between€1994€and€1998,€investments€totalled€192Ï590€million€pesos.€Coverage€was€extended€to€65€848€community€homes€caring€for€987€720Ïchildren;Ð a#a# ÐÌà ‰ à„à0 a àòòRural€food€bonus€programmeóó:€The€aim€of€this€network€programme€was€to€help€improve€the€livingÐ = P Ðconditions€of€rural€children€under€seven€years€of€age,€especially€those€suffering€from€malnutrition,Ïthrough€actions€in€the€areas€of€health,€food€and€education.€During€the€period€1994„1998,€sums€ofÏthe€